BIODIVERSITY OF MACRO FUNGI IN SOME SELECTED PARKS AND GARDENS OF DHAKA CITY

JANNATUL FERDOUS TANNI

DEPARTMENT OF SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY SHER-E-BANGLA NAGAR, DHAKA -1207

JUNE, 2017

97 BIODIVERSITY OF MACRO FUNGI IN SOME SELECTED PARKS AND GARDENS OF DHAKA CITY

BY JANNATUL FERDOUS TANNI REGISTRATION NO. 11-04371 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PLANT PATHOLOGY SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2016

Approved by:

______Dr. F. M. Aminuzzaman Dr. Md. Belal Hossain Professor Associate Professor Department of Plant Pathology Department of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Supervisor Co-Supervisor

Khadija Akhter Professor and Chairman Department of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Examination Committee

98 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “BIODIVERSITY OF MACRO FUNGI IN SOME SELECTED PARKS AND GARDENS OF DHAKA”submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, embodies the result of a piece of bonafide research work carried out by JANNATUL FERDOUS TANNI, Registration No.11-04371, under my supervision and guidance. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

I further certify that any help or sources of information as has been availed of during the course of this work has been duly acknowledged & style of the thesis have been approved and recommended for submission.

Dr. F. M. Aminuzzaman Dated: 30.04.2018 Professor Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka-1207 Supervisor

99 DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED SON

100 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises goes to the Almighty Allah, the Supreme Ruler of the universe who enabled the Author to complete the present piece of work.

The Author would like to express her heartiest gratitude, sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to her supervisor Professor Dr. F. M. Aminuzzaman, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for his scholastic guidance, careful planning, valuable suggestions, continuous encouragements and all kinds of support and help throughout the period of research work and preparation of this manuscript.

Heartiest gratitude is due to the respectable Assoc. Professor Dr. Md. Belal Hossain, Co-supervisor, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for his valuable suggestions, kind co- operation and dynamic guidance throughout the study and research works.

The Author expresses his sincere respect to Professor Khadija Akhter, Chairman, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh for her valuable advice, encouragement, proper assistance and support during the period of research works.

The Author wishes to record deep appreciation to her other course teachers- Prof. Mrs. Nasim Akter, Prof. Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam, Prof. Dr.M. Salahuddin M. Chowdhury, Prof. Nazneen Sultana, Assoc. Prof. Dr.Fatema Begum, Assoc. Prof. Abu Noman Faruq Ahmmed, Assist. Prof Shukti Rani Chowdhury, Assist. Prof. Sayed Mohammad Mohsin, Department of Plant Pathology for their cordial co- operations and constant encouragement.

i The Author also wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to the Deputy Registrar, Section Officer, Central Lab attendants of SAU and other staffs of the Department of Plant Pathology, for their co-operation in the implementation of research works.

The author is especially grateful to Prof. Noor Md. Rahmatullah, Department of Agricultural Statistics, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka and also his wife Rehana mam for their advice and sincere co-operation in the completion of the study. Author deeply owes her whole hearted thanks to all the relatives, friends, well wishers specially Mubasshir Ahmed and Md. Atiquzzaman Giash for their constant support, immediate assistance and criticism to improve the manuscript. The author is lifelong indebted to her one and only little sister, Fatima Sultana, for her heartiest encouragement, continued support during the whole thesis work.

Finally, the Author feels indebtedness to her beloved parents whose sacrifice, inspiration, encouragement, financial support and continuous blessing, paved the way to her higher education. The Author is also grateful to her friends for their forbearance, inspirations, sacrifices and blessings.

The Author

ii BIODIVERSITY OF MACRO FUNGI IN SOME SELECTED PARKS AND GARDENS OF DHAKA CITY BY JANNATUL FERDOUS TANNI

ABSTRACT This survey was conducted in National Botanical Garden, National Zoo, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake and in Boldha Garden of Dhaka city to analyze the morphology, diversity and distribution of macro fungi during August to October, 2017. A total of 44 samples were collected and identified to 34 species under 18 genera and 18 families. The most frequent genera were sp., Daedeleopsis sp., sp., sp., Daldinia sp. The maximum frequency of species was exhibited by (9.46%), Ganoderma applanatum (8.1%), Volvariella volvacea (5.41%), Agaricus bisporus (5.41%), Daedaleopsis confragosa (4.05%), Trametes versicolor (4.05%) and Ganoderma boninense (4.05%). The maximum density of occurrence was exhibited by Ramariopsis kunzei (11.3%), Ganoderma lucidum (9.9%), Crepidotus variabilis (5.3%), Daedaleopsis confragosa (3.76%). Among these, the predominant species in National Botanical Garden is Ganoderma applanatum, in Ramna Park is Ganoderma lucidum, in Dhanmondi Lake is Ramariopsis kunzei, in Boldha Garden is Ganoderma lucidum and in National zoo is Amanita bisporigera. This is the first investigation in National Zoo, Dhanmondi Lake, Boldha Garden and in Romna Park. The collected specimens were deposited to the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Herbarium of Macro Fungi (SHMF).

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i-ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iV-V

LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS viii 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3-18 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19-21 3.1.Survey area 19 3.2. decay fungi collection 19 3.3.Time of collection 19 3.4.Photography 19 3.5.Wood decay fungi identification 20 3.6.Drying and storing 21 3.7.Diversity analysis 21 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22-96 4.1 Trametes sp. 33 4.1.1.Trametes versicolor 33 4.2 Daedaleopsis sp. 34-36 4.2.1.Daedaleopsis confragosa 34-35 4.2.2.Daedaleopsis confragosa var. 36 tricolor 4.3 Daldinia sp. 37 4.3.1.Daldinia concentrica 37 4.4 Tuber sp. 39-40 4.4.1.Tuber aestivum 39-40 4.5 Ganoderma sp. 41-61 4.5.1.Ganoderma lucidum 41-43 4.5.2.Ganoderma boninense 44-45 4.5.3.Ganoderma tsugae 46-48 4.5.4.Ganoderma pfeifferi 49-50 4.5.5.Ganoderma lipsiense 51 4.5.6.Ganoderma zonatum 52-53 4.5.7.Ganoderma applanatum 54-57

iv 4.5.8.Ganoderma resinaceum 58-59 4.5.9.Ganoderma sp. 60-61 4.6 Agaricus sp. 664 4.6.1.Agaricus bisporus 63-64 4.7 Ramariopsis sp. 65-66 4.7.1.Ramariopsis kunzei 65-66 4.8 sp. 67-68 4.8.1.Hypholoma fasciculare 67-68 4.9 Crepidotus sp. 69 4.9.1.Crepidotus variabilis 69 4.10 Pycnoporus sp. 70-71 4.10.1. Pycnoporus sanguineus 70-71 4.11 Volvariella sp. 72 4.11.1. Volvariella volvacea 72 4.12 Lepiota sp. 73-74 4.12.1. Lepiota atrodisca 73-74 4.13 Schizophyllum sp. 75 4.13.1. Schizophyllum commune 75 4.14 Dictyophora sp. 76-77 4.14.1. Dictyophora indusiata 76-77 4.15 Pleurotus sp. 78 4.15.1. Pleurotus porrigens 78 4.16 Marasmius sp. 79 4.16.1. Marasmius oreades 79 4.17 Gymnopilus sp. 80-81 4.17.1.Gymnopilus purpuratus 80-81 4.18 Amanita sp. 82 4.18.1.Amanita bisporigera 82 Unidentified mushroom 1 82-84 Unidentified mushroom 2 85-86 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 109-110 6 REFFERENCES 111-118

v LIST OF FIGURES

SL.NO. FIGURES PAGE NO. Figure 1. Survey area 20 Figure 2. Trametes versicolor 33 Figure 3. Daedaleopsis confragosa 34 Figure 4. Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor 36 Figure 5. Daldinia concentrica 37 Figure 6. Tuber aestivum 39 Figure 7. Ganoderma lucidum 41 Figure 8. Ganoderma lucidum 43 Figure 9. Ganoderma boninense 44 Figure 10. Ganoderma tsugae 46 Figure 11. Ganoderma tsugae 47 Figure 12. Ganoderma pfeifferi 49 Figure 13. Ganoderma lipsiense 51 Figure 14. Ganoderma zonatum 52 Figure 15. Ganoderma applanatum 54 Figure 16. Ganoderma applanatum 55 Figure 17. Ganoderma applanatum 57 Figure 18. Ganoderma resinaceum 58 Figure 19. Ganoderma sp. 60 Figure 20. Ganoderma sp. 61 Figure 21. Agaricus bisporus 63 Figure 22. Ramariopsis kunzei 65 Figure 23. Hypholoma fasciculare 67 Figure 24. Crepidotus variabilis 69 Figure 25. Pycnoporus sanguineus 70 Figure 26. Volvariella volvacea 72 Figure 27. Lepiota atrodisca 73 Figure 28. Schizophyllum commune 75 Figure 29. Dictyophora indusiata 76 Figure 30. Pleurotus porrigens 78 Figure 31. Marasmius oreades 79 Figure 32. Gymnopilus purpuratus 80 Figure 33. Amanita bisporigera 82 Figure 34. Unidentified -1 83 Figure 35. Unidentified -2 85

vi Figure 36. Genera found in Botanical Garden shown in Pie 90 Chart Figure 37. Genera found in Romna Park shown in Bar 91 Graph Figure 38. Genera found in Dhanmondi Lake shown in Area 92 Graph Figure 39. Genera found in Boldha Garden shown in Bar 93 Graph Figure 40. Genera found in National Zoo shown in Pie Chart 94

vii LIST OF TABLES

SL.NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1 Morphology of and characterization of 23-28 of collected macrofungi from different parks and gardens of Dhaka city 2 Ecological characterization of collected macrofungi from 29-32 different parks and gardens of Dhaka city 3 Occurrence of woody and fleshy macro fungi in different parks 88 and gardens in Dhaka 4 Genera found in National Botanical Garden 89 5 Genera found in Ramna Park 90 6 Genera collected from Dhanmondi Lake 91 7 Genera collected from Boldha Garden 92 8 Genera collected from National Zoo 93 9 Density of wood decay fungi collected from survey areas 94-95 under Dhaka city 10 Systematic Classification of Collected Specimen 96

viii LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS

Sl.No. Abbreviation Full Word 1 et.al. And others 2 cm Centimeter 3 µm Micrometer 4 etc. Etcetera 5 ed. Edition 6 j. Journal 7 % Percent 8 pp./p. Page Number 9 var. Variety

ix INTRODUCTION

A macrofugus is a species whose basidiocarp is visible in naked eye. Some species of macro fungi attack dead wood and some are parasitic and colonize living trees(Shaw, 1991). They are still mostly the first agents of decay. The number of recognized mushroom species has been reported to be 14,000, Which is about 10% of the total estimated mushroom species on the earth (Cheung, 2008). Mushroom is a general term used mainly for the fruiting body of the macro fungi ( and ) and represents only a short reproductive stage in their life cycle (Das, 2010). The Romance and Greeks treated as a special kind of food (Miles and Chang, 2004) and there is historical evidence of mushroom consumption in ancient India (Chopra, 1933). Many researchers have been working on wild mushroom and reported more than 2000 species of edible mushroom all over the world (Purakasthya and Chandra, 1985). Rashid et. al.(2017) mentioned that mushroom is one of the promising concepts for crop diversification in Bangladesh as well as the whole world.The species diversity of fungi and their natural beauty occupy prime place in the biological world. The scope is limitless and this is high time to survey, collect, conserve, record and identifying the biodiversity, habitat and morphology in general and fungal diversity in particular as no one knows when and how some these valuable formsmight be lost for forever. Barros et. al. (2008) reported that the wild mushrooms are richer sources of protein and have a lower amount of fat than commercial mushrooms. Some mushrooms have been important source of revenue for rural communities in India and other developing countries (Waniet.al., 2010).The study of Rashid et. al., (2017) provides a database on macro fungal diversity of Bangladeshi forest, along with their ecological preferences and utilization. As soil and climate situation of this region is very suitable for mushroom cultivation;Bangladesh has a huge

1 prospect of mushroom cultivation. Through mushroom cultivation, it is possible to generate considerable employment opportunity, alleviate poverty, and reduce malnutrition to meet the required protein of Bangladeshi people. Even it is possible to earn a huge amount of foreign currency by exporting mushroom after meeting the domestic demand. So this is the high time to give emphasis on commercial production of mushrooms and taking wild edible mushroom under commercial cultivation to ensure food security in Bangladesh. Marjanaet. al., (2018) mentioned that the Rangamati hill of Bangladesh has the important source of wild macrofungi which might be helpful to reduce the unemployment problem by identifying the edible and medicinal macrofungi as well as to improve the economic status of our farmers. There are many hot spots in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh where such kind of macro fungi are grown naturally. Keeping this view in mind, the research work was undertaken with the following objectives:

To collect different kinds of macro fungi from some selected parks and ➢ gardens in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh and to identify its morphological, microscopic and ecological characteristics To study bio-diversity, distribution and morphological characteristics of ➢ macro fungi in some selected parks and gardens in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE There are many research articles and papers already done under this type of work. Among these, some of the research findings are cited below:

Nilsson and Presson (1978) reported that, the color, shape and size of the fruiting body of mushroom can vary tremendously. It is important to properly identify the mushroom that is collected, so as to avoid a poisonous species. Mushroom species are the indicators of the forest life system. Data of different vegetation types is important for planning and biodiversity at the community and species level is more important for monitoring the effectiveness and effects of natural habitat. Several mushrooms degrade organic materials or act as parasites on living organisms or saprophytes. Their habitat and climate are major factors that indicate their biodiversity. Chang and Miles (1988) reported that, there are about 3000 different species of edible mushroom in the world. From these species about 80 have been grown experimentally, 20 cultivated commercially and 4-5 produced on industrial scale throughout the world. Humans have consumed fungi for sustenance, medicine, and culinary delight since ancient times. Some fungi are purposely cultivated, but most edible fungi are gathered from the wild. Petersen and Hughes (2003) recorded the morphology, sexual recognition systems, DNA sequencing and RFLP patterns, geographic patterns and directions of geographic migration of fungal groups such as Artomyces (), Flammulina, Lentinus, Panellus and Pleurotus. Four principles was elucidated. Sexual recognition among intercontinental populations appears to be a more reliable measure of relatedness than morphological characters and DNA sequence mutations.

