ICBS PROCEEDINGS AUTHORS ARROYO- JOAQUÍN CABRALES EILEEN JOHNSON GRAHAM W. RUSSELL ADRIÁN VÍCTOR PÉREZ- CRESPO JUNI 2016 -

U. - alleen de zwarte CRANIUM COYOACÁN, 04510 MÉXICO, 04510 MÉXICO, COYOACÁN, U. arctos; U. , mientras que el oso negro mientras que el oso negro , , 1990). et al. y otra aún no descrita, de las cuáles y otra aún no descrita, U. arctos U. die tegenwoordig nog in Zuid-Amerika die tegenwoordig que sobrevive en Sudamérica. Las tres Las tres en Sudamérica. que sobrevive Tremarctos now has a high extinction risk, along with the has a high extinction risk, now en verder een nog onbeschreven soort. Deze soort. een nog onbeschreven en verder includes all life forms living on Earth through time, from American The North microbes to higher vertebrate classes. subcontinent has a high biodiversity that constitutes a unique biogeographic realm, the Nearctic. Furthermore, some America, are named as countries, such as Mexico in North megadiverse because they contain within their borders at In some cases, like least 70% of the world species diversity. Mexico, at least 10% of described species are known from that country (McNeely Tremarctos Tremarctos ornatus Tremarctos Tremarctos ornatus Tremarctos Ursus maritimus , however, is increasing in some areas of its range. Extinction pat of its range. in some areas is increasing however, , (UN , and another undescribed, all of which are extinct but the Andean the extinct but all of which are and another undescribed, , ” , één brilbeer , , una de osos de anteojos , americanus . wordt het meest bedreigd, net als de Grizzly beer net als de Grizzly het meest bedreigd, wordt U Tremarctos Arctodus Arctodus INSTITUTO DE GEOLOGÍA, UNAM, CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, DEL. DEL. UNIVERSITARIA, CIUDAD UNAM, DE GEOLOGÍA, INSTITUTO LABORATORIO DE ARQUEOZOOLOGÍA, SUBDIRECCIÓN DE LABORATORIOS Y APOYO APOYO Y DE LABORATORIOS SUBDIRECCIÓN ARQUEOZOOLOGÍA, DE LABORATORIO the variability among living that presently lives in South America. Three ursine species are extant, but populations and extant, ursine species are Three America. in South lives that presently Ursus maritimus EARTH AND MINERAL SCIENCES MUSEUM, THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, STATE COLLAGE, PA PA COLLAGE, STATE UNIVERSITY, STATE THE PENNSYLVANIA AND MINERAL SCIENCES MUSEUM, EARTH The black bear MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY, BOX 43191, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-3191, USA, [email protected] USA, TX 79409-3191, LUBBOCK, 43191, BOX TECH UNIVERSITY, TEXAS MUSEUM OF vertoont in bepaalde delen van zijn verspreidingsgebied een toename in aantal. Patronen van Patronen een toename in aantal. vertoont in bepaalde delen van zijn verspreidingsgebied que se halla en gran riesgo de extinción, así como el oso gris de extinción, que se halla en gran riesgo arctos. . U tiene poblaciones que han aumentado en algunas regiones dentro de su distribución. Los patrones de patrones Los de su distribución. dentro en algunas regiones tiene poblaciones que han aumentado , one in the spectacled bear , U. americanus U. Tremarctos ornatus Tremarctos

One of the most outstanding contributions in the past 25 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992). Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity, complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity complexes of which they are within species, between species and of ecosystems organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, including, inter alia, terrestrial, all sources from organisms marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological years to biological studies is the proposal of the biodiversity That concept states “… concept. INTRODUCTION

