STUDIA I MATERIAŁY – STUDIES AND MATERIALS

Acta Militaria Mediaevalia VIII Kraków – Rzeszów – Sanok 2012, s. 91-125 Petr Žákovský Jiří Hošek Vlado Cisár A UNIQUE FINDING OF A GREAT HELM FROM THE DALEČÍN CASTLE IN MORAVIA

Abstract:

P. Žákovský, J. Hošek, V. Cisár, A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia, AMM VIII: 91-125

A very well preserved great helm was found in the area of the Dalečín Castle in Moravia in 2008. The great helm consisted five iron plates riveted together, with a convex top occipital plate which clearly ranks the helm among specimens dated to the 1st or 2nd quarter of the 14th c. The metallographic examination of the helm revealed that the individual sheets were made of standard quality iron. Multiple diamond-shaped perforations in the helm shell suggest that the helm was used in combat or, which is even more likely, that the helm was used as a sport or training shooting target after its standard use. As one of the very few specimens found so far in Europe, the great helm is a very rare find.

Key words: Great helm, Dalečín, metallographic examination

According to the current knowledge, great more likely to be inspired by the desire to provide helms began to generally appear in the arsenal of the head of the warrior with maximum protection, medieval warriors in Western Europe as early as possibly in consequence of the wide spread of the beginning of the 12th c. As evidenced by tournaments and the development of mechanical iconography, they were in use as early as the 1st half missile weapons1. of the 13th c. also in the Czech lands. The origin of Even the use of contemporary written sources these helms is sometimes being associated with in order to better understand the development of the development of the long robust knight spear, large closed helms is beset with problems, as it is as it is believed that such spears started to be very difficult to tell which term is used to refer to massively used in battles while tucked under the this type of helmets. The problem is caused by the armpit. This theory is however hard to defend since infamous ambiguity of medieval terminology, with an identical way of spear-holding was used by both one and the same term often referring to distinct heavy and light cavalry as early as the Roman types of weapons or just generally labelling a group period as depicted in a number of iconographic of military artefacts without attempting any closer documents. One example will do: the well-known definition or description. This is especially true for torso of the Gerulata stele featuring a horseman the ambiguous and all-encompassing terms galea with a spear (e.g. Pichlerová 1990, Fig. 6). In our and helm to be found in written sources as early as opinion, the development of closed helms was in the 13th c. (e.g. Heś 2007, 19). It is perhaps only

1 A description of the hypothetical development of great helms and their earlier forms which can be obtained largely by studying the iconographic sources is deliberately omitted here as the study would otherwise be too voluminous. In addition, this issue is treated in more or less detail in most studies specifically covering great helms, and in works dealing with the development of equipment and weaponry of medieval warriors in general. For further study the important works are recommended (Hewitt 1855, 279-289, Pl. LXXI; Boeheim 1890, 27-33; Gardner 1897, 29-32; ffoulkes 1909, 25-27, 41-42; Laking 1920, 266-286; Ashdown 1925, 60-63, 109; Blair 1958, 31-32; Oakeshott 1960, 262-266; 1961, 73-76; Norman 1964, 14-26; Żygulski 1975, 34-35; Kajzer 1976, 61, 96-97, 111-115; Wawrzonowska 1976, 19-21, 34-38; Nadolski 1979, 67; 1994, 132-133; Kwaśniewicz 1981, 54-55; Hoffmeyer 1982, 139-146; Klučina, Romaňák 1983, 116-119, 126-127; Edge, Paddock 1988, 69-71; Nowakowski (A.) 1990, 41-43; 2005, 97-98; Beneš 1992, 31-32; Klučina 2004, 199-211; Glinianowicz 2005, 148; Жуков, Коровкин 2005, 39-42; Nowakowski (P. A.) 2006, 108-109; Heś 2007, 19-24; Bogacki 2009, 167-173). 92 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

Fig. 1. General view of the Dalečín Castle as seen from the southeast and its position in the landscape. Photo by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 1. Widok ogólny zamku Dalečín z południowego wschodu i jego położenie w krajobrazie. Fot. P. Žákovský. the terms helmvaz and helmhuot, used for instance The development of great closed helms can be in the German epic Nibelungenlied, that refer to thus studied comprehensively only using the rather large and closed helmets as such. Some authors simplified and sometimes misleading iconographical therefore associate the origin of great helms with sources, of which there is a profusion. Even a cursory the German lands. The theory can be supported analysis of the sources of this nature coming from by the fact that most European languages adopted the Czech lands reveals that here, like elsewhere the term for this type of helmets from German – in Europe, the general development of great helms helm or great helm in English; heaume in French; starting in the early 13th c. is based on round shapes elmo in Italian, and yelmo in Spanish (e.g. Demmin, with straight sides and a flat occipital plate with 1891, 492-493; Müller-Hickler 1934, 179; Gamber a distinct edge. They are known above all thanks to 1995, 19). In sources written in Czech, the candidate the preserved beautiful aquamaniles. To illustrate, terms referring to great helms seem to be přilbice let us mention at least the handle of the bronze and the derivative of the German word, helm2. pewter found in Hradec Králové in 1820 (Fig. 4) Here, however, we must consider that this term (e.g. Květ 1935; Brych 1996, 35, Fig. 4). Similar and its derivatives could indicate different types helms are represented on relief tiles from the Czech of helmets or even protection of a head ingeneral. monasteries (as in Drda, 1970, 737-738, Table I;

2 For example, in the famous Czech poem Podkoní a žák (The Groom and the Scholar) from the late 14th c. the term appears in the following passage: Ale však pravdu praviece: (But to tell the truth Z mladu já na svej hlavici When I was young, on my head nosil sem těžkú přilbici, I also wore a heavy helm doniž sem rynéřem byl, As I used to be a varlet ale již sem té psoty zbyl But I got rid of the trash) (e.g. Zíbrt 1892, 162). A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 93

Fig. 2. The core of the Dalečín Castle: two different views. Photo by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 2. Zamek Dalečín: dwa różne ujęcia. Fot. P. Žákovský.

Place of discovery or Total Plate Weight Date of origin Figure No. deposition height thickness Altena 350 mm - - 14th-19th c. 18:b Årnäs 300 mm - 2,340 g ca. 1300 10:b Bolzano 290 mm - 2,200 g ca. 1300 9:d Canterbury 355 mm - 3,600 g 3rd quarter of the 14th c. 10:e, 21:a Carluke 198 mm 3-1 mm 1,379 g 1st quarter of the 14th c. 10:i Castelmilk 279 mm - 5,953 g end of the 14th c. - Dalečín 305 mm 3-1 mm 1,505 g 1st quarter of the 14th c. 5-9 Dargen 300 mm 3-0,5 mm 2,260 g 3rd quarter of the 13th c. 9:a Hereford 356 mm - 2,625 g 3rd quarter of the 14th c. 10:g Kleinschwarzenlohe 285 mm - 2,940 g ca. 1350 10:d Küssnach 290 mm - 1,805 g 2nd quarter of the 14th c. 9:c Lebus - - 4,505 g end of the 14th c. 9:g Leeds 356 mm - 2,490 g 3rd quarter of the 14th c. 10:f Madeln „A” 310 mm - 2,450 g ca. 1300 9:b Madeln „B” 340 mm - 2,335 g 1st quarter of the 14th c. 10:a Montfort - - - end of the 13th c. - Seckau - - 5,150 g end of the 14th c. 9:f, 21:b Smoleń 160 mm - - mid-14th c. 10:h (torso) Stein in Krein 355 mm - 5,620 g 14th-20th c. 18:c Tannenberg 360 mm 5-2 mm 3,750 g ca. 1350 9:e Traun near Linz 300 mm - - 1st quarter of the 14th c. 10:c Treuchtlingen 280 mm 2 mm 1,860 g 1st quarter of the 14th c. 9:h Velenice 350 mm 1 mm 838 g 1st quarter of the 14th c. 18:a Geneva – Boissonas A 423 mm 2,2-1,4 mm 5,240 g 14th-19th c. 18:g Geneva – Boissonas B 384 mm 3,4-1,2 mm 6,460 g 14th-19th c. 18:e Geneva – Boissonas C 395 mm 2,1-1,3 mm 3,960 g 14th-19th c. 18:f Geneva – Boissonas D 445 mm 3,2-1,5 mm 6,160 g 14th-19th c. 18:d

Table 1. Previously known great helms and their basic metrics.

Tab. I. Znane dotychczas hełmy garnczkowe i ich podstawowe wymiary.

Fröhlich 1997, 86; Břicháček 2007, 58 and 61). These helms reached to the shoulders of the wearer These helms do not yet cover the whole neck and the top was already convex. This trend can be area. The subsequent development involved larger observed in the few preserved helms of this type helms of oval cross-section with a distinctive edge. (Table 1). Unfortunately, the number of relevant 94 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

o

u

t b

u

i l d

i n

g

s

m

a

l l

c

a

s

t

l e

0 25 m

Fig. 3. A field sketch of the ruins of the Dalečín Castle (after Plaček 2001, Fig. 331) with indicated location where the great helm was found.