3 Agrahar and Subbuakshmi (2005) conducted an experiment on Meghalaya mushrooms. The region in general is blessed with a rich forest growth, with about 0-50% of the geographical area covered with lush green forests. These forests abound in macro fungi which are found growing on the forest-floor, wigs and branches, rotting plat parts, in mycorrhizal association with higher plants, etc. Antonín and Buyck (2006) recorded twenty six collections representing 19 taxa of the genus Marasmius from Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion. The following new taxa are described: Marasmius andasibensis, Marasmius and asibensis var. obscuro stipitatus, M. brunneo aurantiacus and M. curreyivar. bicystidiatus. Niazi et al. (2006) investigated the biodiversity of mushrooms and ectomycorrhizas from Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests of Pakistan. Russula brevipeswas found associated with Pinus wallichiana. Russula brevipesand its morphotypes or ectomycorrhiza have been described and illustrated. The and its mycorrhiza were new records for Pakistan. Ge et al. (2008) carried out the morphological, phylogenetic and biogeographic studies on Chinese collections of Flammulina. It is revealed that at least four species[F. rossica, Flammulina sp. (HKAS 51191), F. velutipes and F. yunnanensis] occur in China. Flammulina yunnanensisis described as new based on morphological and molecular data. F. rossica, a new record to China, is confirmed to have a Holarctic distribution. Flammulina sp. has a hymeniformsuprapellis but is phylogenetically close to F. velutipes. Analyses of the ITS/5.8S rDNA sequences of Flammulina species suggest that collections of F. velutipesfrom China are more closely related to a Canadian population rather than to those of Europe and the USA. Ahmed (2010) reviewed the Egyptian fungi, including lichenized fungi, these were scattered through a wide array of journals, books, and dissertations. This review documents are the known available sources and compiles data for more than 197

4 years of Egyptian . Species richness is analyzed numerically with respect to the systematic position and ecology. Values of relative species richness of different systematic and ecological groups in Egypt compared to values of the same groups worldwide, showed that knowledge of Egyptian fungi was fragmentary, especially for certain systematic and ecological groups such as , Glomeromycota, and lichenized, nematode-trapping, entomopathogenic, marine, aquatic and coprophilous fungi, and also yeasts. Das et. al., (2010) collected 126 wild mushrooms from Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary of the state Sikkim. Those are enlisted with their scientific names, common names,distribution, growing period and status of edibility. Medicinally important 46 mushrooms were also highlighted with their medicinal properties. Factors causing their continuous declination were mentioned along with the possible in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures. Junior et al. (2010) studied two substrates prepared from ground corn cobs supplemented with rice bran and charcoal for growth kinetics in test tubes and for the cultivation of four Pleurotus commercial isolates in polypropylene bags. The identification of the isolates was based on the morphology of the basidiomata obtained and on sequencing of the LSU rDNA gene. Three isolates were identified as P. ostreatus, and one was identified as P. djamor. Ram et al. (2010) collected various edible fleshy fungi from different localities of the eastern Uttar Pradesh forest. The collected edible fleshy fungi were studied for their macroscopic detail partening the habit, habitat, morphology and other phenotypic parameter noted in fresh form. Karwa and Rai (2010) reported on the tapping into the edible fungi biodiversity of Melghat forest in Central India for occurrence of wild edible fungi and their prevalent favorable ecological factors in consecutive years in the months of June to

5 February (2006-2008). A total of 153 species of mushrooms were recorded, collected, photographed and preserved. The enormous biomass in the forest favors variety of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Dominating species belong to genera Agaricus, Pleurotus, Termitomyces, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Auricularia, Schizophyllum, , etc. Hanlon et al. (2011) compared the diversity and distribution of Agaricomycete species in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) with similar records from Northern Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales. The number of Agaricomycete species recorded from Ireland is much lower than in the other countries examined. The ROI has 100, 700, 1300 and 2200 fewer species than Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England respectively. It is evident that under-recording of Agaricomycete species from the ROI is common throughout all of the clades. Estimates of potential Agaricomycete diversity in the ROI indicated that 25 of the 26 counties have less than half of their likely Agaricomycete diversity. Agaricomycete clades that have been reasonably well recorded and those that suffer from severe under-recording in Ireland have been identified, and preliminary lists of the 50 most common Agaricomycete and of possibly threatened in the ROI have been created. The proposed outline that how the true Agaricomycete diversity of Ireland can be discovered. Smith and Thiers (2011) reported that, fruit bodies of the genus Tylopilusare encountered as large stout bolete mushrooms, which generally arise from the ground or occasionally from the wood.They have stout stipes, which do not have a ring. A keyfield character which distinguishes them from members of genus Boletus is the presence of their pink-tinged pores.It is a polyphyletic morphology that does not unite the Tylopilus species using traditional morphological characters. Onyango and Ower (2011) investigated morphological characters and spawn production procedures of three Kenyan native strains of wood ear mushroom

6 [Auricularia auricula(L. ex Hook.) Underw]. Nine were selected from collections made in three forest reserves within Kakamega Forest in Western Kenya and morphologically characterized. Cooper et al. (2011) found Ganoderma boninenseas a causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR), upper stem rot (USR) and as a continuing limiting factor in palm oil production. Spread and infection can occur through roots, yet genetic evidence showed considerable isolate diversity and revealed the major input of airborne to spread and infection. Hosen and Ge (2011) recorded an interesting agaric, Clarkeinda trachodes for the first time from Bangladesh. A full description, discussion, and illustrations are provided. The enigmatic agaric genus, currently known only from south and Southeast Asia, is characterized by the presence of a fawn colored pellicle on the central pileus surface, a with a superior annulus and basal volva, and thick- walled pigmented with a slightly depressed truncated apex. Khan et al. (2011) determined the genetic diversity among Pleurotus species of mushroom using morphological and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. About seven different species were collected. Five species, naming Pleurotus platypus (P-6), Pleurotus flabelatus (P-7), Pleurotus florida (P-17), Pleurotus ostreatus (P-19) and Pleurotus sajor-caju (P-56) were from Canada and two Pleurotus warm-stram (P-9) and Pleurotus eryngii (P-16) from Philpines. Seven different morphological traits that viz. mycelialgrowth (mm), cap diameter (cm), total yield (kg), moisture contents (%), ash contents (%), nitrogen contents (%) and protein content (%) were recorded. Srivastava et al. (2011) recorded four species of Termitomyces in the Gorakhpur forest division. In order to determine the genetic diversity among these four species morphological characterization, phenotypical appearance were studied. Four species naming Termitomyces heimii, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces

7 mammiformis and Termitomyces microcarpus characterized by different morphological traits i.e., shape of perforatorium, stipe length(cm), pileus length, margin of fruit body, colour of fruit body, gills, flesh, annulus, pseudorrhiza and print were recorded. Thiribhuvanamala et al. (2011) surveyed in the Anaikatti, Attapadi, Palghat, Siruvani, Nilgiris and Kallar regions of the Western Ghats of India during 2008-10 and about 68 mushroom flora belonging to 19 genera were recorded. Among the mushroom flora a wild strain of Pleurotusdjamorroseuswas found suitable for commercial cultivation with bioefficiency of 132 percent and cost benefit ratio of 1:2.9. The diethyl ether fraction (10 percent concentration) of G.lucidumand L. edodesshowed the inhibition of mycelial growth by up to 70% and 68.2%, respectively against Collectotrichumgloeosporioides, the fruit rot pathogen of mango. Buchalo et al. (2011) proposed the criteria for the correct identification of the taxonomic position of mushrooms such as presence and morphology of teleomorph stage; colour, morphology and growth rate of mycelia colony; type of anamorph; presence, dislocation and morphology of clamp connections; special hyphal structures and other characteristics. Bankole and Adekunle (2012) conducted an experiment on biodiversity of mushrooms in Lagos State, Nigeria as they collected in Lagos State for 12 months. The mushrooms collected included Agaricus campestris, Coprinus comatus, Daldinia concetrica, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Mycena haematopus, Mycena sp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Polyporus sp., Polyporus squamosus, Polyporus sulphureus, Trametes versicolor, polymorpha, and Xylaria sp.The DNA sequence analyses of each of the eight mushroom mycelia pure isolates were carried out. Comprehensive description given by the GenBank provides a detailed,

8 reliable and accurate identification than visual characteristics and phenotypic properties of the mushrooms. Dung et al. (2012) isolated 18 strains from 6 different samples of fresh oyster mushrooms. Of these pure isolates, three groups performing significantly different ability of starch degradation at the 95% confidence level could be distinguished. The morphological and molecular identification methods gave the similar results, in which two strains of White oyster mushrooms were Pleurotus floridanus and one strain of Japanese oyster mushroom was Pleurotus cystidiosus. Wang et al. (2012) recorded the specimens of Lingzhi from China (field collections and cultivated basidiomata of the Chinese ‘G. lucidum’), G. lucidumfrom UK and 7 other related Ganoderma species, were examined both morphologically and molecular basis. Based on both morphological and molecular data, the identity of the Chinese ‘G. lucidum’ (Ling-zhi) was considered conspecific with G. sichuanense. Dwivedi et al. (2012) studied on the and diversity of macro fungi in semi evergreen and moist deciduous forest of Amarkantak where more than 50 samples were collected which is situated in Madhya Pradesh in India. Pushpa and Purushothama (2012) completed a survey on the biodiversity of mushrooms belonging to the class Basidiomycetes in Bangalore from June 2007 to November 2010 in 8 different places which included scrub jungles and urban places in a around Bangalore. A total number of 90 species in 48 genera belonging to 19 families in 05 orders were recorded, 28 species were found to be recorded for the first time in India. Among the collected species Coprinus disseminates followed by Coprinus fibrillosis and Schizophyllum communae was found to be Abundant in their occurrence. The Simpson and Sannon diversity biodiversity index was found to be 0.8 and 1.24 respectively.

9 Pithak and Pukahute (2012) conducted a survey on the diversity of mushrooms in dry dipterocarp forest at Phuphan National Park to study the variety of mushrooms grown in the Dry Dip- terocarp forest during the year 2008-2009 by releve method and to study the relationship between Shoreasiamensis Miq. andectomycorrhizal of the Amanitaceae and the Belotaceae families. The findings of the study reveals the presence of a total 34 types of mushrooms in Dry Dipterocarp forest at the Phuphan where there were 26 types found in both years. Andrew et al. (2013) reported the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Mount Cameroon Region. These were assessed at low and high altitudinal ranges in the four flanks of the mountain during the rainy and early dry seasons of 2010 and 2011. A total of 177 macrofungal species belonging to 83 genera and 38 families were recorded. Das et al. (2013) reported three species namely Russula sharmae, R. dubdiana and R. sikkimensis as new taxa in west district of Sikkion (India), located in the Eastern Himalaya. Macro- and micromorphological illustrated descriptions of these species are given along with their taxonomic positions and relations to allied species. Chandulalet al. (2013) identified 17 species belonging to two different classes namely, Gastromycetes – Daldinia concentrica [() (cramp ball)], Lycoperedon pyriforme [(Lycoperdaceae, edible) (wood or stump puff ball)], Scleroderma citrinum(Sclerodermataceae, edible); Hymenomycetes – Cantharellus umbonatus, Coriolus versicolor (Polyporaceae, inedible), Schizophyllum commune (Schizophyllaceae, inedible) (the split gill), Ganoderma lucidum(), Ganoderma applanatum(Ganodermataceae), Laetiporus sulphureus (Polyporaceae, edible), Lepiota organensis, Collybia butyracea, Lentineullus cochleat us(Aurisclpinaceae, edible), Galerina unicolor (Hymenogatraceae), Citocybe flaccida(Trichomataceae, edible), Oudemansiella redicata(Physalacriaceae, edible), Hygrophorus eburnes (Hygrophoraceae, edible)

10 and Agaricus campestris (Agaricaceae, edible). The investigation proved that there a distinct biodiversity existed in mushroom population. Hosen et al. (2013) described a new monotypic genus in the Boletaceae, Borofutus, typified by B. dhakanus, is described using morphological and molecular evidence. This is a putatively ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with Shorea robusta. Borofutus was sister to Spongiforma in molecular phylogenetic analyses using DNA nucleotide sequences of single or multiple loci. A description, line drawings, phylogenetic placement and comparison with allied taxa were Presented. Farid et al. (2013) recorded forty four species of mushrooms belonging to twenty nine genera were collected from different localities in Erbil Governorate of Kurdistan region. The identified species were Agaricus sp., Clitocybe sp., Collybia sp., Coprinus sp., Cortinarius sp., Craterellus sp., Crepidotu sp., Exidia sp., Fome s sp., Galerina sp., Hebeloma sp., Helvella sp., Auricularia auricula-judae, Hygrocybe pratensis, Inocybe sp., Lactarius sp., Laccaria sp., Mycena sp., Peziza sp., Pluteus sp., Psathyrella sp., Panellus sp., Paxillus atrotomentosus, Russula fellea, Scutellinia scutellata, Trichloma sp., Tyromyces sp., Lepiota sp. andCystoderma sp. the last two genera were the new record in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq.

Pandey et al. (2013) conducted a study in Jeypore Reserve Forest located in Assam, India to investigate the diversity of macro fungi associated with different tree species. Thirty macro fungal species rePresenting 26 genera belonging to 17 families were collected from six different sites in the study area. Out of these maximum six genera assignable to family Polyporaceae, five genera to Russulaceae, three genera to Agaricaceae, two genera to Ganodermataceae and Cantharellaceae each and rest of the families were rePresented by single genus only. The study revealed that maximum frequency of occurrence was exhibited by

11 Trametes versicolorand Schizophyllum commune (83.33%), followed by Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus sanguineus (66.67%) and Coprinus disseminates (50%). The rest of the species exhibited the frequency distribution ranging between 16.67-33.33%. The maximum density was recorded for Schizophyllum commune (126.67%) followed by Trametes versicolor (120%) and (93.33%). The density of rest of the species were ranged between 3.33- 6.67%.

Farooq et al. (2013) carried out an experiment on Soon Valley Sakasar located in District Khushab of the province Punjab, Pakistan coordinates 72°00’and 72°30’ E longitudes 32°25’ and 32°45’ N latitudes with diversified ecosystem. The ethno- mycological study of soon valley has been strongly neglected in the past. So, the survey was conducted during 2010-11 in four villages i.e. Nowshehra, Dhaka, Sakhiabad and Knaty garden of the Soon Valley. A total of 25 mushroom species belonging to 9 families and 14 genera were identified from the study area. Among the collected mushroom species Agaricus was found as most dominant genus (36%) followed by Innocybe(12%). All the mushroom species exhibited remarkable variation in terms of habitat, season and locations. Ethnological survey revealed that 12 species are edible, 9 inedible and 4 act as poisonous ones.

Kumar et al. (2013) reported that, the macro-fungal diversity and nutrient content of some edible mushrooms of Nagaland, India. They collected young and matured carpophores of 15 wild edible mushroom species from 12 locations in different districts of Nagaland. Out of the four species belongs to family Agaricaceae, two belongs to Tricholomataceae and rest belongs to Boletaceae, Cantherallaceae, Russulaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae, Auriculariaceae, Polyporaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Pleurotaceae and Lyophyllaceae. The selected species were analyzed for proximate

12 analysis of nutritional values. The protein content varies from 22.50-44.93% and were recorded 32.43-52.07% in selected species.

Egbe et al. (2013) conducted a study on diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the Mount Cameroon Region. These were assessed at low and high altitudinal ranges in the four flanks of the mountain during the rainy and early dry seasons of 2010 and 2011. A total of 177 macrofungal species belonging to 83 genera and 38 families were recorded. Species richness was higher in the rainy seasons (134 species) than in the early dry seasons (89 species) and tended to decrease with altitude, with 116 and 112 species for low and high altitudes, respectively. Eighty- eight species were recorded only in the rainy seasons, 43 species in the early dry seasons only, and 46 species were common to both seasons. Sixty-five species were found only in the low altitude, 61 species only in the high altitude, and 51 species were common to both altitudes. Auricularia auricular was the most Abundant species during the rainy seasons, while Coltricia cinnamomea was rare during the rainy seasons, and the most Abundant during the dry seasons.

Chelela et al. (2014) conducted a survey to assess mycological knowledge and socio-economic benefits along the wild edible mushrooms value chain among Bennaand Heheethnic groups in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. They collected wild edible mushrooms in the Miombowoodland surrounding six villages during rainy season in January 2014. From the survey, mushroom collection and selling was gender oriented dominated by women at 70% and 93.5% respectively. Moreover, it was found that 30% of men were involved in collecting and only 6.5% in selling. About 45 species of wild edible mushrooms were collected mainly from Lactarius, Russula, Cantharellus and Amanita species.

