Proceedings from the Global Conference on Renewable Energy Islands November 1999

Proceedings from the Global Conference on Renewable Energy Islands november 1999

Organised by: Program developed in association with Counterpart International and in consultation with the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)

Supported by: Foreword by the editor, · Hotel Aeroe Strand for their professionalism and very helpful staff Mr. Thomas Lynge Jensen, · NEG Micon A/S for their support to Island Project Coordinator, making the sailboat trip possible

Forum for Energy and Structure of the Proceedings Development (FED) The proceedings are structured in four major sections: Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Forum for Energy and Development (FED) 2. Presentations According to the would like to thank all participants in the Programme Global Conference on Renewable Energy 3. Other Island Presentations Islands for the highly professional attitude and 4. Other Presentations the warm personal engagement that made this conference such a memorable event. A total of 43 papers are presented.

FED is especially grateful to the following Note to the Authors persons, organisations and companies for their assistance in planning and implementing the Due to the format of this report Ð two columns Global Conference on Renewable Energy Ð in some cases it has unfortunately been Islands: necessary to omit figures, change figures to tables etc. · Ambassador Mr. Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Chairman of the Alliance of Small Island In some cases we have changed the original States (AOSIS) format of the presentation to get a uniform · Mr. Thomas B. Johansson, Director of outlook of the proceedings. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Energy and Atmosphere We believe that these alterations are acceptable Programme to the contributors. · Mr. Pauulu Kamarakafego, International Coordinator of the International Network The Proceedings Available on the Internet of Small Island Developing States and by e-mail NonGovernmental Organizations and Indigenous Peoples (INSNI) These proceedings can be downloaded in PDF- · Mr. Rene Karottki, SEED Programme format on the Internet at the homepage of Advisor, Energy and Development Forum for Energy and Development (FED): Research Center (EDRC) and Chairman of the International Advisory Committee http://www.energiudvikling.dk (IAC) · Mr. Lelei Lelaulu, Vice-President, Board or forwarded by e-mail as an PDF-attachment of Directors, Counterpart International by request to Forum for Energy and Development at the following e-mail address: who are all participants in the International Advisory Committee (IAC) for the Global [email protected] Conference on Renewable Energy Islands and

· Aeroe Energy and Environment Office for willingly providing information and showing us the remarkable renewable energy systems on Aeroe · Marstal District Heating Company for willingly providing information and assistance and for the guided tour to their plant and the impressing solar water heating system · Marstal Navigationsskole for housing the conference in their charming buildings

i ii Foreword by RenŽ Karottki, demonstrate to the rest of the world that renewable sources of energy can actually be a Chairman, basis for a modern economy. And already International Advisory now, some islands have come far in this Committee (IAC), direction. Global Conference on This publication is a main outcome of the Renewable Energy Islands Global Conference on Renewable Energy Islands, held on the small Danish island of ®r¿, 15-16 September 1999. The conference brought together representatives from a large The motivation for small islands to give a high number of islands from all over the world, priority to renewable sources of energy is including from 34 AOSIS member-states, from double-sided. regional island organisations and from international organisations co-operating with Long distances and small markets means small islands. For the first time since the comparatively high cost of energy sources, Barbados Conference in 1994 it was possible such as diesel oil. To relieve energy end-users, to share experiences and discuss strategies for governments are often spending scarce public renewable energy on islands. resources subsidising energy. And it is difficult to introduce real market prices, not to mention When you study these proceedings, your will internalisation of environmental and social find that many failures of the past are resolved, costs. many technologies are mature and competitive and several islands have come far in There is still too little attention to more developing organisations and financial models sustainable solutions. Among these can be suitable for large scale implementation. Some increased efficiency in the use, distribution and islands are rapidly increasing their share of production of energy, and the use of renewable energy to become renewable energy indigenous renewable energy sources and islands, i.e. islands that within a short time modern technologies that are now increasingly frame will become self-sufficient from competitive. renewable energy. On the other hand there is still a widespread lack of knowledge and still Secondly, many small islands around the world many islands where the potential for renewable are among the immediate victims of climate energy is not yet tapped. Consequently, there is change and instability. Rising sea levels and good potential for continued networking and the increased number and intensity of tropical exchange among the islands. Hopefully these storms are among the impacts already felt in proceedings will be an important input to this some regions. A main reason for the climate process, and hopefully global co-operation will problems is the emission of greenhouse gases, intensify in the future. such as CO2, from industrialised countries. Adaptation to the changing climate is a costly I take this opportunity to thank the affair and may in the long term be impossible. participants, the organisers and the sponsors of the Conference. By making it possible, you The most important way forward for the small have all provided an important contribution to islands is to convince industrialised countries a more sustainable development in the next to reduce their consumption of fossil fuels. century. One of the ways for the small islands is to

iii iv Table of Content

Introduction

Findings & RecommendationsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...... 1

ProgrammeÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 3

List of ParticipantsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 7

Presentations According to the Programme

Opening Speeches

Mr. Svend Auken, Danish Minister of Environment and EnergyÉÉÉÉÉÉ.. 15

Mr. Karsten Landro, Mayor of Marstal MunicipalityÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ. 19

Mr. Pauulu Kamarakafego, International Coordinator, International Network of Small Island Development States, Non Government Organisations and Indigenous People (INSNI)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 21

Mr. Michael Kvetny, Secretary General, Forum for Energy and Development (FED)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.. 23

Sustainable Energy as a Tool for Development for ACP Small Island Developing States Ð Ms. Lara Bertarelli, Energy Research Scientist, IT Power LimitedÉÉÉÉÉ 25

Renewable Energy Island Presentations Ð Sovereign Islands

Barbados - Mr. David Ince, Technical Officer, Energy and Natural Resources Division, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, BarbadosÉ. 29

Mauritius - Mr. G. Hebrard, Production Manager, Central Electricity Board, Ministry of Public Utilities, MauritiusÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 35

Tuvalu - Mr. Isaia Taape, Energy Planner, Department of Energy, Ministry of Works, Energy and Communications, TuvaluÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 41

Renewable Energy Island Presentations Ð Non-sovereign Islands

Hawaii - Mr. Maurice H. Kaya, Energy Program Administrator, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Hawaii, USAÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ. 45

Miyako Island - Mr. Tetsunari IIda, Senior Researcher. Department of Environmental & Social Policy Studies. The Japan Research Institute, Tokyo, JapanÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 51

Aeroe - Ms. Ide Seidelin, Manager, Aeroe Energy and Environment Office, Aeroe, DenmarkÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ. 55

La DŽsirade and Marie Galante - Mr. Jean-Marc Noel, Senior Consultant, VERGNET S.A., Paris, FranceÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.. 59

Opening Speeches

Mr. Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Chairman of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.. 67

v Mr. Torben Mailand Christensen, Ambassador, Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign AffairsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 71

Mr. RenŽ Karottki, Chairman of the International Advisory Committee (IAC) for the Global Conference on Renewable Energy IslandsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.. 73

National Development Schemes

Renewable Energy Island Samsoe - Goals, Status and Examples - Mr. Aage Johnsen, Manager, Samsoe Energy Company & Mr. Soeren Hermansen, Adviser, Samsoe Energy- and Environment OfficeÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 77

The Isla de la Juventud - Renewable Energy Future - Mr. Alfredo Curbelo Alonso, Director, Agency of Science & Technology, Division of Industry and Energy, CubaÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.. 79

Regional Development Schemes (Formal and Informal Co-operation)

Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands - Mr. Solomone Fifita, Energy Adviser, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) & Mr. Patrice Courty, Rural Energy Development Adviser, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)ÉÉÉÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ.. 85

Renewable Energy Generation in the Caribbean Islands - Mr. Christopher Farrell, Executive Manager, Caribbean Electric Utility Service Co-operation (CARILEC)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ. 89

How to Promote Renewable Energy in the European Context: Means and Financing - Ms. Vicky Argyraki, Manager, European Islands Energy and Environment Network (ISLENET)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ. 93

International Development Schemes

Small Island States Green Initiative - Mr. Tom Roper, Project Director, Small Island States Green Initiative, Climate InstituteÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ. 97

United Nations Trust Fund for Renewable Energy - Mr. J. Gururaja, Interregional Adviser, Energy and Transport Branch, Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United NationsÉÉ 101

Financing Sustainable Energy - Mr. Michael Allen, Executive Director, E & CoÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 109

Other Presentations

Caribbean Community (CARICOM) - Mr. Cornelius Fevrier, Program Manager, Sustainable DevelopmentÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 189

Caribbean Energy Information Systems (CEIS) - Mrs. Mona Whyte, Project Manager , Caribbean Energy Information Systems (CEIS)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 193

International Solar Energy Society (ISES) - Mr. Torben Esbensen, Vice President , International Solar Energy Society (ISES)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 197

Latin American Energy Organisation (OLADE) - Mr. Byron Chiliquinga, Latin American Energy Organisation (OLADE)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 199

Pacific Power Association (PPA) - Mr. Tony Neil, Executive Director, Pacific Power Association (PPA)ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ... 203

vii Findings and Recommendations are needed. On manyislands, energy ministries are non-existent, and from the first Global demonstration projects and other initiatives Conference on Renewable are too dependent on external expertise and/or individuals, rendering such Energy Islands initiatives non-sustainable. 6. Capacity building: There is a lack of Aeroe Island, Denmark, 15-16 capacity building in terms of human September 1999 resources as well as of capacity building in organisations. 7. Appropriate technologies: Some The Global Conference on Renewable Energy renewable energy technologies are more Islands (GCREI) attended by delegates from 34 competitive today, yet islandexperiences islands and 22 national, regional and often date back to failures of the technology international organisations on the Danish island in the 1980's. Hence, there is a need for of ®r¿ to share experiences and to discuss appropriate and best available technologies. strategies for enhancing the use of renewable 8. Real costs: Real costs of fuels and energy on islands. The conference examined the electricity on islands are not reflected in need to develop the renewable energy sector of energy prices and tariffs. their economies in line with the Program of 9. Lack of financing: Lack of financing is Action agreed in Barbados by the 100 nations often a barrier to renewable energy attending the 1994 Global Conference on the development on islands. Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. Recommendations

Following are the findings of the conference The GCREI recommends that the following and its recommendations to the UN General issues and concrete proposals are taken into Assembly's Special Session on Islands, 27-28 consideration by policy and decision-makers at September 1999, to the Commission for the highest levels, and in particular by the Sustainable Development at its ninth session, to international community in the UN General the European Commission through the Small Assembly Session on Islands, to the United Islands Symposium in Brussels in November Nations Commission for Sustainable 1999, the World Conference and Exhibition on Development (CSD) at its ninth session in Renewable Energy in Bermuda 14-19 2001, and to the Brussels Symposium on Small November 2000, and 'Rio Plus 10' in 2002. Islands in November 1999.

Findings 1. National and regional policies: The Conference calls on all Small Island The following issues are considered by the Developing States (SIDS) governments to GCREI to depict the present state of renewable adopt an integrated approach to renewable energy on islands: energy policy making and planning. 2. Renewable energy at cabinet level: All 1. National and regional policies: There is a SIDS Governments should elevate need for national and regional policies and renewable energy management to cabinet visions for renewable energy in a level. sustainable context. 3. Public awareness: Outreach initiatives 2. Low public awareness: Low public should be taken to raise awareness among awareness of the critical importance the public as well as political decision- renewable energy to sustainable makers of the critical importance of development is lacking, especially amongst renewable energy to sustainable politicians. development. 3. Intra- and interregional co-operation: 4. Capacity building: Capacity building and There is a need to strengthen intra- and training stressing the integral role of interregional co-operation among small renewable energy should be encouraged at island states. all levels. This includes, inter alia, training 4. Consolidation of donor efforts: There is of relevance to policy development, also a need for better consolidation of operation and maintenance, management, donor efforts. and project development. 5. Institutional frameworks: Institutional 5. Co-operation: Secretariat for Renewable frameworks to support renewable energy Energy Islands:The Conference appeals to

1 the Danish Government and the European CDMs, the World Bank Carbon Fund and Commission for assistance in setting up a other instruments of the UNFCCC should secretariat on Renewable Energy Islands. be used for supportingg sustainable The conference notes with appreciation the renewable energy development on SIDS. work of the Forum forEnergy and 10. Conference approval of action plan: Development (FED) and recommends that The conference called for a meeting within it serve as the secretariat. The proposed the coming year to approve the action plan secretariat should work closely with the and the strategies prepared by the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) secretariat. and build on existing institutional 11. Next annual session at American Samoa: structures. The secretariat should meet the The conference notes by acclamation the needs for intra- and inter-regional and generous offer of the Governor ofAmerican international coordination, cooperation and Samoa, the Honorable Tauese Sunia, to information dissemination. The secretariat host the next annual session of this should prepare a strategic communication conference, and pledges to work together plan, incorporating SIDSnet, to educate with the American Samoan Government to leaders and the public at large on the merits bring this about. of renewable energy and to place renewable energy on islands at the forefront of international political and public agendas. Information flows on developments in the renewable energy field should be communicated to SIDS rapidly through SIDSnet and other available means. To improve clarity on available technology, best practices and guidelines should be identified. Specific renewable energy targets for SIDS and its donor communities should be established. Lists of island experts and consultants on renewable energy should be compiled by the secretariat. 6. Market development of renewable energy: Recognizing the key contributions of a dynamic private renewable energy sector, the conference calls for the establishment of an enabling policy and regulatory environment for market development of renewable energy. Entrepreneurship training should be encouraged. 7. Joint ventures: Private sector development should be promoted through mutually beneficial joint ventures between developing and developed countries enterprises. 8. Innovative financing mechanisms: The development and utilisation of innovative financing mechanisms such as micro- financing should be identified and supported, and the ability of islands to access available sources of funding should be improved. 9. Clean Development Mechanism: Recognizing the outcomes of the AOSIS Workshop on Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the Marshall Islands, the conference urgesthat

2 Programme for the Global 10.45 Ð 12.45 Renewable Energy Island Presentations Ð Sovereign Conference on Renewable Islands Energy Islands Presentation of experience from island states with substantial utilisation of different kinds of renewable energy sources and technologies. Wednesday the 15th of September 10.45 Ð 11.15 Barbados - Mr. David Ince, Technical Officer, Energy and Natural Resources 07.00 Ð 08.45 Breakfast Division, Ministry of Environment, Energy and 07.45 Ð 08.45 Registration (continued) Natural Resources, Barbados

09.00 Ð 10.00 Opening Speeches 11.15 Ð 11.45 Cape Verde - Mr. Pedro Alcantara, Energy, Water and Mr. Svend Auken, Danish Sanitation Program, Cape Minister of Environment and Verde Energy 11.45 Ð 12.15 Mauritius - Mr. G. Hebrard, Mr. Karsten Landro, Mayor Production Manager, Central of Marstal Municipality Electricity Board, Ministry of Public Utilities, Mauritius Mr. Pauulu Kamarakafego, International Coordinator, 12.15 Ð 12.45 Tuvalu - Mr. Isaia Taape, International Network of Energy Planner, Department Small Island Development of Energy, Ministry of States, Non Government Works, Energy and Organisations and Indigenous Communications, Tuvalu People (INSNI) 12.45 Ð 14.15 Lunch Mr. Michael Kvetny, Secretary General, 14.15 Ð 16.15 Renewable Energy Island Forum for Energy and Presentations Ð Non- Development (FED) sovereign Islands

The theme of the 1st day is experience with Presentation of experience from non-sovereign renewable energy on islands - initiatives, islands with substantial utilisation of different barriers and lessons learnt focussing on kinds of renewable energy sources and organisational, institutional and financial technologies. issues. 14.15 Ð 14.45 Hawaii - Mr. Maurice H. Chairman Mr. Michael Kvetny, Secretary Kaya, Energy Program General, Forum for Energy and Development Administrator, Department of (FED) Business, Economic Development and Tourism, 10.00 Ð 10.30 Presentation of the SIDS part Hawaii, USA of the European Commission and UNDP joint funded 14.45 Ð 15.15 Miyako Island - Mr. report ÒEnergy as a Tool for Tetsunari IIda, Senior Sustainable Development for Researcher. Department of ACP CountriesÓ Environmental & Social Policy Studies. The Japan 10.30 Ð 10.45 Coffee Break Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

3 15.15 Ð 15.45 Aeroe - Ms. Ide Seidelin, 09.30 Ð 10.00 Renewable Energy Island Manager, Aeroe Energy and Samsoe - Goals, Status and Environment Office, Aeroe, Examples - Mr. Aage Denmark Johnsen, Manager, Samsoe Energy Company & Mr. Soeren Hermansen, Adviser, 15.45 Ð 16.15 La DŽsirade and Marie Samsoe Energy- and Galante - Mr. Jean-Marc Environment Office Noel, Senior Consultant, VERGNET S.A., Paris, 10.00 Ð 10.30 The Isla de la Juventud - France Renewable Energy Future - Mr. Alfredo Curbelo Alonso, 16.15 Ð 17.00 Coffee Break Director, Agency of Science & Technology, Division of 17.00 Ð 19.15 Parallel Sessions Industry and Energy, Cuba

Group discussions of experience and lesson 10.30 Ð 10.45 Coffee Break learned. Suggestions for Aeroe Findings & Recommendations 10.45 Ð 11.45 Regional Development Schemes (Formal and 20.00 Dinner Informal Co-operation)

10.45 Ð 11.05 Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy in the Thursday the 16th Pacific Islands - Mr. Solomone Fifita, Energy of September Adviser, South Pacific Applied Geoscience 07.00 Ð 08.45 Breakfast Commission (SOPAC) & Mr. Patrice Courty, Rural Energy 09.00 Ð 09.30 Opening Speeches Development Adviser, Secretariat of the Pacific Mr. Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Community (SPC) Chairman of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) 11.05 Ð 11.25 Renewable Energy Generation in the Mr. Torben Mailand Caribbean Islands - Mr. Christensen, Ambassador, Christopher Farrell, Royal Danish Ministry of Executive Manager, Foreign Affairs Caribbean Electric Utility Service Co-operation Mr. RenŽ Karottki, Chairman (CARILEC) of the International Advisory Committee (IAC) for the 11.25 Ð 11.45 How to Promote Renewable Global Conference on Energy in the European Renewable Energy Islands Context: Means and Financing - Ms. Vicky The theme of the 2nd day is strategies to Argyraki, Manager, European promote renewable energy on islands and Islands Energy and thus support the Barbados Declaration. Environment Network Focus will be on national initiatives and (ISLENET) regional and international co-operation schemes. 11.45 Ð 13.00 International Development Schemes Chairman Mr. RenŽ Karottki, Chairman of the International Advisory Committee (IAC) for 11.45 Ð 12.05 Small Island States Green the Global Conference on Renewable Energy Initiative - Mr. Tom Roper, Islands Project Director, Small Island States Green Initiative, 09.30 Ð 10.00 National Development Climate Institute Schemes

4 12.05 Ð 12.25 United Nations Trust Fund for Renewable Energy - Mr. J. Gururaja, Interregional Adviser, Energy and Transport Branch, Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations

12.25 Ð 12.35 Sustainable Financing for Sustainable Islands Initiative - Mr. Lelei Lelaulu, Vice-President, Board of Directors, Counterpart International

12.35 Ð 13.00 Financing Sustainable Energy - Mr. Michael Allen, Executive Director, E & Co

13.00 Ð 14.00 Lunch

14.00 Ð 16.00 Plenum

Final Discussion and Adoption of Aeroe Findings & Recommendations

16.15 Ð 19.00 Excursion on Aeroe

Visit to Marstal Large Scale Solar District Heating Plant (8000 m2)

Visit to wind park (11 x 55 kW)

Visit to Aeroeskoebing District Heating Plant

Visit to the town of Aeroeskoebing

20.00 Conference Dinner

5 6 Mr. Kenji Asano List of Participants Master Degree Hosei University Department of Economics Japan

Phone: +81-3-429 72 1872 Mr. Regis Akitaya E-mail: [email protected] System Control Manager Public Utilities Corporation (PPUC) Mr. Jerry Bergman P. O. Box 1372 Photographer Koror Noerrebrogade 25, 2. Tv. Palau 96940 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark Phone: +680 488 2480 Fax: +680 488 3469 Phone: +45 3537 5757 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +45 3537 5757 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Michael Allen Executive Director Ms. Lara Bertarelli E & Co Energy Research Scientist 383 Franklin Street IT Power Limited Bloomfield NJ 07003 The Warren Bramshill Road USA Eversley, Hampshire RG27 0PR Phone: +1 973 680 9100 United Kingdom Fax: +1 973 680 8066 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +44 118 973 0073 Fax: +44 118 973 0820 Mr. Alfredo Curbelo Alonso E-mail: [email protected] Director Agency of Science & Technology Mr. Keith Boxer Division of Industry and Energy Gotland Regional Energy Agency Calle 20 No. 4112 e/41 y 47 Gotland Municipality Alturas de Miramar, Playa 621 81, Visby Ciudad de La Habana Gotland C.P. 11300 Sweden Cuba Phone: +46 498-26 90 14 Phone: +53 7 22 7009 Fax: +46 498-20 35 20. Fax: +53 7 24 9460 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Hans Bjerregaard Chairman of the Board Ms. Vicky Argyraki Forum for Energy and Development (FED) ISLENET Manager Landgreven 7 European Islands Energy and Environment 1301 Copenhagen K Network (ISLENET) Denmark 200 rue Engeland 1180 Brussels Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Belgium Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +322-3750281 Fax: +322 3750281 Ms. Birgit Bj¿rnvig E-mail: :[email protected] First Chairman Samso Energy and Environmental Office Mr. Svend Auken Langgade 24 Minister of Environment and Energy 8305 Samsoe Hoejbro Plads 4 Denmark 1200 Copenhagen K Denmark Phone: +45 86592322 Fax: +45 8659 2311 Phone: +45 92 76 00 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +45 32 22 27 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Vincent Buhagiar Energy Coordinator Mr. John Auguste Malta Council for Science and Technology Senior Energy Officer (MCST) Ministry of Works, Communications & Public 36, Old Mint Street Utilities Valletta VLT12 Young Street Malta St. George«s Grenada Phone: +356 241176 Fax: +356 241177 Phone: +1 473 440 2271 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 473 440 4122

7 Mr. Jan BŸnger Mr. Christopher Corbin Danish Energy Agency Sustainable Development Science and Technology Amaliegade 44 Officer 1256 Copenhagen K Ministry of Finance and Planning Denmark P.O Box 709 Castries Phone: +45 33 92 67 00 Saint Lucia Fax: +45 33 11 47 43 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +758 4518746 Fax: +758 452 2506 Mr. Leonardo Cruz Cabrera E-mail: [email protected] Delegate of the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment for the Mr. Patrice Courty Island of Youth Rural Energy Development Adviser Agency of Science & Technology Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Division of Industry and Energy B.P. D 5 Calle 20 ESQ. 18 ÐA, Miramar 98848 New Caledonia Ciudad de La Habana Cuba Phone: +687 26 01 36 Fax: +687 26 38 18 Fax: +53 61 22122 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Isaque Braganca Gomes Cravid Mr. Fred Camacho Director Department for Natural Resources and Director Energy Guam Energy Office Ministry of Infrastructure, Resources and 1504 East Sunset Blvd, Tiyan Environment Guam 96913 Av. Marginal 12 de Julho C.P. 130 Phone: +671 477 0557 Sao Tome Fax: +671 477 0589 Sao Tome and Principe E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: +239 12 24199/21631 Mr. Byron Chiliquinga Fax: +239 12 22484 Latin American Energy Organisation (OLADE) Quito Mr. Lars Davidsen Equador Member of the Council for Sustainable Energy Sjoelundsparken 26 Phone: +593 2 539 673 3150 Hellebaek Fax: +593 2 539 684 Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +45 49 76 30 44 Mr. Hans Christiansen E-mail: [email protected] Journalist Fyns Amtsavis Mr. Abdoulaye Diame Aeroeskoebing West African Association for Marine Environment Denmark (WAAME) CitŽ BelvŽd•re Dalifort, villa 120B Phone: +45 6252 1014 B.P. 26352 Dakar Fax: +45 62 10 68 SŽnŽgal E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +221 832 51 23 Mr. Torben Mailand Christensen Fax: +221 832 51 23 Ambassador Mail: [email protected] Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Asiatisk Plads 2 Ms. Devorath Elcock 1448 Copenhagen K Energy Development Program Specialist Denmark Virgin Islands Energy Office 200 Strand Street Phone: +45 33 92 00 00 Frederiksted Fax: +45 31 54 05 33 St. Croix E-mail: [email protected] VI 00840 Virgin Islands Mr. Louis Colding-Olsen Board Member Phone: + 1 340 772 2616 Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Fax: + 1 340 772 0063 Aabenraavej 26 E-mail: [email protected] Holb¿lmark 6340 Krusaa Mr. Torben Esbensen Denmark Vice President International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Phone: +45 7367 1014 M¿llegade 54 Fax: +45 7367 1014 6400 S¿nderborg E-mail: [email protected] Denmark

8 Phone: +45 73423100 Mr. Motoyuki Goda Fax: +45 73423101 Senior Researcher E-mail: [email protected] National Institute of Agricultural Economics Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Mr. Christopher Farrell Nishigahara 2-2-1 Executive Manager Kita-ku Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation Tokyo (CARILEC) Japan P.O. Box 2056 Gros Islet Phone: +81 3 3910 3480 St. Lucia Fax: +81 3 3940 0232 West Indies E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: +1 758 452 0140 Mr. John Gorosi Fax: +1 758 452 0142 Director of Energy E-mail: [email protected] Department of Mines, Energy and Water P.O Box G37 Mr. Cornelius Fevrier Honiara Program Manager Solomon Islands Sustainable Development Caribbean Community Secretariat Phone: +677 23500 P.O. Box 10827 Fax: + 677 23500 / 25811 Georgetown Guyana Mr. J. Gururaja Interregional Adviser Phone: +592-2-69280 Energy and Transport Branch Fax: +592-2-67816 Division for Sustainable Development E-mail: [email protected] Department of Economic and Social Affairs New York, NY 10017 Mr. Solomone Fifita USA Energy Adviser South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission Phone : +1 212-963-8785 Private Mail Bag Fax: +1 212-963-4340 Suva E-mail: [email protected] Fiji Mr. Jens Carsten Hansen Phone: +679 381377 Wind Energy and Atmospheric Physics Fax: +679 370040 Department E-mail: [email protected] Ris¿ National Laboratory Building VEA-762 Mr. Lyndon Francis P.O. Box 49 Generation Manager Frederiksborgvej 399 Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA) DK-4000 Roskilde Cassada Gardens Denmark St. JohnÕs Antigua Phone: +45 4677 5074 Antigua and Barbuda Fax: +45 4677 5083 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1 268 480 7460 Fax: +1 268 480 7455 Mr. Louis Gerard HŽbrard E-mail: [email protected] Production Manager Central Electricity Board Ms. Johanne Gabel Ministry of Public Utilities Information Officer Level 10, Air Mauritius Centre Forum for Energy and Development (FED) President John Kennedy Street Landgreven 7 Port Louis 1301 Copenhagen K Mauritius Denmark Phone: +230 675 7958 Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Fax: +230 208 6497 Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Soeren Hermansen Mr. Asger Garnak Adviser Policy Officer Samsoe Energy and Environmental Office Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Langgade 24 Landgreven 7 8305 Samsoe 1301 Copenhagen K Denmark Denmark Phone: +45 86592322 Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Fax: +45 8659 2311 Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

9 Ms. Anne Grete Hestnes Wildey, St. Michael ISES-Europe President Barbados Norwegian Technical Scientific University Building Technology Department Phone: +1 246 427 9806 NTNU Gloshaugen Fax: +1 246 436 6004 N-7491 Trondheim Norway Mr. Ulrik Jackobsen Program Consultant Phone: +47 7359 5037 Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Fax: +47 7359 5045 Landgreven 7 E-mail: [email protected] 1301 Copenhagen K Denmark Mr. Speedo Hetutu General Manager Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Niue Power Generation Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 P O Box 232 E-mail: [email protected] Niue Mr. Niels Aage Jensen Phone: +683 4119 Chairman Fax: +683 4385 Marstal District Heating Company E-mail: [email protected] Jagtvej 2 5960 Marstal Mr. Buckhard Holder Denmark Executive Director ISES Headquarter Phone: +45 62533564 Wiesentalsstr. 50, E-mail: [email protected] D-79115 Freiburg Germany Mr. Thomas Lynge Jensen Island Project Coordinator Phone: +49 761 45906 10 Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Fax: +49 761 45906 99 Landgreven 7 E-mail: [email protected] 1301 Copenhagen K Denmark Mr. Abdul Razzak Idris Director General Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Ministry of Communication, Science and Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 Technology E-mail: [email protected] 5th Floor, BML Building Boduthakurufaanu Magu Ms. Christine Riis Jensen Male Staff Republic of Maldives Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Landgreven 7 Phone: +960 331696 1301 Copenhagen K Fax: +960 331694 Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Mr. Tetsunari IIda Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 Senior Researcher Department of Environmental & Social Policy Mr. Aage Johnsen Studies Manager The Japan Research Institute, Limited Samsoe Energy Company 16, Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku Oesterloekkevej 1 Tokyo 8305 Samsoe 102-0082 Japan Denmark

Phone: +81 3 3288 4722 Phone: +45 8659 3211 Fax: +81 3 3288 4145 Fax: +45 8659 1980 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Takeharu Ikema Mr. Yvon Juliette Research Institute for Sub-Tropics Seychelles Bureau of Standards Asahi-cho 1 P.O. Box 953 Naha-city Victoria Japan Seychelles

Phone: +81-98-866-7500 Phone: +248 375 333 Fax: +81-98-866-7533 Fax: +248 375 151 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. David Ince Mr. Pauulu Kamarakafego Technical Officer International Coordinator Energy and Natural Resources Division International Network of Small Island Developing Ministry of Environment, Energy and Natural States NonGovernmental Organizations and Resources Indigenous Peoples (INSNI) 2nd Floor National Petroleum Corporation Building P.O. Box 2423

10 Hamilton HMJX Fax: +45 62 53 11 27 Bermuda Mr. Lelei Lelaulu Fax: +1 441 295 7890 Vice-President, Board of Directors Counterpart International Mr. Rene Karottki 1200 18th Street NW Chairman for the International Advisory Suite 1100 Committee for the Global Conference on Washington DC 20036 Renewable Energy Islands USA SEED Programme Advisor Energy and Development Research Center Phone: +1 202-296-9676 (EDRC) Fax: +1 202-296-9679. University of Cape Town E-mail: [email protected] Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701 Ms. Nina H¿st Madsen South Africa Merkur Jakob Dannef¾rds Vej 6 B Phone: + 27 21 650 3230 1973 Frederiksberg C Fax: +27 21 650 2830 Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +45 35 36 72 10 Mr. Maurice H. Kaya Fax: +45 35 36 72 40 Energy, Resources and Technology Administrator Department of Business, Economic Development Mr. Shigenori Matsuura and Tourism Director P.O. Box 2359 General Affairs Department Honolulu, Hawaii Ecosystems Conservation Society Japan USA 96804 Phone: +81-3-3288-4722 Phone: +1 808 587 3812 Fax: +81-3-3288-4145 Fax: + 1 808 586-2536 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Djamal Ali Mbaraka Mr. Peter Kenilorea Jnr Director Ministry of Energy International Environment Negotiations B.P. 12 South Pacific Regional Environment Programme Moroni (SPREP) Comores 800 Second Ave. Suite 400D Phone: +269 74 45 11 New York, NY 10017 Fax: +269 74 46 32 USA Mr. Kazuo Morozumi Phone: +1 212 599 9744 Professor Fax: +1 212 599 0767 Department of Resource and Environmental E-mail: [email protected] Economics 1-1 Tutsumidohri-Amamiyamachi Ms. Silia Kilepoa Aoba-ku, Senior Energy Officer Sendai Treasury Department Japan 9818555 Private Mail Bag Apia Phone: +81 22 717 8908 Samoa Fax: +81 22 717 8908 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +685 34 333 Fax: +685 21312 Mr. Prinesh Narayan E-mail: [email protected] Senior Scientific Officer Department of Energy Mr. Michael Kvetny Ministry of Works and Energy Secretary General PO Box 2493 Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Government Buildings Landgreven 7 Fiji 1301 Copenhagen K Denmark Phone: +679 386677 Fax: +679 386301 Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Tony Neil Executive Director Mr. Karsten Landro Pacific Power Association (PPA) Mayor of Marstal Municipality Naibati House Vestergade 32 Goodenough Street 5960 Marstal Suva Denmark Fiji

Phone: +45 62 53 11 23 Phone: + 679 306-022

11 Fax: + 679 302-038 Mr. Robert V. Rasmussen E-mail: [email protected] Samsoe Municipality Langgade 1 Mr. Francis Ngalu 8305 Samsoe Permanent Secretary for Works and Energy Denmark Ministry of Works and Energy P.O Box 498 Phone: +45 86591422 Betio, Tarawa Fax: +45 86591010 Republic of Kiribati Mr. Christophe Rat Phone: +686 26 192 /26 105 Association RESO Fax: +686 26172 Energies Renouvelables E-mail: [email protected] 18, Route de Saint ÐFrancois 97400 Saint Denis Mr. Jean-Marc Noel Ile de la Reunion. Senior Consultant VERGNET S.A. Phone: +262 67 36 27 118, boulevard du Montparnasse Fax: +262 30 28 94 75014 Paris E-mail: [email protected] France Ms. Dorothee Reinmuller Phone: +33 1 4327 3483 Scientific Project Management Fax: +33 1 4327 3483 ISES Headquarter Wiesentalstr. 50 Mr. Mata Nooroa D-79115 Freiburg Director of Energy Germany Ministry of Works, Energy and Physical Planning PO Box 102, Arorangi Phone: +49 761 45906 54 Rarotonga Fax: +49 761 45906 99 Cook Islands E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: +682 20 034 Mr. Tom Roper Fax:: +682 21134 Project Director E-mail: [email protected] Small Island States Greening Initiative 282 Bruyere Street Mr. Yasunobu Ogiwara Ottawa Tomen Power Co. ON, Canada KIN 5E6 Akasaka 2-14-27 Minato-ku Phone: +1 613 241 6818 Tokyo Fax: +1 613 241 3810 Japan E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: +81-3-3-3588-7061 Mr. Peter Schorn Fax: +81-3-3588-9977 Lahmeyer International GmbH E-mail: [email protected] Friedberger Str. 173 61118 Bad Vilbel Mr. Luke Paeniu Germany Assistant Secretary Ministry of Works, Energy and Communications Phone: +49-6101-55-1412 Private Mail Bag Fax: +49-6101-55-1765 Funafuti E-mail: [email protected] Tuvalu Mrs. Ide Seidelin Phone: +688 20 052/20 721 Manager Fax: +688 20 722 / 20 721 Aeroe Energy and Environment Office Vestergade 64 Mr. John Sander Petersen 5970 Aeroeskoebing Mayor of Samsoe Denmark Langgade 1 8305 Samsoe Phone: +45 6252 1587 Denmark Fax: +45 6252 2731 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +45 86 59 14 22 Fax: +45 86 59 10 10 Ms. Line Schiermacher Staff Mr. Leo Holm Petersen Forum for Energy and Development (FED) Manager Landgreven 7 Marstal District Heating Company 1301 Copenhagen K Jagtvej 2 Denmark 5960 Marstal Denmark Phone: +45 33 12 13 07 Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 Phone: +45 62533564 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

12 Mr. Tuiloma Neroni Slade Ms. Dorrit Saietz Chairman of Alliance of Small Island States Journalist (AOSIS) and Ambassador, Permanent Aktuelt Representative of Samoa to the United Nations Kalvebod Brygge 35-37 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400D 1595 K¿benhavn V New York, NY 10017 Denmark USA Phone: +45 33 18 40 00 Phone: +1 212 599 6196 Fax: +45 33 18 40 02 Fax: +1 212 599 0797 E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Per Alex Soerensen Mr. Henrik Steen-Knudsen PlanEnergi Aeroe Energy and Environment Office Jyllandsgade 1 Vestergade 64 9520 Skoerping 5970 Aeroeskoebing Denmark Denmark

Phone: +45 96 82 04 00 Phone: +45 6252 1587 Fax: +45 98 39 24 98 Fax: +45 6252 2731 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Jan Soerensen Mr. Glenford M. Stewart Energy Development as Minister of Communications and Works Fred. Olsenst. 1 Ministry of Communications & Works 0152 Oslo Halifax Street Norway Kingstown St. Vincent & the Grenadines Phone: +47 2241 4333 Fax: +47 2241 4334 Phone: +1 784 456 1111 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 784 456 2168 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Bevan Springer Journalist/Media Consultant Mr. Tauese P. F. Sunia P.O. Box 354 Governor of American Samoa Sea Cliff, NY 11579 Pago Pago USA American Samoa 96799

Phone: +1 291 861 2056 Phone: +684 633 4116 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +684 633 2269

Mr. Peter Starck Mr. Finn Tobiesen International Correspondent Program Coordinator Reuters Denmark Danish Organisation for Renewable Energy Badstuestraede 18 Dannebrogade 8C 1209 Copenhagen K 8000 Aarhus C Denmark Phone: +45 33 96 96 50 Fax: +45 33 93 84 57 Phone: +45 8676 0444 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +45 8676 0544 E-mail: [email protected] Ms. Anni Svanholt Socialist People's Party Mr. Taniela Tukia Member of Parliament Officer in Charge of Energy Planning Unit Christiansborg Ministry of Land, Survey and Natural Resources 1240 K¿benhavn K P.O Box 5 Denmark Nuku`alofa Tonga Phone: +45 33 37 44 08 Fax: +45 33 14 70 10 Phone: +676 23210 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +676 23216

Mr. Tagami Takahiko Mr. Isaia Taape Researcher Energy Planner Japan Science and Technology Corporation Department of Energy 26-3, Nishigahara 1 Ministry of Works, Energy and Communications Kita-ku Private Mail bag Tokyo Funafuti 114-0024 Tuvalu Japan Phone: +688 20615/ 20725 Phone: +81 3 5961 7447 Fax: +688 20 722 / 20800 Fax: +81 3 5961 7448 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Soeren Q. Vestesen Danvest Energy Rudolfgaardsvej 1B

13 8260 Aarhus Denmark

Phone: +45 86 72 00 33 Fax: +45 86 29 65 64

Mr. Sylvester Vital Head of the Electrical Division Ministry of Communications, Works and Housing Government Headquarters Roseau Commonwealth of Dominica

Phone: +1 767 448 2401 Fax: +1 767 448 4807

Mrs. Mona Whyte Project Manager Caribbean Energy Information Systems (CEIS) Scientific Research Council P. O. Box 350 Kingston 6 Jamaica

Phone: +1 876 927 1771 4 Fax: +1 876 977 1840 E-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Lars Yde Engineer The Folkcenter for Renewable Energy Kammersgaardsvej 16, Sdr. Ydby 7760 Hurup Thy Denmark

Phone: +45 9795 6600 Fax: +45 9795 6565 E-mail: [email protected]

14 Mr. Svend Auken, in efforts to show the way to a sustainable energy future. Danish minister of Environment and Energy That they commit themselves to actively demonstrate, that the development of energy technology, which they need to see in all parts of the world, is a feasible option.

On behalf of the Danish Government it is my That they are intent to move ahead and privilege to extend a warm welcome to all of transform their energy systems to rely you. completely on renewables.

It is a pleasure to see so many representatives In Denmark, the thrust in energy policies has from the global island community present here been on energy-sawing and increasing energy- to day. efficiency in the short and the medium term. We have succeeded in this to the extent that we have At a first glance, it may seem a somewhat completely discoupled the use of energy and strange idea, that islands in particular should economic growth for the last thirty years, when take it upon themselves to be global front- the economy has grown by more than 70 %, runners in renewable energy-technologies. while our overall use of energy has been stable.

Upon reflection, though, it is a rather logical But it has been clear to us since long, that the idea - and an excellent one for many reasons. development of renewable energy technologies, must be made a significant part of our The global climate-negotiations have made it transformation into a sustainable energy-future. very clear, that a large number of small islands will be brought into a precarious situation One result has been a significant development because of climate change. of wind-turbines, which supply 9 % of our consumption of electricity at present, and is The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) supposed to reach 17 % by 2003 and 50 % by has been relentless in pointing out to 2030. negotiators, that rising sea levels and more extreme weather events will put their very The increase will come mainly from off-shore existence at stake. installations.

The alliance in fact has been the toughest single We consider wind power the most important group of countries to call for substantial and promising of the renewable energy reductions in the global emission of green- technologies. With current trends in prices, house gasses. wind-power will probably be one of the cheapest ways to reduce our CO2-emissions. Thus, they have been our best allies in promoting an ambitious pro-active effort by the The use of biomass from straw, wood and global community. biogas is supplying 4 % of our overall consumption of energy. But at the same time they of course are acutely aware of standing first in line to suffer from the Total proportion of all renewables is expected to floods and tropical storms which will supply 12-14 % by 2005. All renewables will accompany rising global temperatures. supply 35 % by 2030.

As a result - and to the benefit of many low- Coal will be completely phased out over that lying continental countries as well - they have period. advocated the need to prepare for adaptation to the changes we foresee. It is evident, that clean energy will remain central to global efforts to reconciliate the Island communities around the globe produce energy sector with environmental requirements - only a tiny fraction of the global greenhouse gas also beyond climate policies. emissions, of course. For the Danish Government, it has been an But to make the argument, it is essential, that interesting perspective to create highly visible small, vulnerable islands around the globe join laboratories for renewable energy. The concept

15 of "renewable energy islands", has therefore Fossil fuel based energy production is one of the been an interesting idea for us to pursue as well. major causes of climate change caused by man. But energy is also one of the most important As a result, in 1998 the island of Sams¿ (an 112 factors in the development of society. km2 island in Kattegat with 4.500 inhabitants) was designated as the first "official" renewable As renewables are independent, widely energy island in Denmark. available and therefore local energy sources, they can be applied by local communities to In 1998 our host island, ®r¿, followed suit. enhance their social and economic development.

In both cases, the idea is to combine the energy Therefore, clean sources of energy is an strategy with other development and important component in a sustainable energy employment perspectives, much the same way future for developing countries. as will be the case with renewable energy islands in other parts of the world. And renewable energy technology should be one of our top-priorities in the transfer of Thus we hope to develop a concept, which may technology, which is called for in the Climate serve to demonstrate a comprehensive strategy, Convention. that may be of use to local communities in other parts of the world as well. The Kyoto Protocol introduced the so-called Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a The concept of renewable energy islands can tool to enhance the transfer of sustainable gain support from the ambitious EU-White technology. Paper: "Energy for the future: Renewable Sources of Energy" which was adopted in 1998. We need to make sure, that it is used to maximise the importance of renewable energy- One of the key elements in the strategy for technology in the emerging co-operation on accelerating the development and installation of energy between developing and developed renewable energy is to create 100 localities countries. within Europe which are 100% self-sufficient with renewable energy before 2010. I see the implementation of the idea of renewable energy-Islands, and the global co- This idea, of course, is very conducive to the operation, which springs from that, as an development of renewable energy islands in important step in that direction. Europe, and is an important reason for the EU to be the main sponsor of this conference. In contrast to the other Kyoto-mechanism's, The CDM can be used from the year 2000. Fortunately renewable energy has received great deal of attention in the international The Kyoto Protocol has two main criteria climate negotiations. governing the CDM:

The renewable energy-transformation must be 1) that emissions-reductions from CDM made one of the most important tools to projects must be additional to any that stabilise the concentration of greenhouse gases would occur in the absence of the CDM in the atmosphere. projects, and

In implementing the Climate Convention, as it 2) that CDM projects must assist the host is. country in achieving sustainable development. Consequently, - financing of demonstration projects and Still, the specific rules and guidelines for - enhancing the marketing of renewable energy applying the CDM are not in place yet. are important areas for the financial mechanism of the Climate Convention - The Global The wording of the Kyoto Protocol leaves Environment Facility. plenty of room for interpretation and consequently for undermining the intentions Renewable energy also has a key-role in behind the CDM. different parts of the global Action Plan for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, that was adopted in Buenos Aires late 1998.

16 We need to be very observant and active in the We will continue to co-operate with countries negotiations to make sure, that this will not be and organisations all over the World, and we the case. will continue to take active part in the formulation of European and Global climate and I, for one, will insist, that the word clean is renewable energy strategies. taken very seriously in the negotiations. I hope that this conference will prove our But it should be obvious, that renewable energy determination, and that it will be an inspiration projects fits very well with both criteria. to all participants.

And it is equally obvious, that large scale I am sure, that it will be valuable in creating the implementation of renewable energy in the contacts and networks we need to have in place developing as well as the developed world calls for the effective exchange of ideas and for intensive international collaboration. information.

We will need a vivid exchange of information That it will point clearly in the direction we about technology as well as possible concepts need to take to develop a global strategy for for organisation and financing. renewable energy.

Let me assure you, that the Danish We need the commitment and potential of the Government, the Danish energy sector and its Island Communities to show the way to a supporting industry stand ready to share our sustainable energy future for all of us. experience with renewable energy with you. I wish you the best of luck in your efforts. The concept of Renewable Energy Islands is an Thank you. excellent opportunity to do just that.

17 18 Mr. Karsten Landro, topics as organic farming, Agenda 21 activities and renewable energy a close collaboration on Mayor of Marstal Municipality, planning and coordination is a must. Aeroe People on ®r¿ have been very interested om renewable energy for two decades. Ladies and gentlemen. At the end of the seventies the first stray As mayor of the municipality of Marstal it is an windmills began to show up on ®r¿. honour and a pleasure for me to welcome you all to our beautiful island ®r¿. A little later the company ®r¿ Windmill Park was formed by a few idealistic pioneers. A special welcome to the Danish Minister of Gradually more and more ordinary citizens Energy and Environment, Mr. Svend Auken, joined the company and very soon it became a who has honoured ®r¿ and this conference by great success. making the opening speech today. 11 windmills, each of 55 kW, were set up on the The municipalities of ®r¿sk¿bing and Marstal south coast of ®r¿. are very proud that ®r¿ has been chosen as host island for the Global Conference on Renewable The windmills have since steadily produced Energy Islands. electric energy and money to their owners and are still doing so today. I should like to take the opportunity to express warm thanks to all organizations and I have noticed that your programme contains an individuals who have taken part in this choice. excursion to the windmill park on Thursday.

®r¿ is called a pearl or to be more precise It is my hope that you, if you take part in this ÓTHE Pearl og the Archipelago south of the excursion will see the windmills as a powerful Danish island FunenÓ. manifestation of a local dream that came true, though the mills today may seem small and out We who live here fully agree to that name, but of date. at the same time we realize that the name implies and obligation. In the late eighties the switch-over to renewable energy sources took a big step forward as the On the one hand we enjoy the exceptional district heating company of ®r¿sk¿bing nature of this island and invite our guests to do converted its heat production to straw, the same. combined with solar and wind energy.

On the other we are aware of the necessity of Here in Marstal we took ®r¿sk¿bing as an taking care of this treasure which has been example. entrusted to us. In 1995/1996 the biggest large scale solar Indeed we want ®r¿ to be known as a place district heating plant in the world was built after where people seek the quality of life in a a unanimous decision made by the members of balance between man and nature. the district heating company.

®r¿ is a small island with only 7.500 The Danish Ministry of Energy and inhabitants spread out over two municipalities: Environment arranged in 1997 a competition ®r¿sk¿bing with 4.000 inhabitants and Marstal called the Renewable Energy Island with 3.500 inhabitants. Competition.

In ®r¿sk¿bing agriculture is dominating, while The idea of the competition was to select a people in Marstal make their living through Danish island which should serve as a trade and shipping. demonstration area and a show window for Renewable Energy in Denmark. In spite of this basic difference there is a fine cooperation across the municipal borderline. The island Sams¿ won the competition, but this didnÕt make ®r¿ give up. ®r¿sk¿bing and Marstal collaborate on a diversity of tasks, and when we are dealing with In connection with the competition an

19 organization had been formed on ®r¿, which A large scale energy saving project, covering subsequently has played a central role as the whole island, is considered. motivator, coordinator and catalyst in the process of converting into renewable energy And finally, last but not least: a big effort is sources. made to replace the existing windmills on the island with 7 to 9 1,6 MW mills fully owned by The organization, which is called Renewable the local population. Energy Organization ®r¿, has members from the municipalities, the local energy supply If the replacement succeed ®r¿ will be 100 per companies and the local agriculture, and is cent self sufficient with electric energy. financially supported by the European Community and the Danish Ministry of Energy I hope I have managed to give you an and Environment. impression of ®r¿ and the efforts we do to preserve our island as a green island surrounded The efforts to switch over the local energy by a blue sea, a nice place to live and a nice production into renewable energy sources are in place to visit. full swing. With these words I welcome you to the Global A great work is done to build district heating Conference on Renewable Energy Islands with plants, based on straw, wood and solar energy, the wish that you will have a pleasant and in S¿by, a town in the west of ®r¿, and in Rise interesting stay on ®r¿. and Dunk¾r, two villages in the middle of the island. Thank you very much.

The heating of solitary houses in the country is converted from electric energy into wood and straw.

20 Mr. Pauulu Kamarakafego, INSNI tried to have regional and world meetings in the first year but unfortunately due to a lack International Coordinator, of resources only some regions had meetings but International Network of Small no multinational meetings were held. We decided to have annual meetings when we met at Island Developing States UN headquarters in New York during the CSD NonGovernmental meetings. Organizations and Indigenous Since the Barbados meeting in 1994 INSNI has Peoples (INSNI) involved itself in a number of government and non-government institutions e.g. the Caribbean Policy Development Center, CARICOM, in pacific region the NGO body of Pacific As we approach a new Millennium, we must Resources Center and government agencies in seriously consider many global issues. The South Pacific also bodies attached to AOSIS and distribution of wealth; the pursuit of CSD. international political progress; the dominance of the countries of the North over the countries Another activity INSNI is involved with is a of the South; and the constant proliferation of partnership with northern NGO's e.g. Forum for resources from developing states, all require Energy and Development (FED) dealing sober reflection. In the new millennium, we specifically with renewable energy must chart a better future than our past. Another major concern in the NGO action plan In 1994 when the UN had its conference on was that we all agreed that we would go back to sustainable development in Small Island states our respective countries and lobby our in Barbados, there was a parallel non- governments to legislate a clean air act. In government forum. The forum had various particularly around the question of renewable representatives of nine major NGO groups in energies and faze out fossil and nuclear fuels UN. At the end of the forum the nongovernment because both fuels are not environmentally participants elected to organise an action plan friendly. roughly along the path of the governmental action plan. Due in large part to the avarice that prevailed in the last century, we will enter the Millennium One of paramount issues of the NGO action with one statistic that should motivate each one plan was that representatives at the conference of us. would elect persons from various regions and formulate a network, which was called INSNI. That statistic is this: In 1999, there are 2 billion people without access to energy. To do capacity building of various regions and each country in their region would compliment Energy is the most fundamental necessity of the individual government national strategy and human ability to progress. Without energy, we development plan and this network would cannot even begin to reverse the imbalance that examine influence and assist those plans and currently exists between the prosperity of the develop individual and regional national developed, and the poverty of the developing networks of NGO's. states.

The regions are Pacific, Atlantic/Mediterranean Having established the importance of energy, we sea, Caribbean, Indian Ocean & Diaspora cannot avoid the realities for the two billion region. people that do not have access to it. If almost one half of the people of Earth are without Diaspora - People from SIDS who live in energy; then we must become even more fervent Europe, America and Australia but feel they with our representations. We must find a better could contribute in development of their Island way. (home). The headquarters is in New York City. A database was developed in Barbados of all the The Report of the Secretary-General of the names and addresses of the above people. The Commission on Sustainable Development persons elected to represent the different regions highlighted the manifest benefit of renewable would implement these measures on return to energy as opposed to traditional sources of their Island. fuel.

21 As SIDS normally have infrastructures that are INSNI therefore recommends that countries inadequate for the population, rural inhabitants within a region should create "talent and suffer the most from a lack of energy source as technology banks" where technologies that transportation is not set up to deliver large are best for a particular region can be studied, machinery that fuel systems need in order to with information and education shared. efficiently distribute electricity to rural areas. Although we must appreciate that cultural differences may effect different country's In this regard, the Secretary-General called for energy consumption, very often the the use of renewable forms of energy, as they similarities outweigh the differences. Once would solve two inherent problems of energy in different governments acknowledge that by SIDS. Firstly, the distribution, and secondly identifying and addressing their collective appropriateness. It is clear that SIDS cannot needs, their individual needs can be satisfied, continue to import fuels in the next Millennium. an integrated renewable energy usage will History has shown that the importation of fuels experience rapid growth. forces massive trade imbalances and creates dependence not independence. It is not efficient I would like to spend a little time discussing due to transportation and distribution issues also plans for the country that I live in, Bermuda. it is not environmentally friendly. Bermuda is an archipelago up of 300 or so islands and has a population of approximately Renewable energy that depends solely on 60,000. The majority of the population lives on a natural resources e.g. wind, water and solar 22 square mile island. With the affluence that energy etc. can create independence for SIDS. Bermuda has come to appreciate, funding is not Also, the suppliers of this equipment are the major barrier to the proliferation of commercial entities and therefore are not renewable energy sources. It is the will of the hindered by bureaucracy and the unreliable government. I should add here that Bermuda has political will of some leaders. its first change of government since Party politics was introduced. Five years ago, we held this conference in Barbados. It has been reported that a country In the arena of renewable energy, the Bermudian with such sound infrastructure and good government has passed legislation that removes distribution of energy, as Barbados, relies on duty from solar equipment that is imported to solar energy for 23% of its energy production. the island. Solar equipment has even been embraced in Bermuda's stringent building code. This is one of the success stories of the marriage between political will, commercial ingenuity Some time ago I had extensive discussions with and sustainable development. The Barbados the Minister of the Environment in Bermuda government and their private sector should be who is a great proponent of renewable energy. commended for promoting that particular aspect He requested that after this conference, Bermuda of renewable energy. host a conference on renewable energies. I am proud to state that that Conference has been The Barbados success story leads me to one of scheduled for November 14th to 25th 2000, and the essential recommendations for the wider use you will all begin receiving pertinent of alternative and renewable energy sources and information later this year. that is there should be a talent and technology bank. Just as AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island This conference that is being held now is like a States) was created out of a need for a unified preparatory meeting for the special session of front on the international stage, SIDS should the CSD in the year 2001 and the conference in also share technology to create a base of Bermuda will also be a preparatory meeting for influence on a regional stage. By sharing what is the special session of the CSD with emphasis on already a common need, countries could the various renewable energy technology. significantly decrease the cost of research and development by coming together to find the The Bermuda conference will not only be an most effective and efficient technology for a opportunity for the exchange of ideas, and particular region. technology, it will also house an exhibition of - products - and, available technologies. I A larger technological market would also give encourage NGOs, SIDS and other governments commercial entities a profit margin that could to attend this conference, as it will also provide allow them to be more creative in their funding an update on the progress of distribution of and supply of both equipment and maintenance renewable energy technologies throughout programs. various regions of the World.

22 Mr. Michael Kvetny, 1997, asked Forum for Energy and Development to make a survey of renewable Secretary General, energy developments on small island. Our Forum for Energy and Renewable Energy Island Co-ordinator Mr. Thomas Lynge Jensen made the survey in 1998. Development (FED) The survey identified a paradox. Despite favourable conditions for renewable energy on islands compared to mainland, the penetration On behalf of the Danish NGO Forum for of renewable energy in general was not higher Energy and Development (FED), I have the on the islands. However, dispersed around the pleasure to welcome all to this Global world, there are islands with a significant Conference on Renewable Energy Islands. utilisation of renewable energy sources. These islands have succeeded in overcoming some of I would like to address a special thank to the the barriers and we all want to learn from their Danish Minister of Environment and Energy for experience Ð both their successes and mistakes. his full support for this conference and a special There is no reason to duplicate mistakes when thank to the mayor of Marstal, ®r¿ for hosting we have an opportunity to avoid them. We hope the conference on ®r¿. I will also thank all that we can further develop the expertise we participants of whom many has travelled across have established in our small Renewable Energy most of the world to join the conference and Island secretariat at Forum for Energy and share their experience with other islanders. Development during the last years and that islands interested in sustainable energy can The objective of this conference is at least three benefit from this expertise. fold: to exchange experience, to raise awareness and to stimulate co-operation. We hope that this conference will give new input to supplement the 1998 survey so we can Many small island states are highly motivated launch a more comprehensive report. We to enhance utilisation of renewable energy believe it would be very helpful to organise and sources. The limited size of these islands and disseminate experience and even make some the often far distance from large scale supply guidelines on issues such as institutional and systems in combination with advantageous political framework, organisation and financing. access to renewable energy sources creates excellent opportunities for developing local To day we are representatives from 32 small competitive conditions for renewable energy. island states, from regional organisations and from non-sovereign islands. The interest for the It is well-known that RE technologies are global conference has been overwhelming and developing and in many cases to day they are with only 2 days we will not be able to give full competitive compared to energy supply systems presentations of experience from all based on fossil fuels. But it is also well-known participants. We have chosen to day to give that changes in energy demand and supply is a presentations from 8 islands identified in the long term challenge to overcome several 1998 survey as examples of islands with a barriers regarding institutional and policy significant utilisation of renewable energy. Four framework not favourable for sustainable of these islands are sovereign states and four are energy development, lack of organisational not sovereign states. Other island capacity to disseminate sustainable energy and representatives will have the opportunity to give lack of funding schemes appropriate for shorter presentations during the parallel sessions dissemination of sustainable energy. this afternoon.

This conference will focus on the experience Most of the islands identified with renewable gathered to overcome these barriers and how to energy experience are non-sovereign and proceed to disseminate sustainable energy. therefor have substantial support in terms of Indeed there are success stories but sometimes capacity and funds. The island states do not it takes a long time for a story to become a have these resources and we hope that one of success and bad experience is as important as the output from this conference will be good experience. initiatives that can support these small island states in their efforts towards sustainable energy The programme of today will focus on the development. experience from islands who have succeeded in We see partnerships between islands as a tool to getting a higher degree of renewable energy. promote sustainable energy. We believe that the The Danish Council for Sustainable Energy, in Danish experience on how to organise end-users

23 and how to establish co-operation between civil And while we push the big funds and policy society, government and private sector makers we can qualify our push through the successfully can be transferred to other islands. experience we can gain from these concrete We will take specific initiatives to establish pilot projects. partnership between islands with more experience and islands just starting to develop a And this leads to the end of my opening speech sustainable energy strategy. This would be with the last objective of the conference: Use supported by new funding schemes and this opportunity to make contacts between the mechanisms that can underline the co- island and get ideas on how to promote operation. For instance we prepare some pilot sustainable energy through specific project projects combining a climate account in a proposals. Danish bank with micro financing on islands in the Pacific. Another promising way forward is to strengthen capabilities of islands to benefit from the flow of investment which is likely to follow from the Clean Development Mechanism under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Of course we shall keep pushing the major funding institutions like World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, the regional development banks and the European Commission to focus more on funding schemes appropriate for promotion of renewable energy. We should also make sure that these initiatives will be input when UN Commission for Sustainable Development meets the 9th time in the spring of 2001 with energy on the agenda.

24 Sustainable Energy as a Tool EU co-operation under the LomŽ Convention and include the following: for Development for ACP Small Island Developing States The recommendations developed in the study can, however, be extended to the majority of Ms. Lara Bertarelli, developing island states in the world. Energy Research Scientist, The SIDS review was undertaken by a team of IT Power Limited experts led by IT Power with valuable contributions from a number of institutions and individuals including South Pacific Applied I would like to offer the apologies of the Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the Centre representatives for the UNDP and the European for Resource Management and Environmental Commission in not being here themselves to Studies (CERMES), Barbados, and South present this paper, however it gives me great Pacific Forum Secretariat, Fiji. pleasure to address you myself today. The SIDS country case studies were prepared by IT Power was contracted by the European Econergy in Barbados and Tritech in Fiji. Commission and UNDP to undertake the study entitled ÒSustainable Energy as a Tool for The production of this report has benefited Development in Small Island Developing States greatly from a peer review process, in particular (SIDS)Ó. The report will act as a reference to from the review meeting held in Vienna in June future DGVIII energy policy developments in 1998 when delegates from Small Island States the ACP region. and EU member states agencies discussed an early draft of the study report. The Member I intend today to provide a brief overview on States Experts Group met on two additional the project including the objectives, the occasions to review draft versions of the report. approach and the key island issues and priorities identified by the report. However, as The report will be finally launched in October the report has not yet been launched I am not on 1999. this occasion able to disclose information on the conclusions and recommendations developed Key Island Issues from the report. There are many varying factors that distinguish Objectives individual island states from one another, that make any generalised study on small island The study serves to provide a guideline to the states a difficult one, however islands face a main issues and trends concerning SIDS in series of similar difficulties, needs and terms of energy, environment, development, problems. finance and policy and assesses the potential role of donors in the development of a SIDS are usually identified as being sustainable energy scene. geographically dispersed, isolated and small in size. They are located over 3/4 of the worldÕs The present energy situation in SIDS is oceans and cover a total area of 110,000 km2 - a examined and the feasibility for sustainable mere 0.08% of the total global land area. energy systems, mainly renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency are assessed. Population in the region also varies greatly. The study identifies the barriers that need to be However SIDS are usually characterised by high overcome before sustainable energy strategies population densities and in most cases over 1/2 can be created and implemented. of the population resides within 2 km from the coast. This project is in the context of Agenda 21 and other international environmental agreements. SIDS are also usually identified as being environmentally vulnerable, prone to ecological Approach hazards and to extremely damaging natural disasters. SIDS, as we all know, are also The African, Caribbean and Pacific Small particularly vulnerable to global climate change Island Developing States reviewed in the report though they emit little of the GHGÕs include those islands that are part of the ACP- themselves.