Ryc. 3. Szkic ruin zamku Dalečín (wg Plaček 2001, Fig. 331) z oznaczoną lokalizacją odkrycia hełmu wielkiego.

finds is not sufficient to provide answers to all great helm discovered in the fill of the Dalečín questions one might ask. Castle moat with the help of a metal detector All the more valuable is thus the new (Fig. 1-3). The finder donated the helm to the incidental 2008 find of a very well-preserved collections of the Municipal Museum in Bystřice A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 95 nad Pernštejnem3. Thanks to the attractiveness and uniqueness of the find the helmet was included in various exhibitions and subsequently briefly covered in the accompanying catalogues and several professional articles (Jan 2010, 137; Měchurová 2010, 326; Žákovský 2011, 842-844, Cat. No. 322). Yet, although it is one of the most interesting and most valuable finds in the category of weapons from the Moravian territory discovered in the recent decades, no detailed assessment of the helmet has been published so far. It is a remarkably well-preserved helm without any larger deformations. Its maximum height is about 305 mm and the circumference of its lower edge is 650 mm (Fig. 5-8). The dimensions of the top occipital plate are roughly 200 x 160 mm. The total weight of the helm after preservation is 1,505 g. The great helm consisted of five iron plates riveted together (Fig. 8). Sheet thickness varies between 3 and 1 mm for the individual segments, the rule being that the middle areas of these parts are usually the thickest, thinning towards the edges. The individual parts are riveted together with sets of tiny rivets with flat heads with a diameter of about 3 mm. Some of the rows of rivets are fitted inside the helm with diamond and trapezoid shaped washers, casually cut out of a plate of iron about 1 mm thick4. The front part of the front lower chin segment, Fig. 4. A handle from a bronze aquamanila from Hradec Králové with i.e. the (a) segment, with a maximum length of a motif depicting a knight wrestling a bearded man (after Brych 1996, 35). 415 mm and the height of 175 mm, is profiled into Ryc. 4. Uchwyt brązowej aquamanili z Hradec Králové z motywem a sharp edge that divides the surface of the sheet mocowania się rycerza z brodatym mężczyzną (wg Brych 1996, 35).

Fig. 5. The great helm from the Dalečín Castle – before preservation. Photo by V. Cisár.

Ryc. 5. Hełm wielki z zamku Dalečín – przed konserwacją. Fot. V. Cisár.

3 The Municipal Museum in Bystřice nad Pernštejnem, without Inv. No. 4 For a graphic representation of the helm design and the order in which the segments were joined by riveting please see Fig. 8:g. 96 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

Fig. 6. The great helm from the Dalečín Castle – after preservation. Photo by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 6. Hełm wielki z zamku Dalečín – po konserwacji. Fot. P. Žákovský. A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 97

1

Fig. 7. The great helm from the Dalečín Castle – after preservation. Photo by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 7. Hełm wielki z zamku Dalečín – po konserwacji. Fot. P. Žákovský. into two equal halves (Fig. 8:a). The upper edge from the middle of the upper edge of the sheet; of the plate is reduced by circa 6 mm along most it is attached to the front upper segment of the helm of its length, the reduction forming a part of with two rivets. The left half of the helm segment the rectangular visor. A small tongue-like spur in question is provided with a number of circular dividing the visor roughly into two halves protrudes ventilation holes with a diameter of about 6 mm, 98 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár which are located in 7 horizontal, not strictly parallel a distinctive edge in the middle of its width. Two and regular rows. The numbers of the ventilation circular holes of different diameters situated in holes alternate as follows (from the top downwards): close proximity to each other can be found near the 7 – 6 – 7 – 6 – 7 – 6 – 6. The last hole in the bottom lower edge of the segment. It is logical to expect row is replaced by a massive cut in the shape of an analogical holes on the right side of the described isosceles cross, used to suspend the helmet. The segment; these have however not been preserved right half of the segment also features circular due to the damage to given part of the lower edge of breathing holes with a diameter of about 6 mm. the helm. The damage, nevertheless, allowed us to In this case, the holes form 6 vertical columns remove a sample for metallographic examination. with the numbers of holes as follows (from left to The rear upper segment of the helm, i.e. the right): 7 – 7 – 8 – 8 – 8 – 7. Besides these fairly (d) segment (Fig. 8:d), with a maximum width of regular series of holes, there are 6 other holes of 320 mm and height of 120 mm is profiled into smaller diameters which deny any pattern. The a distinctive edge imitating the edge of the front front lower plate is provided with two smaller lower segment. A single hole can be found on each round holes on each side near the lower edge and side of this segment. The left side of the segment with one larger circular hole with a diameter of features a roughly oval hole situated close to the 11 mm near the central front edge. edge of the plate. A sample for metallographic The front upper segment of the helm, i.e. examination was removed from this hole, or rather the (b) segment (Fig. 8:b), whose maximum width from the edge dented inward. The right side is is 370 mm and height 125 mm is profiled into equipped with a rhombic hole located near the a distinctive edge corresponding to the edge on the central edge. The surface surrounding the perforation front lower segment. The lower edge of the front is slightly deformed. upper segment is slightly cut out by around 4 mm As with the top edge of the front segment, the along most of its length, forming thus – together top edge of the rear segment is bent inward, creating with the reduction in the front lower segment a simple flange, to which the top, oval occipital part – a rectangular visor. Three massive rivets with of the helmet was riveted from the inside. This part, rounded heads with a diameter of about 4 mm are labelled as the (e) segment in the diagram (Fig. 8:e), placed above the visor on each half of the segment whose maximum length is 200 mm and maximum aligned with the edge of the visor and underlayed width 160 mm, features a distinct profiled edge along with roughly diamond-shaped washers. Besides the long axis roughly in the middle of the surface. the decorative function, the rivets seem to have The edge corresponds to the edges on the rear and also served to fasten the inner construction of the front upper segments of the helmet. The segment is helmet. The left area of the front upper segment is perforated by two large rhombic holes. The edges perforated with two diamond holes; the segment of one of the holes are turned inward while the is slightly deformed and dented inward around edges of the other hole are turned outward. the bigger of the punctures. On the left side of Let us now focus on the overall assembly the segment, almost at the central edge, there is of the helm and the individual design details one more circular hole with a diameter of 7 mm, in an attempt to interpret them, which might which may originally have served to fasten an help to arrive at a more precise chronological ornament or padded inner lining. classification of the helm’s manufacture. As The back of the helmet consists of two already mentioned above, the helmet consists of separate segments as well. The bottom plate, i.e. five separate iron plates riveted together. A great the (c) plate (Fig. 8:c), with a maximum width of helm from Dargen5 (Fig. 9:a), one helm from 335 mm and height of 125 mm, is profiled into the Madeln Castle6 (Fig. 9:b), Küssnach Castle7

5 The Dargen helm is one of the great helms most widely covered in literature. It was probably found at the Dargen Castle near Deerberg and is kept today in the collections of the Berlin Zeughaus. The helm dates back to the 2nd half of the 13th c., respectively to the 3rd quarter of this century (e.g. Post 1929, 26, Table 9; 1944, 119, Fig. 27; Schneider 1953, 29; Blair 1958, 196, Fig. 80; Curtis 1978, 25-28; Quasigroch 1979; Müller, Kuntner 1984, Fig. 15; Nicolle 1988, 439, Fig. 451; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 42-44, Fig. 3; Lüken 2009, 376, Cat. No. VI.13; 2010, 74, Cat. No. 3.11). 6 Helm torso ‘A’was found during the Madeln Castle research in 1940. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of the Museum.BL in Liestal. The helm is dated to the end of the 13th c., with a possible overlap into the turn of the following century, although the helm probably got into the ground during the devastating earthquake in 1356 during which the Madeln Castle was destroyed (e.g. Schneider 1953, 26-27; Curtis 1978, 30-31; Marti, Windler 1988, 93-100, Fig. 56, Table 11-12; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 44, Fig. 4; Wild 2006, 146-147; Frey 2007). 7 The helm was found during the Küssnach Castle research in 1917 and it is now held in the collections of the Swiss National Museum in Zurich. It is dated to the 1st half of the 14th c., or more accurately to the course of its 2nd quarter (Gessler 1922; Schneider 1953, 30; Curtis 1978, 40-41; Nicolle 1988, 445, Fig. 492; Senn 1991, 168; Leutenegger 2004, 93-94; Pierzak 2005, 48, Fig. 11). A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 99

e

b d

c

a

f

g

Fig. 8. The great helm from the Dalečín Castle: a-e – individual helm elements (spread); f – the overall shape of the helm; g – construction of the great helm. Drawing by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 8. Hełm wielki z zamku Dalečín: a-e – pojedyncze elementy hełmu (rozkład); f – widok ogólny hełmu; g – konstrukcja wielkiego hełmu. Rys. P. Žákovský. 100 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

(Fig. 9:c), Bolzano8 (Fig. 9:d) and Tannenberg the design of one of the Madeln Castle helms. Castle9 (Fig. 9:e) all consist of five plates. The The 1320s and 1330s ushered helms with convex five-plate design was used also in the case of the to hemispherical top occipital plates, often fitted somewhat differently shaped Stein in Krain helm, with a conspicuous rib following the longitudinal which is now generally regarded as a forgery and axis of the plate. This is the case of the Dalečín a product of the 19th c.10 (Fig. 18:c), and with the helm. This design modification is often explained helmets from the former collection of Count by arguing that the convex-shaped occipital plate Alfred Szirmaye (Szendrei 1896, 253-254, Cat. was perhaps better suited to guiding the potential No. 803; Kalmár 1971, 266, Fig. 24) and from hits of the opponent away (e.g. ffoulkes 1912, Zeughaus Berlin collections (ffoulkes 1909, 41, 4-5, Fig. 1). We however believe the change was Fig. 20; Schubert-Soldner 1911, 35-36; Klučina, more likely to respond to the fact that since the Romaňák 1983, 128). The basic construction beginning of the 14th c., lighter helmets were design comprising five segments is also used in worn under the great helms to provide the wearer the helms from Seckau11 (Fig. 9:f) and the city of with more comfort, a generally better view and Lebus12 (Fig. 9:g), which are however further more peripheral vision. This is evidenced by reinforced with a sixth additional plate on the a number of iconographic sources and, even more right side of the front area of the helm13. This importantly, common sense as the later conic helms, construction design was primarily used on the the alleged predecessors of closed great helms, helmets dating to the end of the 13th and the were always convex and bell-shaped. In this period, beginning of the 14th c., but it can be still seen great helms were most probably used for the first in helmets from the end of the 14th c. The contact in combat, the cavalry at full gallop facing construction design thus seems to be unreliable the lances, largely held under the arms of the as the sole method of precise chronological dating warriors, and also in tournaments. Great helms of individual helm specimens. provided relative safety in these attacks and during What can be regarded as a chronological tournaments – however at the cost of certain indicator for five-plate helms is, at least to the limitations. The shape and weight of great helms current knowledge, the shape of the top occipital were factors limiting the movement of the helms’ plate. This plate is flat in earlier helms dated to the wearers. The poor air circulation and the high course of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th c. temperatures inside the helm, made worse by and it is riveted on the top of the upper part of the summer heat and dusty environment, must have body of the helm, its bent flanges overlapping meant another source of discomfort. But the the top parts of the helm body – as clearly seen most acute problem must have been the poor on the Dargen and Bolzano helms. Somewhat later visibility and range of vision, with potential fatal are helms whose occipital plates are still flat but consequences in battle. The owners of great helms, are riveted to the body of the helm from inside, who wore open-faced helmets with an aventail to to a flange created by the bent top plates. This is protect the neck area could thus choose to take the