13 Vyas et al. (2014) conducted an experiment on Patharia forest which is mixed and dry deciduous type, dominated by Acacia sp., Buteamono sperma, Tectona grandis and ground flora consisting of Biophytum sensitivum, Cynodon dactylon, Lanata camara etc. During the period of july 2011-july 2013, wild mushrooms were collected from Patharia forest and 18 mushroom species belonging to 12 families were identified viz. Vascellum pretense, Lycoperdon pyriform, Coniphora puteana, Clitocybe geotrapa, Ganoderma tsugae, Microglos sumvirde, Panaeolus sphinctrinus, Pleurotus cornucopiae, ,Tyromyces lacteus, Lenzites betulina, Hypholoma elongatum, Pholita highlandensis, Serpulala crymans, mesenterica, Lepis anuda, Collybia butyracea and Omphalina ericetorum. Among them some are edible like L. nuda and Clitopilus prunnulus which are used to prepare indigenous medecines using traditional techniques.

Manna et al. (2014) reported that, among 18 mushroom species related to tribal use, the most usable species were Astraeushygrometricus, Amanita vaginata var. alba, Amanita banningiana, Russula nigricans, Termitomyces eurrhizus andTermitomyces microcarpus. In another study, Rumainul et al. (2015) identified 24 mushroom species under 14 genera from tropical moist deciduous forest region of Bangladesh were identified and some predominant genera as Ganoderma sp.,Lepiota sp., Marasmius sp. and Collybia sp.

Kinge and Mih (2015) worked with the diversity and distribution of species of Ganoderma in south western Cameroon and after morphological and molecular characterization of 57 species they found 17 species of Ganoderma. They identified two species G. tornatum and G. chalceum as known record for Cameroon and four species viz. G. weberianum, G. cupreum, G. steyaertanum and G. zonatum are new records for Cameroon.

14 Krishna et al. (2015) recorded the fruiting bodies of macrofungi from some forests, fences, waste fields, timber depots of Telangana state during rainy season. This is an attempt to give a broad picture of diversity of macrofungi belonging to the class Basidiomycetes in some forest areas of Telangana region. A total number of 50 fruiting bodies were collected and cultured and among them only ten were identified based on their macroscopic features and molecular identification since they showed good lignolytic activity. BeuyJoob and VirojWiwanitkit (2016) stated that Linzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a well-known medicinal mushroom. This mushroom originatedfrom China becomes the widely used supplementation worldwide. Theusefulness to kidney is mentioned in the literature. Linzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a well-known medicinal mushroom. This mushroom originatedfrom China becomes the widely used supplementation worldwide. Theactive ingredient in the mushroom is mentioned for anti-oxidative, glucosecontrolling and anti-cancerous proliferative activities. In nephrology, theadvantage of Linzhi on kidney is also mentioned. However, the evidence inhuman beings is limited. In this short manuscript, the authors discuss on evidence of Linzhi’s clinical usefulness in renal diseases. Deepak K. Rahi et.al.(2016) stated that Mushrooms are well known for their nutritional as well as therapeutic values worldwide.

ShararehRezaeian et. al. (2016) reported that the wild mushrooms provide a significant source of nutritional and medicinal bioactive compounds. They have been collected and consumed by people from many countries for thousands of years. However, there is a shortage of information in the literature regarding Iranian wild mushrooms. Thus, this mini-review tries to outline recent efforts made in order to collect, identify, and maintain wild mushrooms of Iran. This review may also encourage more research on collection, assessment, and biochemical

15 analysis of Iranian wild mushrooms in order to establish a germplasm bank of wild mushrooms. Rumainul et al. (2016) conducted an investigation on biodiversity of macro fungi at Dhaka, Gazipur, Bogra, Rajshahi, Pabna, Jaipurhat and Dinajpur district of central and northern region of Bangladesh, where 50 samples were collected, morphologically characterized, photographed and preserved. They were identified to 8 genera and 9 species. The predominant genera were Trametes, Daedaleopsis, Collybia and Armillaria.

A survey was conducted by Rashid et.al.(2016) to study the biodiversity as well as the distribution of wild mushrooms, which naturally grow, in different localities, at different seasons, in the southern region of Bangladesh. A total 24 species of mushrooms belonging to 17 genera and 14 families were identified. Those mushrooms were collected between July and October, 2013 and 2014, accordingly from 16 sub-districts of Barisal, Patuakhali, Borguna, Pirojpur, Jhalokhathi districts, which situated in the southern region of Bangladesh. The identified genera were viz., Amanita sp., Agaricus sp., Ganoderma sp., Armillaria sp., Coprinus sp., Cortinarius sp.,Hebeloma sp.,Mycena sp., Lepiota sp., Lycoperdon sp., Macrolepiotia sp., Daldinia sp., Tuber sp.,Volvariella sp.,Steccherinum sp., Hypholoma sp. and Coprinellus sp. Moreover, the maximum frequency of occurrence in this survey was exhibited by Ganoderma applanatum, Amanita vaginata and Agaricus silvicola (18.75%), whereas, the maximum density was recorded for Coprinus silvaticus (48.83%).

In a survey program conducted by Das and Aminuzzaman (2017) in Sundarban Forest region where they identified 20 species of xylotrophic fungi belongs to 13 genera under seven families such as Polyporaceae, Ganodermataceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Xylariaceae, and

16 Gloeophyllaceae. The predominant genera were Ganoderma, Trametes and Inonotus. The maximum frequency (75%) was recorded for Daedaleopsis confragosa and 50% for Trametes elegans, Trametes conchifer, Polyporus sanguineus, Ganoderma curtisii and lacteus. The maximum density was 31.82% for Pycnoporus sanguineus which was found on the Sundari (Heritiera fomes) tree.

Rubina et.al., (2017) conducted an investigation in National Botanical Garden, Dhaka. A total of 23 mushroom samples were collected and identified to 17 species under 10 genera and 10 families. The predominant genera were Ganoderma sp., Lepiota sp., Daedeleopsis sp., Russula sp., Psythyrella sp., Lycoperdon sp., Crepidotus sp., Psilocybe sp, Flammulina sp. and Cantharellus sp. The survey revealed that five species are edibe, six species have medicinal value, three species are inedible and three are unknown. The maximum density of occurrence was exhibited by Psilocybe cubensis(45%) followed by Lepiota sp. (40%), Ganoderma pfeifferi(35%) and Ganoderma lucidum(25%).

Aminuzzaman and Das (2017) carried out an investigation in Bogra district under social forest region of Bangladesh. A total of 32 fungal samples were collected and identified to 16 speciesbelong to two genera under 7 families. The genera were Ganoderma sp.(87.5%) and Polyporus sp.(12.5%) of collected samples. The maximum frequency of occurrence (75%) was exhibited by Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma multipileum, Ganoerma boninense, Ganoderma sp. and the maximum density was exhibited by Ganoderma resinaceum (66.67%).

A survey was conducted by Rashid et.al. (2017)to study the biodiversity, habitat and morphology of mushroom grown in leaved, deciduous and mixed forest of Bangladesh. A total of 117 samples were collected from nine selected districts of

17 Bangladesh viz. Barisal, Borguna, Patuakhali, Perojpur, Jhalokathi, Bandorban, Dhaka, Gazipur and Tangail. About 12 different species were found under 10 families viz. Amanitaceae (Amanita bisporigera), (), Boletaceae (Boletus subvelutipes), Agaricaceae (Agaricus sp.), Tricholomataceae (Callistosporium sp.), Marasmiaceae (Gymnopus sp.), Cortinariaceae (Cortinarius corrugatus), Mycenaceae (Mycena epipterygia), Entolomataceae (Nolanea strictia), Ganodermataceae (Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma tsuage). The predominant genera were Amanita, Aleuria, Agaricus, Boletus, Mycena, Cortinarius, Nolanea and Ganoderma. A detailed survey was made by Marjana et.al. (2018) in Rangamati district of Chittagong hill tracts from July to October, 2016 to collect and record the morphological and ecological variability of macrofungi fruiting body. A total of 66 samples of macrofungi were collected, recorded, photographed and preserved. Twenty species of macrofungi were identified under 17 genera and 15 families. The highest frequency of occurrence (44.44%) was recorded for Xylaria polymorpha. The highest density was found for Xylaria polymorpha also (55.56%) followed by Coprinus disseminatus (52.78%), Auricularia cornea (38.89%), Xylaria hypoxylon (27.78%) and Clavulina coralloides (16.67%).

18 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Survey area Field survey was conducted for collection of various macro fungi from National Botanical Garden, National Zoo, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake and Boldha Garden of Dhaka. The collection sites were selected based on the presence of samples in the survey area. Collected sample was preserved as dried specimens in the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Herbarium of Macro Fungi (SHMF). 3.2. Macro fungi collection The fungal survey depends on timing and location of observation. Necessary materials and equipments such as isolation kit, slants, petridishes containing medium, isolation chamber, typed data sheet, digital camera for photography, digging equipment, heat convector card board, chemical reagents for biochemical analysis were arranged and collection of samples was made during day time and ecological characteristics of mushrooms was recorded in the data sheet. 3.3. Time of collection This survey was conducted during August to October, 2017. Because during this time, rainfall was abundant in Dhaka city than other season and maximum macro fungi grow well during this time. 3.4. Photography The photograph was taken in their natural habitat. Each sample was wrapped with necessary information tagging as date of collection, sample no., location name and host name.

19 Legend: National Botanical Garden National Zoo Romna Park Dhanmondi Lake Boldha Garden

Figure 1. Survey areas of macro fungi in Dhaka city

3.5. Macro fungi identification The collected specimens were brought to the laboratory. The morphological parameters used for identification of macro fungi specimens were Locality, habitat, type of soil, forest type, size of the basidiocarp, umbo, scale, gills, color, gills

20 edges, gill attachment, gill spacing, stipes, length, width, shape, type of veil, annuls(position), volva, carpophores shape,cap color, cap surface, cap margin, cap diameter, and spore diameter. 3.6. Drying and storing Then the specimens were dried in hot air dryer at 40-50°C and stored in air tight containers with some silica gel for further microscopic studies. 3.7. Diversity analysis A standard procedure and pre-designed data analysis procedures was used to collect the information in level of knowledge on biodiversity of macro fungi.The frequency and density of different species has been determined by the following formulas(Zoberi, 1973):

Number of site in which the species is Present Frequency of fungal species (%) = ×100 Total number of sites

Total number of individual of a particular species Density(%) = ×100 Total number of species

21 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A survey was conducted to study the biodiversity of macro fungi in some selected parks and gardens of Dhaka city, Bangladesh during the period from August to October, 2017. A total of 44 macro fungi samples were collected and identified. In total 18 genera and 34 species under 18 families are described below in brief.

22 Table 1. Morphology of basidiocarp and characterization of basidiospore of collected macrofungi from different parks and gardens of Dhaka city Sl. Species Name Common Characterization No. Name Basidiocarp Spore 1 Trametes versicolor Turkey tail Texture of the fruiting body was woody. Pileus was convex and Yellowish brown in color, umbonateshaped, creamy brown in color with no scale. Size of the thick walled, smooth, basidiocarp was7.4×4.2 cm. The surface character and zonation oval and size of spores wascorky and dry in nature. Margin semi-round shaped and stipe was 5.1 ×3.4 µm. was absent. Hymenophore beneath the cap was absent. 2 Daedaleopsis confragosa Blushing Texture of the fruiting body was tough and woody. Pileus was Light brown in color, bracket concave shaped,brown in color with yellow margin. Size of the thick walled, smooth, basidiocarp was15.4×9.4 cm. The surface character and zonation irregular, elongated and was woody and dry in nature. Margin wavy round shaped and size of spores was 5.3 stipe was absent. Pore color was yellow.Hymenophore beneath the ×4.2 µm. cap was absent. 3 Daedaleopsis confragosa Blushing Texture of the fruiting body was tough, hardy. Pileus was flat Hyaline to light brown in var. tricolor bracket shaped, deep brown in color with yellow border. Size of the color, thick walled, basidiocarp was12.2×8.6 cm. The surface character and zonation smooth and round in was leathery and dry in nature. Hymenophore beneath the cap was shape and size of spores absent. Margin wavy round shaped and stipe was absent. Flesh was 4.8 ×4.1µm. odor was pleasant. 4 Daldinia concentrica Cramp balls Texture of the fruiting body was tough, hard and woody. Pileus Dark brown in color, was convex shaped, dirty pink in color. Size of the basidiocarp thick walled, smooth, was4.6×1.9 cm. The surface character and zonation wassmooth ellipsoid and size of and dry in nature. Margin smooth and entiredshaped and stipe was spores was 5.7×3.4 µm. absent. 5 Tuber aestivum Truffle Texture of the fruiting body was hardy. Pileus was Reddish brown in color, infundibuliform and irregular shaped, brownish white in color thick walled, smooth, with no scale. Size of the basidiocarp was3.2×2.6 cm. The surface round and size of spores character and zonation was glabrous and dry in nature. Margin was 6.2 ×4.4 µm. irregular shaped and stipe was absent. 6 Ganoderma lucidum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was corky and woody. Pileus was Brown in color, thick reishi kidney or funnel shaped, dark red in color with white border. Size walled, smooth, ellipsoid mushroom of the basidiocarp was7.5×6.4 cm. The surface character and and size of spores was zonation was tough and dry in nature. Margin curved shaped, 9.1×7.5 µm. smooth and stipe was absent. 7 Ganoderma lucidum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was corky, brittle and woody. Pileus Dark brown in color,

23 reishi was umbilicate shaped, dark brown in color. Size of the thick walled, unicellular, mushroom basidiocarp was 3.4×3.3 cm. The surface character and zonation smooth, ellipsoid and size was woody and dry in nature. Margin incurved shaped and stipe of spores was 5.2×4.8 was present. Spore bearing surface under cap was pore which was µm. dirty brown in color. 8 Ganoderma boninense Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body wastough and very hardy. Pileus was Brown in color, thick reishi concave shaped, deep pink in color with white border. Size of the walled, smooth, elongated mushroom basidiocarp was 4.3×2.9 cm. The surface character and zonation and size of spores was was woody and dry in nature. Margin round shaped and stipe was 8.4×5.7 µm. present which was chocolaty in color, in central position. 9 Ganoderma tsugae Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was leathery and woody. Pileus was Hyaline to light brown in reishi depressed shaped, lower part brick red with white top in color. color, thin walled, mushroom Size of the basidiocarpwas3.8×2.4 cm. The surface character and smooth, slightly zonation was hardy and dry in nature. Marginincurved shaped and ellipsoidal and size of stipe was present which was chocolaty in color, in central position. spores was 7.3×2.9 µm. Pore color was white. Flesh odor was pleasant. 10 Ganoderma tsugae Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body wastough, woody. Pileus was Brown in color, thick reishi umbonate and irregular shaped, whitish brown in color. Size of the walled, smooth, mushroom basidiocarp was 8.6×3.4 cm. The surface character and zonation ellipsoidal and size of wasirregular, rough and dry in nature. Marginvery irregular shaped spores was 5.2×3.1 µm. and stipe was absent. Spore bearing surface under cap was ridge. 11 Ganoderma pfeifferi Hemlock Texture of the fruiting body was corky and woody. Pileus was yellowish brown in color, varnish self depressed, curved shaped, black in color. Size of the basidiocarp thin walled, smooth, was3.8×2.4 cm. The surface character and zonation was rough and slightly cylindrical and dry in nature. Margin incurved shaped and stipe was absent. Spore size of spores was bearing surface under cap was pore, pore color was brown. 6.3×4.9 µm. 12 Ganoderma lipsiense Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was corky and tough. Pileus was flat Deep brown in color, reishi shaped, coffyin color with very thin white line at margin. Size of thick walled, smooth, mushroom the basidiocarp was8.1×6.4 cm. The surface character and ellipsoid, slightly zonation was dry, slightly zonate, solitary, rigid and dry in nature. elongated and size of Margin incurved shaped and stipe was absent. Pore color was spores was 5.8×3.4 µm. milky white.

