Arctic Engineering

BRIDGE ABUTMENTS ACCES S URV EY HEAV Y-LOAD FACIL

PND Engineers, Inc., founded in 1979, is a BRIDGES SHIPPING TERMIN full-service consulting engineering firm ARCTIC that provides civil, marine, geotechnical, P IERS HYDROLOGY CAUSEW structural, and construction inspection services for a wide variety of projects. Our ENGINEERING Arctic and cold regions design experience P ERMAFROST PREDRILLING ranges from the Russian and Canadian Arctic regions, and throughout Alaska, for D OLPHINS FENDER SYST E M more than 30 years. BULKHEADS ENVIRONMENT

Headquarters: I MPACT STUDIES SITE DEVE P N D Anchorage Office Juneau Office Seattle Office 1506 West 36th Avenue 9360 Glacier Highway, Suite 100 1736 Fourth Avenue S, Suite A E NGINEERS, I NC. BRIDGE ABUTMENTS ACCES Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Juneau, Alaska 99801 Seattle, Washington 98134 Phone: 907.561.1011 Phone: 907.586.2093 Phone: 206.624.1387 Fax: 907.563.4220 Fax: 907.586.2099 Fax: 206.624.1388 S URV EY HEAV Y-LOAD FACIL

Fort Collins Office Palmer Office 141 S College Avenue, Suite 101 550 S Alaska St., Suite 207 BRIDGES SHIPPING TERMIN Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 Palmer, Alaska 99645 Phone: 970.797.2101 Phone: 907.707.1081 P IERS HYDROLOGY CAUSEW Fax: 970.631.8942

PND Engineers Canada, Inc. P REDRILLING DOLPHINS F Vancouver Office Oceanic Plaza S YSTEMS BULKHEADS ENVI 20th Floor, 1066 West Hastings St. Vancouver, BC Canada V6E 3X2 Phone: 604.601.5247 I MPACT STUDIES SITE DEVE

For additional information please visit our website. BRIDGE ABUTMENTS ACCES www.pndengineers.com PND c Copyright 2013, PND Engineers, Inc. S URV EY HEAV Y-LOADE NGINEERS, FACI I NC. L PND ARCTIC STRUCTURES DESIGN E NGINEERS, I NC.

PND’s Alaskan roots have enabled the firm to be at the forefront of Arctic engineering. Working in the world’s Arctic regions requires more than traditional engineering skills. Special obstacles created by the climatic, geological, and logistical conditions of the Arctic and subarctic require knowledge and techniques that are rarely encountered in conventional engineering. PND’s vast Arctic experience enables us to deal with the challenges of design, construction, and operations in Arctic regions of the world.

Our expertise in this field covers many aspects of engineering, ranging from building and bridge design to site civil and geotechnical design. It includes the design of Arctic marine facilities and offshore drilling islands. It also involves Arctic hydrology studies and permafrost Drill Rig 6 | North Slope, Alaska foundation design, as well as ice-structure interaction. We routinely Kuparuk Pipe Restraint Tower | North Slope, Alaska PND designed all structural framing for a new drill rig on the design for severe environmental conditions, including heavy snow North Slope of Alaska, which at the time was reported by the tire PND designed this award-winning, four-story restraint tower loads, both continuous and discontinuous permafrost, ice interaction manufacturer to be the largest rubber tire vehicle in the world. At built to stabilize an oilfield separator by devising a remarkably loads, and extreme temperatures. PND’s broad Arctic experience has more than 3 million pounds, Drill Rig 6 utilizes welded steel stiff, axially-loaded structure where deflection from bending emphasized the importance of dealing with a host of critical issues components, including a backbone of twin 6-foot by 10-foot box stress is virtually eliminated. Using high-grade, 48-inch- such as cold-temperature material toughness; the effects of spring girders to form a self-mobilizing unit. This project won a Lincoln diameter surplus pipeline pipe from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, a break-up on rivers for both flooding and bridge design; remote access Arc-Welding Award for Best of Program. 48-foot-tall, two-legged, welded pipe structure was developed utilizing ice roads and pads; and construction logistics associated with that would transmit loads axially to a frozen foundation. The rig is capable of moving at speeds of 2.5 mph in both the Arctic. Dubbed a bi-pod, the structure utilized a massive prefabricated longitudinal and transverse directions. This mobility is made steel weldment as a cap to which the crude oil piping system was possible by six sets of hydraulic drive bogies, each of which has PND has successfully completed projects in the Arctic and subarctic anchored. This innovation earned a Lincoln Arc Welding twin 11-foot-diameter rubber tires. Each bogie is capable of areas of Alaska, Canada, and northern Russia. Schedules and quality Bronze Award. supporting a load of 300 to 400 tons. have been tightly maintained despite extremes in weather and logistical conditions. Our Arctic experience is underscored by a “can-do” attitude regardless of any technical, extreme environmental, or logistical problems. Since the founding of the company, PND has provided professional services tailored to the needs and schedules of its clients, utilizing state-of-the-art technology and skills. Many of our Arctic projects have won prestigious awards for their innovative design and construction, including the West Dock Causeway and Endicott Causeway breaches; Kuparuk River Bridge and Low Water Crossing; the Oliktok Point Dock; and pile foundations in permafrost for the Napaaqtugmuit School in Noatak, Alaska.

