Index

A Autonomic instability, 237 A1 and A2A receptors, 210 Autonomic nervous system, 227 AASM. See American Academy of Medicine anatomy, 228 (AASM) Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ACh), 3, 9, 228 circadian patterns, 131 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, 197 Actigraph, 57 AVAPS. See Average volume assured pressure support Adenosine 1 receptors (A1R) and glutamate AMPA (AVAPS) receptors (AMPAR), 10 Average volume assured pressure support Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 10–11 (AVAPS), 190 Adiponectin, 58 AVP. See Arginine vasopressin (AVP) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 57 Age-related melatonin deficiency, 205 B Agomelatine, 211 Baroreceptors, 229 AHI. See Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) Basal forebrain (BF), 2 Alarm clock headache, 204 BDNF. See Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Benzodiazepines, 81, 82 Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), 96 receptor agonists, 99, 171 Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 74–78 Berlin Questionnaire, 121 proposed mechanisms linking , Biological rhythms, 29 circadian dysfunction, 77 Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) American Academy of (AASM), 55 measurements, 62 scoring rules, 115 Blood pressure, 36 γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), 31 BMI. See Body mass index (BMI) Amitriptyline therapy, 211 Body mass index (BMI), 58, 196 Amphetamines, 159, 161 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 10, 58 Amygdala, 37 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 117, 120 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 186 Brainstem, 2 Anticholinergics, 81 abnormal signaling in, 208 medication, 82 dysfunction, 172 Antidepressants, 98 key structures linking headache and sleep, 208 Anxiety disorders, 214 in sleep, 208 Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 115, 116, 135 structures, 205 Appetite, regulation of, 58 abnormal serotonin signaling in, 208 Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 31 linking headache and sleep, 208 Arousal-promoting pathways, 14 , 82, 120 Arousal system, turning off, 15 Bulbar dysfunction, 189 Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), 2 Atomoxetine, 161, 162 C ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Caffeine, 91, 210 ATP7B protein, 106 Calbindin, 31 Atrial fibrillation, 231 Calcitonin-related gene peptide (CGRP), 210 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 117 Campylobacter jejuni, 194 Autonomic brainstem centers, 205 Canonical clock genes period (Per), 31 Autonomic dysfunction, 95 Carbamazepine, 163

245 246 Index

Cardiac receptors, 229 individual pathologies Cataplectic facies, 152, 153 idiopathic , 160 , 151 Kleine-Levin Syndrome, 145 affected muscle groups, 151 type 1 (Na-1), 157 cataplectic episode in adult, 143 narcolepsy type 2 (Na-2), 159 definition, 151 treatment, 146 facial hypotonia, 153 antidepressants, 146 frequency of, 152 transporter (DAT), inhibition of, 148 partial attacks, 151 pharmacologic treatments, 146, 161 symptom of narcolepsy type 1, 151 sodium oxybate, 146 CDH. See Chronic daily headache (CDH) stimulants, 146 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 55 lesions, 2 Central apnea, 190 ventilation regulation, role in, 185 Central chemoreceptors Central nocturnal hypoventilation ventilation, role in, 185 treatment, 193 Central clock, outputs of, 35 Central (CSA), 134, 171, 238 anatomical projections of SCN, 35 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin, 7 functions under control of SCN, 35 Ceruloplasmin, 106 circadian characteristics of melatonin, 38 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), 190 cognitive performance and alertness, 37 Chemoreceptors, 229 corticosteroid system, 36 Cheyne-Stokes respirations, 118, 238 heart rate, 36 , 2 locomotor activity, 35 Cholinergic system, 2 melatonin secretion, 37 Chronic daily headache (CDH), 214. See also Headache sleep, 36 Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy temperature, 36 (CIDP), 194 Central hypoventilation, 192 Chronic sleep deprivation, 134 syndrome, chronic hypercapnia, role Chronic sleep loss, 65 of, 192–193 CIDP. See Chronic inflammatory demyelinating Central nervous system (CNS), 167 polyneuropathy (CIDP) hypersomnia disorders Circadian clinical features, 150 clock, 93 cataplexy, 151–153 disorders, treatment, 82 disrupted nocturnal sleep, 154 dysfunction, proposed mechanisms excessive daytime sleepiness, 150 linking sleep deprivation and Alzheimer’s hypnagogic , 154 disease, 77 hallucinations, 154 and homeostatic regulation of sleep, 18 , 153 and nonimage forming photoreception, 33–34 diagnostic procedures, 154 rhythm, 30, 93 Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), 154 disorders, 150 maintenance of wakefulness test disruption, 90 (MWT), 157 timing system. See Circadian timing system (CTS) mean sleep latency (MSL), calculation, 155 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD), 213 multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), 155 Circadian timing system (CTS), 30, 38 polysomnographic test, 157 central oscillator, 30 (PSG) study, 155 duration and pattern sensitivity, 41 seldom-used test, 157 irradiance sensitivity, 40 use of, Fatigue Severity Scale, 154 in mammals, photic input of, 32 historical perspectives, 142–145 peripheral oscillators, 32 and pathophysiology, 142 phase sensitivity of, 39 hypersomnolence, 160 spectral sensitivity of, 42 hypocretin peptides, in the lateral Circa-septan, 203 hypothalamus, 156 Clonazepam, 83, 92 ICSD 3 Classification of, 142 Cluster headache (CH), 203 Index 247