24 13 Ganoderma zonatum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body wascorky, tough and hardy. Pileus Blackish brown in color, reishi was umbilicateshaped, milky white to creamy in color. Size of the thick walled, smooth, mushroom basidiocarp was3.4×3.3 cm. The surface character and zonation unicellular, slightly was woody and dry in nature. Margin incurved shaped, convex elongated and size of andstipe was absent. Spore bearing surface under cap was brown spores was 5.2×4.8 µm. colored pore. Pore spacing was crowded. 14 Ganoderma applanatum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was corky, brittle and woody. Pileus Blackish brown in color, reishi was irregularly raised, flat shaped, purplein color. Size of the thick walled, rough, mushroom basidiocarp was 14.5 ×8.4 cm. The surface character and zonation ellipsoid and size of was dry in nature. Margin wavy shaped and stipe was absent. spores was 6.2×4.8 µm. Spore bearing surface under cap was pore. Pore color was whitish, brown when aged. Pore spacing was moderately crowded. 15 Ganoderma applanatum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body wascorky. Orangy brown in color, reishi Pileuswasflatshaped,reddish brown in color. Size of the thick walled, smooth, mushroom basidiocarp was4.6×6.5 cm. The surface character and zonation ellipsoidal and size of was crackind and dry in nature. Margin wavy shaped and stipe was spores was 5.3×6.2 µm. absent. 16 Ganoderma applanatum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was brittle, woody. Pileus was flat Hyaline to light brown in reishi infundibuliform shaped, reddish brown with white border. Size of color, unicellular, thick mushroom the basidiocarp was15.3×9.3 cm. The surface character and walled, smooth, slightly zonation was cracking and dry in nature. Margin irregular curved elongated and size of shaped and stipe was absent. Flesh odor was agreeable. spores was 4.2×3.1 µm. 17 Ganoderma resinaceum Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was spongy, leathery and woody. Light brown in color, thin reishi Pileus was slightly depressed shaped, velvety with white border in walled, rough, ellipsoidal mushroom, color. Size of the basidiocarp was10.3×7.4 cm. The surface and size of spores was basil decay character and zonation was smooth, leathery and moist in nature. 12.6×10.2 µm. Marginincurved shaped and stipe was absent. Spore bearing surface under cap was pore on . Pore color was whitish, brown when aged. Pore spacing was crowded. 18 Ganoderma sp. Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body was corky, brittle and woody. Pileus Brownin color, thick reishi was umbilicateshaped, brownish black in color. Size of the walled, smooth, slightly mushroom basidiocarp was 6.5×4.5 cm. The surface character and zonation cylindrical, unicellular was tough and dry in nature. Margin wavy, incurved shaped and and size of spores was stipe was absent. Spore bearing surface under cap was pore. Pore 5.2×4.8 µm. color was dirty black. Pore spacing was crowded.

25 19 Ganoderma sp. Lingzhi or Texture of the fruiting body wascorky , tough and woody. Pileus Hyaline to light brown in reishi was umbilicateshaped, milky white to creamy in color. Size of the color, small, thick walled, mushroom basidiocarp was6.4×5.2 cm. The surface character and zonation smooth, rounded and size was hardy and dry in nature. Margin irregularly curved and stipe of spores was 5.2×4.8 was absent.Spore bearing surface under cap was pore which was µm. brown. 20 Agaricus bisporus Button Texture of the fruiting body wasspongy. Pileus was concave hyaline, thick walled, mushroom shaped,white in color. Size of the basidiocarp was0.6×0.7 cm. The smooth, slightly surface character and zonation was glabrous, smooth and moist in elongated and size of nature. Margin incurved shaped and stipe was present. Size of spores was 7.7 ×5.2 µm. stipe was 1.2×0.9 cm. stipe color was dirty white. Stipe firmness was narrow, tubular and in central position.White colored gill present. Gill spacing was crowded, forking pattern was unbranched. 21 Ramariopsis kunzei White coral Texture of the fruiting body was spongy. Pileus was bushy shaped, Light brown in color, thin white in color. Size of the basidiocarp was5.5×2.5 cm. The surface walled, smooth, rounded character and zonation was fibrillousandslightly moist in nature. and size of spores was Margin rimose/ cork shaped and stipe was present. Size of stipe 2.6×4.3 µm. was 2.5×0.9 cm. dirty white stipe was solid, in central position. Spore bearing surface under surface was pore. Pore color was white. 22 Hypholoma fasciculare Clustered Texture of the fruiting body wasspony, soft. Pileus was Light brown in color, woodlover umbilicateshaped, white in color. Size of the basidiocarp thick walled, smooth, was0.6×0.7 cm. The surface character and zonation wasglabrous rounded to slightly andmoistin nature. Margin incurved shaped and stipe was present. elongated and size of Stipe color was white. Size of stipe was 3.2×0.9 cm. stipe firmness spores was 7.7×5.2 µm. was narrow and tubular. Convex well shaped umbo present. Spore bearing surface under cap was white colored gills. 23 Crepidotus variabilis Variable Texture of the fruiting body was soft, fleshy and fiberous. Pileus Brown in color, thick oyesterling was convex shaped, creamy white in color. Size of the basidiocarp walled, rough, ovoid to was2.7×2.2 cm. The surface character and zonation wasscaly and cylindrical and size of moist in nature. Margin dentate, incurved shaped and stipe was spores was 9.8×7.8 µm. absent. Spore bearing surface under cap was pore on hymenium. Pore color was white.

26 24 Pycnoporus sanguineus Bracket Texture of the fruiting body wassoft, spongy. Pileus was concave Reddish brown in color, fungi haped, dark orange in color. Size of the basidiocarp was3.1×6.2 thick walled, smooth, cm. The surface character and zonation was smooth and moist in slightly rounded and size nature. Margin smooth round shaped and stipe was absent. of spores was 5.3×4.2 Pseudostem present under the cap. µm. 25 Volvariella volvacea Paddy straw Texture of the fruiting body was soft, spongy. Pileus was convex Brown in color, thick mushroom shaped, white in color. Size of the basidiocarp was4.2×4.3 cm. walled, smooth, smooth, The surface character and zonation was fibrillous, leathery and slightly elongated and moist in nature. Margin dentate and stipe was present. White size of spores was colored stipe was soft, in central position. Volva was present. 7.2×3.7 µm. Spore bearing surface under cap was gills. Creamy white colored crowded gills were present. 26 Lepiota atrodisca Shaggy Texture of the fruiting body was spongy. Pileus was concave, Dark brown in color, parasol sunken, umbonate shaped, white in color. Size of the basidiocarp thick walled, smooth, was1.3×1.2 cm. The surface character and zonation was cracking elongated, unicellular and and moist in nature. Margin incurved, slightly dentate and stipe size of spores was was present.Size of stipe was 0.9×0.6 cm. narrow, tubular white 7.4×5.3 µm. stipe was in central position. Veil was present. Convex well shaped umbo was present. Narrow white colored closed gills were present. Gill attachment was emerginate. Forking pattern was unbranched. 27 Schizophyllum commune Pasi Texture of the fruiting body was spongy. Pileus was convex Dark brown in color, shaped, creamy white in color. Size of the basidiocarp was3.2×1.8 thick walled, smooth, cm. The surface character and zonation was leathery and ellipsoid and size of fibrillosein nature. Margin wavy, incurved shaped and stipe was spores was 4.5×4.3 µm. absent. Light brown colored closed gills were present. Gill attachment was subdeccurent. Veil was present. Convex,well shaped umbo was present. 28 Dictyophora indusiata Bamboo Texture of the fruiting body was soft. Pileus was flat, round Brown in color, thin fungus shaped, violate in color. Size of the basidiocarp was1.9×1.5 cm. walled, smooth, elongated The surface character and zonation was smooth, glabrous and and size of spores was moist in nature. Margin was incurved shaped and stipe was 7.2×5.4 µm. present.Violate colored, tubular and narrow stipe was equal and is in central position. Veil was present.convex, well shaped umbo was present. Spore bearing surface under cap was violate colored pore.

27 29 Pleurotus porrigens Angel wing Texture of the fruiting body was leathery, brittle. Pileus was flat, reddish brown in color, wavy, curve shaped, whitein color. Size of the basidiocarp thin walled, smooth, was4.2×3.6 cm. The surface character and zonation wasleathey ellipsoidal and size of and dry in nature. Margin was dentate, wavy shaped and stipe was spores was 6.2×4.4 µm. absent. Umbo was present. Spore bearing surface under cap was white colored pore. 30 Marasmius oreades Creamy Texture of the fruiting body was soft, spongy. Hyaline to very light flower Pileuswassuncaneshaped,creamy yellow in color. Size of the brown in color, thick basidiocarp was3.5×2.4 cm. The surface character and zonation walled, smooth, oval and was smooth, leathery. Margin was wavy round shaped and stipe size of spores was was present. Size of stipe was 0.9×0.2 cm. spore bearing surface 5.2×5.1 µm. under cap was ridge. Ridge color was yellow. 31 Gymnopilus purpuratus Texture of the fruiting body was soft. Pileus was concave shaped, Brown in color, thin white in color. Size of the basidiocarp was0.9×0.8 cm. The surface walled, small, smooth, character and zonation was soft, smooth and moist in nature. rounded and size of Margin was slightly dentate, incurved shaped and stipe was spores was 3.4×2.3 µm. present. Size of stipe was 2.9×0.8 cm. white colored, narrow and tubular stipe was in central position.convex, well shaped umbo was present. Spore bearing surface under cap was narrow, white colored, closed gills. Forking pattern was unbranched. 32 Amanita bisporigera Destroying Texture of the fruiting body was soft. Pileus was umbonateshaped, Yellowish brown in angel dirty to creamy white in color. Size of the basidiocarp was1.4×1.2 color, thick walled, cm. The surface character and zonation was glabrous and moist in smooth, cylindrical and nature. Margin dentate, round shaped and stipe was present. Size size of spores was of stipe was 2.8×0.3 cm. lamellae and gill were present. Gill 4.5×3.7 µm. spacing was crowded. Gill attachment was adnexed. Gill color was brown. Veil was present.

28 Table 2. Ecological characterization of collected macrofungi from different parks and gardens of Dhaka city Sl. Species name Family name Host location Habit Frequency Density( Temp.( Soil Weather No. (%) (%) °c) conditions 1 Trametes Polyporaceae Swietenia Romna Park, Scattered 4.05 2.26 26 Clay Moderately versicolor macrophylla Boldha loam moist Garden,National Zoo 2 Daedaleopsis Polyporaceae Albizia National Botanical Caespitose 4.05 3.76 25 Clay Moderately confragosa richardiana Garden, cluster loam moist Dhanmondi Lake, National Zoo 3 Daedaleopsis Polyporaceae Leucaena National Botanical Scattered 2.70 3.1 28 Loam More moist confragosa var. leucocephala Garden, National tricolor Zoo 4 Daldinia Xylariaceae Acacia National Botanical Scattered 2.70 2.25 25 Clay Less moist concentrica auriculiformis Garden, National loam Zoo 5 Tuber aestivum Tuberaceae Dahlia National Botanical Solitary 2.70 1.5 26 Loam Less moist Garden, National Zoo 6 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Dalbergia National Botanical Scatterd 6.76 6.77 27 Loam Moderately lucidum sissoo Garden, Romna moist Park, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo 7 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Azadirecta National Botanical Scattered 2.70 3.1 27 Clay Moderately lucidum indica Garden, Romna loam moist Park, Dhanmondi Lake, boldha garden and in National Zoo 8 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Mangifera National Botanical Scattered 4.05 1.5 26 Loam Moderately boninense indica Garden, National moist Zoo

29 9 Ganoderma tsugae Ganodermataceae Swietenia National Botanical Solitary 4.05 4.5 25 Loam Moderately macrophylla Garden, Romna moist Park, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo

10 Ganoderma tsugae Ganodermataceae Dalbergia National Botanical Solitary 1.35 0.76 26 Loam Less moist sissoo Garden, Romna Park and in National Zoo 11 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Dalbergia National Botanical Solitary 2.70 2.25 26 Clay Less moist pfeifferi sissoo Garden and in loam Romna Park 12 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Azadirecta National Botanical Scattered 2.70 1.5 26 Sandy Moderately lipsiense indica Garden and in loam moist Romna Park 13 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Azadirecta National Botanical Scattered 4.05 3.1 27 Clay Moderately zonatum indica Garden and in loam moist Romna Park 14 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Acacia National Botanical Scattered 4.05 3.76 26 Loam Moderately applanatum auriculiformis Garden, Romna moist Park and in National Zoo 15 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Leucaena National Botanical Scattered 2.70 2.26 26 Sandy Moist applanatum leucocephala Garden, loam Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo 16 Ganoderm Ganodermataceae Acacia nilotica National Botanical Scattered 1.35 1.5 25 Loam Moist aapplanatum Garden and in National Zoo 17 Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Acacia National Botanical Scattered 4.05 3.76 27 Clay Moderately resinaceum auriculiformis Garden, Romna loam moist Park, and in National Zoo

30 18 Ganoderma sp. Ganodermataceae Azadirecta Romna Park and Solitary 1.35 0.76 25 Clay Moderately indica loam moist in National Zoo 19 Ganoderma sp. Ganodermataceae Azadirecta National Botanical Solitary 2.70 2.25 25 Clay Moist indica Garden, Romna loam Park and in National Zoo 20 Agaricus bisporus Agaricaceae Ficus National Botanical Scattered 5.41 4.5 26 Loam Moderately benghalensis Garden, moist Dhanmondi Lake, Boldha Garden and in National Zoo 21 Ramariopsis kunzei On soil Dhanmondi lake Solitary 2.70 11.28 27 Loam Moist 22 Hypholoma Ficus National Botanical Scattered 2.70 1.5 26 Loam Moist fasciculare benghalensis Garden and in National Zoo

23 Crepidotus Cocos nucifera National Botanical Caespitose 2.70 5.26 27 Loam Moderately variabilis Garden and in cluster moist National Zoo

24 Pycnoporus Polyporaceae Swietenia National Zoo Scattered 1.35 1.5 26 Clay Moderately sanguineus macrophylla loam moist 25 Volvariella Plutaceae On humus National Botanical Solitary 5.41 4.5 25 Loam Moist volvacea Garden, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo 26 Lepiota atrodisca Agaricaceae Azadirecta Boldha Garden Caespitose 1.35 0.76 25 Loam Moist indica cluster 27 Schizophyllum Schizophyllaceae Ficus Romna Park and Scattered 2.70 2.25 26 Sandy Moderately commune benghalensis in National Zoo loam moist

31 28 Dictyophora Phallaceae Bambosa Boldha Garden Scattered 2.70 2.25 27 Loam More moist indusiata vulgaris and in National Zoo 29 Pleurotus Marasmiaceae Bambosa National Botanical Solitary 2.70 2.25 25 Loam More moist porrigens vulgaris Garden and in Dhanmondi Lake 30 Marasmius oreades Marasmiaceae On soil surface National Botanical Scattered 2.70 2.25 27 Clay Moist Garden, Boldha loam Garden 31 Gymnopilus Strophariaceae On humus National Zoo Solitary 1.35 0.76 26 Loam Moderately purpuratus moist 32 Amanita Amanitaceae On debris National Botanical Solitary 2.70 5.26 26 Loam Moderately bisporigera Garden and in moist National Zoo