8 The helm was found in Bolzano. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of the National Museum of Castel Sant’ Angelo in Rome. The helm dates to the beginning of the 14th c. (e.g. Blair 1958, 196, Fig. 81; Oakeshott 1960, 263, Fig. 129; Curtis 1978, 34-35; Szameit 1981, 66, Cat. No. 31; Senn 1991, 168; Angeletti 1995, 225, Cat. No. 6.49; Williams 2000, 112-114; 2003, 337; Pierzak 2005, 46, Fig. 8). 9 This helm was retrieved in the area of the Tannenberg Castle in Hessia before 1850. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt. The helm is dated to the 1st half of the 14th c., more accurately around 1350 (Hefner- Alteneck 1882, Table 167; Demmin 1891, 507; Laking 1920, 281, Fig. 325; Gessler 1922, 26; Müller-Hickler 1934, 178-181; Schneider 1953, 30; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 48-50, Fig. 13; Schmitt 2008, 161, Cat. No. 2641, Table 75:a-d; 2010, 252-253, Cat. No. 14.22). 10 The helm was supposedly found in the bed of the local river in 1911. Then it was bought by Count Hans Wilczek for his collection at the Kreuzenstein Castle in the same year (Wilczek 1914, 44; Rose 1922; Schneider 1953, 29). 11 The helm was used as part of the tomb equipment, i.e. as a funeral helm placed above the tomb of the von Prankh family in the monastery church in Seckau. The helm is now held in the armour collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The helm is dated to the end of the 14th c. (e.g. Meran 1878; Boeheim 1894, 28, Table XLIX:1; Laking 1920, 283-285, Fig. 327-328; Thomas 1944, 72, Table 4; Schneider 1953, 31; Thomas, Gamber 1976, 37-38, Fig. 7; Gamber 1977, 114; Curtis 1978, 66-67; Krenn 1978, 334, Cat. No. 312; Senn 1991, 168; Beaufort-Spontin, Pfaffenbichler 2005, 52-53; Pierzak 2005, 52, Fig. 18). 12 The helm was found in the area of the City of Lebus. It is now held in the The Royal Danish Arsenal Museum (Thøjhusmuseet) in Copenhagen. The helm is dated to the end of the 14th c. (Brown 1953, 19, Fig. 6; Schneider 1953, 31; Curtis 1978, 64-65; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 52, Fig. 19). 13 Reinforcing plates mostly covered only the right side of the helm (as seen from the perspective of the opponent), which was the most exposed part of the opponent’s armour during the tournaments, targeted by many of the attacks. This fact is depicted very explicitly in one of the nameless miniatures of the Codex Manesse (Walther, Siebert 1992, Table 65:a). A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 101

a e

b f

1

g c

d h

Fig. 9. Great helms constructed of five plates: a – Dargen (after Curtis 1978, 25-27); b – Madeln (after Marti, Windler 1988, Taf. 11); c – Küssnach (after Gessler 1922, Abb. 1); d – Bolzano (after Curtis 1978, 35; Szameit 1981, 66); e – Tannenberg (after Gessler 1922, Abb. 2); f – Seckau (after Curtis 1978, 67); g – Lebus (after Brown 1953, Fig. 6); h – Treuchtlingen (after Steeger 2010, Cat. No. 6.49).

Ryc. 9. Hełmy wielkie wykonane z pięciu części: a – Dargen (wg Curtis 1978, 25-27); b – Madeln (wg Marti, Windler 1988, Taf. 11); c – Küssnach (wg Gessler 1922, Abb. 1); d – Bolzano (wg Curtis 1978, 35; Szameit 1981, 66); e – Tannenberg (wg Gessler 1922, Abb. 2); f – Seckau (wg Curtis 1978, 67); g – Lebus (wg Brown 1953, Fig. 6); h – Treuchtlingen (wg Steeger 2010, Cat. No. 6.49). great helm off after the first contact in battle and isosceles cross, invariably next to the bottom rim let it hang on a chain down their back. This is what of the helm were for. The Dalečín helm features the massive opening, mostly in the shape of an such a opening as well. The openings served to 102 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

a b

c d e

h

i

f g

Fig. 10. Great helms constructed of three plates: a – Madeln (after Marti, Windler 1988, Taf. 13); b – Årnäs (after Curtis 1978, 33); c – Traun u Linze (after Brunner, Daim 1981, Abb. 46); d – Kleinschwarzenlohe (after Curtis 1978, 45); e – Canterbury (after Laking 1920, Fig. 322); f – Royal Armouries Leeds (after Price 2000, Fig. 17:2); g – Hereford (after Williams 2003, 740); h – Smoleń (after Głosek, Muzolf 2002, Ryc. 1); i – Carluce (after Capwell 2007, Fig. 4).

Ryc. 10. Hełmy wielkie wykonane z trzech części: a – Madeln (wg Marti, Windler 1988, Taf. 13); b – Årnäs (wg Curtis 1978, 33); c – Traun u Linze (wg Brunner, Daim 1981, Abb. 46); d – Kleinschwarzenlohe (wg Curtis 1978, 45); e – Canterbury (wg Laking 1920, Fig. 322); f – Royal Armouries Leeds (wg Price 2000, Fig. 17:2); g – Hereford (wg Williams 2003, 740); h – Smoleń (wg Głosek, Muzolf 2002, Ryc. 1); i – Carluce (wg Capwell 2007, Fig. 4). stick through the chain by which the great helm was (Fig. 11:a) from the church in Schweinfurt (e.g. fastened to the mail or, later, to the plate armour. Hefner-Alteneck 1882, 190; Post 1922, 20, Fig. 5; The way the chain was anchored is illustrated in 1942, 228, Fig. 4; Thordeman 1939, 309, Fig. 334), a number of stately sepulchral sculptures from or Albert and Konrad von Limpurg (+1374 and throughout the 14th c. As examples let us mention +1376) from the Komburg Castle (Thordeman at least the sepulchres of Albrecht von Hohenlohe- 1939, 320-321, Fig. 342-343; Gamber 1953, 59, Möckmühl (+1338) from the convent church in Fig. 46). Other similar anchorages of the great helm Schönthal an der Jagst (Hefner-Alteneck 1882, can be found e.g. on the sepulchre of Hans von 160; Thordeman 1939, 299-300, Fig. 307), of Ybbs (+1368) (Fig. 11:c) from the parish church Beringer von Berlichingen (+1377) (Fig. 11:b) in Ybbs (e.g. Valentinitsch 1982, 281, Fig. 17) from the same location (e.g. Thordeman 1939, or in the monumental sepulchre of Siegfried von 315, Fig. 335), of Conrad von Seinshein (+1369) Sponheim (+1065) and his wife Richarda von A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 103

a b c d

1

e

Fig. 11. Iconographic evidence of the method of hanging the great helms: a – tomb effigy of Konrád von Seinshain, ca. 1369 (after Thordeman 1939, Fig. 334); b – tomb effigy of Beringer von Berlichingen, ca. 1377 (after Thordeman 1939, Fig. 335); c – tomb effigy of Hans von Ybbs, ca. 1368 (after Valentinitsch 1982, Abb. 17); d – tomb effigy of Ludwig II der Eiserne (the Iron), Landgraf of Thuringia, ca. 1370 (archives of authors); e – tomb effigy of Siegfried von Sponheim and his wife Richarda von Lavant, ca. 1375 (after Valentinitsch 1982, Abb. 22).

Ryc. 11. Ikonograficzne przedstawienia technik mocowania wielkiego hełmu: a – płyta nagrobna Konrada von Seinshain, ok. 1369 (wg Thordeman 1939, Fig. 334); b – płyta nagrobna Beringera von Berlichingen, ok. 1377 (wg Thordeman 1939, Fig. 335); c – płyta nagrobna Hansa von Ybbs, ok. 1368 (wg Valentinitsch 1982, Abb. 17); d – płyta nagrobna Ludwika II Żelaznego, Landgrafa Turyngii, ok. 1370 (archiwum autorów); e – płyta nagrobna Siegfrieda von Sponheim i jego żony Richardy von Lavant, ok. 1375 (wg Valentinitsch 1982, Abb. 22).

