Andrew V. Papachristos.“Reducing Gunshot Vic- Timization in High-Risk Social Networks Through Direct Effects and Spillover Effects,” Nature Human Behaviour
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Theorizing Social Categorization and the Legitimacy of Criminal Justice Officials
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects CUNY Graduate Center 9-2020 Spheres of Identity: Theorizing Social Categorization and the Legitimacy of Criminal Justice Officials Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4010 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SPHERES OF IDENTITY: THEORIZING SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION AND THE LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE OFFICIALS KWAN-LAMAR BLOUNT-HILL A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy. The City University of New York 2020 © 2020 KWAN-LAMAR BLOUNT-HILL All Rights Reserved ii | P a g e Spheres of Identity: Theorizing Social Categorization and the Legitimacy of Criminal Justice Officials by Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Eric L. Piza Chair of Examining Committee Date Valli Rajah Executive Officer, Doctoral Program in Criminal Justice Graduate Center, City University of New York Supervisory Committee Lila Kazemian Kevin T. Wolff Lorraine Mazerolle THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii | P a g e ABSTRACT Spheres of Identity: Theorizing Social Categorization and the Legitimacy of Criminal Justice Officials by Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill Advisor: Eric L. -
HEDWIG LEE 2020 Washington University Work: 314.935.2762 Department of Sociology Fax: 314.935.5856 1 Brookings Drive Campus Box 1112 St
HEDWIG LEE 2020 Washington University Work: 314.935.2762 Department of Sociology Fax: 314.935.5856 1 Brookings Drive Campus Box 1112 St. Louis, MO 63130-4899 Email: [email protected] EMPLOYMENT 2017- Professor of Sociology Courtesy Joint Appointment with the Brown School Washington University 2014–2017 Associate Professor of Sociology University of Washington 2011–2014 Assistant Professor of Sociology University of Washington 2009–2011 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholar Population Studies Center Postdoctoral Affiliate University of Michigan EDUCATION 2009 Ph.D. Sociology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2006 Interdisciplinary Certificate in Health Disparities University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health and School of Medicine Program on Ethnicity, Culture and Health Outcomes 2005 M.A. Sociology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2003 B.S. with Distinction and Honors in Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, College of Human Ecology AREAS OF INTEREST Health Disparities, Mass Incarceration, Population Health, Poverty, Race and Ethnicity, Social Demography, Social Stratification, Social Determinants of Health 1 GRANTS, AWARDS, HONORS, AND FELLOWSHIPS 2020 Elected into the Sociological Research Association. 2018-2020 Weidenbaum Center Postdoctoral Research Fellow Award [with David Cunningham and Geoff Ward (Co-PI)]. Title: Legacies of Enslavement for Area Violence, Inequality, and Health. [Role: Co-PI] 2017-2021 National Science Foundation: CNS-1736596 [with Radha Poovendran (PI).] Title: MOHERE: Mobility, Health, and Resilience in SCC: Building Capacities and Expanding Impact. ($500,000) [Role: Co-PI for the Research Collaborative Network (RCN)]. 2017-2020 Weidenbaum Center Small Grant. Title: The Physical and Mental Health of Women Connected to Incarcerated Individuals ($7,600). -
1 SOCY 6004: Criminology Department of Sociology University of Colorado Boulder Professor: David Pyrooz, Ph.D. Office: Institute
SOCY 6004: Criminology Department of Sociology University of Colorado Boulder Professor: David Pyrooz, Ph.D. Classroom: KTCH 1B40 Office: Institute of Behavioral Science: 381 Date/Time: M 3:00-5:30pm Phone: 303-492-3241 Office Hours: By appointment Email: [email protected] Course Description and Objectives The purpose of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive introduction to leading theories of crime etiology. The primary aim of criminological theory is to explain variability in crime and delinquency between and within individuals and aggregates defined by demographic, geographic, political, or social boundaries. Although they should not be viewed as mutually exclusive, this is a course on criminology rather than criminal justice. The practices of law enforcement, prosecutors and courts, and corrections is relevant to this course to the extent that they influence the distribution of crime across people and places. Although sociology was its parent discipline, criminology is interdisciplinary. Peruse any volume of a top criminological journal and readers will encounter the perspectives and scholarship commonly found in various branches of economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Criminology has no shortage of theories; each passing year there is more ground to cover to expose students to the leading theories in the discipline. There is a balance that must be struck between the comprehensive aims of this course and the sociological origins of criminology, the latter of which generally emphasizes social sources of crime such as peers, families, institutions, and communities. Accordingly, there are five core objectives in this course: 1. Understand the key assumptions and propositions of leading criminological theories; 2. -