32 a b

c 20 μm Figure 2. Trametes versicolor (a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore) Morphology of Trametes versicolor Common name Turkey tail Family Polyporaceae Basidiocarp size 7.4×4.2 cm Pileus color Creamy brown Cap shape Convex and umbonate Cap edge Semi-round Presence of stipe Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Absent cap) Pore color Yellow Spore color Brown Spore shape Irregular and oval Spore size 5.1 × 3.4μm

33 Ecology of Trametes versicolor Habitat On dead bark wood of Mehogoni(Swietenia macrophylla) Forest type Mixed Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrenceon the host Un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b

c 20 μm Figure 3. Daedaleopsis confragosa (a.Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore) Morphology of Daedaleopsis confragosa Common name Blushing bracket Family Polyporaceae Basidiocarp size 9.4×15.4 cm Pileus color Brown with yellow margin

34 Cap shape Concave Cap edge Wavy round Pore color Yellow Presence of stipe Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Absent cap) Spore color Brown Spore wall Single Spore shape Irregular, elongated Spore size 5.32 × 4.21μm

Ecology of Daedaleopsis confragosa Habitat On wood of Koroi(Albiziarichardiana) Forest type Leaved Habit Caespitose cluster Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b

c 20 μm

Figure 4. Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor (a. & b. Fruiting body, c. spore)

35 Morphology of Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor Common name Blushing bracket Family Polyporaceae Basidiocarp size 12.2×8.6 cm Texture of the fruiting body Tough and woody Pileus color Deep brown with yellow margin Cap of the carpophore Umbilicate Surface character and zonation Leathery and moist Flesh odor Pleasant Firmness Solid and very hard Cap shape Flat Flesh odor Pleasant Cap edge Wavy round Pore color Yellow Presence of stipe Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Absent cap) Spore color Brown Spore wall Single Spore shape Smooth and round Spore size 4.8 × 4.1μm Ecology of Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor Habitat On bark wood of Ipil-ipil(Leucaena leucocephala) Forest type Mixed Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution More moist weather

36 b 20 μm a Figure 5. Daldinia concentrica (a.Fruiting body, b.spore)

Morphology of Daldinia concentrica Common name Cramp balls Family Xylariaceae Basidiocarp size 4.6×1.9 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Tough, hard and woody Surface character and zonation Smooth Pileus color Dirty pink Cap shape Convex Cap edge Smooth / entired Scale Absent Presence of stipe Absent Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of ring or anal Absent Presence of volva Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Absent cap) Pore color Black Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single, thick walled Spore shape Smooth and round Spore size 5.7×3.4 μm2

37 Ecology of Daldinia concentrica Habitat On dead bark of Acacia auriculiformis Forest type Mixed Habit Scatterd Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b

c 20 μm Figure 6.Tuber aestivum (a.&b. Fruiting body, c. spore) Morphology of Tuber aestivum Common name Truffle Basidiocarp size 3.2×2.6 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Hard Flesh odor Pleasant Surface character and zonation Glabrous and dry in nature Pileus color Brownish White color cap Pileus cuticle Not peeling Cap shape Flat Cap of the carpophore Infundibuliform Cap edge Irregular Presence of stipe Absent

38 Veil Absent Annulus Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Absent Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Reddish brown Spore wall Single Spore shape Smooth and slightly elongated Spore size 6.2×4.4μm Ecology of Tuber aestivum Habitat On bark wood of Dahlia plant Forest type Mixed Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Less moist weather

39 a b

20 μm c d

Figure 7.Ganoderma lucidum (a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. Fruiting body, d. spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma lucidum Common name Lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 7.5×6.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky and woody Pileus color Dark red with White margin Cap shape Kidney or funnel shaped Cap edge Curved and smooth Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 0.9 ×0.7cm Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent

40 Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Spore color Brown Spore wall Single, thick walled Spore shape Ellipsoid Spore size 9.1 × 7.5μm Ecology of Ganoderma lucidum Habitat On root of Sisso (Dalbergia sissoo) Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

41 a b

d 20 μm c Figure 8. Ganoderma lucidum (a. & c.Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma lucidum Common name lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 3.4×3.3 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky, brittle and woody Flesh odour Pleasant Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Firmness Solid Pileus color Dark brown Cap shape Umbilicate Cap edge Incurved Presence of gills Absent

42 Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color Brown Pore spacing Crowded Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brownish Spore wall single, thick walled Spore shape Unicellular Spore size 5.2 × 4.8μm Ecology of Ganoderma lucidum Habitat On bark of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

20 μm a b . Figure9. Ganoderma boninense (a.Fruiting body, b.spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma boninense Common name Lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 4.3×2.9 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Brittle and woody Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Pileus color White color cap Cap shape Concave Cap edge Round

43 Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 3.2 ×0.9cm Stipe color Chocolaty Stipe position Central Stipe firmness Solid Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall Single Spore shape Smooth and elongated Spore size 8.4 × 5.7μm Ecology of Ganoderma boninense Habitat On dead root of mango tree(Mangiferaindica) Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather /

44 a b /

c 20 μm Figure 10.Ganoderma tsugae (a. & b.Fruiting body, c.spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma tsugae Common name Hemlock vernish self Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 3.8×2.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Brittle and woody Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Pileus color Lower part brick red with White color top Cap shape depressed Cap edge Incurved Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 3.2 ×0.9cm Stipe color chocolaty Stipe position central Stipe firmness solid Presence of gills Absent

45 Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall Single, thin walled Spore shape Smooth and slightly elongated Spore size 7.3 × 2.9μm

Ecology of Ganoderma tsugae Habitat On root of dead plant, Mehogony Forest type Leaved Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b 20 μm Figure 11.Ganoderma tsugae (a.Fruiting body, b.spore) Common name. Rishi mushroom Family .Ganodermataceae Macroscopic character Color Whitish brown Basidiocarp size 8.6×3.4cm Spore bearing surface undewr cap Ridge Pileus Present Cap of the carpophore Umbonate Pileus color Tinted whitish brown

46 Surface character and zonation Dry, hard Pileus margin Very irregular Pileus cuticle Not peeling Texture of the fruiting body Tough, woody Flesh odor Agreeable Lamellae Absent Stipe Absent Veil Absent Annulus(position) Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent umbo Absent Microscopic character Spore color Brown Spore shape Ellipsoidal Spore wall Single walled Spore size 5.2×3.1µm Ecology Habitat On wood of Dalbergia sissoo Forest type Leaved Type of association Loosely associated Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence in specific Un-abundant habitat

47 b a

c 20 μm

Figure 12. Ganoderma pfeifferi (a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma pfeifferi Common name Hemlock vernish self Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 3.8×2.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Brittle and woody Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Pileus color Black Cap shape depressed Cap edge incurved Presence of gills Absent

48 Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color Brown Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall Single, thin walled Spore shape Smooth and ellipsoidal Spore size 6.3 × 4.9μm

Ecology of Ganoderma pfeifferi Habitat On root of dead plant, Sissoo(Dalbergia sissoo) Forest type Leaved Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

49 a b

c 20 μm Figure 13. Ganoderma lipsiense (a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma lipsiense Common name Reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 8.1×6.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky and tough Surface character and zonation Dry, slightly zonate, solitary, rigid

Pileus color coffy Cap shape flat Cap edge incurved Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color Milky coffee Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall Single, thin walled Spore shape Smooth and ellipsoid Spore size 5.8 × 3.4μm

50 Ecology of Ganoderma lipsiense Habitat On bark of tree Forest type Leaved Trees on which these mushroom grow Neem (Azadirachtaindica) Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant Type of soil Sandy Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b

20 μm c d Figure14.Ganoderma zonatum (a.&c.Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

51 Morphology of Ganoderma zonatum Common name lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 3.4×3.3 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky, brittle and woody Flesh odour pleasant Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Firmness Solid Pileus color Milky White to creamy Cap shape Umbilicate Cap edge Incurved Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color Brown Pore spacing Crowded Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brownish Spore wall single, thick walled Spore shape unicellular Spore size 5.2 × 4.8μm Ecology of Ganoderma zonatum Habitat On bark of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Forest type Leaved Type of association Closely associated on bark of the tree Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

52 20 μm a b

Figure 15.Ganoderma applanatum (a.Fruiting body, b.spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma applanatum Common name Basil decay, lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 15.5×8.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky, brittle and woody Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Pileus color Shiny reddish to brownish-orange Cap shape flat Cap edge incurved Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color Whitish, brown when aged Pore spacing Moderately crowded Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brownish Spore wall Single, thick walled Spore shape Rough, ellipsoid Spore size 6.2 × 4.8μm Ecology of Ganoderma applanatum Habitat On bark of Golden shower (Acacia auriculiformis)

53 Forest type Leveled Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b

c 20 μm Figure 16.Ganoderma applanatum (a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

Common name.Reishi mushroom Family .Ganodermataceae Macroscopic Character of Ganoderma applanatum Color Reddish brown Basidiocarp size 4.6×6.5cm Spore bearing surface undewr cap Pore Pileus Present Cap of the carpophore Flat Pileus color Reddish brown Surface character and zonation Dry Pileus margin Irregular Pileus cuticle Not peeling

54 Texture of the fruiting body Brittle, woody Flesh odor Pleasant Lamellae Absent Stipe Absent Veil Absent Annulus(position) Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent umbo Absent Microscopic Character of Ganoderma applanatum Spore color Brown Spore shape Ellipsoidal Spore wall Single Spore size 5.3×6.2µm Ecology of Ganoderma applanatum Habitat On soil Forest type Mixed Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence in specific Abundant habitat

55 a b

c d

20 μm e Figure 17.Ganoderma applanatum(a., b.&c.Fruiting body, d. pore, e. spore)

Common name. Rishi mushroom Family .Ganodermataceae Macroscopic Character of Ganoderma applanatum Color Reddish brown with White color border Basidiocarp size 15.3×9.3cm Spore bearing surface undewr cap Pore

56 Pileus Present Cap of the carpophore Flat infundibuliform Pileus color Reddish brown Surface character and zonation Cracking, dry Pileus margin Irregular Pileus cuticle Not peeling Texture of the fruiting body Brittle, woody Flesh odor Agreeable Lamellae Absent Stipe Absent Veil Absent Annulus(position) Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent umbo Absent Microscopic Character of Ganoderma applanatum Spore color Brown Spore shape Unicellular, smooth, ellipsoidal Spore wall Single Spore size 4.2×3.1µm Ecology of Ganoderma applanatum Habitat On root of Babla (Acacia nilotica) Forest type Mixed Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence in specific Un-abundant habitat

57 a b 20 μm Figure18. Ganoderma resinaceum (a.Fruiting body, b.spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma resinaceum Common name Basil decay, lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 10.3×7.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Spongy, leathery and woody Surface character and zonation Smooth and leathery, moist Flesh odor Unpleasant Pileus color Velvety with White border Cap shape Regular Cap edge incurved Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore on hymenium Pore color Whitish, brown when aged Pore spacing Crowded Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brownish Spore wall Single, thick walled Spore shape Rough, ellipsoidal Spore size 12.6 × 10.2μm Ecology of Ganodermaresinaceum Habitat On bark of Golden shower (Acacia auriculiformis) Forest type Leveled Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant

58 Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

b a

c 20 μm Figure19. Ganoderma sp.(a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma sp. Common name lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 3.4×3.3 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky, brittle and woody Flesh odour pleasant Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Firmness Solid Pileus color Brownish black Cap shape Umbilicate

59 Cap edge Incurved Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color Dirty black Pore spacing Crowded Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brownish Spore wall single, thick walled Spore shape unicellular Spore size 5.2 × 4.8μm Ecology of Ganoderma sp. Habitat On bark of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam

60 a b

c 20 μm Figure 20. Ganoderma sp.(a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

Morphology of Ganoderma sp. Common name lingzhi or reishi mushroom Family Ganodermataceae Basidiocarp size 3.4×3.3 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Corky, brittle and woody Flesh odour pleasant Surface character and zonation Dry in nature Firmness Solid Pileus color Milky White to creamy Cap shape Umbilicate Cap edge Incurved Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color Brown Pore spacing Crowded Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brownish

61 Spore wall single, thick walled Spore shape unicellular Spore size 5.2 × 4.8μm Ecology of Ganoderma sp. Habitat On bark of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b 20 μm Figure 21. Agaricus bisporus (a.Fruiting body, b.spore)

Morphology of Agaricus bisporus Common name Button mushroom Family Agaricaceae Basidiocarp size 0.6×0.7 cm Texture of Basidiocarp spongy Flesh odor disagreeable Surface character and zonation Glabrous Pileus color White Pileus cuticle Not peeling Cap shape concave Cap of the carpophore Umbonate Cap edge Incurved, slightly dentate Presence of stipe Present

62 Stipe’s area 3.2 ×0.9cm Stipe color White Stipe firmness Narrow and tubular Stipe position central Stipe shape Equal Surface characteristics Moist Veil Present Annulus Present Volva Absent Scale Present Umbo Convex well shaped Presence of gills Present Gill color White Gill shape and width Narrow Gill attachment Adnexed Gill spacing Crowded Forking pattern unbranched Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and elongated Spore size 7.7 × 5.2μm

Ecology of Agaricus bisporus Habitat On bark of Banyan tree Forest type Mixed Habit Scatterd Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

63 a b

c 20 μm d Figure22. Ramariopsis kunzei(a. Fruiting body, b.& c. pore, d. spore)

Morphology of Ramariopsis kunzei Common name White coral Family Clavariaceae Basidiocarp size 5.5×2.5 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Spongy Surface character and zonation fibrillous Pileus color White Cap shape bushy Cap edge Rimose \ cracked Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 2.5 ×0.9cm Stipe color White Stipe position central Stipe firmness solid Presence of gills Absent

64 Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of ring or anal Absent Presence of volva Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Light Brown Spore wall Double, thin walled Spore shape Smooth and round Spore size 2.6 μm Ecology of Ramariopsis kunzei Habitat On soil Forest type Mixed Habit Scatterd Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

65 a b

c 20 μm Figure 23. Hypholoma fasciculare (a. & b. Fruiting body, c.spore)

Morphology of Hypholoma fasciculare Common name Clustered woodlover Family Strophariaceae Basidiocarp size 0.6×0.7 cm Texture of Basidiocarp spongy Flesh odor disagreeable Surface character and zonation Glabrous Pileus color White Pileus cuticle Not peeling Cap shape concave Cap of the carpophore Umbonate Cap edge Incurved, slightly dentate Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 3.2 ×0.9cm Stipe color White Stipe firmness Narrow and tubular Stipe position central Stipe shape Equal

66 Surface characteristics Moist Veil Present Annulus Present Volva Absent Scale Present Umbo Convex well shaped Presence of gills Present Gill color White Gill shape and width Narrow Gill attachment Adnexed Gill spacing Crowded Forking pattern unbranched Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and elongated Spore size 7.7 × 5.2μm

Ecology of Hypholoma fasciculare Habitat On bark of Banyan tree Forest type Mixed Habit Scatterd Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

67 a b 20 μm Figure24. Crepidotus variabilis (a.Fruiting body, b. spore)

Morphology of Crepidotus variabilis Common name Variable oyesterling Family crepidotaceae Basidiocarp size 2.7×2.2 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Soft, flesh fiberous Surface character and zonation Scaly and dry Pileus color Creamy White Cap shape flat Cap edge incurved Presence of stipe Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath Present the cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall Single, thin walled Spore shape Smooth and ovid Spore size 9.8 × 7.8μm Ecology of Crepidotus variabilis Habitat On bark of tree Forest type Leveled Trees on which these mushroom Coconut tree( Cocosnucifera) grow Habit Caespitose cluster

68 Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant

Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b

c 20 μm Figure 25.Pycnoporus sanguineus (a. Fruiting body, b. pore, c. spore)

