oi 052 rv5 ';j7 TV- 1990 [ INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY mERLEWOOD ITE has administrative headquarters north and south, and the geographical distribution of its 250 staff in six Research Stations throughout Britain allows efficient use of resources for regional studies and provides an understanding of local ecological and land use characteristics.
This report is an official document prepared under contract between the customer and the Natural Environment Research Council. It should not be quoted without the permission of both the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and the customer.
ITE NORTH ITE SOUTH
Edinburgh Research Station Monks Wood Experimental Station (Admin HQ for ITENorth) (Adrnin HO for ITE South) Bush Estate Abbots Ripton Perdcuik Huntingdon Midlothian EH26 0013 Combs PE17 2LS Tel: 031 445 9343; Telex 72579 Tel: 048 73 381; Tales 32416 Fax: 031 495 3943 Fax: 048 73 467
Banchory Research Station Bangor Research Unit Hill of Brathens University College of North Wales Glass& Deiniol Road Banchory Bangor Kincardineshire AB31 4BY Gwynedd 1157 2UP Tel: 033 02 3434 Tel: 0248 370095; Telex 61224 Fax: 033 02 3303 Fax: 0248 355365
Merlewood Research Station Furzebrook Research Station Grange-over-Sands Wareham Cumbria LA11 6ILl Dorset BH20 SAS Tel: 05395 32264; Telex 65102 Tel: 0929 551518 Fax: 05395 34705 Fax: 0929 551087
The IlL Research Market ag Officers for 1TENorth and South are based at Banchory and Monks Wood, respectively. A FINALREPORTTO THE JOINTNATURECONSERVATIONCOMMITTEE(JNCC)ON WORK COMPLETEDUNDERCONTRACTTOTHE FORMERNATURECONSERVANCYCOUNCIL(NCC)AS PARTOF 'COUNTRYSIDESURVEY1990'.
COUNTRYSIDESURVEY1990 Collectionofvegetationdata fromquadratsandlinearplots
(Workingpaper for internaluse by JNCC, EN, DOE and ITE only)
Bob Bunce,CarolineHallamandColinBarr InstituteofTerrestrialEcology MerlewoodResearchStation GrangeoverSands Cumbria LAll6JU
October1991 •
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Methods of survey
3 Characteristicsof sample squares
4 Speciesdata records
5 Habitat types surveyed
6 Distributionof species
7 Patternof vegetationtypes in verges
8 Speciesdistributionin verges
9 Trends in species diversityin verges
10 Comparisonof habitat plots with the random sample
11 Summaryand futurework programme
Annex A - First contractreport to NCC (March 1991)
Annex B - Species lists á INTRODUCTION
1.1 This report summariseswork which formed part of 'CountrysideSurvey 1990' and which was funded by the then Nature ConservancyCouncil (NCC) and the Natural EnvironmentResearchCouncil (NERC).This report to the Joint Nature ConservationCommittee(JNCC) followsa progressreport submitted to NCC in March 1991, which includedcontractualdetailsand methods of survey, and which is includedas Annex A to this report.
1.2 The report is structuredaccording to a letter from ITE to NCC of 26 April 1991 which clarifiedthe tasks specifiedin the contractSchedule of Work. The main activitiesare given in quotes at the start of each sectionwithin this report.There has been close liaisonand agreement between ITE and the earlierNominatedOfficer for NCC (Dr I MacLean- now of English Nature) and the currentNominatedOfficer for. - JNCC (Dr E Bignall).
1.3 It should be noted that the contractwas primarilyfor the collectionof data, rather than for subsequentinterpretation.With this in mind, Sections2 to 6 of the report summarisethe principlecharacteristicsof plots surveyedduring CountrysideSurvey 1990, and Sections7 to 10 indicate the type and range of futureanalyses that can be carriedout.
1.4 Although it is not a confidentialdocument,this report is for use within the fundingorganisationsof CountrysideSurvey 1990 and should not be used for citationor referencepurposes,except by agreement.
Section 1 ends. 2 METHODSOF SURVEY "Summarisethemethodsof thesurvey" 2.1 A fulldescriptionof themethodsof surveyis givenin theMarch1991 progressreportwhichis includedhereas AnnexA. 2.2 In summary,ITE surveyed508 lx1km squaresthroughoutGreatBritainin a four-monthperiodbetweenJuneand October1990.In eachsquare,as partof the broaderwork programme,the landcoverand landscape featureswere recordedand mapped(thiswork beingfundedby DOE and NERC).At a moredetailedlevel,vegetationwas recordedin up to 27 plotsin eachsquare.Theseplotswereof threetypes: Five200m2quadratsin fiverandomlocations Five4m2 quadratsplacedwithinsemi-naturalhabitatsonly Up to 17 lx10mlinearplotsplacedalongsidefieldboundaries, watercourses,roads/tracks,and hedges. 2.3 Table1 showsthenumbersof vegetationplotsthatwere recordedduring thesurvey.Of the 11,557plotsthatweresurveyed,6,788were funded jointlyby NCC and NERC (hereinafterreferredto as 'NCCplots').The balanceformedpartof thewiderDOE/NERCwork programme.
Section2 continues... Table 1: Breakdownof t es of lots, shown by fundin or anisations.
DOE/NERC NCC/NERC
2,531 Random plots 2,529 Habitatplots (200m2) (4m2)
564 Hedge plots 1,807 Field Boundary plots (10x1m) (10x1m)
789 Road verge plots 1,165 Additionalverge plots (10x1m) (10x1m)
885 Streamsideplots 1,287 Additionalstream plots (10x1m) (10x1m)
4,769 6,788 2.4 The data resultingfrom survey of the vegetationplots has been entered onto computer (punchedtwice, cross-checkedand edited) and resides in an Oracle databasewhere it can be interrogatedas required.A copy of the 'NCC plot' data has been made availableto English Nature.
Section2 ends. 3 CHARACTERISTICSOF SAMPLE SQUARES "Describethe general locationand characteristicsof the 512 sample squares"
3.1 The locationof sites (each being a lx1 km square) surveyed in Great Britain in 1978 and 1990 is given in Figure 1. The 1977/8 survey was completedin a stratifiedrandom sample of 256 squares (eight squares from each of the 32 ITE Land Classes).In 1990, the same sample was surveyed, togetherwith an additionalsample of 252 squares which were apportionedaccordingto the size of the Land Classes.
Section 3 continues ...
Figure1 Locationofthe 1 x 1 km squaresinGreatBritainin 1978and 1990.
0 Squares surveyed In 1990 only
SI Squares surveyed in 1978 & 1990
B 00 OM MO OE BE M 0E0 MO DE 0 0 M MI 00 OM 0 E EHMO E ED 118 ME MO 0 0 00
1 ODE MEMO fig BIE 0 MEMO EEO EIMOIDEE DEE 0 E ME 00E0 el 0 B 0 0 0 0 ME 0 MO IM 0 0 CM IMO MED 0 GIE MOM CM DE MO M 0 M 0 0 MOM M 0 MOM OS 00 MI 00 MOM M M 0 M 00 MO 00 0 OE M MOO 113 MED OESIMO B MO II 0 0 DO ED E 0 B Mi ELME 000 m om 000m m E 0 0 00 o B 00 o mm 00 MICE DOE B OMIOE 0 BOOM OMEIM 0 0 0 IMO OM 0 MO OE ED 0 OE MI M 0 00 0 MO 0 OE SW 0 0 mu 0 0120 00 0 0 0 000 00 0 0000E 0 MOO M OM 0 3.2 Table 2 provides,for every field survey square, the grid reference (shown as Eastingsand Northingsto within 10 km), the ITE Land Class (accordingto the most recent classification),and the presenceof designatedareas, where appropriate.
3.3 Data on designatedareas were obtainedfrom the differentagencies during autumn 1988 and have not been updated since. Vector data were obtained from digitisingthe boundariesof the sites, but were converted to presencewithin a given square,using an appropriatealgorithm.Of the 508 field survey squares,207 containedsome form of designation. This analysiswas carriedout to demonstratethe ability of the system to link streamsof data; in this instance,survey sites with designated areas.
Section 3 continues ... Table 2 National grid referenceto within 10 x 10 km, ITE Land Class and the presenceof 6 types of designatedarea within the 1 x 1 km of the 1990 survey.
10KM 10KH LAND EASTING NORTHING CLASS SSSI NNR NPARK AONB NSA ESA --- 14 03 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 19 05 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 05 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 05 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 05 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 05 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 06 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 06 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 23 06 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 08 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 26 08 17 1 0 1 0 0 0 29 08 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 08 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 37 08 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 43 08 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 22 09 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 09 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 34 09 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 35 09 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 09 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 43 09 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 47 09 8 1 0 0 1 0 0 55 09 7 1 0 0 1 0 1 45 10 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 23 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 11 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 32 11 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 46 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 11 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 50 11 2 1 0 0 1 Or 1 52 11 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 53 11 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 56 11 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 25 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 12 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 12 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 40 12 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 41 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 44 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 12 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 12 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 58 12 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 26 14 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 14 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 14 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 32 14 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 14 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 14 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 58 14 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 14 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 15 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 16 8 o o o o o 0 32 17 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 37 17 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 38 17 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 17 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 44 17 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 50 17 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 17 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 55 17 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 17 8 1 o o o o 0 24 18 7 1 1 0 1 0 0 28 18 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 18 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 18 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 18 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 18 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 43 18 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 46 18 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 47 18 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 19 20 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 20 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 20 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 20 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 49 20 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 59 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 21 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 21 17 1 0 1 0 0 0 32 21 17 1 0 1 0 0 0 41 21 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 43 21 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 21 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 23 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 20 23 17 1 0 1 0 0 0 28 23 18 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 23 17 1 0 1 0 0 0 34 23 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 23 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 41 23 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 43 23 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 23 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 24 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 24 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 24 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 24 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 24 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 24 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 24 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 24 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 15 1 1 0 0 0 0 28 26 17 1 0 0 0 0 1 32 26 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 26 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 26 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 41 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 26 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 26 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 26 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 26 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 26 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 26 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 27 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 27 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 27 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 27 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 27 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 27 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 27 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 27 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 61 27 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 27 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 31 29 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 29 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 29 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 29 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 29 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 29 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 29 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 29 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 29 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 29 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 29 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 62 29 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 30 15 0 0 1 0 0 0 28 30 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 30 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 30 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 30 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 30 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 30 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 30 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 30 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 25 32 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 26 32 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 28 32 18 0 0 1 0 0 0 29 32 18 1 0 0 1 0 0 31 32 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 34 32 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 32 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 32 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 44 32 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 32 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 32 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 32 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 32 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 58 32 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 32 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 33 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 25 33 7 1 0 0 0 0 1 28 33 23 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 33 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 33 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 33 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 33 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 33 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 58 33 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 33 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 26 35 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 28 35 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 35 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 35 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 35 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 35 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 35 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 36 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 36 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 36 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 34 36 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 36 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 36 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 36 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 36 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 36 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 47 36 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 36 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 37 7 1 0 0 1 0 0 30 37 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 38 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 32 38 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 38 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 38 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 38 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 38 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 38 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 38 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 53 38 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 39 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 39 18 0 0 1 0 0 1 41 39 18 0 0 1 0 0 1 43 39 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 39 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 39 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 39 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 39 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 41 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 41 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 41 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 41 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 41 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 41 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 41 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 42 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 42 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 42 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 42 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 52 42 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 42 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 44 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 38 44 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 44 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 44 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 44 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 45 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 45 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 40 45 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 45 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 45 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 45 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 47 16 1 0 1 0 0 0 35 47 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 47 19 1 0 1 0 0 0 38 47 23 0 0 1 0 0 0 43 47 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 47 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 48 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 48 16 1 0 1 0 0 0 35 48 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 48 20 0 0 1 0 0 1 38 48 23 0 0 1 0 0 0 41 48 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 48 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 46 48 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 50 48 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 24 50 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 50 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 35 50 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 50 22 0 0 1 0 0 0 41 50 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 50 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 47 50 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 35 51 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 51 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 51 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 51 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 51 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 24 53 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 53 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 53 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 53 16 0 0 1 0 0 0 32 53 22 1 0 1 0 0 0 37 53 23 0 1 0 1 0 0 44 53 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 54 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 54 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 54 18 0 0 0 1 0 0 37 54 22 0 0 0 1 0 0 40 54 22 0 0 0 1 0 0 44 54 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 56 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 56 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 56 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 56 16 0 0 0 0 1 0 38 56 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 57 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 57 28 0 0 0 0 0 1 29 57 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 57 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 57 22 1 0 1 0 0 0 41 57 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 58 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 23 59 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 59 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 59 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 59 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 59 22 1 0 0 0 0 0 35 59 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 59 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 59 25 0 0 1 0 0 0 41 59 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 60 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 60 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 60 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 60 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 60 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 60 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 60 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 35 60 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 37 60 22 0 0 1 0 0 0 41 60 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 62 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 62 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 62 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 62 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 62 23 0 0 1 0 0 0 40 62 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 63 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 63 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 63 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 63 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 63 22 0 0 0 0 1 0 34 63 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 63 27 1 0 0 0 1 1 37 63 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 38 63 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 64 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 65 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 65 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 22 65 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 65 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 65 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 65 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 65 22 1 0 0 0 0 0 32 65 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 65 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 65 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 65 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 66 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 66 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 66 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 66 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 67 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 34 67 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 68 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 68 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 68 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 69 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 69 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 69 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 69 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 69 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 69 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 71 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 71 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 71 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 71 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 71 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 72 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 72 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 72 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 72 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 72 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 72 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 72 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 74 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 74 29 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 74 18 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 74 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 74 29 0 0 0 0 1 0 22 74 24 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 74 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 74 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 74 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 74 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 75 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 75 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 75 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 75 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 75 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 75 24 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 75 23 0 0 0 0 1 0 26 75 22 0 0 0 0 1 1 32 75 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 77 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 17 77 21 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 77 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 77 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 77 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 77 23 1 0 0 0 0 0 34 77 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 77 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 77 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 78 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 78 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 78 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 78 23 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 78 23 0 0 0 0 1 0 35 78 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 78 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 79 24 0 1 0 0 1 0 19 80 24 0 0 0 0 1 0 29 80 23 1 1 0 0 1 0 34 80 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 80 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 81 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 81 24 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 81 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 81 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 81 23 1 0 0 0 0 0 34 81 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 81 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 81 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 83 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 83 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 83 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 83 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 83 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 83 24 1 0 0 0 0 0 28 83 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 83 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 83 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 83 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 83 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 83 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 84 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 84 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 84 21 1 0 0 0 1 0 22 84 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 84 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 84 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 84 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 84 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 84 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 86 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 86 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 86 21 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 86 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 86 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 86 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 86 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 86 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 87 29 0 0 0 0 1 1 26 87 28 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 89 30 0 0 0 0 1 0 19 89 29 0 0 0 0 1 0 23 89 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 89 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 90 29 1 0 0 0 1 0 22 90 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 90 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 92 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 92 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 92 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 92 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 93 32 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 93 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 93 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 93 29 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 93 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 93 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 31 93 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 95 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 95 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 95 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 95 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 96 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 96 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 96 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 96 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 34 99 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 100 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 101 32 1 0 0 0 1 0 34 101 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 102 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 103 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 114 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 116 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 117 31 0 0 0 0 1 0 43 119 32 0 0 0 0 1 0 44 119 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 120 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 121 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.4 Table3 providesabbreviated,one-line,descriptionsof eachof theITE LandClasses.Moredetailedinformationon theLandClassesis given in MerlewoodResearchand DevelopmentPaperNo 86 (currentlyunder revision).
Section3 continues...
Table 3 One line descriptionsof each of the 32 ITE Land Classes, as providedin MerlewoodResearchand DevelopmentPaper No.86.
1 Undulatingcountry,varied agriculture,mainly grassland 2 Open gentle slopes, often lowland,variedagriculture 3 Flat arable land, mainly cereals,littlenative vegetation 4 Flat, intensiveagriculture,otherwisemainly built-up 5 Lowland,somewhatenclosedland, variedagricultureand vegetation 6 Gently rollingenclosedcountry,mainly fertile pastures 7 Coastalwith variablemorphologyand vegetation 8 Coastal,often estuarine,mainly pasture,otherwisebuilt-up 9 Fairly flat, open intensiveagriculture,often built-up 10 Flatplains with intensivefarming,often arable/grassmixtures 11 Rich alluvialplains, mainly open with arable or pasture 12 Very fertilecoastalplains with_veryproductivecrops 13 Somewhatvariableland forms, mainly flat,heterogeneousland use 14 Level coastalplains with arable, otherwiseoften urbanised 15 Valley bottomswith mixed agriculture,predominantlypastural 16 Undulatinglowlands,variableagricultureand native vegetation 17 Rounded intermediateslopes,mainly improvablepermanentpasture 18 Rounded hills, some steep slopes,variedmoorlands 19 Smooth hills, mainly heather moors, often afforested 20 Midvalleyslopes,wide range of vegetationtypes 21 Upper valley slopes,mainly coveredwith bogs 22 Marginsof high mountains,moorlands,often afforested 23 High mountainsummits,with well drainedmoorlands 24 Upper, steep mountainslopes,usuallybog covered 25 Lowlandswith variableland use, mainlyarable 26 Fertile lowlandswith intensiveagriculture 27 Fertilelowlandmargins with mixed agriculture 28 Varied lowlandmarginswith heterogeneousland use 29 Shelteredcoasts with varied land use, often crofting 30 Open coastswith low hills dominatedby bogs 31 Cold exposed coasts with variableland use and crofting 32 Bleak undulatingsurfacesmainly coveredwith bogs
• 3.5 Table4 showsthenumberof squaresin eachLandClassthatcontain Sitesof SpecialScientificInterest,and the percentagefrequencyof suchsquaresin the LandClass. 3.6 The occurrencesof SSSIsare unevenlydistributedin theITE Land Classes.The coastalLandClasses,7, 8 and 14 have thehighest proportions,probablydue to theextensivenatureof SSSIsin estuaries. The lowlandLandClasseshavebetween7% and 10% percentagefrequencies whileuplandLandClasseshavebetween11% and 28%. This pattern representsin partthe largesizeof theSSSIsin LandClassesin the uplands,contrastingwith thescarcityof availableareasfor wildlife conservationin thelowlands.A highproportionof coastaland mountain areasare thereforeprotectedin someway. 3.7 Thisdistributionpatternlinksto the inherantcharacterof landscapes, with theuplandshavingextensivesemi-naturalecosystemsand the lowlandshavingfragmentedislands.In the lattercase therefore,the importanceof thewidercountryside,and thedistributionof the residualhabitats(eg linearfeatures)needsto be well consideredin thedevelopmentof a broadconservationstrategy.
Section3 ends.
Table 4 The number and percentagefrequencyof 1 x 1 km squares that fall within the SSSI's in the 32 Land Classes, based on 1988 information.
Land class No. of squares
1 1068 7.5 2 1676 11.6 3 1103 7.1 4 1216 13.4 5 358 9.2 6 815 7.9 7 1268 50.1 8 2042 46.3 9 834 7.1 10 796 5.7 11 402 4.5
12 215 6.1 13 765 10.5 14 294 31.5 15 322 7.7 16 228 7.4 17 2600 20.0 18 1083 16.1 19 753 13.8 20 521 20.7 21 1454 15.0 22 1708 13.6
23 1950 28.1 24 1559 21.6 25 703 6.6 26 645 9.3 27 809 11.8 28 650 8.7 29 982 18.0 30 593 13.9 31 520 17.2 32 561 14.9 4 SPECIES DATA RECORDS
"List the recordsof vegetationfrom the c 7,000 plus quadrats (both as hard copy and in machine-readableform)"
Species identification
4.1 In 1978, ITE's botanicalsurvey was carriedout by just six ITE staff people (with some additionalassistance). Furthermore,the majority of sites were surveyedby a group of survey teams, working togetherin each region of the country,and comparingand validatingplant identification.Further validationwas carried out during the preparationof the data. From experience,it was recognisedthat certain combinationscould not be identifiedconsistentlyto species level in the field. That is not to say that a good specimen could not be identified,but rather,under many field conditions,consistantspecies identificationwould not be possible.As a result, certain combinations of species were combined to genus, or aggregate,level.
4.2 Some of the groupingsdescribedbelow are widely recognisedto be difficult,eg theracium, whatever the quality of specimens,because of inherenttaxonomicproblems. Others,eg Epilobium, are more easily identifiedbut experienceof broadscaleecologicalsurveys in British woodlands,and the wider countrysidein Cumbria,have suggested that such groupingswere realistic.Some furtherinconsistancieshave emerged during comparisonof 1978 and 1990 specieslists and these are consideredseparatelybelow.