Fostering Legal Cynicism Through Immigration Detention
FOSTERING LEGAL CYNICISM THROUGH IMMIGRATION DETENTION EMILY RYO* Every year, tens of thousands of noncitizens in removal proceedings are held and processed through an expanding web of immigration detention facilities across the United States. The use of immigration detention is expected to dramatically increase under the Trump administration’s mass deportation policy. I argue that this civil confinement system may serve a critical socio-legal function that has escaped the attention of policymakers, scholars, and the public alike. Using extensive original data on long-term immigrant detainees, I explore how immigration detention might function as a site of legal socialization that helps to promote or reinforce widespread legal cynicism among immigrant detainees. This legal cynicism is characterized by the belief that the legal system is punitive despite its purported administrative function, legal rules are inscrutable by design, and legal outcomes are arbitrary. These findings advance the study of democracy, legitimacy, and the rule of law in a number of ways. First, this Article offers a new way of * Associate Professor of Law and Sociology, USC Gould School of Law. I am grateful to Kerry Abrams, Leisy Abrego, Scott Altman, Ingrid Eagly, Ben Graham, Lucas Guttentag, Gillian Hadfield, Dan Ho, Cecilia Menjívar, Daria Roithmayr, Michael Shapiro, Shirin Sinnar, and Leti Volpp, for their insightful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this Article. I also thank David Grusky, Tomás Jiménez, and Bruce Western for their generous support. This research was supported by grants from the American Sociological Association/National Science Foundation Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline, the Russell Sage Foundation (Award No. -
How Disadvantaged Mothers Reconceive Legal Cynicism
314 Situational Trust: How Disadvantaged Mothers Reconceive Legal Cynicism Monica C. Bell Research has shown that legal cynicism is pervasive among residents of poor, black neighborhoods. However, controlling for crime rates, these resi- dents call police at higher rates than whites and residents of middle-class neighborhoods, and ethnographic research suggests that mothers in partic- ular sometimes exact social control over partners and children through police notification. Given these findings, how might researchers better understand how legal cynicism and occasional reliance on police fit together? Drawing on interviews with poor African-American mothers in Washington, DC, this article develops an alternative conception of cultural orientations about law: situational trust. This concept emphasizes micro- level dynamism in cultural conceptions of the police, expanding the litera- ture on police trust by emphasizing situational contingency. Mothers deploy at least four alternative strategies that produce moments of trust: officer exceptionalism, domain specificity, therapeutic consequences, and institu- tional navigation. These strategies shed light on the contextual meanings of safety and legitimacy. The relationship between poor minority communities and the police is of urgent national concern after recent, much- publicized incidents in Baltimore, MD; Cleveland, OH; Fergu- son, MO; North Charleston, SC; Staten Island, NY; and numer- ous towns and cities across the United States. A May 2015 report from the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Polic- ing, convened in response to some of these incidents, identified I am deeply indebted to Matthew Desmond, Kathryn Edin, Robert Vargas, Bruce West- ern, Asad L. Asad, and Yaseen Eldik for consistent support and insight. I am also grateful to Linda Burton, Marcia Chatelain, Jackelyn Hwang, Anthony Jack, Miche`le Lamont, Christy Ley, Jeremy Levine, Heather McLaughlin, Dara E. -
1 the Social and Developmental Antecedents of Legal Cynicism The
The Social and Developmental Antecedents of Legal Cynicism Author Nivette, Amy, Eisner, Manuel, Malti, Tina, Ribeaud, Denis Published 2015 Journal Title Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency Version Accepted Manuscript (AM) DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427814557038 Copyright Statement Amy E. Nivette et al, The Social and Developmental Antecedents of Legal Cynicism, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 2015, Vol. 52(2) 270-298. Copyright 2015 The Authors. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/172567 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au The Social and Developmental Antecedents of Legal Cynicism The Social and Developmental Antecedents of Legal Cynicism Amy E. Nivette, Ph.D. Nuffield College New Road University of Oxford Oxford, OX1 1NF (+44) (0) 1865 278502 [email protected] Manuel Eisner, Ph.D. Institute of Criminology Sidgwick Avenue University of Cambridge Tina Malti, Ph.D. Department of Psychology University of Toronto Denis Ribeaud, Ph.D. Chair of Sociology Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich 1 Objectives: This study explores the social, experiential, and developmental antecedents of legal cynicism. The study comprises a range of indicators organized into four domains–bonds to institutions, predispositions, experiences, and delinquent involvement–that bear on theoretically plausible mechanisms involved in the development of legal cynicism. Methods: This study examines four pathways to legal cynicism using data from two waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths (N=1226). OLS procedures are used to regress legal cynicism at t2 (age 15) on social and psychological characteristics measured at t1 (age 13), and retrospective variables measured at t2. -
Mixing Past and Future
Ó American Sociological Association 2013 DOI: 10.1177/0094306113499137 http://cs.sagepub.com EDITOR’S REMARKS MIXING PAST AND FUTURE The Past regularly invokes social science research in his essays, and because of the internet, his Scholarly reputations that for a time seem version of what ‘‘we’’ are saying is very unimpeachable now shrink or evaporate so widely discussed. Widely, yes; how deeply speedily that ‘‘intergenerational’’ percep- remains the unanswerable question. Yet tions of whom to read will soon be measured long before the ascension of globalized dis- in months rather than decades. As some the- course, before the tyrannical computeriza- orists have begun to explain (e.g., Hassan tion of consciousness had reached deep 2012; Rosa 2013), to remain hip in any single into our minds, prior to the nattering of intellectual or artistic field becomes ever tiny screens demanding perpetual attention, more taxing, more and more breathless, there was a journalist whose presence was so with returns that seem weaker and less pre- overwhelming for so long that he became dictable than one might wish. Where to indistinguishable from ‘‘what right-thinking invest one’s time and energy for the purpose people ought to think about important mat- of edification becomes as tricky and unset- ters.’’ His name, of course, was Walter tling as trusting hedge fund managers to Lippmann. grow one’s retirement savings. Who are the In 1943 James Thurber created a cartoon for blue chip writers and thinkers with whom The New Yorker showing a couple reading one can confidently spend those few hours their morning newspaper, the woman per day, week, or month that can be wrested saying to the man ‘‘Lippmann scares me from the everyday duties of emailing, meet- this morning’’ (Steel 1981: 432ff). -
The Structural and Cultural Dynamics of Neighborhood Violence
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: The Structural and Cultural Dynamics of Neighborhood Violence Author: David S. Kirk, Andrew V. Papachristos Document No.: 234629 Date Received: June 2011 Award Number: 2008-IJ-CX-0012 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Structural and Cultural Dynamics of Neighborhood Violence Grant No. 2008-IJ-CX-0012 FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT David S. Kirk University of Texas at Austin & Andrew V. Papachristos University of Massachusetts, Amherst May 2011 Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. A condensed version of this report (Kirk and Papachristos 2011), with the title “Cultural Mechanisms and the Persistence of Neighborhood Violence,” is published in American Journal of Sociology, volume 116(4): 1190-1233. -
Cultural Mechanisms and the Persistence of Neighborhood Violence1
Cultural Mechanisms and the Persistence of Neighborhood Violence1 David S. Kirk University of Texas, Austin Andrew V. Papachristos University of Massachusetts, Amherst Sociologists have given considerable attention to identifying the neighborhood-level social-interactional mechanisms that influence outcomes such as crime, educational attainment, and health. Yet, cultural mechanisms are often overlooked in quantitative studies of neighborhood effects. This paper adds a cultural dimension to neigh- borhood effects research by exploring the consequences of legal cyn- icism. Legal cynicism refers to a cultural frame in which people perceive the law as illegitimate, unresponsive, and ill equipped to ensure public safety. The authors find that legal cynicism explains why homicide persisted in certain Chicago neighborhoods during the 1990s despite declines in poverty and declines in violence city- wide. INTRODUCTION Our most nuanced theories of the relationship between culture and crime come from ethnographic studies of single neighborhoods, places with names like Cornerville, the Addams Area, Germantown, and Winston Street. One of the most resilient findings across such studies is the seem- 1 This research was supported by grant 2008-IJ-CX-0012 from the National Institute of Justice. The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods was con- ducted with support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the National Institute of Justice, and the National Institute of Mental Health. We thank Rob Sampson, Jeff Fagan, Chris Wildeman, David Hureau, and the AJS reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Direct correspondence to David Kirk, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1700, Austin, Texas 78712; (512) 471-0141. -