Napaaqtugmiut School | Noatak, Alaska PND provided civil and structural engineering design for this single-story, 50,000-square-foot building, including cafeteria, gymnasium, and two classroom wings for grades K-12. PND designed a pile foundation for the structure in permafrost soils. The building is elevated above the permafrost to prevent thawing of marginally frozen soils. Significant consideration was given to developing a lightweight structure, since all materials had to be flown in to the site. The remote location made clarity of design and ease of construction critical for this project. The structure was built with steel-braced frames designed to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.

PND | Arctic Engineering OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Pile Testing In Permafrost Soil PND performed long-term pile creep tests in Alaska’s Arctic region. Twelve piles were tested in gravelly and silty permafrost soils. These tests characterized the adfreeze bond developed by a new pile installation process that is considerably more economical than traditional Arctic pile installation procedures. The testing system applied pile loads of more than 800,000 pounds and was designed for remote use to function autonomously, keeping a constant load without manpower for maintenance.

Northstar Offshore Island | Prudhoe Bay, Alaska PND provided design services for the Northstar oil drilling and production island in the Beaufort Sea over two phases. The first phase consisted of a 320-foot by 140-foot OPEN CELL SHEET PILE dock with fenders, foundations, and various structural elements at the south end of the island. The dock was built in two separate halves with a central trench section to allow the installation of pipelines onto the island. The pipeline transition trench was later closed by a sheet pile closure wall, resulting in a solid dock face. Other aspects included heliport design; foundation design for the processor, compressor, turbine and fuel tank buildings; budgetary, Wave Tank and Ice Tank Physical Models administrative, project management and alliance support; and design services for temporary island access during the first year of a Model testing using both numerical (computer) and physical two-year construction program. models are often done for Arctic and ocean structures. PND During the second phase of the project, PND developed, reviewed, and tested new shore protection alternatives for the island, has tested designs for Beaufort Sea artificial islands in both 3-D ice tanks and large wave basins. For one particular project, including an OPEN CELL SHEET PILE perimeter wall and rock berm alternatives. The PND effort included extensive and Ice Beam and Borehole Jack Testing simultaneous physical and numerical modeling to test and refine concept alternatives and ensure accuracy. The work included physical slope protection improvements for an existing petroleum modeling in wave tanks at Oregon State University and Texas A&M University, as well as physical modeling of ice effects in tanks in PND performed a study of mechanical ice strength properties in development Arctic island were developed by PND. Both Newfoundland and Finland. Computer modeling included ice simulations, CGWAVE and COBRAS wave modeling, and structural the Colville River. A series of tests, including ice beam bending sloping armor rock and vertical wall steel bulkhead designs finite element modeling. tests and confined compressive strength measurements using a were tested. The island is approximately 1,400 feet across on calibrated borehole jack, were conducted to establish the bending the diagonal, in about 40 feet water depth, and was modeled in Additionally, as part of an enhancement project, PND designed an enlarged sheet pile-protected area for a new operations and compressive strength as well as mechanical characteristics of ice tank facilities in Finland and Newfoundland. Wave tank center/living quarters, a high-capacity module barge dock designed for 4,300-ton module offload, seawater intake and sump, offshore the ice for design purposes. The test procedures involved jacking a testing was conducted at facilities at Oregon State University dredging, and an ARKTOS emergency vehicle egress ramp. The scope included concept through final design, permitting, assistance, series of cantilevered beams of ice and pulling upward on the ice and at Texas A&M University. The physical models helped physical/numerical modeling of wave/ice interaction, cost estimating, constructability reviews, construction inspection/QA, and beam to break the ice in a way similar to the expected mode of answer key questions about the risk of both ice and wave project management. failure for design use. The test results were in the anticipated range overtopping, ice behavior, wave deflector design, and the and served to validate the design. stability of the armor rock slope protection.