circadian rhythmicity, 203 DMD. See Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) circannual periodicity, 203 DMH. See Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) hypothalamic dysfunction in, 207 DMH neurons, 35 (OSA), 204 Dopamine (DA), 5 CMT. See Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) Dopamine agonists, 83 CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) Dopaminergic agents, 175 Cognitive behavioral therapy for (CBTI), 92 Dopamine transporter (DAT) blockade, 5 Cognitive decline, 74 Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), 4, 6, 14 Cognitive function, 74 Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), 8 Cognitive impairment, 91, 92 Down syndrome, 81 Cognitive performance, 37, 61 Dreaming, 59–60 Colorectal adenoma, 66 DRN. See Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) Compensatory adaptations (CA), 62 Dry mouth, 120 Complex neural pathways, 228 dSPZ neurons, 36 Complex partial seizures, 131 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 186, 196 Complex sleep apnea (CompSA), 134 CompSA. See Complex sleep apnea (CompSA) E Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 76, 94, ECG. See Electrocardiogram (ECG) 123, 136, 191, 215 EDS. See Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS); Excessive abnormal interictal discharges, effect on, 136 daytime sleepiness (EDS) Core body temperature (CBT), 29 EDS-HT. See Ehlers-Danlos hypermobility subtype Cortex, 2 (EDS-HT) Cortical EEG, 2 EDSS. See Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), 35, 57 EEG recording. See Electroencephalogram (EEG), producing neurons, 36 recording COX-2 activity, 212 Ehlers-Danlos hypermobility subtype (EDS-HT), 234 CPAP therapy. See Continuous positive airway Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), 235 pressure (CPAP) Electrical status epilepticus C-reactive protein (CRP), 65 circadian patterns, 131 Creativity, 65 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 231 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 80 Electroencephalogram (EEG) CRSD. See Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) abnormalities, 76 Cryptochrome (Cry), 31 recording, 130 CSA. See Central sleep apnea (CSA) Emotional maturation, 59 CTS. See Circadian timing system (CTS) Emotional memory, 65 Cyanobacteria, 30 Emotional stability, 58 Cytokines, 11 Encephalitis lethargica, 206 epidemic, 2 D Endogenous circadian rhythms, 30 DA. See Dopamine (DA) Epilepsy Daytime sleepiness, 74 characteristic, 129 Delayed sleep phase syndrome, 210 seizure, definition, 129 Delirium, 77 sleep, relationship between Dementia, 74, 81, 83 circadian patterns, 130–131 subtypes, 75 Epileptiform interictal discharges Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 76, 90, 96, 237 circadian pattern, 131 Depression, 214 in REM sleep, 131 Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine, 159 sleep activating, 132 Diaphragm, 185 in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy, 131 phrenic nerve innervation, 185 in slow wave sleep, 131 position, 185 Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), 91, 119, 169, 202, 234 Disrupted nocturnal sleep, 149 ESS. See Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) DLB. See Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of dLGN neurons, 33 the Elderly (EPESE), 74 248 Index