25 The majority of SIDS have small, limited · more efficient end-use consumption of financial reserves, inadequate infrastructure, electricity dependence on international trade and donor · demand side management aid, and are usually characterised as high-risk · improved generation, transmission and entities (with respect to insurance) due to their distribution networks to reduce losses and small size and vulnerability to natural disasters increase efficiency and external shocks. For these reasons they are · biofuels (derived from the sugar industry or usually identified as being economically from copra) to substitute petroleum fuels vulnerable with low levels of economic activity. used in the transport sector.

Economic development in SIDS is largely In the long term marine current turbines, ocean dependent on coastal and marine resources and thermal and wave power may prove to be a increasingly on Tourism. Tourism becoming the substantial energy source. most rapidly expanding industry in the majority of SIDS. Barriers

Throughout the region, transmission and There are also a number of perceived barriers to distribution losses are high and power and fuel the further integration of RETs in Island states - cut-offs are frequent. these include:

The limited or scarce indigenous conventional · Poor experience with early projects energy resources and the difficulties in securing · Lack of access to appropriate credit and energy supplies coupled with the shortage of financing mechanisms trained human resources exacerbate the many · Lack of specialists in sustainable energy constraints in economic and social development · Public awareness of energy efficiency of island states. limited · Government awareness of energy efficiency It has been predicted that Island States will limited continue to be heavily dependent on petroleum · Lack of energy efficient appliances on fuels and biomass both in the short and medium market term. The detrimental impacts on the · Regulatory and policy environments not environment and the financial burden placed on beneficial island states through the current inefficient use · Subsidised conventional energy of these fuels need to be addressed through the · Small populations - critical mass not application of appropriate technologies, achieved national energy policies and management · Lack of business opportunities measures. · Institutional capacity weaknesses

Most island states are blessed with abundant Priorities to Promote Sustainable Energy renewable energy resources, from traditional biomass to ocean resources, but they are largely In light of these key characteristics and barriers underexploited and conventional solutions to the further integration of renewable energy continue to dominate. There has been a gradual technologies and energy efficiency measures increase in the use of RE technologies such as into island systems a set of key priority areas to Modernised Biomass technologies, Micro- promote sustainable energy have been identified hydro, Photovoltaics, Solar Thermal and Wind, in the report and fall under the following broad however their contribution to the total energy headings: mix is still minimal. · Energy - including the integration of an The RET and resources that appear to be more integrated energy policy (addressing the promising in the short term are: issues such as: improved access to energy services, energy diversification, security of · more efficient use of biomass feedstocks supply, avoidence of deforestation, · PV particularly for remote islands employment generation...etc.) · Solar water heaters, particularly for urban · Institutional - including Capacity Building areas and the growing hotel industry for energy management, planning and · mini-micro hydroelectric plants, where policy formulation, Regional co-operation, adequate sites are available trade and infrastructure development · wind turbine generators, depending on (including the support of local and regional favourable wind regimes co-operation with neighbouring islands in

26 energy trade, harmonisation of technical · to support local and regional organisations to standards/ training/education/awareness plan, operate, maintain, finance and expand programmes, etc....). South-South/SIDS co- the use of the technology until a truly operation (much to be gained from co- sustainable basis is achieved. operation between regions for example between CARICOM and SOPAC) Further Information · Technical - the wider consideration of RETs in energy planning (PV for I am unable to present you today with details of individual households electrification) ...and the conclusions or recommendations of the as discussed before support on sustainably report and I would therefore kindly ask you to exploiting the renewable energy resources refer any questions, on this occasion, to Annie available. Roncerel, the Project Manager, who will be · Non-technical - participatory mechanisms - pleased to hear from you: important to involve all sectors of the community in the decision-making process Ms. Annie Roncerel of the programme, understanding the UNDP priorities of the community and whether E-mail: [email protected] the community is prepared to pay for the Fax: +1 212 906 5148 proposed system are all crucial. Again training and education...including training Thank you for your attention. of local installers, maintenance personnel...all integral components of a programme... · Business - key areas of priorities should include: development of bankable business plans, supporting private sector involvement, providing business seminars to sensitise the banking sector on RETs, provisional of concessional finance to stimulate industry markets (eg PVMTI, SDC, FINESSE) and transitional financing activities... · Policy - all ACP SIDS should have a sustainable energy policy and a RE/Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Recognition that energy is a player in all sectors...remove market distortions, encouragement of the commercial sector & financing agencies to support sustainable rural development · Finally, Donor Roles - should have an important role in facilitating most the above mentioned key areas.

Success in the integration of RETs depends on developing the right mix of regulatory, legal and institutional frameworks, energy and related policies, private and public sector involvement and financing mechanisms.

It is crucial to have:

· accurate RE resource data, · to understand the economic and technical viability of these technologies in the setting of Island states, · to provide sufficient efforts in organising active participation of the local community at the early planning stage, · to provide adequate training in system operation and maintenance and

27 28 Development of Solar Water At the end of 1996 the population stood at 264.4 thousand persons which signified a growth of Heating and other Renewable 0.1 percent for natural increase. The population Energy Technologies in density is approximately 600 persons square Barbados kilometer and can be considered relatively high. The Economy Mr. David Ince, Technical Officer, The economy of Barbados is small and open with a relatively narrow natural resource base. Energy and Natural Resources Traditionally the principal economic activities Division, were sugarcane cultivation, tourism, Ministry of Environment, Energy manufacturing and non-sugar agriculture and and Natural Resources, recently offshore financial service sector has Barbados played a significant role. The Barbadian economy expanded in 1996 with Content real output increasing to 5.2 percent. This was the fourth consecutive year of economic a) Introduction (sustainable Development in expansion and the rate of growth for 1996 was Barbados) the highest realized by the Barbadian economy since 1986. In 1996, the Gross Domestic b) Energy Characteristics Product at current prices was US$1 668.5 million; the final energy consumption was 3 c) Renewable Energy (Overview) 332.2 (000 bbls); and the energy intensity was approximately 500 bbls/US$GDP. · Solar Energy Barbados along with Trinidad and Tobago are the only two English speaking Caribbean · Wind Energy countries with indigenous crude oil and natural gas supplies. Petroleum, and in particular · Other Technologies imported petroleum dominate the total energy d) Solar Water Heating requirements. BarbadosÕ energy sector consists of four (4) subsectors: e) Barriers to Renewable Energy and Mitigation Strategies (a) oil and gas production; (b) petroleum marketing and distribution; Barbados (c) alternative energy; and (d) electricity generation. Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It lies 270 miles (435 km) northeast of Venezuela and 250 miles (402 a) Sustainable Development km) to the northeast of Trinidad and Tobago. The Barbados Government has over the years been committed to developing a sustainable The island is 21.1 miles long by 14.3 miles economy. The country relies on imported fuel wide, with a total land area of approximately for almost all of its energy production. The 166 square miles (432 sq. km) and is mainly sustainability of the economy has been coral and limestone formation except for the enhanced by the production of crude oil locally, eastern Scotland district. There is very little use of renewable energy sources and energy organic soil and the land is comparatively flat conservation techniques. All projects in this area with the highest point 1,115 feet (340 m) above are aimed at enabling Barbados to become more sea level. independent and self reliant in catering for its energy needs. The climate is tropical with summer-like weather all year round. The temperature ranges Environmental management is also vital to the between 20 to 30 Celsius and an annual rainfall sustainable development of Barbados. The between 49.4 to 65.0 inches (1 254 Ð 1650 island relies heavily on tourism as its major mm). foreign exchange earner. It is vital that the

29 natural beauty of the island is preserved with its Load factor (%) variety of animal and plant species. 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994

Protection of the environment is even more 72.5 70.9 70.0 70.6 70.5 critical due to the vulnerability of the island to climate change. Barbados because of its flat Losses (%) terrain and small size is very susceptible to 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 rising sea levels. Inundation of coastlines and severe flooding are likely to occur if the climate 7.7 7.4 7.8 7.4 7.3 change associated with increased carbon NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS AT YEAR END concentrations occurs within the next 50 years. In thousands There is also much evidence to suggest that the increase severity of hurricanes in recent times is 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 connected to the global climate change. Domestic 86.5 85.3 84 83 81.9 Comm. 11.1 10.6 10.2 9.8 9.6 TOTAL 95.6 95.9 94.2 92.8 91.5 1) Energy Characteristics

Operating statistics 2) Renewable Energy (overview) of the subsidiary company The Barbados Light & Power Company Solar Energy: Limited Barbados has continued to actively develop solar technologies, the Government of Barbados GENERATING PLANT realizes that these technologies will play a vital (Megawatts) role in developing a sustainable energy sector. Installed capacity The solar water heating industry is comfortably 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 the largest solar industry in Barbados. It has Steam 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 significantly grown since this technology Diesel 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 entered the mainstream in 1974. The industry Gas 43.5 43.3 43.5 30.5 30.5 benefited under the Fiscal Incentive Act of Turbine 1974, which allowed the solar water heating TOTAL 165.5 165.5 165.5 152.5 152.5 businesses to benefit from import preferences PEAK DEMAND and tax holidays.

1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 In addition, the placing of a 30% consumption 117.7 113.3 109.8 104.2 87.6 tax on electric water heaters helped to make these systems competitive. GENERATION AND SALES (GWh) There are at present three (3) solar water heating Gross generation companies in Barbados, Aqua Sol, Solar 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 Dynamics and Sun Power. There are now approximately 31,000 solar water heaters Steam 245.7 251.9 241.1 238.9 219.5 installed on the island. This represents more Diesel 401.3 283.9 399.8 379.5 365.2 Gas 100.3 69.1 34.3 25.9 18.0 than one third of households in Barbados. The Turbine water heaters have allowed Barbadians to save a TOTAL 747.3 704.9 675.2 644.3 602.7 combined total of more than $3.0 million per year. As a further incentive to customers, the Net generation Government allowed all solar water heaters 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 installed costs to be deductible from personal income tax. 714.6 671.9 643.5 613.4 572.7

Sales (GWhÕs billed) Recent advances in the technology have produced larger tanks of capacities of up to 8 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 000 gallons, which are widely used in the hotel sector. Other advances have led to greater Domestic 213.3 197.5 189.6 182.3 171.1 Comm. 444.5 423.0 401.9 384.0 358.0 durability and longevity of tanks as well as TOTAL 675.8 620.5 591.5 566.3 529.1 more resistance to calcification.

30 Solar Dynamics have already started to A similar type of the system is also being penetrate into the Caribbean market. developed by the Barbados Light & Power Company. Barbados has also been involved in promoting solar energy for many other purposes. Other SchoolsÕ Solar Photovoltaic Project major applications include solar drying, solar distillation and solar photovoltaic production of The Government of Barbados recognises that electricity. solar photovoltaics will become a significant provider of electrical energy in the next Solar drying techniques have been used in millennium. The Ministry intends to focus on Barbados since 1969. The dryers are used for this technology in the 1999-2000 academic year. removing moisture from a variety of agricultural Already the groundwork has been prepared for crops. In 1976 the first large-scale dryer was this. The U.W.I. will be instrumental in making produced. This dryer which has a 1600-kg sure that these programmes come to fruition. capacity was used for drying sugar cane. The Ministry of Education has also been involved in this programme and recognises its Since 1990 solar drying facilities have been benefits. used to dry many different crops which include sweet potatoes, eddoes, yams and other The main project which has been proposed for vegetables. international funding is the Edutech 2000 Photovoltaic Project. This project which will The UWI, Cave Hill established a solar drying cost approximately $450,000 US will lead to the project in 1995 under the supervision of Prof. assembly of a solar photovoltaic system which The Hon. Oliver Headley and Mr. William will be grid tied. Hinds. They have recently developed the Artisanal Dryer which has been exported in the The system will be used to provide electricity Caribbean region. for the entire school.

The Government of Barbados has also recently Funding has not been readily forthcoming for been involved, along with the UWI, in the use this project. The Division has decided to of solar energy for the distillation of water. At implement small projects of a demonstration present distilled water used in the science type. A 2 kW system will be installed at a laboratories at U.W.I., Cave Hill is obtained secondary school in the next academic year. from solar stills. The Government has entered into a joint project with U.W.I. to construct Wind Energy: twelve (12) solar stills to be used in secondary schools. During the 1980Õs a number of studies were undertaken to determine the wind resources in Within the last three (3) years the Government various sections of the island. It was determined of Barbados has been in the process of pursuing that the north and southeastern sections of the the development of other solar photovoltaic island were best suited to development in the technology. The U.W.I. and Barbados Light & areas of wind. A wind turbine was constructed Power Company have been instrumental in in 1986 with a capacity of 250 kw in the parish providing technical assistance. of St. Lucy which is to the north of the island.

There are a number of pilot projects, which are However, faulty technical design and now being undertaken. The U.W.I. has used insufficient maintenance, led to the photovoltaic panels to power a solar ice-making abandonment of the project in 1990. machine. This is a 2kW stand-alone system. The device has been continuously producing ice In 1998 the British company Renewable Energy for the last two months. It is expected that this Systems Ltd. in conjunction with the technology will be produced commercially for Government of Barbados commenced a wind fishermen who have a large need for ice in farm feasibility study. Continuous wind energy order to preserve fish. data has been collected at a site in St. Lucy and the results so far seem to suggest that wind farm The Government has also been involved with development is viable. the programme to provide photovoltaics for the lighting of Harrison Cave, which is one of the If the project proceeds, a 6-MW wind farm will premier tourist attractions of Barbados. The be constructed on the site and the energy 17.8 kW system will be tied to the utility grid. produce will be fed to the utility grid.

31 An agreement between the developers and solar water heating system became deductible Barbados Light & Power (utility company) will from income tax. have to be reached on the terms of the purchase of power. The cost of electricity in Barbados is approximately 17 US ¢ /kWh. This cost makes There have been many technologies in the alternative of an electrical water heater renewable energy, which have also been unattractive. The cost of using an electric heater investigated and/or implemented in Barbados. is $150 per month. However, the most popular At the moment the renewable energy source 66 gallon model would cost the homeowner that produces the largest fraction of total energy approximately $3000 for installation. This leads is bagasse which is used in the sugar can to a pay back time for the solar water heaters of industry. All of the energy used in the factories approximately 2 years. The lifetime of this is provided from this source. system is presently (15 Ð 20 years). Any excess is sold to the Barbados Light and Power at the avoided fuel cost. The systems used in Barbados are thermosyphonic systems. Most of the systems In addition small projects using biogas from consist of a flat plate collector and separate dairy farms have been undertaken. tank. There are however some integrated collector systems where the collector and tank Other Technologies: are heated in a single unit. Both systems are open systems; this means that water coming The University of the West Indies is currently from the pipes is heated directly in the collector. investigating Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). The technology will use In a thermosyphonic system, cold water when the temperature difference between the bottom heated rises up the tube to the collection tank of the ocean and that at its surface to provide and is stored in the tank. Cold water entering the the energy to power a generator. It is a system falls to the bottom of the collector and is technology, which has much scope for islands, heated, the cycle continues. which are volcanic in their geology. This technology is still to be demonstrated on a large The storage tanks are constructed from steel and scale. insulated using polyurethane and fibre glass. The collector panels and tubes are made of Tidal energy is also a renewable source, which copper and the collector is covered with has been investigated with a view to tempered glass. The collector is also insulated development. with fibre glass. d) Solar Water Heating Industry The tempered glass ensures durability and maximises transmittance. The black copper The Solar Water Heating Industry started in tubing maximises absorbance and the fibre glass 1974. reduces heat loss in the collector.

The high cost of electricity, foresight of All storage tanks are pressured to 300 pounds entrepreneurs, the high availability of Solar per square inch. Energy and fiscal incentives all played a part in fueling the solar water heating industry. At present there are 31,000 solar water heaters in Barbados. This represents 35% of all The fiscal incentives extended to fibre glass, hot households. water storage cylinders, solar collectors and water based adhesives. There have been many other institutions which have incorporated solar water heaters. These Essential materials used in the systems, include restaurants, hotels and educational including cooper and aluminum, have been institutions. Systems are modular consisting of afforded a lower tariff compared to that for 66 gallon, 80 gallon or 120 gallon tanks. The electric heaters and other technologies tanks are then linked together to provide the manufactured elsewhere. required capacity.

In 1984 the Income Tax Amendment gave Problems encountered by customers are mainly concessions to persons installing solar water due to incorrect sizing or calcification. Deposits heating systems. The cost of installation of a of calcium in the collector tubes as well as the

32 tank can significantly reduce the lifetime of the There has also been difficulty in attaining the system. technical capacity to produce the required number of systems. Even the solar heating Use of a magnesium rod and increasing the companies have been limited by inability to velocity of the water through the system have source the equipment to reduce production time helped to reduce the calcification problems. and increase volume. Financing in this area The use of stainless steel tanks is also being would be of tremendous benefit. looked at as a long term measure to combat this. More recently, distilled water has been The general lack of awareness of the considered as the fluid used to be heated in the technologies has also played a major part in the collector. Tap water will then be heated by lack of development of the resource. There are using a heat exchange. Distilled water used in many ongoing programmes which are the collector would eliminate calcification attempting to address this problem. These problems. include a number of school programmes and a National Energy Awareness week in order to Barriers to Renewable Energy and change attitudes in the young. It is hoped that in Mitigation Strategies time appreciation for the scope of renewable energy projects will be realized and attitudes And the way forward will change.

The Governments of the Caribbean have Conventional Energy is still generally regarded, recognized that development in the field of however, to be more ÒviableÓ. The industry has renewable energy is critical to the progress of suffered through publicity given to unsuccessful the region. In 1998 Caribbean Energy projects. In the previous decade some projects Information System (C.E.I.S) in association failed due to lack of maintenance and use of with U.N.D.P. (G.E.F.) developed a regional products which were unsuitable for Caribbean renewable energy project aimed at identifying environmental conditions. barriers to further development. There is generally a lack of professionals in the The Regional Organization has identified (a) area of Renewable Energy in Barbados. Much Finance (b) Capacity (c) Awareness (d) Policy, research and development is undertaken at the as major barriers to development. The situation University of the West Indies (CERMES) with in Barbados is somewhat representative of the Professor Oliver Headley and Mr. William Caribbean in this regard. Hinds in the forefront. This has meant that often when the technologies have been established In Barbados the success of the solar water there has not been a large enough pool of local heating industry has not been readily transferred expertise to manage and maintain the projects. It to other technologies. Difficulties in terms of is essential that professionals in diverse accessing finance has been a significant academic areas become aware of the potential of impediment. Investors have traditionally renewable energy. viewed renewable energy projects as Òhigh riskÓ and funding has therefore not been The Energy Division is committed to forthcoming. Financing agencies have developing local energy resources in a continually stressed that there needs to be more sustainable manner. In the 2000- 2010 national demonstration of the technologies. strategic plan, the Government has set a target of 40% of energy to be produce from renewable The Caribbean Development Bank have played sources. The present percentage is 25%. This is a role in this regard over the years but more mainly from bagasse used in the sugar cane needs to be done. Projects in solar energy tend industry. The millennium programme will also to be capital intensive and even through Òpay provide funding for a variety of solar backÓ times are attractive the inability for photovoltaic projects, outlines earlier. individuals to access start up capital has repeatedly led to projects not getting off the No legislation is currently in place for the use of ground. renewable energy but there is Energy Efficiency Legislation which is being developed. It is International Financing Agencies have also anticipated that environmental policy will be put been reluctant to help continue development in in place which will allow the entire renewable BarbadosÕ renewable energy sector. This is as a energy industry to flourish. result of BarbadosÕ relative high G.D.P.

33 34 Mauritius Country Cultivated lands cover about 50% of the extent of the country. Sugar plantations account for Presentation 90% of the cultivations, the remainder being tobacco, tea, maize, potato and vegetables. Mr. Louis Gerard HŽbrard, Production Manager, Forests are few and mostly in the south, south Central Electricity Board, west and south east and of small extent. Ministry of Public Utilities, The only wild animals are the Javanese deer, Mauritius monkeys and wild pigs and there are no snakes or dangerous animals.

Mauritius is also free from tropical or other Part I Ð General Background of Mauritius contagious diseases.

Introducing Mauritius Ð Its Location Population

Mauritius is a pear shaped island of volcanic The population of Mauritius is about 1.2 origin situated in the South West of the Indian million, comprising some 35 000 living in Ocean, within the tropic of Capricorn, between Rodrigues island, its small dependency situated latitudes 20¡ south longitude 57¡35 east of some 600 kms in its north east. Greenwich. One of the most densely populated agricultural It lies at about 1 800 kms from the nearest point countries of the world, Mauritius is a mosaic of of the African Continent and 855 kms east of races, remarkable in its ethnic diversity. Its Madagascar. society is woven from many multi-cultured threads: Indian, African, Chinese and European. The main sea port and the seat of the This has produced a brew of races, languages, Government is the City of Port Louis, in the religious and even eating habits. English is the north west of the island. offical language but almost every one speaks and reads French. Many oriental languages are Mauritius is a sovereign Republic in the British also spoken, but creole, a derivative of French Commonwealth of nations, and a member of the language is the Lingua Franca. United Nations Organization and several international bodies. The population live in close proximity in spite of its widely different religions and customs. Area All religions with their rites and practices are respected. Everyone is free to practise the Mauritius has an area of 1 865 square religion of his choice. The Government kilometres, and is approximately 64 kms long subsidizes the various religious organisations and 48 kms wide. and their places of worship. Religious instructions in respect of any religion are Topography available in schools. The population at large is very religious-minded. Mauritius is surrounded by coral reefs and blue green water. Climate

The land rises from the coastal plain to a central Mauritius has a maritime climate, tropical plateau varying in altitude from 275 metres to during the austral summer and sub tropical in 700 metres. Bordering the plateau are three winter. Trade winds blow from the south mountain ranges running north, west and south east. Rainfall varies with the height above respectively. sea level: annual precipitation varies from about 800 mm along the coast line to 4 800 The highest point in the country is the Piton de mm on the high plateau. The heaviest rains la Petite Rivi•re Noire which is 828 metres and usually occur between January and March. situated in the western range. Cyclones are frequent between November and February. There is no well defined rainy The rivers of Mauritius are short. They flow at and dry seasons, however, and throughout the the bottom of deep ravines and occasionally year, there is a green cover of vegetation from waterfalls. They are not navigable. everywhere.

35 In the summer months from November to April employment of over 120 000. The E.P.Z the temperature varies from 20¡C to 28¡C on activity started only in the early seventies and the central plateau and from 25¡C to 33¡C on has attracted foreign investors principally from the coast. From May to October the average Hong Kong and South Africa. The total temperature is 19¡C in the centre of the island, contribution of the Industrial Sector to present rarely falling under 13¡C at night. On the coast, GDP is of the order of 33 per cent and over the all temperatures are about 5¡C higher. The sea past years has expanded in real terms at a rate of temperature approaches 27¡C in summer time 6.1 per cent annually. Beside textiles based and is down to 22¡C in winter. The hours of industries, the other main E.P.Z sectors are daylight is 5 a.m to 7 p.m in summer, from manufacture of watches and clocks, jewelry, October to May and from 6 a.m to 6 p.m in toys and games, optical goods. winter. The Agricultural sector is largely dominated by History the production of sugar with an annual average production of some 600 000 metric tonnes from Mauritius was known to the early Arab traders, some nineteen different Sugar Estates and as it can be found marked on their maps, but the wholly managed by the private sector. An first visitors from Europe were the Portuguese average of 5.8 million tonnes of sugar cane is who landed in 1510, using the island as a processed annually from a total harvested area victualling shop on their way to Goa. of about 74 000 hectares. The other activities in this sector are tea, food crops cultivation, agro The first attempt to settle was made by the industrial products, and tobacco. Total Dutch in 1638 after first visits since 1598. employment in this sector is over 40 000, with a They introduced sugar, Malagasy slaves and a contribution of the order of 9 per cent to GDP. herd of Javanese deer but were also needlessly destructive and are said to be responsible for the Tourism is the third most important industry in extinction of the famous dodo bird Ð an easy terms of foreign exchange earnings after prey and massive destruction of the magnificent manufacturing and sugar industries. Total ebony forests. They abandoned their settlement employment in this sector is about 13 000. in 1710. Tourists from Europe account for over 50% of the 600 000 annual visitors, while Reunion The French occupied the island between 1715 Island and the Republic of South Africa, our and 1810 when the British took possession of immediate neighbors, account for about 30%. the island by force after famous naval battles. After the abolition of slavery in 1835, Chinese and Indian Labourers who were followed by Part II Ð Central Electricity Board traders of their own nationalities, settled in the island. Introduction

Mauritius gained independence from Britain on The Central Electricity Board is a Government 12 March 1968. Under the constitution which para-statal organisation under the aegis of the is based on the westminster model political Ministry of Public Utilities, and is responsible power is vested in the Prime Minister and the for the generation, transmission and distribution Cabinet. Elections are held every five years. of electrical energy in Mauritius and its On 12 March 1992 Mauritius became a Repulic. dependency Rodrigues Island.

Economy It comprises seven different departments namely Finance, Audit, Administrative, Commercial, The Mauritian economy is three pronged based Transmission and Distribution and Production with a heading industrial sector, a long totalling some 1 900 employees for the service established agricultural sector, and a relatively of about 300 000 consumers. recent tourist sector. The present GDP is around US$ 3600 per capita and in the past The country is electrified to 100%, and the years, the real annual growth rates had averaged domestic sector represents 90% of the total 5 per cent. number of consumers accounting for about 38% of the total CEBÕs revenue. The remaining The industrial sector is denominated by the sectors are Commercial (8% of total) accounting Export Processing Zone (E.P.Z) essentially for 32% revenue, and Industrial (2% of total) geared to textile based industries, having a total contributing the balance of 30% to revenue.

36 The economic development in Mauritius over In the thermal power stations, further the past decade has led to sustained rapid development took place at Fort Victoria from growth in electricity demand. Over this period, 1973 to 1978 with the installation of eight CEB has undertaken substantial investment to medium speed units of some 5.5 MW each, and cope with an average increase of about 10 per the Power Station was further extended in 1989, cent per year in both power and energy demand. again with the installation of two 9.8 MW It is anticipated that in the decade ahead, the medium speed units. At St. Louis Power corresponding figures, though decoupled with Station, six 12 MW units were progressively G.D.P will continue to increase at an average installed from 1978 to 1981. rate of about 7 per cent, hence the further requirement of substantial financial resources. A first peak load power station with a 25 MW To cope with such a situation, generation from gas turbine unit was commissioned in late 1987 private companies is presently strongly at Nicolay and subsequently, two further units encouraged, the more so that it should allow an of 25 MW and 35 MW respectively were added enhanced production of electrical energy from in late 1991 and early 1995. Those units operate bagasse a residue of sugar cane milling and a also as emergency units and provide reliable reliable source of renewable energy. back up to hydro peaking capacity during dry Privatisation of the Power Sector is already years, whilst ensuring to-day a loss of load advocated in certain quarters, but its impact on expectation (LOLE) of the order of 26 hours subsequent tariff levels with possible adverse annually. incidence from the macro economic standpoint, is an object of concern in other quarters. The last base load Power Station was commissioned in 1992 at Fort George near Port Electricity Power Generation Louis where 2 x 24 MW and 2 x 29 MW slow speed diesel units are now in operation and 1 x The history of electrical power generation in 29 MW unit on order. This Power Station will Mauritius dates back to the early years of the cater for 50% of total electrical energy century, when hydro power started to be requirement of the country in year 2000. harnessed. During the first half of the century, some three hydro power stations of capacities A feasibility study for new base load power ranging from a few hundred kilowatts to seven requirement over period 2005-2020 is presently megawatts were progressively commissioned, being carried out to determine the best as electrification progressed in the main urban development scenario, whilst taking also into areas of the country. consideration new environmental regulations enforced in our legislation since 1991. The In the early fifties, diesel generating sets were competitors for this future development appear first introduced for electricity generation at St. to be conventional coal technology, combined Louis, close to the capital Port Louis and by cycle gas turbine technology and slow speed 1958, that Power Station had a total installed diesel units similar to those already installed at capacity of about 14 megawatts with eight Fort George. medium speed generating units. Thereafter, in 1962, a new thermal power station was Renewable Energy from Bagasse commissioned at Fort Victoria, within some 1.6 kms from St. Louis and comprising two 6.2 Private energy generation from Sugar Factories MW slow speed diesel generating units. with export of surplus energy from Bagasse to CEB grid started as early back as 1957 when At about the same time, three further hydro energy supply contracts were signed between power stations were commissioned islandwide CEB and two Sugar Estates. On account of the with capacities ranging from one to four MW. intermittent nature of supply, and the fact that The two last hydro power stations were such energy derived from bagasse was available commissioned in 1971 at Ferney (2 x 5 MW) during the crop season only (July to December), and in 1984 at Champagne (2 x 15 MW). It is CEB had to continue in its investment to-day considered that with a total installed programme independently, irrespective of hydro capacity of some 60 MW, all the installed capacity on sugar estates, and economically feasible hydro power projects remuneration of energy from those private have been completed. The corresponding suppliers was consequent not very attractive. average energy yield from that renewable However, the contracts were periodically source is of the order of 100 GWh annually reviewed and in 1982, the first contract for the corresponding to seven per cent of total supply of electrical energy on firm power basis generation in 1998. all year round was signed with the biggest sugar

37 factory of the island (Flacq United Estates The other factors which have favoured the Limited Ð F.U.E.L.). That Sugar Company emergence of the Sugar Industry based I.P.PÕs installed a 22 MW condensing turbine and the development of bagasse based energy associated with a dual Fuel boiler designed to are as follows: burn coal as a replacement of bagasse in the intercrop season. The Power Station was · The economic and strategic interest for the commissioned in 1985, and since then produced country to optimise its indegeneous and average of some 90 GWh to the CEB grid renewable energy potential in a situation annually, with about 50% energy export derived whereby some 90% of primary energy from bagasse. A new 18 MW turbo alternator needs are imported. associated with consending turbine and coal/bagasse fired boiler was commissioned in · The clear policy of the successive late 1998 to bring total energy export to grid to Governments to give their full support to some 170 GWh. the Sugar Industry, on account of its position as the best net foreign currency The next significant step forward was intiated earner in a context of more severe in 1991 through the Bagasse Energy international competition coupled with a Development Programme (B.E.D.P.). After need to make necessary investment to protracted debates involving the Government, upgrade obsolete equipment and machinery the CEB and the Sugar Industry not less than for an enhancement of efficiency; nine different Power Purchase Agreements were signed in the period 1996 to 1997 between · The rapid growth in Power and Energy the Sugar Industry promoters and the CEB for demand corresponding to a yearly average period of 15 to 20 years. The PPAÕs were increase of nine and ten percent pertinent to three bagasse cum coal Firm Power respectively registered over a period of 12 Projects to operate some 8 000 hours per year, consecutive years, starting from 1986; and five Òcontinuous powerÓ projects designed to operate on bagasse during the crop season · The need to replace ageing generating only, i.e about 2 500 hours/year. plants in the CEB diesel based power stations of Fort Victoria and St. Louis Table 1A annexed illustrates the results which have reached the end of their normal obtained in the quest of bagasse energy service life. optimisation, while Table 1B is a tentative projected scenario for period 2000-2008. It will · The financial incidence of the considerable readily be seen that in relative terms, nearly investment made by the public sector in a 20% of total national electrical energy will be context where electrical energy tariffs were derived from bagasse in year 2000, with a declining in real terms, thus adversely natural decline thereafter associated with a affecting profitability and financial saturation of the bagasse potential of the equilibrium dangerously. country. In absolute terms the bagasse energy will have increased fourfold in the period 1994 · The emergence of a new attitude in respect to year 2000 with prospects of going of environment impacts of new generating significantly beyond the expectations of the plant and more particularly emission of B.E.D.P. in the medium, term. gases associated with the Ògreenhouse effectÓ leading to Government commitment To-day, electricial energy generation in in international forum to force mitigating Mauritius is dependent on imported diesel fuel measures upon the concerned sectors. and kerosene for about 75% of total generation, and on account of the present economic · The development of new technology with activity, the need is felt for desirable diversity enhanced possibilities of energy conversion in the primary energy sources, hence the and energy use. declared policy of Government to encourage coal/bagasse power generation to fully optimise · The favourable impacts on grid interfacing the use of available bagasse as a renewable with regard to diversified geographic source of energy. A first 2 x 35 MW power location of generating plant islandwide and station is expected to come into operation in spinning reserve response associated with early year 2000 at Belle Vue in the center north conventional boiler technology. of the island

38 The Hydro-Electric Sector transmission development has not kept the pace at armÕs length. As a consequence, some Electricity generation in Mauritius started with critical portions of double circuit lines are the harnessing of hydro power as early back as presently loaded well over 50% in each leg, 1904 and this has been the main source of resulting in obvious maintenance deficiencies electrical energy to the population until the and declining technical viabilities. New high early fiftees, when diesel generators were voltage transmission lines are therefore needed introduced. in the short term perspective, and with foreseeable growth in the decade ahead, higher The size and topography of the island allows for transmission voltage level of 132 kV will be only modest storage capacity, with the result implemented. that in spite of an average rainfall of 2.0 m over the territory, the average annual energy derived The modest contribution of power stations in the from the hydro sector is only of 100 GWh. west and the southern part of the island often gives rise to operational problems such as low Rainfall is seasonal with 70% of precipitation voltage levels in the remote areas. It is expected usually being experienced from December to that such deficiencies will be mitigated in the April. The growth of the population and the coming years by new coal/bagasse base load economic development of the country dictate power stations of strategic locations. that irrigation for agriculture together with domestic and industrial needs are priority The distribution system predominently operates candidates for water use. Thus hydro electricity at the 22 kV level through an array of overhead generation is to-day being essentially lines accessible to virtually all parts of the considered as peaking and emergency capacity, country from the bulk supply points. The total except during relatively short high rainy length of this network is over 5 000 kms. The periods. system is completed by some 200 km of underground cables principally in the main The present installed capacity of about 60 MW urban areas. comprises hydro turbines in the range of 1 to 15 MW unit rating installed over the period 1945 The present distribution system is particularly to 1984 at nine different locations. The latest vulnerable from the viability stand point to power station commissioned in 1984, is of cyclones which occasionally gives rise to severe particular strategic interest for the quality of windy conditions with gusts of over 200 supply to the network on account of its feature kms/hour. Severe damage with considerable to generate some 30 MW within only 120 levels of unserved energy corresponding to seconds from order to start. protracted outage of distribution lines is a major concern of the utility. As an example, cyclone It is considered to-day that virtually all of the Hollanda which struck the island on 10-11 available water resources for hydro power have February 1994 with typical cyclonic winds gusts been harnessed. of 220 km/h resulted in a shortfall of some 2 per cent of the total yearly generation. In some Transmission and Distribution areas, electricity supply could only be restored two weeks after the cyclone. By virtue of the nature of production units, the present generation sources are predominently The total installed transformer capacity for situated near the port area. The transmission transmission is 1 430 MVA (includes step up system comprises essentiallly 66 kV overhead capacity at power stations) and the lines in a ring configuration with double and corresponding figure for distribution is 722 single circuit sections linking the major St. MVA. Peak demand expected this year is Louis Power Station, via two intermediate bulk around 260 MW. Energy losses in the supply points at La Chaumi•re and Henrietta transmission and distribution system are respectively. The total length of this main presently about eleven per cent of units sent out transmission system overhead lines is supported at power station busbar terminals and have by steel lattice towers whilst some 22 kms is decreased from some 14% experienced some supported by wooden poles. five years back through improvement in load flow management, and installation of reactive The rapid increase in demand over the past power capacitor banks at some strategic decade has favoured investment in the locations. production sector with the result that

39 Commercial

Sales of electricity during year 1998 totalled 1179 GWh, indicating an increase of 9.6% over the previous year.

Consumers

A net increase of 9 311 consumers during the year brought the total number of consumers to 293 887 thereby resulting in an increase of 3.27%.

Mean Annual Consumption

The table below shows the evolution of the mean annual consumption of electrical energy per consumer under the categories of Industrial (Irrigation) and others, the figures indicate that there has been a steady increase in consumption per consumer.

Year Domestic Commercial Industrial Industrial Others (General) (Irrigation) 1990 1 013 7 179 43 947 111 158 33 898 1991 1 082 8 073 45 380 109 611 38 228 1992 1 178 8 674 45 605 83 038 42 365 1993 1 245 9 021 46 151 69 314 45 188 1994 1 311 9 682 47 744 80 464 44 402 1995 1 408 10 017 50 035 71 820 54 874 1996 1 456 10 730 53 715 78 834 56 305 1997 1 525 11 857 57 582 71 291 59 909 1998 1 615 12 813 62 019 62 074 63 315

40 Solar Photovoltaic as an and alternative to diesel-based systems for low power applications. Electricity Supply for Rural Electrification This paper presents and provides a general overview of the different solar PV technologies which are suitable for use in rural Mr. Isaia Taape, electrification in the Pacific islands. The Energy Planner, discussion covers the technical feasibility of Department of Energy, using solar PV; the basic design for a solar PV Ministry of Works, Energy and system; the financial and economic Communications, considerations of a solar PV system; the requirements for operation and maintenance; Tuvalu socio-economic considerations; cost of electricity supply; environmental issues; and the advantages and disadvantages of solar PV Abstract over other alternate sources of energy. Finally, the paper suggests that solar PV systems are a technically viable and economic competitive Solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies for rural with alternate sources of energy (i.e., diesel) electrification have been in use in the Pacific for small rural market, low power applications. islands for over ten years. Their most notable contribution has been in the provision of Rural Applications for Solar PV interior lighting (mainly household) and for Technologies powering small telecommunication systems. This paper presents and provides a general In the Pacific islands, solar energy has been overview of the different solar PV technologies used for water heating, cooking and air which are suitable for use in rural conditioning in the urban and commercial electrification in the Pacific islands. The sectors, and for electrification in rural areas. In discussion covers the technical feasibility of remote and rural areas of the Pacific islands, using solar PV; the basic design for a solar PV solar PV has been installed mainly for system; the financial and economic household lighting, water pumping, small considerations of a solar PV system; the electrical appliances such as radios, small tape requirements for operation and maintenance; players and TV/VCRs, and for refrigeration. socio-economic considerations; cost of These types of appliances only require small electricity supply; environmental issues; and amounts of energy. This is particularly true in the advantages and disadvantages of solar PV rural areas where both income growth and the over other alternate sources of energy. Finally, energy demand growth are not expected. Also, the paper suggests that solar PV systems are a Òrecent experience has shown that solar PV for technically viable and economic competitive small rural demands can be competitive with with alternate sources of energy (i.e., diesel) i diesel in fact as well as in principle,Ó whereas for small rural market, low power applications. solar PV for high-load appliances such as electric cooking ranges and air conditioners is Introduction generally uneconomical.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies for rural Operation and Maintenance Requirements electrification have been in use in the Pacific islands for over ten years. The most notable After many years of testing and using PV contribution by solar PV has been in the systems many of the technical and institutional provision of interior lighting (mainly problems such as inappropriate design, household) and for powering small unreliable components, improper installation telecommunication systems. The main and poor maintenance have been overcome alternative to rural PV systems in the region is through the provision of hardware and diesel-based electrification. Both technologies equipment suitable for use in the harsh Pacific have their advantages and disadvantages island environment and through the training of depending upon market size, electric load, qualified PV technicians. proximity of the rural district to the urban grid, and other factors. Many of the technical and In the past, poor operation and maintenance of institutional problems associated with rural PV PV systems has been a problem, creating lots systems over the last ten years have been of complaints from the customers as the overcome, with PV emerging as a and viable services provided have not always met their

41 expectations. Poor maintenance occurred as A Management Team, which is located on untrained users and technicians did not know Funafuti, consists of a manager appointed by how to maintain PV systems. Frequently, the Management Committee and two to three batteries were misused and technical problems technical staff who are appointed by the misdiagnosed as battery-related even though manager. The staff handle the day-to day the problem was usually elsewhere in the operations and management of the TSECS and system. are responsible for project implementation.

More complex technical problems that have Each island has its own branch and members required outside technical assistance has of the Management Committee are elected resulted in maintenance costs that are higher annually to their posts by their respective than anticipated. This also has created long branches. These Branch Committees act as delays as equipment problems were corrected. arbiters of local disputes and makers of policy Poor fee collection and management has also for their specific island. On each island, the been a problem. The approach used by Tuvalu TSECS has a branch technician who is a full Solar Electric Co-operative Society (TSECS) time employee of the Co-operative. The where the utility owns the all PV hardware and technician is responsible for the day-to-day equipment, installs it on the consumerÕs maintenance, inspections and monthly fee premises, and maintains it on a fee for services collections. basis can be regarded as one solution. The TSECS sets the monthly fee based on its total Basic Design of Using Solar PV System operation and maintenance costs (per system) plus the life-cycle costs for replacement of The design of solar PV systems depends on the hardware and equipment. number, load characteristics, and usage of appliances by the customer, the reliability of Fee collections are performed by a branch the system, and the number of hours for which technical agent on each island, who is a full- electricity will be available. In a solar system, a time TSECS employee. These technicians have high level of reliability may require the received formal training and are also installation of a high-capacity battery and a responsible for maintenance and correcting large number of PV modules, some of which minor technical problems that may arise. will be necessary only during an extended Further, a senior technician who is based at the period of cloudy days. For a diesel system, the head office on Funafuti visits the outer islands installation of a backup generator would be regularly to carry out repairs and perform required for use when the first generator is not system inspections and maintenance. Spare available. When electricity is required on a 24- parts stocks are kept at the main office by the hour basis, unit labour costs for diesel branch technicians on the outer islands to avoid generation increase significantly but not for PV long delays associated with ordering parts from systems, almost all of which are equipped to headquarters and overseas. The head office also charge batteries that provide power on a 24- manages the accounts, the inventory of spares, hour basis. equipment procurement and arranges for training of staff. A basic design for a solar system would consist of one or two PV modules, a Managing Solar PV Systems charge/discharge controller, and a battery. This type of system can provide continuous lighting One example of a how a rural solar PV utility for four to six hours per night, or longer can be managed is provided by the Tuvalu depending upon the configuration of the Solar Electric Co-operative Society (TSECS). system. By increasing the number of PV The TSECS is governed by a Management modules the user can increase the number of Committee (akin to a Board of Directors) appliances in use. which consists of eight members, one from each of TuvaluÕs eight islands. The There are substantial economic and social Management Committee is directly responsible advantages to individual (stand-alone) power to the Registrar of Cooperative Societies systems in rural areas, which makes solar an located in the Ministry of Finance, Economic attractive option for rural electrification Planning, Commerce and Industries. The schemes. When compared with centralised Management Committee provides policy diesel systems, the major advantages of guidance, reviews annual accounts of revenue individual PV systems are summarised as and expenditure, and sets monthly user fees, follows:ii among other functions.

42 1. There is no power grid. Often, the 1. Central diesel systems can take advantage resulting cost savings, particularly for of load diversity to allow smaller sized communities with widely separated installations. houses, is greater than the capital cost 2. Later interconnection to a larger grid is differential between diesel and solar. more expensive where individual solar 2. Individual systems can be sized to fit systems have been installed. individual needs making power truly 3. In communities with a daytime proportional to capacity utilised. Wealthy commercial power demand comparable to families desiring refrigerators, videos and night time domestic demand, centralised other appliances beyond lighting can have diesel systems often can fill both needs a system large enough for their needs with little capital cost increase. while the family desiring only basic 4. Urban power authorities, who often lighting can have only a small system at manage rural electrification programmes, correspondingly lower cost. are structured around and understand 3. Centralised diesel systems are easily central generation better than individual overloaded resulting in the loss of power generation. to the entire community while overloads of 5. As system size requirements increase, the individual PV systems result in individual cost advantages of solar decrease. loss of power. 6. In areas with dense vegetation, solar 4. Power levels and technical complexity of access can be difficult and system costs individual solar PV systems are far less increased. than centralised diesel systems. The low power levels and the simple components Social and Economic Considerations of an individual solar PV system make it easier to maintain and repair by minimally A growing number of households in the outer trained persons. islands are demanding more electrical services 5. The location of houses is not fixed by a than the services that are currently provided by grid. It is not unusual in the Pacific their solar PV systems. The possibility of cultures to change house locations electrifying these outer islands however, is regularly. Individual solar PV systems are determined by the customers willingness to easily moved to the new location, but grid pay for this service given the high cost of systems are inflexible once installed. reticulation, and the ability of the outer islands 6. System size can be easily increased or to absorb full scale diesel electrification. decreased according to changing needs. 7. Power is available 24 hours a day at no Cost of Electricity Supply increase in cost. Most rural centralised diesel systems operate only a few peak In comparison on the basis of life-cycle costs, demand hours per day since the cost of past experience in the Pacific has proved that operating during low demand hours per the initial cost of appliances for a solar system day is too great is higher than that of a diesel system. This is 8. Overall community power reliability is partly caused by the fact that diesel generated higher. The failure of a component in a systems represent an established technology, central facility causes the loss of power to whereas solar PV is an evolving technology the entire community. A similar failure in whose costs are expected to decrease in the an individual PV system is limited to one future. On the other hand, the operation and user. maintenance costs are significantly lower for 9. Maintaining spare parts inventories is solar PV systems than that of a diesel system. easier with the solar PV system. This is primarily because solar PV systems 10. Individual solar systems are safer. In require no fuel and the costs of fuel are high. order to distribute power efficiently, central system voltage levels are high Unit costs for a rural diesel power supply can enough to be dangerous. Individual solar be very high when compared with urban systems are usually 12 or 24 volts and do electricity or rural solar PV systems. As a not constitute a shock hazard. general example is provided by a survey done in Fiji in 1991 (from Liebenthal et al, 1994). Though the advantages of individual solar PV Seventy-one rural diesel plants, operated by systems for domestic rural electrification are the PWD, were surveyed. The average impressive, there are disadvantages as well: operating cost was calculated to be

43 F$0.99/kWh. This average cost did not include capital and maintenance costs, which were met primarily from government subsidies. The survey also found that many consumers were paying in the range of F$1.00 to 1.50 per kWh. On average the generators were not operating for 77 days per scheme year. Fifty-five percent of the respondents cited the cause of the problem as Òawaiting PWD for repairsÓ followed by Òunavailability of dieselÓ (17 percent).

However, with solar systems, it should be noted that some problems such as inappropriate selection or maintenance of batteries; or undersized PV panels; lack of spare parts, or poorly trained technicians also have the potential of affecting the supply of energy to a substantial number of consumers.

Environmental Issues

Solar PV systems have very low environmental impact in comparison to the other alternative technologies for rural electrification. The only environmental concern for solar PV systems is the disposal of the spent lead acid batteries. Frequently, there is no system used by the rural electrification authority responsible for PV systems for reclaiming lead from these batteries to prevent possible environmental damage.

Conclusion

The experience of the Pacific islands indicates that for rural electrification in areas with low load density, usually in rural districts that use electricity mainly for house lighting, and where the load is not expected to grow rapidly, individual solar PV systems may be cheaper, more reliable and viable than small diesel system. The technical success of solar will be more likely if the systems are appropriately designed, use reliable although initial high cost components, and properly installed and adequately maintained. 1

1 Conway, J.M. and H. Wade. December 1994. Photovoltaic electrification in rural Tuvalu. A paper prepared for the Pacific region photovoltaic workshop, December 1994, Waikaloa, Hawaii, Johnston, Peter C. August 1994. An evaluation of the European CommunityÕs Lome II Pacific Regional Energy Programme. A report prepared for the European Union and Forum Secretariat, Liebenthal, A., S. Mathur and H. Wade. 1994. Solar energy: Lessons from the Pacific island experience. World Bank Technical Paper No. 244 (Washington, D.C.), UN Pacific Energy Development Programme. September 1988. Rural Electrification and the role of solar photovoltaic. PEDP report reg 88-10 and World Bank, The. July 1992. Pacific Regional Energy Assessment: Overview Report.

44 The Status of Renewable Hawaii's climate may be regarded as one of the state's most important natural resources. Energy Development in the Visitors are attracted to the islands by benign Hawaiian Islands, USA temperatures, moderate humidity, persistent breezes, and abundant sunshine. Residents generally do not like to leave the state for Mr. Maurice H. Kaya, destinations certain to have less pleasant year- Energy, Resources and Technology round weather. While Hawaii's climate is Administrator, moderate, the mountainous topography and its Department of Business, Economic strategic location within the northern Pacific Development & Tourism, trade wind belt make it one of the most spatially diverse on earth given the small land State of Hawaii, USA mass. Annual rainfall averages can range from under 20 inches (500 mm) to over 160 inches (4000 mm) within a few miles. Abstract The contemporary economy of Hawaii is Hawaii, as is typical for many island areas in structures around the state's dominant source the Pacific Region, finds itself in a paradoxical of export earnings, tourism. The economy is energy situation. In spite of a wealth of also bolsters by a number of highly renewable energy resources and a two-decade specialized niche sectors that capitalize of old supportive state policy, the state continues Hawaii's unique natural and multicultural to rely on imported petroleum and coal for assets and on the technical and professional almost ninety percent of its energy needs. skill pool centered on Oahu. The Faced with dwindling financial resources, neighboring islands each possess distinctive Hawaii has had to opportunistically leverage economic attributes but in general have its assets to generate investments in develop proportionately more prominent agricultural renewable energy resources, including and tourism sectors than are found on Oahu. research, development and demonstration Once predominant, plantation agriculture and projects to introduce new technologies, and defense have diminished in both absolute and commercialization of promising technologies. relative importance during recent This paper will describe the energy challenges decades-due in part to stagnation in facing state planners who have combined agricultural output and prices, Cold War superior physical renewable resource attributes dŽtente, and the growth of tourism. found in the state together with limited state funding to leverage and attract significant It is within the above geographical and social federal and private investment dollars. context that Hawaii's energy program has evolved. The Energy, Resources and Background Technology Division of the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Hawaii is unique in that it is the only island Development and Tourism, is responsible to state in the United States. It is also one of the ensure the reliability, security, and economy of most cosmopolitan of the United States. It energy supply, all in an environmentally exceeds most, if not all of the other states in responsible manner. The primary components ethnic diversity; no single group makes up a of the state energy strategy are therefore to majority of the population. Important promote the use of energy efficiency and minorities include Hawaiian and other Pacific renewable energy in place of imported fossil Island peoples, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, fuels. and Filipinos, along with Caucasians of mainland United States and European origin. HawaiiÕs Energy Profile This diversity is in large measure due to Hawaii's mid-Pacific location, its large military Twenty-five years have passed since the and naval presence, and its history of original oil crisis, and the need for Hawaii to plantation agriculture employing contract diversify is energy resources and develop laborers from many nations. In 1997 the total renewable energy has never been as great. In resident population was 1.2 million, and de 1974 the state derived ninety percent of its facto population, 1.3 million. The latter total energy needs from oil. Imported includes Hawaii's large visitor population and petroleum supplied gasoline, diesel, jet fuel transient military. and electricity demand.

45 For decades the energy supply in Hawaii has governments also participate in this process, been much less diversified than that of the along with private citizens. United States as a whole. In 1997, 88 percent of Hawaii's total energy came from oil, 4.5 The island electric grids in Hawaii are not percent from biomass and municipal waste, 5.7 interconnected by submarine transmission per cent from coal, and 1.8 percent from other cable, so market size; economies of scale of sources. By comparison in 1997, the nation generation, transmission and distribution; and relied on petroleum for only 37 percent of its system reliability are critical issues for energy, while natural gas supplied 22 percent, electricity delivery. coal provided 22 percent, and nuclear power generated 7 percent. Hydroelectricity and It is important to reiterate that Hawaii's energy other sources provided 12 percent of the policy embodied within state law is to nation's energy. encourage:

Hawaii's residents paid almost $2.2 billion 1. Dependable, efficient, and (US) for energy in 1995, or 6.6 percent of the economical statewide energy Gross State Product. On a per capita basis, system capable of supporting energy bills are fairly low- forty-second in the the needs of the people; US for 1995-largely because of limited driving distances and the absence of heating and air 2. Increased energy conditioning in homes, but proportionately self-sufficiency where the ratio more is paid for the energy used. Overall, state of indigenous to imported energy prices were the fifth highest in the energy use is increased; and country in 1995. 3. Greater energy security in the By far the most oil-dependent of the 50 states, face of threats to Hawaii's Hawaii imported 29 percent of its crude energy supplies and systems. petroleum from Alaska in 1997 and the remainder from the Asia-Pacific region, primarily Indonesia. Oil exports from both Sources of Renewable Energy areas are projected to decrease significantly by the year 2000, and thus reliance on other Hawaii's policymakers therefore remain sources will increase. In recent years, use of committed to furthering the utilization of the oil for electrical power generation has dropped. state's renewable energy resources. It is About one-third of the total energy consumed estimated that in 1997 renewable resources statewide is used for electricity. Through 1991 displaced 3.2 million barrels of oil and reduced oil-fired generation fueled about 90 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by nearly 1.7 million electrical power generation, but by 1997 the tons. Some renewable sources, such as share had fallen to 75 percent, despite strong biomass, geothermal, hydroelectricity, wind, growth in demand. On Oahu, two oil photovoltaics and solar thermal for water refineries produce the bulk of refined products heating are already cost effective in Hawaii. used in the state, and the refinery product state Over time, electricity produced from is driven largely by the disproportionate bioresidues from the sugar industry has demand for jet fuel, given the state's reliance declined with the closure of many plantations, on air transportation as its economic lifeline to but there have been gains in the use of the rest of the world. geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar energy resources. The state's Public Utilities Commission requires all energy utilities to develop Historically, the largest local energy source has integrated resource plans in an effort to been biomass, which in 1980 provided 13 balance traditional "supply-side" resources percent of the state's electricity. By 1997 that such as new power plants, with "demand-side share had shrunk to 5.9 percent, and about 60 management" measures, including percent of this power production came from conservation and the shifting of power loads the combustion of municipal solid waste at from peak-use periods to times of lower Oahu's H-POWER plant, which began demand. The commission has also mandated operating in 1989. This decline in that supply-side plans include alternative biomass-fueled energy production resulted energy resources and address the social, from the dwindling of the primary fuel supply, cultural, and environmental impacts of various bagasse, as sugarcane acreage decreased energy options. The state and local during the 1970s and 1980s.

46 Biomass remains a critically important intermittent electricity providers like wind and resource, since it can serve both as a fuel for solar plants. Statewide there are 15 hydro electricity generation and as a feedstock for facilities with capacities of 0.2 megawatt or liquid and gaseous fuels. The development of greater. Most are owned and operated by new production technologies that could make sugar companies. The only utility-owned biofuels competitive in Hawaii has sparked a hydro plants are on Hawaii Island, as is the resurgence of interest in ethanol and methanol newest and largest plant, a 12-megawatt fuels. Other projects that could boost biomass system operated since 1993 by the Wailuku use include the construction of a demonstration River Hydroelectric Company. bagasse gasifier on Maui and statewide research, into species of grasses and trees Hawaii also has excellent wind resources. suitable for biomass plantations. Wind power plants with capacities of several megawatts each were installed at Kahuku on The second most significant renewable source Oahu and at Kahua Ranch, Lalamilo, and of electricity in the state is geothermal energy. South Point on Hawaii Island. The Kahuku Exploration into this resource began in the development included the world's largest wind 1960s on the flank of Kilauea volcano. In turbine at the time, with a generating capacity 1976 a 6,450 feet deep (1,966 m) well was of 3.2 megawatts. Hawaii was among the completed and flashed, and a demonstration leaders in the US, with the first commercial geothermal power plant was constructed at the wind farms. However, first generation wind site in Puna, on Hawaii Island, with support turbine technology was utilized, and from both public and private sector agencies. equipment failures and high maintenance costs Operating from 1982 to 1989, the 2.5 have affected the commercial success of wind megawatt facility proved the commercial power. Some machines, for instance at the viability of the geothermal resource, which at Kahuku and Kahua sites, have since been 676 degrees F (358 deg C) ranked among the removed from service, while repairs and hottest in the world. renovations have temporarily reduced the output of others. Modern, state-of-the-art wind Some 24,000 acres (9,800 ha) of land on turbines including recent designs from Hawaii and Maui are now designated as Denmark and other European manufacturers "subzones" where geothermal development is could provide electricity less expensively than authorized. Currently there is only one the models previously installed. At present, commercial geothermal power plant-the 25 permitting and contract negotiations are megawatt Puna Geothermal Venture facility, underway for two new 1 0-megawatt wind which contributed roughly 22 percent of the turbine installations on Maui and Hawaii. electricity used on Hawaii Island in 1997. State monitoring of air quality surrounding the The most common renewable energy geothermal plant site is ongoing, and research technology in Hawaii, and one most residents continues on geologic history, groundwater can utilize, is solar water heating. With more chemistry, seismic events, and geothermal than 60,000 household systems installed, reservoir development potential. Hawaii boasts the highest per capita use of solar water heating in the nation. These In 1989 the state pursued ambitious plans to systems provide approximately 3,122 billion connect the major islands with a submarine Btu of heat energy annually and contribute cable to supply the main load center on Oahu more energy than any other renewable energy with geothermal energy from Hawaii. The resource statewide except for biomass and project eventually proved to be uneconomical solid waste. Most systems were installed in and was complicated with political the late 1970s and early 1980s, encouraged by controversy. The current use and further generous federal tax credits. When these development of this resource remains credits expired, installations declined rapidly controversial, given the concerns raised by from several thousand per year to a few some members of the community over safety, hundred per year statewide. In 1989, the state the health effects of geothermal emissions, increased its own tax credit to 35 percent; Native Hawaiian rights, and land use conflicts. since that time installations have averaged over 1,000 systems a year. More recently, the state Hydroelectricity is among the oldest electricity has initiated partnered private sector resources in the Islands with some plants investment program for solar water heaters, dating back to the late 1800s. Hydroelectric through rebate incentives offered by the utility plants in Hawaii use no dams; they are demand-side management programs. With the run-of-the-river installations and, as such, are tax credits and utility rebates of up to $800 per

47 solar water heater, the initial cost of these Barriers and Lessons Learned systems is reduced by 50 percent, and the number of systems installed per year has The main factors affecting the commercial increased to between 4,000 and 5,000. introduction of renewable energy technologies in Hawaii include the following: economic Another popular solar option, especially for competitivenes, deregulation and restructuring residences in rural areas not served by the of the energy industry, and environmental electric utility grid on Hawaii Island, is quality and siting controversies affecting photovoltaics. There are also a number of project permitting. grid-connected systems on residences, and several large grid-connected facilities on Maui Given the current business climate, renewable and Hawaii Island that were installed as energy projects developed by private demonstration units. Within the last two years, investment capital must compete with utility the Mauna Lani Resort Hotel on Hawaii has projects. Contracts must be secured from the installed two-1OOkw roof-mounted regulated monopoly utility, who is required to photovoltaic systems to reduce their peak pay the project developer the utility's avoided demand for electricity and showcase this cost for the energy and any capacity credit on environmentally benign technology in an deferred utility plant construction. This appeal to the environmentally conscious negotiation process has proven to be arduous traveler. Photovoltaic modules are commonly and time consuming, and adds to the used in Hawaii by various agencies for complexity of developing any renewable emergency highway telephones, remote energy project. Since avoided cost of seismic-monitoring equipment, and electricity in Hawaii is linked to the cost of oil, navigational beacons. Hawaiian Electric the primary fuel, projects tend to be Company has recently initiated a green pricing uneconomical when oil prices are low as in program for their customers who can sign up recent years. to pay extra to install photovoltaic systems on participating high school rooftops as part of an Hawaii, like many other states in the US and environmental education initiative. other countries worldwide, is considering introduction of more competition in the The world's premier research site for the electric industry. The state's Public Utilities development of ocean thermal energy Commission has initiated a process to conversion (OTEC) technologies is at the investigate deregulation of the industry, Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii recognizing that competition may serve to Authority facility at Keahole Point on Hawaii reduce the relative high costs for electricity in Island. OTEC utilizes the temperature Hawaii. If competition is successfully differences, which can range up to 40 deg F introduced, unbundling will permit (22 deg C), between water pumped in from the competition on the supply side, and all source warm ocean surface and the cold depths (2,000 bidding for generation resources will be feet [610 m] or greater) to generate electricity. possible. The state believes that societal The deep, cold water is also rich in nutrients benefits including renewable energy and and nearly pathogen-free, making it valuable energy efficiency can be preserved in a for a broad range of aquaculture and deregulated environment. A properly agriculture enterprises. The cold water is restructured industry can lead to more efficient suitable for chilled-water air conditioning allocation of resources, such as widespread use systems as well. of real time pricing to send proper signals to market. However, the incumbent utilities, Closed-cycle OTEC was first demonstrated in fearful of erosion of their markets, have Hawaii by the Mini-OTEC barge that had a vigorously opposed the introduction of gross electrical output of 52 kilowatts. competition except in very limited applications Experimentation continued through the 1980s, for new generation resources, and then only if and ground was broken in 1993 at Keahole they control the bidding process. Point for a new plant to test improved components. An experimental open-cycle Perhaps the greatest impediment experienced OTEC plant, rated at 210 kilowatts gross within the state is the overall concern for the output, began intermittent operation in 1994. preservation of environmental quality and Open-cycle OTEC can produce desalinated lifestyle. Hawaii's citizens can be very active water as well as electricity. The state is in opposing new development largely because currently pursuing commercial OTEC at this of an overwhelming conservation and location. preservation ethic within the state. This

48 attitude is understandable, recognizing that the beauty of the island environment is quite fragile, and is what draws visitors to the state and keeps residents there. Public opposition to new development is not limited to renewable energy projects, compatible land use concerns have stymied the development of conventional energy projects and other public facilities such as transportation systems, waste management projects, and prisons.