PND | Arctic Engineering ARCTIC BRIDGE & CIVIL DESIGN OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT

Endicott Causeway | Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Gas Cycling Project Infrastructure Development | North Slope, Alaska PND was responsible for all of the civil work associated with developing this multi-billion dollar project’s transportation and With an overall length of 700 feet, this causeway bridge, over a breach in a infrastructure systems consisting of water access; module off-load marine facilities; a service pier; bridges; gravel and ice roads and previously earth-filled ocean causeway, is supported by two in-water conical pads; hydrology; upland and bathymetric surveys; met-ocean investigations and associated coastal engineering; airstrip and associated pile-supported piers and features abutments protected by OPEN CELL SHEET ® facilities, including instrument landing systems; all containment, including tank truck and fuel tank farms; water supply; and material PILE bulkheads. The breach is designed for up to 38-foot scour below existing sources. The project is located on Alaska’s North Slope near the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) and is underlain by seabed, and the design ice load on the piers is 500 kips. This project won a permafrost 2,000 feet deep throughout the project site. Third-Place Bronze Award in the James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation Professional Awards Program, as well as an Award of Merit in the American Institute of Steel Construction Competition for Special Purpose Bridges.

Kuparuk River Low Water Crossings | North Slope, Alaska PND designed these innovative submersible bridges with combined paved low water crossings on the North Slope of Alaska. This design saved the owner approximately 50 percent © JUDY PATRICK Kuparuk River Module Crossing | North Slope, Alaska ($10 million) over the cost of elevated bridges for the crossing Liberty Island Offshore Development | North Slope, Alaska Engineered to accommodate module and carrier load of two river channels in a flood plain nearly two miles wide. PND led the civil team for this North Slope development, which evaluated geotechnical data; identified material sources; utilized combinations in the range of 2,300 tons and to resist forces Extreme environmental conditions, design vehicle weights aerial photography for road and bridge layout; conducted hydrology and hydrological studies, met-ocean studies, and sea ice generated by ice floes up to 5.5 feet thick, this North Slope steel approaching 4 million pounds, impact loading from river ice 5 encroachment studies; developed design ice criteria; engineered road and pipeline bridge designs; and assisted in environmental box-girder bridge exhibits one of the heaviest load capacities in the feet thick, and discontinuous permafrost soil conditions posed and cultural/archaeological studies for various project development alternatives. world for its construction type. Careful design minimized bridge interesting and unusual design and construction challenges. The alternative selected for construction involved an expansion of an existing offshore drilling pad utilizing 2,000 feet of OPEN length, with a 1,500-foot-long paved low water roadway section The strength, resilience, and construction flexibility of welded CELL SHEET PILE shore protection in up to 10 feet of water and the replacement of an existing bridge’s superstructure. The designed to withstand overflow during flood events without steel were fundamental in providing the most cost-effective island expansion and barge dock were designed for very heavy oilfield drill rig loads and self-propelled module carrier loads to damage. The bridge utilizes OPEN CELL SHEET PILE bulkhead solution for this project. The project won the following: James support the planned ultra-extended-reach drill rig equipment (longest in the world, and largest). PND also designed the conductor abutments and won First Place in Alaska Construction & Oil F. Lincoln Arc Welding Award, AISC/NSBA Bridge Special piles and well cellar lids that were specialized for the very high loads and particular needs of this development. PND provided magazine’s “Heavy Construction Project of the Year” contest, and Award, and the Deep Foundations Institute Special construction inspection, QA and management of the construction of the island expansion, gravel material source development, a Bronze Award from the Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation. Recognition Award. and existing bridge demolition and replacement.