4.3 In many ecologicalanalyses involvingvegetation,taxonomicproblemsare relativelyunimportant,as confusionis likely to reduce correlationand not be directional.Inadequatelyrecordedspecies will also tend not to be identifiedconsistentlyand are unlikelyto be significantto the analysis.However, the analysisof change introducesanother dimension and requiresa preciseknowledgeof what is being compared;otherwise a change could be derived that was actuallydue to a differencein species identification.
4.4 The approachadopted to reduce such problemsis to consider species under categorieswhich reflectconfidenceof identification:
Specieswhich can confidentlybe regardedas consistentlyrecorded Speciescomplexes,aggregatesor where known problemsoccur Naturalisedspecies Planted species Species that were recordedat only one survey date
4.5 The species-listfrom quadratsrecordedas part of CountrysideSurvey 1990 is given in Annex B, and is structuredaccording to the categories describedabove. 4.6 The comparisonof some species in the second group may well be useful, eg Rhinanthus, whereas others such as Salix are so complicatedas to be of little value. Separationin this way does, however,ensure that the reader can make his own decisionswithin the frameworkprovided.The lists of compositesrecognisedin the 1977/8 and the 1990 surveysare given in Table 5.
Section4 continues ... Table 5 Compositespecies and aggregatesrecognisedin the 1977/78and 1990 surveys.
Compositesrecognisedin 1978 Compositesreco ised in 1990
Agrostis canina alone was recordedin In 1990 it was divided into 1978 A. canina A. vinea is The latter is possiblyconfusedwith A. stolonifera, however the frequencydata suggest that canina + vinealis 1978 canina (11.6% c. 12.7%)whereas A. stolonifera has increasedfrom 24.8% to 34.0% suggestingthat it has been included more than adquately in 1990.
Arctium sp. As 1978 lappa + minus. The latter consists of 3 spp. Distinctionof immature plants difficult.
Betula sp. As 1978 Taxonomicstatus subject to discussionwith many intermediates.
Callitriche sp. As 1978 A taxonomicallydifficultgroup owing to environmentalinfluence of leaf shape.
Cardamine hirsuta/flexuosa Separatedin some cases only 1990. Small specimensdifficult to Majorityremain as composite. distinguish.
Epilobium tetragonum/obscurum In some cases these were separated Experiencein the GB survey of but there was still a number of woodlandsshowed that these plants includedas Epilobium sp. E. specieswere in many case montanum was however separated. For impossibleto separate. In 1990 comparativepurposes therefore furtherdifficultieswere Epilobium sp. 1978 = fetragontom encountered(see below). E. obscurum, montanum & Epilobium sp. montanum was also includedas in 1990. Epitobium spp.
Small Euphorbia sp. Some of the specieswere separated The few small annual species are but a number of plants were still difficultto separatebecauseof includedas a group. The comparison environmentalinfluences. can thereforeonly be made as a group.
Euphrasia sp. As 1978 A taxonomicallydifficultgroup which also differs between environmentsand hosts.
Hieraciunisp. As 1978 An inherentlydifficult taxonomic group. Juncus articulatus/acutifloras The majority of specimenswere left These specieshybridisewith the in this group but both specieswere former also being extremely recognisedin some instances. The variable. Good specimenscan be comparisoncan only thereforebe readilyattributedbut overall it made as a group. was decided that it was realistic to group them.
Luzula multiflora/campestris As with Juncus & Euphorbia. Treated Vegetativespecimenscannot be as a group. readilyattributedto either speciesbecause although campestris is stoloniferousmany specimensare isolated.
Alenthasp. Treated as a group The two main species arvensis and aqualica are difficult to distinguishand there are also a variety of differenthybrids.
Mryosoris sp. Treated as a group Includesthe common annual weeds, ie mainly probably arvensis, discolor, laxa and secunda which are difficult to distinguishbecause of environ- mental influences.
Poa trivialis/nemoralis Treated as a group but could be Juvenilespecimensof the former comparedbetween 1990 and subsequent are readilyconfusedwith the surveys. latter in woodlandsbut elsewhere they can be readily separated. The former is much more frequent.
Polygala serpyllifolia/vulgar s Can only be treatedas a group for The two speciesare difficultto comparativepurposes. separateand were therefore grouped.
Quercus sp. The two common species can be readily As 1978 separatedin many cases but are equallydifficult in many other situations.
Rhinanthus sp. As 1978 An inherentlydifficult taxonomic group.
Rosa sp. As 1978, but some specimens Many speciesare difficult to identifiedto species level. identifywithout flowersso that it was decided to group them.
Rubus fructicosus agg. As 1978 An inherentlydifficulttaxonomic group. Rumex conglomerates/sangusneus As 1978, but some species identified Many specimensgrowing in shade/ to species level. semi-shadeare difficult to distinguish.
Sagina sp. As 1978 An inherentlydifficult taxonomic group.
Taraxacwnagg. As 1978 Impossiblefor non-specialiststo distinguish.
Viola riviniana/reichenbachiana Some specimens identifiedto It is only possible to distinguish species,but not consistantly. these exactly in the spring.
Ulmus sp. As 1978 except that Ulmus spp should These are notorius to distinguish join U. procera. although glabra is more reliable. 4.7 The compositegroups are useful for comparisonbut should not be taken at the same level as species for which there is complete confidence. The trends in the compositescan be examinedseparatelyto see if they they confirm the main trendsidentified.
4.8 Althoughmany of the difficultspecieswere separated to a greater degree in 1990 than in 1978, there was in all cases a rump of aggregated records.
4.9 The complete list of speciescontainsmany that are of low interest to nature conservation.In the EcologicalConsequencesof Land Use Change project,it was shown that species characteristicof specifichabitats were changingdifferentially.It was thereforediscussed that methods of restrictingthe list should be demonstrated.An example of such a list was provided by the BiologicalRecords Centre (BRC) for 320 species that occurred in between 16 and 100 10x10 km squares in GB. In the CountrysideSurvey 1990, 50 of these specieswere recorded (listedin Table 6). In addition,some 30 species from the BRC list were recorded as aggregates(eg Euphrasia and Salia), resultingin some 18% of these 'semi-rare'species being recordedwithin the 1990 survey.
4.10 Table 6 lists those species that occur in 16 - 100 10x10 km squares in GB, and which were recordedduring CountrysideSurvey 1990.
Section4 continues ... Table6 - Speciesoccuringin16-100 10x10kmsquaresinGB, and whichwere recordedduringCountrysidesurvey1990.
Alopecurus aequalis Melittis melissophyllum Andromeda polifolia Minuartia verna Arctostaphylos alpinus Phyteuma orbiculare Carex capillaris Polygala calcarea Carex divisa Polygonum mite Carex humilis Primula elatior Carex vulpina Puccinellia fasciculata Cerastium alpinum Ranunculus parviflorus Cerastium arcticum Rumex maritimus Circaea alpina Rumex palustris Daphne mezereum Scilla autumnalis Dryas octopetala Sedum forsteranum Equisetum pratense Sedum villosum Festuca altissima Senecio integrifolius Fumaria bastardii Sesleria albicans Fumaria capreolata Sibthorpia europaea Galeopsis angustifolia Sonchus palustris Galium sterneri Suaeda vera Goodyera repens Subularia aquatica Hordelymus europaeus Thesium humifusum Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Tilia platyphyllos Inula crithmoides Tofieldia pusilla Lepidium lalifolium Trifolium squamosum Limonium humile Vicia bithynica Marrubium vulgare Walffia arrhiza 4.11 Furtherspecies should probablybe removed from the list (eg Zostera), as they could not be coveredby the survey method. The calculationof the likelihoodis confusedby severalfactors, in particular,whether a species is locallycommon (ie occurs in many lkm squares within a 10x10 km block, or whether it occurs in only one or two. BRC are currently using recent data, which is by six-figuregrid reference,to establish the approximatenumber of squarescovered.Knowledge of the species concernedsuggests that the majorityof the species covered come into the 'locallycommon'category(eg Andromeda polifolia and Goodyera repens) but currentlythese cannot be quantified.In general however, it would be generallyexpected that the rarer species would be adequately coveredby BRC records,although this may be uneven in that some species characteristicof more remote areas could well be unevenly recorded.
4.12 It is thereforenot possibleto draw statisticalconclusionsbut only to use the extractionof the speciesas a demonstrationof the usefulness of the data in providinginformationon species of conservation interest.
Changes in speciesgroups
4.13 Anothermethod of detectingchange in overall species compositionis to use speciesgroups, that is groups of species which commonly occur together, eg species typicalof short chalk grassland turf.
4.14 The number of groups, and the proportionof species in each, may change over time, reflectingeither successionor managementpractices. For instance,the species compositionof an unimprovedpermanentpasture will change, if it is drainedor regularlyfertilised,and this will be reflectedby a decline in speciesgroups representingthose species vulnerableto these changesand an increasein species favoured by the changingconditions. Similarly, a recentlyploughed field will contain mainly arable weeds, probablyall present in the same species group, but if the field is left, then over time, other species will coloniseand the number of speciesgroups and their relative importancewill change.
4.15 The overall frequencyof species recordedin 1978 and 1990 were calculatedand compared. For a brief summary, the species that occurredin over 5% of the quadratsand those that had changed more than 1% over the 2 periodsof time were extracted. In order to summarise their affinitiesthey are presentedaccording to the species groups given in Table 7.
Section4 continues ...
Table 7 Species that occurredin over 5% of quadratsand had changedover 1% between 1978 and 1990 and theiroccurrencein speciesgroups determinedby Ward's minimal varianceclusteringprocedureon the first five DECORANA scores from 1978 data. Brief descriptions of the groups are provided togetherwith 2 typicalspecies. Number of spp Speciesgroup Incr. Decr. Description
1 - 1 Bog, eg bogbean,sundew 2 - 4 Bog/moorland,eg deergrass,bog asphodel 3 - 2 Moorland/bog,eg heather, purple moor grass 4 1 3 Upland flush/uplandgrassland,eg devil's bit scabious,tormentil 5 - 1 Moorland/bog.eg mat-grass,marsh violet 6 - 2 Moorlandgrassland/uplandgrassland,eg bilberry, wavy hair grass 7 - 2 Upland grassland, eg mountain fern, heath bedstraw 8 - - Upland scrub/uplandgrassland,eg rowan, golden rod 9 2 1 Scrub/uplandgrassland,eg broom, bracken 10 - 9 Upland grassland/enrichedflushes,eg sheep's fescue,wild thyme 11 2 2 Upland flush, eg sneezewort,marsh thistle 12 1 5 Upland grassland/uplandmeadow, eg bent grass, pignut 13 4 1 Scrub/woodland,eg hawthorn,bluebell 14 1 1 Marshland/meadow,eg ragged robin, cuckoo flower 15 2 Neutralwoodland,eg hazel, bugle 16 2 1 Calcareouswoodland,eg wild arum, dog's mercury 17 - - Calcareousscrub/meadow,egdogwood, cowslip 18 1 2 Marshland/moistwoodland,eg canary grass, yellow pimpernel 19 - - Calcareousgrassland,eg salad burnet, rockrose 20 - 7 Mesotrophic meadow/calcareousmeadow, eg yarrow, quaking grass 21 - 3 Mesotrophicmeadow, eg bistort, germander speedwell 22 - 1 Moist meadow, eg meadowsweet,marsh marigold 23 1 8 Improved permanentpasture/oldpasture, eg daisy, ox-eye daisy 24 3 2 Marginalhabitats,eg silverweed,tufted vetch 25 2 7 Agriculturalgrassland, eg rye grass, spear thistle 26 5 1 Coarse grasslands,marginalhabitats, eg cow parsley,hogweed 27 1 - Maritime,eg thrift,sea plantain 28 1 3 Weeds, mostly perennial,eg broadleaveddock, sow thistle 29 2 2 Marginalhabitats,eg hemlock, butterbur 30 8 5 Arable weeds, mainly annuals, eg wild oats, shepherd'spurse 4.16 Table 7 indicatesthat the species that are declining in frequencyare from upland habitats,grasslandsand mesotrophicpastures, togetherwith some weed species.The species that are increasingare from scrub areas or from weed groups.The latter interchangewith the decliningspecies and are probablydue to changingspray regimes.This table suggests that this approach is worth developingfurtherpartly from a more sophisticatedanalysisby region and Land Class and also could benefit from the applicationof plant strategytheory.In this way the initial hypothesisthat on the one hand the agriculturalland is intensifying, whereas on the other the marginalhabitatsare declining in management throughderelictionand lack of input,could be confirmed.
4.17 The use of speciesgroups helps to detect a real shift in species composition,as opposed to alternationbetween species which occupy a similar niche. In this study, the speciesgroups have been derived statisticallyusing DECORANA to 'order'species along the principle gradient (describedabove) and then clusteranalysis (Ward'sminimum distance) to divide them into groups.Within phytosociologicalstudies, eg NVC, comparablegroups are recognisedwithin the associationtables and help to breakdowndetails of the compositionof the vegetation.
4.18 Speciesgroups have been producedin this study from the quadrat data recordedon agriculturalland in 1978; they are listed in Table 7. The number of classes chosen is arbitrary,but aims to achieve ecologically meaningfulgroups. These speciesgroups can be used to assess diversity within vegetation, for instance,species in the arable fields tend to be concentratedinto one or two groups, whilst in vegetationfrom pasturesand rough grazing,many groups are more evenly represented.
Section 4 ends. 5 HABITAT TYPES SURVEYED
"Includean initialanalysisof the distributionof selectedvegetation/ habitat types between the 32 Land Classes"
5.1 The first major survey linkingvegetationsampling to ITE Land Classes used 16 random 200m2 quadratswithin lkm squares.However, in intensivelyfarmed landscapes,highly modifiedvegetationwas oversampledand linear featureswere missed. In the GB ecologicalsurvey of 1977/78,only five random quadratswere used and two 10xlm plots were placed at random alongsideeach of hedgerows,streams and roads. In 1990, these were supplementedby three furtherquadrats alongsideeach of streams and roads, placed to cover the range of variationof each type. Similar plots were also placedon boundariesadjacent to the 200m2 random plots in order to obtain an estimateof the relativecontribution of the boundariesto speciesheterogeneity.In addition,2x2m quadrats were placed in the centre of habitatsnot covered by any other plot type, using a random allocationprocedure.
5.2 This sectiondemonstratesthe coverageof the main habitats includedin the random 200m2 plots and the additionalcoverage providedby the 2x2m plots. The coverageof differenttypesof streams and roads is given before concludingwith the breakdownof the relative frequencyof different types of boundaries.
5.3 Table 8 summarisesthe distributionof random plots ('X plots') in the sample sites. A well-definedpatternemerges of samples belonging to arable habitats in the Land Classeswhich are dominatedby crops, followedby the concentrationof plots from lowland grass gradually merging into bog, heath and moorlandcategories.It should be borne in mind that the Land Classes containedunequal numbers of squares,hence the low numbers in classes7, 5 and 8. Conversionto percentagewould simplify the interpretationbut would not show the full number of plots surveyed.
Section 5 continues ...
Table 8 Distributionof the 5 random plots (X plots) in each of the 508 sample 1 x 1 km squares by habitat categoryand Land Class ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
Lowland Land Classes Upland Habitat Category 12 4 11 3 25 14 8 1 9 10 15 26 16 27 13 2 7 6 5 17 20 31 28 19 22 18 32 29 24 21 23 30 Total
Lowland Aerie. Grass 2 16 19 26 46 7 30 75 11 43 25 19 31 24 37 38 25 69 14 54 7 14 15 5 10 10 8 4 0 0 0 1 685 Upland Grass 0 0 1 0 10 1 2 1 0 0 4 1 2 5 3 1 15 3 3 18 4 11 3 5 11 15 3 6 2 12 11 5 158 Moodand Grass 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 6 0 1 0 1 27 5 4 3 4 16 3 4 6 22 6 11 5 132 Maritime Vegetation 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 38 Lowland Heath 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Beg 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 13 0 0 0 0 5 1 12 16 2 16 11 30 25 28 56 26 43 296 Mamh 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 24 Unmanaged Grass 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 3 0 2 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Woodland 3 4 10 15 21 0 1 27 11 9 4 14 3 8 6 22 1 15 3 12 2 1 23 2 43 17 0 6 15 14 1 8 321 Amenity 1 0 4 1 1 4 2 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 Arable 41 30 72 103 27 8 19 27 62 48 6 35 11 21 12 47 14 12 6 6 0 1 4 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 616 Ley 3 0 3 2 3 0 0 5 6 5 1 1 0 2 2 7 2 5 1 2 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 56 Vacant 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 ['wad Shrub Heath 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 12 0 7 1 14 25 8 2 5 8 7 35 3 138
Total 50 50 110 150 120 24 75 140 100 109 45 75 55 74 85 120 65 116 30 139 20 55 70 35 125 65 50 55 75 95 84 70 2531 5.4 Table 9 shows the distributionof the habitat plots ('Y plots') in the Land Classes.The habitat types coveredshow a similar overall pattern to that of the previous table except that restrictedhabitats such as flushesand unmanagedgrass in the lowlandsare picked up to a greater degree. The table shows the increasedcoverageof habitats from retrictedareas which are not adequatelycoveredby the random plots but also a differentbalance in the upland areas from moorlandgrass to upland grass, reflectingthat in this situation there is greater variationin the latter category.Some habitats,eg lowland heath and saltmarshare so restrictedthat the cover is only marginallyincreased. In such situationsthe only way to increasethe coverage is to increase sample size in the appropriateLand Classes.
Section 5 continues ...
Table 9 Distributionof the 5 habitat plots (Y plots) in each of the 508 sample 1 x 1 km sample squares by habitat categoryand Land Class ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
Lowland Land Classes Upland Habitat Category 12 4 11 3 25 14 8 1 9 10 15 26 16 27 13 2 7 6 5 17 20 31 28 19 22 18 32 29 24 21 23 30 Total
Lowland Agric. Grass 18 18 23 43 20 10 13 42 26 27 10 15 10 12 10 29 16 26 9 20 1 1 7 2 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 417 Upland Grass 0 0 4 1 7 1 1 0 2 4 1 4 4 6 3 0 2 9 0 40 1 5 8 4 29 12 9 8 19 17 13 16 230 Moorland Grass 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 0 4 0 11 1 2 6 5 17 8 3 3 7 4 12 1 104 Moorland Shrub Heath 0 0 1 1 11 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 5 2 1 2 1 13 0 5 12 5 19 9 9 3 12 21 20 7 167 Calcareous Grassland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 24 Maritime Vegetation 0 0 0 0 2 5 8 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 2 0 9 69 Lowland Heath 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 Aguatic Macrophytes 3 1 1 5 0 1 6 1 3 1 3 1 3 . 0 5 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 46 Aquatic Marginal Veg. 1 2 3 1 7 0 2 8 5 4 . 1 2 2 1 9 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 0 2 74 Raised Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Blanket Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 0 5 10 6 3 3 7 5 9 5 66 Valley Bog 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 6 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 21 Fen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 17 Marsh 1 2 2 2 9 1 3 5 4 6 0 6 2 4 5 3 5 12 1 8 5 2 5 6 6 5 3 2 1 0 0 3 119 Flush 0 0 2 0 17 1 0 6 0 5 2 1 3 8 5 3 6 6 0 13 6 11 6 4 15 5 12 13 15 29 25 18 237 Saltmarsh 0 2 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 27 Unmanaged Grass 8 13 22 35 11 0 14 14 21 25 8 20 9 14 8 17 5 10 3 5 2 2 5 0 1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 279 Tall Herb Grass 8 2 18 11 7 4 6 5 10 4 4 11 3 8 7 7 3 5 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 3 0 1 138 Woodland 10 9 29 44 18 0 5 45 25 28 '11 8 13 10 13 30 1 20 9 21 1 3 8 1 10 9 1 5 6 3 1 0 397 Scrub 1 1 4 7 4 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 2 4 2 9 4 8 0 0 0 1 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 71
Total 50 50 109 150 120 25 75 140 100 110 45 75 55 75 85 120 .65 115 30 139 20 55 70 35 125 65 50 55 75 95 81 70 2529 5.5 Table 10 shows the distributionof streamsideplots (S plots) of which 2 are randomly located in each kilometresquare and three additionalplots (W plots) placed in the squares to increasethe coverage.60% of plots came in the second categoryreflectingthe increasedinensityof samplingand in additiona wider range of stream sizes was covered.
Section 5 continues ...
Table10 Distributionof the streamsideplots(S & W plots)in the 32 Land Classesorderedin a lowlandto uplandgradient.