Funding for new technology demonstration and research and development has been harder to obtain, especially because of the state's current economic slowdown. Hawaii has had to rely on outside assistance to address pressing issues on its energy agenda. Actively seeking partnerships for technical assistance and funding from both the private sector and federal government has proven to be an effective means to leverage limited state resources. With renewable energy technologies in general and solar energy in particular, notable successes have been achieved in forming joint venture partnerships to stimulate private sector investment for the Pacific region that serve as a model for other regional programs.

Despite the difficulties and controversies, the state remains committed to its long-term goal of reducing reliance on imported fossil fuel. The commercial deployment of renewable energy technologies especially benefiting our island environment is a lynchpin of the strategy to achieve that goal.

49 50 Renewable Energy Islands in 2. Renewable Energy Islands in Japan - case studies Japan - Toward ISLENET JAPAN 2.1 Miyako Islands

Miyako island, which stands 1850 km southwest from Tokyo and has semi-tropical Mr. Tetsunari Iida climate, has an area of 240 km2, and its The Japan Research Institute, population is 54,456 (1997). They have been appointed by the government as "Enetopia Japan, Mr. Takeharu Ikema, Islands Plan" in 1990, which focused on Research Institute for Semi-tropics, renewable energy promotion. Japan & Mr. Kenji Asano, Hosei University, Japan Under this program, two of wind turbines, Mitsubishi 250kW, have been installed in 1993, which used for grid connection test. In 1. Why Renewable Energy Islands in 1994, 750 kW of PV have been installed, Japan which used for "off-grid test", where 250 houses were isolated from the commercial grid Japan is the islands country where consists of and supplied electricity by PV with battery and 6,852 islands and 5 mainlands, while 6,415 supportive diesel generator (DG). Three of islands are not populated and 432 islands are wind turbines, NEG Micon 400kW, have been populated. Except for 5 main island, Honshu, added in 1995, which used for impact for Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and Okinawa, commercial grid by large wind capacity. such populated islands in Japan has total area Governmental "Enetopia Islands Plan", expired 5,434 km2, which corresponds 1.4 % of total now, has focused on only energy system aspect area of Japan, and total population 550,000, without any local community involvement into which corresponds 0.4 % of Japan. 287 islands process, and has only worked on "data". out of 432 populated rural islands are under governmental financial support, and fishery Local government in Miyako, as inspired by and tourism are main industries for most of the Governmental "Enetopia Islands Plan", has them. tried to set up their local energy "future vision". This seemed also hardware-oriented, Most of populated rural islands are isolated not while lack of sociological consideration, policy only geographically but in energy point of aspect, and public involvement. view. Most of them have the energy issues such as vulnerability of energy supply, higher Table 1: Miyako Energy Data energy cost, and unique and sharp demand curve. Local energy policies for each island Electricity: Supply Renewable Data should be developed in order to secure energy DG x 2 61.5 MW Wind: 2.8 MW Peak 47.6 MW Mitsubishi issues. Demand 250kW x 2 (1993) Local energy policies for each island are also Bottom 11.8 MW Neg Micon required to integrate into local environmental Demand 400kW x 3 (1995) policies, because local policies and measures Total 194 GWh Vestas 600 kW in Japan are often divided due to "divided (1998) bureaucracy", then each policy, especially Enercon 500 kW environmental policies, sometimes conflict to (1998) other policies which intend to develop PV: 0.75 MW (1994) "deserted islands" for economic growth. Thus, integration into Local Agenda21 (LA21) 2.2 Yakushima Islands must be needed. The idea of "Renewable Energy Islands" could be chance to be such Yakushima island, which stands 100 km south integration, and then, local islands could be a from Kyushu and has very unique climate and spearhead for sustainable future. geography, has an area of 504 km2, and its population is 14,000 (1995). They have been appointed as World Nature Heritage by UNESCO in 1993, and the government has appointed as "Zero Emission Island" in 1997, which focused on "Zero Emission", UN

51 university initiative project, including outcome, such as difficulties in introducing renewable energy promotion. higher RE supply. There is also financial barriers, which islands has less financial power They have defined "ZERO Emission Vision" and less investment incentive for energy than in Yakushima, which consist of: development and construction. Only the Government and the electric utilities has major a) Fossil Fuel Free Yakushima, by promoting financial power. renewable energy for electricity such as small hydro, wind, and PV, and introduce Institutional barriers could be found. All the Electric Vehicles into the island. Over 80 islands in Japan are monopolized by one of 10 % of electricity already comes from major local electric utilities, and they are renewable in the island, this island could negative against RE promotion due to their be a front runner to be a "renewable bureaucratic attitude and conservative view for energy island" in Japan. energy system. Political barriers could be b) ZERO waste system, which promote to found. In Japan, we have top-down and compost biomass refuse and to create divided bureaucracy in the Central island's recycling system. Governmental Ministries and the prefectural c) Local resource utilization, such as organic bureaucracy, who always try to control all of farming, eco- tourism and local service "plan" within their divided bureaucratic economy. World Nature Heritage is to be interest. Instead, politicians shows less interest a good local resource for eco- tourism. island energy issues. At the same time, there are some societal barriers such as lack public Table 2: Yakushima Energy Data interest for energy issues.

Electricity: Supply 3.2 Needs for Integrated Energy Policy Hydro 56.5 MW, 31 GWh DG 24.75 MW, 5.3 GWh Government and the electric utilities generally Small PV system EV Cars Testing 6 cars focus on too much supply side and less focus on energy efficiency and DSM. As seen in 2.3 Hachijo-jima Islands Miyako case, they usually take too much technological approach while less challenge for Hachijo-jima island, which stands 200 km societal and institutional barriers. Due to south from Tokyo and has an area of 70 km2, political culture in Japan, approaches are too and its population is 9,500 (1995). They have much top-down and less power in local defined of their own "Enetopia Island plan" in government, and too much bureaucratic 1998, which aims up "Clean Energy Model manner where policies and measures are Island for 21th Century". They have rather divided into each sector. In order to cope such small wind power, 4 of 5 kW, 3.3 MW barriers, integrated energy policy should be geothermal owned by electric utility. needed.

Table 3: Hachijo-jima Energy Data 4. Toward Renewable Energy Islands Network in Japan Electricity: Supply Geothermal 3.3 MW In order to overcome barriers against RE DG 13.4 MW promotion and create integrated local energy Small Wind System 5 kW x 4 policy for each islands, networking between renewable energy islands would be a good 3. Major Findings option for sharing vision and experience toward sustainable future, inspired by EU Through the review of renewable energy (RE) activities. Such network would work: islands in Japan, we could find barriers obstacle RE promotion, and needs for · to accelerate the dialogue between stake integrated energy policy. holders of energy policy in the island, · to share experiences and information 3.1 Barriers against RE promotion between persons/ local / organization who face similar barriers /troubles / issues, Most island has resource barriers, which means · to encourage local economy under lack of variety and amount of RE resources harmonization with local environment, and human resources. Technological barriers and are reported by the governmental research

52 · to create local energy vision under ongoing energy market restructuring.

Government has started subsidy which aimed to promote local government to set up "Local energy vision" since 1995. This would be a good starting point for the network activities and the integrated local energy policy.

Table 4: Local Energy Visions in Island Region by Governmental Initiative

Island Year Ishigaki 1995 Miyako 1995 Ie 1996 Yaku 1996 Tanegashima 1996 Hachijo 1996 Okinawa 1996 Daito 1997 Yonaguni 1997 Oshima 1997 Awji 1997 Ogasawara 1998

Activities through the Network would have three main approaches: a) Bottom-up approach should be a top priority at local level activities, which includes advocating the public, arrangement of dialogue between the stake holders, and introduction of renewable energy projects. b) Top-down approach from the Government should be less control but more supportive attitude toward local initiative. c) Between the islands, activities through the Network such as information/experience exchange, joint workshop and international contact should be accelerated

Such network, i.e. "Islenet JAPAN", would not only show the good examples for whole society, but also contribute to democratize Japan's energy policy, which is now very much centralized and enclosed by bureaucracy.

53 54 Renewable Energy on Aeroe, local windmills produces approx. 12% of the demand. In 1998 ®r¿ Electricity Supply Denmark bought 38,2 mio kWh from the producers.

Ms. Ide Seidelin, The company is responsible for maintaining Co-ordinator, the grid, buying/selling electricity and informing the consumers about energy savings. Renewable Energy Organisation of ®eroe The consumers own the local utility. The company is formed as a cooperative society. There is a board of 9 members. 11 people are Geographical and Socio-Economic Context employed maintaining the grid, buying/selling electricity and informing the consumers about ®r¿ is situated in the southern archipelago of energy savings. Denmark, Northern Europe. Windmills It has a rather efficient infrastructure with 4 ferries to the mainland and other islands. All the 22 windmills are connected to the grid and are selling the production to the local 7.600 inhabitants: utility company. The total sale in 1998 was 5,100 MWh. We get our income from shipbuilding, tourism, agriculture, education, and seamen and Most of the mills are smaller ones erected at craftsmen working all over the world. the beginning of the «80es. Wind conditions are very good, and production has been very The island is 90 km2, of which 60 km2 are profitable for the owners. Running and used for farming. maintenance of the mills has generally been without problems. The countryside is flat and open with only a few ha of forests. The farmland is rich. The windmills are:

Most of the population lives in 3 smallish · 11 x 55 kW wind park owned in a towns or in villages. There are approx. 3,160 partnership between private investors houses, of which 520 are used as holiday (households) and businesses. Shares can houses. be sold and bought among the islanders. Local craftsmen have a part-time job 2 municipalities: ®r¿sk¿bing and Marstal. maintaining the mills. A board among the owners is responsible for the operation. The wind conditions are among the best in · 1 x 75 kW and 2 x 200 kW owned by Denmark. And solar radiation is 10% higher ®r¿sk¿bing District Heating. than average. · 1 x 400 kW owned by SH (electricity company on the mainland) About Energy Characteristics 7 mills from 55 kW to 100 kW owned by small 1996 was the last time a total picture was made partnerships. of demand and supply from source. Some - new - relevant figures you will find in the text Supply of District Heating of this presentation. Two smallish towns on ®r¿ are supplied with Electricity Supply district heating.

A local utility ®r¿ Electricity Supply was Marstal District Heating Company established in 1955 and united the small independent companies of the island. A public Marstal District Heating was established in grid was constructed. Most buildings are 1962. It is formed as a cooperative society connected to the grid, which again is connected with a board elected among the consumers. to the mainland by an undersea-cable. Marstal District Heating is employing 5 persons who are responsible of heat The electricity delivered from the mainland is production, maintenance of the plant and the produced on coal-technologies. In addition 22 net, sale and information.

55 Marstal has about 3.500 inhabitants. Marstal ®r¿sk¿bing District Heating«s consumption of District Heating supplies 1271 consumers with straw is 2,700 tonnes rising to 3,100 tonnes heat, meaning 90 % of all possible consumers. when a new boiler is installed. About 30 new consumers are connected every year. Heating requirement amounts to 13,000 MWh annually. The straw fired boiler covers 75% of This summer the net is extended to a this. The solar collectors covers 15%, and the neighbouring village Gr¾sv¾nge where 28 out remaining by fuel oil will cover 10% of the of 60 households will be connected to the net. demand. The combination of biomass and solar seems to be a good partnership. The goal is to The equipment consists of: shut down the straw boiler for the 3 summer months. The straw boiler gets a breathing · 8 boilers on waste oil space in the summer, during which time it can · 150 kW diesel generator (CHP) be overhauled ready for the winter. · 9,043 m2 thermal solar collectors (1996: 8,064m2 and 1999: 979m2) Supply for Individually Heated Houses · 2,100 m3 storage tank · 3,700 m3 earth pipe storage + 350 kW Houses, which are not connected to the district heatpump (test site in operation from Oct. heating nets, are heated by individual oil 1999) boilers or by electrical heating. A lot of the houses - especially the electrically heated The 1998 the total production amounted to houses - has a supplement of heating from 27,216 MWh, where 8,064m2 solar collectors wood-burning stoves. produced 3,227 MWh of the total consumption. The solar collectors produced Due to campaigns 64 consumers have changed the guaranteed output. to other heating sources from the beginning of 1997 to the middle of 1999. ®r¿sk¿bing District Heating Company A number of houses are heated by individual ®r¿sk¿bing District Heating Company was solar collectors combined with woodpellets, established in 1963 as a cooperative society heat pumps or wood-burning stoves connected with a board elected among the consumers. 5 to the heating system. The % of renewables in people are employed with responsibility for the individually heated houses is estimated to be heat production, maintenance of the net and 8% in 1999. The total heat demand of the plant, and sale. individually heated houses is estimated to be 38.000 MWh in 1999. ®r¿sk¿bing has approx. 1100 inhabitants. Of approx. 600 possible consumer's 550 are Total RE% for the ®r¿ is estimated to be 18,4 connected meaning 92% of possible in 1999. consumers. About 15 new consumers are connected every year. Total energy demand is estimated to be 116.000 MWh in 1999. The equipment consists of: Who Introduced Renewable Energy? · 1,6 MW strawboiler from 1989 · 150 kW diesel generator "No to nuclear power" movement and oil · 3,000m2 thermal solar collectors (2,042 crises in the 70'es were reasons for a green m2 in 1998 and the rest in 1999) wave in Denmark. The wave found ®r¿ in the · Accumulation tanks of totally 1,400 m3 beginning of the 80'es where a group of so- · 6 MW oilboilers for peak periods called ordinary people were the initiators of the local RE projects: It was a smith, a farmer, a The farmers cannot use all the straw from the couple of teachers, a bank manager and so on. wheat and the barley production. There is an This group was later organised as members of average annual surplus of straw on the island the board in the ®r¿ Energy Office, a society estimated at 5,000 tonnes. with more than 200 members from the island supporting the work. A local company buys the straw from each farm, bails and sells the straw to ®r¿sk¿bing The 80'es were the period of the pioneers: District Heating. Solar collectors were build in the garages,

56 local smiths tried to start a windmill supported the information work: ®r¿ Energy production. and Environment Office informed the consumers of individually heated houses and 3 of the mills on the island originate from this arranged education among the local installers production. of small scale equipment. More boilers and solar heating systems were installed. The windmill park was opened in 1984, for a short time the biggest park in Denmark. Some barriers in the beginning of the 90'es:

The pioneer-period culminated here on ®r¿ · A decline in activities due to the with the erection of ®r¿sk¿bing Energy Plant bankruptcy of the "flagship" - the in «89, a test and demonstration plant where ®r¿sk¿bing Energy Plant some of the elements were straw boiler, solar · Lack of local organisation on a political absorbers, heat pump and fluegascondensors. level The Energy Plant sold the production to · Resistance towards erection of more and ®r¿sk¿bing District Heating Company. bigger windmills among the effected residents and a group of local politicians. The legislation that made the RE-initiatives possible was the Energyplan 81 from the In 1997 the Renewable Energy Organisation Danish Energy Ministry, where ®r¿ - among on ®r¿ (the RE-Organisation) was formed as other rural areas in Denmark - was selected for a result of the Renewable Energy Island the development with RE as the natural gas initiative of the Danish Government. The RE- pipe lines would not pass by. Organisation consists of the mayors of Marstal Municipality and ®r¿sk¿bing Municipality, As the consumers traditionally own the energy representatives for the boards of management plants and distribution nets it was necessary to for ®r¿ Electricity Supply, ®r¿ Farmers have a broad acceptance among the islanders Association, ®r¿ Energy and Environment before investing in new technologies. Public Office as well as the operational managers opposition was prevented through a high from Marstal District Heating and information level. ®r¿sk¿bing District Heating.

The barriers in the 80'es were among others: The RE-Organisation is a forum where new energy initiatives see daylight, and where the · New and unproven technologies initiatives are co-ordinated. · Lack of knowledge among consumers and authorities New Energy Initiatives · Considerations of the authorities were long-drawn-out. Electricity production · Design work was extremely expensive The electricity supply should be covered 100% The first years of the 90'es were a quiet period by erection of 7 modern windmills, situated at after the bankruptcy of ®r¿sk¿bing Energy the Southwest coast. The political and Plant due to falling oil-prices. It was not a administrative work for the 4 of the mills is period where new spectacular projects saw almost finished, thus waiting for the final daylight. approval from the County of Funen. If the necessary approvals are given, a new In 1994 Marstal District Heating took over the organisation formed among the present role as initiators of new projects. They windmill-owners is ready to start a campaign constructed a 75m2 thermal solar heating with sale of shares to investors among the testplant. The information gained was so islanders. interesting that it resulted in a decision to build a full-scale thermal solar heating plant in 1996. District Heating, S¿by.

®r¿sk¿bing District Heating followed the The town of S¿by has individual heated example in 1998. houses.

Beside the more striking projects, the 90'es A pre-design-work was finished this spring were signified by a growing acceptance of RE for a district heating plant for 378 consumers. among the islanders. This was made possible The configuration of a new plant is proposed by the Danish Energy Department who to be:

57 · Thermal solar heating of 2250 m2, Financing the Projects covering 15% of the total production of 6,373 MWh Windmills · Accumulation tank of 650 m3 · Wood chips boiler, effect 2 MW Windmills owned by privates or co-operatives · Oil boiler for peak periods of 2,5 MW are privately financed. Windmills owned by organisations are 100 consumers have agreed in joining the co- financed by loans or available funds. operative society. Another effort is made this autumn to reach another 170 potential District Heating Companies consumers, which is necessary before building activities can begin. New consumers pay a share deposit varying from 0 DKK to some thousand DKK. District Heating, St. Rise and Dunk¾r Construction and loans are included in payment for the heat. The two neighbouring villages have individually heated houses. A mix of loans and state grants finances new plants. Grants are given to some design work, A pre-design-work for the two villages has to test plants and to thermal solar heating recently been finished, and a campaign among systems. the potential consumers has just started. A project underwritten by the municipality has The configuration of a new plant is proposed the opportunity of cheap financing, as the to be: municipality guaranties for payment of loan.

· Thermal solar heating of 4000 m2, Individually heated houses covering 50% of the total production of 3,500 MWh The plant is financed and owned by the · Accumulation tank of 4000 m3 consumer. The state pays a grant for installing · Wood pellets boiler, effect 600 kW solar collectors and biomass boilers.

Some Barriers of the late 90'es Network

· Lack of organisation concerning the ®r¿ is not part of any formal or informal implementation of RE in individual heated island network. The different organisations on houses. the island are of course part of professional · Lack of local biomass for district heating networks at home and abroad. or CHP · Producing biomass for energy is not Over the years the scene have changed. In the economically attractive for the farmers beginning of the 80'es the initiatives of private · Production of energy-crops in short individuals were necessary to start the break- rotation is prohibited in coastal areas through for renewables. In the late 90'es the · Complicated and long-drawn-out focus is on organisation of the work and administration for coastal areas political will. Almost 20 years have gone since concerning erection of windmills and (in the beginning. The overall experience gained is one case) district heating on solar that the change of a well-developed energy- · Although the islanders are positive system is a process that takes time. With this towards RE, there is still an inertia when experience in our minds we have the will to they are asked to act even though there are find new ways whenever barriers arise, and we only benefits are sure that some day we have reached our · The local economy is vulnerable to goal of a high percentage of renewables in our mistakes energy system. · Lack of possibility for financing energy savings for the poorest

58 VERGNET S.A. Experience in Electricity Organization Carribean Islands: EDF Nowadays Monopoly: Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante French Government decided in 1974 to apply and La DŽsirade Ð 1989 to 1999 there the common French law and to nationalise the local Utilities, which were Mr. Jean-Marc Noel, losing a lot of money. Senior Consultant, VERGNET S.A. The French national utility, EDF, has had to face a very difficult situation:

French West Indies include two territories: · On one hand, to answer a skyrocketing Guadeloupe and Martinique Departments.1 electricity demand, because the unit price This paper deals only with Guadeloupe came equal to the continental France one, department. making a very significant cost reduction, · On the second hand, to make this answer Geographical Details with a very high cost of production and very poor power plants, because the Guadeloupe itself is built of two islands: the former local utilities have had no money western and highest one, Basse Terre, which is for maintaining their existing equipment, mainly an active volcano, La Soufri•re, the no more for buying new ones. eastern and lowest one, Grande Terre, mainly ancient coral reef. From energy point all these islands where until recently, totally in dependence of fossil fuel Three islands or archipelago lie close of major used through diesel power plants, one being island of La Guadeloupe: Les Saintes very located on each island. small archipelago South of Basse Terre, Marie- Galante, Southeast of Grande Terre and La In average, it is reported each unit sold makes DŽsirade, East of Grande Terre. a loss of 1 FFR (0,1516. ECU) for EDF.

Two other islands are also dependencies and EDF Developments: included in La Guadeloupe Department : Saint-BarthŽlŽmy and Saint-Martin, this last To transfer the production to the most efficient one being shared with Nederlands, but they are power plants, EDF undertook a policy of remotely located, with some other islands: connecting the islands around Guadeloupe to Anguilla, Barbuda, Montserrat, Saint-Kitts & the big power plant of Jarry Nord where very Nevis, lying between La Guadeloupe and these big diesel engines (rated 40 MW) have been two islands. installed and are running on navy fuel.

Climate In the 70', Marie-Galante was connected to Guadeloupe through a single sub-marine cable. All the Guadeloupe islands lie in the Trade So, Marie-Galante diesel power plant was only Wind area, the blessed winds for wind energy used as stand-by power plant. due to their regularity. Average wind velocity in standard conditions: upwind seaside, height It has also been done for the Saintes 10 metres, no obstacles is near 7 m/s. archipelago.

They are few months with less wind, one or La Desirade Wind Diesel Wind Farm two. 1. Origin The major drawback in this area for wind use is the frequent occurring of tropical storms, On 1989, the energy requirement on the small which can bring wind velocities well over 80 island of La Desirade was too low to think to m/s. amortise a submarine cable. On 1991, VERGNET SA made a proposal to the European Commission through THERMIE 1 Department is a French administrative entity more or program for the project of a wind farm coupled less equivalent to a county to the diesel power plant of La Desirade. This

59 proposal was agreed and EDF Guadeloupe Wind Farm Location: accepted the project of the installation of a wind farm on La Desirade Island if VERGNET At the location defined by the wind survey, SA was able to demonstrate the feasibility of two other parameters where also favourable: coupling small diesel sets with a wind farm. · First one, terrain was public property, This demonstration was performed at situation which eased the wind farm VERGNET SA test facility located at Portel location, des Corbi•res, in the Southwest of France. There, during a week of 1991 spring, a small · Second one, the high voltage power line village was completely and satisfactorily fed which stretches all along the southern from the hybrid power plant made of a 120 kW coast of the island was there a little uphill, diesel set and 7 UM70 wind generators, each shortening the length of the new power rated 15 kW. line to be built.

2. Project At this moment, decision was made to locate the wind farm there, a place locally called At this time, the average power drain of La Tropique. Desirade grid was 155 kW, delivered by a trashy diesel power plant assembling 4 diesel Principle of Wind Power Regulation: sets: 2 rated 160 kW and 2 rated 240 kW. The rated power of the wind farm was settled At the time of the project, we have said the at 156 kW by installing 12 wind generators average demanded power by La Desirade where a 10 m in diameter turbine drove a 13 network was 155 kW with minimum around kW induction generator. 90/100 kW.

Wind Survey: Wind farm will deliver its full power, around 150 kW, at any time and why not, when the Long term, but not so much consistent wind grid demand would be at a minimum. data have had been collected at Pointe Double weather station which have been installed here To manage this situation and maintain a around 1945 for tropical storm tracking, significant power to be delivered by the because this point is the eastern most point for running diesel set, lets' say around a third of the whole Caribbean archipelago. their rated power, i.e. between 55 or 80 kW, or more if two diesel sets were running at the It was obvious and sensible to take advantage same time, a remote control was installed of the height of the plateau which overheads between the power plant and the wind farm, the complete island, topping near 275 m. through a telephone line working that way: To determine the wind distribution all over this plateau it was decided to make use, probably · taking in account the ability of for the first time in France, of WAsP program. VERGNET's wind generators to run in the At this time, aerology specialists of Centre free wheeling mode, i.e. to run with no Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, Nantes, load at any wind velocity with only a have handled this program. small (less than 5 %) increase of the rotation speed , making the electric ability The survey showed a significant increase of to be coupled or uncoupled at any time, average wind velocity all along the eastern side of the cliff crest. By chance, this increase was · a black box at the wind farm control maximum just over Souffleur hamlet, the wind cabinet uncoupled the adequate number of slope increase was found very high, giving wind generators to adjust the wind power along a depth of 30 to 50 m behind the cliff to the space between the minimum power crest a yearly average wind velocity of 10,5 to be delivered by the running diesel sets m/s at 30 m height. Clearly, this situation was and the grid demand, the consequence of the most of time full east wind climbing the hill with an average slope of · the same black box decided to re-couple 30 ¡ and building up a high acceleration in a wind generators when power balance was narrow band of terrain and height. modified by an increase of the grid

60 · demand of a lessening of wind velocity, replacing the two smallest diesel sets by two making room for more wind power. second hand 240 kW machines, driving the total installed power from 800 to 960 kW. So far, wind power was regulated step by step, Secondly, the management of the diesel power each step being equal to the present (according plant was not organised as to maximise the use to wind velocity) power of each wind of wind energy: generator. · Firstly, the crew of the diesel power plant 3. Realisation was used to run two diesel sets at night time to be sure not to be awaked by Installation of the wind farm started on the overloading of the only one diesel engine beginning of 1992, the first wind generator on duty after wind fading if. So the being coupled to the grid in June. acceptable level of wind power by the system was lessened. Commissioning of the wind power plant was done on June 1993 after quite a complete year · Secondly, the old governors of the old of tests and modifications to match the diesel engines were very often adjusted at completely new system to the local conditions a frequency higher than the rated 50 Hz, so the power delivered by the wind Results: Wind Energy Penetration: generators was limited because the allowed slip to their induction generators That we call here the wind energy penetration was limited. ratio is the percentage of the yearly energy delivered to the consumers issued from the Finally, from an estimated wind yearly wind farm. production of 800,000 kWh, only a small part was delivered to the grid. This is underlined by This is quite different of wind power the sharp increase of delivered wind energy in penetration which is the percentage of wind 1996 when La Desirade grid was connected to power related to grid power at a given time. La Guadeloupe and when La Desirade wind The figures of wind/diesel system of La farm run without regulation and with an Desirade during its years of running are given accurate 50 Hz frequency. in the here under table Nevertheless, under special circumstances, Year Total Energy Wind Wind failure of diesel engines or shortage of diesel Delivered Energy Energy oil, the crew of the diesel power plant decided (GWh) Delivered Penetration (GWh) (%) to increase the wind power use and there are 1989 1.362 records of weeks with wind energy penetration 1990 factor of 80%. 1991 1.515 1992 1.803 The limited interest of EDF GDF Guadeloupe 1993 1.962 0.430 22 1994 0.522 management for this very small grid is 1995 0.388 underlined by the number of lacking yearly 1996 0.748 figures.

Comments: End of first Project:

Some explanations are required given the In 1994, EDF GDF Guadeloupe was facing the above figures. following situation:

The first comment is the very fast increase of · Steady increase of the grid consumption. the grid demand. This increase is in the range · Ageing of the diesel power plant. of 9 %/year which drives to a doubling after 8 · Environmental problems related to the years. noise of the diesel power plant which have been located at its real starting in the The rated power of the wind plant, matched to middle of the main village. the grid energy demand for 1991, was not adapted to the increase of power demand, EDF GDF Guadeloupe asked to VERGNET driving to lessen the wind energy penetration SA to build such a project that La Desirade ratio. During the same period, EDF GDF Island will be as fully as possible fed from Guadeloupe retrofit the diesel power station by wind for the next 10 years, i.e. up to 2005.

61 Wind energy penetration would have been comparison of the yearly yield of individual such the old diesel power plant used only as machines. stand-by would not replaced. VERGNET SA accepted the challenge and built a paper project answering all the Necessary Commitment of Diesel Plant proposed specifications. The project was build Management around the use of Piller GmbH dynamic converters, used as permanent generators of During the period of the wind/diesel system the required AC voltage and frequency. The running, the wind energy penetration level was current being delivered according to the wind under the control of the diesel station crew. availability by the wind farm, or by a mix of the wind farm and the dynamic converters This crew didn't get any reward for running the extracting then their energy from a battery hybrid system at its best. bank, or by the dynamic converters only if no wind at all. This has driven the crew was mainly interested in minimising its constraints. Typically, two Diesel sets were only started when battery diesel engines were running every night, even bank was fully discharged. The first wind was high, the crew willing not be awaked assumptions shown the running time of diesel to start a second diesel engine in case of wind sets can be lowered down to 10 % of the full fading. time. For EDF GDF Guadeloupe management, the Matching the grid consumption increase at project brought two benefits: the lowest cost was planned through phasing the increase of wind power plant rated power · They could postpone the decision of and dynamic converters power and number, rebuilding the diesel power plant or as to closely adjust the installed power to the installing the submarine cable for some need. years, until the conditions for installation of a submarine connection became The project remained a paper project because realistic. EDF GDF Guadeloupe used the VERGNET SA proposal as a lever to obtain better price · They made their image more greenish. from the challenger which was Alcatel for delivery and installation of a submarine cable They were not deeply motivated to maximise between Guadeloupe and La Desirade. savings brought by the wind farm. The production cost of unit in La Desirade was The submarine cable was installed and computed as high as 1.86 FFR in 1994 (0,282 commissioned on the1995 fall. EURO), equally split between fuel and O & M. The used wind unit price was computed as low 4. Learnings as 0.40 FRF (0,061 EURO) due to high wind conditions. Despite the unsatisfactory end of this first realistic wind/diesel project, it brought a lot of Total cost of running La Desirade grid was valuable information for the near future. nothing compared to the cost of La Guadeloupe grid. Validation of Wind Survey: Ability of VERGNET SA Wind Generators to After years of wind velocity measurements on Survive Tropical Storms Tropique site, it comes the yearly average wind velocity computed with WAsP program From the beginning of La Desirade wind farm was higher than the measured one. Difference to to-day, is it now some years. is between 10.5 m/s and 9.5 m/s. La Desirade island has been strolled by more It is sure WAsP is not suited to give accurate than 20 tropical storms, 10 of generating wind results with such hilly terrain and steep cliffs. velocities higher than 40 m/s. For these tropical storms, the wind farm is put in safe But, one very important result was the relative situation by tilting down all the wind level of wind velocity along the 800 m line of generators. It lasts one day to achieve this the wind farm was accurately described by operation with a team of 6 non-permanent WAsP . This has been checked through the employees.

62 None destruction arrived to La Desirade · Higher efficiency than dynamic wind farm as a consequence of tropical storm. converters.

Ability of VERGNET SA Wind Farms to run · Lower price. Parallel with Small Diesel Sets VERGNET SA is finalising the project of The three years of La Desirade wind-diesel installing a WINDPLUS system on the Sein running has demonstrated the ability of island, off Brittany, on account of EDF GDF VERGNET SA wind generators to be Servicesto deliver between 70 and 75 % of the assembled as a wind farm, building up high required energy from wind. It is not impossible wind energy penetration ratio even associated the project will be installed on 2001. with small diesel power plant. At the same time VERGNET SA has build up Dissemination of VEGNET SA Wind/Diesel all the required software to prepare such a Systems project, including accurate computerised simulation. From the experience gained with La Desirade wind/diesel system, VERGNET SA designed Other La Guadeloupe Wind Projects and installed similar systems on the Ile des Pins island, a dependence of Nouvelle The notwithstanding success of La Desirade Caledonie and on Rurutu, an island of the first project made everybody more confident in Australes archipelago, in Polynesie Francaise. installing wind farms all around La Guadeloupe, in any good windy place with Design and test of VERGNET SA Windplus ¨ scarce or no population. System2 1. Existing Ones VERGNET SA has made constant efforts to update the first design the system which had La Desirade: been projected for La Desirade on 1994 (¤. 2.5.) Tropique first wind farm, made of 12 13 kW The last version of this design has seen the rated wind generators has been modified in a replacement of the Piller dynamic converter by 500 kW rated wind farm by replacement of 13 static inverters which bring far more kW by 25 kW rated power wind generators possibilies and help to face any event, by and by bringing the number of machines from completely isolating the wind machines from 12 to 20. the grid: The marketed yearly production of this new · Static inverters enable to run wind wind farm is 2 GWh. generators at variable speed, possibility which gives more energy at low wind The production started on 1996. speeds. The production of Tropique wind farm is first, · Static inverters enable to force wind used to feed La Desirade grid, secondly, excess generators to run at lower than rated speed current is transferred to La Guadeloupe under high winds driving to two through the submarine cable. possibilities: soft power regulation instead of stepped power regulation given by But, considering La Desirade in now a mere coupling and de-coupling wind generators extension of La Guadouple grid, EDF GDF and soft free wheeling mode by running Services Guadeloupe does not record La free wheeling wind generators at low Desirade energy transfers. rotation speeds. Marie Galante: · Flexibility in design because static inverters have no limits to being coupled The first wind farm installed on the island of each other. Marie Galant is located at Petite Place, a hill top on the eastern coast of the island. 2 WINDPLUS is a mark registered by VERGNET SA to 25 VERGNET SA wind generators, each 60 cover the design of a wind system where up to 90 % of the kW rated, build up a wind farm of 1,5 MW. delivered energy comes from the wind, diesel energy being only stand by energy. Marketed yearly wind production is 4 GWh.

63 Petite Place wind farm was commissioned at La Desirade: the beginning of 1998. A second wind farm will be shortly EDF GDF Guadeloupe was interested by this constructed on La Desirade island. It will be project because they have experienced a big located at Plateau de La Montagne, a location trouble in 1997 when the only sub marine in the Northeast of the island. cable connecting Marie Galante to La Guadeloupe failed. 40 VERGNET SA wind generators, each 60 kW rated, build up a wind farm of 2.4 MW. The formerly installed diesel power plants which have supposed to be maintained as Marketed yearly wind production is 8 GWh. stand by plants failed to face the increased demand as well as to simply run. EDF GDF Plateau de La Montagne wind farm will be Guadeloupe has to build up a crash program commissioned at the end of 2000. consisting to rent mobile diesel power plant and to pay kWh at maximum rate during Les Saintes: repair of the sub marine cable. A last, wind farm is planned on Terre de Bas, From this time EDF GDF Guadeloupe is one of the island of Les Saintes archipelago. interested by scattered wind farms in remote islands connected by sub marine cables, the It is not yet completely designed. existence of wind farms lightening the burden for local diesel power plants when arrive a La Guadeloupe, 1998 Energy Status failure in sub marine connection. The 1998 energy status in Guadeloupe Petit Canal: archipelago (Guadeloupe main islands, La Desirade, Marie-Galante, Les Saintes) is The first wind farm installed on the main described here under. island of Guadeloupe is located at Petit Canal, a cliff top on the eastern coast of 1. Thermal Electricity Grande Terre, facing trade winds.. EDF Plants: 40 VERGNET SA wind generators, each 60 kW rated, build up a wind farm of 2,4 MW. Location Jarry Nord Jarry Sud Fuel Navy fuel Navy fuel Marketed yearly wind production is 6.6 Installed Power 176,800 165,600 (kW) GWh. Delivered Energy 742.3 281.3 (GWh) Petir Canal wind farm was commissioned at Average Delivered 84.737 32.112 the beginning of 1999. Power (MW) Load Factor (%) 47.93 19.39

JARRY Nord is the most recent power plant, 2. Planned fitted with the biggest engines, delivering the cheapest kWh. This is the reason why its load Marie Galante: factor is the higher, JARRY Sud being mainly used for stand-by and peak production. A second wind farm is currently under construction on Marie Galante Island. It is located at Morne Constant, a location north Hybrid Plant: of Petite Place. Location Le Moule 25 VERGNET SA wind generators, each 60 Fuel Bagasse and coal kW rated, build up a wind farm of 1.5 MW. Installed Power (kW) 64,000 Delivered Energy (GWh) 53.5 Average Delivered Power Marketed yearly wind production is 4.5 (MW) GWh. Load Factor (%)

Morne Constant wind farm has to be Le Moule thermal plant is partially owned by commissioned at the beginning of 2000. EDF. This plant burns bagasse, garbage from

64 sugar cane, so working to improve environment and imported coal. The production started in 1998. The only bagasse yearly production is estimated at 100 GWh

2. Renewable Energies

High Temperature Geothermy:

Location Bouillante Fuel Installed Power (kW) 4800 Delivered Energy (GWh) 23.2 Average Delivered Power 2.648 (MW) Load Factor (%) 55.17

Small Hydro:

Location Carbet Bananier Baillif Fuel Installed 3800 2500 500 Power (kW) Delivered 23.2 6.9 2.0 Energy (GWh) Average 2.648 0.788 0.228 Delivered Power (MW) Load 55.17 0.228 45.66 Factor (%)

Solar Heaters:

12,000 houses have received solar heater, saving 30 GWh or 7,680 fuel tons (metric) and the production of 19,200 tons of CO2.

Solar Cells:

1,400 houses are fed from solar cells, ranging around 1,500 pkW saving 4.4 GWh.

The regional power Region Guadeloupe and the regional bureau of the national Agence de l'Environment et de la Maitrise de l'Energie (ADEME) have built an energy program for 2002. At this time 25 % of the consumed electricity in the Region, 250 GWh, will be extracted of the local renewable energies.

65 66 H.E. Ambassador Mr. Tuiloma · renewable energy resource endowments vary significantly among SIDS: Neroni Slade, · all have substantial solar resources, but Permanent Representative of not yet developed to their full potential; Samoa to the United Nations, · wind potential is variable with location; · hydroelectric power is a possibility for Chairman of the Alliance of only some SIDS; Small Island States (AOSIS) · biomass is common, but unequal; and · the potential for geothermal, ocean thermal and wave energy remain under study; Mr Chairman, · there are significant constraints to the large-scale commercial use of renewable The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is energy resources. SIDS do not have the deeply honoured by the invitation to capacity or means to invest in renewables, participate in this important meeting in to develop or obtain the right technology, Denmark, a land where there is so much to nor do they have adequate skill or admire and much to emulate. May I say what management capabilities. a special treat it is to be in the Islands of Aero where, as an islander, one feels naturally at Energy Dependence home. Dependence remains a major issue, and should Mr Chairman, be looked at both in terms of the causes, and in terms of the feasible alternatives available to Energy is one of the fourteen priority issues SIDS. identified in 1994 in the Barbados Programme of Action for the sustainable development of The informed assessment is that petroleum will small island developing States. The focus on remain the single most important commercial the Programme in this phase of the discussions energy source for SIDS in the foreseeable is most timely, and we welcome this future, despite continuing attempts to develop opportunity to share our thoughts on the issues. alternative sources of energy. The contribution of energy from renewable sources is increasing in some SIDS (e.g. Barbados where the use of The Barbados Programme of Action mainly solar, biomass and wind energy now provides some 25% of primary energy, In a matter of days, the UN General Assembly expected to increase to 50 to 75% by 2015). special session will review the implementation But on the whole, efforts to promote renewable of the Barbados Programme of Action. It will energy technologies have not measured up to recalled that the Programme was the first expectations. international effort to translate the principles agreed at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio into The disappointing results can be attributed to a practical action. Consideration of the progress number of factors. Many of the petroleum- in implementation of the Programme of based energy systems operating in SIDS today Action, in terms of the experience gained and were assumed at the time of political lessons learnt will therefore be of the greatest independence. For many SIDS, since that significance for all countries. time, there has been no real qualitative assessment of the energy situation, or Essentially, there has been no substantive substantive re-orientation of policy to actively change in the energy situation of small island promote renewable energy. This has tended to developing States (SIDS) since 1994, give way to inadequate policy frameworks, inasmuch as the following would still largely with the result that many SIDS still suffer characterise their position as of today: from:

· there continues to be heavy dependence on · a lack of sufficient, accurate renewable imported petroleum products, largely for energy resource data; transport and electricity generation; and · a lack of understanding of the economic also heavy dependence on indigenous and technical viability of renewable biomass fuels; energy technologies; · the current uses of these forms of energy · in some cases, inappropriate institutions; are highly inefficient; and

67 · failures of information dissemination and appropriate technology but also on adequate properly to inform and to involve the local development of managerial and technical and business communities. expertise, careful financial management and adoption of appropriate institutional Meantime, the cost of importing oil and approaches. petroleum products remains a heavy burden. In almost every region, SIDS obtain these Strengths and Lessons Learnt products at some of the highest prices in the world. The prices of petroleum fuels landed in A full range of renewable energy technologies SIDS in the Pacific are typically 200-300 per are being tested or applied in almost all SIDS cent of international values. It would be clear regions. Some of the technologies and energy that savings from decreases in oil importation efficiency measures, particularly with some would contribute significantly to building up photovoltaic applications, are now technically other areas of SIDS economies. mature and proven. Recognising their role and potential, care must taken to ensure that any Alternative Means new developments should first address the reasons for past failures, including poor project The almost total dependence on imported planning, unreliable components, inappropriate petroleum, is reason alone to warrant seeking design, improper installation and poor alternative and more sustainable energy maintenance. In this respect, full advantage systems. As it is, SIDS dependence on should be taken of the experience of other imported fuel products continues to cause countries, so that errors committed there be severe imbalances in trade. It is also known avoided, and thus SIDS could literally "leap that increased use of fuelwood has led to frog" over some of the steps and difficulties significant deforestation in many SIDS. experienced by the industrialisation process in some countries. To arrest these adverse developments, SIDS will need to increase their efforts in the Regional cooperation and collaboration among development and use of indigenous renewable SIDS should be encouraged and supported in energy resources. Consideration must also be order to avoid unnecessary duplication. given to major development issues which are Priority should be given to saving energy likely to confront SIDS and to exacerbate their rather than generating energy where possible, difficulties in the coming decades, including and to improving efficiency through the use of increased population growth; rapid demand-side management and more efficient urbanisation and unemployment; increased appliances. Above all, priority should be paid energy demand and rising energy prices for to the obvious successes. The experience of commercial fuels; deteriorating environmental the Pacific, for instance, and possibly conditions (waste disposal, pollution); and elsewhere, is that photovoltaics could play a impacts caused by global phenomena like substantial role in the electrification of rural climate change. areas in the near future.

Renewable Energy Resources Barbados Programme of Action again

Based on the experience of the past several May I say that many of these matters which I years, it is evident that the increasing role for have mentioned are required, under the renewable energy should become an important Barbados Programme of Action, to be acted on part of the overall strategy in many SIDS. by way of policies and measures to be taken at Since energy conservation and efficiency the national, regional and international levels. measures are the most effective ways to achieve significant savings in energy I should also tell you that the question of consumption, concerted efforts supported by 'energy' featured in the negotiations and external assistance are needed to promote and preparations for the forthcoming UN General implement these measures. Assembly Special Session and its outcomes. From these negotiations, there is agreement on In their efforts to harness renewable energy the need for mobilisation of resources from all sources, SIDS will need enhanced technical, sources, including from the private sector, for managerial, financial and particularly external the provision of technical, financial and assistance to make the necessary investments. technological assistance to SIDS in order to The development of renewable energy sources encourage energy efficiency, and to accelerate will depend not only on the choice of and maximise the development and utilisation

68 of environmentally sound renewable energy respiratory infections, diseases, and deaths in sources. women and children. Today, 1.4 billion people are exposed to dangerous levels of In particular, in the context of practical actions outdoor air pollution leading to millions of to address these issues and on premature deaths; and energy use is projected the basis of a strong and committed partnership to double within 30 years, in large part due to between SIDS and the international economic growth in developing countries. community, the following are the specific recommendations to be made to the Special Because SIDS provide a vital litmus measure, Session: both as to the environmental impacts, and as to the balance between the demands of modern · establishment of renewable energy development and the protection of the global initiatives at the regional level so as to environment. SIDS are custodians of large avoid duplication of efforts and to achieve areas of the global biodiversity including the economies of scale; vastness of the oceans, and are at the front line · development of human resources for the of the struggle against global problems like planning and sustainable management climate change. The world needs to care, needs of a renewable energy sector; because the response to the situation of SIDS, · promotion of research and development or the lack of it, will determine a destiny that, and private sector investment in priority ultimately, will be the destiny of others. And renewable energy projects; the solutions to be fashioned by and for SIDS · financing of renewable energy will yield valuable lessons for other countries, applications, including standards and especially the developing countries. guidelines for energy efficiency and conservation; and · implementation in SIDS of best practices in achieving clean, sustainable energy resources and encouraging private sector involvement in the utilisation of renewable energy resources and innovative financing schemes with a view to longer-term self-sufficiency in energy resources.

Why the Concern with Energy use in SIDS?

In all this, why should the world be concerned with the energy use in SIDS?

Because SIDS by their own inefficient and unsustainable energy systems are contributing to the development and environmental problems - though, by global standards, their polluting emissions are negligible. For their own long-term sustainability, it is necessary for economic and environmental reasons to change. There are clear demonstrated benefits for SIDS, and they should seize the opportunity to make a contribution to the global common good.

Because the global fossil fuel energy policies and practices are environmentally unsustainable and cause environmental degradation at the local (particulates and smog), regional (acid deposition) and global (climate change) scales. The two billion people without access to electricity usually cook using traditional fuels with poor ventilation, leading to a high incidence of

69 70 Mr. Torben Mailand The continued deterioration of the marine environment and its severe and long term Christensen, effects on marine biodiversity and on human Ambassador, health and

Royal Danish Ministry of the difficult issues regarding freshwater and Foreign Affairs land degradation and

the increased frequency and severity of natural disasters.

Mr. Chairman; Your Excellency, Ambassador To mention just a few. Slade of Samoa; representatives of Small Island States; Ladies and gentlemen; And then we must discuss how to develop adequate institutional infrastructure and Let me first of all thank the organisers of this administrative capacity to deal with these conference for having taken this very concerns. important NGO initiative only a few weeks before the special session of the General Mr. Chairman, Assembly in New York for the review and appraisal of the implementation of the The Danish government welcomes that the Programme of Action for the sustainable international community is again giving high development of small island states. And for political priority to discussing these grave having chosen ®r¿. concerns of Small Islands Developing States with a view to finding sustainable solutions for The specific needs of small island developing the future. states, which I Ð coming from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Danida Ð would like to There is a broad political interest for these concentrate on this morning, were issues in Denmark. For example, last year in acknowledged in Rio in Agenda 21 and further Buenos Aires, at the fourth conference of the articulated in the Barbados Declaration and parties under the Climate Change Convention, Programme of Action adopted by the first a group of Danish parliamentarians met and global conference after Rio in 1994. discussed the problems of small island developing states with Ambassador Slade and The small island developing states are rich and other representatives from small island states. diverse in biodiversity, flora and fauna, and in And in parliamentary debates the interest in cultural heritage with traditional knowledge of and concerns regarding SIDS have repeatedly sound management of ressources and with been voiced. special skills of adaptation to the island environment. This conference will certainly make a useful contribution, both in a national Danish context While small island developing states are and to the international process now in course. among those which contribute least to the climate change and sea-level rise, they are Mr. Chairman, among the first to suffer from the adverse effects of it. The mere existence of some of The discussions here in ®r¿ underlines the them might be jeopardised. importance of enhancing sustainable energy, especially renewable energy as part of the The economies of small island developing international effort to promote sustainable states, especially the LDCÕs, are often development. As you know this issue will be a dependant on both a narrow ressource base and topic at the ninth session of the Commission on fluctuations of global trade. They have for Sustainable Development in 2001. The meagre means to influence the terms of trade Danish government is currently finalising a which add to their economic vulnerability. Danish strategy for sustainable energy, towards CSD 9. This strategy will reflect the Mr. Chairman, high priority given to sustainable energy and to co-operation with developing countries and, At the coming meeting in New York, which specifically, small island developing states. will take place at a high international level, a The process towards formulating the Strategy number of key concerns must be discussed. has involved a broad consultation involving

71 among others Danish NGOÕs where, in degrading power station. Though not particular, FED has made useful contributions. renewable energy it is sustainable energy!

Through our multilateral development At Fuah Mulaku, which is a remote island, we assistance Denmark is actively supporting and support the construction of a harbour. The promoting multilateral environment and project is a key element in the national development programmes in the field of development plan to increase the economic sustainable energy. In our active dialogue with sustainability of the island. and contributions to the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the UNDP and Mr. Chairman, UNEP we underscore the importance of their increased support to the Islands Developing The theme for your discussions yesterday was States and to enhancing sustainable energy. experience with renewable energy on islands Ð initiatives, barriers and lessons learnt. Today We see the LomŽ Convention and its discussions will focus on strategies to promote mechanisms as a centrepiece of co-operation renewable energy and thus support the between the European Union and its member Barbados Declaration. Your efforts are highly states and small island developing states. For appreciated. The grave concerns of small the period 1996-2000 the European Union is island developing states call for such committing over 1,0 billion Euros of discussions, but even more for action. TodayÕs development assistance to Africa, the discussion is a good occasion to renew the Caribbean and the Pacific. High priority is commitment made at the Barbados Conference given to supporting the poorest target groups and to turn it into more and more concrete and women. The European Union is by far the action. The Danish government supports this most significant development partner for small process and will indeed work for the adoption island developing states. of a new political declaration to that effect at the coming special session of the General On a more bilateral level Denmark supports Assembly later this month. We hope and trust small island development states in a number of that this Conference will make a concrete ways. Let me illustrate it by mentioning that contribution to this process.

We give institutional support in the fields of Thank you. climate change and sustainable energy to the South Pacific Environment Programme (SPREP), the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the University of the South Pacific (USP).

In our co-operation with SPREP, we support the regional co-ordination in the field of climate change.

Through SOPAC and USP we support the development of efficient planning tools for energy sector planning in small island states with a view to increase the use of renewable energy. The project is implemented by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UNEP Collaborating Centre in Ris¿, Denmark. This co-operation is inspired by FED and IÕd like to pay tribute to them for the role they have played.

Via our Mixed Credits programme we support development work in the Maldives. We support the delivery and installation of a new diesel-driven generator to Male Power Station. This will lead to an increased energy supply in the Maldives and at the same time lead to a reduced utilisation of an old, environmentally

72 Mr. RenŽ Karottki, The reasons are many. Saving expensive imported fuels is a very immediate one. Chairman for the International Reduced air pollution, less seepage of oil into Advisory Committee for the the ground and coastal waters and less noise are other reasons. We should not forget that Global Conference on many island economies depend on a clean Renewable Energy Islands environment. Tourists come to small islands to enjoy the beaches, the water and the coral reefs. Fishing depends, among other things, on clean water. Thank you Mr. Chairman And many tourists are increasingly aware of The objective of this conference is two-fold: the importance of conserving energy and using to share experience and to discuss future renewable energy. They appreciate to live in action. Hopefully, at the end of the day, we hotels and cottages where the water is heated have set the sails and are ready to take-off by solar energy, and electricity provided by towards action at the practical and at the sun, wind or water. They will come back to political level. these places again. And they will tell their neighbours and colleagues. Renewable Energy is not mysterious From the immediate daily life to the global Many renewable energy technologies grew to concerns. maturity through the 1990-ies, after turbulent 1980-ies with many failures, unfortunately also Islands are victims of climate instability on islands. During the 1990-iers older well caused by fossil fuel consumption in known technologies such as hydro-electric industrialised countries. Islands thus have a plants, mechanical wind pumps were joined by strong interest in a changing in this pattern e.g. a new generation of modern systems such as by demonstrating new ways. In demonstrating PV-pumps, Solar Home Systems, Wind Power new ways, the very smallness of the islands plants, Solar Water Heaters etc. As we already (that often is seen as a disadvantage) is heard , these new technologies are already actually an advantage. A smaller island working successfully on many islands. economy can faster reach a higher share of renewable energy in its energy balance. That's Many systems are ready for large-scale the thinking behind the concept of renewable implementation. The challenge ahead of us is energy islands. not so much technical as to create the institutional and financial dynamics for In Denmark, we have for many years said that implementation of renewable energy on a large innovation and news ways of thinking comes scale. from rural areas. And indeed, thatÕs what happened with renewable energy. I suggest It is interesting to note that in industrialised that in the next decades we say that this countries, modern small-scale technologies are innovation also comes from small islands. now competitive to traditional large-scale systems, and at the same time more How can the islands take national and local environmentally friendly. This goes for action? renewable energy systems, but also for co- generation plants and fuel cells that are There are some well-known classical elements developing rapidly these years. These in sustainable energy development that islands technologies are efficient, modular and flexible and their policy makers should adopt in a and work on large grids, on small island grids systematic way: or are used as stand alone systems. · Create awareness, change attitudes and Unfortunately, this break-through is not yet energy consumption habits among end- fully visible to decision-makers in government users: industry, tourism, commerce, public and in the private sector. We have a huge task institutions and households. Organise end- in front of us to inform and educate these users and ensure their full participation. decision-makers. · Set standards and targets for energy Why should islands go for sustainable energy efficiency and emissions from buildings development and renewable energy? and appliances, such as refrigerators, cars,

73 air conditioning. The industry is often Regional action ready to respond and technologies are available. The smallness of the islands calls for joint action on a regional basis. Islands already have · Introduce and set targets for renewable regional organisations. These should used to energy based systems, such as hydro, support the islands in resource assessments, biomass, passive solar designs, solar PV, policy development, planning as well as wind turbines. Create incentives and technical issues, and in taking joint action facilitate market development. The towards investors, donors and suppliers. A Barbados Solar Water Heater Programme common regional market for renewable is an excellent example energy, reaping the benefits of bulk purchases, setting standards and maintaining a pool of · Remove subsidies, if any, to fossil fuels, know-how may be an option to consider. And or provide equal incentives to renewable the establishment of private, public or co- energy. Subsidising fossil fuels while operative regional island utilities with local taxing renewable energy equipment does agents on each island, designed to provide not make sense. energy services both on large and on smaller, more remote islands. Regional initiatives such These are some basic elements of sustainable as these could make it much easier to access energy development. international financial resources for investments. On top of this are some innovative elements that can bring the islands in the frontline of Global networking sustainable energy development. Leaping like frogs past some un-sustainable steps of energy Op top of this, the islands should develop development, directly to the cutting edge of global exchange and co-operation. Forum for technical and organisational development. ItÕs Energy and DevlopmentÕs (FEDÕs) all about going for the intelligent energy solutions of the next century. Renewable Energy Island Mapping and this conference are first steps towards more networking and exchange. We should suggest Among such elements are: FED and the other Danish sponsors to maintain this initiative, e.g. by regularly updating the · Go for non-fossil fuel transportation survey and making it accessible e.g. on (electric or hydrogen cars, based on SIDSNet. We could also ask FED to make her renewable sources of energy, new sail specialised expertise in project identification, boat technology). With their limited land design and facilitation available e.g. to the distances and long water distances small regional island organisations working with islands are excellent to break new grounds environment and energy. in transportation. Around the globe many islands already qualify · Develop national scale innovative mechanisms for delivery, financing and as Renewable Energy Islands. And many more are motivated to go in this direction. Why not ownership, incl. a mix of public, private join hands in a practical and action oriented and community models. Tuvalu Solar Renewable Energy Islands Network, Electricity Co-operative Society is one comprising islands in north, south, east and such model. Kiribati offers a power utility west, with participation and support from like- operated model. Energy utilities covering minded organisations and governments? This the full range of energy service needs would be a significant contribution from the could be modelled from this and other islands to a much-needed global leadership on experiences. sustainable energy. · Develop full-scale role models: renewable energy islands, integrating renewable Global negotiations energy on a large scale. Many islands around the world show the way, such as Another important contribution from the island the Danish islands Sams¿ and ®r¿, Youth states in AOSIS would be to maintain a high Island in Cuba and others. profile in the Climate Negotiations, as well as at CSD, Rio+10 and other international events. How can the islands take international The renewable energy agenda should be an action? integral part of this. We know that in this

74 respect we are up against vested interest of oil companies and oil producing countries. But even these opponents may gradually change attitudes. Many oil companies are now seeing themselves as broader energy companies and are investing in renewable energy. They are also sensitive to public opinion on environmental issues. And oil-producing countries may over time understand that there may be better and more valuable uses of oil than just selling it out for the short-term benefits.

AOSIS should also be open to alliances with other likeminded governments in the North and South

The prospects for agreements and co-operation are promising. Why not have the Clean Development Mechanism invest in the sustainable energy development of small islands? And why not ask likeminded donor countries, such as the Nordic countries, to establish trust-funds, combining capacity building and demonstrations?

The findings and recommendations from this conference should be used as inspiration for action. The message will immediately be conveyed from here to the Special Session of the UN General Assembly by the end of September 1999, reviewing the Barbados Programme of Action. Later, the meetings of the climate convention, the 9th CSD meeting in 2001 and the Rio+10 meeting in 2002 are relevant fora. The organisers of this conference will ensure that the message gets across to these international events. But in addition, we need your help in channelling it through your governments. So when you leave ®r¿ and Denmark, please contact your decision-makers and international negotiators immediately and tell them about the information and visions from this conference.

I am looking forward to the future co-operation around the concept of Renewable Energy Islands.

75 76 Samsoe, Denmarks Renewable The possibilities is: Energy Island - Goals, Status To save 25 % and supply the rest by RE: and Examples · 75 % based on 13 large windmills Mr. Aage Johnsen, Samsoe Energy (to be established in 2000) and 5 small existing windmills, Company & Mr. Soeren Hermansen, · 25 % based on combined heat- and Samsoe Energy- and Environmental power-plants (bio-gas). Office Activities and Organisation

In 1997 Samsoe was chosen as "Denmarks The overall project started up in the late Renewable Energy Island", and the objective summer '98. As mentioned we are planning to is, that the total heating-, process- and establish land-based and off-shore wind-farms electricity consumption is meant to be covered in the period of year 2000 - 2002. by Renewable Energy (RE). Just now we have an intensive planning, in co- It is not possible to cover the transport energy operation with two groups of "consumers by RE, but it is an objective, to save 20 % of represents" and the regional utility company the consumption. As an compensation its an ARKE, to establish two new district heating objective, to establish an off shore wind-farm systems. Its the plan to supply the four villages in the year of 2002. In the long term it can be a involved from two plants. One wood- possibility to use electrical cars. Other chip/solar-heated and the other straw/bio-gas possibilities are to use hydrogen and bio-gas as heated. The projecting shall begin in this transport energy. But we do not yet know how autumn and the district heating supply is meant to deal with the ferries and the heavy transport. to start up in the year of 2001 and 2002. That means, that the district heating supply in the Status and Possibilities year of 2002 will be increased from 13 % to approximately 27 % of the total heat Heating: requirement

The heating systems in 1996 was: We have made campaigns for individual solar heating systems co-operation with the blacksmiths of the island. The results will be, · 13 % district heating based on straw that we in '98 and '99 have installed nearly · 2 % individual heating based on straw and wood fifty smaller solar plants. In the same period a lot of the islands buildings has been re- · 85 % individual heating based on oil and electricity constructed with new thermal windows, insulation and so on. The possibilities is: Economy and Jobs To save 20 % and supply the rest by RE: To day the situation is, that we use round 50 million d.kr. pr. year importing fossil energy to · 65 % District heating based on straw, wood-chips, bio-gas, solar-heating and Samsoe. It is an objective, that a great part of surplus heat from the ferries this money shall stay on the island to strengthen the local economy. In the same way · 35 % Individual heating based on straw, wood, wood-pellets, solar-heating, heat- its an objective to create up to 30 new jobs on pumps and (wind) electricity. the island.