PND | Arctic Engineering MARINE DESIGN ARCTIC BRIDGE & CIVIL DESIGN

Red Dog Road | Kotzebue, Alaska This road is in northwestern Alaska, about 80 miles north of Kotzebue, and extends approximately 54 miles from the coast Port Facilities | Nome, Alaska of the Chukchi Sea to the Red Dog Mine, one of the world’s PND has designed four separate waterfront structures around largest and richest lead and zinc mines. Based on in-depth West Dock Causeway | North Slope, Alaska City of Nome property. Three of these are dock facilities, each analysis, PND designed a road alignment that maintained close PND earned a Silver James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation approximately 200 feet long. These structures are designed to proximity to borrow sources, minimized the number and size Award for its design of the West Dock Causeway breach bridge withstand and be overrun by 4-foot-thick sea ice floes (see of stream crossings required, and provided the best available on Alaska’s North Slope. The structure is a single-lane, torsionally above) and resist 16-foot waves. foundation. Although the majority of the route traverses resistant steel box-girder bridge with a 700-foot-long, four-span frozen soils, which become weak when thawed, the finished main bridge and 80-foot-long, single-span approach trestles at road safely conveys 1,600-ton modules and large ore carriers each end, for an overall length of 900 feet. The vertical piers are year-round. This was accomplished by way of a combination supported by eight 36-inch-diameter batter piles designed to of gravel and high-strength geotextile fabric. resist ice loads of up to 1,200 kips with 40-foot scour.

CD-4 Road | North Slope, Alaska Oliktok Point Dockhead and Dolphins | North Slope, Alaska PND provided engineering and construction oversight for construction of this 3.8-mile gravel road and 10-acre gravel drill pad One of the largest docks north of the Arctic Circle, this sheet pile wall structure is capable of resisting ice forces greater than 140 located within the Colville River Delta. This facility lies within the Colville River Unit on the North Slope of Alaska and is located on kips per foot of wall, and it was designed to accommodate the loading footprint developed by a 2,350-ton module and carrier. The permafrost in a large river delta. PND’s design efforts included optimizing the road route with analysis of aerial photography and field offshore mooring dolphins, the first of their kind used offshore in Alaska, resist forces generated by 400-foot barges, as well as those investigations in order to minimize exposure to the annual spring floods and impacts to the surrounding tundra habitat. In addition from infinite ice sheets up to 6 feet thick. Special Alaska-manufactured revetments protect critical areas around the dock and to the facility’s operational requirements, the project’s design considerations include thermal protection of the permafrost, integration approach roadway during extreme wave movements. The project won several awards, including a Third Place Award from the Lincoln and protection of the facility within a complex floodplain, and coordination with federal, state, and local permitting efforts. Arc Welding Foundation, and a Merit Award from Alaska Construction & Oil magazine.