uitsterven worden besproken met enkele voorbeelden van interactie tussen beren en mensen. van interactie tussen beren voorbeelden met enkele besproken uitsterven worden beer voorkomt. De subfamilie Ursinae kent momenteel drie soorten, maar het aantal en de verspreiding zijn sterk maar het aantal en de verspreiding soorten, momenteel drie De subfamilie Ursinae kent voorkomt. De ijsbeer afgenomen. zijn allen uitgestorven met uitzondering van de brilbeer bestaande uit twee subfamilies, Tremarctinae and Ursinae. De eerste bestond uit minstens vier soorten, waaronder waaronder minstens vier soorten, De eerste bestond uit and Ursinae. Tremarctinae subfamilies, bestaande uit twee in het geslacht kortsnuitbeer twee (Mammilia, Carnivora). In het Pleistoceen was deze familie vrij gevarieerd, maar in het Laat-Pleistoceen en familie vrij gevarieerd, In het Pleistoceen was deze Carnivora). (Mammilia, van Mexico, soorten in en ten noorden voor Er kwamen tenminste zeven Holoceen vertoont ze een sterk afname. Noord-Amerika bezat tijdens het Kwartair een grote biodiversiteit met onder meer de carnivore familie Ursidae met onder meer de carnivore biodiversiteit bezat tijdens het KwartairNoord-Amerika een grote Samenvatting extinción se revisan, con ejemplos de algunas interacciones humano-oso. extinción se revisan, americanus especies de ursinos aún existen, pero sus poblaciones y su amplitud distribucional ha disminuido, con el oso polar ha disminuido, sus poblaciones y su amplitud distribucional pero especies de ursinos aún existen, Ursus maritimus todas se extinguieron con excepción del oso andino todas se extinguieron el norte, incluyendo dos subfamilias, Tremarctinae y Ursinae. La primera tuvo al menos cuatro especies, incluyendo incluyendo especies, al menos cuatro La primera tuvo y Ursinae. Tremarctinae dos subfamilias, incluyendo el norte, del oso de cara corta dos dentro Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) que durante el Pleistoceno fue más variada, pero en el Pleistoceno Tardío y el Tardío en el Pleistoceno pero fue más variada, que durante el Pleistoceno Carnivora) Ursidae (Mammalia, Hubo al menos siete especies que se distribuían de México hacia de defaunación. un proceso atravesó Holoceno, Norteamérica tuvo una gran y variada biodiversidad durante el Cuaternario, incluyendo la familia de carnívoros la familia de carnívoros incluyendo durante el Cuaternario, una gran y variada biodiversidad Norteamérica tuvo Resumen terns are reviewed, with examples of some human-bear interactions. with examples of some human-bear reviewed, terns are distribution range have diminished. The polar bear diminished. distribution range have bear grizzly Arctodus bear families, Tremarctinae and Ursinae. The first one had at least four species, including two within the short-faced within including two bear four species, first one had at least The and Ursinae. Tremarctinae families, (Mammalia, Carnivora) that during the Pleistocene was quite varied, but by the Late Pleistocene into the Holocene, Holocene, the Late Pleistocene into the but by quite varied, that during the Pleistocene was Carnivora) (Mammalia, sub including two in Mexico and to the north, species occurred At least seven a defaunation process. into it went North America had a large and varied biodiversity during the Quaternary, including the carnivore family Ursidae family including the carnivore the Quaternary, during America had a large and varied biodiversity North Abstract CDMX, MEXICO,[email protected] CDMX, VÍCTOR ADRIÁN VÍCTOR PÉREZ-CRESPO 16802, USA, [email protected] USA, 16802, EILEEN JOHNSON GRAHAM W. RUSSELL ACADÉMICO, INAH, MONEDA # 16, COL. CENTRO, 06060 MÉXICO, CDMX, MEXICO, [email protected] MEXICO, CDMX, 06060 MÉXICO, CENTRO, COL. # 16, MONEDA INAH, ACADÉMICO, JOAQUÍN ARROYO-CABRALES JOAQUÍN PLEISTOCENE TO TO RECENT PLEISTOCENE