69 Morphology of Pycnoporus sanguineus Common name Bracket fungi Family Polyporaceae Basidiocarp size 3.1×6.2 cm Pileus color Deep orange Cap shape Concave, flat Cap edge smoothy round Pore color Red Presence of stipe Absent Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Present under the cap Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Absent cap) Spore color Brown and red Spore wall single Spore shape Smoothy round Spore size 5.31 × 4.23μm

Ecology of Pycnoporus sanguineus Habitat On dead bark wood of Mehogoni(Swietenia macrophylla) Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

70 a b

c 20 μm Figure 26. Volvariella volvacea (a. Gills, b. fruiting body, c. spore)

Morphology of Volvariella volvacea Common name Paddy straw mushroom Family Pluteaceae Basidiocarp size 12.5×5.7 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Soft and spongy Surface character and zonation Moist, fibrillous and leathery Pileus color White color cap Cap shape convex Cap edge Dentate Presence of stipe Present Stipe size 6.1 ×2.4cm Stipe color White Stipe position central Stipe firmness soft Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Gills(lamellae) Present Gill color Creamy

71 Ring or anal Absent Volva Present Pore color White Spore color Brown Spore wall Single walled Spore shape Smooth and ellipsoidal Spore size 7.2 × 3.7μm

Ecology of Volvariella volvacea Habitat On humus Forest type Mixed Trees on which these mushrooms grow Acacia auriculiformis Habit Scatterd Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b 20 μm Figure 27. Lepiota atrodisca (a.Fruiting body, b.spore)

Morphology of Lepiota atrodisca Family Agaricaceae Basidiocarp size 1.3×1.2 cm Texture of Basidiocarp spongy Flesh odor disagreeable Surface character and zonation Cracking Pileus color White color cap Cap shape concave Cap of the carpophore Umbonate

72 Cap edge Incurved, slightly dentate Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 3.2 ×0.9cm Stipe color White Stipe firmness Narrow and tubular Stipe position central Stipe shape Equal Surface characteristics Moist Veil Present Annulus Present Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Convex well shaped Presence of gills Present Gill color White Gill shape and width Narrow Gill attachment Emarginate Gill spacing close Forking pattern unbranched Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and elongated Spore size 7.4 × 5.3μm

Ecology of Lepiota atrodisca Habitat On dead bark of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Forest type Leaved Type of association Closely associated on bark of the tree Habit Caespitose cluster Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moist weather

73 20 μm a b Figure28. Schizophyllum commune (a.Fruiting body,b. spore)

Morphology of Schizophyllum commune Common name Pasi Family Schizophyllaceae Basidiocarp size 2.1×1.8 cm Texture of Basidiocarp spongy Flesh odor disagreeable Surface character and zonation Leathery Pileus color Creamy White Cap shape convex Cap of the carpophore Flat infundibuliform Cap edge Incurved, wavy Presence of stipe Absent Veil Present Annulus Absent Volva Absent Scale Present Umbo Convex well shaped Presence of gills Present Gill color Light brown Gill shape and width Narrow Gill attachment Subdecurrent Gill spacing close Forking pattern Branched Presence of pseudostem Absent Pore color White

74 Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and round Spore size 4.5 × 4.3μm

Ecology of Schizophyllum commune Habitat On dead bark of Banyan tree Forest type Leaved Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

a b 20 μm Figure 29. Dictyophora indusiata (a.Fruiting body,b. spore)

Morphology of Dictyophora indusiata Common name Bamboo fungus Family Phallaceae Basidiocarp size 2.3×2.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp soft Flesh odor disagreeable Surface character and zonation Smooth, glabrous Pileus color Violate color cap Pileus cuticle Not peeling Cap shape Flat Cap of the carpophore Flat

75 Cap edge Incurved Presence of stipe Present Stipe size 0.9 ×0.4cm Stipe color violate Stipe firmness Narrow and tubular Stipe position central Stipe shape Equal Surface characteristics Moist Veil Present Annulus Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Present, convex well shaped Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color Violate Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and elongated Spore size 7.2× 5.4μm

Ecology of Dictyophora indusiata Habitat On bark wood of Bamboo (Bambosa vulgaris) Forest type Mixed Habit Scattered Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Loam

Factors affecting their distribution More moist weather

76 20 μm a b Figure 30. Pleurotus porrigens (a.Fruiting body,b. spore)

Morphology of Pleurotus porrigens Common name Angel wing Family Marasmiaceae Basidiocarp size 4.2×3.6 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Soft Flesh odor disagreeable Surface character and zonation Leathery Pileus color White color cap Pileus cuticle Not peeling Cap shape Flat Cap of the carpophore infundibuliform Cap edge Incurved Presence of stipe Absent Veil Absent Annulus Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Present Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Reddish brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and slightly elongated Spore size 6.2×4.4μm

77 Ecology of Pleurotus porrigens Habitat On bark wood of Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) Forest type Mixed Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution More moist weather

20 μm a b Figure 31. Marasmius oreades (a.Fruiting body,b. spore)

Morphology of Marasmius oreades Common name Family Marasmiaceae Basidiocarp size 3.5×2.4 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Soft and spongy Pileus color Creamy yellow Cap shape Suncane Cap edge wavy round Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 0.9 ×0.2cm Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Absent cap) Presence of ridge Present Ridge color yellow Spore color Brown Spore wall single

78 Spore shape Irregular, oval Spore size 5.21 × 5.12μm Ecology of Marasmius oreades Habitat On soil Forest type leaved Habit Caespitose cluster Constancy of occurrence on the host Scattered Type of soil Clay loam Factors affecting their distribution moist weather

a b

c 20 μm Figure 32.Gymnopilus purpuratus (a.Fruiting body, b. gills, c. spore)

Morphology of Gymnopilus purpuratus Basidiocarp size 0.9×0.8 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Soft Flesh odor Pleasant

79 Surface character and zonation Soft, smooth and moist in nature Pileus color White color cap Cap shape concave Cap of the carpophore Umbonate Cap edge Incurved, slightly dentate Presence of stipe Present Stipe’s area 3.1 ×0.5cm Stipe color White Stipe firmness Narrow and tubular Stipe position central Stipe shape Equal Surface characteristics Moist Veil Present Annulus Present Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Convex well shaped Presence of gills Present Gill color White Gill shape and width Narrow Gill attachment Emarginate Gill spacing close Forking pattern unbranched Presence of pseudostem Absent Presence of hymenophore (beneath the Present cap) Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and elongated Spore size 7.4 × 5.3μm

Ecology of Gymnopilus purpuratus Habitat On humus Forest type Leaved Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence on the host Un-abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Less moist weather

80 a b 20 μm Figure 33. Amanita bisporigera (a.Fruiting body,b. spore) Common name.Destroying angel Family .Amanitaceae Macroscopic character of Amanita bisporigera Color White Basidiocarp size 2.7×2.8cm Spore bearing surface undewr cap Gills Pileus Present Cap of the carpophore Umbonate Pileus color Creamy White Surface character and zonation Glabrous Pileus margin Dentate Pileus cuticle Not peeling Texture of the fruiting body Soft Flesh odor Fragrant Lamellae Present Gill attachment Adnexed Gill color Brown Shape and width Narrow Gill spacing Crowded Forking pattern Branched Stipe Present Size 2.8×0.3cm Shape Equal Position Central Surface characteristics Dry Color Brown

81 Firmness Narrow, tubular Veil Prsent Annulus(position) Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Absent Microscopic character of Amanita bisporigera Spore color Whitish brown Spore shape Cylindrical Spore wall Single walled Spore size 4.5×3.7µm Ecology of Amanita bisporigera Habitat On debris Forest type Mixed Habit Solitary Constancy of occurrence in specific Un-abundant habitat

a b 20 μm Figure 34. Unidentified mushroom (a.Fruiting body,b. spore)

Morphology of unidentified mushroom Basidiocarp size 3.2×2.6 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Hard Flesh odor Pleasant Surface character and zonation Glabrous and dry in nature Pileus color Brownish White color cap Pileus cuticle Not peeling

82 Cap shape Flat Cap of the carpophore infundibuliform Cap edge Irregular Presence of stipe Absent Veil Absent Annulus Absent Volva Absent Scale Absent Umbo Absent Presence of gills Absent Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Pore Pore color White Presence of ridge Absent Spore color Reddish brown Spore wall single Spore shape Smooth and slightly elongated Spore size 6.2×4.4μm Ecology of unidentified mushroom Habitat On dead bark wood of Azadirachta indica (Neem) tree Forest type Mixed Habit Scattered and somewhat in caespitose cluster Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Loam Factors affecting their distribution Dry weather

83 a b

c 20 μm Figure 35. Unidentified mushroom (a.Gills, b.fruiting body,c. spore) Morphology of unidentified mushroom Basidiocarp size 6.5×5.7 cm Texture of Basidiocarp Brittle Surface character and zonation Moist and leathery Pileus color Deep brown color cap Cap shape Depressed Cap edge Wavy Presence of stipe Present Stipe size 4.1×0.8cm Stipe color Deep brown Stipe position central Stipe firmness Solid Presence of pseudostem Absent Spore bearing surface under cap Ridge Gills(lamellae) Present Gill color Brown Ring or anal Absent

84 Volva Absent Gill spacing Crowded Spore color Brown Spore wall Single walled Spore shape Smooth and round Spore size 4.2 × 3.7μm

Ecology of unidentified mushroom Habitat On dead bark wood of Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) Forest type Mixed Habit Caespitose cluster Constancy of occurrence on the host Abundant Type of soil Sandy loam Factors affecting their distribution Moderately moist weather

85 Detailed study was done in five locations namely National Botanical Garden, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake, Boldha Garden and National Zoo from which samples under 18 Macro fungi genera and 18 families were collected. For example, Trametes versicolor was recorded from 3 places namely Romna Park, Boldha Garden and National Zoo. Daedaleopsis confragosa was collected from two locations namely National Botanical Garden and Dhanmondi Lake. Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor was also collected from National Botanical Garden and Dhanmondi Lake. Pycnoporus sanguineus was recorded only from National Zoo. Marasmius oreades was recorded from National Botanical Garden and Boldha garden. This kind of information about the occurrence of woody and fleshy macro fungi was tabulized in table 3. In table 4, Macro fungi genera recorded from National Botanical Garden were tabulized and shown in a pie chart (Figure 36). From this pie chart, it was clearly visible that the polypore genus in National Botanical Garden was Ganoderma, the nearest second one was Daedaleopsis sp., the third one was Amanita. The Macro fungi genera identified from Ramna Park were tabulized in table no.5 and demonstrated in a bar graph (Figure 37). In table 5, Macro fungi genera collected from Dhanmondi Lake were tabulized and this data was used in preparing an area graph (Figure 38). From this area chart, it was seen that the polypore genus in Dhanmondi Lake was Ramariopsis, the second one was Ganoderma, third one was Daedaleopsis. Macro fungi genera collected from Boldha Garden were shown in table 6 and demonstrated in an another bar graph (Figure 39). From this graph, it was clearly noticeable that the predominant genus in Boldha Garden was Ganoderma, the nearest second one was Agaricus, third one was Lepiota, Dictyophora and Pleurotus. In table 7, Macro fungi genera collected from National Zoo were tabulized and this data was used in making another pie chart (Figure 40). From this pie chart, it was clearly visible that the predominant genus in National zoo was Ganoderma, the nearest second one was Crepidotus, third one was Amanita.

86 Table 3. Occurrence of woody and fleshy macro fungi in different parks and gardens in Dhaka

Name of collected Number of samples Samples National Romna Dhanmondi Boldha National Total Botanical Park Lake Garden Zoo Garden Trametes versicolor - 1 - 1 1 3 Daedaleopsis 2 1 - 2 5 confragosa Daedaleopsis 2 - 2 - - 4 confragosa var. tricolor Pycnoporus sanguineus - - - - 2 2 Marasmius oreades 1 - - 2 - 3 Ganoderma lucidum 2 2 1 3 1 9 Ganoderma lucidum - - 1 2 1 4 Ganoderma boninense 1 - - - 1 2 Ganoderma tsugae 1 2 3 - - 6 Ganoderma tsugae - - - - 1 1 Ganoderma pfeifferi 1 2 - - - 3 Ganoderma lipsiense 1 1 - - - 2 Ganoderma zonatum 2 1 - - 1 4 Ganoderma applanatum 2 1 - 2 5 Ganoderma applanatum 2 - - - 1 3 Ganoderma applanatum - 2 - - - 2 Ganoderma resinaceum 1 1 - - 3 5 Ganoderma sp. - 1 - - - 1 Ganoderma sp. - 1 - - 2 3 Amanita bisporigera 4 - - - 3 7 Crepidotus variabilis 3 - - - 4 7 Hypholoma fasciculare 1 - - - 1 2 Ramariopsis kunzei - - 15 - - 15 Daldinia concentrica 2 - - - 1 3 Volvariella volvacea 2 2 1 - 1 6 Lepiota atrodisca - - 1 1 Schizophyllum commune - 1 - - 2 3 Dictyophora indusiata - - - 1 2 3 Pleurotus porrigens 2 - 1 - - 3 Tuber aestivum - 1 - 1 - 2 Gymnopilus purpuratus - - - - 2 2

87 Agaricus bisporus 1 - 2 2 1 6 Unidentified -1 1 - - - 1 Unidentified -2 4 - - - - 4 Total 37 19 28 12 35 131

Table 4. Macro fungi genera found in National Botanical Garden

Macro fungi genera Number of In In degrees for found in National samples percentage(%) pie chart Botanical garden Daedaleopsis sp. 4 10.25 36.9 Marasmius oreades 1 2.57 9.25 Ganoderma sp. 13 33.33 119.99 Amanita bisporigera 4 10.25 36.9 Crepidotus variabilis 3 7.69 27.68 Hypholoma 1 2.57 9.25 fasciculare Daldinia concentrica 2 5.13 18.47 Volvariella volvacea 2 5.13 18.47 Pleurotus porrigens 2 5.13 18.47 Agaricus bisporus 1 2.57 9.25 Unidentified 4 10.25 36.9 mushroom Total 39 100 360

88 Daedaleopdis 2.57% 2.57% 10.25% 10.25% Marasmius 5.13% Ganoderma 5.13% Amanita 5.13% Crepidotus 33.33% Hypholoma 7.69% Daldinia 2.57% 10.25% Volvariella Pleurotus Agaricus unidentified

Figure 36. Macro fungi genera found in Botanical garden showing in pie chart

From the above pie chart, it was clearly visible that the polypore Macro fungi genera in National Botanical Garden was Ganoderma, the nearest second were Daedaleopsis and Amanita,third one was Crepidotus and rest were Daldinia, Volvariella, Pleurotus, Agaricus, Marasmius, respectively. Table 5. Macro fungi genera found in Ramna Park

Macro fungi Number of In percentage(%) genera found in samples Romna Park Trametes 1 5.26 Ganoderma 13 68.43 Volvariella 2 10.53 Schizophyllum 1 5.26 Tuber 1 5.26 Unidentified 1 5.26 Total 19 100

89 68.43% 70

60

50 40 30 20 5.26% 10 10.53% 0 5.26% 5.26% Trametes Ganoderma Volvariella Schizophyllum Tuber

Figure 37. Macro fungi genera collected from Romna Park shown in Bar graph

From the bar graph, it was clearly seen that the polypore genus was Ganoderma, the second one was Volvariella, third one were Trametes, Schizophyllum, Tuber. Table 6. Macro fungi genera collected from Dhanmondi Lake

Macro fungi genera No. of species In percentage(%) collected from Dhanmondi Lake Daedaleopsis 3 10.71 Ganoderma 6 21.43 Ramariopsis 15 53.57 Volvariella 1 3.57 Pleurotus 1 3.57 Agaricus 2 7.15 Total 28 100.00

90 60

50

40

30 53.57%

20

10 21.43% 10.71% 7.15% 3.57% 3.57% 0 Daedaleopsis Ganoderma Ramariopsis Volvariella Pleurotus Agaricus

Figure 38. Macro fungi genera found in Dhanmondilake shown in Area graph

From the area graph, it was clearly noticeable that, the polypore genus was Ramariopsis, second one was Ganoderma, third one was Agaricus.