Electricity: Information

The electricity supply in 1996 was: For more and further information, You could look at our Homepage: · 5 % based on 8 small Windmills http://www.samso.com/ve/uk/ · 95 % based on coal.

77 Status and Possibilities

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0 Heating & Heating & Electricity, Electricity, Transport, Transport, Process, Process, status possib. status possib. status possib.

RE 49 2 6012180 Fossil 276228310248

78 The Isla de la Juventud Ð Introduction Renewable Energy Future Awake of the impact of the climate changes on the small islands, of the place of renewable Mr. Alfredo Curbelo Alonso and energies in their mitigation and the importance Ms. Barabara Garea Moreda, of accomplishing practical actions that Agency of Science and Technology, demonstrate the feasibility of their application to local scale, the Ministry of Science, Cuba, & Mr. Leonardo Cruz Technology and Environment represented by Cabrera, Ministry of Science, its Agency of Science and Technology, in Technology and Environment, close coordination with its delegation at the Island of the Youth, Cuba, & Mr. Isla de la Juventud and with the cooperation of Jorge Hernandez, Direction of the local energy authorities and the government of the territory, has elaborated a Planning, Island of the Youth, Cuba project directed to boost the role of the renewable sources of energy in the energy balance of this region. Summary Action that have included in this project in this Currently 96% of the energy services of the project for whose execution in the short term island are provided by means of conventional do not exist meaningful restraining, excluding sources. The principal destinations of primary the identification of the required financial energy are the electricity generation, transport sources. At the same time it is defined a group and industry sectors. The power is produced of tasks directed to determine the potentials of using diesel set- generators that guarantee the energy sources not sufficiently studied and the electrical service to the 99% of the population. ways to make use of it.

The principal source of renewable energy is As a result of the implementation of the biomes. In the case of other sources like identified actions, it is reached a share of the hidroenergy and wind power, the existing renewable sources of energy of the 32 and potential is not considerable or it is required to 40% in the electrical generation and of a 28 be established. and 48% in the energy balance of the territory at the years 2005 and 2010 respectively. The In order to elaborate a project directed to renewable energy source which contribution increase the contribution of the renewable is quantified in this project is the biomass. sources of energy in the energy balance of the The main activity is the installation of two island, the Agency of Science and Technology forestry biomass power units of 5 MWe each of the Ministry of Science, Technology and one, included in the project portfolio Environment, together with the Delegation of approved by the World Solar Summit of this ministry in the territory (its local Harare in 1996. representatives) and the local energy authorities, has accomplished an evaluation of 1. Characterization of the Isla de la these resources. This assessment demonstrates Juventud the possibility of reaching a participation of these sources of 32% and 40% in the electrical 1.1 Physical- geographical characterization generation and of a 28% and 48% in primary energy balance of the region in the years 2005 The Isla de la Juventud is the second island in and 2010 respectively. extension of the Cuban archipelago formed by more than 2000 islands and keys. It is part of The principal actions identified to reach this the sub archipelago of the Canarreos and it is aim are the forestry biomass power; the separated from Cuba by the Gulf of Batabano substitution, by means of the biomass it is located at a distance of 72 km to the south. gasification, of the fuel oil and the diesel oil The island has a territorial extension of 2204 used to fuel ovens and boilers; the biogas km2. The north region has conditions for the production from pig excrete and the production agricultural development; the south region of biodiesel from vegetable oil to be used in includes the Marsh of Lanier a zone with land transport. The use of other energy abundant natural vegetation forest that is sources like hidroenergy and wind power considered a zone with high biodiversity requires more detailed studies included in the values. The relief is flat, since its heights are elaborated project. inferior to 40 m, covers an area of 2009 km2,

79 equals to the 91.5 % of the total area of the tourism is stepping up and there exist natural territory; its higher elevation reaches 310 m. resources that can give place to the The climate is tropical wet, being the mean development of economic activities. It is the temperature of 25.7 ¡C, the maximum of 29.7 case of forest resources, kaolin, marble, sand, ¡C and the minimal of 21.4 ¡C. The annual the cianita and the rabble. mean rainfall is of 1467mm and the mean relative dampness is 80%. 1.6 Use of the land

1.2 Population The agricultural surface comprises an area that represents 30.6 % of the total from which the The principal characteristic of the population 77% are natural grass. The 53% of the island of the Isla de la Juventud is its youth since its area are used for the forest activity and it is average age is 31.8 years. The number of covered by aqueous surfaces 5.6% of its area. inhabitants is 85012 with an annual growth rate of 1.6 %. The density of resident 1.7 Energy situation population is 37.7 hab/km2, in the north region is of 61.2 hab/km2, since it is the zone where Electricity is the main energy carrier in the is concentrated the local population. The island. The power generation consumes the system of urban settlements is conformed by 54% of the total primary energy. Diesel the city of Nueva Gerona with 44979 generators, now part of which is being partially inhabitants, the Santa Fe and the Demajagua modernized produce it. Today 99% of the towns with 15643 and 3250 inhabitants population has access to electrical services. respectively and 6 towns. The population Only the settlement Cocodrilo does not have living in rural zones is 8 % residing in 13 connection to the local electrical grid. settlements of 200 or more inhabitants and 29 minors' 200 inhabitants. The average number The larger shares of the rest of the energy of persons that compose the familiar collective supplies are carried out 28% for diesel and 8% is made up 3.83 people. for gasoline as primary energy carriers. For the food boiling is used the GLP with 6% of the 1.3 Health and Education total. The only renewable energy carriers that today are used are the fuelwood and charcoal The health system of the island includes the that reach alone 4% of the total. primary attention system and one general hospital. The health indicators show a life hope The specific activities in, which are upon born of 73.89 years and an infant concentrated, the use of the 46% of the mortality of 4,0 for every one thousand born consumed primary energy are transport and the alive. fuel of ovens and boilers that reach a 25% of the total. 19% of all primary energy is In the territory exist subsidiaries from high consumed in transport, mainly in the naval one education institutions of Havana City: the to which corresponds the 9%, while 6% of all Higher Pedagogical Institute, the Agricultural primary energy is used to fuel the ovens and University and the Faculty of Medical boilers. Sciences. The level of scholarship is the 9th grade. The residential sector consumes 29 % of consumed energy, including 42% of generated 1.4 Connections with the Island of Cuba electricity, with an annual consumption of 1.94 MJ/hab. The connections with the rest of the country is fundamentally by the maritime route operated The distribution of the energy consumption by by the Cuban Caribbean Shipping Company economic sectors shows that 69% of the total that operates ships, catamarans and hydrofoils is concentrated in the industrial sectors (30%), passenger lines, as well as one cargo line. The the transport (23%) and agricultural sector air route is operated by the Cuban Aviation (16%). Company, Aerotaxis and Aerocaribbe air lines. 2. Potentials for the utilization of renewable 1.5 Economic Activities energy

The main economic activities are fishing, The main source of renewable energy of the agriculture, especially the citrus and pig territory is the biomass that is found available production and the ceramics industry. The in the form of forest products, organic

80 residuals, which can be treated for the biogas 2.4 Solar Energy production, and the urban solid refuses. There will be little chance to the application of 2.1 Forest Biomass fotovoltaic solar energy due to the high electrification rate of the territory therefore the The forest area of the island includes 10126 ha greater interest focuses on the development of of plantations, energy plantations cover 2600 the thermal solar energy. ha and 5013 ha has to be reforested. The rest of the forestlands are composed by the natural The average hours of lighting in the territory forestry. The latifolias covers the 30% of the range from 8 to 12 hours/day. The days of plantation areas and the conifers cover the rest. better sunstroke occur during the month of April, period of time in which the days begin The treatment of the forestry and the felling in to lengthen. After the beginning of the Spring, the energy forests can annually produce the days are cloudless and the day light lasts 102306 m3 of biomass. The total potential of between 10 and 12 hours. In the months of available biomass is of 251282 m3. June and August, though the sunstroke is more intensive, the permanence of the sunlight is not 2.2 Biogas extended in spite of the longest days of the year since the cloudiness is abundant. The days The potential of biogas production is mainly of less sunstroke, averaging in 7 and 9 daily from pig excretes. In the territory exist nine hours occur in September, it is the month of farms with capacity from 500 to 12 000 pigs greater cloudiness and in this period the days with an annual production potential of biogas tend to be shortened by the proximity of of 900 000 m3. The anaerobic digestion of Autumn though it is not established definitely these residues will contribute to the in our tropical climate. improvement of the environmental conditions and to the supply of biofertilizer. Periods Estimate Feb- June- Sep Oct- Average 2.3 Wind power Energy April Aug Jan Average 10-12 8-10 7-9 9-11 8-12 lightning In this tropical latitude prevail the east hours addressed trade winds, that by the Sunstroke 5.8-7.0 4.6-5.2 4.1 Ð 5.2 Ð 4.9 Ð 6.1 configuration of the Island and its geographical (kWh/m2.day) 5.2 6.4 Radiation 13.2 10.8 9.6 12.0 11.4 location are influenced by the marine breezes (kW/m2) to be located parallel to the prevailing trade winds. 2.5 Hidroenergy

Four meteorological stations exist in the The dams of the Island are of small hydraulic locality with series of more than 10-year-old of charges, with large spilling in rainy periods. speed measurements of the wind. The zone of There are cases in which the dams spill one to greater magnitude is located all along of East other and the water can be used for power and South coastal, besides there are zones with generation several times. The studies biological indicators that show constant winds accomplished for the utilization of this energy of magnitude of practical interest for power source in the territory included 14 dams and 2 generation. In accomplished local studies it has water jumps. It was established that in all the been determined a value of the minimal dams there are conditions for the installation of monthly mean speed of 3.5 m/s in the month of microhidroelectric plants without large August and of the maxim of 4.5 m/s in January. investments. Preliminary studies demonstrate These indications make recommendable to the possibility of installing a power capacity of accomplish a more detailed assessment of the 250 kW. The power of the facilities is in the wind power potential of the territory. range of 20 to 30 kW fundamentally, being the greater one of 60 kW. The principal applications of wind power energy would be the water pumping for the cattle raising and for cultivation in urban zones; the energy supply to small productive facilities located in rural regions and depending on the real potential, the electrical generation for the territorial electrical system.

81 3. Actions for the increase of the In the case of electrical cars, given the participation of the renewable sources of dimensions of the island, it is anticipated that energy in the energy services of the Island they could have a place among the means of transport to be used, above all in the future 3.1 Power generation region of sustainable tourism development.

Accomplished studies demonstrate that the 3.4 Other actions to implement: availability of forest biomass and the possibilities to increase the energy plantation · Study of the wind power potential of the areas, permit to mark out a strategy to meet the territory increases of electricity demand by means of · Evaluation of the technological solutions biomass power plants. This fact let us to for: consider to build a power plant of 5 MW in · The treatment of 144,5 MMm3 of urban 2005 year and another one of equal capacity in solids refuses lands 2472.9 Mm3 of the year 2010. The installation of these power annual black waters plants permits to estimate that in the 2005 · The electrification of the Crocodile year, the 30% of the electricity would be village generated with renewable energy and in 2010 · Strengthening of entrepreneurial capacity year the 50%. for development of applications of renewable energy included in this project The contribution of solar energy and the · Implementation of the necessary biogas to the electrical generation will not be infrastructure for the project management. meaningful and that of wind power energy will depend of its real potential. 4.1 Impacts of the implementation of the described actions: 3.2 Fuel for ovens and boilers · Increase in the safety in the energy supply The ovens and boilers consume the 6% of the · Decrease of the greenhouse gas emissions total primary energy used in the territory. The · New jobs fuel oil and diesel oil that these devices · Increase in the gross internal product of consume can be gradually substituted by the territory biomass retrofitting them by means of the · Assimilation of new technologies change of the burners and their integration to · Improvement of the quality of forests the biomass gasification technology. This way will increase the participation of biomass in 4.2 Strengths for the success of the the territorial energy balance until 5.7% and application of the measures: 5.3% in the years 2005 and 2010. · The legal framework for the investment 3.3 Fuel for transport process · Addition of the present program to the The current state of development of the development strategy of the territory renewable energy technologies for the · National and foreign non governmental transport sector offers, as options to consider organizations interested in contributing to in the conditions of the Isla de la Juventud, the the project success use of biodiesel obtained from vegetable oil and the electrical traction. 4.3 Principal barriers to give the execution of the project are: It is quantified in the accomplished projection the utilization of the biodiesel to cover 100% of · The territorial economic development has the diesel used in the road transport. The taken place on the bases of the utilization implementation of this measure implies that of energy generated by fossil fuels, it 2.3% of used total energy and 10% of the used causes an opposition to the technology for the transport activity will be supply by a change in the entrepreneurial sector renewable energy source in 2010 year. It is · Lack of capital for the financing of the considered that with this aim it will be projects necessary to plant 1000 ha of Jatropha Curca · Absence of specialized entrepreneurial for the production of the necessary vegetable infrastructure on technologies to introduce oil to reach the exposed purposes. · Lack of evaluated projects for the renewable energy investment execution

82 4.4 Institutional Framework wake of the utilization of biomass as source of energy. The executive local authority of government is constituted by the Council of the To achieve these purposes is necessary to Administration headed by the President of the strengthen the institutional capacity of the Municipal Assembly. a group of local island for the development and administration institutions are involved in the energy of the renewable sources of energy, the development of the territory as the Direction creation of companies specialized in this field of Planning, the Delegation of the Science and the improvement public awareness about Ministry, Technology and Environment and the role of renewable energies in the the Electrical Basic Organization. Furthermore framework of the sustainable development. there exists the Energy Technical Advisor Council in which the executives in charge of The financing of this project will require energy in the principal economic sectors of the international collaboration, because, not in all country are included. cases the applications of the renewable technologies are economically advantageous in the Program for Electricity Saving in Cuba is comparison with the conventional, for this executed as part of the energy development of reason the implementation of this project the island, it includes an Energy Education means economic sacrifices for the environment Program directed to the population and to the that our small countries are not in conditions of business sector, and the Territorial Science and accomplishing. Technology Program for the Improvement of the Energy Efficiency. This is a project opened to the participation of all, not only in financial support, but also in 4.5 Financial Framework the identification of the more appropriate technologies, the training of the participating The financing of this project is one of the main personal, the experience exchange and to barriers for its execution. With this aim we stimulate its support. foresee contributions from international institution for the development, nongovernmental organizations, lends from national and foreign banks and the foreign investments.

Legal Framework

In relation with the energy activity it is ruled by bylaws and decrees elaborated with this purpose. At this time, the electrical law of the country is being studied. In foreign investments matter there exists the Law for the Promotion and Protection of the Foreign Investment. This law anticipates the economic associations between the Cuban and the foreign part, by means of joint venture companies as well as by economic contracts, the energy sector is included among the economic areas authorized for foreign investments. In this legal framework they have already been accomplished two investments for power generation one by means of a joint venture company and the other one is own by the foreign part in a BTO contract.

Conclusions

The studies accomplished in the Isla de la Juventud demonstrate the real possibility of increasing significantly the participation of renewable energies in its energy supply in the

83 84 Strategies to Promote SPC Rural Energy Development Unit Renewable Energy in the Objective: Support SPC member countries Pacific Islands in their sustainable economic and social development efforts, by providing advice to assist in Mr. Patrice Courty, decision-making in the areas of Rural Energy Development Adviser, new and renewable energy, Secretariat of the Pacific appropriate technologies, Community (SPC) production in rural areas and strategies for adding value to local resources to help achieve Mr. Solomone Fifita, environmentally-sound and Energy Adviser. sustainable development. South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) Program · Sustainable development in Thrusts rural areas: decentralised rural electrification · Creation of value-added Major Regional Players local activities · Transfer of appropriate

· Forum Secretariat (ForSec) technology · SOPAC · SPREP University of the South Pacific · Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), REDU · Capacity Building University of the South Pacific (USP) · · Research & Development · Pacific Power Association (PPA) Pacific Power Association The ForSec/SOPAC Program Objective: To enhance the performance of power utilities in the region Objective: To provide technical assistance through a co-operative effort by and policy advice on the maintaining a partnership with sustainable management and all its members (power utilities development of the energy sector and private enterprises), govts of member countries. and aid agencies. Strategies: Resources monitoring · Strategies: · utilization of all available (wind, solar, wave, hydro, resources to assist members geothermal) in training, resolving · Demonstration projects problems through sharing of (LomŽ II PV, woodstoves, info and expertise, and gasifier, battery charging, encourage members to be PV water pumping) efficient and accountable in · Training activities (regional, their operations; in-country and training · establishment of a network attachments) of info sharing and expertise · Technical and policy advice within the region. (review of PV programs in Organization of annual FSM, Kiribati, RMI, Tonga meetings of members to and Tuvalu) share info, workshops on common and regional problems and issues, trade exhibitions for goods and services, and interact with regional agencies and institutions; and · establish and maintain strong links with those

85 agencies involved with DREPIC [Decentralized rural electrification renewable energies in the for Pacific Islands Countries- Fiji region demonstration project]

SPREP Crude copra oil: Biofuel for diesel engines

· Environment mandate Objective: To demonstrate the use of · Climate change, waste disposal, coconut products in the environment conservation, etc generation of energy in rural communities in PICT, to CROP EWG enable them to participate in value-adding economic · Coordination activities through job creation · Duplication & competition as well as improving and · Efficiency and Cooperation among CROP sustaining their livelihoods. agencies Strategies: Implement a demonstration New and Proposed Regional Initiatives on project, electrification of two Renewable Energy island communities, training of local counterparts and RAFRREP [Regional Australia-France Rural follow-up. Renewable Energy Project] Partners: Dept of Energy & Min of Agriculture Objective: To increase the utilization of sustainable renewable energy Funding: USD 200,000 [France, SPC, technologies, solar PV, wind Fiji] energy technologies in island and rural communities Duration: 1.5 years

Strategies: · dissemination of info to April 1998 - Dec 1999: the public as well as to Study, design & implement key players, decision makers, etc; Dec 1999 - Dec 2001: · the fostering of Follow-up appropriate support structures including PIRBERAP- Pacific Islands Regional Biomass sustainable financial and Energy Resource Assessment Project [begin management structures; by 2000] · demonstration installations [two thirds Objective: To enable PIC to sustainably of the budget] manage their biomass energy resources by providing up-to- Beneficiaries: The 22 SPC members date info and training on national energy structures. biomass resource assessment and policy formulation. Funding: Aust $3.45 million [Australia & France] Strategies: · Training · Resource Assessment Duration: 3 years [Nov 99 - Dec 02] · Technical Assistance

SPC: focal point for the sustainable Funding: The Perez Guerrero Trust utilization of RE in the Fund for Technical Coop Pacific Islands among Developing Countries (USD 34,000) + SOPAC's.

Beneficiaries: Cook Is, FSM, Fiji, Kiribati, Niue, Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu.

86 PIWCBP [Pacific Islands Wind Capacity PICJAP TCES - [Pacific Islands/Japan Building Project] technological cooperation in the energy sector - possible] Pacific Islands Wind Capacity Building Project · ForSec & Japanese Nuclear Industry on technological and economic integration of · Still at a very early stage of discussions wind energy and other relevant RE · Possible areas have not been identified technologies into the electricity systems of PICs - most likely to be approved and to be USP/ISES IIS [USP/International Solar Energy implemented in 2000 Society's Islands in the Sun Project - no funding identified yet] Objective: Strengthen the capabilities of PICs to effectively manage Focus: Removal of barriers to the their energy sectors through sustainable utilization of RE the execution of a specialised capacity building program on Players: ISES, USP, SOPAC, Fiji, wind energy & RE. Samoa & Tonga

Strategies: · USP RE courses PNG/UNESCO REGIONAL RE TRAINING · Training of Trainers & RESEARCH CENTRE - [still a proposal] · Wind Energy Development Plan Focus: Networking on training and R · Regional Workshop & D

Funding: Danish Govt (USD 278,000). Funding: Not identified yet

Players: UNEP/UCCEE, USP, Players: Not yet confirmed SOPAC & PICs.

Possible Strategies for Sustainable Program PIRREP - Pacific Islands Regional Renewable Energy Program [yet to be proposed for GEF · multi-focussed [energy, environment, funding] rural dev, etc] · diversify the energy mix · reduce subsidy and distorting tariffs Objective: · To promote the adoption · lower first costs of energy services of specific RE · provide innovative credit and financing technologies by · promote diversity of investors and removing of barriers and investments reducing implementation · promote local & private sector costs; participation and foster sustainable national/local structures · To create a framework · govt address market failures, assure level for the sustainable playing field and provide technical exploitation of the PICs assistance RE resources through institutional Main Message strengthening and demonstration activities · sustainable RE is an interdependent part of the development process Strategies: Study of the barriers · requires broad institutional groundwork to propose specific measure to make sense remove barriers promote · depends on deliberate framework sustainability of pilot supporting market and investment growth activities · build on existing structures, resources and initiatives Funding: To be determined. · focus on how much of the benefits actually filter down to the grass root level

87 Some Lessons Learnt

· PICs have to be more proactive and selective · a technology may be proven but it does not mean that all the products in the market will perform · sustainable RE requires renewable capital and renewable local capacity · local private sector participation · private and public partnerships · disseminate info, share experiences & networking

88 Renewable Energy Generation and one of the objectives of the conference was for this island to adopt the French in the Caribbean Islands standards for the environment and thereby energy. As both Martinique and Guadeloupe Mr. Christopher Farrell, are departments of France, this is not Executive Manager, surprising, so that the development policy in The Caribbean Electric Utility the French islands will be the same as in the E.U. Services Corporation (CARILEC) The model policy for the English speaking islands was developed by Introduction CCSI/UWICED/UNESCO High level Workshop on Renewable Energy Technologies The Caribbean Electric Utility Services of December 5th to 9th 1994. Corporation (CARILEC) is an association of Caribbean electric utilities which has members A synopsis of the general provisions are: from Surinam in the south to Bermuda in the north, with total membership of thirty full · Extend the data bases on energy supply members. There are also thirty-three Associate · Establish the net impact on employment Members, who are generally suppliers and · Require rational use of energy by consultants to the power industry. matching energy use to end uses · Ensure energy prices to consumers fully The organization being what it is, my reflect the economic cost presentation will largely be based on the · Establish regional cooperation in energy perspective of the electric utilities and contrary planning and development. to the theme of the conference, I will give some basic information on mainland This policy of course equally applies to CARILEC members where they use renewable Petroleum Supply, Environmental Concerns energy sources. and Renewable Services.

It should be noted that in some islands the The Special provisions for the Electric Power Government might have plans that are not Industry are as follows: known by CARILEC and therefore are not presented in this paper. · Evaluate the ecological impact of energy projects as part of the regular planning Although the CARILEC membership includes process the Dutch, French, Spanish and English speaking · Determine and publish long term marginal islands, my most complete information is on the or avoided costs using internationally English and French islands as the Dutch and recognized methodology. Spanish islands have only joined CARILEC in · Provide fair and reasonable rates, based on comparatively recent times. avoided cost, for the purchase of energy from co-generation and renewable energy Energy Policy producers. · Allow connection to the grid system by To most people energy means electric energy, independent producers of renewable so that the perspective of the power industry is energy. very important. However, at a conference like · Assist customers in minimizing energy this, it will be well known that electric energy use by rebates, information and cost represents an average of only 20% of all sharing efficiency investments. energy usage. · Allow utilities to earn at least the same return on efficiency investments as on In most of the English speaking islands there is other capital investments. no comprehensive energy policy, however, there is a body of work on a model energy I have no evidence that all or even many of policy, which no doubt, will or has been used these provisions are, or will be, incorporated in as a starting point for each island's individual the island policies. Nonetheless, these are policy. policies that would encourage the use of renewable energy. Earlier this year I attended a Caribbean Exhibition on the Environment in Guadeloupe

89 The islands, which have written energy policy Future Plans documents are: The following islands have plans for installation and/or expansion of existing St. Lucia: A written document systems. Guyana (South A written document which America): specifies sources of Geothermal renewable energy Jamaica: A written document, which St. Lucia: Several boreholes have been also specially encourages drilled into a potential field IPP's with no further development. Barbados: A policy with recent updates [Results not encouraging] A Dominica: A policy on the agricultural French company is currently section particularly on reviewing the situation. biomes Dominica: A contract exists for supply of St. Vincent: Development plans to 1995 power by an IPP but there is no on Environment and Energy sign of any start being made. Cuba: A fully documented Law of Guadeloupe: One steam generator has been the Environment with successfully operating for encouragement for about two years and there are renewable energy plans for expansion of the Trinidad: Draft energy green paper. station. The environmental plans are ready for legislation Wind Belize (Central Study on renewable sources America): completed in 1990 Curacao: Machines have been operating successfully and plans for Renewable Energy Sources in the Member expansion exist. Utilities St. Lucia: A study has been in progress for several years by a Canadian Among our member utilities there is renewable company. It seems possible that generation by Hydro, Geothermal and Wind. there will be an installation. The present position is as follows: St. Vincent: Studies for machines in the Grenadines on the small islands Geothermal of Canouan and Mayreau are in progress. Guadeloupe 8 MW La Expansion [Subject of another (Joint venture Desirade: presentation at this conference] with EDF) Grenada: Studies are in progress in Wind Carriacou with expectations of 300 kW within 5 years Montserrat 2 x 100 kW [Damaged by Grand Turk: Plans were stopped for 2 x 225 volcano] kW machines when an Jamaica 1 x 225 kW agreement could not be reached Grand Turk 1 x 50 kW [Operating] with the government for land. Curacao 12 x 250 kW [Operating] La Desirade 20 x 25 kW [Operating] Hydro

Hydro Belize Studies have been completed (Central justifying a new up river Dominica 7.64 MW [Total] America): expansion of 6.3 MW St. Vincent 5.64 MW [Total] Guyana Large potential. Preliminary Belize (Central 24.5 MW[Total] (South studies in progress. America ) America): Jamaica 22.9 MW [Total] Guyana (South Several small run of the America) river machines installed In addition to the above sources, bagasse (the by China (2 x 250 kW) solid waste after crushing sugar cane) is used

90 as fuel for generating steam and power in where the cost of energy supplied to the utility Guyana, Trinidad and Guadeloupe. In is at the marginal cost of utility production. Guadeloupe the station is connected into the Several wind studies are now in progress by grid and burns coal out of the cane-cutting the utilities themselves and the prospect for season. machine installation seems to be good. It is difficult to get from the utilities even In Belize a study for co-generation using projections for installation dates. bagasse is to be completed later this year. There are also preliminary investigations into Finally, I want to report that CARILEC itself the use of citrus residue as fuel. is currently developing an Environmental Policy for its members. This policy will of Project Financing course indirectly encourage the use of renewable energy as a source of power. This overview gives an indication of funding of projects already undertaken or to be undertaken by the electric utilities. The more recently constructed facilities were financed by special funding from the World Bank/EIB etc. at low interest rates. Some of the hydro units e.g. St. Vincent and Dominica were justified during the oil crisis, when the price of oil was high. The wind units in Monsterrat had special EIB funding, as would have been the "stopped" Grand Turk project.

As far as the future projects go, it appears that these may be attractive to investors, as there is at present no financial incentive for the utilities to install renewable generation. It should be noted that at present there is no government requirement or regulatory incentive for the utilities.

Renewable generation projects undertaken by utilities will therefore have to be justified in their own right either with a special low interest funding (were available) or in areas that are remote from the transmission system.

There is general understanding by the CARILEC members that more renewable energy generation should be installed, but there is presently no commitment or movement towards renewables based on environmental concerns. The financial position of most but not all, of the island utilities does not allow for any generation expansion that is not financially justifiable under the existing regulations or legislation.

Conclusion

Renewable energy sources are in use by the CARILEC members and there will be growth where the expansion can be justified or by government regulation or legislation, where and when passed. In some cases the member utilities will finance new projects from international funding and will also accept projects financed by investors

91 92 How to promote renewable implementation of the declaration regarding specific needs of island regions. energy in the European context: Means and Financing Turning to membership of ISLENET, all Island Regions which subscribe to the Energy and Environment Charter are eligible to join Ms. Vicky Argyraki, Manager, the Network. Although support for the Network has been given from virtually each European Islands Energy and European Island Region, to date 20 Islands Environment Network (ISLENET) have close contact with ISLENET and participate to ISLENET activities. It is worth noting that membership is not restricted to Ladies and Gentlemen, I should like to thank European Union islands and indeed the island the Forum for Energy and Development and regions of Man, Channel Islands, Saaremaa Mr Thomas Jensen personally, for inviting me and Hiumaa in Estonia and Croatian islands to give a presentation on the "Promotion of have shown an interest in participation. As renewable energy in islands in a European more members join ISLENET, the European context". Institutions and Member States will be increasingly forced to take note of what First of all, however, I should briefly like to ISLENET is saying. highlight the structure of the Network, its action for the promotion of renewable energy ISLENET members meet regularly in different in islands and its prospects for new activities Island locations to exchange ideas, discuss over the coming months. latest technology, propose joint co-operation projects under EC Programmes and take part First, I should like to start with a brief in study visits to sites of energy and description of the ISLENET Network. environmental interest. The host Region of ISLENET is a Network of European Island Western Islands Council assures both the Regions supported by the European administrative and financial management. Commission and by the Islands Commission of Since September 1998, the Political Bureau of the CRPM, whose principal task is to promote ISLENET decided to establish the network in sustainable development in European Islands Brussels in order to facilitate the collaboration through the encouragement of improved with EU Institutions and other relevant energy and environmental management. networks.

More specifically, it has long-term goals I should like to turn now to ISLENET which have been incorporated in an Energy activities in order to achieve one of its and Environment Charter ratified objectives namely the promotion of renewable unanimously by the Islands Commission at energy. its meeting in the Isle of Wight in 1993. These goals focus, among others, on the Firstly, in terms of transfer of information to necessity of dealing with energy and ISLENET members, regular messages environmental management at a local level, containing up to date information on Brussels the need to promote and develop the news, EC funding opportunities, Network increasing use of local and often abundant activities are sent twice per month to members renewable energy sources in islands as a and this in turn allows them to have immediate substitute for costly imported fossil fuels, access to information. Making the most of the and the importance of persuading energy establishment in Brussels and the close consumers in islands to adopt a more collaboration with Commission services, rational and cost effective use of energy. ISLENET members are well informed about Finally, there remains the absolute coming legislation or call for proposals and necessity of maintaining a co-ordinated have the necessary time for intervention or islands strategy vis ˆ vis the European preparation. All recent electronic newsletters Institutions and Member States in order referred to the ALTENER call for proposals. that the problematic caused by peripherality and insularity are not The European Commission following the forgotten, or worse, when policy makers in adoption of the White Paper for a Community Brussels draft legislation. The Amsterdam Strategy and Action Plan, Energy for the Treaty entered in force on 1st May 1999. Future: Renewable Sources of Energy" has set Attention should be drawn to the an indicative objective of 12% for the

93 Contribution of renewable sources of energy to and monitor successful projects and the European Union's gross inland energy ultimately disseminate results to the consumption of 2010. The strategy set out in European Union once the project is the White Paper contains a Campaign for Take completed. Off designed to facilitate the success of the strategy as a whole. ALTENER Programme is During the last year, ISLENET has been an integral part of the Community Strategy, involved in several applications for EC including the Campaign for Take Off. It is funding. Primarily it has been working in close open now until 30th November. It includes co-operation with the Energy Management monitoring of the actions and measures Unit of DGXVII of the European Commission. implementing the Community Strategy and This Unit is responsible for the Energy Action Plan, including the Campaign for Take Management in Regions and Cities within Off and the Renewable Energy Partnership. SAVE Programme. The aim of this Funding depends on the kind of action programme is to promote energy management submitted: from 50% for pilot actions and at local level and develop renewable energy dissemination activities up to 100% for sources. This aim is parallel to the targets of studies. Several islands already prepare local island Regions and the goals of the Islands and regional plans and common projects. A Energy Charter to promote local energy and be great interest is shown to one key sector less energy dependant from mainland. namely: 100 Communities aiming at 100% of Successful projects, are completed in some RES supply, which is already a target for some European islands like Shetland and Crete, islands. Islenet considers the possibility of the being at the final year in Orkney, Gotland, Renewable Energy Partnership with the Agrigento and Ionian, and underway in Commission. Islands who would like to Cyclades, North Aegean, Sassari in Sardegna, subscribe as Partnership promoters of Ajaccio in Corse. In all of them Regional renewable energy actions, can contact Energy Agencies are created and one of their ISLENET. main tasks is the promotion of renewable energy. To give an exemple Mayo Energy Also in terms of information transfer, meetings Agency in Ireland has developed action on of ISLENET technicians provide a vital forum renewable energy by increasing the installed for exchange of experience and to this effect capacity of renewable energy plant (wind two workshops have been organised this year farm) and by developing an indigenous in Palma de Mallorca, Balear 22-23th March capability in renewable technology together and in Visby Gotland, 22th June where with a Danish turbine design company. Now renewable energy and guidelines for Take Off they are interested in developing Achill islands Campaign were discussed among other issues. as renewable community. Technical visits were organised by the host islands to a Waste-biomass plant in Balear and In December each year, the same Unit a wind farm in Gotland. publishes a new call for interest, seeking to establish Regional Energy Agencies in Europe. The second main aim of ISLENET is to ISLENET encourages the island regions that provide its members with a service of do not have such an agency, to submit a project co-ordination for successful proposal. Funding is up to 40% and a working applications under EC energy and program is submitted covering three years. A environment programmes. This activity financial plan is worked out and as a sector provides a great opportunity for the consequence of this island new structure, two establishment of co-operative working to three new local jobs are created, thus groups to examine areas of particular contributing to the sustainable development. I interest to different Island Regions where am pleased to be able to announce to you that renewable energy is a priority sector. To this year, three more Energy Agencies in this aim, the Islenet secretariat can access islands will be created: Argyll and Bute in latest information on available EC Scotland, Sicily Region and Haute Corse programmes and make it immediately Prefecture. The Islay island has been included available to members through the in Argyll and Bute Energy Agency working electronic mail. It can also stimulate and programme. Isle of Islay has been recognised pinpoint potential applicants and by ETSU, the British Government's executive applications, search for project partners agency for energy technologies, as having from different island regions and help in significant potential for renewable energy preparing project applications. Once up and generation. The Islay Energy project has been running, ISLENET helps to co-ordinate launched. Its objective to show how energy

94 and -renewable energy in particular- could be energy. One of the objectives is to developed to provide sustainable benefits for overcome problems related to the an entire community. The following integration of new and renewable energy components have been identified by the Islay sources in energy systems of islands. project-Wind power, Wave Power, Demand Side management, electric vehicles and an As can be seen therefore, ISLENET has been Energy Centre. The Islay model will transfer fairly active in EC programmes promoting readily to other island communities. renewable energy and looks forward to increased project co-ordination and Also under the Energy Management Unit of management in the future. DGXVII, ISLENET has just accomplished an in site training programme , where Energy To conclude this presentation, I should like to Managers visited another island for one week sum up the work that ISLENET has been doing and exchanged knowledge on energy issues in providing a Channel of communication among others, renewable energy. Bornholm in between Island Authorities and the European Danemark has been offered as host island and Union. The most important event of this year the experience on promotion of renewable has been the organisation of the Conference on energy in Bornholm, namely solar, wind and New Energy Challenge for Island Regions on biomass has been transferred to other islanders March 1999, by the Government of Balear and not only Energy Managers but also local with collaboration of Islenet. Representatives actors. Energy Managers are co-financed for of the European Commission, European their travel expenses during in site training. Parliament, Island Commission of CRPM and Island Authorities adopted unanimously the Referring to dissemination activities for Palma declaration. renewable energy, ISLENET has organised successfully a seminar in Sk™vde, Sweden on The declaration refers to four main sectors: 7th May 1999 with the subject "Biomass and policy of energy supply and demand Energy Agencies: targeted to Market management-tariff policy and competitiveness- Development" on behalf of the European environment and fiscal policies and finally Commission. 86 participants took part in the Inter Islands Co-operation in the field of plenary session and five working groups, and energy. In this last chapter island authorities representatives of the European Commission, agree to set up an Island Energy Forum European Parliament and local authorities managed by ISLENET, where experts from made initial presentations and concluded. The islands and representatives of European Union proceedings of this seminar will be published would: soon and you may ask for a copy by contacting Islenet Secretariat by fax or E-mail. · meet in view to explore island issues. · that ISLENET should review the Islands In this vital field of project co-ordination, Energy Charter and put forward proposals ISLENET has also been involved in project for updating it applications under the Fifth Framework · to organise similar events with the support Programme (research and development for of DGXVII, to discuss new opportunities energy, environment and sustainable concerning islands. development). The funding percentage is 35% for shared cost actions for organisations and The policy chapter refers clearly to 100% for research institutes. The first call has diversification of their energy resources and been open until 15.6.99 and the Programme the capacity for exporting their own energy will be open until 2002: experiences and technologies to the global market, should they have the potential to do · In the first proposal Islenet collaborated so. with the islands of Capri and Myconos. It is about users' modal shift to more The declaration has been sent by ISLENET to environmentally friendly modes of main interested officials of European transport using renewable energy and car Commission, Representatives of Parliament, sharing patterns. Economic and Social Committee and · In the other Islenet collaborated with Committee of Regions coming from islands as Madeira, Crete, Canaries, Shetland . It is well as all Island Authorities responsible for about accompanying measures in Energy Management Agencies. This paper is European islands on energy, water available at the secretariat outside the room in problems and integration of renewable all official languages of EU.

95 As a conclusion, I should like to look to the way ahead for ISLENET and address the challenges, strengths and opportunities.

Firstly ISLENET faces many challenges in working towards its main aim of promoting renewable energy and environmental management in islands. In terms of technology itself, market penetration of new and renewable energy sources is still poor and development in this sector is still low in many islands, depending of course on the level of government support and enthusiasm.

The most important challenge remains however to get into having specific initiatives for islands or at least get into recognition of island specific needs in every legislative paper or Funding Programme of the European Institutions. In this case , I look forward to working with all Islands Authorities in the attempt to make the European Union more sympathetic to islands.

To overcome these challenges, several strengths and opportunities have been identified for the future. A number of islands have shown interest to become renewable communities, new Member States will give ISLENET more members.

ISLENET is also looking forward to working more in environmental issues and during the last ISLENET meetings environment and local agenda 21 were included in the agenda. Moreover as the Kyoto commitment and the environmental policy integration to other relevant policies are major concerns of Island authorities .

As the Network develops, new members add weight to our cause, more island regions participate in energy and environment projects and as we confirm our links with other organisations, Forum for Energy and Development in particular, ISLENET will be able to take measures for the promotion of renewable energy in islands.

Thank you for your attention and I look forward to working with you more closely in the future.

96 The Small Island States way (4 of 162), and agencies involved (4 of 137). Greening Initiative "Most notably, Energy Resources, received the The Hon. Mr. Tom Roper, lowest rating from Governments at both the Project Leader, national and regional levels, and the fewest number of agencies and initiatives related to Climate Institute this priority area"

At the February United Nations / AOSIS While the Small Island Developing States Donors meeting in New York energy projects produce only a minuscule fraction of the numbered only 14 out of the 241 national world's greenhouse emissions many, because proposals. of their location barely above sea level, are among the most vulnerable to climate change. Similarly in the European Commission's April 1999 report on co-operation with SIDS only Most island nations are dependent on high cost half the LOME countries had received direct or fossil fuels and many have a significant European Investment Bank (EIB) finance for number of residents without access to energy projects, very few of which were for electricity. They are however, because of their renewables. economic and geographical conditions especially suited to utilize combinations of To develop the Climate Institute proposal, and modern renewable energy technologies and to test its usefulness, a Symposium on enhanced efficiency. Sustainable Energy Options for Small Island States was held in New York in October last The current climate negotiations seem mired in year. Those attending, including senior Island a sterile north - south squabble while global diplomats and officials, major donor warming accelerates. We believe the Small representatives, the private sector and NGO's, Island Developing States can play a leading and energy and finance experts, were able to role in setting an example to the larger nations identify concrete opportunities and suggest a by committing themselves to a green energy process to create sustainable energy initiatives. strategy. The need to raise the level of knowledge of, Last year, after discussions between the and interest in, renewables was identified as Climate Institute's President, John Topping, essential. The project objectives are: and the Chairman of the Association of Small Island States, Ambassador Neroni Slade, the · To trigger interest and build consensus Institute decided to develop a capacity building among SIDS on initiating the program to assist AOSIS members in transformation of their energy systems to transforming their energy systems. Based on non fossil fuels and to encourage energy the Barbados Plan of Action the project aims efficiency. to identify ways and means of integrating · To link energy and climate change green energy initiatives with the community policies in order to demonstrate a and economic development programs of SIDS. commitment to real CO2 reduction. · To help raise the profile of SIDS whose Despite energy being designated as a crucial energy requirements are often ignored. area in the Barbados Plan it has received a · To act as a catalyst in linking our private comparatively low priority. In the March 1998 and public sector partners with SIDS report "Implementation of the SIDS - POA , a Governments and Utilities. Caribbean Perspective" prepared by the · To harness multilateral and bilateral aid Economic Commission for Latin America and and investment programs and facilitate the Caribbean each of the14 priority areas were public - private partnerships to encourage ranked at both the regional and national level. energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. Although the range of ratings for each issue · To encourage the commercialization of varied widely Energy Resources was given by renewable energy projects through private far the lowest rating at both the regional and sector involvement and facilitate the national levels. In addition energy resources transfer of technology and technical had both the lowest number of initiatives under expertise.

97 · To help identify niche markets and We are collaborating with the University of aggregate the market potential of island West Indies Centre for Environment and economies to purchase renewable energy Development, the Caribbean Program for systems, and seek opportunities to use the Adaptation to Climate Change and others to developing capacity for carbon trading, achieve this objective. We have also the Clean Development Mechanism participated and helped organize two meetings (CDM) etc. convened by the International Office of US DOE which are aimed at encouraging regional As a first step an advisory group was set up action on renewables. and we appreciate the assistance we have received from Ambassador Slade, the AOSIS At the New Orleans meeting of Hemispheric Deputy Chairman, Ambassador Boucher of Energy Ministers, the Trinidad and Tobago Barbados and Dr. Noel Brown, President of Minister called for the reinvigoration of the the Friends of the United Nations and the Caricom Energy Ministers Meeting. Because former UNEP Regional Director for North of decisions taken by Caribbean Heads of America. Their advice has been that the time Government the appropriate ministerial body for talking is over and that practical action is to consider energy issues is the Council for required. Trade and Economic Development.

The Institute has been partially successful in A Roundtable could be developed as a seeking funding to launch the project. Funds technical and coordination group to report to were received from the Rockefeller Foundation COTED through Caricom's structures. The and New Zealand to hold the New York work of the Caribbean Energy Information Symposium and a competitive grant of System will also be vital to ensuring regional $125,000 has been awarded by the US cooperation and activity. Department of Energy to undertake a series of activities in the Caribbean. They include a Our third step has been to identify and recruit Ministerial briefing, training sessions for major organizations and potential collaborators Utility Company officials and an analysis of into a consortium available to work at both a renewable energy and energy efficiency regional, national and island level. In this we opportunities and success stories. have been successful. Our partner institutions have the strength to build capacity in the A key objective is to ensure the establishment Caribbean and elsewhere. Amongst them are: of a Caribbean Renewable Energy Roundtable as requested by the December 1998 Miami · Counterpart International, Washington DC meeting of Caricom and Caribbean officials. and its' affiliates particularly in the Pacific; The Roundtable would: · Forum for Energy and Development, Copenhagen, Denmark; · Determine the most appropriate options · South Pacific Applied Geoscience and technology and examine the sectors Commission, Fiji; that will most benefit from these · M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, technologies; Chennai, India; · Explore investment and commercial · Solar Electric Light Fund, Washington, opportunities; DC, USA; · Explore the feasibility of establishing a · Foundation for International regional plan of action to identify and Environmental Law, London, UK; replicate successful examples of · Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC, renewable energy projects; USA; · Collaborate closely with the research and · International Council for Local development programs at the University Environment Initiatives, Toronto, Canada; of West Indies and other institutions; · International Hurricane Centre, Miami, · Develop strategies for public education USA; and awareness; · CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia; · Develop marketing strategies; · Enron Corp., Houston, USA; · Identify obstacles to the use of renewable · BP, London, UK; energy sources; and · Pacific Power, Sydney, Australia; and · Promote energy efficiency. · CH2M HILL, Colorado, USA:

98 You will notice that our partners include assessments of current and projected energy representatives of government, research, NGO needs and will involve the practical expertise and private sector organizations. We have also of the private sector. It will be important that been communicating closely with regional island utilities are involved and become organizations including CARICOM, Caribbean committed to renewables and energy Energy Information System, SOPAC and efficiency. SPREP. The suggested stages will be: Although space precludes describing all our partners I will mention some. The Solar · A public government commitment to a Electric Light Fund has supported a number green energy future; solar energy self sufficiency projects at village · The development and acceptance of the level including Sukiki in the Solomon Islands 'Green Energy Plan'; whose lighting had previously come from · The implementation of policy measures to kerosene lamps. create a receptive regulatory environment for renewable energy; Counterpart International has had more than 30 · The identification of commercially viable years experience working on sustainable projects and arranging financing development issues in the Pacific and now has mechanisms suitable for the type of a worldwide reach. renewable technology and the needs of the end users; ICLEI is a membership organization of local · Ensuring appropriate technical, governments and amongst its successes is the institutional and financial capacity rapidly growing 'Cities for Climate Protection building; Campaign' with over 300 local governments · Public awareness and education programs; involved to date. and · Publicity, local, national and international, CH2M HILL is a major international for the demonstration countries as each engineering consultancy which has launched plan is implemented. SINBAD - Sustainable Island Nations Business and Development - to develop In June, at the invitation of the Permanent strategic sustainable development projects that Secretary of the Saint Lucia Ministry of are implementable, replicable and Finance and Planning, we met with officials, comprehensive. the utility and private sector representatives and explored the possibility of St. Lucia Major companies such as Enron, BP and becoming the first Sustainable Energy Pacific Power possess the technical and Demonstration Country. Discussions since financial capacity to assess both individual have been extremely positive and we have projects and indeed whole island national outlined a plan of action for the Government to plans. The Edison Electric Institute can call on consider. Both the Government and our the expertise of many major American utilities partners are enthusiastic to develop a and has for instance been involved in training comprehensive energy action plan. Several programs in renewable energy technologies. specific projects and training resources have Honda has expressed an interest in working already been identified. with the Institute and an island government to introduce alternative and/or fuel efficient Similarly with the support of His Excellency vehicles. Napolioni Masirewa, Fiji's Ambassador to the USA, discussions have commenced with the Our next step is to recruit a number of Fiji Government and we have involved CH2M 'Sustainable Energy Demonstration Countries'. HILL whose SINBAD initiative appears It is practicable to envision not just extremely relevant. demonstration projects but whole nations adopting renewable energy and energy A number of other countries are also possible efficiency technologies to replace expensive candidates. We see our role as a catalyst aimed and polluting fossil fuel. at linking technology and finance with governments who have been persuaded to A team of international experts working with change their energy mix. For instance at the government and utility officials in each COP4 meeting in Buenos Aires we introduced participating nation will prepare Green the British based Carbon Storage Trust to Energy Plans. These will be based on Mauritian officials who are examining an

99 exciting proposal linking tourism with climate care.

Our Small Island States Greening Initiative is now well underway and we expect to see, in the first instance, the carrying out of our targets in the Caribbean, followed by the announcement of intent and the preparation of achievable plans for a number of AOSIS members to become Sustainable Energy Demonstration Countries.

To quote the Hon. Fathulla Jameel, the Foreign Minister of the Maldives, "we need to demonstrate clearly our own commitment to saving the environment. Clean energy will remain central to our global efforts'.

The Small Island Developing States can become an example to all other nations.

100 Renewable Energy Projects in The special session of the United Nations General Assembly held in 1997 recognizing Small Island Countries funded the crucial role of energy in sustainable under the United Nations Trust development decided that energy will be the main theme of discussion at the ninth session Fund for New and Renewable of the Commission for Sustainable Source of Energy (NRSE) Development (CSD9). Preparations for CSD 9 to be held in 2001 are currently underway including the preparation of a World Energy Mr. J. Gururaja, Assessment document jointly spearheaded by Interregional Adviser, UN Department of Economic and Social Energy and Transport Branch, Affairs (UNDESA), United Nations Division for Sustainable Development Program (UNDP), and World Development, Energy Council (WEC). Department of Economic and Social The Barbados Program of Action (BPoA) for Affairs, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) United Nations, New York provides a road map that recognizes the development challenges faced by these countries and gives directions for solutions. It focuses on the uniqueness of SIDS and sets Introduction international principles guiding sustainable development. Climate change, sustainable The United Nations and its organs and management of the marine environment and organizations carry out various technical energy are among the priority issues cooperation activities in the field of energy in confronting SIDS. Some of these concerns general and renewable energy in particular to were discussed at a workshop held at Majuro, assist developing countries including small Marshall Islands on the subject of clean island developing countries (SIDS) in development mechanisms. In all these accordance with the mandates given to them discussions renewable energy figures by member countries. Energy has reemerged as prominently in terms of its potential role. In a major issue at the global level. The present the context of SIDS, it seems especially patterns of energy production and consumption important to focus on its wider scale are causing grave concerns about their development and utilization. sustainability in the long run and about their adverse impact on the environment. The This conference provides an opportunity to business as usual approach to fossil fuels discuss the energy issues and options carries a high risk that it could lead to climate especially in the context of small island change and other other environmental developing countries and to identify consequences. One of the major challenges appropriate energy strategies for the future. facing the world today is how to ensure that The outcome of this conference could prove to the growing demand for energy services in the be a useful input into the preparatory process developing world can be met in a manner that for CSD9. is sustainable. Small island developing countries face the twin challenges of meeting UNDESA and Technical Cooperation their energy needs of small and far-flung Activities in the Field of Energy island for basic services as well as for economic activities on the one hand and For many years, UNDESA and its predecessor seeking an active role in the global strategy for departments have been engaged in technical addressing the climate change issue. cooperation activities covering various aspects of energy in general and renewable energy in It is now widely recognized that for a particular, in addition to its analytical and sustainable future, substantial improvement in normative activities. These activities are the efficiency with which energy is extracted, essentially aimed at assisting developing converted into various forms, and utilized in countries in diverse ways such as information end use equipment can and must be achieved. exchange, enhancement of institutional and In addition, increasing use of new and human resources capacity through training, renewable sources of energy is also considered study tours, technology transfer, demonstration essential for sustainability. projects, pre-commercial pilot projects,

101 entrepreneur development programs, Recognizing this aspect of renewable energy feasibility studies etc. many small island countries have taken steps to encourage decentralized energy projects. DESA is engaged in a variety of technical Such projects have to some extent cooperation activities in the energy sector demonstrated their immediate usefulness as financed under various funds and programs of also their longer term potential. However, the UN. These include, capacity building in considerable efforts are still needed to petroleum exploration and enhanced recovery overcome existing constraints and barriers in techniques in India, integrated resources order to achieve full commercial status for planning for electric power in Arab States, renewable energy systems that are of interest geographic information systems for electric to SIDS. power in Jordan, coal mining in Oman, coal bed methane in China, feasibility studies for Overview of Renewable Energy Projects in hydropower projects in Nepal and preliminary Small Island Countries Funded under the studies in other countries, demonstration UN Trust Fund projects involving a variety of solar, wind, biomass and geothermal energy technologies Solomon Islands-Makaruka Solar Home in a number of developing countries. Several Systems Project technical cooperation activities have also been undertaken in fields of energy efficiency and This project in Solomon Islands was a sequel environmental impact assessments. A more to a pilot project involving solar homes detailed account of these activities is beyond systems in 50 homes in Sukiki village on the scope of this paper. In this paper we focus Guadalcanal that was implemented by Solar only on renewable energy projects undertaken Electric Light Fund (SELF) - a non-profit in small island developing countries with organization with funding support from the support from the UN Trust Fund for NRSE. Council of State Governments and from the US Asia Environmental Partnership. The UN Trust Fund for New and Renewable awareness created by this project led to more Source of Energy (NRSE) requests from people and attracted support from the government to expand the program. The UN Trust Fund for NRSE was established Responding to the request from the several years ago mainly with contribution Government of Solomon Islands, a technical from the Italian government. The main cooperation project was undertaken in 1998- objective of this fund is to assist developing 1999 in Makaruka village with financial countries through technical cooperation to assistance from the UN Trust Fund. The build capacity to harness locally available project scope consisted of basic electricity renewable energy sources for sustainable services to fifty-six households as well as the development. This fund is presently Community High School and Primary concentrating on assisting small island School. countries in promoting renewable energy applications for providing electricity services Solomon Islands has a population of in homes, schools, hospitals in dispersed approximately 375,000. In terms of electricity locations. availability, only about 10% of population mostly in Honiara, the capital city, and the Given the special circumstances of small main towns enjoy grid power. The remaining island developing countries, and the 90% are without electricity. In view of this constraints they face with regard to energy and situation the, government established the environment, it is apparent that renewable Guadancanal Rural Electrification Agency energy options can be pursued cost-effectively. (GERA) to address the electricity needs of This would not only be for basic needs of the rural communities. people but also for socio-economic activities thereby contributing to efforts to improve their Makaruka village is a typical rural community quality of life. The advantage of utilizing in the Solomon Islands. The village lies on the different forms of renewable energy stems southeast coast of Guadalcanal just 5 km from from the fact that they are locally available and Sukiki village. It has a population of 1000 decentralized and therefore matches well with people, enjoys an abundant supply of sunlight the situation in small island countries where in all year around, and was considered an ideal general, relatively small- scale energy systems village to study and observe the impact of a are required. modem technology, on the quality of their life.

102 The first stage of the project consisted of to sites that are either inaccessible on account project planning involving several trips to the of the mountainous terrain or having low village by GERA officials over many months, electricity demand thereby rendering the numerous meetings with the whole community extension of grid unattractive. In addition it to obtain consensus on the number families was found that solar PV's could play a useful who would participate, setting up a role for powering marine navigation aids along representative village solar committee, the rocky coast and also for use in nature informing about the selection criteria defined in parks. Although other potential applications of terms of affordability to pay, household income PV such as that for pumping were also of and future methods of payments. It also interest, initial project scope was confined consisted of efforts aimed at educating the mainly to lighting. people about payment scheme, defining training requirements and methodology, and Following a project identification mission to St coordinating with government agencies Lucia, four sites were identified for PV lighting system demonstration and application The next stage consisted of procurement of analysis. These were, 1) Buton Village specified solar home system components, school/Community Centre 2) National Trust transporting the equipment to Makaruka, Campsite 3) Pigeon Island-Illumination of Fort assembly and installation, training /guidance to Rodney Historic Site and 4) Sir Arthur Lewis families on care and maintenance of installed Community College, Castries. systems. The project was implemented successfully in The project was designed from the very 1999. The systems that were installed are beginning to institute a payment scheme that described below. involved part payment as a down payment (SI$200 each) as well as a monthly payment 1. Buton Village Site (SI$62) over a four Year period. The village solar committee obtained a written agreement Buton village is at an isolated location on the from each beneficiary family that in case of West Coast of the island and according to the monthly payment default, a SI$10 fine above the electricity authorities the cost of bringing in present amount would be imposed and if there is mains electricity was estimated at a continual default for 3 months, the system US$ 300,000 and no plans existed for this would be removed and given to another family. purpose. A village school with a single large hall and minor office space, which is also used The project has had positive impact on the as a community center, adult teaching facility, lives of the people in the village. It has created and as an emergency hurricane shelter, exists awareness and stimulated a high level of without electricity. Lighting for this hall was cooperation in the village. It has demonstrated proposed as it would permit its expanded use that people are willing to pay for renewable for evening activities. The PV system that was energy services such as those provided by proposed for this site comprised 400 Wp of solar home systems. The local people have the modules; 300 Ah deep discharge batteries with potential to organize themselves to maintain charge controller, six 20 W fluorescent lights, the systems as well as to manage the payment a radio, and accessories. scheme. The technology is simple to use and for the situations facing dispersed island 2. National Trust Campsite communities it provides a cost effective and environmentally sound solution. It is however, For this application four small lighting kits apparent that such efforts need to be sustained (each with a 50 Wp module, 100 Ah battery, for wider scale diffusion of renewable energy charge controller and 3 lights) and four larger technologies. lighting kits (each with a total of 200 Wp modules, 200 Ah battery, charge controller, St Lucia Photovoltaic Project and 6 lights) were adopted.

St Lucia is one of the Windward Islands, in the 3. Pigeon Island- Illumination of Fort eastern Caribbean, Latitude 14-Degree North, Rodney Historic Site and Longitude 61-Degree West, with an area of 616 Sq.km. This site on Pigeon Island, connected by a causeway to the mainland is on a small hill but Solar PV technology was identified as one that had no electricity. It was proposed to could play a useful role in bringing electricity illuminate the site at night, from one side. The

103 system was designed to consist of 10 car rehabilitating 1,250 hectares of plantation is headlights which have 12 V, 55 W halogen currently underway, following important lamps and a focused beam. A 1000 Wp PV damages caused by cyclones. Attempts are array, 1500 Ah battery, charge control, also being made to introduce livestock rearing cabling, grounding etc, completed the system. and agro-forestry in view of fully exploiting the economic potential of the Island. 4. PV training facility at Sir Arthur Community College. Castries The OIDC has initiated a program for the provision of suitable accommodation for the As part of this project, five 50Wp lighting kits staff and workers in Agalega. In this context, along with simple measuring equipment-digital the construction of ten prefabricated housing multimeters, solar-cell pyranometers, units has been completed and it is proposed to thermistor thermometers - were provided to the construct another 15 additional houses. community college. First an engineer from St Lucia was trained at the suppliers works and Three generators supply electricity for lighting subsequently the engineer assisted by the and operation of office equipment. The OIDC college faculty conducted training for 10-15 is implementing the first phase of a program additional trainees that included lectures, for the supply of electricity to all residences to demonstration and hand-on training. Training cover both lighting needs and the operation of thus played an important role in ensuring post- basic domestic appliances. Photovoltaic installation care and maintenance. equipment has already been acquired for power supply to ten houses and will be The project has recently been completed. It has installed shortly. elicited a great deal of interest and cooperation from all sections of the people. While efforts This project is intended to cover the additional have been made to ensure post-installation care 15 newly constructed houses. The PV systems and maintenance through local involvement are aimed at supplementing and and training, it is premature to assess their complementing the supply through effectiveness in this regard. diesel/petrol generator sets. The project is also intended to pave the way for the eventual Mauritius Project introduction of other appliances such as TV and VCR which, can also be powered by PV The project envisaged installation of thus helping to enhance the quality of life and photovoltaic system for providing electricity to attenuate the geographical remoteness of the fifteen houses in the atoll of Agalega. The atoll site. The PV equipment will also help to of Agalega, which forms part of the Mauritian reduce dependence on fuel energy which, territory, lies at about 1000 km to the north of involves high transportation costs and require the main island in latitude 10.4 degrees south regular maintenance services which are and longitude 56.7 de degrees east. It is made difficult to provide on the island. up of two distinct islands respectively and which are separated by a shallow bank of 1.7 The system configuration adopted was a km in width. The area of the two islands is hybrid power system that combines a PV 2,600 hectares, divided almost equally system with modules, fixtures, controllers, between the two. batteries, inverter to meet the specified loads and one diesel generator unit into a composite The Outer Islands Development Corporation system with interactive Inverter Charger linked (OIDC) which is a para-statal body based in to a charge regulator. The power generator set Mauritius manages Agalega. A resident will have separate wiring and programmed at manager posted on the island is responsible for certain periods of the day to allow the use of day to day management and for implementing electric irons etc. the policies of OIDC for Agalega. The population of the island, amounting to about The diesel generator capacity specified was 300, consists mainly of workers and 16.2 KVA/13KW continuous rating with administrative staff employed by OIDC, only a automatic start control system, silencer with an few individuals reside permanently on the integral fuel tank of at least 35 liters and island. storage tank of 1500 liters.