Lavant (Fig. 11:e), made in the 2nd half of the 14th c. Haguenau (Fig. 12:a), dated to the middle of the (e.g. ibidem, 287, Fig. 22), as well as on a similarly 14th c. (e.g. Engel 1922, 49; Martin 1942, 143-144, dated sepulchre of Ludwig II, the Landsgrave of Fig. 1-2; 1975, 102-104, Fig. 1). A similar style of Thüringen, called Ludwig the Iron (+1172) of helm attachment can be seen in the well-known the Wartburg Castle (Fig. 11:d). The way great monumental sculpture of a nobleman, Cangrande helms were worn suspended on the back of their della Scala of Verona (Fig. 12:c), dated to around owners is also evidenced by the embossment of 1329 (e.g. Oakeshott 1960, Fig. 12). This style of the so-called Holy Sepulchre at Strasbourg and wearing great helms is much less frequently depicted 104 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

a b

c

Fig. 12. Iconographic evidence of the method of hanging the great helms: a – a relief from the so-called Holy Sepulchre in Strassburg, ca. 1360 (after Martin 1975, Abb. 1); b – a miniature from Speculum humanae salvationis, ca. 1324 (after Brunner, Daim 1981, Abb. 60); c – the monumental statue of the Veronese nobleman Can Grande della Scala in Verona, ca. 1329 (after Oakeshott 1960, Fig. 12).

Ryc. 12. Ikonograficzne przedstawienia technik mocowania wielkiego hełmu: a – płaskorzeźba z tzw. Świętego Grobu w Strasburgu, ok. 1360 (wg Martin 1975, Abb. 1); b – miniatura ze Speculum humanae salvationis, ok. 1324 (wg Brunner, Daim 1981, Abb. 60); c – rzeźba szlachcica z Verony Can Grande della Scala, ok. 1329 (wg Oakeshott 1960, Fig. 12).

in books but let us mention at least the miniature warriors put off wearing them until the very moment in the Speculum humanae salvationis manuscript preceding the onset of battle. This is testified by (Fig. 12:b) dated to 1324 (e.g. Brunner, Daim a number of iconographic sources where great 1981, Fig. 60). The above-described drawbacks helms can be seen being transported on ménage of wearing great helms were probably the reason wagons (Fig. 13). We will limit ourselves to A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 105

a

1

b Fig. 13. Methods of transporting great helms on 'ménage' wagons: a – a miniature cut out from the Maciejowski Bible, ca. 1250 (after Cockerell, Plummer 1969, Fol. 27v); b – a miniature cut out from Liber depictus, ca. 1360 (after Sauer, Stummvoll 1967, Fols. 145v-146r).

Ryc. 13. Sposoby przewożenia hełmów wielkich na wozach zaopatrzeniowych: a – miniatura z Biblii Maciejowskiego, ok. 1250 (wg Cockerell, Plummer 1969, Fol. 27v); b – miniatura z Liber depictus, ok. 1360 (wg Sauer, Stummvoll 1967, Fols. 145v-146r). mentioning the scene from the so-called Maciejowski 1967, Pl. 145v-146r). The latter source features Bible (e.g. Cockerell, Plummer 1969, pl. 27v) or even a somewhat less traditional transportation of the so-called Liber depictus (e.g. Sauer, Stummvoll a great helm: the owner is carrying it on a short 106 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

a b

Fig. 14. A method of transporting great helms: a – a miniature cut out from the Manesse Codex, ca. 1300 (after Walther, Siebert 1992, Taf. V); b – a miniature cut out from Liber depictus, ca. 1360 (after Sauer, Stummvoll 1967, Fols. 145v-146r).

Ryc. 14. Sposoby przewożenia hełmów wielkich: a – miniatura z Kodeksu Manesse, ok. 1300 (wg Walther, Siebert 1992, Taf. V); b – miniatura z Liber depictus, ok. 1360 (wg Sauer, Stummvoll 1967, Fols. 145v-146r). staff set against his right shoulder (e.g. ibidem, 139, Fig. 31-32; Walther, Siebert 1992, Fig. 3; Pl. 145v-146r); the same style is depicted in Curtis 1978, 28-29; Pierzak 2005, 190). This may Codex Manesse on the miniature that shows the mean that the drawbacks of wearing great helms duke Henry IV Probus of Wrocław (Breslau) have been overestimated. (Fig. 14:a) (Walther, Siebert 1992, 11, P. V). In the same period, i.e. during the 1320s and It should be added for the sake of completeness and 1330s, great helms of a somewhat modified design objectivity that most contemporary representations started to appear. They consisted not of five but of battle scenes depict either horsemen wearing four or even as few as three plates; the top upper great helms or horsemen wearing open-faced part of the helm consisted of two or mostly a single helmets and that their combinations cannot be hemispherical plate forming the helm. This design found (Fig. 15). It is without any doubt that a great proved to be advantageous, even though it must helm suspended down one’s back would be much have required a more laborious and complex of a hindrance to the person in the turmoil of manufacture, and hence undoubtedly greater the battle. There is also ample iconographic manufacturing cost and final purchasing cost. evidence that great helms were often used even This design characterizes nearly all remaining by foot soldiers (Fig. 16) and even in attacks of great helms14. Four-plate helms include the one fortifications (Fig. 17) where the use of helmets found in the Treuchtlingen Castle15 (Fig. 9:h) and allowing a broader field of vision could be the now missing helm of Castelmilk16. Three-plate expected (e.g. Frind 1873, 125; Gerevich 1985, helms include one helm from the Madeln Castle17

14 The distinction between pot helms and bucket helms – common in Czech and occasionally also international literature – is not pursued here as it has no support in contemporary written sources and terminology. 15 The helm was found during research of the south compound of Treuchtlingen Castle in 1983 and it is now held in the collections of the Heimatmuseum in Treuchtlingen. It is quite reliably dated to the 1st third of the 14th c. thanks to the stratigraphy and related coin finds (e.g. Steeger 1995; 1997; 2003; 2010). 16 The helm was supposedly found in Castelmilk in summer 1792 but is unfortunately missing now. According to the preserved documentation the helm is dated to the late 14th c. (Scott 1962, 70-71, Pl. XXII). 17 Helm ‘B’ was found during the Madeln Castle research in 1940. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of the Museum.BL in Liestal. The helm is dated to the 1st quarter of the 14th c., although it probably got into the ground during the devastating earthquake in 1356 which destroyed the Madeln Castle (e.g. Schneider 1953, 27-29; Marti, Windler 1988, 98-101, Fig. 57, Tables 13-14; Senn 1991, 168; Tauber 1998; Pierzak 2005, 50, Fig. 14; Wild 2006, 146-147). A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 107

a 1

b

Fig. 15. Battle scenes with combatants equipped with great helms: a – a scene with the motif of the battle at Brůdek from the Paris fragment of the Chronicle of so-called Dalimil, ca. 1330 (after Černý 2011, Cat. No. 256); b – a scene with the motif of the battle from the subsidiary church in Söll, ca. 1370 (after Brunner, Daim 1981, Abb. 6).

Ryc. 15. Sceny bitewne z udziałem rycerzy w hełmach wielkich: a – scena z bitwy pod Brůdkiem z paryskiego fragmentu Kroniki tzw. Dalimil, ok. 1330 (wg Černý 2011, Cat. No. 256); b – scena bitwy z kościoła filialnego w Söll, ok. 1370 (wg Brunner, Daim 1981, Abb. 6). 108 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

Fig. 16. The usage of great helms in infantry fighting – a miniature cut out from the Scriptum super apocalypsim manuscript, ca. 1380 (after Frind 1873, 125).

Ryc. 16. Przykład używania hełmu wielkiego w walkach pieszych – miniatura z manuskryptu Scriptum super apocalypsim, ok. 1380 (wg Frind 1873, 125).

(Fig. 10:a), the one from Årnäs18 (Fig. 10:b), after all. The lower part of the helm is constructed the helm from the river Traun by Linz19 (Fig. from a single segment, while its upper part is 10:c) as well as a less traditional painted helm composed of two elements, one of them being used as the funeral helm of Knight von Kornburg20 a convex occipital plate. Also the helmet from (Fig. 10:d). Other three-plate helms were the the collections of The Royal Armouries Museum funeral helms of the so-called Black Prince of in Leeds sometimes attributed to Sir Richard Canterbury21 (Fig. 10:e) and Sir Richard Pembridge23 (Figure 10:f) uses similar three- Pembridge of Hereford22 (Fig. 10:g). But the plate design. Three-plate great helms include latter helm uses somewhat different structure also the fragments found in the Smoleń Castle24