Table7. Macro fungi genera collected from Boldha Garden

Macro fungi No. of species In percentage(%) genera collected from Boldha Garden Trametes 1 7.69 Marasmius 2 15.39 Ganoderma 5 38.46 Lepiota 1 7.69 Dictyophora 1 7.69 Pleurotus 1 7.69 Agaricus 2 15.39 Total 13 100.00

91 38.46% 40 35 30 25 20 15.39% 15.39% 15 7.69% 7.69% 7.69% 7.69% 10 5 0

Figure 39. Macro fungi genera collected from Boldha Garden shown in Bar graph

From the above bar graph, it was seen that the highest frequent genus was Ganoderma, second one was Agaricus and Marasmius, third one were Trametes, Lepiota, Dictyophora, Pleurotus. Table 8. Macro fungi genera collected from National Zoo

Macro fungi genera No. of In In degree’s conversion found in National Zoo samples percentage(%) Trametes 1 2.86 10.3 Daedaleopsis 2 5.71 20.6 Pycnoporus 2 5.71 20.6 Ganoderma 13 37.14 133.6 Amanita 3 8.57 30.8 Crepidotus 4 11.44 41.1 Hypholoma 1 2.86 10.3 Daldinia 1 2.86 10.3 Volvariella 1 2.86 10.3 Schizophyllum 2 5.71 20.6 Dictyophora 2 5.71 20.6 Gymnopilus 2 5.71 20.6 Agaricus 1 2.86 10.3 Total 35 100.00 360.0

92 10.3 10.3 Trametes

5.71% 5.71% Daedaleopsis 5.71% 5.71% Pycnoporus Ganoderma 5.71% Amanita 2.86% Crepidotus 2.86% Hypholoma 2.86% Daldinia 37.14% 11.44% Volvariella Schizophyllum 8.57% Daldinia Gymnopilus

Figure 40.Macro fungi genera found in National Zoo shown in Pie chart

From the graphs shown above, we see the predominant Macro fungi genera in National zoo is Ganoderma, second one was Crepidotus, third one was Amanita. Table 9. Density calculation of macro fungi collected from survey areas under Dhaka city

Species collected from survey Total number Density(%) areas of samples collected from survey areas Trametes versicolor 3 2.26 Daedaleopsis confragosa 5 3.76 Daedaleopsis confragosa var. 4 3.1 tricolor Pycnoporus sanguineus 2 1.5 Marasmius oreades 3 2.25 Ganoderma lucidum 9 6.77 Ganoderma lucidum 4 3.1 Ganoderma boninense 2 1.5 Ganoderma tsugae 6 4.5 Ganoderma tsugae 1 0.76 Ganoderma pfeifferi 3 2.25

93 Ganoderma lipsiense 2 1.5 Ganoderma zonatum 4 3.1 Ganoderma applanatum 5 3.76 Ganoderma applanatum 3 2.26 Ganoderma applanatum 2 1.5 Ganoderma resinaceum 5 3.76 Ganoderma sp. 1 0.76 Ganoderma sp. 3 2.25 Amanita bisporigera 7 5.26 Crepidotus variabilis 7 5.26 Hypholoma fasciculare 2 1.5 Ramariopsis kunzei 15 11.28 Daldinia concentrica 3 2.25 Volvariella volvacea 6 4.5 Lepiota atrodisca 1 0.76 Schizophyllum commune 3 2.25 Dictyophora indusiata 3 2.25 Pleurotus porrigens 3 2.25 Tuber aestivum 2 1.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus 2 1.5 Agaricus bisporus 6 4.5 Unidentified -1 1 0.76 Unidentified -2 4 3.1 Total 131 100.0

94 Table 8. Systematic classification of collected specimens from kingdom to species

Kingdom Phyllum Class Order Family Genus Species Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Polyporaceae Trametes Trametes versicolor Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Polyporales Polyporaceae Daedaleopsis Daedaleopsis confragosa Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Polyporales Polyporaceae Pycnoporus Pycnoporus sanguineus Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Marasmiaceae Marasmius Marasmius oreades Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Polyporales Ganodermatace Ganoderma Ganoderma ae lucidum Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Amanitaceae Amanita Amanita bisporigera Fungi Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes Agaricales Crepidotaceae Crepidotus Crepidotus variabilis

Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Strophariaceae Hypholoma Hypholoma fasciculare Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Clavariaceae Ramariopsis Ramariopsis kunzei Fungi Ascomycota Ascomycetes Xylariaceae Daldinia Daldinia concentrica Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Pluteaceae Volvariella Volvariella volvacea Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae Lepiota Lepiota atrodisca Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Schizophyllacea Schizophyllum Schizophyllum e commune Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Phallales Phallaceae Dictyophora Dictyophora indusiata

Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Pleurotaceae Pleurotus Pleurotus porrigens Fungi Ascomycota Pezizales Tuberaceae Tuber Tuber aestivum Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Strophariaceae Gymnopilus Gymnopilus purpuratus Fungi Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes Agaricales Agaricaceae Agaricus Agaricus bisporus

95 Detailed survey was carried out in five (5) parks and gardens of Dhaka city namely National Botanical Garden, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake, Boldha Garden and National Zoo to collect different kinds of wild macrofungi, to study biodiversity, morphology, habitat and abundance of collected specimens. A total of 44 samples were collected and identified to 18 genera under 18 families. 27 species were recorded. Among them, two species were under Daedaleopsis genus, nine (9) species were under Ganoderma genus, rest species were under sixteen (16) genera namely Trametes, Pycnoporus, Marasmius, Amanita, Crepidotus, Hypholoma, Ramariopsis, Daldinia, Volvariella, Lepiota, Schizophyllum, Dictyophora, Pleurotus, Tuber and Gymnopilus. In present study, Trametes versicolor was found in Romna Park, Boldha Garden and in National Zoo in association with Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogoni) with a frequency and density of 4.05% and 2.26%, respectively. Das and Aminuzzaman (2017) found this species on dead logs of Cocos nucifera (Coconut) tree with 25% frequency and 4.55% density in mangrove forest regions of Bangladesh. Marzana et.al. (2018) also found this species associated with Albizia lebbeck tree with 22.22% frequency and 13.89% density. In another study, Rumainul and Aminuzzaman (2016) found this species in association with Albizia procera (Royal siris) tree. Trametes versicolor was also reported from Bangalore (Karnataka) of India and found medicinal importance (Pushpa et.al., 2012). It was first described by Elias magnus fries in 1835. This genus has a widespread distribution and contains fifty species (Kirk et.al., 2008). This genus was also found in India (Thiribhuvanamala et. al., 2011). In this survey, two species of Daedaleopsis namely Daedaleopsis versicolor and Daedaleopsis versicolor var. tricolor were found in National Botanical Garden, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo. Daedaleopsis sp. was also reported in Pakistan by Farooq et.al. (2013). Daedaleopsis confragosa was recorded in

96 association with Albizia procera (Koroi). Rubina et.al. (2017) identified this species on wood of Acacia auriculiformis (Golden shower) and recorded its density as 5%. The frequency and density of Daedaleopsis confragosa were 4.05% and 3.76% respectively. Das and Aminuzzaman (2017) found one species of Daedaleopsis confragosa with highest frequency of 75% in Mangrove forest regions of Bangladesh. In present study, Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor was collected from bark wood of Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil-Ipil) tree which was supported by Rumainul and Aminuzzaman (2016). Rumainul and Aminuzzaman (2016) also found this species associated with Acacia auriculiformis (Ipil-Ipil) at central and northern biosphere reserved areas of tropical moist deciduous forest region of Bangladesh. In present study, frequency and density of Daedaleopsis confragosa var. tricolor were 2.70% and 3.1% respectively. Daedaleopsis sp. is widely distributed genus containing six species (Kirk et. al., 2008). This species was also reported in tropical moist deciduous forest of Bangladesh (Rumainul et al., 2015). This genus was first reported from Europe in 1791. In this present survey, Daldinia concentrica was found in National Botanical Garden and in National Zoo on dead bark wood of Acacia auriculiformis (Golden shower). Daldinia concentrica was previously reported from Babugonj of Barisal district in southern region of Bangladesh with a frequency and the density of 6.25% and 18.60%, respectively. But this species was recorded in association with Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogani) tree in southern region of Bangladesh with 6.25% frequency and 18.60% density (Rashid et.al., 2016). In another study, Das and Aminuzzaman (2017) found this species on dead logs of Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogani). This species were also found in Navsari, south Gujarat, in India (Chandulal et al., 2013). In present study, the recorded frequency and density of its presence were 2.7% and 2.25%, respectively.

97 Tuber aestivum was found in Romna Park and Boldha Garden in association with Dahlia sp. (Dahlia) plant which was supported by Rumainul et.al. (2015) and Rumainul and Aminuzzaman (2016). Rashid et.al. (2016) found this species associated with Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogani). The frequency and density of collected species were 2.70% and 1.5% respectively. Tuber sp., Volvariella sp., are widely distributed (Kirk et. al., 2008) whereas, Tuber sp. was found in almost all European countries (Hall et. al. 2007). In present study, Ganoderma lucidum was found in every survey area associated with Azadirachta indica (Neem). Ganoderma lucidum was recorded in association with Albizia procera (Koroi) and Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso) reported by Aminuzzaman and Das (2017) and Rubina et. al. (2017). Rumainul et.al. (2015) also recorded six species of Ganoderma namely Ganoderma lucidum, G. boninense, G. tsugae, G. zonatum, G. applanatum and G. resinaceum from tropical moist deciduous forest region of Bangladesh in association with Leucaena leucocephala, Bambusa vulgaris, Acacia auriculiformis, Swietenia mahagoni, Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia auriculiformis tree, respectively. They found these species at Rajshahi, Pabna, Jaipurhat and Dhaka district of the tropical moist deciduous forest region in Bangladesh. In another study Marzana et. al. (2018) found Ganoderma lucidum in association with Tectona grandis (Shegun) tree in Kaptai, Rangamati of Chittagong Hill tracts under tropical evergreen and semi- evergreen forest of Bangladesh. In another study Rumainul et. al. (2015) found this species in association with Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil-Ipil) and Acacia auriculiformis (Golder shower) under tropical moist deciduous forest region of Bangladesh. Marzana et al. (2018) found this species from Chittagong Hill tracts with a frequency and density of 11.11% and 2.78% respectively. But Das and Aminuzzaman (2017) described the species from Bogra district under social forest region of Bangladesh with a frequency and density of 75% and 25%, respectively.

98 Rubina et. al. (2017) found this species from national botanical garden, Dhaka, Bangladesh with a density of 25%.The difference in frequency and density of the species might be due to the difference in geographic area of the collection sites. In present study, the frequency and density of its presence were 6.76% and 6.77%, respectively. In present study, Ganoderma boninense was found in National Botanical Garden and in National Zoo in association with Mangifera indica (Mango) tree which was supported by Rubina et. al., (2017). Ganoderma boninense was also recorded in association with Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso) tree (Aminuzzaman and Das, 2017) in social forest rgions of Bangladesh. This species also found associated with Bambusa sp. (Rumainul et. al., 2015). In present study,he frequency and density of its presence were 4.05% and 1.5% respectively. Aminuzzaman and Das (2017) also found this species in social forest region of Bogra, Bangladesh with frequency of 75% and density of 43.5%. In present study, Ganoderma tsugae was found in National Botanical Garden, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo associated with Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogani) tree, Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso) which was supported by Aminuzzaman and Das (2017) and Rubina et. al. (2017). But this species was also found in association with Acacia auriculiformis (Golden shower) as reported by Rumainul, et.al. (2015) under tropical moist deciduous forest region of Bangladesh. In present study, the frequency and density of it’s presence were 1.35- 4.05% and 0.76-4.5% respectively. Aminuzzaman and Das (2017) found the density of this species 12.5% and frequency 50% under social forest region of Bogra. In another study Rubina et.al. (2017) recorded it’s density 10% in national botanical garden, Dhaka.

99 In present study, Ganoderma pfeifferi was found in National Botanical Garden and in Romna Park collected from the bark wood of Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo). This species was also recorded by Rubina et.al. (2017) from wood of Acacia auriculiformis (Golden shower) in national botanical garden of Bangladesh. In the present study, the recorded frequency of this species was 2.70% and density was 2.25% where Rubina et.al. (2017) found the density 35%. Ganoderma lipsiense was found in National Botanical Garden and in Romna Park in association with Azadirachta indica (Neem) which was supported by Rubina et.al. (2017) in national botanical garden, Dhaka. In present study, the frequency and density of its presence were 2.70% and 1.5% respectively. Rubina et.al. (2017) recorded density of this species 5%. Ganoderma zonatum was found in National Botanical Garden, Romna Park and in National Zoo in association with Azadirachta indica (Neem). In another study, Rumainul et.al. (2015) recorded this species with Swietenia mahogani (Mehagani). In other study, Aminuzzaman and Das (2016) collected this species from Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso). In present study, the frequency of this species was recorded as 4.05% and density 3.1%. In another survey, Aminuzzaman and Das (2016) calculated its frequency and density as 25% and 18.75%, respectively. Ganoderma applanatum was found in National Botanical Garden, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo in association with Azadirachta indica (Neem). Rashid et. al.(2017) reported that there are three species were collected during the investigation, viz- Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma tsugae and Ganoderma lucidum on the bark of tree and on dead plant. But the species was previously reported on Acacia auriculiformis (Rumainul et.al. 2015 and Rubina et. al. 2017) and Swietinia mahagoni (Mehogani) (Das and Aminuzzaman, 2017) and on Dalbergia sissoo (Aminuzzaman and Das, 2017). In present study, the frequency of its presence was 1.35-4.05% and density was 1.5-3.76%.

