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Home-Range Patterns of Two Hawaiian Honeycreepers; Kiwikiu and Maui Alauahio

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Home-Range Patterns of Two Hawaiian Honeycreepers; Kiwikiu and Maui Alauahio Home-range patterns of two Hawaiian honeycreepers; Kiwikiu and Maui Alauahio Hanna Mounce and Chris Warren Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project Hawaii Conservation Conference 2014 Available Forest Bird Habitat Native dominated Non-native dominated Native dominated Nakula Natural Area Reserve (NAR) Restoration • Current forest: Koa- dominated, Heavily grazed, “savanna” • Site of future Kiwikiu reintroduction • 170 ha fenced, ungulate- free area: Nov. 2012 • Restoration Trials: 2013-2015 • Outplantings: 2013-on-going Kiwikiu or Maui Parrotbill Maui Alauahio (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) (Paroreomyza montana) • Critically endangered (IUCN) • Threatened (IUCN) • • ~500Hawaiian individuals “Honeycreepers” a.k.a. Finches• Range -limited • Maui endemics, east Maui only • Establishing 2nd • ~55,000 individuals • Insectivorous population vital to long- • Surrogate study species term survival The Big Question How many Kiwikiu/Alauahio will “fit” in Nakula NAR? Purpose: To inform reintroduction plan; how many birds to release How many Kiwikiu/Alauahio will “fit”? • How much area do Kiwikiu/Alauahio require? • How much area do individuals utilize? = home-range area • What variation exists throughout the species’ range? Between sexes? Ages? • How much home-range overlap to individuals allow? To answer: Use home-range area in current range to make predictions about Nakula NAR Home-range analysis: Data Collection • Color-banding • Repeated recapture (resighting) over time • Naive Resights not Telemetry • Huge effort ~3,000 person hrs./yr. Home-range analysis: Analysis • Minimum Convex Polygons (MCP) – Traditional approach – Good for small sample size – All points are equally weighted • Kernel Density Estimators (KDE) – “Contour” or “heat” map – Polygons of frequency “peaks” – Limited by small sample size/individual • Geospatial Modelling Environment, Program R and ArcMap10.0 • Linear mixed effects models and Type III ANOVA Our Data: Sample Size • Analyzed data 2007 - 2013 • Kiwikiu – 2 study sites – 167 banded (1992-2013) – 93 resighted – 28 analyzed (≥ 10 resights) = 2511 – Pair identity for some individuals = 5917 • Alauahio – 3 study sites – 808 banded = 16 – 495 resighted – 100 analyzed (≥ 10 resights) – No pair information Home Ranges: Alauahio 70%MCP KDE Hanawi NAR (HR3 study area) - 2009 Home Range Size: Alauahio • Overall averages: – MCP = 1.17 ± 0.19 ha – KDE = 0.95 ± 0.12 ha Native forest Native Non-Native • No effect of age forest forest • Sites differed – WAI < HAN – WAI = KFR – KFR = HAN n = 25 n = 16 n = 59 Home Ranges: Kiwikiu TNC Waikamoi Preserve - 2013 Home Range Size: Kiwikiu • Overall averages: – MCP = 6.7 ± 0.98 ha – KDE = 7.96 ± 1.25 ha • No effect of sex • Sites did not differ Waikamoi Hanawin = 17 n = 11 n = 17 Home-range Size: Kiwikiu Pairs • n = 6 pairs ♂ • Mate overlap: ♀♂ 66.4% (MCP) - 71.6% (KDE) • Combined area average ♀ – MCP: 13.28 ± 4.63 ha – KDE: 18.3 ± 5.47 ha • 35% - 41% > individual HR • Adjusted pair home range: 9 ha (MCP) - 11 ha (KDE) (Average indiv. × % increase) How much habitat? ? ~120 ha ? Hypotheses 1. Home-range (HR) area in Nakula will be > HR area in current range – More open forest = fewer resources (stem density) = increased HR size 2. HR area in Nakula will be < HR area in current range – “Preferred habitat” = higher quality resources = smaller HR size 3. HR area in Nakula will be = HR area in current range – “Preferred habitat” = higher quality resources + fewer resources = similar HR size How many Kiwikiu/Alauahio can “fit”? • If H3 is correct and 120 ha of habitat available now – ≥ 15 to 17 Kiwikiu individuals ? – ≥ 10 to 13 Kiwikiu pairs – ≥ 102 to 126 Alauahio individuals • If H1 or H2 are correct, estimate will be > or < • Home-range overlap The birds will follow the habitat! Acknowledgements • Mahalo to all our supporting partners • Thank you to Wildlife Restoration and State Wildlife Grants for funding • Massive effort by staff, technicians and volunteers 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Questions? [email protected] Home Range Size: Kiwikiu Pairs cont. • Combined area HR calculation for MAPA pairs • Additive : – M (red) + F (yellow) + overlap (orange) = Additive – MCP: 13.28 ± 4.63 ha Pair HR – M & F together as one individual (blue line) = – KDE: 18.3 ± 5.47 ha Collective Pair HR • Collective: • MCP – Collective is always ≥ Additive – MCP: 15.71 ± 4.95 ha • KDE – Collective >, <, or = Additive – KDE: 9.26 ± 3.37 ha ♂ Home-range: Overlap • Unshared area per individual = ♂ (% overlap × # neighbors) * HR area • 70% kde only, like-sex only • Limited Sample Size – ♂ × ♂: n = 8 (4) – ♀ × ♀: n = 6 (3) • Measured for overlap of One individual/territory – 23.6 ± 4.09 % overlap • Do MAPA overlap? – YES, at times to a fair degree .
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