18 The helm was found during the Årnäs Castle research in 1916 and is now held in the collections of the National Museum in Stockholm. The history of the castle dates the helm to the beginning of the 14th c. (e.g. Schnittger 1922a; 1922b; Curtis 1978, 32-33; Nicole 1988, No. 957; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 44, Fig. 6). 19 The helm was found in the bed of the Traun near Linz. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum in Linz. It is dated to the 2nd half of the 14th c. (e.g. Laking 1920, 282, Fig. 326; Schneider 1953, 31; Blair 1958, 197, Fig. 84; Curtis 1978, 46-47; Brunner, Daim 1981, Fig. 46; Szameit 1981, 66, Fig. 1; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 46, Fig. 7). 20 The helm was used as a funeral helm and placed above the tomb of the knight von Kornburg in the All Saints Church (Allerheiligenkirche) in Kleinschwarzenlohe. It is now held in the collections of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. The helm is dated to the 1st half of the 14th c. (e.g. Neuhaus 1926; Pilz 1939, 57; Schneider 1953, 30; Curtis 1978, 44-45; Senn 1991, 168; Schewe 1997, 38; Williams 2003, 338; Pierzak 2005, 48, Fig. 12; Goll 2010, 242, Cat. No. 6.8). 21 The helm was hung over the grave of Edward, Prince of Wales, called the Black Prince (+ 1376), in the cathedral of Canterbury, in whose collections it is now deposited. The helm is dated to the 3rd quarter of the 14th c. (e.g. Boeheim 1890, 29, Fig. 10; Gardner 1897, 30, Fig. 11; Laking 1920, 275-277, Fig. 322; Trapp 1929, 34; Schneider 1953, 30; Blair 1958, 71, Fig. 25; Curtis 1978, 52-55; Senn 1991, 168; Pierzak 2005, 50, Fig. 15). 22 The helm was hung over the grave of Sir Richard Pembridge (+ 1375) in the cathedral of Hereford. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh. The helm is dated to the 3rd quarter of the 14th c. (e.g. Fincke 1836, 4, Pl. XI; Boeheim 1890, 29, Fig. 11; Gardner 1897, 30, Fig. 11-12; Laking 1920, 279, Fig. 324; Schneider 1953, 30-31; Curtis 1978, 50-51; Edge, Paddock 1988, 71; Senn 1991, 168; Williams 2003, 740-741; Pierzak 2005, 52, Fig. 17). 23 The origin of the helm is not known, but it is believed to come from an English church, where it may have been used as a funeral helm. It could have been manufactured by the same armoury shop as the Hereford helm. Nowadays it is stored in the collections of The Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds. The helm is dated to the 3rd quarter of the 14th c. (e.g. Norman 1972, No. 3; Spalding 1977; Curtis 1978, 48-49; Norman, Wilson 1982, 40, Cat. No. 7; Senn 1991, 168; Coldstream 2000, 325; Price 2000, 199-200, Fig. 17:2; Williams 2003, 742; Pierzak 2005, 50, Fig. 17; Richardson 2011, 315, Pl. 4). 24 The fragment of the top plate was found in the castle area during the archaeological excavation conducted in 1998. The helm is now held in the collections of the Archeological and Ethnographic Museum in Lodz. The helm is dated to the 1st half of the 14th c. (e.g. Głosek, Muzolf 2002; Glinianowicz 2005, 148, Table V:1; Pierzak 2005, 39, Fig. 1). A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 109

(Fig. 10:h) and in the riverbed at Carluke25 (Fig. 10:i). To make the account complete, it should be added that the second great helm found in what is today the Czech Republic consists of nine plates, with the two small rectangular plates inserted between the nether plates26 (Fig. 18:a). It is worth noting that the left side of the front top plate features a diamond-shaped aperture, just like the helms of Dalečín and Treuchtlingen. The other known great helms of Altena (e.g. Schäfer 1995, 602-603; Herzog 1997, 54; Steeger 2003, 402; Fig. 18:b), now in the collections of Musée ď Artillerie, Paris (e.g. Boeheim 1890, 28-31; Demmin 1891, 506-507; Hefner-Alteneck 1903, Plate 15; Koetschau 1909, 258, Table Helm I:4-6), and the helms in the former collection of Charles Boissonas of Geneva (Ritter 2000; Pierzak 2005, 40, 44, 46-48; Fig. 18:d-g) show such a variety of specific design and morphological features that they seem to be later artefacts and forgeries manufactured mainly in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th c., the fact that they have been dated by organic matter C14 analysis notwithstanding. The miniature fragment of the nether plate with air-holes from the Montfort Castle of Palestina, dated to the end of the 13th c., resists any more detailed classification (Dean 1927, 36-38, Fig. 53:A). Let us however return to great helms of the traditional design. Helms with a convex top, whether of five, four or three plates, are in general believed to have been manufactured in Germany Fig. 17. The usage of great helms during capturing a fortified site but any direct evidence is missing (e.g. Boeheim – a miniature from one of the Weltchronik manuscripts by Rudolf 1890, 29; Pierzak 2005, 31). We believe the current von Ems, ca. 1310 (after Walther, Siebert 1992, Abb. 3). state of knowledge is not sufficient for determining Ryc. 17. Przykład używania hełmu wielkiego w trakcie zdobywa- even the approximate location of their origin. The nia fortyfikacji – miniatura z manuskryptu Weltchronik, autorstwa possibility that some of the known helms were Rudolfa von Ems, ok. 1310 (wg Walther, Siebert 1992, Abb. 3). manufactured close to where they were found cannot be ruled out wither. Moreover, it is not be used to date the individual specimens at the likely that the design patterns and details can moment. This is mainly due to the fact that only

25 The fragment of the top plate was found in the bed of a river in Carluke, Scotland in 1820. Nowadays the helm is in the collections of The Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum. The helm is dated to the 1st third of the 14th c. (e.g. Scott 1962, 68-70, Pl. XVII-XX; Capwell 2007, 12, Fig. 4). 26 The helmet was allegedly found in the area of one of the castles in the cadastre of Velenice near Česká Lípa; the population of the castles, primarily documented by material culture, dates to the course of the 13th c. and the 1st half of the 14th c. According to old reports a larger number of iron objects, especially military artefacts, were found in a defunct building on the Castle Hill in 1834. The helm mentioned may have been among them (e.g. Gabriel, Panáček 1987; 2000, 24, 142-145; Durdík 1999, 180-181; 2005, 114-116). The helm was supposedly given to the collections of the National Museum in Prague in 1834. The design of this helm, which is assembled from a larger number of metal plates whose thickness does not exceed 1 mm, suggests that it is likely to be a funeral or decorative helm. Its relatively low weight of mere 838 g supports the view. The blackened metal led A. Demmin to believe that the helm could be a late forgery. Its colour however may have been caused by fire or conservation treatment applied by museum employees in the 19th c. It is also possible that the helm kept in the collections of the National Museum in Prague is just a copy of the original helm found in Velenice, because other material mentioned in the description in the Sloup Castle archives is now missing. Yet aside from the helm’s very low weight and somewhat illogical design, the modern-age origin of the helm is also suggested by the treatment of the edges of each plate. The edges of the plates were bent inwards and then further hammered back to the inner surface of the plates. This detail was not found on any of the other recorded helms. Perhaps the planned metallographic and spectral analysis will help us to arrive at a more precise chronological classification (e.g. Demmin 1891, 507; Durdík 1989, 63-64, Cat. No. 192; Žákovský 2011, 874, Cat. No. 321). 110 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

b c d

a

e f g

Fig. 18. Great helms of specific design and problematic dating: a – Velenice (Národní muzeum in Prague, Inv. No. HA 634); b – Altena (after Herzog 1997, 54); c – Stein in Krain (after Wilczek 1914, 44); d-g – the original collection of Charles von Boissonas (after Ritter 2000).

Ryc. 18. Hełmy wielkie o specyficznym kształcie i problematycznej chronologii: a – Velenice (Národní muzeum w Pradze, nr inw. HA 634); b – Altena (wg Herzog 1997, 54); c – Stein w Krainie (wg Wilczek 1914, 44); d-g – kolekcja Charlesa von Boissonas (wg Ritter 2000). a small number of great helms have been recorded taken into account when dating the individual so far and that most iconographic sources which specimens (e.g. Steeger 2003, 402). Helms of could be useful in making the dating estimates and five plates can be found in iconographic sources our knowledge of great helm development more from the 1st quarter of the 14th c. till its very end. accurate are rather simplified or the important upper Let us choose at least a few examples regarded parts of the depicted helms are covered with as artifacts made in the Czech lands from mantling and jewels. Some iconographic sources among the profusion of iconographic sources. suggest that great three-plate helms occur in The Resurrection scene from the ornamental ‘R’ the 1320s to 1330s at the latest. This is very in Olomouc Gradual is dated to the first quarter eloquently evidenced by an illustration of the of the 14th c. (Fig. 19:a) (Černý 2011, 578-584, battle of Brůdek in the Paris fragment of the Cat. No. 234). The so-called Kaufmann Crucifixion Chronicle of So-called Dalimil (Fig. 15:a), assumed (Fig. 19:c) where one of the man-at-arms has to have originated in Bologna around 1330 a great helm of this type is believed to have (e.g. Kubík 2010, 46-51; Černý 2011, 712-716, originated in Prague around 1340 (e.g. Matějček Cat. No. 256). The Willehalm manuscript by 1950, 50-52, Fig. 33, 36; Pešina 1980; Fajt, Wolfram von Eschenbach, where a number of Suckale 2006, 76-78, Cat. No. 1; Zágora 2011, these helms are depicted (Brunner, Daim 1981, 83-84, Cat. No. 4). Another, similarly shaped Fig. 53-54), also dates before 1320. great helm is in the possession of one of the It thus seems that the number of plates of guardians of the Holy Grave in the so-called Vyšší which the great helms consisted should not be Brod Cycle (Fig. 19:b), believed to have originated A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 111

a

b c d Fig. 19. Iconographic sources showing great helms of Czech origin: a – a cut out of an initial letter of Olomouc Gradual, ca. 1325 (after Černý 2011, Cat. No. 234); b – a cut out from the panel painting Resurrection of the Hohenfurth Cycle, ca. 1346 (after Franzen 2006, Cat. No. 9d); c – a cut out from the Crucifixion of Christ (Kaufmann Crucifixion), ca. 1340 (after Matějček 1950, Fig. 33); d – a glass painting from Hersbruck, ca. 1470 (after Scholz 2006, Cat. No. 120b).

