Castel Cerino 1809: Battle Events and Strategic Survey in Zanoli’s Memoirs Chronology

By Roberto A. Scattolin,

1809

January 1: Holland Brigade under Brigadier General Chassé reached Madrid (Spain).

January 5: The Treaty of the Dardanelles (variously termed as Dardanelles Treaty of Peace, Commerce, and Secret Alliance; the Treaty of Çanak; the Treaty of Chanak) is concluded at Çanak, between the and Britain.

January 6-14: The invasion of Cayenne. The Anglo-Portuguese expeditionary forces take Cayenne (formerly French Guiana) from the French (until ’s abdication, in 1814).

January 16: front: the French are defeated by the British at the Battle of Corunna (Galicia).

February 1: The Dutch King Louis Napoleon accepts the metric system.

February 8: Franz I of declares war on .

February 13: Peninsular war front: after protracted siege operations, French troops take Saragossa (Spain).

March 13: In , army officers arrest King Gustav IV in his castle.

March 21: Convention of Åland.

March 22: Charles XIII succeeds Gustav IV Adolf to the Swedish throne.

March 28: Peninsular war front: French forces under Marshal Victor defeat the Spanish, under General Don Gregorio Garcia de la Cuesta, at the battle of Medellin.

March 29: after a coup d’état, to save the crown for his son, king Gustav IV Adolf voluntarily abdicated. April 20: At the battle of Abensberg, in Bavaria, Napoleon I defeats some Austrian corps.

April : Battle at Eckmühl; Napoleon I beats the Austria archduke Karl.

May 17: By imperial decree, the territories belonging to the Papal State ( and Latium) are annexed to France. Rome is declared “Imperial and Free City”; it included the town of Rome, in addition to its surroundings and the provincial assets of Assisi, Frosinone, Perugia, Rieti, Spoleto, Tivoli, Todi, Velletri and Viterbo. The new territorial acquisitions will be organized into départements, the Department of the Tibre (from 1810 Rome), and the Department of Trasimeno.

May 15: Encounter at Skellefteå. Battle by the Lejonström bridge.

May 21-22: Battle at Aspern-Essling: the Austrian army led by Archduke Charles beats Napoleon.

June 6: The Duke of Sudermania ascended to the throne as Charles XIII of Sweden.

June 10: The bull Quum memoranda, given in Rome, at , under the , excommunicated all those persons «instigators, supporters, consultants, participants, or anyway implicated» who had violated the temporal sovereignty of the .

July 5-6: Pius VII is imprisoned by General Radet.

July 5-6: .

July 5: Action at Hörnefors. The is defeated; Lieut.-Colonel Joachim Zachris. Duncker is killed.

July 27-28: Peninsular war front: de Reina: the Anglo-Spanish allied forces led by Sir Arthur Wellesley and General Cuesta fiercely fought the French Army. Wellesley becomes Viscount Wellington of Talavera.

July 30: the British forces landing (39,000 units) at Walcheren

August 19: Battle of Sävar.

August 20: Action of Ratan

August 25: Battle of Piteå.

September 2: Truce is signed at the village of Frostkåge.

September 17: : Sweden is forced to make peace with . All of , the Åland islands, in addition to a north-eastern strip of Sweden is ceded. One-third of the Swedish territory is lost. Ratification of the .

September 26: Siege of Silistria. The Turks are forced to withdraw from Serbia and Wallachia.

October 14: The Peace Treaty is signed by Austria and France.

December 10: the Swedish Minister Carl Gustav Adlerberg and Nils Rosenkrantz meet at Jönköping. Sweden signs a peace treaty with -Norway. It virtually ended the Dano- Swedish War of 1808-1809. Its negotiation enacting clauses were ratified on grounds of status quo ante bellum.

December 16: Napoleon’s marriage is dissolved. The sénatus-consulte was adopted by the Senate. Lamentable words were announced in the first article: “The marriage contracted between the Emperor Napoleon and the Empress Josephine is dissolved”.

December 26: English invasion troops leave Vlissingen (Flushing, Netherlands).

Placed on the Napoleon Series: September 2014