The production of coconuts and coconut by- The PV system will have power rating of 1800 products is the main economic activity of the Watts. For design of the storage system, four island. A program of replanting and hours daily operation has been allowed and the

104 battery bank is designed to have at least three · 4 hours of daily use of Lights, Cassette days' reserve capacity. The PV system is and Television and 24 hour use of designed to meet lighting loads plus those of Refrigerator VCR and TV at an average of 120 watts per · Reserve capacity for 3 no-sunshine days household and 15 households in all. · Lights and Cassette to be DC loads and Television and refrigerator to be treated as Seychelles Project AC loads, supplied through an high efficiency inverter The project envisages installation of solar photovoltaic and solar water heating units for Procurement of equipment is currently rangers houses maintained by the Marine Park underway. Plans for installation and training Authority (MPA) of Seychelles. The objective have been made with the involvement of local is to provide better living conditions for the authorities. residents. The MPA has been set up to manage and maintain the sites in the country, which are Pohnpei- Federated States of Micronesia PV considered as marine parks. These sites Project include St Anne Park, Curieuse, Port Launay, Cap Ternay, and in the future Ile Coco (off This project involves supply solar photovoltaic Praslin). The purpose of MPA falls under the (PV) systems for some unelectrified regions Conservation of Biological Diversity, which within the State of Pohnpei. will be based in St Anne Island. MPA aims to reinvest and promote in sustainable tourism Pohnpei State, within the Federated States of and to use the marine parks as fishery breeding Micronesia, incorporates the island of Pohnpei ground and reserve. with a population of approximately 31,500 and a number of other islands within The sites where it is proposed to install the approximately 300-mile radius, some of which systems are on the islands of St Anne and are populated. The total population on all the Curieuse. The Curieuse site consists of five outer islands is approximately 2,150. Some of houses scattered along the coast of the island. the outer atolls are several hundred miles There is no power supply for these houses. The distant from Pohnpei while others exist within site of St Anne consists of ranger's houses with the same lagoon as Pohnpei's main island and electrical power supply from an electrical grid. are only 3- 4 miles distant. The project is aimed at reducing the grid power requirement for St Anne. The electricity on the main island of Pohnpei is predominantly generated using imported diesel The aggregate consumption of electricity is fuel. The total electricity production in 1996 currently estimated to be approximately 1.7 was 44,889,650 kWh of which just under kWh per day (excluding cooking), at the end 2,000,000 kWh was produced from Hydro and use level. Included in this consumption are the remainder from two banks of diesel lighting, refrigerator, television, and radio. generators. The Pohnpei Utilities Corporations (PUC) introduced a flat rate tariff for The proposed system will consist of a electricity some three years ago and at present Photovoltaic 'KIT' and a solar water heater for electricity is charged at approximately $0.18 each house. The "kit' system takes into account per kWh with the price varying as the cost of a typical daily minimum power and energy diesel fuel changes. requirements of a home. It is aimed at improving the living conditions of the The diesel fuel that is shipped from Singapore occupants, and at the same time minimizing currently costs $ 0.7784 per gallon. Besides the net negative environmental impacts. the fuel cost the PUC has fixed costs that amount to $ 0.10 per kWh. With a median The PV modules, battery and inverter are sized family annual income in Pohnpei being to meet the requirements of each house approximately $ 7000, as indicated in the 1994 comprising of six numbers of 11Watts energy Federated States of Micronesia census report, efficient lighting units with all necessary the cost of electricity is relatively high. The fixtures and wiring, one cassette player with a quality of electricity and reliability of the rating of 100 W, one television with a rating of distribution system are both generally high. 100 W and one refrigerator with a rating of 90 The PUC has 4,649 electricity customers and W. The battery capacity should be arrived at is now adopting a firmer approach to based on the following consideration: collecting overdue payments. In 1996 the

105 efficiency of collection, the ratio of bills the main island of Pohnpei. Mwoakilloa had collected to total bills, reached 89%. 47 individual solar home systems installed in 1996 and 130 systems were installed on It is not feasible to connect the adjacent islands Pingelap 6 months ago. to the main islands' electricity grid due to the excessive costs of installing a marine cable The project envisages the supply and relative to the projected level of use in the installation of 65 individual solar PV home smaller islands. Pole mounted cable that would systems that will provide electricity to power similarly be prohibitively expensive is not lighting for all the individual homes on the two acceptable either due to the severe storms islands of Parem and Lenger in the State of experienced in the region. As a result the only Pohnpei within the Federated States of power options for the smaller islands are either Micronesia (FSM). The project is currently the installation of a diesel based generating under implementation. system or the introduction of renewable energy powered units. Each solar home system will consist of the following: Kerosene is currently the main fuel source for the both the nearby and distant islands that · PV module(s) of at least 100 Wp capacity constitute Pohnpei State. A typical island (either as single module or as 2x50 watt home that is constructed mainly of natural modules) to meet the lighting load per materials may have a corrugated metal sheet house roof. An average island household will use · 12 volt - 120AH deep-discharge low- approximately $ 10 worth of kerosene per maintenance battery or sealed lead acid month. Kerosene is sold without any subsidy at battery of the same capacity with suitable $ 2.50 per gallon and a typical home might housing, have two lamps that will use a total of one · Electronic charge controller, indicators, gallon of kerosene each week. switches and protection devices · 2 Thin-Lite fluorescent tube lights (one 9 Due either to cultural reasons or land watts and the other 18 watts) and ownership features the individual homes are · All necessary fixtures. mounting devices, constructed a significant distance from each cables, connectors making it a complete other. Centralized mini grid systems would not system for installation make sense technically and would probably be difficult to administer even if they were The solar home systems are intended to technically feasible. provide at least 5 hours of light each night ensuring that the lighting load can be met for 6 Thus the overall objective of the proposed consecutive cloudy days without exceeding the project is to provide a significant and limit on battery drawdown. sustainable improvement in the quality of life for Pohnpei island inhabitants by the Action for procurement of hardware has been introduction of solar photovoltaic systems to completed. Installation and training are provide electricity for lighting in homes. expected to commence shortly.

The islands identified by the Pohnpei State for Marshall Islands Project the installation of PV systems supplied under this project are the islands of Parem and The Republic of Marshall Islands consists of 5 Lenger which are relatively small inhabited Islands and 29 atolls between 4 degree N and islands approximately 4 miles north of the longitudes 160 degree E and 175 degree E. main island of Pohnpei. The most appropriate With its exclusive economic zone, the solar systems for Lenger and Parem are republic's total marine area exceeds 750,000 individual solar home systems. square miles. Its entire land area however comprises just over 70 square miles. Twenty- The State Department of Resource two atolls and four islands are inhabited. Management and Development has already elected to use individual solar home systems to The requirement of energy for the Marshall bring electricity to three of the outer islands of Islands is mainly for lighting, cooking, Mwoakilloa, Pingelap and Sapwuafik. Having entertainment, community services, water populations of 209, 518 and pumping, and medical services. No major 603) respectively (Pohnpei State Census 1994) industries are located in the region except for these islands are 100 miles or more from some fabrication shops, small food processing

106 industries and a few hotels. Some Fish The Fiji Islands are comprised of a group of processing industries are coming up near more than 300 islands of which 105 are Majuro, the capital city. inhabited. Spread over an area of 860,000 square Kilometers of ocean in the central The energy requirements of the Outer Islands South Pacific, its total land area is are mainly for cooking and lighting, demands approximately 18,300 square Kilometers. The that are presently being met by using kerosene two major islands of Viti Levu and Venua oil costing about $ 3-3.5 per gallon. Levu account for 90% of the land area as well as the population of Fiji estimated at 777.000 Electricity is available only in Majuro, the at the end of 1996. The island of Kadavu has capital and in Julat atoll. In both places, diesel 78 villages with a population of approximately generator sets are operated and electricity 12,000. Each village has an average population charges range from 13 cents to 16 cents per of 150. Of the 78 villages, only 27 villages kWh. have access to electricity.

In order to facilitate development, a solar PV As it is considered not feasible to connect the project was proposed by Marshall Island adjacent islands to the main islands grid authorities following the visit of an expert to infrastructure due to excessive cost of outer islands to help in project formulation. installing long marine power cable relative to The project reflects the high priority that the proposed level of use in the smaller government attaches to electrification of the islands, the options for smaller islands are Health Centers of the Outer Islands. diesel systems or renewable energy generation units including wave energy generation The project envisages the following: systems.

1. Solar Electricity for ten small and one A proposal for installing the wave energy medium size Health Centers conversion unit about a mile off the coast of 2. Solar PV micro power plant (2 x l.5 kW) Kadavu in Fiji and bringing the power to the at Rong Rong to provide electricity to a shore via a submarine cable for application on number of consumers to be operated on a land is under active consideration in semi commercial basis association with the Fijian authorities. The 3. Training for post-installation maintenance wave energy generating system that is and service proposed is a modular technology, where each module is a buoy-like structure of a specific Prospects for utilizing solar PV systems in the electrical output power capacity. Once the first Republic of Marshall Islands on a wider scale wave power system is deployed and found to appear to be bright since as many as 20,000 of be economically viable, it is expected that the total population of about 45,000 are more modules can be added at the site or at without any access to electricity. These people different sites to make up the desired capacity. reside on various distant islands and therefore A significant advantage of the wave energy stand-alone Solar PV power plants can be one system proposed is that the electrical power it of the most suitable options. generates has an estimated duty cycle, or availability, of about 90 % which is Funding for the project has been approved and substantially higher than other renewable procurement of hardware is to begin shortly. energy sources, such as wind or photovoltaics.

Fiji Island Project This demonstration project is under active consideration for funding. Generation of electricity by harnessing the energy of ocean waves is the main aim of the Papua New Guinea Project project envisaged for Fiji. The project aims at installing a 5 kW demonstration wave power Based on the visit of a project identification unit developed recently by Ocean Power team to Managalas Plateau in Ore province, Technology Inc. with some unique features Papua New Guinea, a project has been built into the wave energy conversion unit. identified to install a) a 100 kW small Preliminary investigations have been done to hydroelectric plant at a site near village identify, a site for installation of the unit. The Numba, and b) PV systems at village Dea. The village of Muani on the southern part of the overall objective of the project is to improve island of Kadavu in Fiji has been identified as the socioeconomic well being of the the potential site. communities in the Managalas Plateau by

107 catalyzing the development of small projects in small island developing countries. hydropower resources in that region and also These projects have elicited a great deal of by introducing to dispersed locations solar PV interest by local communities and opened up systems for lighting, education, prospects for further utilization of locally communication, and preservation of available energy resources. The projects have medicines. The electricity from the small created a positive impact on the quality of life hydro plant will be used for the coffee drying of people in dispersed locations in small island and processing as well as the drying of okari developing countries by focusing on provision nuts and other produce in that place. It is thus of renewable energy based electricity services expected to have a direct beneficial impact on such as solar PV lighting for homes, schools, the people and stimulating other economic and hospitals; radio, TV, VCR as well as activities in the area. medicine refrigerators. Thus it has become evident that renewable energy technologies A preliminary pre-feasibility study has been such as solar and wind systems can have an completed. Efforts are underway to obtain important role to play in improving the quality additional data and to work out a more detailed of life of people in these small island project report with an implementation plan. countries. Market potential for these The assistance of a nongovernmental technologies is indeed substantial. However organization called Partners with Melanesians constraints and barriers still exist. One of the has been availed of in securing local principal barriers is still the high initial cost of involvement. This NGO is also expected to solar devices. Innovative financing including provide the interface between the local microcredit facilities needs to be explored. community and the government. Progress is Efforts are also needed to strengthen local being made to complete the necessary capacity to undertake assembly of components formalities involved in obtaining government and systems, and also in the installation, clearances and to prepare the ground for maintenance, and service of renewable energy funding. devices. Entrepreneurial activities need to be fostered through further strengthening of skills in this area. Concluding remarks

The NRSE trust fund established with financial support from the Italian Government has succeeded in catalyzing a number of energy

108 Financing Sustainable Energy determinant of environmental quality, several years ago the question was raised, where can for Island Nations small amounts of money be placed at critical times to create a substantial social and Dr Mike Allen, environmental benefit? Through trial and error, the Rockefeller Foundation and E& Co, an Executive Director, independent organization created by the E & Co Foundation in 1994, have come to realize a few simple but nearly universal truths - most good ideas die for lack of small amounts of Introduction money to make them real enough for later stage investors and many ideas to promote During the meeting so far, a wide range of environmentally sound, affordable energy issues that impact on the sustainable supply of services are ideas that involve creating energy for island nations have been business-oriented initiatives. highlighted, together with a number of initiatives to promote future progress. What I E &Co Activities would like to do is share with you some practical experience that, though not It is on this basis that E& Co has developed its necessarily based on operations in island strategy for intervention in the renewable nations, will I hope offer possible solutions to energy market - the investment of modest a number of the challenges that have been amounts (from $50,000 or less, to US$ discussed. 250,000 in any one case), as equity or debt, into what are perceived to be economically, In simple terms, what I would like to do is test socially and environmentally sustainable two premises: energy enterprises. To many, this will seem like a contradiction - particularly to those still · That the issue is not technology, it is captured by an ongoing search for subsidies finance and adequate human capacity. and government leadership, or who question · That renewable resources can offer not the concept that smaller scale energy only a sustainable source of energy, but developments could ever be considered attractive business opportunities. sustainable, commercial ventures. This is yet to become universally true but, as I hope I can To demonstrate the validity of these premises I demonstrate today, there are a growing number will draw on our own experience over the last of successful projects lending increasing few years and that of others who have been credence to this approach. instrumental in establishing some of the "models" for the provision of renewable To date E&Co has invested some US$ 7.2 energy services. While much of this million in 53 enterprises in 26 developing experience has been focused on enterprises countries. One key lesson that has been learnt addressing the needs of the unserved through these investments is that money is not population in the rural areas of developing always the problem. It is the link between countries, the dispersed and lower density money and the good ideas that is often missing populations of many of the island states in this sector. The need to promote and represented at this meeting provides many strengthen private enterprises is therefore a key parallels. element to overcome these issues. This is the gap E&Co is trying to fill. In many ways, I know that in terms of the value of renewable energy and energy There are a number of projects in which E& efficiency (or demand side management) I am Co has played a part that can be provided as preached to the converted. What I suspect examples, many of which may be known to a however is that there remains a strong number of you: conviction amongst some of you that this value can only be effectively exploited where Noor Web Morocco government or multilateral support (subsidies) is available. I hope also to be able to dispel In Morocco, there are some 40,000 villages this myth for what it is. well beyond the reach of the grid. NOOR serves this market through two main strategies. Recognizing the importance of energy as both The first is by empowering local entrepreneurs a tool of development and as a crucial to open and operate as franchises their own

109 DAR NOORs, or solar boutiques - directly in · Hidropantasma Nicaragua (10 MW) the villages - to supply their neighbors' needs · Annapurna in Nepal (15 MW) by recharging batteries and by selling (for cash · LEDCO in Nepal (10 MW) and credit) solar home systems, batteries, · San Gabriel in Costa Rica (380 kW) electric equipment and low-voltage TV sets. · Bubunawan in the Philippines (10 MW) The second involves the provision of a fee-for- · Rio Hondo in Guatemala (30 MW) service approach, under contract to ONE the national utility, for the equipment, installation, Empresa ElŽctrica del Norte - El Salvador maintenance and after-sales service of photovoltaic systems in these rural areas. In In 1996, E&Co provided a $75,000 technical addition to its contribution to the start up assistance loan to Empresa ElŽctrica del Norte, equity and funding of Noor, E&Co has a private enterprise, to complete engineering provided early stage financing to several other design for a 5 MW bagasse power plant and PV enterprises that include: finalize the project for financing and presentation to investors. A number of · SELCO in India and Vietnam interested investors had already been identified · Soluz in the Dominican Republic and for the plant funding provided the outstanding Honduras design issues could be completed. The San · Lotus Energy in Nepal Francisco Sugar Mill, with an installed · RAPS in South Africa capacity of approximately 3,800 metric tons of · Grameen Shakti in Bangladesh cane per day, will provide the bagasse fuel and · FTV in Brazil use part of the electricity generated by the power plant. The first stage of the plant is Energy Dynamics / Spice Island Inn Ð operational and a second 5 MW unit is Grenada planned. Other support to biomass projects has included: Energy Dynamics of Trinidad approached E&Co to provide $30,000 in equity as it · Riberalta in Bolivia (Nut husks - 1 MW) establishes an Energy Service Company · Compa–ia Hondure–a del Bambœ in (ESCO) to implement energy efficiency and Honduras (Bamboo - 50 MW) renewable energy projects throughout the · Malaysian biomass (Palm oil waste) Caribbean. The Spice Island project, Energy Dynamics first ESCO contract, will address Vacvina Biogas Ð Vietnam improving the efficiency of the hotel's air conditioning system (using seawater cooling to In Vietnam, Oxfam Quebec has worked for reduce the load by 20%) and introduce a novel several years with a national agricultural funding approach through the leasing of the association, Vacvina, introducing a simple equipment by a local financing institution but effective biogas system for farmers. Each FINCOR. The potential for significant savings systems costs around US$ 50. With the throughout the Caribbean, where electricity success of the 200-300 demonstration costs are particularly high, is clear. What is systems, the challenge was how to move the lacking is the capacity to replicate an ESCO program to a stage where it could have approach to meet these needs. significant impact. Vacvina has a national membership of over 250,000 and hence an Kanata Hydro Project - Bolivia extensive network within the farming community. Following a six-month period, in In Bolivia, the installation of a 7 MW which fundamental business planning issues hydroelectric plant has provided not only much were addressed with the organization, E&Co needed electricity but improved both the provided a loan for working capital. Within supply and quality of fresh water to the city of the first year of operations 1700 systems have Cochabamba. At a time when regulatory issues been sold into 11 provinces throughout the were threatening progress on the project, E& north of Vietnam. The systems provide an Co provided a $250,000 loan ensuring that effective method of treatment of animal others funders would honor their commitment wastes and, with a minimal number of to the project, which is now fully operational. animals, provide sufficient gas for daily Similar support has been provided to a number cooking needs. This removes the need for of hydro developments including: firewood, relieving women from the burden of collection, and provides an effluent stream · Hidroelectrica Atlantis in Honduras (1.8 that can be safely used for irrigation and MW) aquaculture.

110 From a recent trip through Vietnam and other dedicated facilities for renewable energy and parts of Asia it has become apparent that there energy efficiency finance. In the more is a potential market for good quality micro- conventional investment market there are hydro turbines (100 to 500 watts costing about many funds with an energy focus but, US$50 each) , along the lines of the "Chinese" regrettably, a large number of these target turbines so prevalent in Vietnam. The fossil fuel developments and/or are unable to challenge is to identify and underwrite an consider the often smaller scale needs of the entity that can bring this potential to market. renewable market. There is some evidence that the multilateral agencies are recognizing These are just a few examples which I hope the need for such energy funding (smaller in demonstrate an approach that we believe offers quantity per project and with a focus on private concrete solutions to what many still see as a sector needs, rather than government driven daunting and insurmountable obstacles to arrangements) but gaining access to such effective renewable energy and energy sources can be a daunting task for even the efficiency services. We could debate at some most adventurous private sector entrepreneur. length the specific financial and economic The following examples are of funding returns of each of these projects, but we are facilities in which E& Co has been actively convinced that without an underlying private involved. While we are excited about the enterprise structure, it is unlikely that any prospects of these mechanisms, we are also sustainable support system can be established very cautious, as they must succeed. A failure for the longer term. to move forward would greatly harm the attraction of private capital to renewable Application for Island Nations energy and energy efficiency enterprises.

In the case of island nations there are perhaps The IFC's Renewable Energy and Energy two distinct groups, both of which could Efficiency Fund benefit from some of the approaches outlined above. For the larger islands, centralized REEF is an investment fund managed by a (fossil fueled) power generation often exists private sector team, to finance renewable with grid interconnections to most parts of the energy and energy efficiency projects, that is community. The issue is to control demand currently fund raising. It will have three through energy efficiency measures and ensure components (equity funds, debt funds and a that the use of renewables and efficient concessionary finance window) with which it technologies is maximized in future. In a will finance on-grid renewable energy in the 5 number of cases, the privatization of these to 50 MW range, smaller off-grid renewable islands' power systems has been achieved at the energy projects and energy efficiency expense of consumers. Under the justification undertakings. The REEF's lead sponsor and that private sector investors could not be investor is the International Finance attracted to purchase relatively small-scale Corporation. The Global Environment Facility facilities without substantial protection, the has agreed to provide a grant of up to $30 monopoly of the state utility has merely been million in proportion to the size of the equity transferred to one owned by the private sector. pool that is expected to be of around $100 The politics of these arrangements are no doubt million. With a matching debt facility from the complex but it will take a concerted effort by IFC, the overall fund is expected to grow to regulators and the utilities to set this to right. $180 to $230 million. E&Co is a co-manager of this fund with Energy Investors Fund and For the smaller nations, or those that consist of Environmental Enterprises Assistance Fund. many islands, the application of some form of fee-for-service (franchise) or micro-credit The Solar Development Corporation provision of electricity with PV, mini-hydro, wind or biomass can help address the issues of The SDC is being established as a stand-alone, isolation and support for those with lower commercial company providing business levels of income and weaker economies. The development and financing for solar PV business models exist and are ready to be operations, particularly in rural areas. A joint tested in such environments. initiative of the International Finance Corporation, the World Bank and a number of Funding Initiatives United States Foundations, the SDC is expected to open for business in 2000. The Over the past few years, there has been target initial capitalization for the pilot period growing activity targeting the establishment of is $50 million, of which approximately $15

111 million will be for business development and Four years of experience in financing small $35 million for direct finance. The GEF has renewable energy projects around the world been asked to provide between $10-15 million have taught E&Co that one of the major to support the market and business challenges is still the need to envision energy development component. as a development component that must be closely interconnected with private sector There are a number of institutions with an initiatives. The linkage between energy, interest in renewable energy financing, development and finance must clearly be including the International Finance understood. Corporation (IFC), the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), DEG in There are a growing number of success stories Germany, Triodos Bank in the Netherlands that can provide models for future and bilateral and multilateral programs which development of smaller scale and remote play an important role in their own sectors of electrification. As these successes gain wider interest. Danida has played a particularly recognition, there will be an increasing important role in this arena. A range of demand for sustainable sources of finance. The international banks have now participated in market recognizes this need but to build the the financing of geothermal, wind and hydro- international renewable finance industry will electric power production, but typically with a require initiatives that drive order of focus on larger scale projects. magnitude changes in the business of renewables. These in turn will require a focus Making it Happen on the link between money and the good ideas that is often missing in this sector and the As I suggested earlier, finance and adequate promotion and strengthening of private human capacity are the real issues. The enterprises, a key element in the successes to challenge now is not so much to demonstrate date. what works but to build the distribution channels of product, services and finance that will provide reliable basic energy services to those most in need. The island nations have the opportunity to take the experience to date and mold it for their own purpose

112 Territory of American Samoa estimated growth rate is 3.7 percent. Based on this growth rate, the population in 2005 is estimated to be 80,500. Mr. Tauese P.F. Sunia, Governor, Population density in 1996 was 273 people per American Samoa square kilometer. Actual population density is much higher since less than 35 percent of the land is developable. Of this percentage 34 percent is used for residential, commercial and Geography industrial use. Twenty-four percent is used for agriculture, 12 percent is used for American Samoa is the only insular territory of transportation, communication and church use, the United States that is located south of the and the remaining four percent is used for equator. It consists of seven tropical islands in education and recreation. the south pacific, about 2,300 miles southwest of Hawaii and 1,600 miles northeast of New Energy Characteristics Zealand. The western islands in the Samoa chain constitute the independent nation of The American Samoa Power Authority reports Samoa, the closest island group to American (1999) just over 8,000 residential electric Samoa both geographically and culturally. accounts, 1,300 small commercial accounts, 131 large commercial accounts, and 2 Tutuila is the major island of American industrial accounts. Energy consumption by Samoa, with 69 percent of the 77 square miles sector is as follows: Large commercial of land area and 97 percent of the population. (includes government) 30 percent, Industrial The topography of Tutuila and the Manu'a 27 percent, Residential 25 percent, and Small Islands is rugged, volcanic terrain. Tutuila, commercial 18 percent. The attached which is 20 miles long and from one to six American Samoa Power Authority Monthly miles wide, is a continuous, irregular volcanic Report provides details on the 36-megawatt ridge rising steeply from the sea. The Tafuna diesel generating capacity. Plain on the southwestern portion of the island constitutes the only expanse of relatively flat Current Projects Utilizing Renewable land. The ridge forms a drainage divide for the Energy entire island, with many short, intermittent streams descending rapidly from the American Samoa has only limited experience mountains to the ocean through steep valleys. with renewable energy. A small number of Mt. Matafao, at 2,141 feet, is Tutuila's highest solar electric and solar domestic hot water peak. systems are currently operational in the territory. American Samoa is located only 14 south of the equator, so it experiences a typical tropical a) Swains Island Photovoltaic (PV) System climate, with a dry season from June through August, and a wet season from January Swains Island is a remote coral atoll located through March. Average annual rainfall is 200 miles north of Tutuila. The population is between 125 and 250 inches, depending upon under 25 people. A 100 amp-hour PV system location, and can vary widely from year to was installed in 1995 to provide lighting for the year. Average temperature is around 80¡ F. school and medical clinic and to operate a four with little seasonal variation. Relative cubic foot, 12volt refrigerator for medicine humidity can climb to as high as 90 percent, storage. The system is inspected every two but is usually mitigated by steady trade winds. years by government staff. These islands can be subjected to severe storms with winds over 170 MPH. The last b) Mount Tumu Photovoltaic System hurricane was in 1991. Mount Tumu is on Ofu Island, located 60 Socio-Economic Context1 miles east of Tutuila. The 200 amp-hour PV system supplies power to a television station The estimated mid-year population of the translator. Originally, the project was a hybrid territory as of July 1, 1996 was 58,070. The (wind and photovoltaics) system. The wind turbines could not withstand hurricane force winds and required excessive maintenance (see

1 Wind Turbines below). The original Source Ð American Samoa Statistical Yearbook 1996

113 photovoltaic system was expanded in 1991 to Residential Solar Domestic Hot Water provide all power requirements. The system Program: was last inspected in May 1999 and was reported in good condition. A residential solar domestic hot water program was initiated in 1984 with funding from a US c) Cape Matatula Photovoltaic System federal grant and homeowner loans from a local lending institution. The grant funding In the mid-1980s the National Oceanic and was used to subsidize the system cost (40%). Atmospheric Administration installed a 3.5 170 systems were installed. The program was kW PV system to provide partial power to it's terminated 1988, as a result of federal budget laboratory. The US$ 100,000, state-of-the-art cuts. Most, if not all, of the systems were system is not operational today. An estimate damaged by hurricanes in 1990 and 1991. to rehabilitate the system was conducted in October 1998. The $20,000 repair and Municipal Solid Waste to Energy: upgrade estimate was deemed "not cost effective" by Department of Energy engineers. Extensive project planning, funded by the U.S. The local government, NOAA, and the Environmental Protection Agency, Department American Samoa Community College are of Energy, and two local tuna canneries, to currently seeking funding to rehabilitate the develop an anaerobic digester system fed by system. municipal solid waste and tuna sludge (waste from the tuna canneries) was conducted from d) Department of Education Solar Domestic 1990-1993. The pilot digester project financial Hot Water Systems assistance application was turned down by the U.S. Congress in 1993. Installed, this pilot Active Solar DHW systems have been project would have provided a first step to installed on all 26 cafeterias in the public alleviating a growing landfill space problem school system. These systems were installed and ocean dumping of cannery waste products. with U.S. federal grant funding in 1994. The The byproducts of the digester would have Territorial Energy Office is currently been methane gas, electricity sufficient to providing a one-time (grant funded) rehab on operate the plant, and soil fertilizer. all systems to bring them all up to good operating condition. Lyndon B. Johnson Tropical Medical Center Solar Absorption Chiller System: Past Projects Utilizing Renewable Energy This system, installed in 1990, was to provide Wind Turbines: cooling assistance utilizing an existing chiller system. Unknown problems were encountered Three small wind turbines have been installed during installation and the system was in American Samoa. An Enertech 3.5 kW unit converted to a domestic hot water system. A was installed in the early 1980s as a hurricane in late 1991 destroyed the system. demonstration unit. The unit quit operating The project was abandoned. and replacement parts were unavailable as the manufacturer went out of business. Photovoltaic Water Pumping System:

A North Wind HR2 turbine was installed in This remote application pilot project system, 1986 in conjunction with a 400 watt installed in 1990, performed perfectly until photovoltaic system to power a television vandals broke the solar panels. The system translator system. This 3 kW system was was dismantled. destroyed by 200 MPH winds only six months after it was installed. The turbine was replaced Conclusion with a North Wind HR3 in 1988. The front main bearing in the new unit went bad after The Territory of American Samoa does have one year due to lack of grease. The original ample renewable resources available to HR2 was repaired and placed back in service substitute for diesel powered electric in 1989. In 1991, hurricane Val destroyed the generation. The available technologies to unit. The TV translator is currently receiving convert the renewable energy resources to all power from photovoltaics. (see Mt. Tumu useable thermal and electrical energy are Photovoltaic System) however expensive as compared to the first cost of diesel generation. The territory must look beyond first cost and consider the total

114 economic cost/benefit to appreciate the value of providing electric and thermal energy via renewable resources.

In 1990, a Renewable Energy Plan of Action was developed for the Territory. This plan outlines the potential for renewable energy and an action plan to develop various appropriate technologies. Attached is a Technology Selection Criteria excerpt from the above- mentioned plan. It clearly indicates that energy management is the first logical step. A commitment to implement the plan was never made and consequently little has been accomplished.

115

Technology Selection Criteria

Solar Biomass Solar Photo- Solar Wind Geo- Hydro- Tree Biogas Liquid MSW OTEC Ocean Solar Coal Energy Hot voltaics Thermal Energy thermal electric farms Fuels Currents Ponds Managem Water and ent Waves RESOURCE

proven ·· · suspected ···· ···· · unknown ·· none · TECHNOLOGY READINESS IN PACIFIC

high ·· ··· · Medium · ··· ·· low ··· RELIABILITY PROBLEMS IN PACIFIC

high · Medium ···· low ·· · ···· · · · DURABILITY PROBLEMS IN PACIFIC

high ·· · · Medium ·· ···· low ·· ·· · APPLICATION

centralized ··· ··· ··· · decentralized ·· ···· ·· · · POTENTIAL CONSTRAINTS

cultural · · ···· ·· · impact land availability · ··· ··· ·· environmental impact ······· ···

human ·· ········· ··· · resources infrastructure ·· ········· ··· ·

117 CAPITAL COSTS

high (over ·· · $10,000/kW) medium ($3,000-$10,000/kW) ···· ··· ·

low (up to ···· $3,000/kW) O & M COSTS

high ·· · · medium · ···· ·· · Low · ·· COST EFFECTIVENESS

near term (0- · ··· · · 5 yrs.) mid term (6-15 yrs) ···· · ·

long term (16-40 yrs) ·· ·

EXPECTED OIL SAVINGS OR AVOIDANCE

high · · medium ··· low ··· · ·· ····

118 AMERICAN SAMOA POWER AUTHORITY OPERATION Monthly REPORT Month: July.99

KW PEAK KW BASE LOAD HOUR DATE DAY LOAD HOUR DATE DAY TUTUILA 19:00 06-07-99 Tuesday TUTUILA 12.650 04:00 25-07-99 Sunday 22.000 FALEASA 290 19:00 13-07-99 Tuesday FALEASA 100 14:00 20-07-99 Tuesday O O OFU 110 18:30 20-07-99 Tuesday OFU 50 22:00 11-07-99 Sunday

TS FUEL KWh / LUBE KWh / UNITS GENERATION E Y T FIRST LAST FIRST LAST CONS. Gal CONS. GALS. (%) (%) N P A KWH KWH HOUR HOUR KHW HRS AVE. IN FUEL IN LUBE LOAD TOT. G E T METER METER METR METE GENERATED RUN LOAD GALS. EFFI. GALS. EFFI. FACTO GEN. EMDS 357.000 3% R R CATS 60.000 0% S-2 CAT R 3292 3294 36106 36114 4.800 8 600 440 10,92 0 0 43% 0% W/SUP 150.480 1% S. S-3 EMD R 5431000 5757000 5459 5719 326.000 260 1.254 26.122 12,48 0 0 50% 2% DTZS 12.701.500 96% S-4 CAT M 477 477 29417 29417 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% Total 13.268.980 100% S-4 DTZ R 32619000 35472000 14059 14801 2.853.000 742 3.845 183.543 15,54 2.450 1.164 81% 22% S-5 DTZ R 22681000 24899000 9846 10547 2.218.000 701 3.164 139.060 15,95 2.200 1.008 67% 17% S-6 DTZ R 25323000 27610000 10030 10707 2.287.000 677 3.378 143.206 15,97 2.594 882 71% 17% S-7 EMD M 9980 9980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% S-8 EMD R 1368000 1399000 1914 1949 31.000 35 886 2.441 12,70 0 0 35% 0% S-9 EMD M 11090 11090 17929 17929 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% CODE T-3 DTZ R 581258 606965 42422 43144 2.570.700 722 3.561 160.971 15,97 2.181 1.179 75% 19% M-MAINT. T-4 EMD M 8535 8535 15184 15184 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% SB-STAND BY. T-5 EMD M 8734 8734 8781 8781 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% OH- OVERHAU L T-6 DTZ R 1144761 1172489 50097 50833 2.772.800 736 3767 173.517 15,98 2.081 1.332 79% 21% T-7 CAT R 2958 2981 35648 35709 55.200 61 905 5.046 10,94 10 5.520 19% 0% T-8 CAT M 903 903 18854 18854 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% F-1 WS M 254 254 4305 4305 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% F-2 WS R 3476 3476 26879 26879 0 0 0 0 0,00 0 0 0% 0% F-3 WS R 4346 4553 15714 16458 99.360 744 134 7.910 12,56 30 3.312 56% 1% O-1 WS R 6116 6336 16846 17184 22.000 338 65 1.810 12,15 30 733 27% 0% Circulate O-2 WS R 9088 9179 17024 17430 29.120 406 72 2.710 10,75 90 324 30% 0% ABE. M 100% PERI. P SATALA TOTAL 7.719.800 494.811 15,60 7.244 1.066 WALLON .Y TAFUNA TOTAL 5.398.700 339.533 15,90 4.272 1.264 SUSANA F. TUTUILA TOTAL 13.118.500 834.344 15,72 11.516 1.139 80% FALEASA TOTAL 99.360 7.910 12,56 30 3.312 46% O OFU TOTAL 51.120 4.520 11,31 120 426 62% GRAND TOTAL 13.268.980 846.774 15,67 11.666 1.137 kwh hrs ave. 119 Tutuila Peak load for July 14, 1999

25000

20000

15000

10000 Kilowatts 5000

0 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425 hour

120 Antigua and Barbuda Electricity Status The peak demand for electricity in Antigua is Mr. Lyndon Francis, 33.3 MW, which is totally supplied from fossil Electricity Generation Manager, fuel fired power stations. Reciprocating diesel Antigua Public Utilities Authority, engines accounts for 70% of the 50 Mw. installed capacity in Antigua. A dual purpose Antigua and Barbuda (electricity and water production) steam plant accounts for the remaining 30% installed electricity generation capacity on Antigua. Introduction Table 1 shows the electrical energy consumption patterns for the past four years. Antigua and Barbuda are located in the middle of the Leeward Islands in the Eastern Table 1: Electricity Sales (Mwh) Caribbean, approximately 17 degrees north of the equator, 62 degrees latitude. Antigua is a 1995 1996 1997 1998 former British colony and is well known for Hotel 21000 25000 24000 21000 the cricket heroes that the island has produced Street Light 3000 3000 3000 3000 and the 365 beautiful beaches that surround its Government 7000 7000 8000 9000 tropical landscape. Barbuda, also a former Domestic 37000 42000 46000 50000 Commercial 31000 32000 36000 36000 British colony, is well recognized for its bird Other 1000 1000 1000 1300 sanctuary and majestic beaches. Total 100000 110000 118000 120300 Antigua, the largest of the British Leeward Islands, is about 14 miles long and 11 miles Electricity is available to 100% of the wide, encompassing 108 square miles. Its population of Antigua and Barbuda. The peak highest point is Boggy Peak (1319 ft.) located demand in Barbuda is nominally 350Kw. All in the southwestern corner of the island. electricity in Barbuda is supplied by diesel Barbuda, a flat coral island with an area of engines. only 68 square miles, lies approximately 30 miles due north. Renewable Energy

The following are general information of the In the past, renewable energy played a major people and economy of the nation of Antigua part of the energy demand in Antigua and and Barbuda: Barbuda. Even more than many neighbouring Caribbean islands, wind power and solar Population: 64,006 (July 1998 est.) energy were very important elements to the Languages: English (official), local sugar industry. Antigua's topography and year- dialects round sunshine were very conducive to these Ethnic groups: Black, British, Portuguese, renewable energy activities. The sugar industry Lebanese, and Syrian also generated large amounts of "bagasse" Labour force: 30,000 (biomass energy) up to the early 1970's. During the 1960's the economy of Antigua Tourism continues to be the dominant activity moved away from agriculture to primarily accounting for more than half of GDP. tourism and thus there was less dependence on Increased tourist arrivals have helped spur renewable energy. Towards the end of the growth in the construction and transport 1970's, early 1980's, there was renewed sectors. Agricultural production is constrained emphasis on renewable energy due to the by limited water supply and labour shortages inflated cost of fossil fuel and attempts to that reflect the pull of higher wages in tourism resuscitate the fledging agricultural industry. and construction. Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to The agricultural initiative was mainly in the depend on the income growth in the area of solar drying. Several exploratory dryers industrialized world, especially in the US, failed due to the very high concentration of which accounts for about half of all tourist ultra violet rays in Antigua and thus the high arrivals. cost in specialized materials to cope with this phenomenon. However, a "Multi-Purpose" dryer designed and built by Mr. Cyprian Ofori- Atiase enjoyed some success, to the extent that other units were built and used recently.

121 In the area of biomass, approximately 20% of Renewable Energy Prospect the household in Antigua use charcoal for cooking. In this regard, trials were carried out It is the author view that the prospect for under the CDB/REAP programme for utilizing renewable energy is quite good in Antigua. the post harvest stalks of the cotton plant to The main obstacles are perceived to be make charcoal. This programme failed for awareness and finance. The population would various reasons including: need to be convinced that there are real and tangible benefits available to them from more 1. Limited expansion possibilities for cotton renewable energy projects in Antigua and cultivation Barbuda. Low cost financing will certainly be 2. Limited co-operation with local a prerequisite for successful development of institutions further renewable projects. In particular, in the 3. Low conversion to charcoal electricity supply area, renewable power has to 4. Low employment possibilities although be commercially competitive with traditional production methods were labour intensive. petroleum based electricity supply, for this technology to take root. Solar water heaters have made relatively good progress in Antigua. To a large extent this apparent success was due to the credit facilities that were initially offered by the main suppliers of SWH and tax concessions offered by the Government. CEIS estimates that nominally 3% of domestic electricity consumption is the equivalent SWH energy consumption. It is estimated that there are 14000 SWH in Antigua.

In 1983 a 120Kw vertical axis wind turbine was installed on the Santa Maria range of hills in the north of Antigua. This generator ran for 5,015 hours, generating 139 Mwh before it was shut down in November 1984. This experiment apparently failed due to mechanical and control problems. It was somewhat of a nuisance to technicians to travel to the hills to simply reset the electronics control whenever there was some control problem (however small). One the technicians who was involved in the projects recalls that the mechanical breaking system was quite unreliable; the manufacturers eventually changed the designed of the break shoe but this move proved futile as all of the new break shoes failed within days of installation. The shoes were never replaced/repaired according to the Technician.

122 Cook Islands nautical miles northeast of Auckland, New Zealand.

Mr. Mata Nooroa, 1.2 People Director, Energy Division, The population of the Cook Islands is about 17,300 and over 60% live in Rarotonga, which Ministry of Works, Energy and is the capital of the Cook Islands. Under a Physical Planning treaty with New Zealand, Cook Islanders are Government of the Cook Islands New Zealand citizens. The people are loving and caring which make the Cook Islands a wonderful place to live or holiday. The people Introduction are Polynesians and share bond cultures with those of French Polynesia and New Zealand First of all, may I say Kia Orana, which simply Maoris. means greetings from paradise Cook Islands, South Pacific. This paper is prepared in a 1.3 Government sense of expressing and sharing our few years experience with renewable energy. The Cook Islands is a small self-governing country with free association with New We convey our sincere appreciation to the Zealand. The Parliament system of the Cook organisers, Forum for Energy and Islands reflects a British Commonwealth Development (FED) for extending the heritage. Parliament consists of 25 members invitation for our small island to be present at each representing a constituency. The this Global Conference for Renewable Energy Executive government lies with a Cabinet of Islands and to the South Pacific Applied Ministers comprising of the Prime Minister Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) for the and five Ministers chosen by the Prime assistance and support given to our small Minister. island in the development of renewable energy. I believe that our presence at this 1.4 Economy Global Conference will promote our small island state not only in the area of renewable The Cook Islands relies heavily on tourism as energy but also tourism. the backbone of the economy although in recent years, black pearl farming has increased The presentation, I hope will expose our small and agriculture has been revived and is now island and those islands fighting for survival, slowly taking its place in stimulating the to developed countries for support and economy. The economy has one of the highest assistance in the development of renewable GNP per capita in the region. energy so that this green planet we are living in will be a cleaner environment for future 2. Energy Situation generations. The Cook Islands is heavily depended on 1. Country Profile imported petroleum products. Only a very small percentage of the country's energy 1.1 Land requirement is met from local resources: biomass for cooking and solar photovoltaic The Cook Islands is a group of 15 islands and installations mainly in remote atolls. The two together they cover a total land area of about main petroleum companies, Mobil Oil 240 square kilometers but this is spread over 2 Company and Triad Petroleum Company million square kilometers of the Southwest imports their products from New Zealand and Pacific Ocean, 155degW - 167degW and Fiji via coastal tankers every two months. The 8degS - 23degS of the equator. The Cook three main ground products; diesel, mogas and Islands is divided into two groups - the kerosene are stocked by the oil companies and Southern Group (8 islands) are mainly sold at retailers around the island. Diesel volcanic islands with good soil for agricultural product is mainly consumed in the electricity purposes, and the Northern Group (7 islands) industry while mogas is used in the road are low lying coral atolls with vast lagoons for transport and kerosene for home use. Aviation ocean resources such as fishing and black gases are stored with another company, Joint pearls. The main island, Rarotonga, is 1630 Users Hydrant Industry (JUHI).

123 2.1 Electricity Sector The generators are diesel driven and runs for 19 hours per day. Electricity use in the Outer Of the 15 islands in the Cook Islands, 12 are Islands are mainly for lighting and inhabited and have access to electricity. The refrigeration, and about 80% of households production of electricity in the country is have access to electricity. mainly diesel driven generators although on one of the islands, Pukapuka, electricity is by 3. Renewable Energy solar. Due to the high cost of importing petroleum Rarotonga Electricity Authority products, the Government of the Cook Islands have realized the importance of On the main island, Rarotonga, electricity is renewable sources of energy. The Energy generated from one main power station and Division of the Ministry of Works, Energy then delivered on a ring main grid and an and Physical Planning (MOWEPP) has been across the island grid, the later being put in created, as part of its functions, to look into place in anticipation of future development in the possibility of utilising renewable sources the tourism industry. Nearly 95% of the of energy. households have access to electricity with the remaining 5% not far from the grid. Electricity 3.1 Solar Energy cost is as follows: 3.1.1 Solar Water Heating Domestic Primary rate 0-60 units at 20 cents Solar hot water heating is now very common Secondary rate 61-300 units at 27.5 cents in the Cook Islands. The Government has Tertiary rate Over 300 units at initiated a tax rebate as an incentive to 40 cents encourage people to purchase and use this Fixed charge for $ 5.00 per month system for water heating instead of electric all consumers water heating. Commercial All units 40 cents Fixed charge for $ 5.00 per month 3.1.2 Solar Photovoltaic all consumers Solar PV system was introduced to the Cook The installed capacity at the power station is Islands in the early 80's, however it was not 6.6MW with a Maximum Demand of 3.2 MW. until in 1992 when the full impact the solar PV Total consumers over 3,700. was realised and the island of Pukapuka was installed with solar PV system. The system Outer Islands Electricity Supply has been designed to allow for future expansion. For seven years the people of The other 11 islands in the Cook Islands have Pukapuka have enjoyed the luxury that we on access to electricity. The table below shows the main island are enjoying. their total installed capacity and maximum demands. 3.1.3 Solar Photovoltaic - Communication

ISLAND GENERATOR DEMAND SIZE (kW) Communications to the remote Outer Islands (Total firm have been very difficult in the past because of capacity) the inconsistent electricity supply. The Aitutaki 946 430 introduction of the Solar PV system saw it Mangaia 188 135 Mauke 114 82 being used as the main electricity supply for Atiu 200 100 the communication equipment although in Mitaro 50 29 other islands, Solar PV system is being used as Penrhyn 76 65 a back up should the main electricity fails. Manihiki1 Rakahanga 42 12 Palmerston 21 18 3.2 Wind Energy Pukapuka Solar power Nassau Solar/diesel power Wind energy was introduced during the post Second World War for communication purposes, and in the late seventies, wind energy was used for water pumping in the Outer Islands. 1 Power generation and distribution being rebuilt after cyclone

124 As a member of the Forum Island Countries, 3.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion the Cook Islands managed to negotiate with (OTEC) the Forum Secretariat for a regional wind- monitoring project. This project was started in None at this stage and not being explored. 1994, and in 1996 the result was analyzed and proved to have potential for wind energy on 4. Comments the main island of Rarotonga. The Cook Islands participation at the Rio Summit made it The Government of the Cook Islands is very possible for the Cook Islands to secure some keen to further and develop renewable sources interest from the Forum for Energy to assist that have potentials. Currently, the Energy with the installation of a wind turbine. A Division is nearing completion of an energy proposal was prepared with assistance from the policy that will enable the Division to design a Danish Government for a 200kW wind turbine work program for further developments in to be installed in Rarotonga but unfortunately renewable sources of energy. External at the time, the Cook Islands Government was assistance however must be sought in order for not in a good financial position to support the the Cook Islands to be able to fund these project. developments.

Earlier this year, the South Pacific Kia Manuia. Commission (SPC) with assistance from the Energy Division in the Cook Islands carried out feasibility study on two other islands. The finding of the study is completed and awaiting translation - French to English.

3.3 Biomass

The Cook Islands have abundance sources of biomass but only by our standard and for years, the people have been enjoying them for cooking and heating until the introduction of electricity. Biomass was never been seriously thought of being used as a source for electricity production, however the Cook Islands Government did in the eighties looked into the possibility of a wood burner generator but the project was cancelled because it lacked the support of the community.

3.4 Wave Energy

A Regional Workshop was conducted in the Cook Islands on this technology but nothing has eventuated. The Cook Islands do not have the resources to fully explore in this area.

3.5 Hydro Power

There have been some negotiations for a mini- hydropower scheme however, due to land restrictions the project was shelved.

3.6 Nuclear Power

None for the Cook Islands and is against the country's environmental belief.

125 126 Renewable Energy Ð C and a maximum mean of 30 degrees C (Roseau) Commonwealth of Dominica Social Geography: Mr. Sylvester Vital, The islands population is about 71, 000, Head of the Electrical Division, approximately 30,000 of which inhabits the Ministry of Communications, Works country's capital, Roseau and its environs. and Housing, With the exception of about 600 Carib Commonwealth of Dominica inhabitants, the islands few remaining original inhabitants, who leave in a self-administered reservation, the overwhelming majority of the Geography and Socio-economic Context population is of African origin.

General Information: Economy:

Dominica is the largest English-speaking The economy of the island has been agrarian island of the Lesser Antilles. It is situated and essentially mono-cultural, based on between the French islands of Guadeloupe to bananas and to a much lesser extent on citrus the north and Martinique to the south. and coconuts, over the last decades. Despite its Dominica has a total area of about 977 square expanding services sector and a developing Km and a population of about 71,183 of which light industry sector, Dominica primarily about 62% are under 25 years of age and over depends on agriculture. The Agricultural sector 91% are black. accounted for over 30% of GDP and 55% of total exports. What is more, 40% of all Geography: employed persons work in this sector.

Dominica with a total area of about 977 Km2 Industrial production is currently limited to the is the northernmost and largest of the manufacture of soap, galvanised metal, and Windward Islands. It is situated between the textiles as well as the processing of oils for French islands of Guadeloupe to the north foodstuff and perfume production. and Martinique to the south. Dominica is very mountainous: A north-south mountain The agricultural sector can still claim to range of volcanic origin runs through the represent the primary potential for the island, its highest peak reaching between country's economic development. 1,100 and 1,432m (4700 ft.). No single peak is more than six Km from the coast, which Agriculture: accounts for the extreme rugged nature of the island as a whole. Dominica stretches about The traditional predominant agricultural sector 46 Km along the length of this mountain in Dominica is crop growing. The most range and is 26 Km wide at its broadest point. frequently cultivated and exported crops are Dominica has a very thick rain forest and a bananas, citrus fruits, coconuts and root crops. large number of streams and rivers flowing The rich volcanic soil together with high both east and west into the Atlantic ocean and precipitation create an extremely fertile Caribbean sea respectively. climate for a large variety of agricultural crop.

Climate: Livestock production is mainly carried out by small holders on a subsistence-basis or as a Dominica has a tropical climate. The dry supplementary source of income to the primary season between January and May is followed livelihood of crop cultivation. The livestock by a humid period lasting from June to most commonly kept are goats, pigs, sheep and December. The precipitation levels vary cattle. considerably between the windward eastern part of the island, with an annual rainfall figure Energy Characteristics of 2,500 mm, and the island's west coast with its annual 1,250mm. About 4,000 mm of Energy Sector: rainfall falls annually in the country's interior; up to 7,500 mm on the highest peaks. The Dominica has no known reserves of crude oil long-term average temperature is about 27 and depends in totality on imports, from degrees C with a minimum mean of 21 degrees Trinidad and Tobago and other oil producing

127 and/or refining countries in the Caribbean and They are all owned and operated by the C.D.C other regions, of gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil and together produce more than 50% of the and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Gasolene total energy supplied to the National grid. and Diesel are primarily used in the transportation sector whereas kerosene and Several studies have been commissioned in the LPG are used in the domestic sector for past to identify the island's hydro-electric cooking etc. With LPG being used in the resources. All studies were in agreement that urban centers. there are substantial hydro-electric resources on the island: A number of other basins in the The electricity company in Dominica which southern half of the island possess hydro operates the national grid is a private potential. According to one study, apart from monopoly owned by the Commonwealth the existing 6500 KW of capacity established Development Corporation (CDC). They hold in the upper Roseau River Basin, a further the sole exclusive licence for the generation, 15,680 KW of hydro-electric power can be transmission distribution and sale of electricity exploited from other river basins. in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Geothermal Energy: A total of 42,343,000 kWh of electricity was consumed on the national grid in 1994. Of this A U.N.D.P. evaluation of Dominica's Natural 42,343,000 KWh, 22,166,000 KWh went to Resources in 1969 concluded that the chances the Domestic sector; 12,119,000 KWh to the for finding economic quantities of natural Commercial sector; 2,446,000Kwh to the steam for power generation in Dominica are Industrial sector; 4,913,000 KWh went to excellent; recent volcanism and the geological Street Lighting; and 699,000 KWh was used structure associated with the volcanoes suggest for General Lighting. In that year there was the presence of a large, shallow heat source; 29,212,000 KWh of Hydro-generation and the chemistry of the hot springs indicates the 23,153,000 KWh of diesel generation which possibility of producing steam without an used up an estimated 1,330,439 gallons of associated liquid phase; it may be the cheapest Diesel. source of power in the Caribbean region.

At the end of 1994 there were 18,812 US Geological Survey's "Resource Appraisal Domestic consumers, 1,514 Commercial of Dominica, 1978 concluded: Natural deposits consumers, 52 Industrial consumers, 172 of copper, pumice, limestone and clays may be Street lighting consumers and 977 General sufficient to justify long-term industrial lighting consumers connected to the national development; a very good potential for grid. geothermal power exists on the island; a study of the comparative costs of development of Experience with Renewable Energy hydroelectric power vs. Geothermal power is needed. Hydro-Electricity: French "Geothermal Studies in Dominica, May Dominica with its mountains of up to 1432 m 1980: One Dominican geothermal well can (4700 ft) above sea level, heavy rain fall, very probably produce 5 to 10 MW. This is much thick rain forest and large number of streams stronger than in Guadeloupe where three (3) and rivers flowing both east and west into the wells are needed to produce 6 MW; Atlantic ocean and Caribbean sea respectively, Dominica's Soufriere and Wotton Waven possesses considerable potential for the fields could produce 50 to 100 MW each; The development of run of the river hydroelectric Boiling Lake could produce much more. It is power schemes. Except for a few, the rivers estimated that the first large resorvoir is at a are very comparable in size. They generally depth of 400 metres to 800 metres with a follow a direct path to the sea and there are feeder zone at about 800m to 1400 metres limited cases of amalgamation of streams to below ground level. The magma temperatures form larger rivers with significant catchments. at these depths has been estimated at 200 The Roseau river basin has in fact been degrees C to 300 degrees C. In addition, it is partially developed and 6500 kW of hydro- believed that a deep heat source (900 degrees electric power is presently being generated at C) exists at a depth of 6 to 10 kilometers. A three power plants at Laudat, Trafalgar and thorough geothermal measurement program, Padu. All existing hydro-power stations are with exploratory drillings, and a 5 MW pilot essentially run-of-the-river schemes in plant are needed to define and prove out the conjunction with small damns/reservoirs. resource.

128 In Nov 1981, an analysis of Dominica's The "technology transfer" phase of the project Geothermal Energy Potential was done in ended in December 1988, and evidently there which a Dominican Geothermal Program was has been no further dissemination of the proposed to run over the period 1982 to 2018 technology since. Only a couple (if any) at a total cost of over $365 Million involving additional units have been built to date. The three 100 MW Electric power geothermal interest-free fund no longer exists and the plants. technology never propagated as intended. In fact the program never really continued and It is believed that when the geothermal fields only a fraction of the original 14 units are now are fully developed in Dominica, electric functional. power generation of up to 300 MW would be possible. The reasons for the failure of the project are still unclear, but amongst the contending However to date no exploratory or other work reasons are: has been done in this area in Dominica and the program has not been implemented. This is a) The sizes of farms in Dominica are primarily because of the high capital cost generally too small for the technology to involved, sufficient hydro power resources, generate a significant financial benefit to and for reasons of an inadequate market. the farmer and the other benefits did not seem to generate enough of an incentive Biogas: b) The small farmers generally could not In August 1983 an agreement on Technical afford the capital cost (albeit not too large) Cooperation was signed between the Govt. of involved the Federal Republic of Germany and the Caribbean Development Bank (C.D.B.) on the c) The local organizations entrusted with execution of a biogas program in the management of the program did not do a framework of the Regional Energy Action Plan good job of it. (REAP). The program was aimed at a self- sustaining dissemination of the biogas Other Sources of Renewable Energy technology in CDB member countries. Dominica was one of the countries to benefit Other alternative energies such as wind or under this program. solar energy have never been taken into serious consideration, because of sufficient In Dominica's economy, agriculture plays a Hydro-power resources. However, due to vital role and livestock rearing in common. As Dominica's geographical position (about 15 most of the country's livestock is reared on degrees North Latitude) there is substantial small farms (0.44 ha) the largest potential potential for solar energy. The solar energy groups were mainly small farmers. Organic resources of a typical Caribbean island are back-yard gardening is common in certain considerable, the sun providing about 6 KWh areas. The use of slurry (bio-fertilizer) of energy every day for every square meter of therefore exists. land area.

Two demonstration units were constructed to There is one company on the island that demonstrate the technical feasibility of the manufactures and sells solar water heaters. biogas technology and a one week workshop Many recently built homes now have solar was conducted. Another 3 demonstration units water heaters install, but there is no formal or were later constructed. A biogass committee organized promotion of the technology on the was formed whose role was to provide island. supervision, technical assistance, monitoring and evaluation activities. A fund was also set Since Dominica is hit by the northeast "trade up to provide interest-free loans to small winds" and has high mountains for any wind farmers with limited financial potential to power installation, there is also great potential procure materials for constructing biogass for this energy source. There are wind speeds units. of over nine meters per second. However, nothing has been formally done regarding the Up till 1988 a total of 14 biogass units were harnessing of wind power in Dominica. been constructed and two were under construction.

129 130 Fiji Department of Energy. policies, the use of indigenous renewable energy resources and the efficient use of Renewable Energy Program energy. Its aim is to reduce the level of dependency of Fiji on imported petroleum Mr. Prinesh Narayan, products and to reduce the country's energy costs. On the energy demand side, the Senior Scientific Officer, measures mainly involve energy management Ministry of Works and Energy, and conservation of energy which consumers Fiji themselves may adopt to improve the efficiency of the energy systems they use.

1.0 Introduction At present, Fiji's energy supply is derived from imported fuel and local renewable energy The Republic of Fiji Islands is an archipelago resources. The responsibility for electricity country spread over an ocean area of 709,660 generation, transmission and distribution in square kilometres [sq.km.]. It lies to the East Fiji is vested with the Fiji Electricity Authority of Australia and to the North of New Zealand (FEA), a wholly Government owned statuary on the International dateline. Fiji is comprised body established under the Electricity Act of more than 300 islands of which 108 are 1966. inhabited. The land area of the islands is only about 10% of the total and islands range from FEA currently operates five separate supply as little as 2 sq.km to 10,390 sq.km. in area. systems, of which the hydro-based Viti Levu Interconnected System [VLIS] is by far the The capital of Fiji, Suva, is the centre for most largest, accounting for more than 90% of total business organisations and some industry - Fiji FEA energy sales. The VLIS distributes power is also referred to as the hub of the entire South from the 76 MW Monasavu hydro and is Pacific region. Industries such as sugar backed up by nearly 60 MW of diesel capacity milling, copra processing, gold mining, [units installed prior to the commissioning of garment industry, tobacco curing, fish the Monasavu hydro scheme in 1983]. processing, fruit canning, wood milling and others are a major source of employment and Vanua Levu has no widespread electricity grid, foreign exchange earner in Fiji. The tourist partly due to the high cost of diesel generation industry has, in the recent years, produced and scarcely spread population of the entire income figures in the approximity of the sugar area. The Savusavu grid is powered by a 800 industry, the latter is considered to be the kW hydro scheme and a 1.04 MW diesel plant. backbone of the economy of Fiji. The tourist industry, however, can boast given the Only about 40% of Fiji's total number of rural numerous world class hotel, resorts that Fiji households are electrified. This places houses. Commercial establishments like extremely great pressure on renewable energy schools, banks, financial companies, resources to be used as fuel for electricity restaurants, insurance companies, etc. also plants. Rural households use kerosene for fuel operate in large numbers. mostly for lighting and wood for cooking. Although there is abundance of sunshine, rain - Fiji has a typical tropical climate with wood as a fuel is rapidly depleting in Fiji. occasional rain and lots of sunshine. Being volcanic islands and wet climate, it has good 3.0 Renewable Energy Development rain forests on all the islands. The wet season Program is taken as the months of November to April [inclusive] and the dry seasons from May to It has always been in the interest of the Fiji October [inclusive]. DOE to promote the use of renewable energy resources and exploit these resources to Total population of Fiji is approximately provide high quality energy. In 1996, the Fiji 760,000 and 94% of the total population live Government announced Energy as a priority in on the two main islands of Viti Levu and its development plans. This not only boosted Vanua Levu. the role of the DOE but also enhanced its Renewable Energy Development Program 2.0 Energy Characteristics (REDP).