Oh Hell No, We Don't Talk to Police
DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12448 RESEARCH ARTICLE WE DON’T TALK TO POLICE “Oh hell no, we don’t talk to police” Insights on the lack of cooperation in police investigations of urban gun violence Rod K. Brunson1 Brian A. Wade2 1 Northeastern University Research Summary: We conducted face-to-face inter- 2Rutgers University—Newark views with 50 young Black men, residents of high-crime Correspondence neighborhoods in Brooklyn and the Bronx, individuals who Rod K. Brunson, School of Criminology and had considerable knowledge about illegal gun markets and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02116. the resulting bloodshed. Our findings confirm that dis- Email: [email protected] tressed milieus reliably fail to produce cooperative wit- nesses as a result of the cumulative impact of anti-snitching This research was supported by the New York City Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice edicts, fear of retaliation, legal cynicism, and high-risk vic- (MOCJ). Conclusions and opinions expressed tims’ normative views toward self-help. herein are the authors and do not necessarily represent official positions or policies of MOCJ. Policy Implications: Disadvantaged communities of color We are extremely grateful to the editors for their typically have low fatal and nonfatal shooting clearance helpful feedback and guidance on previous drafts. rates in part as a result of poor witness cooperation. Dimin- ished clearance rates have also been shown to intensify minority residents’ claims that officers do not care about keeping them or their neighborhoods safe. Respondents’ accounts identify three overlapping areas instructive for informing public policy: (1) reducing gun violence so that high-risk individuals live in objectively safer areas, (2) using intermediaries to launch grassroots campaigns countering pro-violence and anti-snitching norms, and (3) improving police–minority community relations. -
Long‐Term Consequences of Being Placed in Disciplinary Segregation†
Received: 27 April 2018 Revised: 18 October 2019 Accepted: 16 December 2019 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12241 ARTICLE Long-term consequences of being placed in disciplinary segregation* Christopher Wildeman1,2 Lars Højsgaard Andersen2 1Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, and ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit 2ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit Correspondence Abstract Christopher Wildeman, 227C Day Hall, Office Being placed in restrictive housing is considered one of the of the Vice Provost for Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. most devastating experiences a human can endure, yet a Email: [email protected] scant amount of research has been conducted to test how this experience affects core indicators of prisoner reentry Funding information Rockwool Foundation such as employment and recidivism. In this article, we use Danish registry data, which allow for us to link penal con- ∗ Additional supporting information ditions to postrelease outcomes, to show how the reentry can be found in the full text tab for this article in the Wiley Online Library at outcomes of individuals placed in disciplinary segregation, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ which is placement in restrictive housing because of disci- crim.2020.58.issue-3/issuetoc. plinary infractions, compare with those sanctioned for in- The authors would like to thank the anonymous Criminology reviewers and Co-Editor Brian D. prison offenses but not placed in segregation. The results Johnson for their helpful feedback. The authors -
Why Do Victims Not Report?: the Influence of Police and Criminal Justice Cynicism on the Dark Figure of Crime
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2015 Why Do Victims Not Report?: The Influence of oliceP and Criminal Justice Cynicism on the Dark Figure of Crime Seokhee Yoon Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1195 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] WHY DO VICTIMS NOT REPORT?: THE INFLUENCE OF POLICE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE CYNICISM ON THE DARK FIGURE OF CRIME By SEOKHEE YOON A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 © 2015 SEOKHEE YOON All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. David Kennedy ____________ ______________________________ Date Chair of Examination Committee Deborah Koetzle ____________ ______________________________ Date Executive Officer Michael Maxfield Hung-En Sung Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT WHY DO VICTIMS NOT REPORT?: THE INFLUENCE OF THE POLICE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE CYNICISM ON THE DARK FIGURE OF CRIME By Seokhee Yoon Advisor: David Kennedy Criminologists have considered reporting as an important aspect in the criminal justice process and most studies focus on micro characteristics that influence reporting, such as victim, offender and crime characteristics.