100 In present study, Ganoderma resinaceum was found in National Botanical Garden, Romna Park, and in National Zoo in association with Acacia auriculiformis (Golden shower). In another study, Aminuzzaman and Das (2016) found this species from Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso). In present study, its frequency was 4.05% and density was 3.76%. In present study, Ganoderma sp. was found in Romna Park and in National Zoo. This species were collected from Azadirachta indica (Neem). The recorded frequency and density of this species were 1.35-2.70% and 0.76-2.25% respectively. Aminuzzaman and Das (2016) found this species with the bark of Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso) under social forest region of Bangladesh. In another study, Rubina et.al. (2017) found this species on root of Terminalia bellirica (Bohera). Ganoderma sp. was found in National Botanical Garden, Romna Park, and in National Zoo in association with Azadirachta indica (Neem). Taxonomy and diversity of Ganoderma lipsiense and Ganoderma applanatum was also reported in India (Bhosle et al., 2010). It was also reported in China (Wang et al., 2012) and in India (Dwivedi et al., 2012; Thiribhuvanamala et. al., 2011; Ram et al., 2010). In present study, the recorded frequency and density of its presence were 1.35-2.7% and 0.76-2.25% respectively. In this survey, Agaricus bisporus was recorded in National Botanical Garden, Dhanmondi Lake, Boldha Garden and in National Zoo in association with dead bark wood of Ficus benghalensis (Banyan) tree. Rahaman et.al. (2016) found Agaricus silvicola on Cocos nucifera (Coconut) tree in south western region of Bangladesh. In the study of Rahaman et.al. (2016), three species of Agaricus viz Agaricus silvicola, Agaricus campestris and Agaricus arvensis were recorded. Agaricus silvicola was found in Daulatpur, Kushtia district in south western region with a frequency and the density of 12.5% and 2.70%, respectively. This species

101 was recorded in associated with the tree Cocos nucifera. Agaricus campestris was found in Sadar Upazila, Jessore district with a frequency and the density of 12.5% and 2.70%, respectively associated with Borassus flabellifer tree. Rashid et.al. (2016) found Agaricus campestris on root zone of Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso) in southern region of Bangladesh. Agaricus arvensis was found in Daulatpur, Kushtia district with a frequency and the density of 12.5% and 5.40%, respectively.The genus Agaricus was also reported from India (Mohanan, 2011; Thiribhuvanamala et. al., 2011). In another study Rashid et.al. (2017) found a total nine number of Agaricus mushrooms during collection. Agaricus sp. was found in Modhupur, Dhaka, Dashmina and Pathorghata. The frequency of its presence was 22.22% and the density was 40%. The mushroom was found on the root zone of Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil-Ipil). Soil moisture was 6.5, soil PH was 7.0 and soil type was sandy loam. Average temperature was recored 30 0C during collection. In present study, the frequency of Agaricus bisporus was 5.41% and density was 4.5%. In present investigation, Ramariopsis kunzei was found only in Dhanmondi lake on soil. Rumainul et.al. (2015) found this species in association with Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil-Ipil) and Acacia auriculiformis (Golden shower) under tropical moist deciduous forest region of Bangladesh. This genus has a widespread distribution and contains 44 species (Kirk et. al. 2008). Two species of this genus were reported in Western Ghats, Kerala, India (Mohanan, 2011). Ramariopsis kunzei was also reported in Northeast Ohio by Bunyard (2003). This species was also reported for Bangladesh in tropical moist deciduous forest (Islam, 2013). Throughout the investigation of Rumainul et.al.(2015), Ramariopsis sp. was found in Dhaka district of the tropical moist deciduous forest region in Bangladesh. In present study, the recorded frequency and density were 2.70% and 11.28%, respectively.

102 In Present study, Hypholoma fasciculare was identified in National Botanical Garden and in National Zoo in association with Ficus benghalensis (Banyan) tree. Rashid et.al. (2016) found this species on Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogani) tree in southern region of Bangladesh. Rahaman et.al. (2016) found this species on root of Cocos nucifera (Coconut) tree under south western region of Bangladesh. They also described that Hypholoma fasciculare and were found in Shyamnagar of Satkhira district in an association with Cocos nucifera and Phoenix dactylifera trees at the south western region of Bangladesh, having a frequency of 12.5% each and density of 13.51% and 8.10%, respectively. Different species under the genus Hypholoma was also reported (Smith, 1951). In present study, the recorded frequency and density of this species were 2.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Crepidotus variabilis was found in National Botanical Garden and in National Zoo in association with Cocos nucifera (Coconut) tree which was supported by Das et.al. (2016) where Crepidotus alabamenis was found in association with Cocos nucifera (Coconut) and Crepidotus applanatus was identified in association with Albizia saman (Rain tree). In another study Rubina et.al. (2017) identified Crepidotus variabilis in association with Albizia richardiana (Raj Koroi) and recorded its density 15%. Crepidotus ehrendorferi was found in Slovakia (Ripkova and Glejdura, 2010). The new species Crepidotus pseudoantillarum and Crepidotus herrerae are described from Costa Rica and Mexico respectively (Bandala et al., 2008). In present study, the frequency and density of Crepidotus variabilis were 2.7% and 5.26% respectively. In the study of Das et.al. (2016), the calculated frequency and density of Crepidotus applanatus were 25% and 12.5% respectively. In present study, Pycnoporus sanguineus was recorded only in National Zoo in association with Swietenia macrophylla (Mehogani). In the study of Das and

103 Aminuzzaman (2017), two species under the Polyporaceae family were identified as- Pycnoporus sanguineus and Polyporus varirus. Pycnoporus sanguineus was found on dead wood of Heritiera fomes (Sundari) tree in Mongla and sarankhola Upazilla of Bagerhat district under mangrove forest regions of Bangladesh. In another study of Rumainul and Aminuzzaman (2016), Pycnoporus cinnabarinus was found on humus in association with stem of Bambosa vulgaris (Bamboo). This genus contains five distinct species (Eggert et. al., 1998). It was also found within Europe and North America. In present study, the frequency and density of Pycnoporus sanguineus were 1.35% and 1.5%, respectively. Das and Aminuzzaman (2017) recorded frequency of Pycnoporus sanguineus was 50% and the density was 31.82. In this survey, Volvariella volvacea was found in National Botanical Garden, Romna Park, Dhanmondi Lake and in National Zoo in association on humus which was supported by Rashid et.al. (2016). Three species of Volvariella namely Volvariella gloiocephala, Volvariella volvacea and Volvariella nigrovolvacea and one unidentified species of Volvariella were recorded. These were found in Sadar Upazila of Jessore, Sadar of Chuadanga, Koira of Khulna and Shaymnagar of Satkhira districts, respectively under south western regions of Bangladesh (Rahaman et.al. 2016). Rahaman et.al. (2016) recorded Volvariella volvacea in association with Swietenia mahagani (Mehogani), Volvariella volvacea in association with Musa acuminata (Banana), Volvariella nigrovolvacea in association with Ziziphus zuzuba (Boroi). Marjana et.al. (2018) reported that two species of Volvariella under the family Plutaceae were detected such as Volvariella dunensis and Volvariella gloicephala found on Dalbergia sissoo and humus respectively. Volvariella volvacea was also previously reported from Bangladesh forest (Rumainul et al., 2015 Volvariella volvacea In the study of Das et.al. (2016), two species of Volvariella, namely Volvariella hypopithys and Volvariella speciosa

104 were detected in Mongla, Rampal and Sarankhola of Khulna districts in an association with rice straw (Oryza sativa) and humus having a highest density of 18.75% and frequency of 75%, respectively. ). In another study of Rashid et.al. (2016), the recorded frequency and density were 12.5% and 30.23% respectively. In present study, Lepiota atrodisca was identified only in Boldha Garden in association with Azadirechta indica (Neem). In the survey of Rahaman et.al. (2016), Lepiota atrodisca was found in Gangni of Meherpur districts with a frequency and the density of 12.5% and 75.67%, respectively associated with Bambusa vulgaris. Around 400 species of Lepiota atrodisca were already identified all over the world and most of them are poisonous. Lepiota cristata was found in Refaitpur, Daulatpur of Kushtia and Koira of Khulna district in south western region with a frequency and density of 25% and 10.81%, respectively. Rumainul et.al. (2015) found all Lepiota species at Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Das et.al. (2016) found this species on bark of Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) tree in the mixed type of forest and the habit was caespitose cluster. He further described that Lepiota atrodisca was found in Mongla and Rampal Upazilla of Bagerhat district. A total twenty six number of mushrooms of Lepiota atrodisca were found during collection. In present study, the frequency of its presence was 50% and the density was 81.25%.The species was first reported by South African- born mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 (Chater and Brummitt, 1966). It was also reported from India (Dwivedi et al. 2012); Thiribhuvanamala et. al., 2011). The recorded frequency and dencity of its presence were 1.35% and 0.76%, respectively. In present study, Schizophyllum commune was found in Romna Park and in National Zoo in association with Ficus benghalensis (Banyan) tree. It was found in dead wood of deciduous trees in Nagaland, India (Rajesh Kumar et al., 2013). Das et.al. (2016) described in his research article that one species of Schizophyllum viz.

105 Schizophyllum commune was identified in Rampal and Shamnagar Upazillas of that forest regions having the frequency and density of 50% and 40.63%, respectively and was associated with the dead bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) tree. Two species of Schizophyllum were found in Rampal Upazilla of Bagerhat district and Shamnagar Upazilla of Satkhira district. The frequency and density of Schizophyllum sp. was 50% and 48.57%, respectively. On the other hand, the frequency and density of Schizophyllum commune was 50 and 37.14%, respectively. The mushroom was found on the Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) tree (Das and Aminuzzaman, 2015). In present investigation, the recorded frequency and density of its presence were 2.7% and 2.25% respectively. In present survey, Dictyophora indusiata was found in Boldha Garden and in National Zoo. , Dictyophora indusiata was identified in association with Bambosa vulgaris (Bamboo) tree. The calculated frequency of this species was 2.70% and density was 2.25%. In this investigation, Pleurotus porrigens was recorded in National Botanical Garden and in Dhanmondi Lake in association with Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) tree supported by Rahaman et.al. (2016). Pleurotus porrigens was found in Gangni of Meherpur district in south western region with a frequency and the density of 12.5% and 13.51%, respectively (Rahaman et.al. 2016). K. Das et.al. (2016) found Pleurotus ostreatus in Shamnagar Upazilla of Satkhira and Mongla Upazilla of Bagerhat district under mangrove forest regions of Bangladesh. Only one number of mushrooms of Pleurotus ostreatus were found during collection. The frequency of its presence was 25% and the density was 3.13%. In present investigation, the frequency was 2.7% and density was 2.25%. In present study, Marasmius oreades was found in National Botanical Garden and in Boldha Garden on soil surface which was supported by Marzana et.al. (2018). Das et.al. (2016) found Marasmius siccus on dead branch of Albizia procera

106 (Koroi) and computed its frequency 50% and density 18.75% in mangrove forest region of Bangladesh. Marzana et.al. (2018) found the frequency of Marasmius rotula 11.11% and density 8.33%. Rumainul et.al. (2015) mentioned that in the Dhaka district of the tropical moist deciduous forest region in Bangladesh, all the three species of Marasmius sp. were found. They furthermore added that, in their study, they collected this species from bark wood of tree from Romna park. It contains about 500 species (Kirk et. al. 2008) and it was also reported in Madagascar as well as the Mascarenes (Antonín and Buyck, 2006). Rahaman et.al. (2016) found Marasmius oreades in Koira of Khulna district, having a frequency and density of 12.5% and 8.10%, respectively in an association with Bambusa vulgaris. The species was scattered in distribution with unabundant in occurrence and found in the moist weather with the range of 29 to 30 degree celcius temperature. Das et.al. (2016) mentioned that four species of Marasmius such as- Marasmius siccus, Marasmiellus albuscorticis, Marasmius nigrodiscus and one unidentified species of Marasmius were detected in the Khulna district of magrove forest region in Bangaladesh having the second highest density of Marasmiellus albuscorticis (106.25%) and associated with the dead leaflet of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) tree. In present study, the recorded frequency was 2.7% and density was 2.25%.

In this present survey, Gymnopilus purpuratus was collected only from National Zoo on humus. Gymnopilus purpuratus was found in Daulatpur of Kushtia district in south western region with a frequency and the density of 12.5% and 8.10%, respectively. This species was recorded in association with Cocos nucifera (Coconut) tree (Rahaman et.al. 2016). In current study, the frequency was 1.35% and density was 0.76%.

107 In current investigation, Amanita bisporigera was found in National Botanical Garden and in National Zoo on debris. Amanita sp. were previously described from Pabna, Dinajpur and Dhaka districts of Bangladesh (Rumainul et al., 2015). This species was also reported from India (Dwivedi et al., 2012). Amanita cinereovelata was first identified from sal forest of Bangladesh (Hosen et al., 2015). A total ten number Amanita bisporigera was found in Modhupur and Pathorghata in natural forest zones of Bangladesh on the root zone of Dalbergia sissoo, on leaved forest zones. The frequency of its presence was 11.11% and the density was 20% (Rashid et al., 2017). Three species of Amanita were also reported in Pathorghata of Borguna districts in the southern region with a frequency and density of 6.25% and 9.30%, respectively in an association with Dalbergia sissoo (Sisso) tree (Rashid et al, 2016). Also found in forest of northern Thailand (Lee et al., 2007). In present survey, the recorded frequency of its presence was 2.7% and density was 5.26%. In current study, Unidentified mushroom-1 was found in Romna Park in association with Azadirachta indica (Neem) and unidentified mushroom-2 was found in National Botanical Garden in association with Terminalia arjuna (Arjun).

108 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Macrofungi is a variety with a wide range of variation. There are much more species of macrofungi scatteredly distributed in our country. This survey was conducted in National Botanical Garden, National Zoo, Romna Park, Dhanmondi lake and in Boldha garden, Dhaka to analyze the morphology, diversity and distribution of wood decay fungi during August to November, 2017. A total of 44 macro fungi samples were collected and identified to 34 species under 18 genera and 18 families. The most frequent genera were Ganoderma , Daedeleopsis , Ramariopsis , Crepidotus , Daldinia , Amanita, , Volvariella, Gymnopilus, Agaricus, Marasmius, Schizophyllum, Dictyophora, Pleurotus. Under the gernera of Ganoderma, the most predominant species were Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma tsugae, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma zonatum and Ganoderma resinaceum. The maximum density of occurrence was exhibited by Ramariopsis kunzei (11.3%), Ganoderma lucidum (9.9%), Ganoderma applanatum (7.4%), Crepidotus variabilis (5.3%), Amanita bisporigera (5.26%), Ganoderma tsugae (5.2%), Volvariella volvacea (4.5%), Agaricus bisporus (4.5%), Daedaleopsis confragosa (3.76%). The density of rest species were Trametes versicolor (2.26%), Marasmius oreades (2.26%), Ganoderma pfeifferi (2.25%), Schizophyllum commune (2.25%), Ganoderma sp. (2.25%), Dictyophora indusiata (2.25%), Pleurotus porrigens (2.25%), pycnoporus sanguineus (1.5%), Hypholoma fasciculare (1.5%), Ganoderma lipsiense (1.5%), Tuber aestivum (1.5), Gymnopilus purpuratus (1.5%), Lepiota atrodisca (0.76%). The maximum frequency of species was exhibited by Ganoderma lucidum (9.46%), Ganoderma applanatum (8.1%), Volvariella volvacea (5.41%), Agaricus bisporus (5.41%), Daedaleopsis confragosa (4.05%), Trametes versicolor (4.05%), Ganoderma boninense (4.05%), Ganoderma tsugae

109 (4.05%), Ganoderma lipsiense (4.05%), Ganoderma zonatum(4.05%). Crepidotus variabilis (5.3%), Amanita bisporigera (5.26%), Ganoderma tsugae (5.2%), Volvariella volvacea (4.5%), Agaricus bisporus (4.5%), Daedaleopsis confragosa (3.76%). The frequency of rest species were Marasmius oreades (2.70%), Ganoderma pfeifferi (2.70%), Schizophyllum commune (2.70%), Ganoderma sp. (2.70%), Dictyophora indusiata (2.70%), Pleurotus porrigens (2.70%), pycnoporus sanguineus (1.35%), Hypholoma fasciculare (2.70%), Tuber aestivum (2.70%), Gymnopilus purpuratus (1.35%), Lepiota atrodisca (1.35%). Among these, the predominant species in National Botanical Garden is Ganoderma applanatum, in Ramna Park is Ganoderma lucidum, in Dhanmondi Lake is Ramariopsis kunzei, in Boldha Garden is Ganoderma lucidum and in National zoo is Amanita bisporigera. This study emphasizes periodical and successional survey so that a vast varietal genome might be preserved. These type of macrofungi have many rare and varied survival characteristics which will be need for us in near future to cope with the changed climatic and environmental situation. For this we need to collect these samples and to preserve it as perprescribed recommendation. In Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh, there are many hot spots where we can find many rare variety mushroom. For this, periodic and successional survey is crying need. This type of survey will be very much helpful for gene breeder as well as farmers also. By using the gene inside wild mushroom, scientists can renovate disease or pest or stress resistant/tolerant variety which may bring a tremendous revolution in the world of agriculture.

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