The Fiji Government via its Department of The primary objective of the REDP is to Energy [DOE] promotes, through it's energy research into the various indigenous renewable

131 energy resources and assess its technical and The village of Naroi on the island of Moala in economical viability for development. This is the Lau Group is electrified using renewable, in the perception of reducing the use of non-polluting solar generators. The DOE imported and expensive non-renewable fuels. provided locally sourced materials, including However, prior to development of any treated wood poles and transport of the renewable resource, DOE considers it equipment to Moala. Approximately 170 important to have a collection of the relevant households have been equipped with high data for analysis. This allows technical and efficiency, solar powered lighting systems and economical assessment to be carried out prepayment meters. The solar generators used effectively. for Naroi have an estimated lifespan of over twenty years with battery replacement required A significant percentage of Fiji's rural every eight to ten years. population are without electricity and do not have access to the national electricity grid. 3.2 Hydro This made it necessary for DOE to develop the REDP to research into the viability of the Fiji Islands group is well endowed with water renewable resources for electricity supply. systems both large and small scale. These Although there are a wide range of local water systems are fed by heavy rainfall, renewable resources, those of current concern characterised by the mountainous topography to DOE include solar, hydro, wind, biomass of Fiji's volcanic islands. and geothermal. The introduction of the hydro programme 3.1 Solar Program focussed on the following objectives:

Fiji has considerable sunshine and it can be · to assess all potential mini/micro, hydro utilised to generate electricity at low operating sites throughout Fiji and determine their and maintenance costs and being feasibility environmentally friendly make it an attractive · to rank all potential sites within Fiji which option for electricity supply. As a result there would facilitate a more detailed is an increase in regional research and examination and subsequent development. demonstration PV projects and DOE has · to ascertain the viability of the sites that placed PV as a rural electrification option in its have been identified above. Rural Electrification Policy. · to prepare a pre-feasibility study report for identified sites, which have undergone the The DOE has in the past installed various PV long-term monitoring programme and has demonstration and trial projects including proved viable in terms of the hydrology of water pumps, video and television. The the site. success rate of performance for most of these solar applications, in particular the water From provisional ranking, the long term pumps, were poor. These systems were poorly monitoring of at least two years is undertaken maintained and as a result are not operating. to determine the consistency of the available However, the trial projects for the solar video data. and TV have proven successful in the rural areas. Hydropower has received general recognition in Fiji and given the importance for rural The provision of basic lighting has been the electrification and the availability of potential main focus of the solar energy programme. hydro sites around the country, hydro power Solar lighting projects consisted of the supply is also incorporated into the RE policy (1993) of 2-11W lights and 1-7W night-light. This as an electrification option. There are 7 micro had proven to be sufficient in the past. hydro projects in operation in Fiji. The size However, in 1996 a rural survey was carried of these projects range from 3 kW to 100 kW. out on a village with an existing solar system, which identified a demand for a bigger system The most recent hydro project is Muana Hydro that could allow them to use electrical scheme. This project was funded by the appliances. Korean Government, through the Korea International Corporation Agency (KOICA), The most recent major PV project has been from a grant of $US 200,000 with local costs the Photovoltaic Electrification of Naroi which met by the Government of Fiji. is a F$ 1 million dollar French government funded project in Fiji's Lau Group of Islands.

132 The project is for three villages in the Northern 3.3.3 Institutional Wood Stoves Coast of Vanua Levu. The three villages have approximately 136 households with a In the early nineties, the DOE carried out a population of approximately 600. The three research on smokeless and efficient wood villages also host a primary school, a health stoves. As a result a more comprehensive center, groceries shops, community halls etc. design on woodstoves is currently being used The project design capacity is 30kW. in Fiji. The Foundation of the People of the South Pacific (FSP), a non-governmental 3.3 Biomass organisation is playing the leading role in the construction and dissemination of institutional Fiji has considerable biomass resources - wood stoves to boarding schools throughout forests, coconut husk, bagasse, sawmill waste, the country. However, the DOE has continued rice wastes to name a few, which can be used in assisting FSP on the construction of the as fuel for industrial processing as well as for stoves. Currently, attempts are under way to steam co-generation plants in rural areas. disseminate the knowledge on institutional wood stove construction to other Pacific Island 3.3.1Bagasse Countries.

Fiji Sugar Cooperation (FSC) has historically 3.3.4 Municipal Waste been using bagasse as fuel in the steam co- generation plants in all of their mills at Disposal of municipal waste is an increasing Lautoka, Rakiraki, Ba and Labasa. FSC problem for all urban areas. Fiji's major urban generates significant amount of electricity in areas produce waste in large quantities and these mills for their use and the surplus is sold energy generation from this resource, specially to FEA. waste incineration, is an option DOE see worth evaluating. Bagasse is derived from the processing of sugar cane and the four FSC sugar mills crush To determine the volume of waste entering the an average of 3.64 million tonnes of cane dump each day DOE installed a weighbridge at annually. the Lami dump in 1995. Sufficient data has been collected over a period of two years. 3.3.2 Wood In January 1997, to determine the composition An Energy survey conducted by DOE revealed of the waste entering the dump DOE engaged that wood contributed 18% of Fiji's energy the services of the University of the South supply in the period 1988 - 1992 and Pacific Chemistry Department (USPCD). This approximately three-quarters of the wood project included the sampling and seperation supply is consumed by the household sector of the waste entering the dump and analysing for cooking. the samples.

Wood supply for household use is largely 3.3.5 Steam Plants informal. Most rural homes collect their own wood. In areas deprived of forest and fuel In 1987 a steam cogeneration plant was wood supplies, wood is obtained from vendors installed in Navakawau village in Taveuni and saw millers. which provided electricity for household lighting and heat for copra and kava (yagona) Wood is also used in the industrial sector for drying. The plant included a combined 10kW raising steam. A pine wood sawmill at electricity generator and a copra drying plant Lautoka is perhaps the single largest producer using steam generated from biomass. and user of waste wood. Production of timber and chips at Drasa from plantation pines Currently the steam plant is in urgent need of results in 30,000 tonnes of fuel quality biomass overhaul and repairs. There are also plans to waste produced annually. The sawmill uses relocate this plant as the current village has not approximately half of this wood waste for maintained the steam plant properly and cogenerating electricity (3 MW) and steam. supply of fuel has been low. The remainder of the wood waste is accumulating adjacent to the factory. Efforts Another steam cogeneration plant is installed are continuing to find a suitable use for this in a private estate in Wainiyaku, Taveuni. The energy resource. estate owners privately own the plant.

133 3.3.6 Biogas Digesters The hybrid system consists of 8 x 6.7kW wind turbines, 40 kW solar system and 2 x 100kW In 1996, DOE, in collaboration with Ministry stand-by diesel generators. The Nabouwalu of Agriculture, embarked on a pilot Biogas Government Station includes a Government project programme in Fiji. So far DOE has hospital, Post Office, Provincial Council successfully installed 15.8m3 biogas digesters building, Agriculture and Fisheries at two piggery farms and one diary farm. The Department, Public Works Department depot biogas is used as a fuel for domestic cooking and its staff quarters, Police station and its and heating water at the dairy farm. staff quarters and three shops, and other Government Departments, altogether totaling 3.4 Wind approximately 100 consumers.

In Fiji wind technology has been utilised in a The Nabouwalu Village Hybrid Power System very small scale and until recently, the winds has been optimised to produce 60% of the of Fiji have not to-date been the subject of any electricity from renewable energy resources systematic assessment for determination of (wind and solar) and the balance with diesel their potential to generate electricity. generators.

In 1991 DOE began installing wind monitoring 3.5 Geothermal stations in order to determine the wind regime in the country. The collection of data was The DOE is involved in the investigation of necessary to determine and identify the viable the extent of Fiji's geothermal resources for sites for potential installation of wind farms to future energy planning and supply purposes in be connected to the national grid as a Vanua Levu. The objectives of the geothermal supplementary source of energy. programme are to determine:

An important feature of this program has been · whether exploitable geothermal fields the dissemination of data collected and exist in Savusavu or Labasa, discussions with interested wind farm · the cost of exploiting these fields for developers. The dissemination of data has led electricity generation/process heat on to the presentation of proposals by Vanua Levu, Independent Power Producers (IPP) towards · the comparative cost per mega-watt-hour the utilisation of this renewable resource. of geothermal electricity generation with other generating options on Vanua Levu A total of five wind monitoring stations exist and, around Fiji with three located along the · to promote the development of the southern coast of Viti Levu while two have geothermal resource by inviting been installed in Vanua Levu. Raw hourly data BOO/BOOT schemes. have recorded wind speeds ranging from light to strong winds (2 - 15m/s). Fiji's geothermal resources have the potential to be developed to supplement Fiji's presently Wind and solar radiation data has been predominant Hydro Electric Power (HEP). collected for two years at Nabouwalu This could only be made possible once the Government station till July, 1997. In 1997, technical and economic viability of geothermal DOE in conjunction with Pacific International resource is assessed and proven. Geothermal is Center for High Technology Research particularly important for Vanua Levu where (PICHTR) installed a small hybrid power the prospects for a significant sized HEP system in Nabouwalu Government Station in potential is severely limited. Vanua Levu. Surface study results have indicated that the A financial aid of F$ 800,000 was provided Savusavu prospect, which has reservoir by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan temperature near 250oC, can provide heat to (MOFA) to PICHTR for the purchase of the enable the generation of approximately 25 hardware and equipment for this project. The MW of electricity. The Labasa prospect's local costs totaling approximately F$ 180,000 reservoir temperature is close to 130oC and for civil and road works, construction of can provide process heat. power house, purchase of transformers, electrical cables and accessories was met by To date, all geophysical surveys have been DOE. completed and the next stage will be deep

134 drilling to verify the theoretical findings and 4.0 Conclusion the subsequent development of the resource. The Renewable Energy Development Program 3.6 Wave Energy has enabled the DOE to explore and exploit its indigenous renewable resources. The program The wave power generation data collection has also enabled the study of the various programme began in Fiji in 1990. A report on technologies available in the market and the data collected was prepared. This year, exploring their viability in our environment. DOE in collaboration with South Pacific The success of some of the pilot projects has Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) lead to incorporating in the RE policy the planned to carry out additional work on ocean resource and technology as an option for and wave energy in Fiji. electricity generation. The not so successful pilot projects has prompted DOE to further Currently, SOPAC is discussing with investigate into the technology options Norwegian Agency for International available to utilise the renewable resource in Development (NORAD) the possibilities of the most efficient manner. analyzing the cost/benefit of generating electricity from sea waves as compared to the The DOE intends to continue its REDP with traditional option of generating electricity the intention of offering new sources of energy using diesel fuel. A detailed project proposal and technology to the country and further will then be prepared for submission to reduce our reliance on importing costly non- NORAD in 1999. renewable fuels.

Meanwhile, following DOE submissions for a wave energy project, Fiji Mission to the United Nations has secured funds for a 5 kW wave project in Fiji through the Trust Fund on New and Renewable Sources of Energy of the United Nations. DOE is currently liaising with the consultants (Ocean Power Technologies, USA) for the implementation of this project.

135 136 Guam abundant population of colorful fish and other forms of marine life.

Mr. Fred Camacho, The Port Authority of Guam, the largest harbor Director, in the Pacific between the Philippines and Guam Energy Office, Hawaii, services more than 1,000 vessels in Apra Guam Harbor. Presently, 12 steamship lines serve the abundance of cargo shipped through Guam's port. The International Maritime Commission recognizes Guam as having one of the moot Hafa Adai. efficient port operations in the world.

Greetings from Guam, America's paradise A majority of hotel, business, and residential island in the Pacific. Guam, a land blessed centers are on the western side of the island with a rich cultural legacy and spectacular facing the tranquil Philippine Sea. A drive natural beauty, welcomes visitors with genuine alone the eastern coast boasts breathtaking warmth and hospitality. The name "Guam" views of the Pacific Ocean thundering against comes from the ancient Chamorro word the narrow coastal shelf. "Guahan", meaning "we have". Land Area Close your eyes and imagine a secluded white sandy beach without a single footprint to mar Guam covers an area of 212 square miles (549 its pristine beauty. Imagine the, thunderous square km), and is about 30 miles (48.39 km) roar of the surf crashing over a distant reef and in length with a width of 8 1/2 miles (13.71 the sound of gentle waves lapping against the km) at the northern tip and a maximum width shore. A cool ocean breeze stirs the, verdant in the south of 11 1/2 miles (18.55 km). inland jungle growth and the perfumed scent of flowers carries for miles. Does this sound Topography like the setting for all your dreams of paradise? Well, open your eyes and you'll find you're in A majority of the island is Surrounded by a Guam! coral table reef with deep water channels. The coastline, areas are characterized by sandy The island was formed millions of years ago beaches, rocky, cliff lines, and mangroves. when a pair of volcanoes sank beneath the Shaped like a footprint, Guam was formed by ocean leaving only their twin peaks above sea the union of two volcanoes; a limestone level. The lava remains of the southern plateau in the northern and southern sections volcano eventually fused with the older of the island. The relatively flat north is home northern crater. This craters limestone top had to a majority of Guam's population and been formed underwater during a long period businesses, while in the south, cascading by an extensive coral polyp community. waterfalls, seldom visited hiking trails, and an abundance of lush agricultural lands laid to the Southern Guam is made up of volcanic hills, aura of a relaxed and laid back island lifestyle. which rise to a maximum height of 1,334 feet above sea level. But, measured from its base at Location the bottom of the Marianas Trench, Mount Humuyong Manglo is the highest mountain in Guam is the southernmost and largest of the the world. Rivers cut through this terrain and islands in the Mariana arcipelago, a group of high waterfalls abound. The central and 15 islands located within approximately three northern sections of the island consist of a hours of major Asian cities. Included are limestone plateau as high as 600 feet with selected and their distances from Guam steep cliffs dropping down to a narrow coastal Manila, Philippines, 1,597 miles (12,555 km) shelf. The towering Cliffs are tunneled with west Tokyo, Japan. 1,55.5 miles (2,493 km) caves formed by the relentless and pounding south-southeast, Seoul, Korea, 1,992 miles surf. (2,590 km) southeast, Taipei, Taiwan, 1,246 miles (2,077 km) northwest; and, Hong Kong Apra Harbor is considered one of the region's 2,026 miles (3,376 km) northwest. finest commercial ports. It is also a favorite spot for divers and snorkelers. It is also one of Guam lies 13 degrees 36 minutes North latitude the few commercial ports in the world and 144 degrees 44 minutes East longitude. The featuring a spectacular live reef with an island is the western moot territory of the United

137 States and 15 hours ahead of the Eastern from the pollution discharges similar to its Seaboard Time Zone. Hence, the popular slogan neighboring continental land masses. The is often used: Guam, Where America's Day result Guam's water quality remains Begins. consistently pure. Water quality is regularly monitored for compliance with federal and Climate local standards.

As, in most tropical islands in the western Culture Pacific, the weather on Guam is warm throughout the year with less humidity from In addition to its inviting beaches, elegant November through March. The mean annual hotels, and great bargains, Guam has another temperature near sea level is about 81 F (27.2 vital attraction - its unique culture. The C) with monthly means ranging from 80 F traditions and customs of Guam's proud (26.7 C) in January to a little over 82 F (27.5 island heritage thrive, despite invading C) in June. Rarely does the temperature exceed conquerors, wars and epidemics, and 90 F (32.2 C) during the daytime hours or fall changing governments. Forged from a below 70 F (21.1 C) at night. The relative neolithic foundation and molded by historical humidity commonly exceeds 84 percent at events, Guam's living culture has, expanded night throughout the year, but the average into a vibrant, modern way of life. monthly humidity hovers near 66 per cent. Since the 17th century, Catholic churches Guam's climate is characterized by two distinct have been the center of village activities. seasons; a dry season from January to May, Even today, every village has its patron saint and a rainy season from July to November: whose feast clay in celebrated with an June and December are bansitional months. elaborate. fiesta, which the entire Wand is The mean annual rainfall varies from about 80 invited to attend. Family groups still hold inches in the central and coastal lowlands up to christening parties, fandanggos (weddings, 110 inches on the uplands in southern Guam. novenas, funerals, and death-anniversary A wide variation in rainfall can occur from rosaries). All are flavored by the rich Spanish year to year. In 1952, for example, a maximum heritage. of 145.5 inches was recorded, while the minimum rainfall recorded was 60.42 inches Spanish influence may also be open in the, three years later. mestiza, a style of women's clothing, or, in the architecture of Guam's southern villages. The easterly trade winds, usually between 4 and 12 miles per hour (mph), are dominant Countless Americans, Europeans, Asians, throughout the year. Only occasionally do Micronesians, and other visitors have left their winds exceed 24 mph, except during major imprints on the islands pastimes and tastes, but tropical storms or typhoons small scale storms, nowhere is the island's multi-cultural influence or squalls, can occur at any time and with little more evident than in its food. At a fiesta or notice. The likelihood of typhoons is greatest other Wand party, families prepare heavily during July through September, but they can laden tables of local delicacies, such as red occur during any month of the year. rice, shrimp patties, a Filipino style noodle dish called pancit, barbecued ribs and chicken, Air Quality and taro leaves cooked in coconut milk.. Music is an integral aspect of an island lifestyle, and Guam's air quality is one of the cleanest in the performances using traditional instruments, world and generally free from air pollution ouch as the belembaotuyan, are highlights of despite the high concentration of human cultural presentations. The belembaotuyan, activity in Guam's downtown metropolitan made from a hollow gourd and strung with a area, favorable meteorological conditions, in taut wire, creates a melodic sound enjoyed by particular the nearly constant, northeast trade all. winds, have prevented the build-up of any significant amount of pollutants. Legends and folklore about village taotaoaomo'na (ancient spirits), doomed lovers leaping to their death off Two Lovers's Point Water Quality (Puntan Dos Amantes), and Sirena, a beautiful young girl who became a mermaid, are, The island's ground water and ocean water portrayed in many of Guam's enriching resources have the rare advantage of being free cultural dances.

138 Guam's traditional arts are very much alive. were pushed to the maximum. Maintenance During cultural fairs and exhibitions, visitors was deferred because reserve capacity was often have the opportunity to watch master insufficient to allow for down time. weavers, carvers, and even a blacksmith at work. Weavers, using the traditional pandanus In the past, responsibility for power or coconut fibers, fashion baskets of various generation and distribution was shared sizes, purses, hats, floor mats, and wall between the Guam Power Authority and the hangings. Carvers hew tables, plaques, United States Navy, since the latter had built figurines of people or animals, and household extensive facilities for its own use at end of implements using ifil mangrove, or pago the Second World War. The Guam Power woods. Authority took over the responsibility for the Island-Wide-Power system in 1992. During The People this time, the authority was under tremendous pressure to resolve the generation problem Guam is considered the hub of the western and mollify an outraged public, a demanding Pacific and undeniably Micronesia's most Public Utilities Commission and a cosmopolitan destination - a true example of dissatisfied Legislature. In response, the the great American melting pot. In addition to authority started a fast track capacity the indigenous Chamorros and stateside' expansion program. About 95 megawatts was Americans, Guam boasts large populations of installed and brought into service in an eight- Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and month period. However, some of the speedy Micronesian Islanders, as well as a few new capacity brought an efficiency cost: the Vietnamese, Indians, and Europeans. new combustion turbines are the least efficient of the Guam Power Authority's As the 1990 census figures indicate, the ethnic installed capacity and have added composition of the island is 43 percent considerably to operating costs. Chamorro, 23 percent Filipino, 15 percent other ethnic groups, 14 percent Caacasian, and The answer to the power problems was found 5 percent other Pacific Islanders. in the great infrastructure upgrades and Approximately half of all Guam residents were additions to substations, transmission and born on Guam, and 70 percent of these are distribution. When all is said and done, the under the age of 34. Guam Power Authority is in a far stronger capacity position and is far more effective at Population meeting current load and customer expectation than it was 5 years ago. Base load Our island has been enjoying a steady generation totals ±160 megawatts. Medium population growth. The 1990 cencus reports a speed diesel plants total ±300 megawatts and population of 133,152, a 20.4 percent increase peaking or emergency unite (gas turbines & since 1980. Population estimates for 1997 diesels) total ±150 megawatts. The peak indicate Guam hag grown to 153,000 people. demand on any given day is approximately 260 megawatts allowing for substantial Energy Characteristics reserve capacity should any base load generator fail to operate. Residents and long-time visitors to Guam remember a time, up to only three years ago, The Guam Power Authority's customer mix is, when it seemed that every technical, natural, heavily residential as is typical in other Pacific and human factor that ever disrupted a power Islands, but has an unusually large supply in the world converged in Guam. When "commercial" sector due to the military and earthquakes and typhoons weren't ripping growth of tourism on Guam. through the island, brown tree snakes would come out and short the whole system. Then The authority has a complex rate structure, there were the power outages - planned and reflecting the variety of electricity customer unplanned - it made no difference to the public types in Guam. The average charge per - this was a way of life on Guam. And the kilowatt hour, excluding the Navy which gets Guam Power Authority caught the blame for it a reduced rate (9.2 cents/kWh) for high all. volume, is 12.4 cents per kWh. The average residential rate is just under 11 cents/kWh, The Guam Power Authority's capacity couldnÕt the average commercial rate is about 13.5 keep up with the demand and the existing mix cents and government pays about 14 of steam turbines and medium-speed diesels cents/kWh.

139 Renewable Energy on Guam and appliances. Because of the potential typhoon, most residents build concrete homes. With Guam's constant sunshine, one can The challenge is creating a building that will assume that the climate is just right for solar not only withstand the high winds but is cool powered systems. Unfortunately, renewable and comfortable. The PERC building will be energy is not financially advantageous for the built in the latest technology of foam insulated average consumer. The Guam Power Authority concrete walls. Of course, solar powered has implemented a rebate program for energy systems will also be on display. This system, efficient appliance including solar powered separate from the solar water heater, will water heaters. Currently, only 60 residential power lights and ceiling fans in the facility. It customers have taken advantage of this rebate is our hope that this building will provide ($600 rebate for a system that costs potential home builders and property mangers approximately $3,200 for an 80gallon tank). with actual proof that energy efficiency is not Other factors to consider when contemplating only financially beneficial but also simple to the purchase of solar systems, is the high salt install and maintain. content (which allows for corrosion), frequent storms (typhoons) and the cage with which We continue to remain optimistic about the residents and businesses alike can connect to future of renewable energy sources on the. the power grid. island of Guam. But until the technology is more cost effective and the panels are able to In 1990, the Guam Energy Office saw a need weather the storms that batter the island, it will to provide, an emergency light, phone and continue to be seen as a back up or emergency ceiling fan at the village mayors offices. With power source. the then unreliable power system and the, a number of storms cutting off power, these systems proved to be, in some cases, life saving.

In 1995, the Guam Energy Office granted $50,000 to the University of Guam's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The project involved the design and development of a solar powered backup feeder for aquarium raised Talapia (Indigenous fish). This project was successful and continues to be used in various applications.

The applications of solar power on Guam are currently either for emergencies or for small applications. We continue to seek ways to support research and development in the area of renewable energy sources and we look forward to a time when the technology provides a less expensive and typhoon resistant solar panel.

We do recognize that this is a fairly new technology for a community that has depended on an island-wide power system. The incentive to delve into renewable energy sources can best be introduced by the Guam Power Authority through their current rebate system.

Plans for the Future

In October 1999, the Guam Energy Office will be celebrating the opening of the Pacific Energy Resource Center (PERC). This state- of-the-art facility will showcase the most energy efficient building materials, techniques

140 Electrification of Rural Areas Kiribati is one of the world's least-developed countries. Because almost all manufactured using Solar PV System Ð The commodities are imported, the government is Kiribati Experience trying to develop small-scale industries such as handicrafts, tourism, and commercial fishing. Recently, the export of seaweed to the Mr. Francis Ngalu, European market has grown to a significant Permanent Secretary for Works and level. Energy, Ministry of Works and Energy, The capital island, South Tarawa, is electrified by diesel engines. Fossil-fueled generators are Kiribati normally used to power the rural area (outer island) government offices and larger Geography Features secondary schools. There is no grid-based electricity provided apart from Tarawa and The Republic of Kiribati is a former British Kiritimati Island. Colony, the Gilbert Islands, which gained independence in 1979. It consists of 33 atoll Environmental Concerns and Responses type islands scattered 5¡ North and South of the equator and 150¡ W to170¡ E longitude in The poor soil, the limited supply of potable the Pacific Ocean, and sub-divided into three ground water and the small size of the islands main groups: makes what would be minor environmental issues in larger countries, major ones in · The Gilbert group: a chain of 17 atolls Kiribati. Through the ages, the people of spread over 680 kilometers in the west Kiribati have evolved a rigorous system of life, which includes Tarawa, the seat of which kept the precarious balance. In recent Government; years, rapid change in the direction of · The Phoenix group: a cluster of 8 atolls westernisation has so disrupted that balance on lying about halfway between the Gilbert the capital island of South Tarawa that it has and Line groups; become not possible to support the island's · The Line group: a chain of 8 atolls spread population without heavy dependence on over 2,000 kilometers, located some 3,000 outside resources. Thus far, the rural islands kilometers east of the Gilbert group. It have not lost their ability to live in harmony includes Kiritimati Island, which accounts with the environment and remain capable of for half the country's land area. independent survival.

The total land area of all these islands added The Government of Kiribati has recognized the together is only 746 square kilometers. danger to the survival of its rural people due to Kiribati's population is approximately 75,000 uncontrolled "modernization". In this respect, people with over 25,000 living on the southern the social, economic and environmental part of Tarawa. The land elevation averages impacts of its rural programs are carefully two meters and frequently consists of a thin considered before implementation. However, it broken ribbon of land partly enclosing a will only accept those components that can lagoon. It is composed primarily of coral sand improve the lives of the rural people without and rocks. Droughts often occur due to endangering their ability to retain the self- irregular rainfall patterns. The soil is poor and sufficiency, which is vital to long term survival vegetation is mainly limited to coconut palms, of the people and the country itself. In general, breadfruit and pandanus trees, where economic development programs are centered production of agricultural products on on improving access and use of the very large commercial basis is virtually non-existent. The ocean resources available to the rural people primary local food sources are coconuts, and not on changes to the use of the limited, pandanus fruit and breadfruit plus the vast fragile land areas. Social development resources of the sea. programs emphasized more on improved health care, education, communications and Socio-economic Conditions the quality of life. The impact of the programs which would change traditional agricultural The I-Kiribati people are Micronesians, with methods, the use of the limited fresh water some resident Polynesians and Europeans. The resources of the atoll or the basic patterns of level of literacy exceeds 90% and the 1990 existence of the populace are very carefully GDP was estimated at US$525 per capita. considered before implementation.

141 On a larger scale, the specter of a rising ocean the rural areas where the average demand of due to global warming is of very great household is less than 1 kilowatt. concern. A sea level rise of one meter in the Pacific Ocean would not only cause the The application of PV solar system in Kiribati effective loss of at least half the land area of is mainly concentrated on social activities Kiribati but it would adversely affect the vital rather than in support of direct commercial fresh water lens making life on the remaining economic developments. The initial area of land area much more precarious. The great concentration of the PV Solar system has been importance to Kiribati of both the local and for the provision of efficient electric lighting global environment have resulted in strong services in the rural areas of Kiribati. Recently support of the Government of Kiribati for the need has expanded to the connection of local, regional and global environmental radios, cassette players etc. The changes are programs. understandable given Kiribati can not distant or shield itself from developments going on Why Solar Energy for Rural around it. Energy demand will increase as the Electrification? people are exposed to these influences.

Alternatives sources of energy for the rural Environmental Issues areas With the fragile land and the enclosed reef, Kiribati had been relying heavily on imported there is concern on energy production that will energy and will continue to do so in the years have negative effects on the environment. The ahead. It has no river, so hydropower system possibility of fuel and lubricating oil spills at any scale is not possible. On the other hand, contaminating both the ground water and the wind energy in the Gilbert group is not reef is a concern together with the noise and practical due to low and non-persistent wind the green house gases emitted from the diesel speed; however, there is a possibility that engines. The disposal and recycling of used Kiritimati may have a wind potential. In this oil and lead from batteries are major connection, a wind monitoring system to environmental concerns in Kiribati. At this determine the viability of wind speed on the time, the used oil returned to the Kiribati Oil island will be installed sometime this year. Company from the public utility company Wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy (PUB) and other major users are send back to conversions are other sources but at this point Mobil in Fiji for recycling. In the case of solar in time, the technologies are not yet PV system, the only environmental concern is commercially used. Biomass in the form of the disposal and recycling of used batteries. coconut residues and hardwood has been However, GNB a battery manufacturer in New considered potential energy sources for the Zealand has indicated its willingness in rural area in terms of cooking only. However, recycling used batteries. Therefore, from an biomass use for power generation is not environmental point of view, solar energy for encouraging as the supply is insufficient and electricity production for rural household its environmental effect would be disastrous to electricity needs has many advantages over the islands. Solar energy is an abundant source other alternative sources of energy. of energy readily available in Kiribati. Therefore, at this time the choices for power Cost Issues of Solar PV System generation are limited to two sources viz solar and fossil fuel powered generator. Looking at the current electricity demand of the rural Kiribati citizens, the solar PV system In spite of the abundance of solar energy in at present offers the most economical system Kiribati, its use on its present state of to use to provide that level of power desired. development is limited to certain areas. Fossil The cost advantages of using the solar PV fuel generation will continue to be the main system is that (a) it does not require base of power generation for Kiribati construction of an interconnecting grid; (b) especially to support energy demand of South having little potential for environmental Tarawa where the average peak demand is at damage (provided a means for recycling failed 1,998 kilowatts. To use solar energy in its batteries is included); (c) requiring a present development state as substitute to meet predictable one-time capital investment with the energy demand on South Tarawa will not low operating and maintenance costs; finally be a practical option. However, there is being modular the systems can be specifically potential for the use of the solar PV system in sized to fit the needs of individual households.

142 Although not directly related to cost, other of energy activities in Kiribati, promote the use advantages of PV over diesel for rural Kiribati of solar PV system in the country by include the continuous availability of power identifying projects that utilised solar energy rather than a few hours per day which is all and let the SEC implements them. that can be afforded with a diesel system to Consequently, the EPU considered it most reduce its high operational cost. The fact that appropriate to improve the technical capability each solar PV system is independent the of the SEC together with island council failure of one system has no effect on any technicians/mechanics. other while the failure of a component in a diesel system often leads to a loss of power to In an effort to improve the SEC technical many if not all customers. capabilities in maintaining and installing solar PV systems, the company was invited to take Electrification of the Rural Areas part in training courses conducted by South Pacific Institute for Renewable Energy 1. Solar Energy Company (SPIRE) in Tahiti. To further improve reliability and to increase people awareness on The Solar Energy Company (SEC) was the rural areas on the use of solar PV systems, established in 1984 by the Foundation for the training courses were held on Tarawa in 1986 Peoples of the South Pacific (FSP), a U.S. and 1988 for the rural area population. The based NGO, using USAID funding. It was objective of the course was to train people in organized as a private, limited corporation the rural area on maintaining and installing with a responsibility of selling out solar solar PV systems, together with SEC product to private individuals as well as technicians. In doing this, two participants Government and Non government from each of the island in the Gilbert group organisations. Its original charter was to act as were invited to attend the courses. The a retail outlet for solar products and to provide requirement for the participants was that one technical assistance, if needed, for the of them should be a mechanic or technician installation and maintenance of solar systems. employed by the island council and the other The company main income comes from the from the private sector. The rationale being sales of solar products to private individuals as that the island council worker will be well as Government and Non-Government responsible for maintaining government solar organizations. The sale of solar products was powered projects while the other participant not promising to the company and therefore it attend to request from private users of solar PV became necessary to expand the Solar Energy systems. With this in place, it was hoped that Company activity to include the electrification the reliability and acceptance of solar PV of the outer islands. systems in the rural areas would improve. Despite these attempts the popularity of solar 2. Past Experiences system declined as many people considered it unreliable and did not last long. Solar and diesel/benzene powered generators were the only sources of power commonly In an attempt to determine the reasons for the used in Kiribati. In the early 1970s diesel declining in sales and to provide data on how generators were very popular in the rural area to proceed with further PV implementation, of Kiribati. Its use was mainly for lighting and the SEC through the EPU requested the Forum because of this the generators were only run Secretariat Energy Division (FSED) in 1990 to for a couple of hours every night. The use of fund a country wide survey of rural PV system solar PV systems started between the 1970s users. The purpose of this survey was to and 1980s and used mainly for cassette player, determine the cause of failure and non- FM/AM and CB radios and lighting. acceptance of the Solar PV Systems. The emphasis on the survey was put on systems Solar PV system was new at that time and its sold by the SEC to private individuals. The use was not widely known. In this connection survey was carried in all villages of the rural the Energy Planning Unit (EPU) of the areas of the Gilbert Group, where the PV users Ministry of Works & Energy was assigned could be found. with a responsibility of providing technical assistance to the company and the promotion From the survey, it was found that 270 solar of the use of solar PV systems through aid systems have been installed in the rural area. funded projects. Within this understanding the Of the 270 PV systems, about 90% were only SEC confined its activity on the sales of solar marginally operational or not in use at all. It products while the EPU, act as the coordinator was also found that the main problems were:

143 · About 100% of the systems were present approach was not a success in the undersized and had not been properly electrification of the rural areas and as such maintained apart from the replacement of an alternative means need to be identified to defective components. Battery life was further improve the solar-based rural shorter than anticipated. Most electrification in Kiribati. In this regard, components were never cleaned and have assistance was sought from SPIRE to advice been damaged by insects and rust. the Kiribati Government on ways of rectifying the situation. SPIRE was requested · 50% of the systems had been installed here because it has successfully electrified without a controller thus shorten battery life. some islands of French Polynesia using solar The controller in a small system is a PV systems. The result of the study was a required to prevent over used of the battery. recommendation to promote a service- oriented approach based on a utility concept. · 48% of the installations had serious wiring This requires a back up service and users deficiencies, usually in the form of twisted charged a fee for the use of the system with connections or wires that were too long for the system owned by the company looking their size thus result in high voltage drop. after the rural electrification program. The SEC was thereby selected to shoulder this · 43% of the systems had replaced the responsibility since it was the only original deep discharge batteries with Government owned company dealing with automobile batteries having inadequate solar. capacity and a short life expectancy. To introduce the utility concept, it was · 16% of the systems received minimum recommended that: charging because of poor orientation of panels. a) The system should be owned and maintained by the SEC. Appliances and · 13% of the systems were placed in house wiring after the battery are owned locations where panels were shaded most and maintained by the user. of the time. b) To set up rural electrification district with · Many users had replaced the original high not less than fifty households. The district efficiency fluorescent lights with should be of a sufficient size to allow automobile headlights or tail lights when proper servicing of the systems by a single the fluorescent tube failed, making the SEC employee who would be designated system consumed more power than as a field technician. It was considered originally designed. Others added CB that a single field technician could radios and other appliances as well as properly maintain up to 125 systems using the systems for longer hours making where this was based as the maximum size the system under sized. of a district. If more than 125 systems could be installed in a village, it would be In the light of the above people were split into two districts provided the discouraged to purchase a solar PV system as household in the second district is not less they have known it to be unreliable and than 50. expensive. It was concluded that the concept of selling out solar PV system without any c) Users to sign a contract in which they technical back up service was not a practical should agree to pay an installation fee of approach. Not only that but it was also found $50. The user further agree not to tamper that the majority of the people using solar can with any of the utility owned equipment, not afford to purchase the right parts and to maintain the panel area free of shade, to therefore they tend to use parts they can get at pay the monthly fee and to use the system either minimum cost or at no cost at all. in accordance with published guidelines. This includes the requirement for the user not to attach any appliances to the system The New Challenges to the Rural without prior approval of the utility. In Electrification Concepts return, the utility would keep the electricity supply in satisfactory 1) The Utility Concepts conditions, replacing all failed parts, with the exception of the lights, at no added Following the survey it was clear that the cost to the user.

144 d) To establish a monthly fee based on the centralised system to a stand-alone system cost of operation and maintenance. This is using the utility concept. calculated as the sum of the costs of battery replacement after an estimated life The project involves the provision of 55 solar span of 4-5 years (according to the type of systems for homes and 1 for the maneaba. battery and its service requirements), the North Tarawa was chosen as the site of the cost of replacing the controller at the end project because of its close proximity to South of its useful life and the utility operating Tarawa where SEC headquarters and EPU are cost. The monthly fee range from US$ 7 located making the monitoring easier to carry for basic lighting to over US$ 40 per out. The project was completed in 1992 and month for a full system with capacity to monitored directly by JICA for one year. The operate a refrigerator and video as well as results were very favourable since surveys lights. showed that the majority of the customers were satisfied with the systems. The collection e) The field technician who lives in or near of the monthly fees was prompt and the the district to visit each installation once a maintenance work was carried out on time and month and at any other time as and when also as and when required. At the end of the required to check the equipment and to project period in 1994, both JICA and the EPU collect the monthly fee. reported that the solar utility concept was working well and that the concept was ready f) A Senior Technician from headquarters in for larger scale implementation. Tarawa office to visit each district twice a year and audit the field technician's 3) Expansion of the Program Funded by the performance. Additionally, a senior European Union technician would be available on call to assist field technicians in troubleshooting With the success of the JICA rural and repairs, which are beyond the level of electrification project using the utility concept, the field technician's capability. the Government of Kiribati approved the expansion of the program to remaining islands g) To establish a user's committee within in the Gilbert group using the European Union each district consisting of five to seven (EU) funding assistance under Lome II PV members. The committee would be the Follow Up program. The EU funded project bridge between the utility and the users involved the provision of 250 solar home related to complaints and requests from systems. In distributing the 250 systems, 100 users to the utility management, and to units were added to the JICA project on North communicate utility matters to the users. Tarawa, in an attempt to fill at least part of the The committee would also arbitrate in the added demand generated by the JICA project. case of proposed disconnection on the The remaining 150 systems were equally failure of the user within the district to pay divided between Marakei, in the northern the monthly fee. Gilbert group, and Nonouti in the southern Gilbert group. The recommendations were accepted and SEC agreed that future solar lighting projects were The EU systems were installed in 1994 and to be designed and implemented according to follow up inspections by the EU was made in the recommendation. 1995. The follow-up inspections concurred with the results of the JICA project in that (a) 2) The Pilot Project Funded by Government installations were all functioning well; (b) of Japan customer satisfaction was high; and (c) technical maintenance was being properly In 1988 JICA committed itself to fund the carried out. electrification of the island council station on Nonouti using solar PV systems. JICA was looking at a centralised solar PV system to Rural Solar Electrification Impacts on the implement on this island. After two to three Rural People years the project was finally approved with the site changed from Nonouti to North Tarawa. It is now more than five years after the The delay in approving the project provided the commissioning of the projects funded by JICA time to study the existing system to influence and the EU and the systems are still working. the change on the design of the project from a Of the 55 systems installed by JICA in 1992,

145 there were only 5 batteries that have failed. In local fishermen to market their catch, and the case of the EU project installed in 1994, Small Scale Cottage Industries like the Soap only one battery had been replaced. Light Factory, fossil fuel generators are more cost bulbs and light fixtures were the main items effective than solar in its present design which have failed, but the necessary spare capability. parts are kept in stock to provide instant replacement when needed. These items have to Support to the Rural Electrification be ordered from abroad. The controllers were Program manufactured locally by the SEC using the design developed by S.P.I.R.E. since it has In spite of the high demand of the solar-based been proven to be reliable. The success of system from the rural area, the program has JICA and EU projects have changed the public been unable to provide more systems from the perception towards PV systems and this was fees collected. This is due to the fact that the proved by the sales of solar products to private revenue obtained from the existing systems is individuals which have increased since then. only sufficient to cover the operational and replacement costs. Therefore this means that As a result of the project, the rural population further expansion of the system would require has come to realize the conveniences and the injection of funds from potential donors. benefits they can get from using a solar PV system at an affordable price. According to However, for the SEC to self finance this the survey which was carried out a few years expansion, it will need to raise its monthly fee. ago, it was the women who benefited a lot Any inclination to raise the monthly fee would from this program as they can now do extra be financially expensive to the rural works in the night such as weaving, sewing, household. SEC to self-finance the expansion family gathering and even the cooking at night. of the solar PV systems on the rural areas will In addition school children can do their study be at a snail pace. Given the limited financial and/or homework at night and many more. In options to support further expansions to the the past the women has to make sure they rural area the Government supports the SEC finish their work before dark and unfinished expansion activity through sourcing external house work are left to the next day, but now donors to fund further expansion of the they can leave those that they can do at night. existing system at a larger scale. Guttering of fish is no longer a problem for a housewife at night when the husband comes Early this year the Government, as the only back from fishing in the evening. The social shareholder of the company, approved the life has also been improved as the light has change in the company's name to Rural enabled church groups and private individuals Electrification Utility Company. This is to to get together for meetings and other social reflect the company's objective of electrifying gatherings at night. In the past it was very the rural area using not only solar energy but difficult to convene a meeting at nighttime other sources of energy as well which are because of lighting problem but with solar proven to be cost effective. In this connection, lights in place, this is no longer a problem. the company prior to electrifying the rural area will need to identify the most cost-effective Witnessing the benefits the existing users are technology to implement. enjoying from having the PV solar light system, those who do not have the system have The Lessons Learnt indicated their willingness to join the program. Islands not yet covered in the program have From what Kiribati has learned through the aired their need for a PV solar lighting system. implementation of the solar PV powered rural In some cases there are people who have paid electrification project, the following factors the $50 installation fee to the Island Council need to be considered in order for the utility and to the SEC regardless of the fact that the concept to be successful: expansion of the program depends on external financing which is not available at present. a) The number of households must be Apart from the support to social activities in carefully determined such that viability of villages, the PV system are not cost effective the project is maintained. In the Kiribati to address the energy demand of economic case, the number of system should not be activities that are adaptable to the villages to less than 50. support the island's economy. In most economic activities currently undertaken in the b) A back up service should be provided so rural area such as the Fish Ice Plants to support that the systems are properly maintained.

146 Therefore a site technician should be Gilbert group. The final approval would be recruited to reduce the cost of maintaining sought at the ACP meeting scheduled for the systems. In the Kiribati case, a single October this year. field technician could properly maintain up to 125 systems. Conclusion & Recommendations c) The level of income of the households in From the electrification programs which have the targeted area must be determined to been carried out by the Solar Energy ensure that they can afford the fee to be Company, it can be concluded that to electrify imposed. In the Kiribati case, a fee of $15 the rural area of Kiribati, where income a month is affordable by the majority of generating activities are limited and energy population in the rural area. demand is low the PV solar system using the utility concept is the best approach. A monthly d) The connection of additional appliances fee of $15, is at this time, affordable by the like refrigerators and vedio set, apart from majority of the rural population. However, lights and radios, must be carefully only those who can afford a fee of more than evaluated such that the resultant fee is still $15 a month must be allowed the connection affordable by the user. of additional appliances. To address the energy demand of higher economic activities in the e) The minimum number of systems that will rural area the PV system in its present design allow the maintenance and operation of stage from Kiribati experience is not cost the program to go ahead without any effective and alternative source is required to financial difficulty must be targeted within promote the activity. a short period of time. The preferred timing will be prior to the replacement of In addition the PV solar system program will major components such as a battery. In continue to rely on external funding assistance Kiribati case, at least 1000 systems are for its expansion until at least 1500 systems targeted as this is the number that will have been installed. The purchasing of allow SEC to maintain the systems additional appliances to be connected must be without financial support from the responsibility of the user, however, it is Government. important that additional appliances are limited to a level that will yield a fee of not more than f) As with any other project, the capability the level affordable by the user, in the rural of the staff who are to maintain the system area. is very important and therefore training is the most important element. In Kiribati The sustainability approach to rural case, site technicians have been trained electrification through solar energy based on from time to time. Early this year the the utility concept to address social and training of technicians was carried out on minimal economic activities could prove a Abemama, one of the outer island, where positive model for other countries and with they installed a lighting system for the minor modifications to fit local conditions and maneaba (community halls) in all villages culture for the system to work. on this island.

Future of the Program

Following the successful implementations of the project on North Tarawa, Marakei and Nonouti, the Ministry of Works & Energy began seeking donor assistance for full electrification of rural Kiribati through solar photovoltaics. Many donors, which include UNDP, JICA, CFD, Australia and New Zealand, have been approached for the funding of the expansion of the program but the outcome is still doubtful at this time. At this time EU offer looks more promising. Just recently, the EU has indicated its willingness to provide funding for the expansion of the solar program that will cover all islands in the

147 148 Renewable Energy in the of mobile radio transceivers are commonly used by fisherman for safety at sea and for Maldives private use, to keep in touch with friends on the Citizens Band. Mr. Abdul Razzak Idris, Director General, Each island has to have its own electric power generation system and other basic Ministry of Communication, Science infrastructure. However, regular and continuos and Technology, electric power supply is available in 23 of the Republic of Maldives 200 inhabited islands. These 23 islands have power generation provided by the Government owned company, State Electric Company. This Maldives is a small nation consisting of 1190 company is to establish power stations all tiny islands. The longest island is five throughout the 200 islands under a planned kilometres. These islands are geographically program of rural development. The remaining grouped into 20 atolls and spread in the Indian 177 islands have some form of limited and not- Ocean south of India over 820 kilometres in so-reliable power supplies run by individual length and 120 kilometres wide at the widest entrepreneurs. The airports and the tourist part of the archipelago. resorts have their own power generation systems. All these power supply systems are These tropical islands lying at the equator have entirely run on fossil fuels, diesel. a population of 270,000. Number of islands inhabited remains at 200 while another 87 Maldives imports all its fuels in refined form islands are specially developed as tourist and in very small quantities which makes this resorts. The most densely populate island form of fuels even more expensive. The yearly being the capital, Male', which has a consumption of fuel multiplies in large population of around 60,000. The rest of the numbers, thus the hard earned foreign islands have numbers varying from less than exchange spent on fossil fuels is on the 300 to a 1000 and a couple of them having a increase proportionately. population of around 10,000. Maximum power generation is in Male, the Plenty of sun and the ocean around make the capital islands, producing around 22285KW weather hot and humid but the monsoon winds using 17 plants. The following table shows keep the temperatures around 30 degrees power generation and the peak power Celsius. The monsoon also brings tropical rain consumption characteristics of the islands during the periods May to end of August and where regular electric power is available. December to February. Power No. of Installed Peak Fuel The economy of the country is now very much Plant gensets capacity load type dependant on tourism while fisheries employs [KW] most of the population. Besides the fisheries 1. Male Marine Old power station 8 5046 gas oil industry, garment industry and some cottage New power station 5 16590 industries including some agriculture Villingili 4 649 contributes to the livelihood of the people of 2. S. Gan, (Feydhoo, 4 2620 689 Do. the Maldives. The vegetation mainly is Maradhoo Feydhoo, coconut and common tropical trees. Maradhoo) 3. S. Hithadhoo 5 1440 432 Do. 4. H. Dh. 4 1340 299 Do. Fishing boats are largely used for Kulhuduffushi transportation between the islands while 5. G. Dh. Thinadhoo 5 676 270 Do. special passenger ferries are in plenty for the 6. Gn. Fuvahmulaku 3 600 310 Do. use in the tourism industry. Regular air 7. S. Hulhudhoo 3 495 130 Do. Meedhoo transportation is in place for the more distant 8. K. Guraidhoo 3 448 63 Do. corners of the country and also for the tourist 9. G. A. Villingili 3 418 91 Do. industry. 10. H. A. Dhidhoo 4 366 88 Do. 11. K. Maafushi 3 356 113 Do. Telecommunication is accessible by all 12. N. Velidhoo 3 336 75 Do. 13. K. Thulusdhoo 3 260 90 Do. citizens in the inhabited islands. The 14. B. Eydhafushi 3 225 151 Do. telecommunication network is established via 15. G. Dh. Gahdhoo 3 208 88 Do. radio links and is capable of carrying data and 16 R. Hulhudhuffaaru 4 200 45 Do. voice to all parts of the world. Large number 17. H. Dh. Hanimaadhoo 2 60 48 Do.

149 The consumers are grouped into domestic, The Ministry is in contact with a few parties commercial and government sectors. The largest interested in carrying out a pilot project to consumer group is the domestic group which stands study the feasibility of applying the already at 88% of the consumption across the country while existing technologies and experiences of the commercial and government usage are both at 6%. world on renewable energy in the Maldives. The supply is solely generated by fossil fuels. Maldives is looking forward for the fullest support of the world funding agencies and Renewable energy is used to power interested bilateral donors to put such a pilot navigational lights (marking the reefs), project together. In the light of such a study communication transceivers on fishing boats only Maldives can embark on investing in and for power supply at the remote RENWABLE ENREGY ventures. installations in the national telecommunication network. These installations are not connected to the grid and are privately owned and operated by the telecommunications company.

The telecommunication company of Maldives is the single biggest user of renewable energy produced using solar energy. 177 sites, mainly using solar power or solar-diesel hybrid systems, are operational. The largest site has a capacity of 3.5 kW while the total capacity approximates to 130 kW power.

Other forms of renewable energy are not in use in the Maldives. The Government of Maldives is very much aware and concerned on environmental degradation and global warming. These are real threats to small island nations, especially for the low lying islands like that of the Maldives. The Government of Maldives is very actively taking steps to reduce the emission of Greenhouse gases and other environmental pollutants in the Maldives while concurrent efforts are made to make Maldives greener. Towards this end, the Government of Maldives has mandated the Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology to explore the possibilities of feasibly applying forms of renewable energy capable of providing reliable supply of energy for the islands.

150 An Overview of the Energy have made or are making fossil fuels a very finite resource as well as an engine for global Scenario in Malta climate change and for serious degradations in global and local environments. This has led to Mr. Vincent Buhagiar, elaboration of the notion of sustainable development, requiring energy and other Malta Council for Science & resources to be used at rates and in manners Technology, which can be sustained from supply and Malta pollution perspectives.

1.0 Background Abstract 1.1 Malta, its Geographical Location, Stemming from its roots in European culture Political Status and Demography and heritage, Malta's bid to join the European Union is sustained by reform in all sectors, The Maltese Islands are an archipelago of none the least the Energy Sector. At a time three main Islands, located on latitude 36degN, when economic development and energy in the centre of the Mediterranean, with a consumption are growing proportionally, the superficial area of 216sq.km. According to the need is felt to have the complementary latest census1, the population stands at 370,000 environment-health promotion, working hand- with an annual growth of 0.08% per annum. in hand with prosperity. Both aspects are The Maltese speak their own language, currently being surveyed to assess the present Semitic in origin; they also have their own situation. This paper purports to give an currency. As a country, Malta gained its overview of the present energy scenario in independence from Britain on 21 September Malta up to the end of 1998. The overview is a 1964. It has retained its sovereignty as an statement of facts, even if it does attempt to Island State ever since. Valletta, the capital, is single out critical indicators. It does not draw the cultural, administrative, and commercial any comparisons with other countries or advise centre of the archipelago. Malta is well served on directions; both comparisons and directions with harbours, chief of which is the Valletta should properly form the subject of an energy Grand Harbour. Its international airport is at policy document. Luqa, five kilometres from the capital.

Introduction 1.2 Economic Trends

There is general agreement among developed Malta' s economy boasts of a healthy tourist and developing countries that economic and industry, agricultural produce and the textile social development is strongly conditioned by industry. In the late nineties financial services the availability and cost of sources of energy. related to offshore banking and investment The notion of a constantly improving 'standard also became a proliferous part of the economy. of living', which has such a strong grip on the Taking advantage of its geographical position, popular imagination has only proved possible Malta acts as a hub for both Mediterranean and to realise in practice precisely because of the Euro-Mediterranean trans-border business availability of cheap primary energy supplies. ventures. Moreover, the last three decades of the 20th century have seen a vastly increased The drop in the international price of consumption of fossil fuels, backed by an petroleum had an impact on the total import intensive and generally successful exploration bill for Malta during 1998. For the first nine for new sources. months, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current market prices increased by Lm 96.3 However, this same period has also seen million or 10.4 per cent, to reach Lm 1,022.2 sudden, if short-lived crises in the energy million. This corresponds to a rise of 7.6 per supply (from oil) to the developed countries. cent in real terms. If account is taken of the As a direct result we have seen a significant peculiar circumstances during the period, the de-coupling of intensity of energy use from the growth rate would be notably lower. It may rate of economic development in these same countries, coupled with a steeply-increasing 1 demand for energy from developing countries. Central Office of Statistics, Population Census, 1996. It is now accepted that present rates of use

151 therefore be said that for 1998, and the best MARSA B 230 MW Steam plant; part of 1999, Malta's economic growth was 37 MW Open cycle gas turbine plant; characterised by exceptional factors, such as DELIMARA 1 120 MW Steam plant; the price of primary energy. This was in turn 2a 75 MW Open cycle gas turbine reflected in industry-related sectors. plant; Furthermore, tourism this year is forecast to 2b 110 MW Combined cycle gas reach the record 1 million mark. In turn this turbine; (still under construction) will make unavoidable demands on the Total Power 462 MW infrastructure. Installed

1.3 Energy Legislation and Enemalta The total units generated yearly between 1981 There is currently one formal legislation and 1998 are shown in the chart which governing the energy sector in Malta. This has follows. This also shows that the rate of two primary functions, namely: (i) increase of generated units between 1981 and Establishing Enemalta Corporation and laying 1994 was 9% compound; after which it out its powers responsibilities and methods of slackened to about 3%. A fall-off in industrial operation; (ii) It is an Enabling Act whereby consumption attributable to one specific user, subsidiary legislation governing the energy the Water Services Corporation (WSC), is sector may be promulgated. mainly responsible for the easing off.

Enemalta Corporation is a public Corporation While seasonal peak loads have been entirely owned by the Government of Malta. increasing, with winter generally in the lead, It is not a limited liability company and its the gap between them has been narrowing, operations are governed by the Act itself and with the last difference (1998) available being not by means of a Memorandum and Articles as small as 18MW at 315MW. The increased of Association. demand for air conditioning in summer seems to be the main cause. The Act not only provides Enemalta Corporation with an effective monopoly on the In 1997/8 average consumption of fuel in importation, generation and distribution of electricity generation was 1,386 MT/day of energy products but it also gives the HFO and 48 MT/day of diesel for the gas Corporation the role of Regulator of the turbines. So, 30-day fuel requirements amount Energy Sector. In fact under the provisions of to 41,580 MT of HFO and 1,440 MT of diesel. Article 37 of the Enemalta Act the Corporation With the coming on stream of the combined also functions as a regulatory body and any cycle plant at Delimara Power Station (DPS), activities related to: the daily diesel requirement is likely to double. The storage capacities at the two power a) the generation of electrical energy; stations are: b) the importation, storage, manufacture and distribution of petroleum; MPS 34000 MT HFO; 1000 MT diesel DPS 50000 MT HFO; 24000 MT diesel These may only be undertaken privately under a licence issued by the Corporation, by agreement with the Corporation or in The backbone of the distribution system is accordance with regulations made under the formed of 33kV lines, with 11kV feeders. But Enemalta Act. Certain operations related to the an important section of line feeding the functions of the Corporation are regulated by northern parts of Malta and Gozo is the subsidiary legislation issued either under the Delimara-Marsa South Distribution Centre Enemalta Act or under earlier legislation. (DC)-Qormi-Mosta 132kV line, which is laid underground; it is operating at its rated voltage 2.0 Energy Supply & Demand Profile only over the first section. Step-down from 132kV to 33kV or 11kV is carried out at 2.1 Power Generation Marsa South DC only.

In Malta there are two power stations, serving Beyond Mosta 33kV underground and aerial the archipelago, both in the southern part of lines carry power to Cirkewwa and then across the Island where most industrial activity takes by undersea cable to Comino and Gozo. At place. The overall generating capacity is best present there is no public generating capacity given in the following table: in Gozo.

152 Emergency electrical generation capacity in products come in a refined state from Italian public and private establishments cannot be refineries. This includes Liquid Petroleum Gas quantified but may be substantial. This would (LPG) which is imported by tanker and then include both stand-by and constant use. bottled at the Qajjenza depot. Payment for the refined products is mainly through barter deals 2.2 Electricity Consumption Trends in the sense that the refinery retains a proportion of the refined product. Based on information supplied by the two leading utilities on the Island, Enemalta and 3.2 Oil Exploration in Malta the Water Services Corporation2,3, although not too detailed, an overall picture can be Oil exploration has been going on in the drawn classified by user-sector, for electrical Maltese Islands and their Maritime Economic energy consumption. Exclusion Zone since 1958. This was the only land-based well, which was drilled at Naxxar; This is best condensed in the following: the rest were drilled offshore. In recent months an exploratory well was drilled in Gozo in an Table: Electricity Units Sold by Sector attempt to locate the eastern limit of the Ragusa (Sicily) oil bearing-basin. The Domestic 31% projected limiting depth was 5000 m. Oil and Industry 40% gas traces at some 4500 m encouraged Tourism 6% extension first to 6000 m and then to 7500 m, Commerce 12% Public 11% and later to a final depth of 8018 m at the end of January 1999. The results are still being As far as units sold are concerned, Enemalta analysed. has three classes of consumer: domestic commercial and industrial, each taking 3.3 Imported Petroleum Products approximately a third of generated units, with industry in the lead. The table below gives the type and quantity of imported fuel over the period 1992 - 97. The Over the last five years around 6% of use of coal for electricity generation at Marsa generated power has been actually used at the Power Station (MPS) was discontinued in generating stations, which is about the going 1995. rate for isolated power stations. Losses in the distribution system are of the same order of Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Type: [Quantity x 1000 Metric Tonne (MT] magnitude (~5%), which compares favourably Gasoil 123 128 138 170 167 150 with continental networks. That still leaves 7- Premium 63 64 62 62 60 60 8% of generated units unaccounted for, Unleaded 7 8 12 15 17 15 variously assigned to billing anomalies and Jet A1 82 83 108 107 109 110 plain theft. Kerosene 16 16 18 19 18 15 Heavy Fuel 411 410 500 457 497 500 Oil Despite numerous court cases, Enemalta has Thin Fuel Oil 12 12 11 14 13 12 had little success in bringing power theft under Avgas 100L 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 control. In either case, these 'lost' units form LP Gas 17 17 17 16 15 20 part of total units actually consumed, rather Coal 233 225 78 - - - than wasted. As such the problem is a financial rather than a technical one. The Malta Oil Bunkering Company (MOBC), a 90% Enemalta owned subsidiary, and 3.0 Energy Sources smaller private firms import bunkering fuels - Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Gasoil. In 1993 3.1 Fossil Fuels MOBC imported 42,000 MT of Gasoil and 86,000 MT of fuel oil 4, while in 1997 the At present, Malta's energy needs are entirely MOBC quota was close to 12,900 MT. All the satisfied by fossil fuels. The sources of crude other firms combined imported just under are Libya and the open market; but in fact no 5,000 MT in all in the latter year. crude is imported into Malta. All petroleum

2 Enemalta Annual Reports, 1994-1998. 3 Water Services Corporation Annual Reports, 1996- 4 An Energy Plan for the Maltese Islands (1994-2010). 1998. Planning & Design Section, Enemalta Corporation, 1994.