Ryc. 19. Czeskie źródła ikonograficzne ukazujące hełmy wielkie: a – fragment litery inicjalnej z Graduału Ołomunieckiego, ok. 1325 (wg Černý 2011, Cat. No. 234); b – fragment Zmartwychwstania z Cyklu Hohenfurtha, ok. 1346 (wg Franzen 2006, Cat. No. 9d); c – fragment Ukrzyżowania Chrystusa (Ukrzyżowanie Kaufmanna), ok. 1340 (wg Matějček 1950, Fig. 33); d – witraż z Hersbruck, ok. 1470 (wg Scholz 2006, Cat. No. 120b). in Prague in 1346-1347 (e.g. Friedl 1934, 51-59, have been recorded in helms of Madeln, Küssnach, Fig. 32; Matějček 1950, 38-44, Fig. 17, 19; Pešina Årnäs and Treuchtlingen castles. The latter two 1987, 81, Fig. 59; Royt 2002, 53-54; Franzen helms however feature washers which are situate1d 2006, 8788, Cat. No. 9d; Lavička 2011, 455-457). at the distance of 2-3 mm from the inner rim of the Another great helm nearly in the same position helm, which is not the case of the Dalečín helm. is the one belonging to the guardian of the Holy The washers must have therefore served to attach Grave in the glass painting in the town church the padded inner lining to the helm27, just like the of Hersbruck (Fig. 19:d), believed to have been horizontal rows of the double and single apertures made in Prague or Nuremberg in the 1370s found elsewhere on the helm (Schnittger 1922, 78; (e.g. Scholz 2006, 337-339, Cat. No. 120b). Great Steeger 2003, 401, Fig. 2:2). Analogically located helms can naturally be found even in the seals of apertures can be found in helms from Dargen and Czech sovereigns and high aristocracy. They are Årnäs as well as the helm of the Pranck family nevertheless represented in them, compared with (e.g. Schnittger 1922, 78, Fig. 4; Thomas 1944, 72, paintings on tables and in books, in a rather Table 4; Quasigroh 1979, Fig. 4, 6, 9:12; Steeger simplified form (e.g. Maráz 2010; Zágora 2011). 2003, 401). There is no such continuous row of No other small design details are of any use apertures in the Dalečín helm; only the several trying to date the Dalečín great helm. As has double apertures by the lower rim of the helm already been said, the individual iron segments may have served the same purpose. Some of are joined together with rows of small rivets. What these are however situated in the front plates is rather interesting is the fact that only rivets which are equipped with air holes, meaning that forming the horizontal line joining the lower and the inner lining would block these air holes, upper plates are equipped with washers on their with consequences for air circulation and air inside side, casually cut out of a plate of iron temperature inside the helm28. The double apertures (Fig. 20). This suggests the possibility that they may have served to fasten straps and strings tied have to do with the inner padded lining of the up under the helm wearer’s chin in order to helm rather than its body as such. Similar washers prevent the helm from shifting about the head.

27 This interpretation of the washers is mainly supported by the fact that the washers in the Black Prince’s great helm with the remains of a padded inner structure have been preserved until today (Laking 1920, 276). 28 According to the current state of knowledge, the inner structure of the Dalečín helm could be possibly reconstructed as a leather or cloth lining or a padded leather wreath with chin straps, which could have been combined with a padded cap (e.g. Gessler 1922, 25; Schnittger 1922, 78; Schneider 1953, 44; Marti, Windler 1988, 100-102). The internal structure of the helmets from the Treuchtlingen Castle has been reconstructed in the same way (Steeger 2003, 401). In this case, however, we can perhaps reject the use of a removable padding, as reconstructed by G. Quasigroch (1979, Fig. 6:9) according to his studies of the Dargen helm. 112 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

Fig. 20. Details of the internal construction of the helm from Dalečín with visible diamond pads. Photo by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 20. Detale konstrukcji wewnętrznej hełmu z Dalečína z widocznymi podkładkami pod nity. Fot. P. Žákovský. A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 113

a b c

Fig. 21. Great helms with decorations: a – Canterbury (after Gardner 1897, Fig. 11); b – Seckau (after Beaufort, Pfaffenbichler 2005, 53); c – the tomb of Adolf von Sachenhausen in the Frankfurt Cathedral, ca. 1370 (archives of authors).

Ryc. 21. Hełmy wielkie z klejnotami: a – Canterbury (wg Gardner 1897, Fig. 11); b – Seckau (wg Beaufort, Pfaffenbichler 2005, 53); c – nagrobek Adolfa von Sachenhausen w Katedrze we Frankfurcie, ok. 1370 (archiwum autorów). 1

The Dalečín helm also features a larger Black Prince from Canterbury cathedral (Fig. 21:a) round-shaped aperture in the frontal part of the or the dragon-shaped solitary decorative assembly upper front plate. The aperture could have been of the helm of Martín de Aragón from collections used to attach the inner lining or possibly a jewel. of the Real armeria of Madrid (e.g. Boeheim 1890, The ways of attaching heraldic figures and 30, Fig. 13; Cortés 1950, 25-26, Fig. XIII; Riquer decorations on the upper helm plates undoubtedly 1968, Fig. 185; Lacaci 1985, 27). varied significantly. This can be seen from a number It is not entirely out of question that the of iconographic sources, the famous Codex Manesse two larger diamond-shaped apertures in the upper foremost among them. It depicts jewels attached occipital plate of the Dalečín great helm were mainly to the upper part of the helm but also along also used for attaching jewels. This hypothesis its sides and even on its nether rim (e.g. Walther, however seems to be contradicted by the fact that Siebert 1992, Tables 22, 47, 50, 53, 119, 136). the apertures were punctured casually, which can Jewels are depicted also in the Weingartner be seen from how the rims of the apertures are manuscript (e.g. Pfeiffer, Fellner 1843, 125) and turned, inside with one aperture and outside with in a host of French bone-carvings (e.g. Fliegel the other. There is however the analogy of a similar 1998, 55; Scalini 1987, Fig. 1-3). What is most aperture used to attach a jewel found in the helm illustrative of the ways of attaching jewels to in the collections of Royal Armouries in Leeds. The helms are the rare decorative assemblies which remaining four diamond-shaped apertures situated have been preserved. They include mainly the in a more or less horizontal line around the upper horn-shaped jewel from the von Pranck family plates of the Dalečín helm may have had the same helm (Fig. 21:b), the solitary painted jewel of function. The distribution of these apertures may a similar shape from the Churburg Castle nevertheless be coincidental. The fact that the collections29 (e.g. Scalini 1996, 367, Inv. No. S 7), apertures in the front part of one of the upper plates and the heraldic animals from the helm of the are double ones seems to confirm this hypothesis.

29 A similar heraldic figure in the form of heraldic horns is represented very realistically illustrated on the tomb of Burkhard von Steinberg from 1379 (e.g. Gamber 1953, Fig. 51; Kelly, Schwabe 2002, Table XXVII). How a decoration in the form of a heraldic animal could be applied to a great helm is very clearly shown on Adolf von Sachenhausen’s tomb in the Frankfurt Cathedral (Fig. 21:c). 114 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

Fig. 22. View of the great helm from Dalečín showing the locations and directions of attacks. Photo by P. Žákovský.

Ryc. 22. Widok na wielki hełm z Dalečína ukazujący miejsca uszkodzeń i kierunki ataku. Fot. P. Žákovský.

Since the helm is strongly deformed around the the ground, we find ourselves in trouble. It is punctures, the diamond-shaped apertures with the generally believed that earlier great helms were rims of the plate turned up and down are more made of five plates while later helms dating to likely to have originated in consequence of an the 1320s or later consist only of four or three impact or a shot. Some of these apertures may pieces. Helm design as a chronological indicator certainly have been formed in battle but considering has been addressed above. Despite this it is quite the number, distribution in space and the direction likely that the Dalečín great helm dates back to of the potential attacks on the helm, we believe the 1st quarter of the 14thc. or the 1340s. that after having served its original purpose, the Not even the preserved written sources on the helm was used by the owner as a training shooting castle where the helm was found can help us date it target (Fig. 22). We have found no other explanation more precisely. This is mainly due to the fact that for the number and directions of attacks. What is according to the known facts the castle itself was nevertheless for certain is that all these apertures founded between 1349 and 1358. At that time the were secondary additions originating after the helm estate was held by Clara the widow of Stephen of was manufactured. The fact that all apertures which Pernstein. When she married Vznata of Tasov she can be directly linked to the helm’s making have forwarded the land tenure to him in 1349, which been punctured with care and their rims have been was opposed by the lords of Pernstein (e.g. ZDB I, 6, cleaned and finished. In contrast, all diamond- No. 109; Tenora 1907, 78; Hosák 1938, 323; 1952, 65; shaped apertures have rims which are more or less Durdík 1982, 361; Plaček 1986, 196; 2001, 181). inverted and turned outside or inside the helm. The castle was however not listed in the tenure Trying to estimate the time when the helm inventory yet30. In 1358, after Vznata died, Jimram was manufactured and the time when it got into of Pernstein obtained the land tenure; the Dalečín

30 Domina Clara, Vxor domini Wznate de Tassaw, resignauit ipsi domino Wznate, marito suo, istas Villas, videlicet, Daleczin, Pyesteczne, et Dyethochaw hereditarie, sed dominus Ingramus de Bernstoyn ac filij fratres sui inpungnant dictam resignacionem dicentes, ipsas Villas esse eis tantum in Centum Marcis obligatas (ZDB I, 6, No. 109). A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 115

a

b

Fig. 23. The great helm from Dalečín: a – the helm with marked place from which the sample No. 1 was detached; b – the ferritic structure of the sample No.1 (etched with Nital). Photo by J. Hošek.

Ryc. 23. Hełm wielki z Dalečína: a – miejsce pobrania próbki nr 1; b – struktura ferrytyczna próbki nr 1 (trawione nitalem). Fot. J. Hošek.