Eszopiclone, 91, 93, 103, 171 GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), 90, 118, 145-146 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 35, 58 definition, 145 G protein-coupled receptor, 8 duration and frequency of, 145 Growth hormone (GH), 9, 207 occurrence, 145 axis, 57, 58 side effect of, medication use, 146 disturbances in secretion, 193 Exhalation Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 191 internal intercostal muscles, role of, 185 rectus abdominus, role of, 185 H Expanded disability status scale (EDSS), 173 Hallucinations, 83 Extended VLPO (eVLPO) projections, 16 hypnopompic, 149 HC. See Hemicrania continua (HC) F Headache disorders, 202 Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome associated sleep disorders, 205 (FASPS), 213 behavioral factors, 213 Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), 213 brainstem, 208 Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), 237 chronic daily headache (CDH), 214 Fatigue, 119, 168 cortical spreading depression may link headache Fatigue severity scale (FSS), 169 and sleep, 212

FEV1. See Forced expiratory volume in first CPAP therapy, 216

minute (FEV1) cross-sectional population-based Danish FFI. See Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) study, 214 Fibromyalgia, 235 headache pathophysiology FIRDA. See Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta role of adenosine in, 210 activity (FIRDA) role of melatonin in, 210–212

Forced expiratory volume in first minute (FEV1), 189 hypnic. See Hypnic headache Forced vital capacity (FVC), 189 hypothalamus. See Hypothalamus Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity key structures involved in sleep and, 206 (FIRDA), 79 migraine, 202 Frontotemporal Dementia, 78 milder forms of sleep-disordered breathing, FSS. See Fatigue severity scale (FSS) associated with headache, 215 Function MRI (fMRI), 59 psychiatric comorbidities in, 214 FVC. See Forced vital capacity (FVC) related to sleep-disordered breathing, pathophysiology of, 216 G result in sleep disturbances, 213 GABAergic activity, 12 shared neurobiological substrate of, 205 GABAergic neurons, 7, 8, 16, 209 sleep disorders, cause/exacerbate, 214 GABAergic pathways, 17 summary of disorders and their associated sleep Gabapentin, 104, 120, 175, 194, 236 disorders, 205 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 5, 7, 8, 16, 105, 228 tension type headache (TTH), 214 GABA-A receptor, 162 turtle headaches, 216 GABA-B receptor, 162 Hemicrania continua (HC), 212 Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 58 Hippocampus, 37, 64 Gastrin-releasing peptide, 31 Histamine (His), 6, 12 GBS. See Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) activity, 6 Generalized convulsions Histaminergic neurons, 206 precipitating factor Homeostatic, and circadian drives to sleep, 209 sleep deprivation, 132 Home sleep testing (HST), 120 Genetics of clockwork, in mammals, 31 5-HT signaling, 210 Geniculo-hypothalamic tract (GHT), 32 Human brain, 1 GHT. See Geniculo-hypothalamic tract (GHT) Huntington’s disease (HD), 80, 105 Gist memory, 65 γ−Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 65 Glucocorticoid, 57 Hypercapnia, 186, 192–193, 216 Glutamatergic projections, 17 Hypersomnia, 95, 96, 118 Index 249