153 3.4 Solar Energy months every year. Further feasibility studies are still ongoing in this area. The average daily insolation in winter (January) and summer is 2.7 kWh/m2 and 7.8 3.6 Biomass and Bio-Fuels kWh/m2 respectively 5. Only a tiny fraction of this energy was utilised through solar water The only form of biomass in use is wood in heaters (SWH) or photovoltaic (PV) panels. very limited quantity as there is no forest cover Apart from a small number of institutions or large tracts of agricultural land. Bakeries (Mtarfa Old People's Home; Dar tal- and pizzerias are the main users; domestic use Providenza; Caritas) and hotels (Danish is restricted to 'fireplaces', a device ill-suited Village; Ramla Bay Hotel; Comino Hotel; to the local climate but with considerable Radisson Bay Hotel), there are probably fewer social cachet. Scrap wood, garden waste and than 1200 solar water heaters in use in houses. tree prunings are also available. The first is However the numbers of importers of solar used by bakeries; the latter two generally water heaters has been steadily increasing over ended up in a landfill but recently have been the last five years. There are now some 15 diverted to the Sant'Antnin compost plant for such importers and installers. Malta Drydocks use as bulking agents. (MDD) has declared an intention of setting up a SWH production line6. No biofuel has been produced in Malta to date, though there are ideas to do so from marine As for photovoltaic generation, this is limited sources. Small quantities of rapeseed-derived to a small number of specialised applications, biofuel have been imported for experimental among which are experimental mains- purposes 10. connected systems, house battery charging, inside and outside lights, and electric car- The potential for electrolytic production of battery charging. Of the two local suppliers, hydrogen for use as a transport or industrial there is one manufacturer of PV panels, as yet fuel is being explored in an M.Sc. project at with a low volume of sales. The other is an University 11. importer, yet both offer a technical back-up service. 4.0 National Initiatives

3.5 Wind Energy To-date there are no government networks or initiatives supporting renewable energy as yet. Wind energy has been in long-time use mainly However, in line with national policies and to pump water from wells and shallow water international commitments Malta is in the tables. The pumping is done directly using process of preparing an Energy policy for the multi-blade farm-type windmills. A few sea- Islands. There is however a private drive going yachts have small (200-400 W) wind towarsd sreneable sources of energy. This has generators for on-board battery charging. The materialised in the setting up of private rooftop potential for wind energy has been explored in photovoltaic systems, often complemented two local studies7, 8 which have reached with a wind turbine. Stand-alone systems are broadly similar conclusions as far as land seldom found since the small size of the based wind generators are concerned. With Islands has rarely created any serious problems the inevitable constraints of suitable space, with sprawling out the grid to even the there is a potential for 10 - 15 MW of wind remotest areas. energy. This rises to two or three times the power if off-shore generators are considered. As part of the process of the energy policy a The latter would provide some 4% of the broad survey has been conducted and energy from the power stations on an annual completed presenting the energy scenario in basis; but the usefulness for supplying the grid Malta. A deeper survey, more in the form of a depends on the extent of calm periods. One national energy audit is currently under the study 9 reckoned these to be as long as 3.5 lens. In the meantime Enemalta is also undergoing fetal changes in the process of stemming out a regulator independent from the 5 Scerri E., & Iskander C., Renewable Energy supplier of energy, later evolving in the 6 Zarb Adami N. , private communication, 197. unbundling of its three sectors, gas, petroleum 7 Darmanin P.J. & Mallia E.A., Xjenza, 1:16, 1996. 8 Farrugia R. & Scerri E., Renewable Energy 12 p.331, 1998. 10 Felice A. , private communication, 1998. 9 11 Darmanin P.J. & Mallia E.A., Xjenza, 1:16, 1996. Water Services Corporation Annual Reports, 1996- 1998

154 and electricity. It is envisaged that this process will see Malta to have a new Energy Policy for Millennium generation.

Conclusion

The paper has highlighted Malta's total and continuing dependence on fossil fuels. From the strictly economic angle this may not seem serious at present, with the price of crude on the open market touching pre-1973 values of $10 a barrel. Even security of supply does not seem to be in any jeopardy. However, it is in the nature of an energy policy to examine possible developments at least in the near and mid-term and attempt to cater for them.

Such considerations would seem to point in at least two directions, one connected with a probable future rise in the price of oil and the other with present levels of atmospheric pollutants. Both, but most urgently the latter, would point towards imaginative measures directed first and foremost towards energy conservation. In parallel there would be a programme for development of renewable sources, in our case solar and wind. In both the conservation and renewable fields there are no single 'grand' solutions; the returns will come from a large number of applications, each of which may make only a small contribution, yet in the right direction.

155 156 Reunion Island and · In 2002, thanks to the supplementary coal and gas unity project, between 40 and Sustainable Development. 44% forecastedÉexpect with an adequate Energy Balance and Future substitution technology

Prospects Energy and Transport Ð People and Goods Movements in Reunion Mr. Christophe Rat, Association RESO, The importance of saving space and time: Reunion · 220,000 vehicles at the end of 1997 · 23,565 private cars in 1997

Reunion People and their Territory A very expensive choice for the Reunion economy, in terms of time and energy: The Flash back to 1998: exclusive option of the road

· Reunion island, variety, multitude and · Reunion fuel importations in 1997: unity 539,339 metric tonnes, among which a · Pessimistic point of view large part was of low quality. · Tropical dream · 15.5 million litres of fuel consumed in · Continues transformation trafic jams in 1997. · Optimism · A global loss of time in traffic jams corresponding for economical actors to 1999, among the noticeable events of these last 5,060 million FF per yearÉ.Enough ten years: money to finance a few public infrastructures! · A demographic progression of about 30% in the years time A Òspace and timeÓ logical line to be followed · A considerable development of road and for our island territory. What are Reunion port infrastructures resulting in a depletion political representatives doing? of Reunion landscapes · A progression of the electric consumption · A railway line (or similar public transport) of 7 to 10% per year from St. Pierre to St. Benoit, via St. Denis · Economic operators becoming aware of to be integrated in the Reunion transport the necessity to export their know-how official plan and intentions to be · A growing political concern and a transformed into actions. progressive institutional awareness of the · The St. Dennis Òtransport en site propreÓ ecological fragility of the island (special lines for public transport), a first · A political involvement in the Indian important step to be followed. Ocean, in particular for regional · Organizing a secondary network for goods authorities transportation and why not for passengers · A clear determination of the Reunion as well? region and of certain local actors to · Making the upper parts of the island less redevelop renewable energy within the isolated by structuring the famous and larger frame of sustainable development beautiful Hubert de lisle road · Infrastructures which fit in with the What is Sustainable Development? scenery

Reunion Island Energy Profile: In Twenty The use of clean energy Reunion transport Years Time a Rapid Deterioration of the Energy Self-sufficiency · Buses, trucks and other heavy vehicles fleets · In the 80Õs, self-sufficiency for electricity · Question to the specialists: which biofuel production at 100%, thanks to the for Reunion? hydraulic energy · In 1999, self-sufficiency at only 50% and The Global Burden which affects our future projections characterised by a lack Environment: A Fundamental Notion for of energy our Insular Territory

157 Estimating the Reunion Global Balance for · French know-how to be exploited the CO2 Emission An Omnipresent but Largely Under The Main Motivation for Using Renewable Exploited Solar Resource Energy in EuropeÉand in Reunion? An accurate mapping of solar characteristics to · The energy cost price and selling price be carried out. issues in Reunion island: legal and fiscal issues to be finalized The thermic solar energy as an active system. · LetÕs fix taxes on the kWh coming from polluting energy sources, in order to Know-how and technology are deeply rooted favour the purchase of the ÒcleanÓ kWh. in Reunion, but applications must be The economical balances will be naturally diversified: reversed in favour of renewable energy sources · Solar water-heaters, what consequences · What is the impact of the electricity sector on daily consumption peaks? liberalization for Reunion and what are · A significant institutional support which the legal texts applicable to the island? keeps on developing · A largely under exploited potential market Among all the Indian Ocean Islands, which requires a diversification of Reunion is certainly the best Provided in attractive financial measures and used Renewable Energy Sources technologies.

Hydraulics: A Pluviometry World Record Grid-connected photovoltaic solar systems:

· All the significant sites to build large · A technology which is rapidly growing in hydraulic stations have already been used some countries of the world · A mapping of the large potential for small · A technology recognized to be a key hydraulic units in Reunion island to be factor for sustainable development and carried out energy self-sufficiency for our islands of the south-west Indian Ocean When Aeolus Blows his top, Beware of the · Reunion has not acknowledged this Equipment technology · The bioclimatic building is an economical · Depressions and tropical cyclones are stand-alone concept, very attractive for important constraints for technology private owners and industrialists · Trade winds (the alizes) are not constant · LetÕs launch the creation of an Indian all year long and the annual wind average Ocean sector of activity for grid- is not sufficient connected PV systems · Certain sites are favoured by the wind and the relief Photovoltaic applications in everyday life: an · An accurate mapping of the Reunion industrial niche still absent from the Reunion potential wind resource to be carried out. market. July 1999, an unusual encounter with a handyman of genius: bring an old washing Photovoltaic solar systems for isolated sites machine, two large plastic tins, old steal were the first PV applications in Reunion. tubes to him, and you will go back with a brand new windmill for your house. Using Diversified applications, competent companies the Herbert BelluneÕs windmill to measure which export their know-how to the Indian the wind resource of the ÒPont DÕyvesÓ Ocean . site · The advantage of wind and sun mixed An undefined market in Reunion: systems, a feasibility to be tested · An indispensable sector of activity The Geothermal ScienceÉLooking for an · Will certain sites, isolated ten years ago, Energy Treasure? still be isolated tomorrow? · The contribution of this sector of activity · Relaunching a geothermal prospection to the Reunion global electric balance is campaign negligible · Method, financing and perseverance · Making future projections

158 Passive solar systems for a better comfort of · Adding a bagasse-biomass waste/biogas the habitatÉtowards an evolution of the unit to produce electricity and compost. ecodom label. Purpose: to make profitable the connection with the high voltage network Least but not last, the Varied and Prolific and the existing equipment Reunion biomass offers a Considerable · Integrating an experimental station for the Potential Source of Energy production of biofuel, compost, and other biomass products. Purpose: to enhance the Rediscovering and implementing the whole value of Reunion industrial know-how, in extraordinary range of products and sub- order to develop these technologies on a products offered by the biomass, for local and large scale exportation needs. · And, of course, letÕs integrate grid- connected photovoltaic systems on the very The considerable possibilities and advantages large roofs of this multi-energy station for Reunion to produce energy from value- added biomass. The next power extension in Reunion could be beased on the biomass, a 20 MW bio-energy Energy conversion technologies can open up station is not an utopian view. all the energy markets to our island agriculture and forest sector activity. An Essential Assistance Tool: The Energy Control Wood is still of traditional use in the upper parts of the island: The energy control, a very significant potential source of energy, a minimum of 10% of the · Estimating the potential firewood source consumption of the island. for Reunion · Examining the other possible applications Practised for a long time in Reunion, the for wood energy control policy must intensify its pressure: The biogas, an unknown technology in Reunion: · Developing a war against wasting · Developing the energy diagnoses which · Supplementing each compost unit with a can benefit to all energy consumers biogas unit · Biogas and sewage systems for waste Political Options clearly announced for the water Reunion Energy Plan · For stand-alone agriculture and breeding units in the upper parts of the island: Reunion is a French legal energy context. biogas and solar energy How the French law spirit enables the Re-using waste to energy, a legal obligation integration of a physical and cultural Indian which cannot be bypassed. Ocean context.

A first industrial application of the biomass The orientations announced by the Reunion resource: the bagasse (cane waste). regional council: the exclusive choice of the renewable energy the energy self-sufficiency The bagasse-coal technology, an interesting of the island. case to examine, according to the global consequences on the environment. From decision to actions, the mobilization of everybody: Can we locally produce biofuel? · Estimating, thanks to mapping and the Transforming the bagasse-coal station into a global prospective calculating, the energy multi-energy station turned toward the biomass potential of the local renewable energy and solar energy: sourcesÉand comparing it to the future energy needs · The bagasse-biomass-coal in combustion · Giving training, logistic and engineering station, for the production of heat (stem) facilities to Reunion actors, motivated by and electricity. Purpose: to decrease little a real will from local political by little the use of coal representatives

159 · Developing a well organized medium and The Absolute Necessity of a Regional Co- long term public information and operation Structured and which is the education Mainspring of Renewable Energy · The servicing of Reunion by air, an imperative requirement of direct flights Regional co-operation programmes difficult to with all the world continents to operate manage. efficient technology transfers etc. A significant stage in October 1988 on Reunion and its Regional Environment Reunion island, the conference on renewable energy in the Indian Ocean: A first serious Large island, archipelago and scattered islands, basis for the regional co-operation? many physically and culturally different territories which are nonetheless gathered in The Indian Ocean Commission and therefore the same melting pot: the west Indian Ocean its member states must support. and the Indian Ocean Commission Carry on and develop the creation of the Indian The large close regional organizations: Ocean renewable energy network.

· Africa, a fragile giant A large scale process for the Technological · Asia and India, two significant polluting Transfer of Renewable Energy to be countries which effects can be directly be Organized in our Region felt in the Indian Ocean · Australia, so far and so close at the same The institutional and French (Reunion) time engineering environment is backward for the control of some kind of renewable energy, new The Indian Ocean Commission Committed professions must be developed and lost time in a Sustainable Development Policy for the must be made up. Region Countries The value of French expertise in hydraulic and The fundamental place for energy in this geothermal technologies must be enhanced in policy. the Indian Ocean, with Reunion as a leader.

A considerable economical activities market for the renewable energy technologies, and therefore numerous professions.

160 The Seychelles Case managed by the Seychelles Petroleum Company (SEPEC)

Mr. Yvon Juliette, Importation, Storage and Distribution of Seychelles Bureau of Standards, Petroleum Seychelles The energy supply is mainly made up of The Seychelles and the Economy petroleum products. The Seychelles Petroleum Company Ltd. (SEPEC) is responsible for the The Indian Ocean state, the Seychelles, is importation, distribution and storage of situated 4° south of the equator and 56° east of petroleum products. Distribution to the end Greenwich. MahŽ, Praslin and La Digue are user is partly liberalised. Other sources of fuel the islands with permanent inhabitants but the such as charcoal, firewood, agro-industrial country has over one hundreds other islands, wastes (coconut husk and shell, etc.) or solar both granitic and coraline islands. Situated in energy for water heating is estimated to the tropical region, Seychelles has a tropical contribute less than 5% of the national primary climate with two monsoons. The Northwest energy supply. monsoon dominates the months of October to April, being rainy and humid, and the In 1997, a total of 244,965 metric tonnes of southeast monsoon from May to September is petroleum products were imported. This was cooler and drier. The average is seven hours used mainly for electricity generation and for per day. A maximum mean temperature of 29° the transport sector (in the inland market). C with a minimum of around 24° C and About 60% to 70% of the total imports (by average rainfall of 2498 are experienced per volume) was re-exported to aviation and annum. marine bunkers. The rest was consumed inland by the transport and electricity sectors. The The population of the country in 19981 was type of fuel consumed in the transport sector is 78,841. The mortality rate is 7.2 per 1000 of given below. the population while the birth rate was 17.9 for the same period. The male's life expectancy is Sub-sectors Fuel type 2 Air transport Jet kerosene (jet A1) 67.2 years and female's is up 72.9 years . Land transport Motor gasoline and diesel Marine transport Diesel and gasoline The Seychelles economy is based to a large extent on tourism, though fisheries, The storage facilities in Victoria have been agriculture, construction and some light increased from 19,000 metric tonnes to 36,000 industries are also present. The country has an metric tonnes. The total storage capacity of exclusive economic zone of approximately 1.3 SEPEC is 68,354 tonnes and the storage million square kilometres. Mahe, the main facilities are maintained at Victoria, Ste Anne island has the main port and international island and at the airport (Pointe Larue). A airport and the government buildings, and is more detailed breakdown of the storage home for over 50% of the population. facilities is presented in Table 1 below. The Ste Anne facilities are mainly for storing fuel The Energy Situation of the Seychelles for marine bunkering (diesel) purposes, while the airport facilities stock fuel for air bunkers, The energy infrastructure of Seychelles has this is aviation fuel known as Jet A1. PUC has two main parts: its own storage facilities of 1.4 million litres, which is used for electricity generation. · The production, transmission and Electricity power generation consumed 16% of distribution of electricity which are all the total imports, in the form of gasoil. managed by the Public Utility Corporation (PUC)

· The importation, storage and distribution of petroleum products which are all

1 Seychelles Statistical Abstract 1997 (Data based on 1994 population census). 2 Seychelles Statistical Abstract 1997 (Based on 1987 population).

161 Table 1: Maximum Storage capacities for about 7.4% of the national energy supply. Fuel Petroleum Products oil is used in steam boilers by industry and LPG is mainly used by households and hotels Product Tons Million % by Location for cooking. Litres weight Gasoline 4920 6.8 7.2 Victoria Depot Gasoil 39974 47.4 58.5 Ste Anne & Victoria Jet A1 16688 21.3 24.4 Victoria & Airport Avgas 93 0.1 0.1 Victoria & Airport LPG 184 0.3 Victoria Fuel oil 6495 9.5 Total 68354 75.6 100 Soirce: SEPC Fuel oil is used by ship, IOT and Seybrew

Energy Supply

Table 2 on page 5 below is the country's energy balance for the year 1997. More than 70% of the energy supply for 1997 was re- exported to marine and air transports. The primary energy supply was 67,195 toe or 26.3% of the total imported and the final energy supply was 43,399 toe or 17%. Power generation consumed 13.6% of the total imports, mainly in the form of gasoil.

Table 1: Primary Energy Supply in 1997 (in 1997)

Gas oil 47519.9 Fuel oil 3373.8 LPG 1372.1 Gasoline/avgas 10532.5 Jet Kerosene 4396.2

Figure 2: Final Energy consumption by sector 1997

Residential 19% Commerce 14% Government 3% Agri & fishing 2% Industry 9% Transport 53%

Gasoil is the most important fuel consumed in the country with a share of 33.2% of the Final Energy Consumption. It is mainly used in the Transport and Industrial sectors. Electricity, representing 25% of the final energy supply, is consumed in all economic sectors except in the Transport sector. Gasoline and Avgas, representing 24.3% of the final energy supply, are mainly used in Road Transport and in Aviation. Kerosene, coming in fourth with a share of 10.1% of the final energy supply, is mainly used in the Residential Sector for cooking and for local Air Transport. Lastly Fuel oil and LPG altogether represent only

162 Table 3: Seychelles Energy Balance for 1997

Unit: TOE LPG Gasoline/Avgas Jet Kerosene Gasoil Medium Total (Petro products) Electricity Total Energy Fueloil Primary Energy Production Imports 1290.3 11081.6 56174.6 181177.3 5443.6 255167.3 255167.3 Exports (-) Marine & Air Bunkers (-) - 47488 - 133358 - 4768.2 -185614.2 - 185614.2 Stock Change (+-) 81.8 -549.1 - 4290.4 - 299.3 2698.4 - 2358.6 - 2358.6

Primary Energy Consumption 1372.1 10532.5 4396.2 47519.9 3373.8 67194.6 0 67194.6 Power Industry - 33116.2 - 1534.4 - 34650.6 12777.2 - 21873 Autoproducers of electricity Energy Sector Consumption - 441.4 - 441.4 Transmission & Distribution Losses - 1480.3 - 1480.3

FINAL CONSUMPTION 1372.1 10532.5 4396.2 14403.7 1839.4 32544 10855.5 43399 Statistical Difference - 162 - 168.9 - 225.2 - 2272.6 - 71.1 - 2899.9 462.9 - 2454

VENTILATED FINAL CONSUMPTION 1210.1 10363.6 4171 12131 1768.3 29644.1 11318.4 40946 Industry 1 27.3 1079.6 1768.3 2876.2 768.4 3645 Manufacturing Industry 1 27.3 891.2 1768.3 2687.8 681.7 3370 Food Agro Industry 1 27.3 891.2 1768.3 2687.8 38.7 2727 Others 643 643 Mining 3.6 3.6 Construction 188.4 188.4 83.4 271.8

Transport 10249.8 1439.6 10005.9 21731.8 21731.8 Air Transport 36.5 1373.2 1409.8 1409.8 Road Transport 9891.3 8416.9 18308.2 18308.2 Sea Transport 358.5 66.4 1589 2013.9 2013.9

Residential & Others 1209.1 76.8 2702.6 865.1 4853.6 10533.3 15386.9 Residential 1142.9 16.6 2701.1 3860.6 3668.6 7529.2 Commerce & Administration 66.1 11.2 77.3 6817.4 6894.7

Commerce 66.1 6.2 72.3 5492.6 5564.9 Government 5 5 1324.7 1329.7 Agriculture & Fishing (Agri) 48.6 684.7 733.3 21.8 755.1 Other Consumers (Street lightning) 25.5 25.5 Non Energy End Uses 0.5 1.5 180.5 182.4 182.4 Note: Charcoal, firewood, agro-industrial wastes (coconut husk and shell, etc.) and solar energy for water heating are encluted.

163 Electricity Generation, Transmission and system and 40 km on the Praslin/La Digue Distribution system.

Electricity Generation Load Characteristics and Evolution on MahŽ Electricity production, transmission and distribution is the sole responsibility of PUC. Two daily peaks are visible for the electricity The government company is responsible for load profile. One occurs in the late morning at the service on the three main islands of around 11 a.m. and another in the evening Seychelles, MahŽ, Praslin and La Digue. On a around 7 p.m. The late morning peak is mainly smaller scale, Island Development is attributed to the use of air conditioning in responsible for electricity of the outer islands offices and activities in the commercial and unless these islands are private. industrial sectors. While the evening peak is due to demand from the domestic and tourism The total install capacity of the whole country sectors. under the PUC's management is 40.6 MW (at the end of 1998). 35.8 MW is available on the Demand Characteristics main island MahŽ and 4.8 MW on Praslin. La Digue is connected to the Praslin grid via Domestic sector: submarine cables. Two power stations, situated in the capital, are providing electricity on the This sector caters for a total of 15,330 houses island of MahŽ. Station A (located at Huteau connected to the grid (based on 1994). There Lane) has a total capacity of 10.8 MW. This is are two main peaks, the first occuring during made up of a 4MW gas turbine, four 1.4 MW the early morning and the second in early mobile (in container) and 1.2 MW mobile (in evening. During the day, demand drops with a container) generators. Station B (located at the slight rise visible around midday and again in New Port) has seven generators with a total the late afternoon. From the individual daily capacity of 25 MW. They are four 2.5 MW profiles available it can be predicted that the and three 5 MW generators. Praslin station, domestic sector peak will occur between 6.30 situated at Baie Ste Anne has an install pm and 9.00 pm. capacity of 4.8MW. Tourism Sector: Transmission and Distribution Grid This comprises of over 50 small and large The transmission system on the island of hotels, and numerous other tourist related Mahe comprises a single 33 KV overhead establishments. Demand rises form early line between Victoria 'B' Power Station and morning until about 9 am when it reaches a Anse Boileau and provides normal supply to level maintained over the course of the day. the south of Mahe. Two 7.5 MVA 11/33 KV Demand rises again to an evening peak before step-up transformers are installed adjacent to finally dropping back down to nighttime level. Victoria 'B' Power Station and two 33/11 KV The exhibited daily variation is likely to be due step-down transformers are installed at Anse to cooking activities and the regular use of air Boileau. The 33 KV circuit from Victoria 'B' conditioning throughout the day, with lighting Power Station to Anse Boileau is a double being the main reason for the evening peak. circuit 33 KV construction, with one circuit Peak demand occurs between the hours of 6 energised at 33 KV and used as a p.m. and 10 p.m. transmission circuit and one circuit energised at 11 kV and used as a distribution Commercial Sector: circuit. The 33 kV overhead line route length is 12 km. There are numerous 11 kV Demand rises early morning to peak level, transformer connections on the distribution which is maintained until late afternoon when circuit and a single consumer connected to levels drop to a low constant level throughout the 33 kV overhead line; BBC relay station the evening and night time. (500 kVA). Government Sector: The distribution system in rural areas (i.e. all areas except Victoria) is via a partially Demand profile for this sector is similar to that interconnected 11 kV overhead line system, of the commercial sector with the majority operated as radial feeders. The installed length demand occurring during the daytime. Demand of 11 kV overhead line is 150 km on the Mahe rises steadily in the early morning, reaching its

164 peak around midday, drops sharply after 2.00 was found out that the most appropriate design p.m. and levels off to minimal demand by 6.00 was an integral collector and storage unit type. p.m. Peak demand occurs around the midday. With the data and the results acquired, it was found that the setting up of a factory to Industrial Sector: manufacture solar water heaters targeting the local market. The peak level of demand in the industrial sector occurs during the early afternoon. A Solar Refrigeration: close look at the individual companies shows that the peak can be between 10 a.m. and 3 In September 19987 a pilot unit of solar p.m., or between 5 p.m. and 8 p.m. refrigeration based on the principle of solid absorption was installed at Pointe Larue (now Seychelles Renewable Energy Technology Seychelles Bureau of Standards - SBS) for Experience experimentation. The project formed part of the DENROI project finaced by the EEC with Renewable energy technology research has the 5th European Development funds. The been undertaken for a while in the country. A system was designed by the 'Laboratoire de whole range of different RETs have been tried. Physique de Depots Metalliques' at the Assessment and feasibility studies have been University of Nancy I in France and comprised carried out in the field of biomass, biogas, a 200 litre insulated box resembling a deep wind, wave, hydro and solar energy. Most of freezer set, a set of 4 cylinder-parabolical solar the studies have been completed and recorded, collectors each having an opening area of 0.6 with the exception of solar energy for heating. m2, a condenser unit and pipings. The These feasibility studies were carried out with refrigerant used by the ammonia and the the assistance and expertise of overseas absorbent was calcuim chloride. This specialist organisations. absorbent was placed in black coated tubes at the focal axes of the cylindro-parabolic The main driving force for research in collectors. A pair of pipes about 5 metres long renewable energy sources was the second oil connected the evaporator to the solar collectors crisis in 1979/1980. Initial interest was and the condenser. The refrigerator was placed stimulated after the studying of the resources in an office with am ambient temperature of available in the country, especially those found 29° C to 30° C. Special plastic bags filled with in the outer islands. Biomass was the main water were permanently laid on the evaporator alternative source of energy because of the which was found at the bottom of the abundance of waste forestry products. Biogas refrigerator. The refrigerator functioned was the second most likely source due to the according to the day-night cycle. large amounts of animal waste products found the outlying islands. Biogas was also seen as a During the day, it generates only liquid way to preventing pollution of the ecosystem. ammonia, which in turn is use to produce ice and cold temperatures during the night. The ice Unfortunately, wind energy was considered to produced during the night is used to maintain be not viable because of the limited wind the low temperature needed inside the regime of the outer islands. Wave energy was refrigerator. With good solar irradiation considered, however Seychelles islands lie in a condition, the system could provide up to 2.5 shallow region where there is very little kg of ice per day. A minimum temperature of potential. So solar energy was considered the 5° C is attainable at around 8 a.m. with a best possibility. maximum temperature of 14° C occurring at 6 p.m. This type of performance showed that the Solar energy device could be use only to preserve items like vaccines but was not efficient to handle Solar Water Heaters: perishable goods.

Solar Water Heaters have been proven to be The system had to be readjusted every the most reliable to all the monitored fortnight and due to leaks in the system, new renewable energy technologies. The main ammonia had to be added once or twice application would be the introduction of solar yearly. Since both ammonia and ability to do water heaters in hotels, industries and other the refilling or maintain the system were not institutions. The use of low cost solar water widely available, especially in the remote heaters for domestic purposes was also area, this made it difficult to disseminate the considered. From the result of the studies, it system.

165 Apart from the technical hitches, the system small scale system, the Genewatt 240 and the was not economical in comparison with the PWL 540. electrical alternative further hampering its dissemination. Genewatt 240: Capacity C/100 at 25° C 310 Ah total nominal capacity 310 (120V) Solar Drying: PWL 540: 4 modules of 40W each 4 batteries with capacity 210 Ah In August 1990, two Nomad solar kilns were C/100; 24V installed on MahŽ with funding of the UNDP Load voltage 12V under the New and Renewable Energy Programme (UN/DTCD). The kilns are of Experiments have been carried out on other similar type as the ones used in Sri Lanka, PV projects. This included a system at the Malawi, Guyana and Great Britain at the time TSSD (now integrated into the SBS) which and especially designed for small saw mills contained PV cells and battery for powering and furniture production centres. several lights and a ceiling fan. Another other example was the successful application was on The kiln consists of a sturdy aluminium the La Digue Island, where a freezer unit was framework split into two halves covered with a purchased for a clinic. Both of these project polyester glazing film called 'melinex' was funded by AFME. 071(tm). The film is attached to the framework by a so called 'Double X' fixing system. The Wind energy material provided good daylight transmission and has good retention in relation with the heat Wind generator project on Ste Anne Island: build up inside the kiln. The solar heat was absorbed by a false ceiling of corrugated sheet This project was part of a number of projects painted in matt black and covering an area of on new and renewable energy financed by the 38.9 m2. The two frame structures were fitted EEC with the 5th European Development fund with handle to move the framework. Two under DENROI programme. Two Aerowatt electrical fans, 0.25 hp each, were used to wind generators were installed in October circulate the air inside the kiln. The kiln itself 1987 on Ste. Anne Island. They were two had a capacity of 7 m3. bladed systems with a diameter of 7 metres, rated at 10 kW for rated wind speed of 10.5 The kiln works on the greenhouse effect m/s and with a cut out speed of 7.5 m/s. principle. Short wave passes through the film Supported on mild steel columns of total and is converted to long wave radiation as it height 18 metres, the sets were energised by reaches the black absorber. It is trapped by the 415/240 volts, 50 Hz grid from a small diesel film, ensuring transfer to the timber stack station and their output was fed directly into inside the kiln. The fans is then used to the grid for the National Youth Service Village circulate the air inside. A small number of 1. This village is now closed. vents are provides to removing moisture from the kiln from the water evaporated from the An automatic weather station for wind timber. measurements was installed onsite on the island and was commissioned in November Day time temperature inside the kiln can reach 1987. The system ran automatically as long as 55° C to 60° C. This is in the early afternoon the grid supply was available. The analysis of around 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. The relative humidity the wind data revealed a remarkable peak of can drop to 30 %. 6.34 m/s wind in the southeast monsoon season (May to October). The average wind Photovoltaic: speed for the northeast monsoon season (November to March) was 3.62 m/s. A Both actual and feasibility studies have been minimum and maximum speed of 2.28 m/s and carried out on photovoltaic (PV) application in 7.6 m/s, respectively, were recorded. the Seychelles. Photowatt International S.A. carried out feasibility study on the use of PV Micro hydro Electricity technology on the outer islands. These covered the use of PV for operating a radiotelephone A pre-feasible study carried out in 1982 on SSB on Poivre Island and for providing power hydropower indicated that a total of 9 MW of for the community dormitory on Desroches power could be available, but this was later Island. These were to be achieved using two reduced to 2 MW. At that time, this would,

166 theoretically, have been able to produce 5 to 10 The house was a single storey building with % of the country's electricity needs. The surface area of 12.15 m x 8.1m. It had a NE- application of this technology appeared to be SE orientation with the following features: mainly concentrated on MahŽ, Praslin and Silhouette (situated on this North West side of · Large spacing fixed timber louvres on MahŽ) islands. This was due to the fact that each window and each door; these islands had right conditions existing · A roof with overhang of 1 m around the (perennial rivers, relevant heads of water and building for sunlight protection the appropriate market of it). The first · Ventilation in the underside of the roof feasibility studies on micro hydro were overhang to allow ambient air to circulate conducted in 1982 by an Indian mission (Tata into the attic for removing accumulated Consulting Engineers). Eight sites were heat, which escape via the vents in the identified. A local institution was also roof; involved, namely the water department., In the · An insulation reflective sheet studies, sites with peak potential over 100 kW 'SISALATION' in the ceiling to reduce were considered. These sites represented the conduction heat form the attic to the principal streams and rivers, plus the rooms; possibility of extracting energy out of the · Two square ventilation holes, 50 cm x 50 treated water supply. It was found that the cm each, on top of the wardrobes, linked Rochon/La Gogue water supply complex the rooms to the attic void. This allowed (found on MahŽ) could harness 60 kW of for the evacuation (at night) of the hot air electricity. This at the time would have created in the rooms during the day. As produce electricity saving up to SR 200,000 on the hot air rose through these holes, fresh fuel. air form outside enters the room through the window louvres. All these studies failed to assess the total potential since there are numerous site with Performance of the design: potential of 20 to 100 kW. These could be cheaply exploited using induction generators. Measurements made showed that the The resources of Silhouette were not well maximum temperatures for the month October investigated. As a result of the high cost of to December were similar. The critical period generating electricity on the island (due to high was for the hot season (November to April) financial, fuel and maintenance costs), it could during which the weak monsoon wind blows be economically viable to exploit these and in the same period the sun in further south resources by way of small hydro plants. This at midday. The bedrooms, where the would be more justifiable in the rainy season measurements were taken, were northeast side of the building, thus benefiting from the The disadvantage of hydro-electricity in the afternoon shadow. Data collected shows that it Seychelles is the seasonal rain. From June to was still comfortable during this period despite October, the islands may experience severe poor ventilation due to lack of wind. lack of rain which can bring river flow to zero. It was suggest that a more viable option would The data collected show that the project was a be to average out the utilisation of the success. resources (seasonal variation) so as to maximise its use. Performance features:

· The natural ventilation of the rooms by Bio-climatic House fixed timber louvres was noted to work normally as long as wind was present The construction of a bio-climatic house was around the house. The only disadvantage part of a number of projects on new and was the possible draught inside the living renewable energy financed by the EEC under room due the strong wind in the southeast the DENROI programme. It was aimed at monsoon period. investigating the use of passive cooling design · The ventilation of the roof's attic by that could be a solution to the discomfort in natural air circulation was noted to work building caused by the hot climate. Simple well. With maximum temperature of 30° passive methods such as natural ventilation, C - 31° C in the room was recorded, the insulation and protection form direct sunlight attic had a maximum of 36° C to 38° C. were used in the design while ensuring · The large roof overhang provided moderate construction cost. protection from direct sunlight.

167 · The SISALATION insulation sheet electric energy based on the wave statistics performed well, but it cost around 100SR was: per metre. A cheaper alternative could be sought. E=1.5 GWh for MahŽ and · The NE-SE orientation of the building was chosen so as the benefit from the NW and E=1.18 GWh for La Digue (Kraerner Brug SE monsoons for the ventilation of the 1988) house. The report also suggested some uncertainty in The cost of the construction for the house was both the total financial cost of the project and SR 188,000. the wave climate. All estimates that were made in the report, including project cost and the Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy cost of energy produced were mad using optimistic set of values. Hence, this is why Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: there is a need for further comprehensive feasibility studies to be carried out. The Ocean thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) mission found out that the cost of a unit of development in the Seychelles has not been electricity generated by thermal power plant fully studied. Action has not been planned, would be slightly less than that produced by however, oceanographic data has been wave power plants. gathered by Office pour la Reserche Scientific et Technique d'Outremer ORSTOM) form Biogas Systems France. From the information gathered, it has been found that the main island, MahŽ lies in Biogas is one of the renewable energy sources the middle of a continental shelf and the that has been assessed extensively in the resources available is not sufficient enough for country. Some sites have been identified which OTEC to be viable. In order to exploit this produce enough electricity to meet a fraction technology efficiently, the ocean depth should of the electricity they need. The only drawback be drop to from 10-15m to 1200-1500m within is that the financial cost of biogas systems is 3-5 km where the ocean temperature drops too high. Biogas system have been tested on from 25 - 30C (at the surface) down to 4 Cat MahŽ, Silhouette, Bird and Coetivity islands. the bottom (UNDP/WB 1984). Nevertheless The aim of these studies was to find out if sites have been identified within 1 km of some biogas could replace diesel for electricity outer island. In addition, the UNDP/World generations and kerosene for cooking. Bank report requested the government that any An extensive economic and financial analysis exploitation of OTEC should be put on hold for the use of biogas on Denis Island showed until the technology is internationally proven that it was financially unwise to invest in this to be viable. form of technology for energy use on the island. Kerosene was available at virtually tax Wave/Tidal Energy: free for cooking, hence making biogas an unwise choice. In 1982, Crown agents (UK) carried out preliminary studies on the possibility of using Biomass: wave/tidal energy resources. No measuring equipment was installed, so no information on Test on using biomass as a form of energy first how much energy could be generated was started in 1981 with two units, both installed at estimated. It was felt that there were not real the Research and Development Unit potential for such technology to be exploited. (predecessor of TSSD, now SBS). One Swedish design with a rated output of 30 kVA, In 19988, a second mission form Knaerner utilising a Chevet gasifier and coconut husks Brug A/S and Oceanor A/S of Norway visited created bridging (flow) and tar problems the country to discuss with the government (Hums 1988). The other unit was a 50 kVA on the possibility of using ocean waves to German made. DENROI also looked at the use produce electricity. This mission pointed out of biomass for crop drying purposes. This was several test sites. Oceanor carried out a full carried out in 1988 in conjunction with comprehensive study of deep water statistics SADECO (Seychelles Agricultural and shallow water model runs (Knaerner Development Company). Another producer 1988). It was estimated that installing wave gas plant was purchased from the Chevet power plants at the recommended sites, that company, a small family owned business in the average gross annual production of France. This plant is basically of the Imbert

168 type but modified in order to give the gasifier operating costs for producer gas systems vary better tar cracking properties. The gasifier is with the manufacturer, size and its utilisation. connected via a two-way valve to two Furthermore the viability may be enhanced by generator sets, a dual fuelled (diesel/gas) 40 taking advantage of possible trade offs kVA and a 32 kVA all gas units. between capital cost. Based on the values cited for installation gasification units in the Trails on coconut husk were started early in Indian Ocean island installed financial costs 1985 and although very good gas produced at have been found to range between US $ low loads (2kW), fuel flow problems 2800/KW. The economic costs ranges aggravated by the low-density husk caused between US $ 1600/kW - 2400/kW. large fluctuations in the gas quality which meant that the system could not be operated. There is limited data on actual operating Attempts were made to raise the density of the costs of producer gas systems. However a fuel by about 30%. A total of 600 hours of simulation of operational costs using 100 analysis has since been carried out on the KW and a 42 kW systems on MahŽ has mixture with very minor breakdowns. The been carried out by Michael Crosseti World Bank had been monitoring this unit assuming 5000 hrs/yr a capacity factor of since December 1986 and this programme 50% and zero shadow wage rate and should have been very successful and this was economic fuel costs. The 100 kW and 42 because the diesel governor could not hive a kW units give 0.041 US $/kWh and 0.061 proportional control with varying loads and US $/kWh operational cost. consequently the engine ran very irregularly. A maximum saving on diesel of 75% can be Biomass resources have been well documented achieved at top load. It was consequently felt in a report compiled by L'ARDIO/DTD. This that the gasification programme should only examined what is available on MahŽ and the look at 100% gas units. outer islands of the Seychelles. The main form of fuel was found to be coconut residues In terms of biomass availability, coconut husk (husk/shell), sawdust, cinnamon stern wood and sawmill by-products can be viewed as the and logging residues (L'ARDIO/DTD 1985). only readily available resource. On MahŽ approximately 600 tonnes of saw mill residues Renewable Energy Resources and Potentials (dry weight) are available annually for use as fuel. Coconut husk and shells are also One of the short term policy objectives stated available in large quantities on MahŽ, Praslin earlier this year in the Seychelles Energy and Ste Anne. Based on biomass availability Policy is to "encourage energy (in particular on these islands and a conversion factor of fossil fuel) conservation by promoting an 1.5kg/kWh biomass to electricity one can increase in the efficiency of power generation, estimate approximately 1900, 200 and 20 energy use, a reduction of unit energy intensity MWh or 3, 8 and 9% of the current annual in economic activity and the utilisation of generation for MahŽ, Praslin and Ste Anne appropriate renewable energy options". respectively. RET in use The potential contribution of producer gas systems for grid generation is small due to Solar water heating: limited biomass availability. The highest producer has capacity is 444 kW for MahŽ, 48 This has been the most successful application kW for Praslin and 13 kW for Ste. Anne. of renewable application in the country. There is one company presently providing solar The viability of grid connected producer water heaters (SolarHart models) to users. systems depends on: Solar drying: 1. Competing energy costs; 2. Capital costs of the systems; and This is also in use in the Seychelles for wood 3. Operating and fuel costs. drying but at time preparing this report no data was available for the application of solar Assuming that producer gas can displace energy in agriculture. It should be mentioned conventional capacity but as capacity additions that solar energy is used for fish drying. Here, cannot be justified for producer gas systems, the fish is saturated in salt and allow to dry in then the value of the system would depend on the sun. But there is might be a need for more conventional fuel savings alone. Capital and installed.

169 Potential RETs

Bioclimatic Building design:

This has the ability of being use here but unfortunately cost would be a dithering factor. But closer examination of the cost of such design should be undertaken.

Photovoltaic:

The country should again look at the technology again. This could be viable alternative to fossil fuel to provide power for light and communication on some of the outer islands. Further studies should be initiated.

Micro hydro electricity:

Studies should be made to investigated better its potential. It is fair to mention that in the southeast monsoon period such technology would most likely fail to function as insufficient water would be available to drive the generators. The aim of the project would be to supplement the electricity demand in the rainy season (northwest monsoon period).

For successful implementation of renewable energy it is important that sufficient aftersale service is available. Also, the support technicians should appropriate training and knowledgeable to provide advise to users.1 2

1 References: Seychelles Statistical Abstract 1997, Status of Renewable Energy Technology Dissemination in Seychelles, Seychelles in Figures, 1999 Edition, Seychelles Energy Policy, Seychelles Energy Bulletin 1997

2 Acronyms: ARDIO/DTD; Atelier Regional Sur La Gazification de la Biomas, DENROI; Developpement des Energies Nouvelles et Renouvelables dans l'OcŽan Indien, EEC; European Economic Community, LPG; liquefied Petroleum Gas, NE-SE; Northeast-southeast, NW; North West, RET; Renewable Energy Consumption, SE; southeast, SR; Seychelles rupees, toe;Ton of Oil Equivalent

170 Solomon Islands The major export items are fish, timber, copra, palm oil, coconut oil, cocoa, gold and marine products. The country is divided into nine Mr. John Gorosi, provinces which are given devolved powers Director of Energy, vested upon then by the central government. These nine provinces have provincial capitals Department of Mines, Energy and where the administrative bodies of the Water, provincial Governments are also located. Solomon Islands Honiara, the capital city of Solomon Islands had experienced a fast growth in the last 10 The Solomon Islands is an independent years in its infrastructure, commercial and country having achieved its independence industrial development. The current growth in from Great Britain in 1978. economic activities has also contributed to an influx of people thus giving rise to a The Solomon Islands comprises a double chain population growth for Honiara a lone at a rate archipelago of six major islands and numerous of approximately 5% per annum. The power, small islands with major islands being Malaita, fisheries and mining sectors activities within Santa Isabel, Makira, Choiseul and New the Solomon Islands depend a lot on imported Georgia. The country is located east of Papua petroleum based fuels that enters the port of New Guinea and north east of Australia entry Honiara. between latitudes 5 degrees and 12 degrees south and longitude 155 degrees and 170 Energy Characteristics degrees east. The total land area is approximately 28,450 square kilometres. The Solomon Islands is a net importer of energy terrain on the large islands is mountainous and the economy is heavily dependent on with extensive coastal plains limited to the imported petroleum fuels. Over three quarters northern part of Guadalcanal. The land is of the countries energy consumption is catered mostly covered with dense tropical rain forest. for by imports. This situation is expected to continue well into the foreseeable future unless The islands are situated in a tropical ocean there are discoveries of oil within the climate with near stable year round boundaries of the country. temperatures of 30-33 degrees during the day time, dropping to 23-26 degrees in the early The import and distribution of imported mornings. The relative humidity is high (RH petroleum products is an activity currently 80-100%). being carried out by Mobil and Shell. Approximately a third of the total fuel The mountainous topography leads to large imports is delivered directly to customers variation in rainfall and this undoubtedly forms bulk storage from coastal tankers out of may different microclimates. The rainfall Papua New Guinea which the balance is record shows 2,000 mm on the Guadalcanal delivered to Honiara by Medium Range with 3,000-5,000 mm on coastal area of the tankers. This Medium Range tanker delivery other islands and up to 8,000 mm in the is part of a voyage pattern which takes in a mountainous interiors. number of Pacific countries.

The islands are subjected to cyclonic Almost all electricity in the Solomon Islands is conditions from time to time. generated by diesel fuel, with only two small hydropower plants operated and maintained by The population of Solomon Islands is the power utility. Other three hydropower estimated to be around 384,000 (1994 schemes were built by APACE, a non estimates). A national census will be carried governmental Organisation. out in 1999 to update the population estimate. Out of all people living within the boundaries At present only 12% of the total population of the sovereign state of Solomon Islands have access to electricity from the power approximately 10% live in the capital Honiara utilities grid. The two hydropower schemes situated on the island of Guadalcanal. which are operated and maintained by the power utility have a capacity of 29 kW and Practically about 85% of the population are 160 kW each supplying electricity to rurally based engaged in agriculture or fishing. Government administrations centres.

171 Experience with Renewable Energy Biogas

Hydropower In the mid eighties, a biogas digester was built for a rural training centre, with the view to There are five known hydropower schemes getting the centre becoming self reliant on operational in the country. These being, energy for domestic use. The scheme worked fine but was discontinued due to natural 1. Buala. 160 kW. Built with GTZ disaster, flooding. At the time when the biogas assistance and operated by the power was operating, it catered for the centres energy utility. This plant has become part of the for cooking all year round. This was possible utility's system in providing electrical with waste from a piggery that housed over energy to a government administration fifty pigs. centre. The electricity supplied is charged a tariff same as other utility There was no income intended to be derived grids. The operation and maintenance of from this project although it replaced the this plant is the responsibility of the purchase of LPG the centre was using power utility previously

2. Malu'u. 29 kW. Built with UNIDO and Gasifier New Zealand Government assistance. Currently operated by the power utility to A gasifier was installed in the mid eighties at a supply power to a government privately owned lumber sawmill as a pilot administration centre and two other demonstration project. The raw materials was villages. Operation and maintenance is in the form of timber off cuts from the mill. done by the power utility The off cuts were then burned in a kiln to produce charcoal which was further burned in 3. Iriri, Vavaga, Manawai. Approximately 10 a pyrolysis rig to produce carbon monoxide. kW each. Built by an NGO and operated The carbon monoxide was then used as fuel to by villagers as a village electrification drive an internal combustion gas engine. scheme. In each of these schemes, the villagers are responsible for the operation The project met it objective as a pilot and maintenance of the plant and are also demonstration unit but did not last its required to pay a fixed monthly fees envisaged lifetime as the plant was given to a towards this cause. wrong user. Currying out a commercial activity, the user at that time did not bother Solar Photovoltaic much about the user of the type of energy. Furthermore it was said by the user at that time There are numerous privately installed and that using the gasifier costed him more labour operated home solar systems scattered all over time as compared to using conventional fossil the country, but there are only two fuel. communally installed solar electrified communities in the Solomon islands. These Biomas two community solar PV installations were made possible with the coordination of an About 95% of all domestic energy requirement NGO, the Guadalcanal Rural Electrification for cooking in the Solomon Islands is catered Agency (GREA) and funding assistance from for by the use of fire wood. For industrial Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) from USA. application there is one plant that uses The funding and acquisition of hardware were agricultural residues for electricity and process undertaken by SELF while Government heat. This is the only plant and is at large scale facilitated and ensured that these are imported for an Oil Palm company. with duty and tax exempted. Training of the us ers and village technicians and installation of Introduction of Renewable Energy into the the home kits were made by technicians from Country the power utility and Government's Energy Office. The manner in which renewable energy technologies and projects are introduced into The solar systems are now owned and operated the country are varied. Generally in the by the villagers who are also required to pay eighties, most projects were introduced as pilot monthly fees for the cost and maintenance. and for demonstration without any specific

172 strategy. The manufacturers and donors were hand over. Usually the projects are the main actors in the introduction into the implemented in the absence of a coherent and country, of renewable energy technologies and practical strategy for their long term operation projects. and maintenance. This, very likely results in project failure soon after commissioning. The nineties for Solomon Islands saw a change to the manner in which renewable energy is The criterion used to determine project being imported in to the country. There is now location is usually based on economic models some understanding of the technologies and whereas the need of the recipients are social in people are beginning to make their own nature. This can lead to uneven distribution of choice. This is possible due to the limited development in the country. The involvement awareness campaigns undertaken by of the recipient right from the start is vital. Government and NGOs coupled with This will ensure acceptability of the availability of the technologies. Although there technology and future administrative is definitely a change in attitude there is still framework. the mentality of free assistance from aid donor. This is further complicated with the lack of Thus the notion of USER PAY should be made funds on the part of the potential users. known to the recipients as it is vital to long term stability. Major Barriers Plans for the Future There are two major barriers that has and will always continue to obstruct the introduction of The following are perceived as activities in renewable energy into the country. These addressing renewable energy in the future: being: 1. Promotional programs should be carried 1. Institutional framework out to inform potential users that renewable energy is possible and There is at the moment no established especially in informing them of the institution within the country that specialises in advantages and limitations of the available renewable energy development although there renewable energy technologies, resources exists an Energy Office within Government. and projects The Energy Division is mandated to administer 2. Establish a mechanism that would ensure the energy need of the nation but under the that prices of renewable energy present environment, its mandate is too general technologies, resources and projects are and may overlook some critical issues for set at reasonable levels while at the same renewable energy. The recently adopted time ensuring that government taxation national energy policy should be a tool to sort policies are maintained this issue out. 3. All renewable energy installations and in particular the isolated installations have 2. Finance coherent and practical strategy for the long term maintenance Finance has and will always continue to be a 4. A work programme for the deciding factor in the introduction of implementation of renewable energy is renewable energy into the country. The lack of currently being drawn up for Solomon it has been the major obstacle. The high capital Islands which should be a working cost associated with the technologies is document for the implementation of the prohibitive to the potential users in the islands, National Energy Policy in particular those in the rural areas. Renewable Energy Resource Potential Major Lessons Learnt The following are potential in renewable It is noted with the few renewable energy energy: experiences, the users understanding of the systems is essential in ensuring the sustainable 1. Hydropower operation and proper maintenance. Further to 2. Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal this the users acceptability is also vital. 3. Wind 4. OTEC Aid donor proposed projects do not always 5. Biomass, biogas, Biofuels cater for the continuation of the project after 6. Geothermal

173 174 Energy Production and use in services sector spurred primarily by the growth in tourism has contributed to the structural St. Lucia with particular focus transformation of the economy from one based on Renewable Energy mainly on primary commodities to one based more on services.

Christopher Corbin, The liberalization of international trade and Sustainable Development Officer, decline in aid flows have resulted in changes in Ministry of Finance and Planning, economic focus with the tourism sector being St. Lucia increasingly promoted as the leading sector of the economy. Operations in the banana industry are being rationalized to enable it to Introduction compete effectively on the global stage with greater focus on alternative uses of the banana Saint Lucia is one of the Windward Islands product. The banana industry still represents located in the Eastern Caribbean, lying one of the major employers and accounts for approximately 62 degrees west and 13.6 40% of the total exports. degrees north. It is a small country in terms of both size and population. St. Lucia has a land Foreign direct investment complemented by area of 616 square kilometres and is of public provision of infrastructure and an volcanic origin, with a rugged and enabling economic environment have been key mountainous topography, particularly in the factors contributing to the country's economic central area. The land tends to flatten out at development. St. Lucia faces a challenging the northern and southern tips of the island. period in sustaining a high level of economic Broad flat valleys run between off-shoots of activity because of the need to reduce its the main central valleys to the sea. The reliance on banana exports. There is a further country's natural resources are its people, need to develop a broader based economy beaches, climate and scenic beauty and its focussing on tourism, international financial fertile valleys. services, free zone distribution services, informatics and agroprocessing industries, St. Lucia has a population of about 150,000 of manufacturing and to adopt new technology- whom 60,000 live in the capital city of based production. Castries. The rate of population growth has been around 1.6% in recent years. In 1997, The main economic constraints facing the approximately 34.0% of the population was country include: (1) problems confronting the below 15 years, while 6.0% was above 65 banana industry; (2) deterioration in the giving a dependency ratio of 1:1.5 merchandise terms of trade; (3) slow down in the pace of the construction industry; (3) St. Lucia gained its independence from the sluggish performance of the manufacturing United Kingdom in 1979, and is a member of sector and (4) diminishing aid from donor the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States agencies. (OECS) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). St. Lucia also belongs to the Existing Energy Situation Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) which operates a fixed exchange rate regime, Energy demand in St. Lucia, like most of the with the Eastern Caribbean Dollar tied to the small island states in the Caribbean is met by United States Dollar at a rate of EC$2.70 to the importation of refined petroleum products US$1.00. such as petroleum, diesel and kerosene. The dependence on imported energy, coupled with The economy is highly open and heavily a disproportionately high rate of increase in dependent on foreign trade. On average, energy consumption has serious implications exports of goods and services amounted to for the island's security of energy supply and 65.9% of GDP over the period 1996-1997, balance of payments position. while imports of goods and services averaged 72.3% of GDP. All generating capacity in St. Lucia is diesel- powered. The local utility company The economy, which was heavily oriented LUCELEC is a privately owned company with towards agriculture in the 1970's and 1980's shares owned by the Government and other has made some progress towards entities. Regulatory reforms were enacted in diversification. In particular, the growth of the 1994 in which the Public Utilities Commission

175 was abolished and a regulatory regime was increase the use of solar and other renewable established whereby LUCELEC is allowed a technologies. fixed minimum rate of return. LUCELEC currently has approximately 66 MW of There is a need to determine: What levels of installed capacity, all diesel fired to met a peak incentives are economically justified? And demand of about 44 MW. Currently the what exactly are the economic benefits of solar residential customers are getting electricity as water heating? a cost of US $0.16/KWh and commercial and industrial customers at a rate of $0.20/KWh Although most of the population (90-95%) has access to electricity, there is a large rural area Over the past ten years, the utility has and some communities that are far from the experienced annual growth rates in both sales electric grid. Solar electricity for water and demand averaging approximately 10%. pumping, lighting and other uses can play a LUCELEC recently installed 30 MW of new useful role in these areas. diesel based generating capacity and with the growing demand from the Tourism Industry, it Photovoltaic (PV) lighting systems have been is expected that 31 MW of additional capacity installed on four storm shelters with Italian/UN will be needed over the next eight years. Trust Fund assistance as a demonstration of renewable technologies. About 70 additional St. Lucia imports about 95,000 Tons of oil storm shelters that are either not connected to equivalent (TOE), at a cost of some US$25 the grid or would lose electricity in the event million or 20% of the island's total export of a storm are in need of this emergency earnings. About 30% of this is used for assistance. Most of these shelters are located electricity generation. The total electricity in schools and churches. generated in St. Lucia is about 200,000 kWh. The greatest potential for crop drying by About 90% of households have access to sunlight is for the drying of ginger and other electricity. There are some 40,000 residential spices such as clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, chive, and 5,000 commercial and industrial thyme and peppers. Solar energy is also used customers. Annual sales are about 150 GWh for drying cocoa beans and coconuts by open per year. exposure to the sun. There are a number of locally built solar dryers - wire baskets or The Ministry of Finance and Planning is the cabinet dryers, but their use is on the decline. government ministry responsible for the There is a need for the development of cheap development of energy policy, programs and and durable dryers. projects while the Ministry of Communications, Works and Public Utilities Incentives are also necessary to encourage oversees the operations of LUCELEC. small businesses to produce dried fruit especially for the tourism market, which would Renewable Energy Resources and create a market for these dryers. Experiences Wind Energy Solar energy Studies in St. Lucia suggest that areas of St. Lucia is blessed with an abundant amount moderately high speed exists on the island of sunlight. However, only a limited use of especially on the exposed locations on the solar applications can be found. The high windward coat of the island, and in particular cost of heating water using electricity is at the northern and southern extremities, where causing an increasing number of domestic the prevailing wind flow has been diverted and commercial consumers to switch to solar around the central mountain range. water heating. Government has encouraged this through the removal of both duty and The Government of Saint Lucia and the Saint consumption tax on solar heating units and on Lucia Windpower JV, a joint venture company components used in their manufacture. Many formed by Probyn Company of Toronto, Canada of these heaters are seen on newer buildings and York Windpower of Montreal, Canada has and mainly in the city of Castries and completed an assessment of wind potential near surrounding areas. It is expected that the the Eastern Coast of the island. Based on the waiver of consumption tax and import duty results of this one-year continuous wind resource on all renewable technologies will further assessment, the government has submitted a

176 proposal to construct a 13.5 MW wind farm to growing leucaena trees, which are harvested the local utility. under controlled conditions.

The local utility LUCELEC has expressed Conclusion interest in purchasing power from wind, provided that the cost of power is below Since the 1983 Conference of the Heads of existing variable costs (i.e. the fuel cost of Government of the Caribbean Community generation), and that no investment by the (CARICOM) when the Regional Energy utility is required. Action Plan (REAP) was adopted, a number of initiatives were launched aimed at The introduction of this renewable energy commercialization of renewable energy in the source will likely require developmental Caribbean but have had limited success. support. Renewable energy technologies provide less than 2 percent of the region's commercial Geothermal Energy energy. A number of barriers to the commercialization of renewable energy in the Geothermal energy may be St. Lucia's Caribbean have been identified, such as the principal renewable energy resource. Several lack of a policy framework, lack of appropriate exploration programs have been carried out feasibility studies, lack of financing and the during the last two decades, funded by U.S. lack of awareness and institutional capacity. and European companies and the United Nations. The drilling explorations have With the availability of cost competitive confirmed the presence of a geothermal renewable energy technologies, and rising resource capable of supplying electricity to the concerns about climate change and the national grid. However, no adequate vulnerability of the small island states, a determination of feasibility is currently renewal of efforts for commercialization of available. renewable energy in the small island states can be seen among regional and international Advantage is being taken of improvements in organizations. geothermal technology to conduct a reassessment of the potential resource, which Saint Lucia's National Environmental Action should be completed by October 1999. Plan (1997) called for a comprehensive study of the energy consumption patterns of all Biomass sectors of the economy, a strategy to improve end-use efficiency and a program to achieve St. Lucia is mainly an agricultural country. set targets. The need for contribution of There are many forms of biomass used renewable sources of energy to the energy mix including charcoal, firewood and agricultural was raised and opportunities to exploit these products such as coconut shells. In 1996, it were to be pursued. was estimated that 8,276 tonnes of biomass were consumed. There is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive energy policy that will address 20% of the land in St. Lucia is uncultivated issues of: Price stability; Quality; Security of marginal land or scrublands suitable only for supplies; Efficiency of consumption, forests. According to a study conducted by the generation and distribution; Renewable energy University of the West Indies, there is a use and environmental impacts; Utility potential to supply a fuel demand of up to regulation; Clean energy technologies; and 24,000 families or nearly 144,000 people. Obligations under international agreements Proper management and technical assistance is such as the Kyoto Protocol. needed to develop pilot schemes. Small island tropical states such as St. Lucia, Concerns over deforestation associated with due to their unique geographical conditions are the consumption of charcoal and firewood has especially suited to utilize combinations of seen a decline in the promotion of this source modern renewable energy technologies. Small of energy. island states are among the most vulnerable to the effects of sea level and climate change In an effort to promote the sustainable even though they are least responsible for exploitation of forest covers, government has causing it. With assistance, these islands can established a few "fuel farms" planted with fast take a lead in greening their energy systems

177 and set an example for the larger nations to follow. Saint Lucia is at the moment developing a project to assess the full economic and technical feasibility for the development of renewable energy resources and improved energy efficiency at the national level. It is expected that this study will identify and propose projects in all sectors of energy supply and enduse.

178 Renewable Energy in the Climate Kingdom of Tonga A wet/dry season is evident in the Kingdom with May to September being the dry months and October to April being wet months. Dry Mr. Taniela Tukia, periods normally last one or two months but because of the free-draining soils and Officer in Charge of Energy permeable aquifer, they can result in severe Planning Unit, soil and crop damage. In all parts of T Ministry of Land, Survey and onga, evapotranspiration usually exceeds Natural Resources, rainfall during June and July. Severe water Kingdom of Tonga shortages can occur in places during these months, particularly if precipitation during the preceding months has been lower than usual. The two principle causes of rainfall variation Location and Physical Character in Tonga are the occurrence of tropical cyclones, which can result in unusually wet The Kingdom of Tonga lies between 15¡ and years, and an El Nino event, which can cause 23¡ 50Õ South Latitude and 173¡ to 177¡ West prolonged droughts. On average, two cyclones Longitude, and has a land/sea area of 720,000 affect Tonga annually (1830 - 1982 data). km2. The Kingdom is an archipelago of 172 named islands with an area of 747 km2, the 36 Water inhabited islands totaling 670 km2 Six islands comprise three-quarters of the land area and The volcanic bases of most of the main islands contain 90 per cent of the KingdomÕs are well below sea level so that sea water population of 96,000 (1996). percolates through the porous limestone and underlies all of the islands. The fresh water Tonga consists of four groups of islands that floats on top of the salt water within the extended over north-south axis: Tongatapu and limestone is TongaÕs most important water ÔEua in the south; HaÕapai in the middle; resource. The size of the fresh water lens is VavaÕu in the north; and the small Niuas group directly related to the size of the island. The in the far north. The capital, NukuÕalofa, is on fresh water lens in small low-lying islands like Tongatapu. Many of these islands are coralline those in HaÕapai, shrinks during prolonged in origin, comparatively flat and often periods of low rainfall and water quality in encircled by fringing reefs. Some atolls are impaired from salt water intrusion. Some 85% raised by tectonic action. There are also some of the population depends on this groundwater islands of volcanic origin, notably in the west resource, 15% on rainwater, mostly collected of the HaÕapai Group. by roof catchment systems.