Lowland Land Classes Plot Ty Upland 12 4 11 3 25 14 8 1 9 10 15 26 16 27 13 2 7 6 5 17 20 31 28 19 22 18 32 29 24 21 23 30 Total
20 18 38 49 44 8 22 52 32 28 16 30 22 30 32 18 20 42 8 54 6 13 28 12 52 26 18 20 30 30 36 33 28 885 28 56 69 63 10 30 76 47 38 20 45 33 45 45 25 27 63 12 81 9 19 42 18 74 36 25 30 45 54 SO 42 1287 Total 50 46 94 118 107 18 52 128 79 66 36 75 55 75 77 43 47 105 20 135 15 32 70 30 126 62 43 50 75 90 83 70 2172 5.6 Table 11 shows that rivers are present throughoutbut are concentrated in the lowlands.Streamsideplots show a tendancyto be more frequently recordedin the uplands but are also widespreadin the lowlands.Plots alongsideditches are very common in the lowland series and are scarce in the uplands.The remainingcategoriesare scarce and would therefore need to be specificallytargetted.
Section5 continues ...
Table 11 Distribution of all streamside plots in different sizes of watercourse in the 32 Land Classes ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
Lowland Land Classes Upland Habitat Category 12 4 11 3 25 14 8 1 9 10 15 26 16 27 13 2 7 6 5 17 20 31 28 19 22 18 32 29 24 21 23 30 Total
River 9 12 16 13 5 0 3 23 9 9 11 7 13 17 7 7 3 7 5 16 2 1 9 2 9 7 0 4 5 19 4 6 260 Stream 9 2 23 27 64 12 12 76 21 34 19 27 21 39 43 12 30 90 12 99 10 22 42 25 93 52 37 42 62 67 78 59 1261 Canal 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Ditch 26 27 47 62 35 6 31 26 35 18 4 39 17 17 25 21 11 5 2 17 3 5 18 3 21 3 5 2 5 3 1 5 545 Road Ditch 5 5 8 12 2 0 6 0 5 3 0 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 4 1 0 2 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 74 Other 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17
Total 50 46 94 118 107 18 52 128 79 66 36 75 55 75 77 43 47 105 20 135 15 32 70 30 126 62 43 50 75 90 83 70 2172 5.7 Table 12 gives the occurrenceof plots on the differentsizes of watercourse,throughthe landclassgroups. These groups are Land Classes grouped togetherinto:
1 Classes dominatedby croppedland (2,3,4,9,11,12,14,25,26) 2 Classes dominatedby lowlandgrassland (1,5,6,7,8,10,13,15,16,27) 3 Marginalupland classes (17,18,19,20,28,31) 4 Upland classes (21,22,23,24,29,30,32)
5.8 In Table 12, the contrastsappear more pronouncedwhen grouped into the four major series,with the uplandsbeing similar to the marginal uplands,whereas the two lowlandseries are similarlycomparable.The variationapparentbetweenLand Classes is masked, but the presentation emphasisesthe major divisionsin British landscapes.
5.9 The lowlandgroups have a wider range of watercoursespresent,with rivers and ditchesbeing more common,whereas in the uplands, drainage is dominatedby streams.
Section5 continues ...
Table 12 Distributionof streamsideplots (S & W plots) on the different sizes of watercoursein the 4 Land Class groups defined in section 5.7.
HabitatCategory Land ClassGroup Total 1 2 3 4 03
River 78 98 37 47 260 Stream 197 376 250 438 1261 Canal 10 4 0 1 15 Ditch 298 156 49 42 545 Road Ddch 41 19 6 8 74 Other 6 8 2 1 17
Total 630 661 344 537 2172 5.10 Figure2 presentsthedistributionof vergeplotsby LandClass. The lowlandLandClasseshavemorevergesthantheuplandbecauseof the wideroccurrenceof roads. 5.11 The furtherplotswithintheNCC contract('V'plots)havegreatly increasedthenumberof samplesavailable.The variabilitybetween classesis in partdue to theirinherentecologicalcharacter,and in part to thenumberof lkm squaressurveyed.The uplandLandClasseshave fewerroadsand havevergesof differentcharacter(cfSection 7).
Section5 continues... Figure 2 Distributionof the verge plots (R & V plots) in the 32 Land Classes ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
. 160
140
15 120
100 0 V PLOTS wo. 80 :5 • RPWTS .0 60
40
20 0 1101 N e00‘1- W OWWWP-- 0 N r--(00N. 0 r 0 0)N0)N01,t e e N 0.1 eN0NeNe0NNN NCO lowland Land Class upland 5.12 Table13 showsthevergeplotssurveyedbetweentheR plotswhichare the two randomplotsin everysquarewhereroadsare presentas the plotsare placedin roadsizesnot coveredby theR plots. As a result a considerablyincreasedcoverageof road typesis found. 5.13 The datain Table13 providethe figuresfor Fig 3 and show theeven distributionof the 'R'and 'V'plotsthroughthe sizesof roadsand showshow the methodof samplinghas produceda balancedstratification.
Section5 continues... Table 13 Distributionof the verge plo,ts(R & V plots) in the 3 road types.
ROAD TYPE
PLOTTYPE MAN MNOR TRACK TOTAL
RPLOTS 256 304 229 789
VPLOTS 336 422 407 1165
TOTAL 592 726 636 1954 5.14 Figure 3 shows the distributionof verge plots by road type and by Land Class. Plots on tracks are spread evenly through the series,whereas those on minor roads are mainly in the lowlands.Althoughmain roads are more common in the lowlands,they also occur widely in the uplands.This figure shows the potentialfor analysingthe data by road size and character.
Section5 continues ...
Figure 3 Distributionof verge plots (R & V plots) by the 3 road types in the 32 Land Classes ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
160
140
120 plots 100 MTRACK of 80 mision
60 AWN
Number40 20
0
r 41-40,-00 000N- 001 Win N 0rM000000-4- r 0 0 rNrN r N 00.1.-NrMNNNN0 lowland Land Class upland 5.15 Table 14 presents the results from the hedge plots which were surveyed as well as those boundaryplots which are located along hedgerows.
5.16 This table shows the contrastsbetweenrandom sampling of boundariesand those specificallyplaced alongsidehedgerows.The former series is weighted accordingto the abundanceof hedgerows,whereas the latter gives more even coverage.
Section 5 continues ... Table 14 Distributionof all plots placedalong hedgerowswhere present,in the Land Classes, orderedon a lowland to upland gradient.
Land Boundary Hedge Total Class Plot Plot
12 15 21 36 4 5 18 23 11 47 41 88 3 ,s 48 58 106 25 4 20 24 14 3 6 9 8 6 15 21 1 49 55 104 9 44 41 85 10 36 44 80 15 8 18 26 26 9 18 27 16 11 22 33 27 5 16 21 13 13 18 31 2 25 45 70 7 8 12 20 6 29 43 72 5 3 12 15 17 11 27 38 28 2 4 6 18 5 10 15
Total 386 564 950 5.17 Table15 presentsthehedgeplotswhichwere situatedin the fourLand Classgroups. A comparablenumberare presentin bothlowlandgroups whereasthemarginaluplandhas relativelyfew hedgerowsand theupland noneat all. 5.18 The hedgeplots,and thoseboundaryplotswhichare hedges,showa similarbreakdownat theLandClassgrouplevelwithvirtuallyall samplesbeingin the lowlandseries.The unevendistributionshownin Table11 is thereforemaskedat a higherlevelof organisation.
Section5 continues...
Table 15 Distribution of plots (H and where appropriate B) placed along hedgerows in the 4 Land Class groups defined in section 5.7.
Land Class H Plots B Plots Total Hedge Plots Grou
Lowland Arable 268 200 468 Lowland Grass 255 168 423 Marginal Upland 4.1 18 59 Upland 0 0 0
Total GB 564 386 950 5.19 Table 16 presents the differentsort of boundaryplots which were locatednext to the 5 random plots by Land Class. Lowland Land Classes are dominated by hedge and fence, and walls in the intermediateclasses, whereas the watersideboundaryplots occurredmainly in the lowlands.
5.20 Water and grass strips both form boundaries,mainly in the lowlands,as do hedgerowsbut more frequently.Fences are concentratedin the centre of the series, because in the cereal lands, these are often not necessaryand in the uplands there are open moorlands.The interpretationof these data will enable the relativecontributionof boundariesto landscapeheterogeneityto be compared.
Section5 continues ... Table 16 Distributionof the types of boundaryplots (B plots) placed adjacent to the random (X plots) in the 32 Land Classes ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
Land Hedge Fence Wall Water Grass Bank Verge Other Total Class Stri
12 15 5 0 19 2 0 8 1 50 4 5 9 2 26 0 1 6 0 49 11 47 21 2 21 5 0 11 1 108 3 48 27 1 31 8 7 24 3 149 25 4 81 15 2 0 0 0 0 102 14 3 9 6 1 0 1 4 0 24 8 6 24 6 18 1 8 3 0 66 1 49 58 3 9 1 7 3 4 134 9 44 19 0 14 4 2 7 0 90 10 36 41 8 4 6 0 7 4 106 15 8 24 1 0 2 2 0 1 38 26 9 41 10 4 0 1 3 0 68 16 11 23 13 1 0 0 1 0 49 27 5 32 22 2 1 1 2 0 65 13 13 39 9 4 1 0 0 0 66 2 25 53 3 9 5 3 16 3 117 7 8 24 17 1 0 3 1 0 54 6 29 49 3 8 0 17 5 1 112 5 3 19 0 0 0 5 1 0 28 17 11 61 16 2 0 1 1 0 92 20 0 5 9 1 0 1 0 0 16 31 0 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 24 28 2 24 4 4 0 0 2 0 36 19 0 3 11 0 0 0 2 0 16 22 0 23 11 3 0 0 1 0 38 18 5 12 8 1 0 0 0 1 27 29 0 12 3 0 0 0 1 0 16 30 0 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 17 32 0 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 24 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 21 0 7 1 3 0 0 0 0 11 23 0 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 9
Total 386 809 200 188 36 60 109 19 1807 5.21 Table 17 presents the boundaryplot types by Land Class groups showing the dominanceof the hedge series in the two lowlandgroups, whereas fences extend into the marginaluplandsand uplands;walls are present throughout, whereas most of the other types are dominated in the two lowlandgroups.
5.22 This table characterisesthe four groups which each show different patternsreflectingtheir ecologicalcharacter.Thus the uplands have few boundariesreflectingthe continuousnature of the semi-natural vegetation,the marginaluplandsare dominatedby fences and walls, showing a degree of dissection.The lowlandgrass series is dominatedby fences but with many hedgerwosand contributionsfrom the other types. The lowland arable series also has fences most commonlybut with a high proportionof hedges and water - perhapssurprisingly,as it is often consideredthat the arable areas have a lower number of hedgerows.
Section5 ends.
Table 17 Distributionof the boundaryplot types (B plots) within the 4 Land Class groups defined in section5.7.
Land Class Hedge Fence VVall VVater Grass Bank Verge ()ther Total Grou St d
Lowland Arable 200 265 39 127 24 15 79 8 757 Lowland Grass 168 333 82 47 12 43 23 10 718 Marginal Upland 18 126 51 8 0 2 5 1 211 Upland 0 85 28 6 0 0 2 0 121
Total GB 386 809 200 188 36 60 109 _ 19 1807
6. DISTRIBUTIONOF SPECIES
"Maps showing the distributionof selectedspecies of particular interestwill be included"
6.1 Figures 4-14 are to demonstratethe abilityof the survey to show distributionsof (a) a particulartype, the hedges, Figure 4 and (b) Figures5-14 differentspecies. These are only presence or absence data and the specieswere selectedarbitrarilyto cover a range of distributiontypes throughoutGB.
6.2 The potentialof this mapping routineis to show the distributionof specieshabitats,speciescover and changes throughoutGB. As well as straightdistributionthese cover values can be contoured to show concentrationsof ranges not only on an individualsquare basis but also on a Land Class basis to smooth the distributionpatterns.
Section 6 ends.
Figure 4 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squares containinghedgerowsin the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyedin Great Britain.
0 Squares surveyed in 1990
0 Squares with hedges surveyed in 1990 only 00 • 0 0 S Squares with hedges surveyed ln 1978 & 1990 0 OD 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 000 00 00 0 0 0 OD 00 0 000 0 0 00 0 MO 00 0 00 0
0 / OOM 000 0 MO 0 OMMO 000 00 0000 000 0 00 00 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MO 0 0 OS M tiJ 0 0 M 00 MOO 0 M8 MOO m OG 0 E 0 M M 0 000 M 0 MOM OM 00 M OE SOS M 0 8 MO 00 00 0 OM M 800 O 080 00800 M SO M 00 00 M S 0 a U mom ocla m am 0000 0 8 0 000 0 M SO 0 • 00 MOONS 008 8 OMOM 0 800 M 0 M SUM 0 0 0 0 EMO OM 0 MO OM M 0 0 OS : ClUt 0 M 0 0 00 .0 MO 0 OM N 0 0 OM M 0 080 M Os N s 0 ensia so N aromas ram moo m m am 21
Figure 5 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Alopecurus myosuroidesin the 508 1 x 1 km squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
00 0 0 00 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 00 0 0 000 00 00 -EL 0 00 (90 '0° 0 000 0 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 i 000 000 0 00 0 0000 0 000 000000 000 0 OD 00 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DO 0 0 DO 0 0 0 0 00 000 0 DO 000 0 0 11 DD 00 D 0 0 0 0 000 M 0 000 00 00 M 00 000 M 0 3 00 00 00 M 00 0 0081 000 0 0 00000 0 00 0 MO MO DO 0 0 0 0 BRUM 000 0 DO OMMO 0 0 0 000 0 M 00 0 M 00 M0000 000 E MOOM 0 000 0 OMO 0 M NI 0 000 00 0 OM MM 0 0 00 81 0 DD 00 0 0 DO 0 OD 00 SI 0 00 0 0 000 0 t 00 0 0 0 0130 00 0 06000 0 OE 0 000 E 0 00 0
0
Figure 6 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Lolium perenne in the 508 1 x 1 km squaressurveyedin Great Britain.
0 ME El 82 02 08 0 OBE 00 IDE1 0 0 0 .0 0 00 DO 0 0 0 000 .47 0 M 00 Om ElEi IS O 0 0 110
MEM OMB ME 2 MEMO 0 EOM 000000 8100 2 00 00 0000 El 0 0 0 IV El HI MO 0 EEO 0 EFS IS El 0 2 00 01E0 El 00 UP 000 El 0 0 El SE 8 CB El EMS 000 00 MEI El ME IEEE 1E1 El 2 El 08 08 00 El OIE 8 000 0 EIMEI 111 8EI0EIE1 8 88 El ME M E 001 0 8 2 8 208 800 IS 00 0000 El El ISEEI 0 re 110 Elm BO 1381100 Mos • 0111811 5005 RI RIO s • III •ILE 88 88800 El 0 II 00 El II II • 008 M• 808 IM• • •11 El El MIE• • • ••• 1111• • •• • Ern 0 •
Figure 7 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squares cotaining Anthricus sylvestrts in the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyedin Great Britain.
00 0 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 M 0 0 0 M 00 0 0 000 00 00 ."9,9 0 00 010 000 4 0 0 000 .47 0 0 0 00 0 MO MO o o 08 M
000 OMM MO 0 MEMM 0 MOS 000808 080 M OD OM 0000 M 0 0 M 0 0 0 M MO 0 MO 0 MM M 0 0 0 00 MOO M MO LIP MOO E 0 0 S MO 0 0 0 M 0 M OMS M M MOM BM MO M OM MOO 0 M M M MO MO OM OM M MOM 0 MOM 0 ociosim 8 am M MS OM OD S 0 8 0 MOM 000 0 ME MMOM 0 0 MME 0 M ma m 00 BBBBB OSM M ENOS 0 OMM 0 8888 0 0 0 0 OMM MO 0 OM ME M 0 0 OM M M 0 0 00 M 0 MS 888 8888 MO M M MMO MM M M M MOM OM M MO 8 888 0 M 88
Figure 8 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squares containing Cerastium fontanum in the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyedin Great Britain.
OM MM MM 00 0 M HOE OM ME M HE OM OM 0 0 •BE RI OM M MG ME Mm ME
M MOM GEM 0 MS S OMMS 888 MMOMOO ORIG 0 MO NO MOOS IR M M HH M M M MG 0 MO MG 0 0 0 C OS EMM HMM GEE 0 OMMO M M E 8 El MOO 0 0 MOO OM ON M OM 00EI M M M M OM NM OM 0 00 M OGME 0 HMOH 0 MOIMMO M MG IR MM OM MM M 0 H 0 MOD MEM 0 OM MMMO E 8 8 OEM M M 00 0 M MO 88880 MOM 0 OREM 8 SEM M 0 8 MO 0 N M MOM MN M 00 MO M 0 M MO M 0 M M H NM M ON 0 OM M 0 M SO G • NNE R •• 0 M • MEM MO M MMOOM • OM M M MOM EU OM •
Figure 9 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaininglieracleum sphondylium in the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyed in Great Britain.
00 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 BO 0 M MMMM 00 0 0 00E 00 00 —go 0 00 80 000 0 0 000 .0 0 8 00 OE M M ME 0 0 MM M CB
OMM OMM 0 MO 0 IBM 0 MOM 000800 800 M 1 00 OW 0008 0 M E 0 E 8 O 0 M ME 0 MO 0 MM 0 0 8 00 800 0 MO ROO 0 0 8 ME 0 M M 008 M MOM WM OE PH MO MOM 0 OM MO 581 OM M MMO IBBIE Ea ea OEMMO 8 ROM M MM MM OM M M 8 M MEOM MMO 0 ME OMMM 0 HI 0 MOM 81 GM Hi 00 MMMMM MEM 8 MIME 0 MEOM MEMO MM 0 El EEO 88 ea one so o 0 OM 21 M 0 M MM M SM M OM MS S M OM M 8 MMO M 0 OM 8 8 M MSS 111 WNW M M MO 21 •
Figure 10 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Deschampsia fleAuosa in the 508 1 x 1 km squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
88 88 0 0102 01111 03 88 80 88 0 0 WM NJ ED (0810
—1;10 8 80 LE 111 88 El MEM 0 03 0 0110 8 OM 00 El 11001 0
000 888 OM El 0000 0 8 0E0 01001101001 MOO 0 WM MEE 10011001 0 (13 0 01 80 !I 0 00 0 80 OM MOM 0 MEI 000 0 El 0 001 0 0 0 88 011108 0 0 MOO MO 00 0 863 000 0 10 ER 0 08 013 MO 0 0101 0 ODD 080 0 0 1E0000 0 030 0 00 00 061 0 0 011 0 000 00E4 0 00 0000 0 0 ED al 080 0 0 00 0 0 OM 100000 000 0 0000 0 8 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 00 80000 0 10 8 00 0 El CI 00 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 0 000 00 0 810000 00 0 0 0610 0 0 0 0 f- a •
Figure 11 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining PotentIlla erecta in the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyedin Great Britain.
Ma aa a M MR MO 81102 MO ' ME M a MEM ME MM 0 M 0 M MM MM M M M MOM M M 0 MO M 00 ME M M MM 0
OMO MMO M MO M 0000 MMM MMOMMG MOM 0 MM MO 0000 0 2 a a 0 M M M 0 MM M MM 0 OM 0 0 DM MEM D OM OMO 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 M 0 M GOO 0 0 MOM 00 00 0 00 000 0 M R a OM OM DO 0 MO 0 000 000 0 0 MMMOO 0 00 0 00 00 MM 0 0 0 0 000 MOM 0 00 0000 0 0 M M MOO 0 0 00 0 0 MM M0000 MOO 0 0000 0 M MOM D 0 2 00 0 0 M MOO 00 0 00 00 M M M OM 0 0 ama 00 0 00 0 00 0000 00 0 0 020 0 MO 0 0 M 000 MO 0 00000 0 •O 0 0 OMM 0 0
Figure 12 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Eriophorum vaginatum in the 508 1 x 1 km squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
DD 00 0 0 0 M 0 000 0 0 000 00 00 0 00 000 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 MO 0 000 000 0 0 50000 0 00 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0000 0 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 MM 00000 000 0 0000 0 0 000 0 0000 0 0 0 000 00 0 00 00 0 M 0 00 0 0 ODD 00 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 0 000 00 0 00000 0 00 0 0 00M 0 0
Figure 13 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squares containing Juncus squarrosus in the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyedin Great Britain.