PND | Arctic Engineering ARCTIC BRIDGE & CIVIL DESIGN MARINE DESIGN

Kuparuk Runway Upgrades | North Slope, Alaska PND provided engineering design, permitting support, construction planning, and construction inspection services to substantially upgrade the existing gravel runway at Kuparuk with subbase improvements, runway extensions, asphalt pavement, in-pavement Hope Bay Mine Site Development | Hope Bay, Nunavut, Canada centerline and touchdown zone lighting, new edge lighting, new MALSR approach lighting, all new instrument landing systems (ILS) and weather systems, five new equipment shelters, and a new air traffic coordination building in order to accommodate the needs of a PND performed studies of port facilities, access roads, bridges, fill pads, module staging, upland tank farm storage, shipping logistics, new fleet of Boeing 737 aircraft and improve safety of the facility. This project was complex in that the runway is founded upon and airport facilities for the Hope Bay Gold Mine project. The project is located in the Canadian Arctic, requiring consideration of permafrost, and thermal analysis was an important aspect of the project because the design needed to ensure long-term stability of the ice forces on dock facilities and design of transportation infrastructure on ice-rich permafrost terrain. PND designed an OPEN embankment. As part of these design services, several alternative project configurations were developed, including runway, taxiway, CELL SHEET PILE jetty to serve as a supply berth, allowing transport of large modules in excess of 2,000 tons. Upland mooring and apron expansions, runway relocation, obstruction mitigation and/or relocation, airport lighting alternatives, and ILS alternatives. points and camp barge access floats were also evaluated as part of the design process. Our design conformed to the latest industry practices as specified by the Alaska DOT&PF, AASHTO, and the FAA. Cook Inlet Ice Studies | Alaska CD3 Pipeline Bridges | North Slope, Alaska Tarn, Meltwater, and Palm Field Development | PND has been responsible for numerous marine projects in Cook Inlet that have PND was responsible for design and construction oversight of North Slope, Alaska required general and site-specific ice studies and monitoring. Some of these projects three pipeline bridges located in the Colville River Delta. All For the Tarn Field project, PND designed seven ultra-high-load- include: Port MacKenzie deep draft and fill docks, the Knik Arm Bridge development, bridges were two-span steel box structures with lengths of 455 capacity steel bridges over several small North Slope streams. the Cook Inlet Ferry Landings, and the Chuitna Coal project. feet to 690 feet. The center pier was designed with an inclined Extreme environmental conditions, design vehicle weights Cook Inlet tides produce fast-moving tidal currents exceeding 3 feet per second. These face to resist ice floes approaching from various angles. Since approaching 2,000 tons, and permafrost soil conditions posed tidal currents carry typical 2-foot-thick ice floes in excess of 1,000 feet long with 2006 PND has performed the biennial inspections of these design and construction challenges. These structures have played occasional rafted floes twice that thickness. Loads on piles can exceed several hundred structures and provided detailed inspection reports outlining a critical role in providing drill rig access at accelerated schedules, thousand pounds, and revetments with 3- to 4-foot-diameter keyed armor rock have recommended maintenance. with construction occurring only within the three-month ice road been severely plowed from large floes.

season. The designs utilized innovative OPEN CELL SHEET PND has provided ice monitoring, including: measurement of ice forces on strain gauge PILE abutments and piles founded in permafrost. Bridge lengths instrumented dolphin structures, ice thickness measurements, salinity and silt range from 40 feet to 120 feet. measurements, 4-foot sample flexural tests, and current studies to determine flow patterns, as well as provided numerous site observations. PND reviewed one year of web camera footage, producing a timelapse movie of the ice floes around the port of Anchorage.

PND | Arctic Engineering ARCTIC BRIDGE & CIVIL DESIGN MARINE DESIGN

PND | Arctic Engineering MARINE DESIGN ARCTIC BRIDGE & CIVIL DESIGN

PND | Arctic Engineering ARCTIC BRIDGE & CIVIL DESIGN OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT

PND | Arctic Engineering OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

PND | Arctic Engineering PND ARCTIC STRUCTURES DESIGN E NGINEERS, I NC.

PND’s Alaskan roots have enabled the firm to be at the forefront of Arctic engineering. Working in the world’s Arctic regions requires more than traditional engineering skills. Special obstacles created by the climactic, geological, and logistical conditions of the Arctic and subarctic require knowledge and techniques that are rarely encountered in conventional engineering. PND’s vast Arctic experience enables us to deal with the challenges of design, construction, and operations in Arctic regions of the world.

PND | Arctic Engineering BRIDGE ABUTMENTS ACCES S URV EY HEAV Y-LOAD FACIL

Palmer Office Houston Office 550 S Alaska St., Suite 207 10497 Town and Country Way, Suite 210 BRIDGES SHIPPING TERMIN Palmer, Alaska 99645 Houston, Texas 77024 Phone: 907.707.1081 Phone 832.930.4830 P IERS HYDROLOGY CAUSEW

PND Engineers Canada, Inc. Vancouver Office P REDRILLING DOLPHINS F Suite 2000, Oceanic Plaza 1066 West Hastings Street S YSTEMS BULKHEADS ENVI Vancouver, BC Canada V6E 3X2 Phone: 604.601.5247 I MPACT STUDIES SITE DEVE