Hypersomnolence, 155, 158 Interleukin 6 (IL-6), 65 post traumatic brain injury (TBI), 158 International Headache Society (IHS), 204 potential to coexist in MS and primary sleep Intrinsically photosensitive RGC (ipRGC), 33 disorders, 169 ipRGCs synapse, with bipolar and amacrine Hypnic headache, 204 cells, 33 alarm clock headache, 204 iRBD. See Idiopathic RBD (iRBD) definition, 204 Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder (ISWRD), 76 diagnostic criteria, 204 IT15 gene, 80 structural neuroanatomical changes in, 205 Hypocretin (HCRT), 7, 57, 194 J levels, 212 Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy neurons, 14, 228 circadian patterns, 131 Hypocretinergic projections, 57 Hypocretin receptor isoforms (HCRTR1 and K HCRTR2), 7 Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS), 152, 155–157 Hypoplasia, 81 diagnostic criteria, 157 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 57 features of, 145 Hypothalamus, 2, 37, 57, 205, 206. See also L (DBS) of, 208 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 32, 33 effect of dysfunction of, 208 Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), 2, 4, 13, 14, 16, 36 function in chronic migraine patients, 207 Lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons (LHA), 36 ipsilateral activation of, 207 Lateral medulla, 228, 229, 235 key structure linking headache and sleep, 206 Lateral (LPT), 16 deep brain stimulation (DBS), 208 Laterodorsal (LDT) tegmental nuclei, 2 functional MRI (fMRI) studies, 207 L-cones, 33 radiological evidence, 207 Leptin, 58 orexin-containing neurons, 206 Lewy body dementia, 79 premonitory symptoms, 206 LGN. See Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) wake-promoting area, 206 LHA. See Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) Hypoventilation Lipopolysaccharide, 11 mechanism, 186 Lithium, 211 respiratory pump weakness, 186 Hypoxemia, 94, 117, 186 M Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA), 123 I Maximum expiratory pressures (MEP), 189 , 155 Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), 189 features of, 155 M-cones, 33 Idiopathic RBD (iRBD), 97, 237 Medial preoptic area (MPO), 35 patients, 240 Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), 9 and α-synucleinopathies, 98 neurons, 9 Immune function, 65 Melanopsin, 33, 42 Inpatient video EEG telemetry, 131 based pathways, 33 Insight, 65 Melatonin, 31, 37, 78, 82, 83, 93, 211 Insomnia, 74, 81, 92, 95, 96, 169 circadian characteristics of, 38 severity index, 93 exogenous, as a Zeitgeber, 43 sleep initiation, 92 reduced levels, etiology of, 93 sleep maintenance, 92 secretion, 37 treatment, 82, 92 Memory, 63–65 Inspiration Memory consolidation during sleep, 65 accessory muscles, role of, 185 MEP. See Maximum expiratory pressures (MEP) external intercostal muscles, role of, 185 Methamphetamine, 159 scalene, role of, 185 Methylphenidate, 159, 161 sternocleidomastoid, role of, 185 , 146 250 Index

Migraine, 202, 203, 237 medications, 98 characteristics, 202 symptom of, 149 comorbidity of, 203 treatment, 101 disturbance of circadian rhythms, 203 type 1, 152–154 effects of sleep, 202 ICSD 3 diagnostic criteria for, 153 frequency, 202 type 2, 154 , 203 National Sleep Foundation, 55 polysomnographic (PSG) studies, 203 NE. See (NE) Migraine-induced sleep disruption, 203 Neuroanatomical regions, 2 Migraine-related disability, 203 Neuroanatomic structures Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), 74 critical to wake/sleep control, general location of, 4 MIP. See Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) Neuroanatomy, 3 Modafinil, 92, 159, 162 Neurodegenerative disease, 83, 93, 95 Molecular clock, 31 Neuromuscular disease (NMD), 184, 190, 196 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 98 central sleep dysfunction, 193–194 Mood, 58 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 194 MS. See Multiple sclerosis (MS) myotonic dystrophy, 193–194 MSA. See Multiple system atrophy (MSA) etiology, 184 Multiphoton microscopy, 34 hypoventilation and sleep disturbance assessments, Multiple sclerosis (MS), 158 188–190 sleep disorders, 169 clinical signs, 188 central sleep apnea, 171 laboratory testing, 189–190 insomnia, 169 symptoms, 188 narcolepsy, 175 restless legs syndrome, 194 obstructive sleep apnea, 171 etiology, 194 behavior disorder, 176 mechanisms, 194 restless legs syndrome, 173 symptoms, 194 Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), 91, 150, 152 secondary pain, 195 limitations, 150 sleep disturbances polysomnography (PSG) study and, 150 mechanisms, 185–187 Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 90, 95, 237 sleep disturbance treatment Mutations evidence, 195–197 affecting loop’s stability, 31 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 195 DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), 148 duchenne muscular dystrophy, 196 dystrophin gene, 196 myotonic dystrophy, 195 hypocretin gene, 142, 154 pompe disease, 197 LRRK2, 97 spinal muscular atrophy, 196–197 lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase, 197 Neuromuscular hypoventilation in lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase), diaphragmatic conditioning, 192 197 other measures, 192 missense, 213, 237 phrenic nerve stimulation, 192 PHOX2B gene, 190, 192 treatment, 190–192 ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene, 187 Neuropathic pain medications, 195 SMN1 gene, 196 Neuropeptide Y, 31 Myotonic dystrophy type 1, 187 Neurotensin, 31 Neurotransmitters, 2–9 N NFLE. See Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) Narcolepsy, 98, 175, 194 Niemann-Pick disease type C, 148 cataplexy and, 148 NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), 123 clinical course, 101 synthase, 210 diagnosis, 98 Nitroglycerin-induced migraine models, 213 differential diagnosis, 99 NMD. See Neuromuscular disease (NMD) features of, 155 Nociception, 34 hallucinations and, 149 Nocturnal awakenings, 92 Index 251