Castle is already explicitly mentioned in the registry that it was deposited here only after the castle’s upon entry to the Land Tables31 (e.g. ZDB III, 31, decline, or after it ceased to be a fortified object No. 233; Tenora 1907, 78; Hosák 1938, 323; Durdík no later than in the 15th or at the beginning of 1982, 361; Plaček 1982, 344; 1986, 196; 2000, the 16th c. This however need not imply anything 205; 2001, 181; Teplý 1990, 252). Wilhelm of about the helm’s late manufacture as equipment1 Pernstein endowed his wife Agnes with 1,000 as costly as such a helm was undoubtedly used threescores of groschen on the Dalečín manor for generations in the Middle Ages, unless deposited in 1390, however the castle was again not listed in local armouries. Most old armoury items out in the registry entry32 (e.g. ZDB VII, 194-195, of use were undoubtedly crushed over time and No. 809, Tenora 1907, 78; Hosák 1938, 323; later reused as highly demanded quality material Vermouzek 1977, 65; Durdík 1982, 361). The castle in manufacturing new artefacts. Archaeological was then allegedly destroyed in 1519 during finds of larger armoury items and weaponry are a crackdown on robbers launched by Artleb of thus rather rare, their depositing in the ground Boskovice. In this context, the possibility that the having been a consequence of a – lucky to us – castle had been abandoned by then which allowed coincidence. Looking back at the circumstances the band of robbers to settle there is sometimes of the preservation of the recorded great helms, considered (e.g. Tenora 1907, 81; Hosák, Zemek one must say that most of them got into the 1981, 87; Samek 1994, 360; Plaček 2001, 182). In ground during natural catastrophes (Madeln) or 1588, when the estate was sold by John of Pernstein when the places they were in were depleted or to Paul Katharina of Kathara for 8,000 ducats, the burnt down (Treuchtlingen, Küssnach, Tannenberg, castle was expressly mentioned as abandoned for Årnäs). Some of them were found in brooks and the first time (e.g. Tenora 1907, 79; Hosák 1938, 76; rivers, having assumedly been lost by accident Hosák, Zemek 1981, 87; Teplý 1990, 252). The castle (Traun near Linz), or were retrieved as a part of was again mentioned as abandoned in 1603 when sepulchral assemblies, e.g. sepulchral helms. The the trustees of John and Peter of Kathara sold the coincidence that the Dalečín helm was found in estate to William Dubský of Třebomyslice for 18.000 the castle area by illegal searchers with the help Moravian ducats (e.g. Tenora 1907, 81; Hosák 1938, of a metal detector has robbed us of further 323; Vermouzek 1977, 65; Teplý 1990, 252). details of the artefact’s finding and it is unlikely As said above, the Dalečín helm was found in that we might know more about how it got to the fill of the castle moat. It can be hypothesized the ground.

31 Clara de Daleczin et Jesco presbiter Ymramo de Pernstein villas Pyeseczne Dyethochow Daleczin castrum cum omnibus suis Juribus et pertinencijs Jure hereditario possidendum vendidit et resignauit (ZDB III, 31, No. 233). 32 Wilhelmus de Pernstein Agnescze vxori sue super bonis et villis, primo in Daleczyn Municione cum duabus Curijs vnacum villa… (ZDB VII, 194, No. 809). 116 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

a b

c d

e f

Fig. 23. The great helm from Dalečín: a – the helm with marked place from which the sample No. 2 was detached; b – macrophoto of the sample No.2 with the described areas highlighted; c – the ferritic structure of the first area I; d – the structure of the areas II and III; e-f – pearlite and ferrite in the area III (etched with Nital). Photo by J. Hošek.

Ryc. 23. Hełm wielki z Dalečína: a – miejsce pobrania próbki nr 2; b – makrofotografia próbki nr 2 z oznaczonymi obszarami opisanych badań; c – struktura ferrytyczna w strefie I; d – struktura stref II i III; e-f – perlit i ferryt w strefie III (trawione nitalem). Fot. J. Hošek. A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 117

Finally, the opportunity was taken to obtain helm ‘B’ from the Madeln Castle, dated to the 1st certain other information about the find by means quarter of the 14th c.35 (Williams, Edge 2004, 125); of metallography. Two samples were removed and the mid-14th c. helm from Kleinschwarzenlohe36 for metallographic examination; the first sample (Williams 2003, 338). In all these cases, the was taken from the rim of the lower rear plate microhardness of iron (up to 0.2% C) was above (examined in the cross section), while the second 175 VPH and both the first and second helm revealed sample was removed from the upper rear plate, a structure in their plates which varies in carbon specifically from the edge of the hole after crossbow- content between iron and steel. However, the lower bolt penetration on the left side of the helm (the rear plate of the Dalečín helm was only soft iron, observed metallographic plane does not include such as found in helm ‘A’ from the Madeln Castle, the cross section of the plate as the removed which is dated to about 1300 AD37 (Williams, Edge sample was too small for this). According to the 2004, 125)38. In fact, none of the above-mentioned metallographic results obtained33, the lower rear helms shows signs of any advanced material selection plate was made of soft iron. The upper rear plate is or heat treatment and therefore all of them can be a naturally heterogeneous material in which ferritic considered simple from the view of metallurgical iron with elevated hardness predominates and treatment used and quality reached. structures corresponding to low and medium-carbon In contrary to these, some helms were made steel occur only sporadically. No attempt was made from plates of which at least one was steel. For to harden the plate by quenching. The unequal instance the helm from Dargen in Pomerania, dated material used for the individual plates, can be to the 2nd half of the 13th c.39 (ibidem, 125) was pointed out although in both cases bloomery iron was of this kind40; however, it was not hardened by used without any attempt to increase the hardness quenching and therefore it is not clear if the choice and strength of the plates. Concerning the structure of the steel plates was actually deliberate. On the and hardness of the upper rear plate, the nearest other hand, the helm deposited in The Royal analogies seem to be the helm found at Bolzano, Armouries Museum in Leeds (Inv. No. IV.600), nd th dated to around 1300 AD34 (Williams 2003, 337); which dates perhaps to the 2 half of the 14 c.141

33 Metallographic description of the samples: Sample No. 1 (Fig. 23): The structure is ferrite with hardness of 124±13 VPH (200g load) and grain size ASTM 4–5. Sample No. 2 (Fig. 24): Only ferritic grains of ASTM 6 grain size present in the Area I. Microhardness of the ferrite is 176±10 VPH (50g load). Ferrite with traces of pearlite (ca. 0.1%C) is present in the Area II. Structure in the Area III consists of mixture of fine ferrite and pearlite, with carbon content varying between 0.2% and 0.5%. Microhardness reaches in average 212±9 VPH (50g load). 34 The front plate on the left side of the helm was made of heterogeneous material varying between iron and eutectoid steel. The content of carbon averages around 0.3% and the hardness reaches 233 VPH. The left side plate in its upper part is iron with ca. 0.1% C, the average hardness is 183 VPH. The plates were made of naturally heterogeneous material and no attempt was made to homogenize or to harden it. The helm is now deposited in the National Museum of Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, Inv. No. 869 (Williams 2003, 337). 35 The first specimen, detached from the inside of the upper reinforcing band on the left side, was only ferritic iron. The second specimen, from the inside of the front left plate, revealed a banded ferritic-pearlitic structure with ca. 0.1% C. The third specimen, detached from the inside of the crown plate, revealed a more uniform ferritic-pearlitic structure with carbon content of around 0.2% C. The average microhardness is 190 VPH. The helm was made of plates varying between iron and low-carbon steel and no attempt was made to harden it by quenching. The helm is now deposited in the Cantonal Museum Basel-Land in Liestal, Inv. No. 531.212 (Williams, Edge 2004, 125). 36 The examined plate was made of iron with hardness of 175 VPH. The helm is deposited in the Germanishes Nationalmuseum in Nurenberg, Inv. No. W.2801 (Williams 2003, 338). 37 The specimen removed from the inside of the right rear plate from the edge overlapped by the front plate consists of ferritic iron with hardness of 137 VPH. The helm is now deposited in the Cantonal Museum Basel-Land in Liestal, Inv. No. 531.211 (Williams, Edge 2004, 125). 38 Only soft iron was also found in the later helm from The Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds, which is dated to the late 14th c. (the specimen removed from within the helm consists of ferrite and a small volume of pearlite, the hardness reaches 108 VPH; the examined plate is made of air-cooled low-carbon steel with ca. about 0.1% C – Williams 2003, 744), and perhaps in the early 15th c. helm deposited in Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin (Inv. No. W.1012); a sample taken from within the right cheek- piece shows a microstructure of ferrite and slag only (Williams, forthcoming). 39 The examined specimen consists of pearlite and ferrite. The carbon content is about 0.5% C and its average hardness is 256 VPH. The plate is medium-carbon steel with no attempt to harden it by quenching. The helm is now deposited in the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin, Inv. No. W.1003 (Williams, Edge 2004, 125). 40 Also the helm from The Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds (Inv. No. A.L.30-1) coming perhaps from the late 14th c. The structure, which was revealed in the cross-section of the lower rim, consists of pearlite and ferrite, arranged in bands, in varying proportions; the hardness is 195 VPH. The examined plate is medium-carbon steel (0.5% C overall) which was not quenched after fabrication of the helm (Williams 2003, 743) 41 The specimen removed from the inside of the helm consists of ferrite and areas of bainite or perhaps low-carbon martensite arranged in bands. The hardness of the acicular structure is 290 VPH. The examined plate was made of low-carbon steel and it was quenched after fabrication of the helm (ibidem, 742). 118 Petr Žákovský, Jiří Hošek, Vlado Cisár