Geology Population

The Tongan archipelago lies on the western There is a steady migration of people from side of the Tonga Trench, a major area of rural areas to NukuÕalofa and from outer lithospheric plate convergence in the South islands to the main island of Tongatapu. Pacific. Along the Tonga Trench, the Pacific Between 1921 and 1986, TongatapuÕs Plate in the east is being thrust beneath the population increased from 40% of the Indo-Australian Plate in the west. KingdomÕs total population to 67%. Thirty percent of all Tongans currently live in the Soils capital, NukuÕalofa. Population densities now approach 250 persons/km2 on Tongatapu, The soils of the limestone islands of Tonga are almost double the countryÕs average. The unusually fertile since the limestone contains maximum height of Tongatapu above sea level large amounts of volcanic detritus produced by is only a little over 60 m, whereas much of the the nearby volcanoes at the time the limestone settled area is below the 5 m mark, and was forming. Emergence and subaerial erosion virtually all migrants to Tongatapu settle there. of the limestone has led to the concentration of Internal migration is leading to an increasing volcanic materials in the soil. concentration of TongaÕs population on one of the islands that is most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. That population is becoming increasingly focused on the capital

179 city, which is on the northern, and most Current Energy Characterises environmentally sensitive shore of the island. In 1989, over half (56%) of the total energy Economy consumed in the Kingdom was derived from indigenous biomass (wood, coconut husks and Agriculture has always been the principal shells, other agricultural waste). The balance sector of the economy and remains the primary of energy sources (44%) was provided by source of livelihood for two-thirds of the imported petroleum products. In 1993, 50.23% population, however; tourism, fisheries and of the energy consumed derived from biomass industry are becoming important. and the balance was from petroleum products. However, in 1994, imported petroleum Environmental Issues products supplied over half of the primary energy requirement of the Kingdom and in Many of the KingdomÕs environmental 1998 it is estimated that about 56.47% of the problems result from itÕs growing population primary energy requirement was derived from and limited natural resources. Principal among petroleum product. Declining in TongaÕs current environmental issues is biomass consumption was mainly due to the deforestation, particularly the removal of decline in copra industries and the increasing native forests but also removal of coconut demand on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for woodland. Soil erosion is a serious households cooking, water heating purposes. environmental problem in parts of Tonga and The principal commercial fuels (petroleum one which is commonly associated with products and electricity) consumed in the deforestation and/or agricultural development residential and commercial sector are kerosene of steepland areas. (for lightning/cooking) and electricity for lightning, cooking and cooling purposes. Of considerable concern is the subdivision and clearing of mangrove areas in Tongatapu and On the whole, most of the energy resources of VavaÕu. When these mangroves are filled for the Kingdom (biomass, petroleum, electricity house sites and agricultural purposes the land & LPG) are consumed in the Residential and is rarely raised to a sufficient height to escape Commercial sectors and followed by the the danger of flooding during storms and transportation sector. In 1993, about 59.18% unusually high tides. The environmental and (1244.91 Terajoules) of the KindomÕs global biological functions of mangrove ecosystems energy consumption (which was 2103. have been lost resulting in coastal erosion of 49 Terajoules) was used up in the Residential the cleared areas. and Commercial sectors, 30.42%, 5.35, and 5.06 in Transportation, Industrial and Solid waste disposal is recognized as a serious Agricultural sector respectively. In 1995, problem in Tonga, particularly so in almost the same sectoral share was NukuÕalofa where the main garbage dump for experienced. It is estimated that in 1998, the household waste and other non-hazardous percentage share of residential and commercial waste, including septic sludge is a mangrove sectors in the global consumption increased by area. In addition to the main refuse site, there 1.15% to 61.33% while Transportation sector are a number of official and unofficial sites, also increased slightly. some so constructed that tip-trucks can deposit their loads directly into the sea. Petroleum products and biomass (although biomass production will significantly decline) Throughout Tonga, informal beach sand will continue to be the dominant primary mining is a common practice yet one which energy source. However, electricity, which causes many problems. Prominent among will continue to rely mostly on petroleum these is the shoreline erosion which takes place products, will definitely be the most important or is exacerbated by removal of protective secondary energy sources. Petroleum beach cover. products will be the major fuel for the KindomÕs electricity generation and the If these protective ecological systems are transportation sector. currently under stress, the process of deterioration will be greatly accelerated with Due to the KingdomÕs flat topography, there is future climate change. no potential for hydroelectricity generation. The Tonga Electric Power Board (TEPB - a quasi government entity) is responsible for the distribution of electricity in the Kingdom while

180 a private company is responsible for itÕs exploited though monitoring programs is generation. TEPB has 4 branches located in currently been done by Energy Planning Unit. each district (Tongatapu, VavaÕu, HaÕapai and ÔEua) except the Niuas and its activities are The responsibilities for implementing and presently limited to the grid areas although it managing the solar projects in rural villages has an ongoing expansion program to meet and remote islands are vested with the Energy demands using finance from such institutions Planning Unit of the Ministry of Lands, Survey as the Asian Development Bank and other bi- & Natural Resources. lateral AND multi-lateral donors. Experience with Renewable Energy About a quarter of the total imported petroleum products are used in electric The most widely use of renewable energy generation. The total electrical generating resources is that from biomass energy which capacity is 11.26MW with some 85% of the has equal share in the KingdomÕs primary electricity generated on Tongatapu and 10% on energy supply with commercial energy sources VavaÕu. Growth in electricity sales reflects the (electricity and petroleum). A few biomass increases in the number of customers. A energy projects have been implemented such number of stand-by and private use generators, as testing of institutional and independent provided an estimated combined capacity of wood stoves. It is envisaged that the use of 1MW. A total (gross generation) generation of biomass energy will significantly decline 31175.5 MWh of all branches during 1995 in especially in food preparation as the LPG are which 86% was used up in the residential and becoming more popular even with higher cost. commercial sector and 15.4% in the industrial sector. Nominal supply voltage is 415/240 The Energy Planning Unit (EPU) of the volts with 50Hz. The KingdomÕs net electricity Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural consumption has an estimated growth rate of Resources in cooperation with the Forestry 5.9% and 5.0% in 1995 and 1998 respectively. Division distributed seedlings to be grown for The peak demand in 1995 was 5.99MW and is firewood purposes under a regional energy estimated at 6.80MW a growth rate of 3.2% in initiative. 1998. The utilization of solar energy resources are A single selling price for electricity from the mostly for photovoltaic technology (with the grid is set across the country and is common to application of lighting, radio and freezing all classes of consumers including industries. purposes) and for water heating purposes. It is Current price is $ 4.32 for the first 12 electrical also being used for crop trying and for other units with .27 cents for every unit above 12. domestic uses.

In a typical household, large amount of A total of 579 PV photovoltaic (PV) systems electricity is used for food preservation have been installed in the Kingdom and most purposes which is around 60% of the total of which are installed at the remote islands of electricity consumption per month. Electricity VavaÕu Group, HaÕapai Group, Niua FoÕou is also used for lighting, water heating, and Tafahi in the Niuas, ÔAtata and ÔEueiki in cooking, ironing and other purposes. It is Tongatapu. A total of 17 remote islands have estimated that an average of 130 kWh is used been provided with PV lighting systems. A by a typical household per month. solar refrigerator, for food preservation only, was installed at Niua FoÕou by the NZODA Growth in electricity sales reflects the Programme. increases in the number of new customers. The number of customers in terms of electrical All individual households, community metering was 15930 with a growth rate of buildings, churches and schools are now 4.5% in 1995 from previous year. It is enjoying fluorescent lumination of solar PV estimated that 2023 new meters were installed lighting systems which was provided under during the period of 1996 to 1998. various funding agencies such as the European Union, UNDP, JICA, NZODA, the There are a lot of interest on renewable energy Government of France and Australia sources and at May 1999, a gross generation of (AUSAID). Table 1: Current Solar 51.26 MWh is generated every year using solar Electrification Projects in Tonga photovoltaic technology. Other forms of primary energy generation potential such as The responsibility for implementing and wind, wave, OTEC have not yet been managing the photovoltaic projects in rural

181 islands are vested with the Energy Planning village Solar Lighting Committee is Unit (EPU) of the Ministry of Lands, Survey responsible for collecting the monthly fee and & Natural Resources. Accordingly, the EPU depositing the amount at the Treasury and the island Solar Lighting Committees Department in their respective island group. (SLC) collaborate to ensure that the projects The village accounts are accessed and are sustainable, whereby the systems are well managed by the EPU to ensure that the costs maintained and, consistently continue to for the replacement of equipment could be provide adequate lumination for remote island met. In working closely with village SLC, the households and the whole communities. EPU provides a detailed and up-to-date financial report to every Solar Lightning Currently operating PV systems in the remote Committee on a quarterly basis for their islands are satisfactory, however in a few information and use. islands problems associated with the collection of fee are sometimes common. Future plans for increasing the capacity of the current systems are favorably envisaged, ultimately to provide the remaining island groups with electricity and to include running of small household appliances such as TV, video etc.

Providing electricity to rural villages and remote islands are Government attempts to ensure that wealth is equally distributed throughout the Kingdom of Tonga and the standard of living are improved in these remote areas.

Despite the social benefits of solar electrification in small island communities, concerns for the long term success of the projects warrants attention by seeking to address technical and administrative issues which has evolved. Currently the Energy Planning UnitÕs annual budget does not allow additional provisions for additional staff and equipment which are required.

Prior to the installation of the solar PV systems, certain requirements must be fulfilled. An agreement, must be signed by the recipients and the Ministry, which stipulates the confirmation of the equipment as the property of Government which is rented to the recipient. The agreement also reaffirms the recipientÕs willingness to use and maintain the equipment. A Solar Lighting Committee (SLC) is established consisting of all householders (system owners) in the village. The SLCÕs primary responsible is to be responsible for collecting the monthly payments and liase closely with the EPU on matters concerning the PV Solar systems. An installation fee is collected from all recipient to cover installation costs and vary from island to island depending on the location.

Each household pays a monthly fee of $ 6 and $ 10 by institutions to cover the cost of maintenance and upgrading of the systems, as well as replacement where required. The

182 Table 1: Current Solar Electrification Projects in Tonga

District(is) Year Donor Type of Number of Monthly Expected Comments Installed System System Fee Fund Collected Tongatapu ÔAtata (phase 1997 UNESCO Lightning 23 6 ÔAtata has a 1) total of 41 ÔAtata (phase 1998 Japan Lightning 18 4634.20 systems 1) ÔEueiki 1999 AUSAID Lightning 26 6 1300.00 3 lights system Sub-total 67 5934.20

HaÕapai Mango 1988 EU Lightning 26 6 3168.78 2 lights system MoÕungaÕone 1994 EU Lightning 49 6 7463.51 3 lights system Sub-Total 75 10632.29

VavaÕu Falevai 1995 EU Lightning 42 6 8556.01 range from 2-4 lights Hunga 1995 EU Lightning 47 6 1959.04 Ò Kapa 1995 EU Lightning 31 6 2171.02 Ò Lape 1995 EU Lightning 7 6 887.65 Ò Matamaka 1995 EU Lightning 42 6 407.30 Ò Noapapu 1995 EU Lightning 43 6 3525.86 Ò ÔOtca 1995 EU Lightning 35 6 4717.23 Ò ÔOfu 1995 EU Lightning 43 6 4408.56 Ò ÔOloÕua 1995 EU Lightning 21 6 2412.13 Ò Ovaka 1995 EU Lightning 26 6 2337.82 Ò Taunga 1987 EU Lightning 32 6 0.00 Ò Sub-Total 369 31382.62

Niuatoputapu Tafahi 1999 NZ Govnt. Lightning 33 10 1650.00 2 lights plus radio Sub-Total 33 1650.00

NiuafoÕou 1993 French Lightning 35 10 8264.30 3 lights, balance at Feb. 96 NZ Freezer 1 ? 24 VDC converted 240 AC Sub-Total 36 8264.30

Grand-Total 580 57863.41

Note: Balance as at 18 June, 1999

183 184 Renewable Energy in the Department of Energy and various Federal laws, such as the 1992 National Energy Policy United States Virgin Islands Act. As stated, part of the mission of the VIEO is the promotion of renewable energy Ms. Devorath Elcock, technologies. Energy Development Program Solar and wind are the primary technologies Specialist, implemented locally. The majority of systems Virgin Islands Energy Office installed are predominantly solar water heaters. In the marine industry, a number of wind turbines and photovoltaic (pv) panels are installed. With the VIEO's financial programs, St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, and Water the number of installed solar electric systems Island, along with several uninhabited cays, has increased. Cataloging the quantity of comprise the United States Virgin Islands installed systems is an objective of a newly (USVI). St. Croix, the largest of the four, has formed renewable energy network that will be the distinction of having flown seven flags: discussed later. Denmark, France, Knights of Malta, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom and In recent years, the VIEO has designed a currently United States of America. Located at strategy to advance renewable energy 17 degrees north latitude 64 degrees west technology through education, loans, grants, longitude, with a population of 109,677, the rebates and is currently approaching the area of USVI is the only U.S. Territory in the legislation. Financial incentives to include a Caribbean Region. According to the 1995 rebate of $3/watt on pv panels, a subsidized Virgin Islands Population and Housing Survey energy loan program, and grants for 41 percent of the population has a median institutions (schools, hospitals, and income of $27K ± $10K. universities) have been instrumental to the increased implementation of energy-efficient The 136 combined miles of land space is used and renewable energy (RE) technology. primarily for residential and retail/commercial Additionally, financing has been available establishments, with a small percentage for through RE vendors who allow consumers to industrial use (oil refining, bauxite processing). pay incrementally on a system. Also, Incidentally, HOVENSA, one of the largest oil demonstration projects and general grants refineries in the western hemisphere, through the VIEO have been utilized to finance producing 545,000 barrels per day, is located RE projects. in St. Croix. There are also minute agricultural pursuits. Specific technologies that are commercially available are selected for demonstrations. In the modern history of the USVI, electricity Such demonstrations must also comply with became available to Virgin Islanders around certain guidelines, i.e., it can be readily 1934. Today the sole electricity generating duplicated with success, has associated energy company (a public entity) produces an average and cost benefits, and is appropriate for the of 64,993 MWh on a monthly basis. In target audience. Demonstration projects are addition, liquified petroleum gas is used for marketed and evaluated to determine the level residential purposes (cooking), as well as in of acceptance or implementation by the target restaurants and laundromats. To most Virgin audience. One of the most used methods of Islanders, energy means oil generated educating the target audience/public is through electricity. According to a recent energy tours. The VIEO also has in place support for profile the USVI is 99 percent dependent on such acceptance and implementation (i.e. petroleum, this has been the impetus for the loans, rebates, grants). Virgin Islands Energy Office (VIEO) to take a leading role in reducing this dependency. This Generally, the VIEO's demonstration role falls within the VEIO's mission and projects/grants are designed with specific roles mandate to "maintain and improve the quality and responsibilities for both the VIEO and the of life, jobs, and income for the residents of the participating partner. In most cases ownership United States Virgin Islands through energy is joint; in some instances the VIEO may retain efficiency and adequacy, and renewable ownership, or ownership may default to the energy". The VIEO was created in 1974, and partner upon completion of the term of the is charged with administering the energy project. One of the most critical programs mandated by the United States responsibilities in the demonstration project or

185 any RE project that receives VIEO funding is advantages of including RE in the energy maintenance. matrix.

Usually maintenance is a responsibility of the Regardless of the availability and reliability of partner with regular site visits by the VIEO to the technology (which has undergone ensure that the system is being adequately certification testing such as Solar Rating and maintained. In times of hurricane/natural Certification Corporation), cost and intimate disasters, the VIEO may take a greater role in familiarity remains as major barriers to the the maintenance and/or repair of a widespread adoption and incorporation of RE demonstration site. technology. The VIEO, in addition to the aforementioned activities of education, A short list of renewable energy demonstration demonstrations, and financial assistance has projects partly or wholly funded by the VIEO been collecting RE resource data at five sites include: throughout the Territory (see attached data summary). It is anticipated that with this data 1. solar powered reverse-osmosis system in a the USVI may become a location for public housing community manufacturing, and possibly independent systems testing and certification. 2. solar and wind system for water pumping and irrigation on farms Since 1992 the VIEO has installed of total five sites throughout the Territory to assess the RE 3. One hundred percent solar powered resource potential. The parameters measured demonstration office are wind direction, wind speed, global solar irradiance, relative humidity, barometric 4. Frederiksted Renewable Energy District pressure, and ambient temperature. All the (showcase RE in various sectors) data gathering equipment, including a computerized datalogger is solar powered. 5. Vern I. Richards Veterans' Plaza This information can be useful in the sizing, designing, and manufacturing of RE The RE experience in the USVI has more than technology for this region. likely been similar to most insular communities or island nations. RE has been an The USVI has several unique characteristics interest in the Territory for several decades, which makes it ideal for manufacturing and and mirrors, to a great extent, the national retailing of RE technologies. Some of these experience of the U.S.A. Interest heightened include: during the oil crisis in the late 1970's, and has fluctuated with the availability of oil, as well 1. political stability - as a Territory of the as the price and reliability of RE technology. United States of America, the USVI has a Initially, the marine industry in the USVI was constitution and is overseen by the United influential in the continuance of the renewable States Congress; energy market. 2. the geographic positioning is ideal for Many boat-dwellers relocated to the USVI in transshipment and technology transfer the 1960's and 1970's with wind turbines and between the different island nations and pv panels on their "homes". In the ensuing the mainland of North America and South decades as the population diversified, the ideas America; and the experiences different residents had with renewable energy, and particularly solar, 3. the USVI has a history and experience became more ingrained in the USVI culture. with renewable energy; and This and the increasing global and local concern about environmental issues have 4. the government of the USVI offers very championed renewable energy in the USVI. attractive tax incentives to investors.

The VIEO along with the RE vendors and In addition to these past activities, the VIEO consumers in the marine industry were the has partnered with elected officials to institute initial champions of the RE technology. legislation to foster increased usage of RE However, after several years of on-going technology, ideas such as a tax credit are education to residents, including elected undergoing investigation/drafting. The VIEO officials who are seriously considering the is expanding its financial incentives programs economic, social, and technological as well. These incentives will continue

186 through the use of the informal network that has emerged as a result of VIEO activities.

However, with President Clinton's 1997 initiative to install solar energy systems on one million US roofs by the year 2010, the VIEO has assembled a formal network to promote and advance RE technology. The major objectives include net metering, publicity, and trade initiatives for manufacturers to negotiate directly with local RE vendors instead of using multiple middlemen. An additional objective of this network is to catalog the number of installed RE systems in the Territory. As a partner in this Million Solar Roof Initiative, the USVI is committed to installing 500 solar systems by the year 2010.

Along with promoting and advancing the widespread use of RE technologies, the VIEO has been placed in the advisory capacity on a number of capital improvement projects. And over the past years, the VIEO has been instrumental in providing training to the general public and specifically targeting educators, legislators, architects, engineers, electricians, plumbers, and draftspeople - anyone who has some influence in the design of the built community. Some of the training/workshops subjects has included: solar water and pool heating, photovoltaic system design, lighting efficiency, introduction to renewable energy, energy auditing, codes and standards, and solar crop drying.

Overall, the USVI experience with RE is evolving to the stage where more and more residents are adopting this technology. Net metering, which is one of the objectives of the USVI Million Solar Roof Initiative agreement, may very well encourage our local utility to address RE in its intergrated resource plan. Basically, net metering is a billing system whereby the customer is billed for net energy use minus purchased energy minus energy generated by a photovoltaic system and returned through the lines.

As the VIEO moves forward with its mission, the future of RE in the USVI will play an even greater role in our energy matrix.

187 188 Caribbean Community Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia (CARICOM) Secretariat, St. Vincent and the Trinidad and Tobago Sustainable Development Grenadines Secretariat Suriname 3.0 Community Objectives and Organs Mr. Cornelius Fevrier, Programme Manager, The Caribbean Community has three objectives: Sustainable Development, CARICOM Secretariat a) economic cooperation through the Caribbean Common Market b) coordination of foreign policy among the 1.0 The Caribbean Community independent Member States: and c) common services and cooperation in The establishment of the Caribbean functional matters such as health, Community and Common Market education and culture, communications (CARICOM) was the result of a 15-year effort and industrial relations. to fulfil the hope of regional integration, which was born with the establishment of the British The principal organs of the community are: West Indies Federation in 1958. It was a Federal Government drawn from 10 member · Conference of Heads of Government islands. Although a plan for a Customs Union · Community Council of Ministers was drawn up, emphasis was not placed on economic aspects of Federation during the four 3.1 Other Community Organs years of its existence. Economically the Region remained as it had been for centuries The principal organs of the Community are and not even Free Trade was introduced assisted in the Performance of their functions between the Member Countries during this by the following four Ministerial Councils: period. The West Indies Federation came to an end in 1962 but its end, in many ways must be · The Council for Trade and Economic regarded as the real beginning of what is now Development (COTED) Promotes trade the Caribbean Community. and economic development of the Community and oversees the operations of From its inception, the Community has the CARICOM Single Market and concentrated on the promotion of the Economy (CSM&E). integration of the economies of Member States, coordinating the foreign policies of the · The Council for Foreign and Community independent Member States and in Functional Relations (COFCOR) determines relations Cooperation, especially in relation to various with international organizations and third areas of social and human endeavor. states.

2.0 Member States · The Council for Human and Social Development (COHSOD) Promotes The Member states of The Caribbean human and social development. Community are · The Council for Finance and Planning Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas1 (COFAP) coordinates Economic policy Barbados Belize and financial and monetary integration of Dominica Grenada Member States. Guyana Haiti2 Programme areas under the Sustainable Programme fall under the COTED.

1 The Bahamas is a member of the Community but not the Common Market. 2 The Republic of Haiti has satisfied all the terms and conditions required by the Conference of Heads of Government for membership of the Caribbean Community, except the deposit appropriate instrument of completed, Haiti would have become a full member of the accession. When this last-mentioned formality has been Community.

189 4.0 The Sustainable Development Work · encourage energy conservation; and Programme · encourage the use of new and renewable sources of energy. This programme acts as the Secretariat's policy mechanism for integrating Global, The regional network Caribbean Energy Hemispheric and Regional mandates for Information System (CEIS) was established as Sustainable Development (SD). The main a result of the REAP, and is assisting the Mission is to coordinate Institutional Capacity- region in meeting the above objectives, Building Projects and Technical Support particularly the first one. Services to Member States (MS) for the formulation and implementation of Local The November 1997 meeting of Ministers with Inter-Sectoral Plans and Programmes that responsibility for environment to review the advance national sustainable development. In implementation of the Programme of Action seeking to accomplish this inter-disciplinary for the Sustainable Development of Small mission, the programme strives to harmonize Island Developing States (SIDS POA) disparate development goals such as Natural requested regional institutions and Resource and Environmental Management organizations to assist governments in with Social Equity and Economic Growth. The formulating appropriate policies, legislation programme focuses on the Key Areas of and economic incentives to: Environmental Management, Disaster Management, Human Settlements, i) increase the use of renewable energy, Meteorology, Renewable Energy and Science in particular solar energy at the & Technology Infrastructure. Special emphasis national level; was placed on formalizing and participating in ii) increase the economic feasibility of multi-agency Wider Caribbean coordination sale of energy produced from mechanisms for Regional SD Policy renewable sources by utilities, in Formulation and Implementation of key areas. particular wind energy; iii) increase co-generation activity The programme has two overall strategic iv) require utilities to demonstrate that goals: renewable energy and energy efficiency (through demand-side · Regional Sustainable Development Policy management) have been seriously Framework Management; and examined and integrated where possible as approaches to minimizing · Regional Natural Resources & expenditure on capacity expansion; Environmental Management. v) encourage energy efficiency via demand side management, noting that The aim of this sub-programme is to have the such policies, legislation and region utilizes its indigenous sources, incentives need to be thoroughly particularly renewable energy to the fullest supported by a programme of public extent possible. This is facilitated in education, and recognizing the cooperation with executing agencies in the potential role of the Caribbean region Chapter of the Association of Energy Engineers in this activity Energy Overview The meeting also requested the identification The need for adopting a regional approach to of international support for the strengthening energy matters was recognized as far back as of the CEIS network. The above will be 1982 when the Conference of the CARICOM achieved through the CEIS, Caribbean Heads of Government agreed that a Regional Renewable Energy Development Project Energy Action Plan (REAP) should be (CREDP) and OLADE's Caribbean Energy prepared. This was in response to the dramatic Action Programme. Both programmes were oil price increases, which began a decade endorsed by the Fifth Meeting of the COTED earlier. Subsequently the Heads Of in January 1999. Government approved the REAP in 1983. As a result of the REAP the region recognized the Another initiative that the CARICOM need to: Secretariat is involved in that will benefit the region's renewable energy programme is the · develop the capacity to collect and analyze Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global energy data; Climate Change (CPACC) Project. This

190 project, is a Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funded Project, implemented by the Organization of American States, which assists the region in dealing with the key elements of climate change. It also supports the strengthening of the regions institutional capacity with the overall goal in assisting participating states to prepare for and cope with the adverse effects of climate change in their particularly in vulnerable areas. This project will also enable member states to meet their obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). While as Small States the region's greenhouse gases emissions are low through this project a holistic approach to the climate change problem will be developed.

Conclusion

In spite of low petroleum prices, energy remains a significant issue in the development thrust of the Caribbean. With the exception of Trinidad and Tobago and to a lesser extent Barbados the region relies on imported petroleum for its commercial energy needs. The Secretariat will continue to pursue collaboration with agencies in the hemisphere so that the potential of the renewable energy resource of the Caribbean region can be fully utilized.

This commitment is being demonstrated with collaboration with the Caribbean Energy Information System (CEIS), The University of the West Indies Centre for Environment and Development (UWICED) and the Latin American Energy Organization and the Climate Institute in formulating projects and programmes in the Energy Sector.

191 192 A Brief Look at Renewable · There are a number of solar drying systems (34) scattered throughout the Energy in the Caribbean islands with applications varying from drying of fish, timber to various other Mrs. Mona Whyte crops. Project Manager · Approximately 119 solar stills exist Caribbean Energy Information throughout the region producing distilled Systems (CEIS) water for car batteries and for use in science laboratory in high schools.

Background · By the mid 1990's approximately 36,200 solar hot water systems exist with The Caribbean Islands depend, to a very great Barbados accounting for about 65% of this extent, on imported fossil fuels (some 90%) to number. satisfy their commercial energy requirements. The significance of New and Renewable Renewable Energy Technologies in Sources of Energy (NRSE) became critical to Operation and their Technical Potential the existence of these islands during the 1973/74 oil crisis caused by the Arab/Israeli Energy Technology Number Applications Technical war. That experience made them more self- Source of Units Potential1 reliant leading to some initial use of NRSE. in Operatio n Each island is richly endowed with an Solar Domestic 33,0002 Water heating Hundreds abundance of brilliant sunshine almost all year water heaters of round, giving rise to wind, rain and plant life thousands forms which can be utilized for energy Solar Photovoltaic 350 Communication Hundreds systems , residential of activities. On a clear day, solar radiation electricity, thousands intensity in the Caribbean averages some six water pumping (6) Kmh/sq.m per day. The average intensity and health care is 5 kwh/sq.m per day. Given the abundance of Solar Solar dryers 38 Agricultural or Hundreds wood product direct sunlight in the region, one would have drying expected that the level of penetration of solar Biomass Cogeneration 30 Steam and Hundreds energy in the Caribbean would have been high. electricity of MW This level of intensity is more than adequate generation Biomass Biodigestors 312 Cooking, water Thousands for harnessing widespread productive energy heating, use. electricity generation, This level, however, is far from desirable. As a lightning, refrigeration, matter of fact, Renewable Energy in general, etc. provides minimal contribution (under 5% Wind Turbines 4 (3.4 Electricity Hundreds excluding Cuba) to commercial energy MW) generation of MW requirement. Hydro Turbines 355 (124 Electricity 7,2003 MW) generation Geother Turbines None Electricity Tens of Regional Renewable Energy Activities mal generation MW Source: NEWEN: New and Renewable Energy Statistics Renewable energy activities seemed to gather in the Caribbean, Caribbean Energy Information System, some interest in the late 70's, early 80's. But 1996. when the price of oil fell in the mid 1980's, enthusiasm waned to a great extent, at the · Photovoltaics systems are used throughout national level in many of the Caribbean the Caribbean, especially in some cases countries. This therefore meant that many of the NRSE projects did not receive the kind of 1 These are order of magnitude estimates developed with national support that was necessary to see them input from CEIS and UWI/CERMES, except for the hydro to a successful completion. estimate which is from NEWEN. 2 An estimated 24,000, or 73%, of which are in Barbados. 3 Of which 7,000 MW is in Guyana, 114 MW in Jamaica Below is a brief summary of renewable energy and 71 MW in Belize. This is significant since hydro activities in the region over the past twenty presently constitutes only 0%, 4% and 36%, respectively, years: of total electricity generation in these countries.

193 where electricity is relatively inaccessible renewable energy projects at varying levels from the grid. Based on 1995's figures, and there has been increasing (yet still limited there were approximately 350 PV systems to a great extent) use of Renewable in the in existence. They are being used Caribbean. primarily for water pumping, lighting (parks, security) and electricity in remote Renewed Interest in Renewable Energy in health centres. the Caribbean

· With respect to Biomass, one of the oldest Funding agencies and prospective forms of renewable energy, currently governments had generally presumed that once approximately 2.2 million tonnes of financial resources and technologies were bagasse are produced annually (excluding available, renewable energy development in Cuba which produces approximately 2.4 the region would logically follow. Despite the million tonnes) . Overtime, with the potential in the region, it is now recognized decline of the importance of sugar, the that non-technical and non-financial volume of cane produced became less and considerations have been severely impeding petroleum became a preferred source of implementation of sustainable renewable fuel. energy programs. While technical and financial considerations were important, it was · Charcoal and firewood continue to be felt that a number of other factors should be important traditional household fuels with considered important enough to identify, an estimated 60,000 tonnes of charcoal quantify and minimize those factors which produced annually in the region. Some militated against the development of 312 biogas units continue to exist. Renewable Energy Technologies in the Caribbean. · About 27 mini-hydro power units (run-of- the-river designs) have been installed at Survey of Renewable Energy Barriers various sites in Belize, Dominica, Guyana, St Lucia and St Vincent and the In 1997 October, a survey of barriers to Grenadines with a total installed capacity Renewable Energy technologies in the of 123.7 MW. Caribbean was undertaken. The survey results pointed to a number of barriers to renewable · Wind energy is used essentially for water energy development in the region and included pumping and electricity generation and issues related to Policy, Capacity, Awareness according to available data, 7 wind power and Financial as the major inhibiting factors. turbines for electricity generation were installed in the Caribbean, of which 4 are As a result of the findings of the survey, the currently operational. The wind power Caribbean Renewable Energy Development turbines had the capacity of generating Project was developed to investigate the some 1,468 kWh of electricity. removal of barriers to renewable energy.

Overall, during the past two (2) decades, over The Caribbean Renewable Energy 120 projects and studies on various aspects of Development Project (CREDP) renewable energy have been undertaken within the Caribbean region. According to the data This project is a precursor to a much larger available, solar energy studies account for project for the region and is expected to some 30%, Biomass 35%, Hydropower 18%, enhance understanding of the barriers to Wind 8%, and Geothermal projects 3% of the renewable energy development that now total. The cost of these projects totalled some exists and become a catalyst for all US$20 m. Renewable initiatives in the Caribbean. It should culminate in the presentation of a Despite these investments, except for a few project brief to be submitted to the Council of isolated cases, (the use of solar energy in the Global Environment Facility of the Barbados for example), the impact of United Nations Development Program early renewable energy on the economic next year. development of the respective countries within the region continues to be minimal. There are five (5) components to the project:

Many of the islands in the Caribbean still 1. Renewable Energy Policy Assessment and continue to investigate and implement Design

194 The policies, legislation and regulations of · Create a framework within which participating countries are being assessed regional and national Renewable to identify policy barriers to Renewable Energy projects are mutually Energy Development and the policy supportive changes that would facilitate this · Create a framework for financial development. strategy involving

2. Renewable Energy Financing Assessment Project Monitoring Design The project is regional in scope and is Financing mechanisms are being monitored by a broad based regional Steering developed that are tailored to renewable Committee energy products and projects (lease to own or small scale credit schemes for solar, Project Executing Agency: The Caribbean photovoltaics and water heating system Energy Information System (CEIS) for example). The feasibility of a dedicated fund to finance renewable The Caribbean Energy Information System Energy projects throughout the region is (CEIS) was identified as the most suitable being explored. agency to co-ordinate activities of this project. The Caribbean Energy Information System 3. Renewable Energy Capacity - Building (CEIS) is a network which was established in Program Development support of planning for sustainable energy in the region. This came out of CARICOM This activity begins with a needs Energy Ministers meeting in 1977 where they assessment exercise to identify priority met and developed a Regional Energy Action areas for capacity building in the Plan. The CEIS is the only existing aspect of Renewable Energy field, and will that Renewable Energy Action Plan determine how best to build capacity in the relevant areas. The network involves 16 countries - Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, the 4. Renewable Energy Information Network Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Strengthening Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Lucia, St Kitts/Nevis, St Vincent and the This activity begins with a survey of target Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, Trinidad and groups to determine the information needs Tobago. to be addressed in order to reduce the barriers to Renewable Energy It is supported by the governments of the Development. various countries who have appointed Liaison Officers identified by the various government 5. Project Design Workshop and Project to represent their local network of public and Documentation private agencies.

A workshop will be convened of Activities of the network involve keeping the representatives of National Governments region abreast of energy developments; and Regional Organizations to combine looking at conventional energy trends, NRSE the outputs from the four (4) activities developments; energy products and services mentioned earlier into an integrated through information flows from each country. Renewable Energy Development project It really aims to be a catalyst for public and for the region with overall objectives to: private sector energy issues.

· Reduce green house emissions through Project Consultants the application of Renewable Energy Technologies Projekt Consult GmBH is currently assessing · Establish the foundation for a the CEIS carrying out the assessments for each sustainable Renewable Energy country. Industries with bankable investment projects instead of one shot

195 196 ISES-Activities island states and can be alleviated by the use of an indigenous energy source like solar energy. International Solar Energy Finally, helpful legislation may be required to Society encourage use of renewable energy. This is more easily passed in an island legislature than in its equivalents in Washington or Paris, Mr. Torben Esbensen where conventional fuel lobby groups have Vice Ðpresident great influence. International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Although the details of the proposals are still being finalized, they can briefly be described as follows: Introduction · Islands groups of common cultural The International Solar Energy Society is the heritage will be targeted to enable free oldest and largest international non-profit flow of information. organization for the promotion of solar and renewable energy. · A long term plan for a sustainable energy economy will be identified for each It was founded in the United States in 1954. Its Island. activities are mainly directed at the scientific and technological aspects of renewable energy. · The technical basis will involve a broad Today ISES has around 30,000 members in spectrum of energy efficiency and over 100 countries, including associate renewable energy technology, with members of the 48 ISES National Sections. technology supply to each market niche More than 500 research institutions and encouraged to follow least cost economic organizations from all over the world and environmental principles. participate in ISES activities. · Phase 1 will require about two years, and The core of ISES membership is made up of will be coordinated by ISES, with the the world's leading scientists and experts in all cooperation of local governments, and areas of solar and renewable energy relevant international agencies. Both the technologies, covering such diverse fields as long term plan and Phase 2 will be solar thermal and solar photovoltaic, solar designed, and helpful legislation measures architecture, wind and biomass energy. suggested. Some feasibility studies will be done at this time. Background1 · Phase 2 will be a fully commercial The Society is undertaking technical projects demonstration and implementation stage with the increased capabilities available to it carried out over 5 - 10 years under the from its ISES headquarters in Freiburg, leadership of the local governments and Germany. In 1997, it introduced a new type of cooperating agencies using cost effective project around the world, "Islands in the Sun". technology identified in Phase 1. ISES Although the project concept is recent, there will not coordinate the project from this has been great interest expressed in the project point on, but will ask to retain the role of from islands in the South Pacific, North documentation and monitoring of project Pacific, and the Mediterranean. progress, and international dissemination of results. Islands have several advantages as sites for the demonstration of sustainable energy · Phase 3 will involve full implementation technology. Security of fossil fuel supply and of the long term plan in all energy markets the high cost of conventional fuel make it in the island or island group. easier for renewable energy to compete. Balance of payments problems are common in · Phase 4 will involve the monitoring and analysis of the systems and technologies implemented.

1 Contribution from immediate ISES past-president David Mills, Australia

197 Islands in the Sun Workshop i Slovenia In order to identify a selected number of 1998 islands eligible for demonstration projects, ISES was identified as a neutral area where It was decided to present and discuss the local administrators, funding organizations, Islands in the Sun project during the ISES- companies and utilities could meet to channel Europe congress EuroSun '98 in Slovenia. their diverse interests toward the common goal A workshop was organized, and an invitation of implementing self-sufficient renewable was forwarded to several islands energy systems in islands in the sun. administrators, companies, institutions and other professionals. In particular at the workshop at EuroSun '98 it was decided to recommend the following The Islands in the Sun Workshop took place ISES-activities: on September 15, 1998 in Portoroz, Slovenia. 1. ISES to promote information and Two invited speakers presented their meetings with local administrators, experiences and ideas regarding renewable especially with island mayors about the energy on islands. possibilities of using solar and renewable energy in islands. Mr. Rene Karottki from Forum for Energy and 2. ISES and local administrators from Development in Denmark gave an overview of selected islands to promote projects to be renewable energy initiatives on islands around financed with the European Union the world, and Dr. Constantinos Helmis from structural funds. CRES in Greece presented the case of the 3. ISES to make contact with industries and Greek island Arki, where a variety of RE has utilities interested in working with been implemented. renewable energy technologies for small islands. Mr. Karottki reported on other initiatives 4. ISES should provide Sections the needed around the world regarding RE on islands: support to allow them to conduct in a coordinate way information campaigns, · Insula in the Unesco related World Solar contacts and meetings. Programme has initiated an Islands Solar 5. ISES to publish a special issue of Solar Council. Energy Journal on Integrated Renewable Energy Technologies for Small Islands. · SIDSNET - Small Islands Development States has initiated an Island Web Consortium.

· EU/UNDP are developing a strategy for Renewable Energy on Islands.

· Caribbean Solar Energy Society (Prof. Oliver Headley) is organizing a conference SATIS 99 in Puerto Rico on August 25-27, 1999. SATIS in Sustainable Applications for Tropical Island States.

· Danish Energy Agency and Forum for Energy and Development are organizing the 1st International Conference on Renewable Energy Islands in September 1999 in Denmark.

The presentations and the following discussions have shown numerous initiatives going on at world level on the subject and have confirmed the great opportunity offered by islands to demonstrate the possibility of energy self-sufficiency through the use of renewable energies and resources.

198 Renewable Energy in the & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago and Suriname. Caribbean Energy Action Program (CEAP) 3. Sponsoring Institutions

· German Technical Cooperation Agency Mr. Byron Chiliquinga (GTZ) Latin American Energy · Canadian International Development Organisation (OLADE) Agency (CIDA) · Quebec Government · European Commission 1. Background · UNEP Collaboration Centre · Global Environment Facility (GEF) The Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) is an international inter- 4. CEAP Activities governmental public agency established in 1973 as a technical organization specializing in The Program is being implemented in two energy and aimed at supporting its 26 member phases and activities will be prioritized countries in promoting the integration, depending on the availability of resources. development, conservation, rational use, and The first phase will develop those projects that marketing of the region's energy resources. have already been identified and, in some cases, have already secured the respective In the Caribbean subregion a series of funding, as indicated below: programs and projects has been implemented by various international organizations and Module Initial Projects institutions and the governments in order to Information systems - Electronic information network support the development of its energy - National energy resources. Nevertheless, the majority of these information systems initiatives have been implemented as stand- (SIEN) alone efforts or have not been supported by all Energy policy - Energy policymaking the players involved to ensure that they can incorporating sustainable development approaches become feasible alternatives to substantially - Energy supply improve supply. optimization in the Caribbean - Subregional In order to start coordinating actions, in Hydrocarbons Commission - Options to increase the October 1998, the Caribbean Energy Action participation of natural gas Program (CEAP) was established, with the in the energy matrix of the participation of the Latin American Energy Caribbean Organization (OLADE), Association of Training Certification program (specific short courses) Caribbean States (ACS), the Caribbean Legislation Environmental regulation Community (CARICOM), the United Nations workshop Environment Programme (UNEP), the Energy efficiency Promoting demand-side Caribbean Energy Information System (CEIS), management projects Renewable energy - Transfer of small the Economic Commission for Latin America hydropower technology and the Caribbean (ECLAC/CCST), the United - Promotion of small and Nations Development Programme (UNDP), medium hydropower the University of the West Indies, the UNEP stations - Caribbean Renewable Collaborating Centre, the European Energy Development Commissions, and delegates of the majority of Project the countries. Project development and - Support Caribbean financing countries to formulate, 2. Objective develop and market energy project proposals The general objective is to create the necessary conditions for energy supply diversification to Further phases will identify and define meet the requirements of industry and the additional projects that are of interest to population of all the Caribbean countries. countries and other parties participating in the Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, CEAP, and for which funding will be sought. Belize, Dominica, Cuba, Grenada, Guyana, If considered necessary, new modules will be Haiti, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, St. Kitts incorporated.

199 5. Coordination Mechanism Project: Formulation of energy policy for sustainable development in the Caribbean A Steering Committee to provide broad policy direction and an Operational Committee to a) Objectives: Promote the review and coordinate and monitor the various definition of the principal policy components of the Program. The Steering guidelines that should be adopted in the Committee shall comprise the Ministers with countries to facilitate the implementation responsibility for energy or their of projects aimed at achieving sustainable representatives. This committee shall meet energy sector development in the once a year at the headquarters of ACS in countries of the area (especially renewable order to review the progress of activities and energy and energy efficiency). define new actions for the following year. The ACS will act as Secretary to the Steering b) Description: The Project will take place in Committee. two phases, the first involving two basic activities: the elaboration of two case The Operational Committee will comprise of studies (Jamaica and Dominican Republic) the representatives from OLADE, ACS, focusing on issues areas such as analysis CARICOM, ECLAC/CCST, UNEP, UNDP of current energy policy, proposal for and CEIS. The functions shall be to coordinate organizational and human resources and monitor the various components of the development in the ministries, proposal to program (while respecting the operational ensure feasibility of energy efficiency, mechanism of individual projects) and report renewable energy, and other clean energy to the Steering Committee. technology initiatives; and a seminar- workshop focusing on the approach and 6. Renewable Energy Related Projects elements of a sustainable development policy, using for this purpose the results of Project: Electronic Information Network the technical assistance that was provided. The second phase will provide specific a) Objectives: Facilitate the exchange of advisory services to countries interested in technical information on projects being implementing these approaches. implemented in the countries of the area, set up a data base, and offer an efficient c) Implementing unit: OLADE-ECLAC- consultation tool for technical experts and GTZ Project on Energy and Sustainable researchers. Development, with support from ACS, CARICOM, the Organization of b) Description: Design of the data base Caribbean States (OECS), (mainly renewable energy and energy UWICED/CERMES, UNEP, efficiency projects); creation of a web site ECLAC/CCST, and UNEP Collaborating for data base consultation; creation of an Centre. e-mail system for entering data into the system and facilitating consultations and d) Financing: OLADE-ECLAC-GTZ Project queries between members of the network; and UNEP Collaborating Centre. preparation of periodical electronic reports on project progress. e) Current status: The preliminary version of the energy policymaking guide to be c) Implementing unit: OLADE with support applied in the case studies is ready. It is from CEIS, University of West Indies expected that the final version will be Centre for Environment and Development ready by October 1999 to start the case (UWICED)/Centre for Resource studies. Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) Project: Certification Program (Diploma) d) Financing: In kind, resources of OLADE a) Objectives: To decentralize training and other institutions will be used. activities aimed at meeting the different specific needs of the various subregions of e) Current status: The first version of the Latin America and the Caribbean. network is ready on OLADE's web site; Conduct intensive courses in each the information of the data bases has yet to subregion, one of which will be in the be entered and coordination must be Caribbean, focusing on topics to meet the conducted with other institutions. urgent needs of each subregion.

200 b) Description: As an extension of the (Jamaica), UNEP, ECLAC/CCST, UNEP Energy and Environment Project that Collaborating Centre. OLADE and the University of Calgary are implementing together, short courses will d) Financing: OLADE-ECLAC-GTZ project be provided in the different subregions of and OLADE-Quebec Program sought. Latin America and the Caribbean. Institutions of the member countries e) Current status: Between April and June where the courses will be provided will 1999, scheduled activities were carried participate as project counterparts. The out: case study of Cuba; proposal of participant who has taken the program will technological alternatives for Cuba; and earn a diploma certifying the training that subregion workshop to present these was received. Some of the courses will alternatives. Now only the results of all entail credits for the Master's Degree in the countries of the subregion have to be Energy and the Environment that the disseminated. University of Calgary and OLADE are delivering at OLADE headquarters. The Project: Promoting medium and small program also envisages additional courses hydropower stations using distance education schemes. The first course is for the Caribbean subregion a) Objectives: The central objective of this and will focus on renewables. project is to foster the joint implementation of hydropower and c) Implementing agency: electric power transmission projects OLADE/University of Calgary, Canada, between companies and investors of with support from UWICED and Quebec and those of Latin America and Caribbean universities. the Caribbean. d) Financing: CIDA b) Description: The project will be implemented in various stages: e) Current status: In March 1999, a planning identification and assessment of existing meeting was held in Calgary, Canada, projects; promotion of favorable with the participation of UWICED. The conditions in the countries; and project structure and costs of the Certification implementation actions. The Program will Program were determined. facilitate the implementation of Complementary funding is being sought hydrogeneration and electric power for the first course, scheduled to be held in transmission projects in the region, by the Caribbean during the first quarter of means of partnerships and the transfer of next year. Work is being done on the technology between companies of Quebec contents of the course. and those countries where there are projects that the national counterparts are Project: Transfer of small hydropower interested in, for which purpose specific technology meetings will be organized. a) Objectives: To consolidate the c) Implementing agency: OLADE- establishment of national teams with the Government of Quebec, with support from skills to develop projects aimed at tapping CEIS, UWICED/CERMES, UNEP, the energy potential of low-head SHP, in ECLAC/CSST. their different stages. d) Budget: Quebec b) Description: Case study in one pilot country: Cuba; transfer of technology to e) Current status: Projects have been tap small waterfalls with low heads; and identified in Cuba and Guyana. In the subregioal workshop for the presentation latter country there is a project being of alternative technologies. negotiated, the 45-MW Tumatumari Station. With Cuba, a collaborative c) Implementing agency: OLADE-ECLAC- scheme between the National Hydraulic GTZ, with support from CEIS, Resource Institute and the company UWICED/CERMES, Engineering Microturbines Technology Inc. for the Department UWI (St. Augustine, transfer of technology for small Trinidad), University of Technology hydropower stations was defined.

201 Project: Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Project a) Objectives: Facilitate the development of renewable energy within CEIS member countries. b) Description: The project was initially conceived by the UWI and will be developed with critical inputs from that institution. The project envisages the following activities: Renewable Energy Policy Assessment and Component Design; Renewable Energy Financing Assessment and Component Design; Renewable Energy Capacity-Building Program Development; Renewable Energy Information Network Capacity Building; Project design workshop and project documentation. c) Implementing agency: CIES, with support from OLADE, UWICED/CERMES, UNEP, ECLAC/CSST. d) Budget: UNDP/GEF e) Current status: Project being developed, and progress will be reported by the CEIS.

202 Pacific Power Association The idea for an Association came about in the course of 3 years of discussion among the (PPA) Region's power utilities, governments, aid donors, private sector companies and others Mr. Tony Niel with interest in the Pacific islands power industry. These meetings brought to light Executive Director many problems that Pacific island utilities and Pacific Power Association (PPA) the power sector market face in common, which could be dealt with effectively through direct cooperation. In particular many of the The Pacific Power Association (PPA) is an problems are unique to this Region when it is association of electricity utilities, recognised that the Region involving these organisations, and individuals who have an utilities covers an EEZ in excess of 26,000,000 interest in the operations and development of sq. kms. the power industry in the Pacific Island Countries. PPA is a non government regional Through the PPA, Active members pool their organisation founded by the electricity resources and expertise for their common utilities operating in the Pacific Islands benefit and gain international representation Countries (PICs). The PPA was established in and improved access to international power 1992 and has a Secretariat Office located in sector assistance programmes. In addition, the Suva, Fiji. Currently it has a membership of direct links that the PPA provides between the 24 electricity utilities (refer Appendix 1) private sector and utility members are designed operating in 22 Pacific Island Countries and to improve private sector services to member 60 Allied Members (representing the private utilities and make the private sector members' sector) world-wide with interest in the presence in a geographically difficult development of the power industry in the marketing region more productive. Allied Pacific region. members presently include Australian, American, Canadian, European, French, The main objective of PPA is to create an Japanese, New Zealand, Singapore, and Pacific environment of "co-operative partnership" based companies marketing generation, with the funding institutions, private sector, transmission and distribution plant, renewable and others with interest in the development of energy equipment and services; tools and the power industry and to enhance the role of equipment; cables; transformers; electrical the power sector in the Pacific Island control equipment and other power industry Countries. related products as well as engineering and business services. The PPA is thus designed to PPA is directly funded through annual improve the access of all members to the subscriptions from the members. There are considerable resources and the expertise that three categories of membership - Active exists in the region and around the world. This Membership, Allied Membership and Affiliate assists the PPA in the development of the Membership. Active membership is limited to Pacific islands power sector, and to take on the power utilities operating in the Pacific islands administrative responsibility of ensuring that region whilst Allied membership is open to all all members are adequately served. other power utilities, organisations, and individuals with interest in the regions power PPA's Mission Statement: industry. Affiliate Membership is limited to those organisations that do not have a business "To improve the quality, minimise the cost and interest in the Region and would consist of expand the use of electricity in the Pacific Government entities, aid agencies and Islands region and to facilitate the standards organisations. development of appropriate infrastructure within each utility to promote sound The Activities of the Association are directed management of its resources while protecting by a Board of Directors which is comprised of the environment. " the Chief Executive Officers of the Active members, the Executive Director and a PPA's Objectives: Representative elected from the Allied members. The day to day affairs of the The main objective of the PPA is to enhance Association is managed through a Secretariat the performance of power utilities in the region headed by an Executive Director with a total through a cooperative effort by maintaining a staff of five (5). partnership with all its Members, governments

203 and aid agencies. This cooperative partnership assistance, and supports the travel and will promote the development and efficiency subsistence expenses of such personnel visiting of the Pacific island power industry through member utilities on short-term secondments. sharing of resources, encouraging and As circumstances warrant, the Association developing regional expertise in power arranges for PPA professional staff and/or industry and solicitation of additional outside outside consultants to assist resources as required to achieve the common with assignments. objectives of the members. A regional power sector database. The To promote cooperative partnership the PPA Association is developing a database of power ensures the: sector information including operating and financial statistics of member utilities, lists of Utilisation of all available resources to assist utility assets and personnel, spares and fuels members in training, resolving problems inventories and values, and will eventually through sharing of information and expertise, include rosters of consultants, equipment and encourage members to be efficient and suppliers, and similar information. The accountable in their operations. database is designed to be flexible to members' changing requirements. A considerable Utilisisation of group buying power to achieve undertaking, the database is expected to be real cost reductions in cost of goods and available in late 1999. services within the region. A quarterly magazine. The Association Establishment of a network of information publishes Pacific Power, a professional sharing and expertise within the region. quality quarterly magazine featuring technical Organisation of annual meetings of members articles, technology reviews, and utility to share information, workshops on common "profiles" in addition to Association and and regional problems and issues, trade regional power sector news articles and utility exhibitions for goods and services, and interact notices with regional agencies and institutions. An Annual Meeting and Trade Exhibition. PPA Activities: With the cooperation each year of an Active member host, the Association organises an PPA's principal activities include: Annual General Meeting (AGM) of members and invited non-member participants A regional training programme. The (including governments and aid agencies). In Association administers a programme of addition to general PPA business discussions, technical and non-technical training activities the AGM's feature a Trade Exhibition of for the power utilities in cooperation with its private sector products and services and members, associate training institutions, and provide an opportunity for formal and informal co-sponsoring funding institutions such as the face-to-face discussions between utility Asian Development Bank, European Union, managers and suppliers. (Refer to Appendix 2 United Nations Development for the programme at the 1999 Annual Programme, US Department of the Interior and Conference held in Pohnpei, Capital of the the Australian Agency for International Federal States of Micronesia). Development (AusAID). PPA: Renewable Energies and Environment Carry out projects and workshops in Preservation association with the aid agencies. In the past this has included Demand Side management A number of Allied Members are associated Project, Corporate Planning Project and with the implementation of renewable energy Standardisation of Accounting Procedures projects in the Region. Some of these projects Project are aid funded and some are self funded by the power utilities. Where the utility is responsible A managerial, technical and financial for the provision of rural electrification, then cooperation programme for sharing they will seek the most cost-effective method. utility expertise. The Association identifies This may take the form of extension of the qualified personnel in member utilities to existing electricity grid or more effectively contribute expertise in specialised areas in installation of a renewable energy system or a which other member utilities request hybrid renewable energy system.

204 It has been proven with experience that the but in particular for the local sector with partnership with private enterprise in the initiative and entrepreneurship. business of renewable energies in the Region has been successful. There is a greater choice Appendix 1: Active Members of systems to choose from in a competitive environment, and there is the additional benefit American Samoa American Samoa of training of utility staff on their systems. Power Authority; Chuuk State Public Chuuk State, The Region has also witnessed the Utility; Federated States of implementation of prepayment metering with Micronesia rural extension and renewable energy systems. Commonwealth Saipan This has resulted in a necessary change of Utilities Corporation; Commonwealth of small island culture that electricity is not free Northern Marianas and also brings about a greater sense of Electric Power Samoa ownership by the village members. Corporation; ƒlectricitŽ de Tahiti; French Polynesia The PPA is presently closely monitoring the ƒlectricitŽ et Eau de New Caledonia work of an Allied member (a private enterprise Caledonie; organisation) in the area of production of ƒlectricitŽ et Eau Wallis & Futuna electricity using hydrocarbon based products deWallis et Futuna; (eg., waste oil, solid waste). The process is Enercal; New Caledonia termed Pyrolitic Carbon Extraction, and the Fiji Electricity Fiji process is essentially pollution free, and the Authority; resultant products are carbon, potable water Guam Power Guam and a gas that can be used for electricity Authority; generation or for use as an alternative fuel in Kosrae Utility Kosrae State, motor vehicles.. This would be an excellent Authority; Federated States of application for islands in the Pacific Region. Micronesia Kwajalein Atoll Joint Ebeye, Republic of Authorities in the future may need to reassess Utility Resource; Marshall Islands the definition of renewable energy resources. Marshalls Energy Republic of With the process referred to above there will Company; Marshall Islands be the need to include hydrocarbon waste Niue Power Niue (which in the Pacific Islands will be a Corporation; renewable resource particularly waste oil from Palau Public Utilities Palau diesel powered plant) as a renewable energy. Corporation; Papua New Guinea Papua new Guinea Strategies for the Future: A New Vision Electricity Commission; The PPA will be working in the future to Pohnpei Utility Pohnpei State, establish and maintain strong links with those Corporation; Federated States of agencies involved with renewable energies in Micronesia the Region. With the new vision outlined by Powertok; Tokelau the Secretariat of the Pacific Community in Public Utilities Kiribati their strategy for renewable energy in the Board; Pacific Region there is a role for the PPA SociŽtŽ d'Union Vanuatu because the Association represents the Pacific Electrique du Island Utilities and private enterprise. The Vanuatu; latter is particularly important because it Solomon Islands Solomon Islands guarantees competition and a pragmatic Electricity Authority; approach which was lacking in the past, where Te Aponga Uira O Cook Islands the installation of renewable energies in the Tumu-Te-Varovaro; Pacific was invariably a test/laboratory Tuvalu Electricity Tuvalu application without training and maintenance Corporation; procedures and thus not always sustainable. Yap State Public Yap State, The SPC renewable energy project has been Service Corporation; Federated States of designed to maximise the involvement and Micronesia support of the private sector, because it will help stimulate the market for the private sector, not only for those external and foreign sectors,

205 Appendix 2: Pacific Power Association 8th 18:00 - 21:00 OPENING OF THE TRADE Annual Conference Programme EXHIBITION & COCKTAIL RECEIPTION

Monday 23rd August, 1999 PROGRAMME FOR TRADE EXHIBITION OPENING 10:30 - 15:30 CHIEF EXECUTIVEÕS MEETING Master of Ceremony: Mr. David McNamara,Chairman of Allied Members Chair: Mr. Tony Neil, Executive Director PPA Welcome by the Host Chairman Mr. Marcelino 10:30 - 15:30 BOARD MEMBERS Actouka WORKSHOP Address and Opening of the Trade Exhibition Chair: Mr. Joe Barboo, USOMIP Program by the Chairman of PUC, Manager Mr. Reed Oliver

Tuesday 24th August, 1999 Wednesday 25th August, 1999

8:30 - 10:30 OFFICIAL OPENING 08:00 - 12:00 SESSION I CEREMONY Chair: Mr. Billy Roberts, General Manager, Master of Ceremonies: Mr. Tony Neil, Marshalls Energy Company Executive Director, PPA "CARILEC PRESENTATION" Welcome Address by Host Chairman: Mr. Michael Roman-Barber, Representative, Mr. Marcelino Actouka, General Manager, CARILEC PUC "Reshaping Business for the Next Millenium Welcome & Opening Address by the PPA through Strategic Alliances", Mr. David Chairman: Mr. Toluono Feti Toluono McNamara, Pacific Regional Manager, Olex Cables Conference Opening Address by the Guest of Honour: Governor of Pohnpei: Honorable Del "Fuel Cost Savings", Mr. Alan Bartmanovich, S. Pangelinan Petroleum Advisor Forum Secretariat

11:30 - 12:00 KEYNOTE ADDRESS "Waste to Power", Mr. Ray Russell, CEO Toups Technology Licensing Australia Mr. Tony Neil, Executive Director, PPA SESSION 2 Mr. Patrice Courty, Rural Energy Development Adviser, Secretariat of the Chair: Mr. Abe Malae, Chief Executive Pacific Community (SPC) Officer American Samoa Power Authority

13:00 PRESENTATIONS BY AID DONORS "Project Financing - An Option to Financing & AID AGENCIES Infrastructure Development", Mr. Sev Maso, Chief Executive Officer Papua New Guinea 13:00 - 13:20 USA's Aid Programme In the Electricity Commission Pacific Islands, Ms. Ann Wright, Charge d'Affaires Embassy of the USA "Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) Infrastructure, Financing in the Next 13:20 - 13:40 Australia's Aid Programme in Millenium" Mr. Kord Christianson, General the Pacific Islands, Mr. Timothy Cole, Manager, Pacific Power Resources Australian Ambassador Australian Embassy "GPA's Experiences With Independent Power 13:40 - 14:00 Japan's Aid Programme in the Produces", Mr. Ed Ilao, Vice Chairman, Board Pacific Islands, Mr. Takeo Yoshikawa, Charge of Directors, Guam Power Authority d'Affaires Embassy of Japan 13:30 - 17:30 SESSION 3 14:30 - 17:00 BOARD MEETING

206 Chair: Mr. Robert Westerfield, General Manager, Yap State Public Service Commission

"Development of Diesel (and Gas) Engines for Power Generation in the Next Century", Doctor Behrens, Head-Technology Department Deutz

"Performance Design Criteria For Efficient Power Plants", Mr. Kord Christianson, General Manager Pacific Power Resources

"Waste Heat to Water", Mr. Collin Ellis, Manager - Water Technology Alfa Laval Pty. Ltd

SESSION 4

Chair: Mr. Sev Maso, General Manager, Papua New Guinea Electricity Commission

"A New Approach in Substation Design", Christian Payerl, ABB Distribution AB Sweden

"PCB's and Oil Management in Power Station", Mr. Bruce Graham, South Pacific Regional Environment Programme

SESSION 5

Chair: Mr. Marcelino Actouka, General Manager Pohnpei Utilties Corporation

"Metered Solar Electrification in Fiji", Mr. Alexander Abbass, Regional Manager Transenergie

"Centralised Village Power Systems", Mr. Troy Strand, Director, Sales Engineering Independent Energy Solutions

207