M MM M 0 0 0 0 0 OM 0 000 MM . MM 0 M M M MM M0 0 M MMO ea 0 0 s ME E 00 OM M M MO 0
0 000 MMO M OM M 0000 000 MMEMOM OMM 0 OM 00 MEMO 0 M 0 0 M 0 0 0 MM 0 0 00 0 M E 0 MO OMM 0 00 OMM 0 0 M M 0 00 0 0 0 Erel MOO 0 0 MOO 00 00 00 000 0 0 0 0 OD 00 00 0 MM 0 000• 000 OE 0 M0000 0 00 11 DO 00 MO 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0000 0 0 M 000 0 0 OD Do OM 00000 000 0 000E 0 0 DOD 0 DODD 0 D al MOO 00 0 OD 00 0 M 0 00 0 0 m 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 OM 0 0 OMB 0 0 00 0 0 0 000 00 0 00000 0 00 0 000 0 0 00
Figure 14 Distribution of the 1 x 1 km squares containing Empetrum nigrum in the 508 1 x 1 km squares surveyed in Great Britain.
sAz
00 0 0 0 M 0 MO MO
M ME 0 0 0 0 0 0 OM 0 0 MOO DO MO
0 00 110 000 0 0 000 .0 0 0 et' DM 0 DO 00 0 0 0 MO 0 0 0 000 000 0 OM 0 0000 o a 000 00E000 000 0 WM 00 W000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OM M 0 00 0 DOD 00 000 0 00 008 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 MOO 0 0 080 DO DO 00 000 0 0 0 00 00 00 MO 0 000 000 00000 0 00 0 CO 00 00 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0000 0 0 0 000 0 0 oo o oo 00 00000 000 0 0000 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 00 0 00 DO 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 OD 00 0 0 00 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 0 000 00 0 00000 0 00 0 0 000 0 0 7 PATTERNOF VEGETATIONTYPES IN VERGES
"Includea much fuller analysisof the patternof vegetation types"
7.1 The species that are recordedby the quadratsare associatedwith each other in differentways. In recent years many techniquesof computer analysishave been developedto determinethe groupings present and their associatedgradients.This sectionapplies two of the most widely used techniquesfor such analyses,TWINSPAN,which classifiesthe quadrats into groups, and DECORANA,which analyses the main gradients. More recent techniqueswill be appliedbut resultsare presentedin order to show the main types of analysisinvolved.
7.2 Figure 15 shows a TWINSPANclassificationof the 746 verge plots that were surveyed in 1978 and repeatedin 1989. The numbers at each divisionof the hierarchyin bold type are total number of plots, the smaller figuresabove are, on the left, the number of plots in that group in 1978 and on the right the number of plots in that group in 1990. At the higher levels of the hierarchythere is little difference between the two groupingssuggestingthat the situation is relatively stable in overall numbers. However, these are the gross movementsand could well, if examinedplot by plot, show much greater variation because plots may be moving from one class to another in both directions.
7.3 At the lower levels some greater discrepanciesare seen, notably in Group 1 where there is a tendencytowardswoodland formation. Some of the other divisionsneed furtherinvestigationto interpret the division. The main separationat the highest level is between the lowlandverges dominatedby aggressivespeciessuch as Daclylis and Heracleum as opposed to the acidic upland verges. The next divisionon the lowland side separatesthose plots that have more shade-tolerant species such as hredera and Galium as opposed to those typicalof mesotrophicgrasslands.The next divisionshows further separations, largelyprobablyaccordinglyto management.
Section 7 continues ... 7.4 Figure 16 shows the TWINSPANhierarchyfor all 2313 verge plots. The major divisions of the two classificationsare very similar and suggest that a high level the patternof roadsideverges in Britain has a comparabledegree of divisionand suggestsa stability. This classificationpresentsall the informationand will be the most useful in assigning roadsideplots to the classificationframeworkand for examining the distributionof these types throughoutGB. However, for change purposes, the hierarchyinvolvingonly those plots repeatedis more likely to be interpretablein that with a wider number of plots some outside the originalrange may be includedwhich could lead to difficultiesin interpretation.
7.5 The TWINSPAN approachis useful in dividingup the variationand in examining the major patternsin vegetation. This processwill be repeatedfor the other types of vegetation,ie hedges, streamsides, boundaryplots and the main plots for vegetationfrom the targettedand random points.
Section 7 continues ...
Figure 15 TWINSPAN classification of the 746 verges (R plots) surveyed in 1978and 1990. Divisions were terminated if less than 20 plots were split off.
349/397 746 Arrhenathrumelallus Agrostiscapillaris Dactylisglomerata Cerastiumlentanum Heracleumsphondyliurn Anlhoxanthumodoralum Polentillaerecta 298/332 630 51/65 116 Arrhenathrumelatius Trifollumrepens Ranunculusrepens Callunavulg. Galiumaparine Plantagolanceolata Nardusstricla Hederahelix Loliumperenne Festucavivipara Unicadioica Junc.squarrosus 68/81 Carexdemisa 230/251 149 31/44 20/21 481 75 41 Hederahelix Sonchusoleraceus PolygonumaviculareHolcuslanatus Geraniumrobertianum Loliumperenne Potentillaerecta Agrostiscapillaris SteRadaholostea Cynosuruscrislatus Galiumsaxatile Cerastiumfontanum BeHisperennis JuncusOhms Holcuslanatus Rumexacetosa Ranunculusrapers Tritoliumrepens Galiumapahne Lathyruspratensis nm3 36/38 118/145 1121106 15/28 16/16 75 74 263 218 43 32 Silenedioica Anthrisoussylv. Achilleamillelolium Poaannua Arrhen.elat. Triloliumrepens Ger.robert. Artemesiavulg. Plantagolanceolata Plantagonigra Holcusmorns Ran.repens Geumurbanum Anthriscussylv. MaIvasylvestris Anthriscussylv. Herac.sphond. Brach.sylv. Agrostisstolonifera Cerast.fontanum Galiumapanne Unicadie. Unicadioica Lotuscomic. Bettisperenne Ballotanigra Matricariamatricanoides Loliumperenne Festucaovina Seneciojacobaea Juncuseffusus 9/16 23/27 8/13 30/25 33/34 95/101 73/78 39128 1on 2 sfle 25 50 19 55 67 196 151 67 22 21 Poaprat. Son.oler. Agrostisstol. Herac.soh. Plan.Ian. Rum.&plus. Bromusster. MaIvasylv. Potenlillarept. Anth.sylv. Achill.mill. Fest.rubra Herac,sphond. Arrhen.elat. Fest.rubra Galiumapar. Unicadio. Tnt.prat. Loliumper. Agr.stol. Lathyrusprat. Son.oler. Ran.rep. Cent.nigra Lamiumalb
17/12 13/13 8/15 25/19 29/13 66/58 33/44 40/34 29 26 23 44 42 154 77 74
Figure 16 TWINSPAN classificationof all 2313 verges (V & R plots) surveyed in both 1978 and 1990. Divisionswere terminatedif less than 40 plots were split off.
Dactylisglomerala Agrostislenuis Loburnpercnne Potentillaaroma Taraxacurnoll Gohumsaxalile Anthoxanthumodoralum 2013 300 Urtea do. Triloliumrepens Artox. odor. Desc.flex. Anthriscussyl. Planlagolanceolata Holcuslanalus Cantinavulg. Arrhenathrurnelatius Cerastiumlonlanum Galiumaper.
1000 1013 279 21 Hederahelix Loftin perenne Polyg.avic Holcuslanalus JunCusbulb, Ger.rob. Matricadamat Cerastiumfontanum Nardusstrict. Geumurb. Festucarubra Callunavulg. Steil.holasl. Agrosliscapillaris Juncussq. Silenedio. Rumexacelosa Feslucayip. Moliniaczar, Cavexpan. 92 908 • 295 718 203 76 Convolv.arv. Plantagomajor Plant.fano. Ranunc.repens Heracleumsphondylium BeIllsper. Feslucarubra Poaannua Achill.mill. Planlagomajor Arrhenalhrumclatius Cerasl.font. Achilliamill. Hanunc.repens Feslucarub, Poaannua Daclylisglomerala Cynosuruscrist. Unicadiolca Agrostiscap.
150 758 109 186 509 209 MaIvasyl Fest.rub. Nolo.Ian Matric.mat. Bellis per. Poaprat. Ranunc.repens Plant,lane Rumexobt. Sono.ole ANN syl. Ran.rep Pot.rept. Heracleumsphond. Fest.mb SteII.med. Hord,mur, Herac.sph Fest.rub Arrh.Oat. Plant* lanceo. Rhyt sq Ag. slot. Cirs. arv. Gent.nigra Arrhen.elatius Cyno.cdst. Her. sph Herac.sph. Cerast.font. Tril. prat. Poaannua Anihriscussylv.
667 91 68 41 125 61 301 208 151 58 Ranunc.rep. Lamiumalb Ach.mill. Tdf.rep. Ran.rep. Mew. ch. Hole.Ian. Hederahell Lotuscorn. Ran.rep Pea ann. Cent.nig. TO. rep. Hole.Ian. Cirs. ary. Anlhox.od. Bromusster. Poaprat. Pter aquil. Glech.hed. Cerasl.tont. 449 218 47 254 172 36 7.6 Table 18 shows the speciesat either extreme of the axes of the DECORANA analysisof the 2313 verge quadrats. The principalspecies on the first 3 axis are identifiedto demonstratethe gradients involved. These gradientsare interpretablein environmentalfactorsand these are given in this table. This approachenablessamples to be assigned to positionson the gradient but, more importantly,enables changes along those gradients to be assessed. Thus, in axis 1 can be interpretedin terms of eutrophicationand this is likely to be a major factor.
Section 7 continues ... Table 18 Species at either end of the 3 main axes of the DECORANA analysis, togetherwith an environmentalinterpretationof the factors associatedwith the vegetationaxes.
AXIS 1 AXIS 2 AXIS 3
Upland Shaded Dry High Northern Calcareous Calcareous scores Oligotrophic Grassland
Loiseleuria procumbens Daphne laureola Sanguisorba minor 4.10 Table 6 lists !hose species that occur in 16 - 100 l0x10 km squares in Empetrum nigrum Milium effusum fielianthemum Otani Eriophorwn ansustifolium Carex sylvatica Briza media
flordeummurinum Papava rhoeas Senecio aquatic() Lamium album Veronica polita Veronica beccabunga Ballota nigrum Avena fatua Cardamine amara Malva sylvatica Veronica agrestis Glyceria fluitans
Low Lowland Open Wet scores Southern Disturbed Acidic/neutral Eutrophic Ditchsides 7.7 A furthercomparisonof the DECORANAanalysisof all 2313 road plots with the analysis of plots only surveyedin 1978 and 1990 showed that the first axis was highly correlatedwith 8 out of 10 species at one extreme of the gradientbeing the same. The second and third axes differedhowever showing that the smallerdataset incorporatesthe risk of individualspecieshaving too much influenceon the minor axes. It is thereforepreferableto use the whole analyses because it is likely to be more stable and reflectmore accuratelythe changes along the gradient of the sample plots. The comparisonof DECORANA scores between 78 and 90 can be used to indicate the directionof change that is taking place. A subset of 32 quadratswas taken to demonstratethe potential of this approach; 18 showed a declinein first axis scores suggesting eutrophicationas they were moving down the gradient towards the eutrophicend.
7.8 A comparableanalysiswas carriedout to that of Table 7. Species that occurredin more than 5% of quadratswere examinedand those that had declinedor increasedby more than 2% presentedin Table 19.
7.9 More species declined that increasedand those specieswere concentrated on those groups that had meadow and mesotrophicspeciesas opposed to thosewith mainly weed species present.
Section7 continues ...
Table 19 Species that occurredin more than 5% of the verge plots and had changedover 2% between1978 and 1990 and their occurrencein speciesgroups determinedby Ward's mineral variance on the first five DECORANAaxis scores from 1978 data. Brief descriptionsof the groups are providedtogetherwith two typicalspecies.
Number of spp Speciesgroup Incr. Decr. Description
1 - - Bog, eg bogbean,sundew 2 - - Bog/moorland, eg deergrass,bog asphodel 3 - - Moorland/bog, eg heather, purple moor grass 4 - 1 Upland flush/upland grassland, eg devil's bit scabious,tormentil 5 - - Moorland/bog. eg mat-grass,marsh violet 6 - 1 Moorland grassland/upland grassland, eg bilberry, wavy hair grass 7 - 1 Upland grassland, eg mountain fern, heath bedstraw 8 - - Upland scrub/upland grassland, eg rowan, golden rod 9 - - Scrub/upland grassland, eg broom, bracken 10 - - Upland grassland/enriched flushes, eg sheep's fescue,wild thyme 11 - 1 Upland flush, eg sneezewort,marsh thistle 12 - 3 Upland grassland/upland meadow, eg bent grass, pignut 13 1 1 Scrub/woodland, eg hawthorn, bluebell 14 - - Marshland/meadow, eg ragged robin, cuckoo flower 15 - - Neutral woodland, eg hazel, bugle 16 - 1 Calcareous woodland, eg wild arum, dog's mercury 17 - - Calcareous scrub/meadow, eg dogwood, cowslip 18 - - Marshland/moist woodland, eg canary grass, yellow pimpernel 19 - Calcareous grassland, eg salad burnet, rockrose 20 2 2 Mesotrophic meadow/calcareous meadow, eg yarrow, quakinggrass 21 - 2 Mesotrophic meadow, eg bistort, germander speedwell 22 1 Moist meadow, eg meadowsweet,marsh marigold 23 - 4 Improved permanent pasture/old pasture, eg daisy, ox-eye daisy 24 2 I Marginal habitats, eg silverweed,tufted vetch 25 1 2 Agricultural grassland, eg rye grass, spear thistle 26 1 3 Coarse grasslands,marginal habitats,eg cow parsley,hogweed 27 1 - Maritime, eg thrift,sea plantain 28 - 3 Weeds, mostly perennial, eg broadleaveddock, sow thistle-- 29 1 2 Marginal habitats, eg hemlock, butterbur 30 1 3 Arable weeds, mainly annuals, eg wild oats, shepherd's purse 7.10 Table 20 presents the species that occurredin over 20% frequencyof occurrencebetween 1978 and 1990. The figuresare closely comparable suggestinga high degree of stabilitybetween the 2 dates. More species are declining than increasing.
Section7 ends.
Table 20 Frequencyof species that occurredin over 20% of the verge plots in 1978 and 1990.
1978 1990 Increase/Decrease(+/-)
Achillea millefoliwn 31.8 25.1 Agrostis capillaris 31.5 26.4 Anthriscus sylvestris 22.3 31.1 Arrhenatherum elatius 42.9 42.6 Cerastiwn fonianwn 28.1 23.8 Cirsium arvense 22.0 23.0 Festuca rubra 37.3 51.4 Galium aparine 21.8 17.6 Heracleum sphondylium 44.6 39.5 Holcus lanatus 46.2 47.0 Lolium perenne 65.5 64.3 Mairicaria matricoides 27.3 16.3 Plantago lanceolata 43.7 41.9 Plantago major 45.7 45.2 Poa annua 51.8 46.8 Polygonum aviculare 25.9 28.2 Ranunculus repens 35.3 38.8 Rumex obtusifolius 23.9 21.7 Trifolium repens 45.7 43.8 Urtica dioica 37.6 34.4 8 SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONIN VERGES
"Distributionand abundanceof selectedspecies"
8.1 Figures 17-26 are maps showing the geographicaldistribution,in roadsideverges, of specieswhich were identifiedas indicatorsin the TWINSPAN analyses. They presentcontrastingdistributionpatterns reflectingthe main patternsof distributionof verge types in GB. As with the previousdistributionpatternspresentedabove these demonstratethe ability of the data to show distributionpatterns throughoutGB.
Section 8 ends.
Figure 17 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Cenairea nigra in any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
00 0 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 000 00 00 0 0 0 -"ge) 00 00 0 0 000 0 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 MM 0 Ea a MOO 000 0 00 0 0000 0 000 000000 000 0 00 00 0080 M 0 M M 0 0 0 0 Ma 0 0 OM IS 0 0 0 00 000 0 00 000 M 0 0 OM 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 000 00 OM 00 MOO M M 0 0 MO MO 00 0 OM M 000 0 000 0 00800 0 OM 0 00 MM OM 0 0 0 M 000 MOO 0 00 00000 0 0 0 000 0 M 00 0 0 00 00000 OMM 0 SOOM 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 CM 0 000 OM 0 MO OM 0 0 00 0 0 DOD 00 0 00 0 OM 00 0 0 00 0 0 ORO 0 0 00 0 0 0 OMM SO 0 00000 0 MS 0 000 M 00 0
Figure 18 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Achillea millefolium in any verge plots in the 508 squares surveyed in Great Britain.
00 E 0 00 00 0 ISE OM ME MO 00 0 0 MEE MO OE 0 0 0 -..@0 0 00 00 0 0 000 47 0 0 0 0 0 OM MO 0 0 CEE 0 0 0E0 MEM 0 OD 0 0800 MEE 0E0E00 MOO 00 80 0006 0 0 0 0 0 Ei ME 0 80 0 EC SE 0 0 00 EDO CE OE 000 0 00 8 El El 0 00E1 0 fa 8081 EEO OE 0 OE 000 0 BE 0 8 OE 8E2 OE El DE 0 0E0 OEM 0E1E0E3 0 00 KE 00 OE 09 0 IR 0 RE MOE EEO 0 00 00E0 0 0 EOM Et 0 OE El 00 MOOME 028E1 8 MIME 0 0 0088 0086 0 El 0 -0E0 Ea E 00 ME E 0 0 001 0 E 0 SE 0 08 la 80 Ma 8 88 0 0 008 la 00 8 0 0 2180 0111800011 80 8 00
•
Figure 19 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squares containing Urtica dioica in any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
00 00 0 0 00 OM MO ME 00 0 0 000 00 00 0 0 0 t o 0 00 00 0 0 0 000 22 0 0 DO 0 OE 00 0 0 0m OM M
MMO OMM 0 ISO 0 000110 0 caoa 000moo moo 0 00 MO 0000 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 M ME 0 MO 0 OM 0 0 0 0 00 BOO a Oa MOO M 0 0 OM 0 M 0 0 01001 09 a a 0000 Oa sa ME 000 0 M MO MO MO 0 OM 0 0000 MOM 0 00000 M Os M OM MM 00 0 M 0 0 000 000 0 MM 0000 a 0 0 MMO 0 0 OM M M 00 MEMOS MOO S MMMM 0 OEM 0 0 M 00 M M 0 0 MOM as a Oa 110 a 0 0 00 a a 0 M ME E MB a ss ala a a 00 M a IMO M 0 ME • a RI alga au III 00 M M MOM m m •
Figure 20 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Trifolium repens in any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
00 M 0 0 00 08 0 0 MM M MM ME 00 0 82 OMM 00 OM 0 M 0 - a, 0 OM DO 0 0 000 0 M St 00 0 ME MM m 0 0 MM M 41'
EMM MMM 0 MO 0 OMMM 0 MOM OMOMOM MOO M 00 MO 00081 M a M M 0 M 0 M ME 0 MO 0 ME M 0 0 OM 000 MM JL MOO 8 0 0 0 M • MM M M M M M M ORO M 0 M MOO 00 00 E MM MOO M M S M MM OM MO 0 OM M 0000 IMMO 8 0 OMMME 0 ME 0 OM OM OM M M 8 0 000 MMO 0 MO MMMO 0 0 M 0 OEM M 0 00 0 0 00 MMMEIM 1800 0 0000 080 El 8080 0 0 M MEM ME M MO 00 M 0 0 MM M 0 0 0 ME M MO 0 00 8888 OM 0 0 MEE 0 0 NO S 0 0 MED M 0 EMEND E MO 0 0 MEM 0 0 80
Calluna vulgaris in Figure 21 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
00 OM
0 MO 0 0 M 0 0 0 00 0 M MMO MO OM 0 0 M 0 OM OM 0 0 000 12 0 0 00 0 DO MM 0 0 0 00
El 0 00 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 000 00 00 00 000 0 M 0 0 00 00 00 0 00 0 000 0 000 0 0 M0000 0 00 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0000 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 00 00000 000 0 0000 0 000 0 DODD 0 0 0 M 000 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 M. CO 0 00 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 0 0 DOM 0 0 00 0 0 0 000 DO 0 00000 0 OD 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 0
Figure 22 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Galtum saiatile in any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
0 00 00 MM MO 00 0 01 MEMO MO OM
-190 0 OM 20 O MD 0 0 000 61 0 M 00 0 00 MM 0 0 0 OM V 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0 0000 0 0 000 OMOOMO MOO 0 00 MO 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 M 0 0 00 000 0 OM 000 0 0 DO D 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 MOO 0 0 0 000 00 00 0 00 000 0 M M 0 00 OM 00 0 OM 0 000 0 000 0 0 MM000 0 00 0 00 00 OM 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0000 0 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 00 00000 000 0 0000 0 M 000 0 0000 0 0 M 000 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 EDO 00 0 0 00 0 00 0000 00 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0 0 000 00 0 00000 0 00 y 0 0 000 0 0 r-- MO 0 Figure 23 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Trifolium pratense in any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyed in Great Britain.