Nocturnal behaviors, 90 Paraspinal muscle dysfunction, 186 Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), 100 Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), 35 Nocturnal hypoventilation Parkinsonian symptoms, 95 symptoms, 188 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 78, 90, 237 Nocturnal seizures, 100 cumulative incidence, cDDDs of zolpidem, 94 Nonbenzodiazepine sleep, 81 Paroxysmal hemicranias, 207 Nondeclarative (procedural, priming) memory, 64 PAT. See Peripheral arterial tone (PAT) Nonimage forming (NIF) brain structures, 33 PD. See Parkinson’s disease (PD) Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation Pedunculopontine (PPT), 2 different method, 191 Periacqueductal grey matter (PAG), 205 Noninvasive ventilation (NIV), 189, 191 Periaqueductal gray (PAG), 3, 228 medicare criteria for coverage, 189 Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), 173–175 Nonphotic synchronizers, 42 Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS), 7, 79, 80, 83, Nonphotic Zeitgebers, 42 100, 120, 154, 173, 193 Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 4, 9, 64, 73, 229 Peripheral arterial tone (PAT), 230 Non-restorative sleep, 202 PFTs. See Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) Noradrenergic system, 5 Pharmacologic manipulations of cholinergic system, 3 Norepinephrine (NE), 4, 12, 228 Phase-response curve (PRC), 39, 43 Normal breathing Photoplethysmograph (PPG), 231 physiology, 185 Photoreception Norrie’s disease, 148 circadian and nonimage forming, 33–34 Nortriptyline, 195 conventional visual, 34 NREM parasomnias, 99 retinal, 33 vs. RBD, 100 Photoreceptors’ contribution to nonimage forming NREM sleep. See Nonrapid eye movement responses to light, 34 (NREM) sleep PHOX2B mutation, 190, 192 NREM-to-REM transition, 17 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-sleep disturbances subscale, 93 O Plasma serotonin, 208 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 74, 91, 99, 115, 134–136, PLMD. See Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) 150, 171, 204 PLMS. See Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) cluster headache is strongly associated with OSA, Polymorphisms, 31 216 Polysomnography (PSG), 91, 134, 150, 154, 171 exacerbating factor for seizures, 135 of REM sleep behavior disorder, 99 prevalence, 134 studies of migraineurs, 203 related arousal, 136 Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, 9 severity measurement, 115 Poor sleep among the elderly, causes of, 75 and stroke, relationship, 116 Poor sleep quality and ventilatory impairment treatment, 82, 122 clinical scales, 188 Olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), 33 epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), 188 Orexin. See Hypocretin (HCRT) fatigue and daytime sleepiness scale (FDSS), 188 Orthostasic intolerance, 92 Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, 172 OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) Postganglionic cardiac sympathetic denervation, 240 Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), 234 P POTS. See Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) PAF. See Pure autonomic failure (PAF) PPG. See Photoplethysmograph (PPG) Pain regulation, 60 Prader-Willie disease, 148 PAP therapy. See Positive airway pressure (PAP) Pregabalin, 195 therapy Primary pathways subserving sleep promotion Parabrachial nucleus (PB), 15 originating in the POA, 16 Paradoxical breathing PRMS. See Progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS) forms, 188 Progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS), 168 Parallels MA system projections, 15 Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 79 Parasomnias, 120 Prolactin (PRL), 58, 65 252 Index