(Blackburn et al 2000, 1269-1270; Williams 2003, a shooting target until it happened – under unknown 742), and, primarily, the helm from Hereford (the circumstances and probably after the demise of the helm of Sir Richard Pembridge), coming perhaps castle – to end up in the filling of the moat. Here from the 3rd quarter of the 14th c.42 (Williams 2003, again, we must express our regret that the helmet 740-741), show indisputable evidence of a deliberate was not found during a professionally conducted effort to manufacture the helms from plates with archaeological excavation, which would perhaps elevated carbon content, as they were quenched. have offered ultimate answers to many of our It is no surprise that both quench-hardened helms questions. We are thus left with only more or less come from the 2nd half of the 14th c. because it was probable hypotheses. Despite of this, the studied as late as the 14th c. when the more sophisticated helm is a significant evidence of the skills of our metallurgy of iron brought the possibility to ancestors and represents one of the most significant successfully produce plate armour of quenchable discoveries of medieval military artefacts found in steel (ibidem, 731-732; Williams, Edge 2004, 123). the territory of Central Europe and beyond in the From the perspective of metallurgical quality, last few decades. We can only hope that other the Dalečín helm undoubtedly falls into the first helms of the studied type will be found in the group of helms made from simply produced future and that succinct information about the plates, which seems to be in agreement with the circumstances of their finding will be available, context of the find. The helm certainly did not which will then allow us to formulate and refine belong to a member of the highest aristocracy the general considerations on the development who would have been able to obtain a helm and construction of the individual variations of t manufactured with the use of then-contemporary he closed great helmets from the course of the cutting edge technology such as those from Hereford 13th and 14th c. We hope this study will at least and Leads (Inv. No. IV.600). Despite the increased marginally contribute to this knowledge44. hardness of the upper rear plate (around 175 VPH), the Dalečín helm provided only limited protection Mgr. Petr Žákovský to the user as the holes caused by cross-bow Ústav archeologie a muzeologie bolt penetrations clearly illustrate. Filozofické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity Brno To summarize the findings of this paper, the studied helm found in the Dalečín Castle should Ing. Jiří Hošek, Ph.D. be dated to the 1st or 2nd quarter of the 14th c. If Archeologický ústav Akademie the Dalečín Castle had not been built yet at the věd České republiky, Praha, v.v.i. time when the helm was manufactured, its owner to whom it had served for several years by then PhDr. Vladimír Cisár must have brought it to the mobiliary of his new Městské muzeum Bystřice nad Pernštejnem residence43. Perhaps after it was not fit for its original purpose anymore, the helm was used as Translated by: Martin Vondřejc

42 The structure of the examined specimen consists of ferritic core with hardness of 110 VPH and circa 0.3mm thick outer layers of martensite with hardness of 430 VPH. The plate was carburised iron and the helm was deliberately quenched after fabrication. The helm is now deposited in The Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh, Inv. No. 1905-489 (ibidem, 740-741). 43 We intentionally avoid classification of the helm according to J. Pierzak’s typological system (Pierzak 2005, 196-224, tab. 15), which seems to be in many aspects imperfect. In particular, the fact that the whole system is based primarily on randomly collected iconographic material makes it at least questionable. In many cases, the highly idealized and schematic depictions of the studied types do not allow, in our opinion, more detailed classification and the depictions can be used for a study of preserved helms only as a secondary and complementary strand. The main criterions for classification of great helms should be primarily based on a comprehensive survey of the preserved helms followed by review of the archaeological contexts in which they were found. In particular, it seems that design schemes of the helms might indicate their chronological classification. With regard to the relatively small number of great helms known so far, however, even researchers following this approach will encounter certain difficulties, such as those outlined in this paper. Therefore, we will probably have to wait for further discoveries of these unique artefacts to create a generic descriptive system. 44 The authors would like to express their gratitude to Arkadiusz Michalak from Muzeum Archeologiczne Środkowego Nadodrza in Świdnica near Zielona Góra. A unique finding of a great helm from the Dalečín castle in Moravia 119

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Petr Žákovský Jiří Hošek Vlado Cisár UNIKATOWE ZNALEZISKO HEŁMU GARNCZKOWEGO Z ZAMKU DALEČÍN NA MORAWACH

Streszczenie

W 2008 r. na terenie zamku Dalečín na Morawach największą długość 335 mm i wysokość 125 mm. (ryc. 1-3) dokonano odkrycia świetnie zachowanego Tylny, górny segment „d” (ryc. 8:d) ma natomiast hełmu garnczkowego. Bliższe okoliczności odkrycia największą długość 320 mm i największą wysokość zabytku, poza miejscem, są nieznane, ale wiadomo, 120 mm. Na obu stronach tego segmentu umieszczo- iż hełm pozyskano w trakcie nielegalnych prospekcji no po jednym otworze. stanowiska przy użyciu wykrywacza metali. Znalaz- Wierzchni, owalny segment „e” (ryc. 8:e) ma cy sprzedali następnie zabytek do zbiorów Muzeum największą długość 200 mm i największą szerokość Miejskiego w Bystřici n. Pernštejnem. 160 mm. Płyta została przebita dwoma dużymi, rom- Hełm przetrwał do dziś w dobrym stanie, bez boidalnymi otworami, z których jeden ma zagięte kra- większych deformacji. Jego największa wysokość do- wędzie do wnętrza hełmu, drugi zaś na zewnątrz. chodzi do ok. 305 mm, a obwód jego dolnej krawędzi Bliższe określenie czasu powstania hełmu, jak i je- ma 650 mm (ryc. 5-8). Rozmiary górnej płyty oscy- go znalezienia się w ziemi, jest bardzo problematyczne. lują wokół rozmiarów ok. 200 x 160 mm. Całkowita Wierzchni płat jest wypukły, co jednoznacznie klasyfi- waga zabytku po konserwacji wynosi 1505 g. Hełm kuje okaz jako hełm z 1.-2. ćwierci XIV w. Uważa się, był wykonany z pięciu znitowanych ze sobą segmen- że starsze hełmy garnczkowe były konstruowane z pięciu tów (ryc. 8). Grubość blachy w każdym segmencie płyt, podczas gdy młodsze, które pojawiają się w l. 20. waha się od 3 do 1 mm, regułą jest jednak, że naj- XIV w., składają się już tylko z trzech lub czterech1 większe grubości przypadają na centralne partie płyt, części. Należy jednak pamiętać, iż wykorzystanie bu- które zmniejszają się płynnie w kierunku krawędzi. dowy hełmu jako wskaźnika chronologicznego ma Dolny, przedni segment „a” (ryc. 8:b) ma ma- jednak swoje ograniczenia. Dla bliższego datowania ksymalną długość wynoszącą 415 mm i wysokość powstania hełmu nie można też wykorzystać zapisek 175 mm. Po lewej jego stronie wykonano okrągłe źródłowych dotyczących zamku Dalečín, gdyż wedle otwory o średnicy ok. 6 mm, które znajdują się dotychczasowej wiedzy obiekt ten miał powstać między w siedmiu niezbyt regularnych poziomach. Otwór 1349 a 1358 r. Hełm został odkryty w zasypisku fosy, w kształcie równoramiennego krzyża, który znajduje powstałym najpewniej już po upadku zamku i utracie się w spodniej części, służył do zawieszania heł- przez niego funkcji militarnych w przeciągu XV i na mu. Prawa część segmentu jest wyposażona w sześć początku XVI w. Ten fakt nie świadczy oczywiście o jego pionowych szeregów otworów wentylacyjnych, sześć późniejszym powstaniu, gdyż takie kosztowne elementy kolejnych, mniejszych otworów umieszczono w dość uzbrojenia były w średniowieczu wykorzystywane przez przypadkowy sposób. Ten dolny płat blachy jest za- kolejne pokolenia lub przechowywane w lokalnych opatrzony dodatkowo na każdej ze stron w dwa mniej- zbrojowniach. Stwierdzenie obecności na płaszczynie sze, okrągłe otwory, a w części środkowej również hełmu otworów o diamentowym przekroju może świad- w większy otwór o średnicy 11 mm. Górny, przedni czyć o jego bojowym przeznaczeniu lub, co bardziej segment „b” (ryc. 8:b) ma maksymalną szerokość prawdopodobne, wykorzystaniu go – po zaprzestaniu 370 mm i wysokość 125 mm. Nad wizurą, po lewej użytkowania bojowego – jako celu podczas treningów i prawej stronie, znajdują się po trzy masywne nity strzeleckich. z wypukłymi główkami o średnicy ok. 4 mm, zao- Przeprowadzone badania metalograficzne wyka- patrzone od wewnątrz w romboidalne podkładki. Nie zały, że hełm z Dalečína był wykonany z blachy żelaznej pełniły one jednak funkcji ozdobnych, ale raczej słu- o zwykłej niejednorodności struktury i zalicza się do żyły do mocowania wewnętrznego fasunku hełmu. grupy prostych hełmów garnczkowych wykonanych W lewej części górnego, czołowego płatu znajdują się z żelaza bez stwierdzonego utwardzenia. Hełm służył dwa diamentowe otwory, przy czym podczas powsta- zatem swojemu właścicielowi jedynie jako częściowa nia większego z nich doszło do zdeformowania kra- ochrona, na co wskazują widoczne zniszczenia. wędzi i wgniecenia ich do wnętrza hełmu. Z lewej Mimo że nie mamy możliwości bliższego okreś- strony płatu w górnej części, niemal pośrodku krawę- lenia daty znalezienia się hełmu w ziemi, w kontekście dzi, jest jeszcze okrągły otwór o średnicy 7 mm, który rekonstrukcji uzbrojenia na terenie Moraw jawi się on pierwotnie służył najpewniej do mocowania klejnotu jako jedno z najbardziej interesujących i najrzadszych lub wewnętrznego fasunku. odkryć w przeciągu kilku ostatnich dziesięcioleci. Tylna część hełmu również składa się z dwóch oddzielnych segmentów. Dolna płyta „c” (ryc. 8:c) ma Tłumaczenie: Piotr N. Kotowicz