DO OD
o OD OD DO Ote 00 0 0 000 MD DO 0 0 0 DM 00 0 0 0 000 .8 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 0o MO
0
MOO DOM 0 MO 0 0000 ifi 0 000 000000 000 0 00 00 0000 0 0 M M 0 0 0 M MO 0 0 0 MO 0 0 0 0 OD 000 0 00 .Z4 000 0 0 DD 00 0 0 0 M 0 0 000 0 0 MOO OD 00 0 OM 000 0 0 M 00 08 00 0 OM 0 000 MOO 0 0 00080 0 MM 0 00 00 OM 0 0 0 0 000 MOO 0 MO 8000 0 0 0 000 M 0 00 0 0 00 00000 DOM 8 DODO 0 0 000 M 0 0 00 0 0 0 M ORO OM 0 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 M 0 MO 0 0 00 0 00 0088 00 M 000 S MO 8 0 0 MOM OM 0 80000 0 MO 0 880 8 8 MO
Figure 24 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squares containing Lotus corniculalus in any verge plots in the 508 squaressurveyedin Great Britain.
OD 0 0 0 00 OD 0 BO DMOMO 0 00 D 0 DOM CO 00 0 0 0 OM DO 0 0 OCE 0 00 0 00 MO 0 MO
0 MMO 080 0 00 0 0000 0 DOM 000000 000 00 DO 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EM 0 OM 0 0 0 00 000 0 OM 000 0 DD 00 8 0 0 000 0 0 000 00 00 00 000 0 MI 0 0 00 MM 00 0 00 0 000 0 000 0 0 00800 0 OM 0 00 00 OE 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 00 0000 0 0 0 000 0 00 a o 00 90000 000 0 01100 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 M 0 080 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 M0 0 00 0 OD 0 SO DO D 0 OD 0 0 0811 0 00 • 0 0 OSE ME 0 00000 0 MO 0 000 88 MS •
Figure 25 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaininglieracleum sphondylium in any verge plots in the 508 squares surveyed in Great Britain.
00 00 MO OE Mai MO 00 0 0 000 00 00 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 000 0 0 fla 00 0 00 MO o 0 0 EM 4r a
000 OMS 0 00 0 MOMS 0 00a 000E100 000 a 00 00 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ma 0 MO 0 OM a 0 0 a 00 MOO a 00 2.7 000 0 0 a Ma 0 a a M Oaa a 0 a MOE Ma MO aa aMM 0 a 0 a MO OS MO 0 OM a OMO MOM 0 00000 a MO a Oa 80 00 0 a 0 a MOM Mao 0 MO MEMO 0 m a 0 MOO a 0 Oa O 0 00 IMMO MEM a MUM 0 aaaa a BIOS a a a 880 ME a 00 SO a 0 0 Ma 0 S ES a Ma S OM a a M 00 0 M ME0 M 4 0 MO S M E MOM MM • E ME M MEM MM B M
Figure 26 Distributionof the 1 x 1 km squarescontaining Anthriscus sylvesfris in any verge plots in the 508 squares surveyed in Great Britain.
DO 0 0 0 00 00 0 00 0 CI 0 0 0 13 00 0 0 0018 00 00 O 0 0 OD 00 0 0 000 .61 0 0 0 Ca. 00 0 00 BO 0 Oa OM 5 0 a a 000 055 0 00 0 Masa 0 nos 000500 500 00 00 0000 a 0 0 a Oo 0 0111 0 50 0 MO MI 0 0 IS 00 SOO a 00 BOO a DOS aa 0 a a a a OMB a El a MOM as as a as Ina 0 .D ass MO as a OMI a ass ass 000aa a as a as as 00 as a MI ass 550 0 Ea 13555 0 0 ass aossa 00 MEMOS MEM 5 MMIIMEI 0 5555 50S a a 0 00a EMI a MO as M 0 0 Ma MI 000 0 5 01 MS II a• saSs OD El a 00 II o Ms 111 • • MEE OM MH MO Sam 0
0 9 TRENDS IN SPECIES DIVERSITYIN WaGES
"The trends in speciesdiversityfor the vegetationsamples"
9.1 Various diversity indiceshave been proposed in recent years but it is now generally consideredthat there are strong statisticallimitations to their use. However, speciesdiversityis widely recognisedas a fundamentalcriterionin the assessmentof the wildlife resource.It has thereforebeen concludedthat direct species numbers,using standard methodsof the present survey, providean unbiassedassessmentof diversity.Other measures that can be validly used are the number of vegetationtypes, as describedin the previous section,and species groups. Such analysesneed to be carriedout within consistent vegetationotherwisesignificantchangescan be masked, as shown in the analysisbelow.
9.2 Table 21 presents the averagenumber of species in 1978 comparedwith the 2 sets from 1990.
Those recordedin 1978 and Those recordedin all squares.
9.3 The species numbers are very similarbetween the 2 dates.
Section9 continues ...
Table 21 •Theaverage number of species recordedin the 359 verge plots in 1978, the same squares in 1990 and the 789 verge plots recordedin 1990. 1978 1978 All squares squares recorded 1990 in 1990 squares
N = 359 388 789
Mean . 18.79 20.43 19.19
SD = 7.6 7.3 7.2
Range . 5.46 3.49 1.52
SE = 0.40 0.37 0.26 9.4 Table22 presentsthedata fromtheindividualLandClasseson a lowland to uplandgradient.The figuresfor1978are in the firstcolumn,and for 1990in thesecond.Thedatashowthatin thiscase thereare wide differencesbetweenthetwo dates,emphasisingthatbulkingtheplots over thewholeof GB and overall sitesis maskinglocalvariations. Nineteenof theLandClassesshowa declinein speciesnumber.
Section9 ends.
Table 22 Average number of species recordedin the verge plots in 1978 and 1990 ordered in a lowland to upland gradient.
Land Mean no Mean no Species Class Species 1977 plots Increase/ 1977 in 1990 decrease
12 11.0 11.6 + 4 8.2 12.7 + 11 13.9 12.8 3 13.4 13.0 25 18.5 13.3 14 20.0 9.7 8 14.0 12.9 1 10.3 10.5 + 9 12.8 11.8 10 9.7 14.9 + 15 17.2 15.6 26 19.6 13.9 16 15.4 14.3 27 17.4 15.0 13 16.6 18.3 + 2 14.7 16.9 + 7 22.7 18.2 6 19.4 19.2 5 19.5 16.8 17 17.5 18.9 + 20 19.0 19.5 + 31 13.3 16.9 + 28 20.2 15.2 19 11.0 8.9 - 22 18.5 14.9 18 16.7 15.8 32 16.9 19.0 + 29 26.5 21.3 24 17.5 20.7 + 21 18.0 18.5 + 23 No verges 30 22.0 26.0 10 COMPARISONOF HABITAT PLOTS WITH THE RANDOM SAMPLE
"Includeresults from a full examinationof the distributionof semi-naturalvegetationtypes within the sample squares"
10.1 Comparisonsof pe relativeoccurrenceof the 5 random (200 m2) plots with the 5 (4 m ) habitatplots within the 4 Land Class groups are given in Table 23.
10.2 The results show the extendedcoverageof habitats from the habitat plots with a shift away from extensiveintensivelymanaged vegetationon the one hand and uniformmoorlandson the other, to relatively species-richhabitatsthat occupy small areas, eg flushes. The range of habitats covereddiffersaccordingto the type of countryside,as emphasisedin the Summarybelow.
10.3 The method of locatingthe habitat plots is describedin Section5 and was designed to increasethe range of habitats covered by the survey which might be of wildlife interestto NCC. The analysis carried out in the present sectiondemonstratesthe effectivenessof this strategyand reflectsnot only the increasedcoveragebut also how it relates to the ecologicalcharacterof the landscape.
Classesdominatedby cro ped land
10.4 The main coverageof the random plots is of ruderalspecies on cropped land. Plots in lowlandagriculturalgrasslandare also very frequentas, to a lesser degree, are those in woodland. The habitat plots double the coverageof woodlandand greatlyextend those placed in unmanaged grassland,as well as maintainingmany plots in lowland agricultural grassland. Further breakdownof these types would probably reveal that more diverse types, eg chalk grassland, were coveredand that many more specieswere recorded. In addition,coverageis also extended to some degree into other scarcehabitats,such as marshes and heath.
Classesdominatedby lowlandgrassland
10.5 The random plots cover a more extensiverange of types from that describedabove, becauseof their greater frequencythrough the countryside. There is a greatly extendedcoverageof woodland and unmanagedgrass togetherwith other scarce habitatssuch as marshes, flushesand aquatic. However, the coverageof lowlandheath, moorland grass and upland grass hardly alters, suggestingthat the random plots cover these quite well since they occur over large areas, albeit infrequently. If extendedcover of the scarce habitatswere requiredit would be necessary to increasethe sample size in classes where they were known to occur from the intial sample.
Class characteristicof the marginaluplands
10.6 Although the range of types is coveredmore evenly by the random plots becauseof the greaterdispersionof habitatsof interest in the landscape,there is a marked shift from lowlandgrassland into restrictedhabitatssuch as marshes,unmanagedgrasslandand flushes. Otherwise,the major categoriessuch as woodland,upland grass and heath are sampled in comparableintensities.
Table 23 Comparisonof the distributionof the random (X plots) and habitat (Y plots) in the 4 Land Class groups defined in section 5.7.
x r x r x Y X Y X Y Y AS % TOTAL
ARABLE 425 - 176 - 13 - 2 - 616 - 0
LOWLAND AGRICULTURALGRASS 228 290 404 231 112 39 24 17 769 599 44
LOWLANDHEATH 3 6 9 7 - 2 - 1 12 16 57
AQUATIC - 28 - 54 - 10 - 18 - 120 100
MARSH 2 31 14 53 3 33 5 19 24 136 85
UNMANAGEDGRASS 11 147 14 110 3 16 5 6 27 279 91
WOODLAND 100 205 77 188 57 41 77 29 321 468 59 MARITIME 5 10 21 41 5 16 7 29 38 96 72 UPLAND GRASS 14 19 38 30 56 70 50 111 158 230 61 MOORLANDGRASS 2 8 14 16 46 33 70 47 132 104 44 BOG/HEATH 9 19 27 29 89 69 309 147 434 264 38 FLUSH - 24 - 41 - 45 - 127 - 237 100 Class characteristicsof the uplands
10.7 Bog and heath habitatsare covered by the majority of random plots, whereas the habitat plots are concentratedin flushes and upland grass, because in the upalnds speciesvariabilityis greater in these situations.Otherwisethere is a minor increasein numbers (although high in percentageterms) into scarcehabitats such as marshes and maritimevegetation.
Total figures
10.8 These demonstratethe extendedcoverageof the habitat plots throughout the series into flushes, marshes, unmanagedgrass and aquatic habitats as comparedwith the dominanceof arable, lowland grass and heath in the random plots. These are likely to thereforeextend the value of the survey in identifyingareas of conservationinterestin the wider landscape. It is noticeable, however, that the coverageof the extremelyscarce habitat of lowlandheath is hardly extended. Further coverageof this type will have to target the habitat specificallyand suggests that a comparableapproachwould be needed for other such exceptionalsituations. However, in general, such special sites are probablywell covered by existingdesignations,as they are readily recognisableand well known. This links with the coverageof rare species in Section 2 which are probablywell recordedand covered, either by local knowledgethroughNaturalistsTrusts or the BSBI mapping scheme. 11 SUMMARYAND FUTURE WORK PROGRAMME
11.1 This summary is designed to identifythe principlecharacteristicsof the survey and is used to identifysuggestedtopics for a futurework programme,of relevanceto wildlife conservation.Each summary point is thereforefollowedby future researchtopics,most of which are analyticaland could use the currentdatabase.
11.2 The report is laid out in the sequencespecifiedby NCC. The primary objectivewas to collect the data and the report summarisesthe range of data that were obtainedwithin the contract. Some interpretationis added in order to demonstratethe potentialof furtheranalysisof the data for the conservationagencies. In particular,there is a role in linking informationfrom the conservationagenciesat the national level.
Section 2 — Methods of survey
11.3 Previoussurveys had placed 5 random 200 m2 plots and 2 random 1 x 10 m quadratsalong hedges, streams and roadsideverges. Within this contract1 x 10 m plots were laid out and adjacent to the nearest boundary from the random plots and 3 further 1 x 10 m quadratsalong streamsand roadsideverge types not covered by the initial2 samples. In addition,5, 2 x 2 m habitat plots were placed in vegetationnot covered by any of the precedingsamples. Futurework
i Assessmentof the effectivenessof the survey method in relationto conservationagency requirements.
ii Developmentof a consistentvegetationrecordingsystem for NNRs and SSSIs for the assessmentof vegetationresourcesand as a basis for monitoring.
Section 3 — Characteristicsof sam le squares
11.4 A map was provided of the survey site locationsin Great Britain togetherwith the grid referenceswithin 10 x 10 km squares,Land Class and 5 types of designation(SSSI,NNR, ESA, AONB, NSA and NP). The occurrenceof SSSIs within all squaresin Great Britain was examinedin relationto the Land Classeswith frequenciesvarying from 50%, in coastalareas, to 7% in lowland croppedland.
Future work
i Provisionof access to the Land Classes for linking nature conservationpolicy to site designationin the new agencies.
ii Provisionof access to the Land Classes for researchand policy initiatives.
iii Analysis of the patternof designationof NNRs and SSSIs according to the principletypes of landscapein Great Britain. iv Applicationof the Land Classes for linking Phase I habitat surveys and as a basis for developinga monitoringsystem at a local and national level.
Section4 - Speciesdata records
11.5 The taxonomicproblemsencounteredin 1978 and 1990 were discussedand it was decided that for change statisticsand diversity that only species that were consistentlyrecordedtaxonomicallyshouldbe used. Accordingly,the specieswere dividedinto five groups and listed (1) Consistentspecies, (2) Speciescomplexes,(3) Naturalisedspecies, (4) Planted speciesand (5) Speciesonly recordedat one time. Future analyseswill treat these groups separately.Some of the species complexes, eg Rhinanthusand Euphrasiawill be useful and the separationof naturalisedspecieswill enable possibleexpansion to be examined. All speciesdata were punched twice and cross-checkedand the databaseis now complete.
11.6 A list of some 320 species that occurredin between 16 and 100 10 x 10 squares in the BRC databasewas searchedfor species recordedduring the survey.After removalof complexesnot covered,approximately18% of those specieshad been recorded. Whilst statisticalconclusionscannot be drawn from this analysis,it shows how speciesof defined interest from a conservationviewpointcan be extracted from the database.
11.7 The overall frequencyof speciesbetween 1978 and 1990 was examinedand the specieswith major changes identified. These were mainly from upland habitats,and mesotrophicgrasslandsand were similar to those reportedin the trial survey of 1988. Futurework
i Extractionof the speciesof conservationinterestand identify changes in diversity,as expressedby:
Species number Species frequency •(c)Speciesgroups
ii The dispersionof rare and uncommonspecies in the wider landscape according to definedcriteria.
Section5 - Habitat types surveyed
11.8 2531 random plots were recordedmainly from arable, lowlandgrassland, woodlandand dwarf shrub vegetation. 2529 habitat plots were recorded but were mainly from lowlandgrasslands, woodlands, unmanagedgrass and flushes reflectingthe furthercoverageachievedby the additional plots. 885 plots were recordedby streamsusing the initialmethod with a further1287 from the supplementaryseries. 789 plots were recorded by roadsidesusing the initialmethod and a further 1165 from the supplementaryseries. In both bases, the range of types covered increasedproportionately. 1807 plots were recordedalong boundaries which were mainly fences, hedges and walls. In all, 950 plots were placed along hedges. Detailswere presentedto show the breakdownof all these plot types and their distributionwithin the Land Class series. Future work
i Detailed analysisof the coverageof species, species groups and vegetationtypes accordingto the different types of plot.
ii Spatial analysisof the landcovermapping and the compositionof vegetationas expressedby the plots.
iii Comparisonof the compositionof the boundaryplots with the agriculturalsystemsof the associatedfields.
iv Extractionof the 4 m2 quadratdata from the random plots combined with the habitat plots and identificationofNVC types.
Section 6 — Distributionof species
11.9 The distributionof 10 contrastingspeciesin Britainwas presentedin order to show the potentialfor mappingout the national level. The patternsare comparableto the BRC maps but can be expanded to show cover and frequencyclasses.
Future work
i Interpolationof the probabilityof distributionof species throughoutall squares in Great Britainusing the Land Class framework.
ii Contouringof the relativefrequencyof indicatorspecies and their cover throughoutGreat Britain.
Section 7 — Patternof ve etation types in ver es
11.10 TWINSPAN and DECORANAanalyseswere carriedout on the data from the roadsideverges in order to demonstratethe methods that will be used to measure change and examine the patternswithin the vegetation.
11.11 The principaldivisionwas betweenverges from beside upland roads, where the vegetationis typicallymoorland, whereas in the lowlandsthe divisionsare largelydependentupon managementpractices, such as cutting or dereliction.At high levels in the hierarchyin the joint analysisof plots sampled in 1978 and 1990 there was little gross differencebetween the balance of plots in 1978 and 1990 but this would mask changes that were taking place in alternatedirectionsor at a more detailedlevel. For example,within a group of plots with low managementthere was evidenceof a shift towardswoodland rather than more open scrub conditions.
Future work
i The types of analysisshown in the verge data can be extended to the other plot types to:
Examine the distributionand compositionof the major types of vegetationin Britain and their relationshipswith conservationobjectives.
To analyse the changes in species patternsand assemblages between 1978/1990. To examine the relationshipsof the CSR strategy theory to vegetationchanges that have taken place between 1978 and 1990.
To examine the relationshipbetweenNVC coverageand the analysesdescribedabove.
Productionof proceduresfor classifyingsubsequentsamples into the classificationsproducedfor the different types of plot.
ii AlthoughTWINSPAN providesa key to the classes,new statistical methods could providemore efficientproceduresfor assigning new members to classes.
Section 8 - S ecies distributionin verges
11.12 The change in species frequencywas examinedbetween 1978 and 1990. Eight of the top ten speciesremainedthe same, suggestingstabilityin recordingand vegetation. More specieswere declining than increasing and were mainly from mesotrophicgrasslandstype habitats.
11.13 The distributionof 10 species identifiedas indicatorsin the TWINSPAN analysiswere plotted in GB to demonstratethe ability to map different categoriesat a nationallevel.
Future work
i The distributionof key indicatorspecies identifiedfrom the analysisof change and habitat preference.
ii The contouringof the overall trendsof change and species assemblagesthroughoutGreat Britain and its overlay with NNRs and SSSIs.
Section9 - Trends in s ecies diversityin verges
11.14 Groupingall the roadsideverge plots togetherthat were recordedin 1978 and 1990, the number of species (withoutseparationof the 5 categoriesof section (1)) showed no evidenceof change in diversity. However,such gross analysescan mask changes as indicatedin Section7. The speciesnumber was then broken down into Land Class in which case 19 classeshad declined in numbers.Furtherstatisticalanalysis is requiredto determinewhether the changesare significantbut an importantprincipleis to compare changeswithin consistentecological units.
Future work
i Objectiveassessmentof the relativediversityof the major vegetationseries in Great Britainboth within, and between, habitats.
ii The setting of environmentalstandardsin terms of vegetation, speciesgroups and species,againstwhich the status of individual sites can be compared.
Section10 - Com arison of habitat lots Vith the random sam le 11.15 The increasednumber of plots coveredhabitatsdifferentiallythrough the Land Class series and reflectingthe occurrenceof habitatsof interestin differenttypes of countryside. In lowlandsdominatedby croppingsystems the main extendedcoverageis into woodlands,various types of managed grasslandsand unmanagedgrassland. In lowlandswhere the main agriculturalsystemsare grasslandsa wider spectrumof types was recordedreflectinggreatervariationwith marshes,woodlandsand flusheshaving extendedcoverage. In the marginaluplands the wider dispersionof habitats is reflectedin comparablecoverageof habitat and random plots. In the uplands, however, there is a pronouncedshift away from bog and moorlandvegetationinto habitat plots covering flushesand upland grassland.
Future work
i Comparisonof the range of species/speciesgroups/vegetationtypes covered by the differenttypes of plots.
ii Relationshipof the differentcategoriesof plot with the underlying characterof the countryside.
iii Development,in conjunctionwith graphic artists/popularwriters,of indicativematerialand informationon countrysidein Great Britain, incorporatinga varietyof data from the differentsections.
11.16 Links to other databases
Link betweenwatersidemacrophytesand streamsideplots, with the data from the freshwaterinvetebratestudiesof IFE.
Links of criticalplant species for conservation,to other databases,for example the Phytophagousinsectdatabank,in order to predict distributionof dependantspecies.
Links to other databasesof conservationinterest, eg moths (Dr I Woiwod), birds (Dr M Avery).
Links to extant monitoringexerciseseg the butterflymonitoring scheme, to assess cover, identifygaps and extend the results to national predictions.
Links to soil databases(as held by ITE, SSLRC and MLURI).