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), 11 RLS. See Restless legs syndrome (RLS) Pseudocentral apneas, 190 RLS-DI. See Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnostic PSG. See Polysomnography (PSG) Index (RLS-DI) Psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), 61 Rostral brainstem, 229 lapses, 62 RRMS. See Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis PTT. See Pulse transit time (PTT) (RRMS) Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 189 Pulse transit time (PTT), 231 S Pure autonomic failure (PAF), 90, 237 SCN projections, 31 Scoliosis, 186 Q restrictive ventilatory disease, 196 Quality index scores, 93 vertebral column X-rays, 187 S-cones, 34 R SCOPA-night scale, 93 Ramelteon, 211 Secondary progressive phase (SPMS), 168 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 4, 29, 58, 64, 73 Seep-state misperception, 57 architecture, current characterization, 17 SEID. See Systemic exercise intolerance disease (SEID) atonia, 17 Seizures behavior disorder, 176. See also REM-sleep behavior circadian patterns, 130 disorder (RBD) frontal lobe, 130 and parasomnias, treatment, 83 occipital lobe, 130 long-term protective effects on parietal, 130 cortical hyperexcitability and seizures, 131 precipitating factor promotion, 16 disturbance in sleep duration, 132 RBD. See REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD) sleep deprivation, 132 Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), 168 stress, 132 REM sleep. See Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep temporal lobe, 130 REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD), 7, 90, 96–98, 237 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 7, 98 clinical course, 101 Serial addition/subtraction tasks (SAST), 61 conditions associated with, 97 Serotonin (5-HT), 6 diagnosis, 98 Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors differential diagnosis, 99–100 (SNRIs), 98 epidemiology, 97 Serotoninergic activity, of dorsal raphe nucleus, 209 medications, 98 Serum ferritin, 194 polysomnography of, 99 Serum laboratory evaluations, 185 α-synucleinopathies, 97 Sexsomnia, 99 treatment, 101 Single-celled organisms, 29 REM without atonia (RWA), 97 Skin hyperextensibility, 236 Respiratory pump SLD-activated vM cell groups, 17 other structural changes, affect of, 186–187 Sleep, 57 Respiratory receptors, 229 apnea. See Sleep apnea Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 5, 90, 101, 120, 173, architecture, 73 203, 235 arousals and fragmentation chronic persistent, management of, 105 effect of apneas, 134 epidemiology, 102 effect of hypopneas, 134 etiology, 102 effect of hypoxia, 134 treatment, 83, 103 attacks, 92, 146 daily symptoms, 104 benefit, 95 intermittent symptoms, 103 changes in normal aging, 73 iron replacement, 103 and circadian rhythm, 65 non-pharmacologic, 103 circuitry, initial discoveries of, 2 Restless legs syndrome diagnostic index (RLS-DI), 175 complaints, 202 Retinal dendritic ramification, 34 in dementia, 74 Reward circuits, 58 deprivation. See Sleep deprivation Index 253