Section 11 ends. Annex A
Report to NCC of progressat 5 March 1991 COUNTRYSIDESURVEY 1990
Re ort to NCC of ro ress at 5 March 1991
This paper summarisesprogresssince the start of the CountrysideSurvey 1990 with special referenceto parts of the project funded by the NCC. The paper has been preparedat short notice and some figuresgiven in the paper and its Annexesmay be provisional.All informationis providedin good faith and is a best estimateof the current status of the project.
Background
The backgroundto the CountrysideSurvey 1990 project is summarisedin the NCC/ITE Contract [givenhere in Annex A].
The methods employedduring the surveyare based on those used previouslyin surveysconductedby ITE and aspects concernedwith vegetationrecordingare given in Annex B to this paper.
Aspects of quality controland qualityassuranceare presented in Annex C.
Planningand Training
Tasks:
Planningfor the survey started in October 1989 and involveddiscussions with all GovernmentAgenciesand many Departments.Discussionson funding took place betweenITE and DOE in the second half of 1989, and betweenITE and NCC during early 1990.
A field handbookof methodswas draftedin April/May1990 and was revisedduring the course of the Field Training Course for surveyors.
A two-weekField TrainingCourse was held in late May [furtherdetails are given in Annex C].
Outputs:
Field methods manual
The fourth draft of the Field Handbook(which includesdetails of methodsand definitionsof data categories)has been producedand is availablefor informationand comment.
Field Survey
Tasks:
The total number of squareswhich have been surveyed is 533 (508 squares in predominantlyrural locationsand 25 urban squares). The survey took place betweenJune and October 1990.
A preliminarysearch of the data sheets indicatesthat specieswere recorded in 11,484 plots as part of the survey, of which 6,728 were surveyedas a direct result of NCC support.
AnnexD is a table showinga preliminaryestimateof the number of plots which were recorded in each square. It can be summarisedas follows:
Potential Potential % of overall Plot type per square overall Surveyed potential
X (200m2) (random) 5 2540 2523 99.3
* Y (4m2) (semi-natural) 5 2540 2478 97.6
* B (10x1m) (field edges) 5 2540 1816 71.5
H (10x1m) (hedges) 2 1016 576 56.7
S (10x1m) (waterside) 2 1016 875 86.1
* W (10x1m) (waterside) 3 1524 1275 83.7
R (10x1m) (roadside) 2 1016 782 77.0
* V (10x1m) (roadside) 3 1524 1159 76.0
Total 27 13716 11484 83.7
* NCC funded 16 8128 6728 82.8
12. The number of surveyedsquares may not match the potential in the followingcircumstances:
where most of the square has become built up where no semi-naturalhabitats occur (Y plots) where no field edges occur (B plots) where no linear featuresexist (H, S, W, R V plots)
Quality Assurance
13. A quality assuranceexercisewas undertakenduring October and November 1990, involvinga repeat survey of sites. It had been intended to visit 30 sites, but adverseweather conditions(includinglying snow in Scotland)meant that 21 sites only were visited.The re-surveywas carried out by projectmanagementstaff (Dr Bob Bunce with other staff) and by consultants(BangorEcologicalConsultants).
14. At each site, a grid of 9 points was superimposedover one quarter of the square.At each point the land cover was coded for the mappableunit in which the point lay. The characteristicsfor the nearest boundary to each point (if within 100 metres) were coded. The coding procedurewas identicalto that used in the main survey. 15. Where present,one of each type of vegetationplot was locatedand a species list made. An initialanalysis,concentratingon any differencesbetween data recordedduring the main survey and those recordedas part of the QA exercise,and the reasons for these, is being completedby Dr Ian Taylor (consultant).
Outputs: Documententation
All Field AssessmentBooks (FABs)have been returned to Merlewood.Each FAB has been checked on return for completeness.
Data preparationand stora e
Tasks:
Define format for database
Detailsof data format,and the use of an Oracle Database Management System and ARC/InfoGeographicalInformationSystem, to standardisethe format and applicationof the data, have been developed.
Data checking
The numeric code informationon all c. 2,500 map pages in the FABs has been checked for legibilityand consistancy,and especiallyto standardiseplant speciesnomenclature.
All c.12,000vegetationrecordingsheets have been checked for legibilityand consistancy.In addition,an initialcheck has been made on the likelihoodof certain speciescombinationsbeing present. Dubious recordswere found in less than 4% of the vegetationplots and these will be flagged in the data base.
As an independantway of checking the accuracy of species records, the speciesrecords from the CountrysideSurvey 1990 are to be tested against the data base of the BiologicalRecords Centre (BRC) at ITE Monks Wood. A feasabilitystudy is under way and a test set of data, comprisingrecords of five species from c. 40 squares,has been supplied to the BRC.
Data punching
The punchingof the speciesdata is under way. It is intended that all code data punchingwill be completedby March 1991.
Documentand archive ori inal field sheets
All FABs are being stored in a fire-resistantroom and microfilmingof all data sheets is to be carriedout as FABs become available from other activities. Outputs:
Revised s ecies list
As a result of the checkingof the vegetationdata, a new master species list has been generated.The specieslist is held on computer (both Latin names and English equivalents)and runs to 1,290 records. Sam le outputs
The format of outputshas been discussed. Data analysis and inter retation.
Discussionand some early conclusionson the way data might be interpreted,and limits to their use, has taken place as part of a two-day 'Wash-up'meetingof ITE SurveyCoordinators,held on 3/4 December 1990. A documentis being preparedwhich gives the recommendationsof the meeting for future surveys,and highlightsareas which need considerationbeforeany other similar surveys are carried out.
Synthesisand Re ort Production
A draft structurefor the final report is being discussed.
ITE 5 March 1991 Annex B
Overall specieslists from quadratsrecordedas part of CountrysideSurvey 1990, presentedin five categories:
Specieswhich can confidentlybe regardedas consistentlyrecorded.
Species complexes,aggregatesor where known problemsoccur.
Naturalisedspecies.
Planted species.
Species that were recordedat only one survey date. CATEGORY 1 - SPECIES FOR ANALYSIS
NAME
Acer campestre(FieldMaple) Achilleamillefolium(Yarrow) Achilleaptarmica (Sneezewort) Acinos arvensis (BasilThyme) Adoxa moschatellina(Moschatel) Aethusa cynapium (Fool'sParsley) Agrimoniaeupatoria(Agrimony) Agrimoniaprocera (FragrantAgrimony) Agrostiscapillaris(CommonBent) Agrostis curtisii (BristleBent) Agrostisgigantea (BlackBent) Agrostisstolonifera(CreepingBent) Aira caryophyllea(SilverHair-grass) Aira praecox (EarlyHair-grass) Ajuga reptans (Bugle) Alchemillaalpina (AlpineLady's-mantle) Alisma plantago-aquatica(Water-plantain) Alliariapetiolata(GarlicMustard) Allium ursinum (Ramsons) Allium vineale (Wild Onion) Ahlus glutinosa (Alder) Alopecurusaequalis (OrangeFoxtail) Alopecurusgeniculatus(MarshFoxtail) Alopecurusmyosuroides(Black-grass) Alopecuruspratensis(MeadowFoxtail) Ammophilaarenaria (Marram) Anacamptispyramidalis(PyramidalOrchid) Anagallisarvensis (ScarletPimpernel) Anagallisminima () Anagallis tenella(Bog Pimpernel) Anchusa arvensis (Bugloss) Andromedapolifolia(Bog-rosemary) Anemone nemorosa (Wood Anemone) Angelicasylvestris(Wild Angelica) Antennariadioica (MountainEverlasting) Anthemisarvensis (Corn Chamomile) Anthemiscotula (StinkingMayweed) Anthoxanthumodoratum(SweetVernal-Grass) Anthriscuscaucaulis(Bur Chervil) Anthriscussylvestris(Cow Parsley) Anthyllisvulneraria(KidneyVetch) Apium graveolens(Wild Celery) Apium inundatum(LesserMarshwort) Apium nodiflorum(Fool'sWater-cress) Aquilegiavulgaris (Columbine) Arabidopsisthaliana(ThaleCress) Arabis hirsuta (HairyRock-cress) Arctostaphylosalpinus(AlpineBearberry) Arctostaphylosuva-ursi(Bearberry) Arenariaserpyllifolia(Thyme-leavedSandwort) Armeriamaritima (Thrift) Arrhenathrumelatius(False Oat-grass) Artemisiaabsinthium(Wormwood) Artemisiacampestris(FieldSouthernwood) Artemisiamaritima (Sea Wormwood) Artemisiavulgaris (Mugwort) Arum maculatum (Lords-and-Ladies) Asparagusofficinalis(Asparagus) Asperula cynanchica(Squinancywort) Aspleniumadiantum-nigrum(BlackSpleenwort) Aspleniummarinum (Sea Spleenwort) Asplenium ruta-muria(Wall-Rue) Aspleniumscolopendrium(Hart's-tongue) Asplenium trichomanes(MaidenhairSpleenwort) Aspleniumviride (Green Spleenwort) Aster tripolium(Sea Aster) Athyrium filix-femina(Lady-fern) Atrichum undulatum (Wavy-leavedThread Moss) Atropa belladonna(DeadlyNightshade) Aulacomniumpalustre (Bog Thread Moss) Avena fatua (Wild-oat) Avena strigosa (Black Oat) Avenula pratensis (MeadowOat-grass) Avenula pubescens (Downy Oat-grass) Ballota nigra (Black Horehound) Barbarea vulgaris (Winter-cress) Bellis perennis (Daisy) Berula erecta (LesserWater-parsnip) Bidens cernua (NoddingBur-marigold) Bidens tripartita(TrifidBur-marigold) Blackstoniaperfoliata(Yellow-wort) Blechnum spicant (Hard Fern) Botrychiumlunaria (Moonwort) Brachypodiumpinnatum (Tor-grass) Brachypodiumsylvaticum(FalseBrome) Breuteliachrysocoma(moss) Briza media (Quaking-grass) Bromus commutatus(MeadowBrome) Bromus erectus (UprightBrome) Bromus hordeaceus(Soft-brome) Bromus racemosus(SmoothBrome) Bromus ramosus (Hairy Brome) Bromus rigidus () Bromus sterilis (BarrenBrome) Bryonia cretica (White Bryony) Butomus umbellatus(FloweringRush) Calamagrostisepigejos (Wood Small-reed) Calaminthaascendens(CommonCalaminth) Calluna vulgaris (Heather) Caltha palustris(Marsh-marigold) Calystegiasepium (Hairy Bindweed) Calystegiasoldanella(Sea Bindweed) Campanulaglomerata (ClusteredBellflower) Campanulalatifolia(GiantBellflower) Campanularotundifolia(Harebell) Campanula trachelium(Nettle-leavedBellflower) Capsellabursa-pastoris(Sheperd'sPurse) Cardamineamara (Large Bitter-cress) Cardamine impatiens(Narrow-leavedBitter-cress) Cardaminepratensis(Cuckooflower) Carduus acanthoidies(WeltedThistle) Carduus nutans (Musk Thistle) Carduus tenuiflorus(SlenderThistle) Carex acutiformis(LesserPond-Sedge) Carex aquatilis (Water Sedge) Carex arenaria (Sand-Sedge) Carex bigelowii(Stiff Sedge) Carex binervis (Green-ribbedSedge) Carex capillaris(Hair Sedge) Carex caryophyllea(Spring-sedge) Carex curta (White Sedge) Carex demissa (CommonYellow-sedge) Carex diandra (LesserTussock-sedge) Carex dioica (DioeciousSedge) Carex distans (DistantSedge) Carex disticha (Brown Sedge) Carex divisa (DividedSedge) Carex divulsa (Grey Sedge) Carex echinata (Star Sedge) Carex extensa (Long bractedSedge) Carex flacca (GlaucousSedge) Carex hirta (Hairy Sedge) Carex hostiana (Tawny Sedge) Carex humilis (Dwarf Sedge) Carex laevigata(Smooth-stalkedSedge) Carex lepidocarpa(Long-stalkedYellow-sedge) Carex limosa (Bog-sedge) Carex muricataagg (PricklySedge) Carex nigra (CommonSedge) Carex otrubae (False Fox-sedge) Carex ovalis (Oval Sedge) Carex pallescens(Pale Sedge) Carex panicea (CarnationSedge) Carex paniculata(GreaterTussock-sedge) Carex pauciflora(Few-floweredSedge) Carex pendula (PendulousSedge) Carex pilulifera(Pill Sedge) Carex pseudocyperus(CyperusSedge) Carex remota (RemoteSedge) Carex riparia (Great Pond-sedge) Carex rostrata (BottleSedge) Carex serotina (Small-fruitedYellow-sedge) Carex strigosa (Thin-spikedWood-sedge) Carex sylvatica(Wood-sedge) Carex vesicaria (BladderSedge) Carex vulpina (True Fox-sedge) Carlinavulgaris (CarlineThistle) Carpinusbetulus (Hornbeam) Carum verticillatum(WhorledCaraway) Catabrosaaquatica (WaterWhorl-grass) Centaureacalcitrapa(Red Star-thistle) Centaureanemoralis (SlenderKnapweed) Centaureanigra (CommonKnapweed) Centaureascabiosa (GreaterKnapweed) Centauriumerythraea(CommonCentaury) Cerastiumalpinum (AlpineMouse-ear) Cerastiumarcticum (ArcticMouse-ear) Cerastiumarvense (Field Mouse-ear) Cerastiumdiffusum (Sea Mouse-ear) Cerastiumfontanum(CommonMouse-ear) Cerastiumglomeratum(StickyMouse-ear) Cerastiumsemidecandrum(LittleMouse-ear) Ceratophyllumdemersum(Soft Hornwort) Chaenorhinumminus (SmallToadflax) Chaerophyllumtemulentum(RoughChervil) Chamaemelumnobile (Chamomile) Chamaenerionangustifolium(RosebayWillowherb) Chelidoniummajus (GreaterCelandine) Chrysanthemumsegetum (Corn Marigold) Chrysospleniumalternifolium(Alternate-leavedGolden-saxifrage) Chrysospleniumoppositifolium(Opposite-leavedGolden-saxifrage) Cichoriumintybus (Chicory) Circaea alpina (AlpineEchanter's-nightshade) Circaea lutetiana (Enchanter's-nightshade) Cirsium acaule (DwarfThistle) Cirsium arvense (CreepingThistle) Cirsiumdissectum (MeadowThistle) Cirsiumeriophorum(WoollyThistle) Cirsiumhelenioides(MelancholyThistle) Cirsium palustre (MarshThistle) Cirsium vulgare (SpearThistle) Cladium mariscus (Great Fen-sedge) Cladoniaarbuscula (lichen) Cladonia furcata (lichen) Cladonia impexa (lichen) Cladoniauncialis (lichen) Clematisvitalba (Traveller's-joy) Clinopodiumvulgare (Wild Basil) Cochleariaofficinalis(CommonScurvygrass) Coeloglossumviride (FrogOrchid) Colchicumautumnale (AutumnCrocus) Conium maculatum (Hemlock) Conopodiummajus (Pignut) Convallariamajalis (Lily of the valley) Convolvulusarvensis (FieldBindweed) Cornus sanguinea (Dogwood) Cornus suecica (DwarfCornel) Coronopusdidymus (LesserSwine-cress) Coronopussquamatus (Swine-cress,Wart-cress) Corydalisclaviculata(ClimbingCorydalis) Corylusavellana (Hazel) Crataeguslaevigata(MidlandHawthorn) CrataeguslaevigataX monogyna (Hawthornhybrids) Crataegusmonogyna (Hawthorn) Crepis biennis (RoughHawk's Beard) Crepis capillaris(SmoothHawk's-beard) Crepis paludosa (MarshHawk's-beard) Crepis vesicaria (BeakedHawk's beard) Crithmummaritimum (Rock Samphire) Cruciatalaevipes (Crosswort) Cryptogrammacrispa (ParsleyFern) Cuscuta epithymum(Dodder) Cynoglossumofficinale(Hound'sTongue) Cynosuruscristatus(CrestedDog's-tail) Cystopterisfragilis(BrittleBladder-fern) Cytisus scoparius(Broom) Dactylisglomerata (Cock's-foot) Danthoniadecumbens(HeathGrass) Daphne laureola (Spurge-laurel) Daphne mezereum (Mezereon) Daucus carota (Wild Carrot) Deschampsiacespitosa(TuftedHair-grass) Deschampsiaflexuosa(Wavy Hair-grass) Desmazeriarigida (Fern-grass) Dicranellaheteromalla(Silky fork moss) Dicranummajus (Greaterfork moss) Dicranumscoparium (Lesserfork moss) Digitalispurpurea (Foxglove) Diphasiastrumalpinum (Alpine-clubmoss) Diplotaxismuralis (AnnualWall-rocket) Diplotaxistenuifolia(PerennialWall-Rocket) Dipsacus fullonum (Fuller'sTeasel) Droseraanglica (Great Sundew) Drosera intermedia(Oblong-leavedSundew) Drosera rotundifolia(Round-leavedSundew) Dryas octopetala(MountainAvens) Echium vulgare (Viper's-bugloss) Eleocharismulticaulis(Many-stalkedSpike-rush) Eleocharispalustris(CommonSpike-rush) Eleocharisquinqueflora(Few-floweredSpike-rush) Eleocharisuniglumis () Eleogitonfluitans(FloatingClubrush) Elymus farctus (Sand Couch-grass) Elymus pycnanthus(Sea Couch) Empetrumnigrum (Crowberry) Epilobiumanagallidifolium(AlpineWillow-herb) Epilobiumhirsutum (GreatWillowherb) Epilobiumpalustre (MarshWillowherb) Epipactishelleborine(BroadHelleborine) Equisetumarvense (Field Horsetail) Equisetumfluviatile(WaterHorsetail) Equisetumpalustre (Marsh Horsetail) Equisetumpratense (Shady Horsetail) Equisetumsylvaticum(Wood Horsetail) Equisetumtelemateia(Great Horsetail) Erica cinerea (Bell Heather) Erica tetralix(Cross-leavedHeather) Erigeronacer (Blue Fleabane) Eriophorumangustifolium(CommonCottongrass) Eriophorumvaginatum (Hare's-tailCottongrass) Erodium cicutarium(CommonStork's-bill) Erophilaverna (CommonWhitlowgrass) Erysimumcheiranthoides(TreacleMustard) Euonymuseuropaeus (Spindle) Eupatoriumcannabinum(Hemp-agrimony) Euphorbiaamygdaloides(Wood Spurge) Fallopiaconvolvulus(Black-bindweed) Festucaaltissima(Wood Fescue) Festucaarundinacea(Tall Fescue) Festucagigantea (Giant Fescue) Festucaovina (Sheep's-fescue) Festucapratensis(MeadowFescue) Festucarubra (Red Fescue) Festuca tenuifolia(Fine-leavedSheep'sFescue) Festucavivipara (ViviparousFescue) Festuloliumhybrid (HybridFescue) Filago lutescens(CommonCudweed) Filago minima (Small Cudweed) Filago vulgaris (Cudweed) Filipendulaulmaria (Meadowsweet) Filipendulavulgaris(Dropwort) Fragariavesca (Wild Stawberry) Fraxinusexcelsior (Ash) Fumariabastardii (Tall Ramping-fumitory) Fumariacapreolata(WhiteRamping-fumitory) Fumariaofficinalis(CommonFumitory) Galeopsisangustifolia(Red Hemp-nettle) Galeopsissegetum (Downy Hemp-nettle) Galeopsisspeciosa (Large-floweredHemp-nettle) Galeopsistetrahit(CommonHemp-nettle) Galium aparine (Cleavers) Galium boreale (NorthernBedstraw) Galium mollugo (Hedge-bedstraw) Galium odoratum (Woodruff) Galium palustre(CommonMarsh-bedstraw) Galium pumilum (SlenderBedstraw) Galium saxatile (Heath Bedstraw) Galium sterneri (LimestoneBedstraw) Galium tricornutum(Corn Cleavers) Galium uliginosum(Fen Bedstraw) Galium verum (Lady'sBedstraw) Genistaanglica (PettyWhin) Genista tinctoria(Dyer'sGreenweed) Gentianellaamarella (AutumnGentian,Felwort) Gentianellacampestris(FieldGentian) Geraniumcolumbinium(Long-stalkedCrane's-bill) Geraniumdissectum(Cut-leavedCrane's-bill) Geraniumlucidum (ShiningCrane's-bill) Geraniummolle (Dove's-footCrane's-bill) Geraniumpratense (MeadowCrane's-bill) Geraniumpusillum (Small-floweredCrane's-bill) Geraniumpyrenaicum(HedgerowCrane's-bill) Geraniumrobertianum(Herb-Robert) Geraniumsanguineum(BloodyCrane's-bill) Geraniumsylvaticum(WoodyCrane's-bill) Geum rivale (WaterAvens) Geum urbanum (Wood Avens) Geum x intermedium(HybridAvens) Glauciumflavum (YellowHorned-poppy) Glaux maritima (Sea-milkwort) Glechomahederacea (Ground-ivy) Glyceriadeclinata(Small Sweet-grass) Glyceriafluitans(FloatingSweet-grass) Glyceriamaxima (Reed Sweet-grass) Glyceriaplicata (PlicateSweet-grass) Gnaphaliumsupinum (DwarfCudweed) Gnaphaliumsylvaticum(HeathCudweed) Gnaphaliumuliginosum(MarshCudweed) Goodyerarepens (CreepingLady's Tresses) Gymnadeniaconopsea (FragrantOrchid) Gymnocarpiumdryopteris(Oak Fern) Halimioneportulacoides(Sea Purslane) Hedera helix (Ivy) Helianthemumnummularium(CommonRock-rose) Heracleumsphondylium(Hogweed) Hieraciumpilosella(Mouse-earHawkweed) Hippocrepiscomosa (HorseshoeVetch) Hippurisvulgaris (Mare's-tail) Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire-fog) Holcus mollis (CreepingSoft-grass) Honkenya peploides (Sea sandwort) Hordelymuseuropaeus (Wood Barley) Hordeum murinum (Wall Barley) Hordeum secalinum (MeadowBarley) Humulus lupulus (Hop) Huperzia selago (Fir Clubmoss) Hyacinthoidesnon-scripta(Bluebell) Hydrocharismorsus-ranae(Frogbit) Hydrocotylevulgaris (Marsh Pennywort) Hylocomiumsplendens (Glitteringfeathermoss) Hypericumandrosaemum(Tutsan) Hypericumcalycinum (Rose-of-Sharon) Hypericumelodes (Marsh St John's-wort) Hypericumhirsutum (Hairy St John's-wort) Hypericumhumifusum (TrailingSt John's-wort) Hypericummaculatum (ImperforateSt John's-wort) Hypericummontanum (Pale St John's-wort) Hypericumperforatum(PerforateSt John's-wort) Hypericumpulchrum (SlenderSt John's-wort) Hypericumtetrapterum(Square-stalkedStJohn's-wort) Hypericumundulatum (Wavy St John's-wort) Ilex aquifolium(Holly) Inula conyza (Ploughman's-spikenard) Inula crithmoides(GoldenSamphire) Iris foetidissima(StinkingIris) Iris pseudocorus(YellowIris) Isoetes lacustris (Quillwort) Isolepiscernua (SlenderClub-rush) Isolepissetacea (BristleClub-rush) Jasione montana (Sheep's-bit) Juncus ambiguus () Juncus bufonius (Toad Rush) Juncus bulbosus (BulbousRush) Juncus castaneus (ChesnutRush) Juncus conglomeratus(CompactRush) Juncus effusus (Soft-rush) Juncus gerardi (SaltmarshRush) Juncus inflexus (Hard Rush) Juncus maritimus (Sea Rush) Juncus squarrosus(HeathRush) Juncus subnodulosus(Blunt-floweredRush) Juncus tenuis (SlenderRush) Juncus trifidus (Three-leavedRush) Juncus triglumis(Three-floweredRush) Juniperuscommunis (Juniper) Kickxia elantine (Sharp-leavedFluellen) Kickxia spuria (Round-leavedFluellen) Knautia arvensis (Field Scabios) Koeleriamacrantha (CrestedHair-grass) Lactuca saligna (Least Lettuce) Lactuca serriola (PricklyLettuce) Lamiastrumgaleobdolon(YellowArchangel) Lamium album (White Dead-nettle) Lamium amplexicaule(HenbitDead-nettle) Lamium hybridum (Cut-leavedDead-nettle) Lamium purpureum (Red Dead-nettle) Lapsana communis (Nipplewort) Lathyrusmontanus (Bitter-vetch) Lathyrusnissolia (GrassVetchling) Lathyruspratensis (MeadowVetchling) Legousiahybrida (Venus'sLooking-glass) Lemna minor (CommonDuckweed) Lepidiumcampestre (Field Pepperwort) Lepidiumheterophyllum(Smith'sCress) Lepidiumlatifolium(Dittander,Broad-leavedPepperwort) Leucanthemumvulgare (OxeyeDaisy) Leucobryumglaucum (White fork moss) Leymus arenarius (Lyme-grass) Ligusticumscoticum (Scots Lovage) Ligustrumvulgare (Wild Privet) Lilium martagon (MartagonLily) Limoniumhumile (Lax-floweredSea Lavender) Limoniumvulgare (Common Sea-lavender) Linariavulgaris (CommonToadflax) Linum bienne (Pale Flax) Linum catharticum(Fairy Flax) Liparis loeselii (Fen Orchid) Listera cordata (LesserTwayblade) Listeraovata (CommonTwayblade) Lithospermumarvense (Corn Gromwell) Litorellauniflora (Shore-weed) Lobeliadortmanna (Water Lobelia) Loiseleuriaprocumbens(TrailingAzalea) Lolium perenne (PerennialRye-grass) Lonicerapericlymenum(Honeysuckle) Lotus corniculatus(CommonBird's-foot-trefoil) Lotus subbiflorus(HairyBird's-foot-trefoil) Lotus tenuis (Narrow-leavedBird's-foot-trefoil) Lotus uliginosus(GreaterBird's-foot-trefoil) Luzula pilosa (Hairy Wood-rush) Luzula spicata (SpikedWood-rush) Luzula sylvatica(Great Wood-rush) Lychnis flos-cuculi(Ragged-Robin) Lycopodiumclavatum (Stag's-hornClubmoss) Lycopsisarvensis (Bugloss) Lycopuseuropaeus (Gipsywort) Lysimachianemorum (YellowPimpernel) Lysimachianummularia(CreepingJenny) Lysimachiavulgaris (YellowLoosestrife) Lythrum portula (Water Purslane) Lythrum salicaria(Purple-loosestrife) Malus sylvestris(Crab Apple) Malva moschata (Musk Mallow) Malva neglecta (Dwarf Mallow) Malva sylvestris(CommonMallow) Marrubiumvulgare (WhiteHorehound) Matricariamatricarioides(Pineappleweed) Matricariarecutita (ScentedMayweed) Meconopsiscambrica (Welsh Poppy) Medicagoarabica (SpottedMedick) Medicagolupulina (Black Medick) Melampyrumpratense (CommonCow-wheat) Melica uniflora (Wood Melick) Melittismelissophyllum(BastardBalm) Menyanthestrifoliata(Bogbean) Mercurialisperennis (Dog'sMercury) Milium effusum (Wood Millet) Minuartiaverna (Vernal Sandwort) Mnium hornum (Swan'sneck threadmoss) Moehringiatrinervia(Three-nervedSandwort) Molinia caerulea (PurpleMoor-grass) Moneses uniflora (One-floweredWintergreen) Montia fontana (Blinks) Mycelismuralis (Wall Lettuce) Myosotonaquaticum (WaterChickweed) Myrica gale (Bog-myrtle) Myriophyllumalternifolia(Alternate-floweredWater-milfoil) Myriophyllumspicata (SpikedWater-milfoil) Mysotis arvensis (Field Forget-me-not) Nardus stricta (Mat-grass) Nartheciumossifragum(Bog Asphodel) Nasturtiummicrophyllum(WinterCress) Nasturtiumofficinale(Water-cress) Nuphar lutea (YellowWater-lily) Nymphaeaalba (WhiteWater-lily) Odontitesverna (Red Bartsia) Oenanthecrocata (HemlockWater-dropwort) Oenanthefistulosa(TubularWater-dropwort) Ononis repens (CommonRestharrow) Ononis spinosa (SpinyRestharrow) Ophioglossumvulgatum (Adder's-tongue) Ophrys apifera (Bee Orchid) Orchis mascula (Early-purpleOrchid) Oreopterislimbosperma(Lemon-scentedFern) Origanumvulgare (Marjoram) Ornithopusperpusillus(Bird's-foot) Orobancheminor (CommonBroomrape) Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern) Oxalis acetosella(Wood-sorrel) Oxyria digyna (MountainSorrel) Papaverdubium (Long-headedPoppy) Papaver rhoeas (CommonPoppy) Parapholisstrigosa (Hard-grass) Parentucelliaviscosa (YellowBartsia) Parietariajudacia (Pellitory-of-the-wall) Parnassiapalustris (Grass-of-Parnassus) Pastinacasativa (Wild Parsnip) Pedicularispalustris(MarshLousewort) Pedicularissylvatica (Lousewort) Peltigeracanina (lichen) Petasiteshybridus (Butterbur) Petroselinumsegetum (Corn Parsley) Phalarisarundinacea(Reed Canary-grass) Phalariscanariensis(Canary-grass) Phalarisminor (LesserCanary-grass) Phegopterisconnectilis(BeechFern) Phragmitesaustralis(CommonReed) Phyteumaorbiculare(Round-headedRampion) Picris echioides(BristlyOxtongue) Picris hieraciodes(HawkweedOx-tongue) Pimpinellamajor (GreaterBurnet-saxifrage) Pimpinellasaxifraga (Burnet-saxifrage) Pinguiculalusitanica(Pale Butterwort) Pinguiculavulgaris (CommonButterwort) Plagiomniumundulatum (moss) Plagiotheciumdenticulatum(Sharpfern-likefeathermoss) Plagiotheciumundulatum (moss) Plantago coronopus(Buckis-hornPlantain) Plantago lanceolata(RipwortPlantain) Plantagomajor (GreaterPlantain) Plantagomaritima (Sea Plantain) Plantagomedia (Hoary Plantain) Platantherabifolia (LesserButterflyOrchid) Platantherachlorantha(GreaterButterfly-orchid) Pleuroziumschreberi (Red stemmed feathermoss) Poa angustifolia(Narrow-leavedMeadow-grass) Poa annua (AnnualMeadow-grass) Poa compressa (FlattenedMeadow-grass) Poa pratensis (SmoothMeadow-grass) Poa subcaerulea(SpreadingMeadow-grass) Polygala calcarea (Chalk Milkwort) Polygonatummultiflorum(Solomon's-seal) Polygonumamphibium (AmphibiousBisort) Polygonumarenastrum(Small-leavedKnotgrass) Polygonumaviculare (Knotgrass) Polygonumbistorta (CommonBistort) Polygonumhydropiper(Water-pepper) Polygonumlapathifolium(Pale Persicaria) Polygonummite (TastelessWater-pepper) Polygonumpersicaria(Redshank) Polygonumviviparum (AlpineBistort) Polypodiumvulgare (Polypody) Populus tremula(Aspen) Potamogetonnatans (Broad-leavedPondweed) Potamogetonpolygonifolius(Bog Pondweed) Potentillaanglica (TrailingTormentil) Potentillaanserina (Silverweed) Potentillaerecta (Tormentil) Potentillapalustris(Marsh Cinquefoil) Potentillareptans (CreepingCinquefoil) Potentillasterilis (BarrenStrawberry) Primula elatior (Oxlip) Primula veris (Cowslip) Primulavulgaris (Primrose) Prunellavulgaris (Selfheal) Prunus avium (Wild Cherry) Prunus padus (Bird Cherry) Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn) Pseudorchisalbida (Small-whiteOrchid) Pseudoscleropodiumpurum(Neat meadow feathermoss) Pteridiumaquilinum (Bracken) Puccinelliadistans (ReflexedSaltmarsh-grass) Puccinelliafasciculata(Borrer'sSaltmarsh-grass) Puccinelliamaritima (CommonSaltmarsh-grass) Pulicariadysenterica(CommonFleabane) Pulmonariaofficinalis(Lungwort) Pyrola minor (CommonWintergreen) Ranunculusacris (MeadowButtercup) Ranunculusaquatilis(CommonWater-crowfoot) Ranunculusarvensis (Corn Crowfoot) Ranunculusauricomus(Wood Crowfoot,Goldilocks) Ranunculusbulbosus (BulbousButtercup) Ranunculusficaria (LesserCelandine) Ranunculusflammula (LesserSpearwort) Ranunculusfluitans() Ranunculushederaceus(Ivy-leavedCrowfoot) Ranunculuslingua (Great Spearwort) Ranunculusomiophyllus() Ranunculusparviflorus(Small-floweredButtercup) Ranunculuspeltatus () Ranunculuspenicillatus() Ranunculusrepens (CreepingButtercup) Ranunculussardous (HairyButtercup) Ranunculussceleratus(Celery-leavedButtercup) Ranunculustrichophyllus() Raphanusmaritimus (Sea Radish) Raphanusraphanistrum(Wild Radish) Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette) Rhacomitriumlanuginosum(Woollyfringe moss) Rhamnus catharticus(Buckthorn) Rhizomniumpunctatum(moss) Rhynchosporaalba (WhiteBeak-sedge) Rhytidiadelphusloreus(moss) Rhytidiadelphussquarrosus(Drooping-leavedfeathermoss) Rhytidiadelphustriquetrus(Triangular-leavedfeathermoss) Ribes uva-crispa(Gooseberry) Rorippaamphibia (GreatYellow-cress) Rorippa islandica(NorthernMarsh Yellow-cress) Rorippa palustris (CommonMarsh Yellow-cress) Rorippa sylvestris(CreepingYellow-cress) Rubia peregrina(Wild Madder) Rubus caesius (Dewberry) Rubus chamaemorus(Cloudberry) Rubus idaeus (Rasberry) Rubus saxatilis(Stone Bramble) Rumex acetosa (CommonSorrel) Rumex acetosella(Sheep'sSorrel) Rumex crispus (CurledDock) Rumex hydrolapathum(WaterDock) Rumex longifolius(NorthernDock) Rumex maritimus (GoldenDock) Rumex obtusifolius(Broad-leavedDock) Rumex palustris(Marsh Dock) Rumex pulcher (FiddleDock) Rumex rupestris(Shore Dock) Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher's-broom) Sagittariasagittifolia(Arrowhead) Sambucusnigra (Elder) Samolusvalerandi (Brookweed) Sanguisorbaminor (SaladBurnet) Sanguisorbaofficinalis(GreatBurnet) Saniculaeuropaea (Sanicle) Sarcocorniaperennis() Saxifragaaizoides (YellowSaxifrage) Saxifragagranulata (MeadowSaxifrage) Saxifragahypnoides (Mossy Saxifrage) Saxifragaoppositifolia(PurpleSaxifrage) Saxifragastellaris (StarrySaxifrage) Scabiosacolumbaria(Small Scabious) Schoenoplectuslacustris(CommonClub-rush) Schoenusnigricans (BlackBog-rush) Scilla autumnalis(AutumnSquill) Scilla verna (SpringSquill) Scirpusmaritimus (Sea Club-rush) Scirpussylvaticus(Wood Club-rush) Scrophulariaauriculata(WaterFigwort) Scrophularianodosa (CommonFigwort) Scutellariagalericulata(Skullcap) Scutellariaminor (LesserSkullcap) Sedum album (White Stonecrop) Sedum forsteranum(Rock Stonecrop) Sedum rosea (Roseroot) Sedum telephinum(Orpine) Sedum villosum (Hairy Stonecrop) Selaginellaselaginoides(LesserClubmoss) Senecio aquaticus (MarshRagwort) Senecio congestus (Marsh Fleawort) Senecio erucifolius(HoaryRagwort) Senecio integrifolius(FieldFleawort) Senecio jacobaea (CommonRagwort) Senecio sylvaticus(Wood Groundsel) Senecio viscosus (StickyGroundsel) Senecio vulgaris (Groundsel) Serratula tinctoria(Saw-wort) Seseli libanotis (Moon Carrot) Sesleriaalbicans (Blue Moor-grass) Sherardiaarvensis (FieldMadder) Sibthorpiaeuropaea (CornishMoneywort) Silaum silaus (Pepper-saxifrage) Silene dioica (Red Campion) Silene latifolia (WhiteCampion) Silene maritima (Sea Campion) Silene vulgaris (BladderCampion) Sison amomum (Stone Parsley) Sisymbriumaltissimum(Tall Rocket) Sisymbriumofficinale(Hedge•Mustard) Smyrniumolusatrum (Alexanders) Solidagovirgaurea (Goldenrod) Sonchusarvensis (PerennialSow-thistle) Sonchusasper (PricklySow-thistle) Sonchusoleraceus (SmoothSow-thistle) Sonchus palustris (Marsh Sow-thistle) Sorbus aria (CommonWhitebeam) Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan) Sorbus torminalis(Wild ServiceTree) Sparganiumemersum (UnbranchedBur-reed) Sparganiumerectum (BranchedBur-reed) Spergulariamarginata(GreaterSea-spurrey) Spergulariamarina (LesserSea-spurrey) Spergulariarubra (Sand-spurrey) Spiranthesspiralis (AutumnLady's Tresses) Stachysambigua () Stachys arvensis (FieldWoundwort) Stachys officinalis(Betony) Stachys palustris (MarshWoundwort) Stachys sylvatica(HedgeWoundwort) Stellariaalsine (Bog Stitchwort) Stellariagraminea (LesserStitchwort) Stellariaholostea (GreaterStitchwort) Stellariamedia (CommonChickweed) Stellarianeglecta (GreaterChickweed) Stellarianemorum (Wood Stitchwort) Stellariapalustris(MarshStitchwort) Suaeda maritima (AnnualSea-blite) Suaeda vera (ShrubbySeablite) Subulariaaquatica (Awlwort) Succisapratensis (Devils'-bitScabious) Symphytumofficinale(CommonComfrey) Symphytumtuberosum(TuberousComfrey) Symphytumuplandicum(RussianComfrey) Tamus communis (BlackBryony) Tanacetumvulgare (Tansy) Taxus baccata (Yew) Teucriumscorodonia(Wood Sage) Thesium humifusum (BastardToadflax) Thlaspi arvense (Field Penny-cress) Thuidium tamariscinum(moss) Tilia cordata (Small-leavedLime) Tilia platyphyllos(Large-leavedLime) Tofieldiapusillata (ScottishAsphodel) Torilisjaponica (UprightHedge-parsley) Torilis nodusa (KnottedHedge-parsley) Tragopogonpratensis(Goat's-beard) Trichophorumcaespitosum(Deergrass) Trientaliseuropaea (ChickweedWintergreen) Trifoliumarvense (Hare's-footClover) Trifoliumcampestre (Hop Trefoil) Trifoliumdubium (LesserTrefoil) Trifoliumfragiferum(StrawberryClover) Trifoliummedium (ZigzagClover) Trifoliummicranthum(SlenderTrefoil) Trifoliumpratense (Red Clover) Trifoliumrepens (White Clover) Trifoliumsquamosum (Sea Clover) Trifoliumstriatum (KnottedClover) Triglochinmaritima (Sea Arrowgrass) Triglochinpalustris(MarshArrowgrass) Trisetum flavescens(YellowOat-grass) Tussilagofarfara (Colt's-foot) Typha angustifolium(LesserBulrush) Typha latifolia(Bulrush) Ulex europaeus (Gorse) Umbilicusrupestris(Navelwort) Urtica dioica (CommonNettle) Urtica urens (SmallNettle) Utriculariaintermedia(IntermediateBladderwort) Utriculariaminor (LesserBladderwort) Vacciniummyrtillus (Bilberry) Vacciniumoxycoccus (Cranberry) Vacciniumuliginosum(Bog Bilberry) Vaccinium (Cowberry) Valerianadioica (MarshValerian) Valerianaofficinalis(CommonValerian) Verbascumnigrum (Dark Mullein) Verbascum thapsus (GreatMullein) Veronicaagrestis (GreenField-speedwell) Veronicaanagallis-aquatica(BlueWater-speedwell) Veronicaarvensis (Wall Speedwell) Veronicabeccabunga(Brooklime) Veronicacatenata (PinkWater-speedwell) Veronicachamaedrys(GermanderSpeedwell) Veronica filiformis(SlenderSpeedwell) Veronicahederifolia(Ivy-leavedSpeedwell) Veronicamontana (Wood Speedwell) Veronicaofficinalis(Heath Speedwell) Veronicapersica (CommonField-speedwell) Veronicapolita (Grey Field-speedwell) Veronica scutellata(Marsh Speedwell) Veronicaserpyllifolia(Thyme-leavedSpeedwell) Vibernum lantana (Wayfaring-tree) Viburnumopulus (Guelder-rose) Vicia bithynica(BithynianVetch) Vicia cracca (TuftedVetch) Vicia hirsuta (HairyTare) Vicia sativa (CommonVetch) Vicia sepium (Bush Vetch) Vicia sylvatica (Wood Vetch) Vicia tetrasperma(SmoothTare) Vinca minor (LesserPeriwinkle) Viola arvensis (FieldPansy) Viola canina (Heath Dog-violet) Viola hirta (HairyViolet) Viola lutea (MountainPansy) Viola odorata (SweetViolet) Viola palustris (MarshViolet) Viola tricolor (Wild Pansy) Viscum album (Mistletoe) Vulpia bromoides (SquirreltailFescue) Vulpia myuros (Rat's-tail-Fescue) Wahlenbergiahederacea (Ivy-leavedBellflower) Wolffiaarrhiza (RootlessDuckweed) Zannichelliapalustris(HornedPondweed)
792 records selected.
CATEGORY2 - AGGREGATESAND IDENTIFICATIONDIFFICULTIES
NAME
Agrostiscanina (VelvetBent) Agrostissp (Bent-grasssp) Agrostisvinealis (BrownBent-grass) Alchemillavulgarisagg./glabra(Lady's-mantle) Anagallissp () Anthemissp. (Chamomile/StinkingMayweed) Aphanes spp. (Parsley-piert) Arctium spp. (Burdock) Arenariasp (Sea Sandwort) Artemisiasp (Wormwoodsp) Aspleniumsp () Atriplexglabriuscula(Babington'sOrache) Atriplexhastata (Spear-leavedOrache) Atriplexlaciniata (FrostedOrache) Atriplexlittoralis(Grass-leavedOrache) Atriplexpatula (CommonOrache) Atriplexprostrata (HastateOrache) Atriplexsp (Orachesp) Avena sp (Oat sp) Bare ground/rock() Beta spp. (Beet) Betula spp. (Birch) Bidens sp (Bur-marigoldsp) Brachytheciumrutabulum(Rough-stalkedfeathermoss) Brachytheciumsp. (moss) Bromus sp (Brome sp) Bryum spp. (moss) Calaminthasp ((Galaminthsp)) Calliergoncuspidatum(moss) Calliergonsp (moss) Calliergonstramineum(moss) Callitrichespp. (Water-starwort) Calystegiasp (Bindweed) Campanulasp (Bellflowersp) Campylopusatrovirens(moss) Campylopusfragilis (moss) Campylopusintroflexus(moss) Campylopusparadoxus (moss) Campylopuspyriformis/flexuosa(Fragileleavedmoss) Cardamine flexuosa (Wood Bitter-cress) Cardaminehirsuta (HairyBitter-cress) Cardaminehirsuta/flexuosa(HairyBitter-cress) Cardaminesp (Bitter-cresssp) Carduus sp (Thistlesp) Carex pulicaris(Flea Sedge) Carex pulicaris/serotina(FleaSedge) Carex spicata (SpikedSedge) Carex spp. (Sedge sp) Centaureasp (Knapweedsp) Cerastiumsp (Mouse-earsp) Chenopodiumalbum/polyspermum(Fat-hen/Many-seededGoosefoot) Chenopodiumbonus-henricus(GoodKing Henry) Chenopodiumficifolium(Fig-leavedGoosefoot) Chenopodiumhybridium (Maple-leavedGoosefoot) Chenopodiumpolyspermum(Many-seededGoosefoot) Chenopodiumrubrum (Red Goosefoot) Chenopodiumsp (Goosefootsp) Chrysanthemumsp () Cirsium sp (Thistlesp) Cladonia pyxidata/coccifera(lichen) Cladonia sp (lichen) Cornus sp () Coronopussp (Swinecresssp) Corydalissp (Corydalissp) Crepis spp. (Hawk's-beardspp) Dactylorhizaincarnata(EarlyMarsh Orchid) Dactylorhizamaculataagg. (Heath Spotted-orchid) Dactylorhizamajalis (NorthernMarsh-orchid) Dactylorhizasp (Orchid) Dicranumsp (moss) Draba sp (WhitlowGrass) Dryopterisaemula (Hay-scentedBuckler-fern) Dryopterisaffinis (ScalyMale-fern) Dryopteriscarthusiana(NarrowBuckler-fern) Dryopterisdilatata (BroadBuckler-fern) Dryopterisdilatata/carthusiana(Buckler-fern) Dryopterisexpansa (NorthernBuckler-fern) Dryopterisfilix-mas(Male-fern) Dryopterissp (Fern sp) Eleocharisspp. (Spike-rushspp) Elymus caninus (BeardedCouch-grass) Elymus repens (Twitch) Elymus sp (Couch-grasssp) Epilobiumbrunescens() Epilobiumlanceolatum(Spear-leavedWillow-herb) Epilobiummontanum (Broad-leavedWillowherb) Epilobiumobscurum Epilobiumparviflorum(Small-floweredHairyWillow-herb) Epilobiumroseum (Pale Willowherb) Epilobiumspp. (Willowherbspp) Epilobium tetragonum(Square-stemmedWillow-herb) Equisetumspp. (Horsetailspp) Eriophorumsp (Cottongrasssp) Euphorbiaagg. (Spurge) Euphorbiaexigua (Dwarf Spurge) Euphorbiahelioscopia(Sun Spurge) Euphorbiapeplus (Petty Spurge) Euphrasiaspp. (Eyebright) Eurhynchiumpraelongum(Long trailingfeathermoss) Eurhynchiumspp. (moss) Festucasp (Fescuesp) Filago sp (Cudweedsp) Filipendulasp () Fumaria sp (Fumitorysp) Galeopsissp (Hemp-nettlesp) Galium sp (Bedstrawsp) Geraniumsp (Crane's-billsp) Glyceriasp (Sweet-grasssp) Gnaphaliumsp (Cudweedsp) Hieraciumspp. (Hawkweedspp) Hymenophyllumsp (Filmy-fernsp) Hypericumsp (St John's-wortsp) Hypnum cupressiforme(Cypress-leavedfeathermoss) Hypochoerisglabra (SmoothCat's Ear) Hypochoerisradicata (CommonCat's Ear) Hypochoerisspp. (Cat's Ear sp) Hypochoerisspp./Leontodonspp. (Cat's-earspp./Hawkbitspp.) _Juncusacutiflorus(Sharp-floweredRush) Juncus articulatus(JointedRush) Juncus articulatus/acutiflora(Jointed/Sharp-floweredRush) Juncus hybrids () Juncus sp (Rush sp) Koeleriasp (Hair-grass) Lamium sp (Dead-nettlesp) Lathyrussp (Vetchlingsp) Lemna sp (Duckweedsp) Leontodonautumnalis(AutumnalHawkbit) Leontodonhispidus (Rough Hawkbit) Leontodonspp. (Hawkbitsp) Leontodontaraxoides(HairyHawkbit) Linum sp (Flax sp) Lophocoleaspp. (moss) Lotus sp (Bird's-foot-trefoil) Luzula campestris(Sweep'sBrush, Field Wood-rush) Luzula multiflora(Heath Wood-rush) Luzula multiflora/campestris(Heath/FieldWood-rush) Luzula sp (Wood-rushsp) Lycopodiumsp (Clubmosssp) Marchantiaspp. (moss) Medicagosp (Medicksp) Mentha aquatica (Water Mint) Mentha arvensis (Corn Mint) Mentha spp. (Mint spp) Mentha suaveolens(Round-leavedMint) Mnium spp. (moss) Myosotisarvensis (FieldForget-me-not) Myosotisdiscolor (ChangingForget-me-not) Myosotislaxa (TuftedForget-me-not) Myosotisramosissima(EarlyForget-me-not) Myosotisscorpioides( Water Forget-me-not) Myosotissecunda (CreepingForget-me-not) Myosotisspp. (Forget-me-notspp) Myriophyllumsp (Water-milfoilsp) Nasturtiumsp () Oenanthesp (Water-dropwortsp) Open water () Orobanchesp (Broomrapesp) Parmeliasp () Pellia spp. (liverwort) Phleum bertolonii(SmallerCat's-tail) Phleum pratense(Timothy) Phleum sp (Cat'sTail sp) Plagiotheciumsp (moss) Poa nemoralis(Wood Meadow-grass) Poa nemoralis/trivialis(Wood/RoughMeadow-grass) Poa sp (Meadow-grasssp) Poa trivialis(RoughMeadow-grass) Pohlia sp () Polygalaserpyllifolia(HeathMilkwort) Polygalavulgaris (CommonMilkwort) Polygalavulgaris/serpyllifolia(Common/HeathMilkwort) Polygonumsp (Knotgrasssp) Polystichumaculeatum(Hard Shield-fern) Polystichumsetiferum(Soft Shield-fern) Polystichumsetiferum/aculeatum(Soft/HardShield-fern) Polystichumsp (Shield-fernsp) Polytrichumcommune (Commonbank hair moss) Polytrichumformosum(Bank hair moss) Potamogetonsp (Pondweedsp) Potentillasp (Cinquefoilsp) Primulascotica/farinosa(Scottish/Bird's-eyePrimrose) Prunus sp (Cherrysp) Puccinelliasp (Saltmarsh-grasssp) Quercusspp. (Oak spp) Ranunculussp (Buttercup,Crowfootsp) Raphanussp (Radishsp) Rhacomitriumspp. (moss) Rhinanthusspp. (Yellow-rattle) Ribes nigrum/rubrum(Black/RedCurrant) Ribes rubrum (Red Currant) Ribes sp (Currantsp) Rorippa sp (Yellow-cresssp) Rosa spp. (Rose spp) Rubus fruticosus(Bramble) Rumex conglomeratus(SharpDock) Rumex conglomeratus/sanguineus(Clustered/Blood-veinedDock) Rumex sanguineus(Red-veinedDock) Rumex sp (Dock sp) Sagina spp. (Pearlwortspp) Salicorniadolichostachya() Salicorniaramosissima/europaea(Glasswort) Salicorniasp (Glasswortsp) Salix alba (WhiteWillow) Salix atrocinerea(RustyWillow) Salix aurita (EaredWillow) Salix caprea (Goat Willow) Salix cinerea (Grey Willow) Salix fragilis (CrackWillow) Salix herbacea (DwarfWillow) Salix lapponum (DownyWillow) Salix myrsinifolia(Dark-leavedWillow) Salix phylicifolia(Tea-leavedWillow) Salix repens (CreepingWillow) Salix reticulata(Net-leavedWillow) Salix spp. (Willowspp) Salix viminalis (Osier) Scirpussp (Club-rushsp) Scrophulariasp (Figwortsp) Sedum acre (BitingStonecrop) Sedum anglicum (EnglishStonecrop) Sedum anglicum/acre(English/BitingStonecrop) Sedum sp (Stonecropsp) Seneciosp (Ragwort) Silene sp (Campionsp) Sinapisarvensis/alba(Charlock/WhiteMustard) Solanumdulcamara/nigra(Bittersweet/BlackNightshade) Sonchussp (Sow-thistlesp) Sparganiumsp (Bur-reedsp) Spartinaspp. (Cord-grassspp) Spergulaarvensis/Spergulariarupicola(Corn Spurrey) Spergulariasp (Spurreysp) Sphagnum(green/fat)(bog mosses) Sphagnum (green/thin)(bog mosses) Sphagnum (red/fat)(bog mosses) Sphagnum (red/thin)(bog mosses) Sphagnumspp. (bog mosses) Stachyssp (Woundwortsp) Stellariasp (Stitchwortsp) Symphytumsp (Comfreysp) Taraxacumagg. (Dandelion) Thalictrumalpinum (AlpineMeadow-rue) Thalictrumflavum (CommonMeadow-rue) Thalictrumminus (LesserMeadow-rue) Thymus praecox (CommonThyme) Thymus praecox/serpyllum(Common/BrecklandThyme) Thymus serpyllum (BrecklandThyme) Tilia sp (Lime sp) Total bryophyte() Total lichen () Trifoliumsp (Cloversp) Tripleurospermuminodorum(ScentlessMayweed) Tripleurospermummaritimum(Sea Mayweed) Tripleurospermummaritimum/inodorum(Sea/ScentlessMayweed) Ulex gallii (WesternGorse) Ulex minor (DwarfGorse) Ulmus carpinifolia(Small-leavedElm) Ulmus glabra (Wych Elm) Ulmus minor (EnglishElm) Ulmus sp (Elm) Utriculariasp (Bladderwortsp) Verbascumsp (Mulleinsp) Veronicasp. (Speedwellspp) Vicia sp (Vetchsp) Viola reichenbachiana(Early Dog-violet) Viola riviniana(CommonDog-violet) Viola riviniana/reichenbachiana(Dog-violet) Viola sp. (Violetspp) Vulpia sp (Fescue)
268 recordsselected.
CATEGORY3 - NATURALIZED
NAME
Acer platanoides(NorwayMaple) Acer pseudoplatanus(Sycamore) Aegopodiumpodagraria(Ground-elder) Allium carinatum() Apera sp (SilkyBent) Armoraciarusticana(Horse-radish) Asarum europaeum(Asarabacca) Azolla filiculoides(Water Fern) Brassicanigra (Black Mustard) Buddlejadavidii (ButterflyTree) Cardariadraba (Hoary Cress, Hoary Pepperwort) Castaneasativa (Sweet Chestnut) Centranthusruber (Red Valerian) Conyza canadensis(CanadianFleabane) Cotoneastermicrophyllus(Small-leavedCotoneaster) Cymbalariamuralis (Ivy-leavedToadflax) Doronicumspp. (Leopard's-bane) Elodea canadensis(CanadianWaterweed) Elodea nuttallii () Elodea sp (Pondweedsp) Epilobiumciliatum (AmericanWillowherb) Epilobiumnerterioides(New ZealandWillowherb) Fagus sylvatica(Beech) Galega officinalis(Goat's-rue,French Lilar) Galinsogaciliata (ShaggySoldier) Galinsogaparviflora(GallantSoldier,Joey Hooker) Heracleummantegazzianum(GiantHogweed) Hesperismatronalis(Dame'sViolet) Impatienscapensis(OrangeBalsam) Impatiensglandulifera(IndianBalsam) Impatiensparviflora(Small Balsam) Larix spp. (Larch spp) Lathyruslatifolius(Everlasting-pea) Lathyrus tuberosus(TuberousPea) Linaria repens (Pale Toadflax) Lolium multiflorum(ItalianRye-grass) Lolium perenneX multiflorum(Rye-grasshybrid) Mahoniaaquifoilium(OregonGrape) Mahoniajaponica () Malva pusilla (SmallMallow) Medicagosativa (Lucerne) Melilotusaltissima (TallMelilot) Melilotussp (Melilotsp) Mentha spicata (SpearMint) Mimulus guttatus (Monkeyflower) Mimulus luteus (Blood-drop-emlets) Mimulus sp (Monkey flower sp) Montbretiasp () Montia perfoliata(Springbeauty) Montia sibirica (Pink Purslane) Myrrhis odorata (Sweet Cicely) Narcissuspseudonarcissus(Wild Daffodill) Narcissusspp. (Daffodilspp) Onobrychisviciifolia(Sainfoin) Onopordumacanthium (CottonThistle) Ornithogalumsp (Star-of-Bethlehemsp) Oxalis corymbosa() Papaverargemone (Long Prickly-headedPoppy) Papaver somniferum(OpiumPoppy) Papaver sp (Poppy sp) Pentaglottissempervirens(GreenAlkanet) Petasitesalbus (White Butterbur) Petroselinumcrispum (GardenParsley) Picea sitchensis(Sitka Spruce) Picea sp (Sprucesp) Pinus sylvestris(ScotsPine) Poa chaixii (Broad-leavedMeadow-grass) Prunus domestica (Wild Plum) Prunus laurocerasus(CherryLaurel) Quercus cerris (TurkeyOak) Reynoutriajaponica (JapaneseKnotweed) Rhododendronponticum (Rhododendron) Rhododendronspp. () Sambucusracemosa (Red-berriedElder) Saponariaofficinalis(Soapwort,BouncingBett) Saxifragaspathularis(LondonPride) Senecio squalidus(OxfordRagwort) Sinapisalba (White Mustard) Solidagocanadensis() Symphoricarpusalbus (Snowberry) Symphoricarpussp () Tanacetumparthenium(Feverfew) Tanacetumsp () Tolmiea menziesii () Trifoliumhybridum (AlsikeClover) Trifoliumincarnatum(CrismenClover) Vicia villosa (FodderVetch)
87 recordsselected.
CATEGORY4 - PLANTED
NAME
Abies alba (SilverFir) Abies sp (Fir sp) Acorus calamus (SweetFlag) Aesculushippocastanum(Horse-chestnut) Allium cepa (Onion) Berberissp () Beta vulgaris (SugarBeet) Brassicahirta (WhiteMustard)
A Brassicaoleracea (Cabbage) Brassicaoleracea (Kale) Brassicasp (Mustardsp) Buxus sempervirens(Box) Calendulaofficinalis() Chamaecyparislawsoniana(Lawson'sCypress) Cornus mas (CornelianCherry) Cultivatedflowers () Cupressussp (Cypresssp) Daucus carota (crop) (Carrot) Delphiniumsp () Fagopyrumesculentum(Buckwheat) Field bean 0 FragariaX ananassa (GardenStrawberry) Fuchsia magellanica(Hedge Fuchsia) Helianthusannuus (CommonSunflower) Helianthustuberosus(JerusalemArtichoke) Hordeum distichon (2-rowedBarley) Hordeum vulgare (Barley) Inula helenium (Elecampane) Juglans regia (Walnut) Kerria japonica () Laburnumanagyroides(Laburnum) Ligustrumovalifolium(GardenPrivet) Ligustrumsp (Privetsp) Lilium speciosum() Linum usitatissimum(Linseed,Flax) Lycopersiconesculentum() Malus domestica(Cultivatedapples) Millet (Millet) Picea abies (Norway Spruce) Pinus contorta (LodgepolePine) Pinus nigra (AustrianPine) Pinus sp (Pine sp) Pisum sativum (Garden/FieldPea) Populus nigra (Black Poplar) Populus sp (Poplarsp) Pseudotsugamenziesii (DouglasFir) Pseudotsugaspp. (Fir spp) Pyrus cultivar(Pear) Reseda phyteuma () Rheum sp () Rubus spectabilis() Secale cereale (Rye) Senecio smithii () Sequoiagiganteum (Wellingtonia) Solanum tuberosum(Pototo) Sorbus intermedia(SwedishWhitebeam) Syringavulgaris (Lilac) Tamarix spp. (Tamarisk) Thuja spp. (Cedar) Tilia hybrids (Lime hybrids) Triticumaestivum (Wheat) Tsuga heterophylla(WesternHemlock-spruce) Tulipa sp (Tulip) Vicia faba (Broad Bean) Zea mays (Maize)
65 recordsselected. CATEGORY5 - BRYOPHYTESAND NOVELITIES
NAME
Amblystegiumserpens (moss) Aneura pinguis () Aulacomniumandrogynum(Bud-headedThreadMoss) Barbulasp (Beard mosses) Bazzaniasp () Blindiaacuta (moss) Brachytheciumrivulare(moss) Calypogeiasp () Campyliumsp (moss) Cephaloziasp () Ceratodonsp (moss) Cetrariasp () Cirriphyllumsp (moss) Cladoniarangiformis(lichen) Climaciumdendroides(moss) Conocephaliumconium (Great scented liverwort) Corniculariaaculeata() Cratoneuroncommutatum(moss) Cratoneuronfilicinum(moss) Ctenidiummolluscum (Plumy crested feathermoss) Dicranellapalustris(moss) Dicranellasp (moss) Dicranumbonjeanii (moss) Diplophyllumalbicans(moss) Ditrichumsp (moss) Drepanocladusrevolvens(moss) Drepanocladusspp. (moss) Drepanocladusuncinatus(moss) Fissidenssp (Fork moss) Fontinalisantipyretica(Willowmoss) Fucus sp Fucus spiralis () Fucus vesiculosus() Funariahygrometrica(Commoncord moss) Grimmia sp (moss) Homalotheciumlutescens(moss) Hookerialucens (moss) Hypnum jutlandicum(moss) Hypogymniaphysodes (moss) Hypogymniasp (moss) Isopterygiumsp (moss) Isotheciummyosuroides(moss) Lunulariacruciata (Crescentcup liverwort) Mylia taylori () Myuriumhochstetteri(moss) Nardia scalaris () Neckera crispa (moss) Oligotrichumsp (moss) Pelvetiacanescens () Phascum cuspidatum(moss) Philonotisfontanum(Fountainapple moss) Plagiochilasp () Plagiomniumaffine (moss) Pleuroziapurpurea () Pognatumaloides (moss) Polytrichumalpestre (moss) Polytrichumalpinum (moss) Polytrichumjuniperinum(Juniper-leavedhairmoss) Polytrichumjuniperinum/piliferum(moss) Polytrichumpiliferum(Bristle-pointedhairmoss) Polytrichumsp (moss) Polytrichumurnigerum(moss) Pottia sp (moss) Ptilium crista-castrensis(Ostrich-plumefeathermoss) Ramalina sp () Rhynchostegiumripariodes(moss) Riccardiasp () Scapaniasp () Scorpidiumscorpiodes(moss) Splachnumsp (moss) Tetraphispellucida(moss) Thamnobryumalopecurum(Fox tail feathermoss) Tortula sp (Screw moss)
73 records selected. á