diary, 56 Sleep-wake disturbance, 118 disorders. See Sleep disorders , 2 disruption, 90 Sleep without rapid eye movements (NREM), 1 efficiency index, 131 Slow vital capacity (SVC), 189 epilepsy, relationship between Slow wave activity (SWA), 9, 63 circadian patterns Slow wave sleep (SWS), 64 interictal discharges, 131 SMN1 gene, 196 seizures, 130–131 SMN2 gene, 196 sleep deprivation, 132–134 SNIF. See Sniff fluoroscopy (SNIF) interictal discharges, 133–134 Sniff fluoroscopy (SNIF), 190 seizures, 132–133 Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), 189 sleep related disorder, effect of, 134–136 SNIP. See Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) epileptiform interictal discharges, 131 Sodium oxybate (γ-hydroxybutyrate), 92, 162 homeostasis, 37 Somnambulism, 99 initiation, 2 Somnogens, 9, 209 promoting and signaling systems, 7 Spinomedullary junction, 2 regulatory substance criteria, 10 SPMS. See Secondary progressive phase (SPMS) related SPZ-DMH pathway, 36 eating disorder, 99 Stanford sleepiness scale, 61 enuresis, 120 Status cataplecticus, 148 movement disorders, 120 Stop Bang Questionnaire, 122 stages, susceptible to seizures, 131 Stress, 57 Sleep apnea, 90, 96 Stridor, 95, 239 cause/exacerbate primary headache disorders, 215 Stroke, 115, 120 and headache, relationship between, 215 adapto-servo ventilation (ASV), 123 risk factor for stroke, 115 adenotonsillectomy, 122 treatment, 94 Berlin Questionnaire, 121 , 18 Bi-Level PAP, 123 seizures timing, relation with, 130 Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), 119 Sleep deprivation, 1, 55–57, 59, 61, 63 hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS), 123 activating effect increases the risk of sleep apnea, 118 on interictal discharges, 133 maxillomandibular advancement (MMA), 123 acute and chronic, accidents and safety in, 63 meta-analysis, 116 cognitive performance and the effects of, 60–63 oral appliance therapy (OAT), 122 EEG abnormalities, effect on, 133 PAP therapy, 122 induced interictal discharges pathophysiology, 116–117 antiseizure medications, effect of, 133 pontine strokes, 119 proposed mechanisms linking circadian dysfunction, reduction in the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), 123 and Alzheimer’s disease, 77 risk factor for, 115 sleepiness score, 62 and the sleep-wake cycle, 118–119 susceptibility to seizures, 132 Stop Bang Questionnaire, 122 Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), 95, 116 uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), 122 Sleep disorders, 43 Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), 16 cause/exacerbate headache, 214 Substance P, 31 as a risk factor for cognitive impairment, 81 Substantia nigra (SN), 5 Sleep paralysis, 149, 152 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6), 37 in narcoleptic patients, 148 (SCN), 74, 93, 209 occurrence, 148 SCN inputs and outputs, modified eskinogram, 31 Sleep-regulatory substances (SRSs), 9 Sustaining wakefulness, 13 Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), 100 SVC. See Slow vital capacity (SVC) Sleep-wake circuitry, 12 SWA. See Slow wave activity (SWA) essential components of, 13 α-Synucleinopathies, 90, 97 Sleep-wake cycle, 30, 58, 81 common sleep disturbances, 91 seizure types timing, 130 and REM sleep behavior disorder, 97 254 Index

α-Synuclien deposition, 237 Untimely awakening Systemic exercise intolerance disease (SEID), 11 trigger to seizures, 132 Systolic blood pressure, 231 UPDRS scores, 91 Upper airway structures T cranial nerves supply, 185 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Upper motor dysfunction, 194 pain, 120 Urinary incontinence, 92 Testosterone, 58 Thalamic neurons, 2 V Thalamocortical network, 2 Vagus nerve, 228 Thalamo-cortical relay, 2 Vascular dementia, 80 , 2, 3, 13, 64, 120, 205, 228 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), 31, 210 Thoracic cage deformities, 186 Ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG), 5 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 58 Ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPZ), 35 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 35 Ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG), 208 TMS. See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), 6, 36, 209 Tracheostomy, 196 Ventromedial medulla (vM), 8 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 134 Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), 5 Transitioning to REM, 15 vlPAG/LPT inhibitory tone, 17 Transitions, 2 TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) W Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 98 Wakefulness, 57 Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs), 207 test, 91 Trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), 205 Wake-promoting neurotransmitter systems, 3 projections interact with numerous brainstem Willis-Ekbom disease, 194 and, 205 Wilson’s disease, 106 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ATP7B protein, 106 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), 2 ceruloplasmin, 106

U Z Ultradian rhythms, 29 Zeitgeber, 38 Unconscious reactivity, 59 Zolpidem, 81, 93