URSIDAE) DEFAUNATION FROM FROM DEFAUNATION URSIDAE) NORTH AMERICAN URSID (MAMMALIA: AMERICAN (MAMMALIA: URSID NORTH

] 50 [ ICBS PROCEEDINGS mass extinctionsofEarth’s history. Othersarenotconvinced. compared inbothrateandmagnitudewiththefiveprevious tinction, threats,andlocalpopulationdeclinesthathavebeen cene (Kidwell,2015). and Europeanhuman-companionfaunainthelatestHolo humans intothe Americas, extinction-drivenfaunalchanges, Biotic Interchange,LastGlacialMaximum,firstentryof vegetation. HistoricalfactorsincludetheGreat American factors includethehighlydiversetopography, climate,and due tobothgeophysicalandhistoricalfactors.Geophysical cies (Kurtén& Anderson, 1980). That patternmostlikelyis 2010), whileNorth America northofMexicohad297spe 44 families,and280species(Ferrusquía-Villafranca had aquitediverseQuaternaryfaunacomposedof13orders, in neargeologicaltimes,suchasthePleistocene.Mexico Figuur 1: van enrecenteberensoorten kwartaire metverspreiding van Noord-Amerika Kaarten speciesdistribution (b)ursid Figure 1: (a)andcurrent North mapsshowing Quaternary American [ three millionyears (Kurtén& Anderson, 1980)whereasthe Black bearshave beenknowninNorth America forthelast Ursus americanus with atleastfourextinctgenera(Fig. 1a, Table 1). Most ofthefossilrecordisassigned tothetremarctinebears discovered intheNorth American fossilrecord(Hunt,1998). bears representonlyafractionof thediversitythathasbeen and thefourthinNorth America. The threelivingursine extinct now. The thirdonestillsurvives inSouth America enna &Bell,1997),arequitediverseinthe Tertiary andare 1998). The firsttwo,nowraisedtothefamilylevel(McK Tremarctinae, andUrsinae(McLellan&Reiner, 1994;Hunt, Americas, thesebeing Amphicynodontinae, Hemicyoninae, Late Pleistocene.Inthepast,foursubfamiliesinhabited the present,withperhapsitsgreatestdiversityduring in North America fromtheLateEocene(Chadronian)to QUATERNARY BEARFAUNA for the Americas, theursids. hypothesis. Here,evidenceisreviewedforonesuchgroup plaining LatePleistoceneextinctions,especiallytheoverkill 2014). This claimaddstotheanthropological modelsforex groups andregionsbeingparticularlyaffected (Dirzo the extinctioneventsalsoareselective,withsometaxonomic “sixth extinctionwave”extendacrosstaxonomicgroups,but Similar toothermassextinctionevents,theeffects ofthis 52 a In thepast500years,humanshavetriggeredawaveofex That samepatternmayhaveoccurredinthepast,atleast North American speciestodayincludetheblackbear, The FamilyUrsidae(Mammalia,Carnivora)hasoccurred ]

, andtheGrizzly orbrownbear, U . et al. et al. arctos - - - , , - . - Tabel 1: Taxonomie beren kwartaire van deNoord-Amerikaanse Table 1: Taxonomy Bears oftheNorth Quaternary American most likelyduringthe Younger DryasChronozone; Ander (sometime intheLatePleistocenetoearlyHolocene,i.e., distribution, andonlyrecentlyappearedinNorth America 1994). The polarbear, 100 ka(Kurtén& Anderson, 1980;McLellan&Reiner, brown bearimmigratedtoNorth America sometimeafter Rojas-Martínez &Juárez-Casillas,2013). A LatePleistocene of Hidalgo,tothenortheastMexicoCity(Hall,1981; and 12statesofnorthernMexico,asfarsouththeState states (withoccasionalsightingsinatleastthreeothers), Edward Island(wheretheywereextirpatedin1937),41U.S. occupy allprovincesandterritoriesofCanada,exceptPrince States, andinMexico. American blackbearspresently of itsformerrange,especiallyintheMidwestUnited species, nevertheless,hasbeenextirpatedfromlarge parts in recentyears(Pelton overexploitation, theiroccupiedrangehasbeenexpanding their historicrangebecauseofhabitatlossandintentional ico. Although theywereextirpatedfromlarge portionsof Canada, theUnitedStates,andnorthernhalfofMex & Bell,1997). the polarbearasmonotypicgenus son, 1984; Vincent, 1989)(Fig.1b).Someauthorsrecognize b American blackbearsarefoundthroughoutmuchof Family Ursidae Subfamily Ursinae Subfamily Tremarctinae(extinct) Unnamed tremarctine Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos Ursus americanus Tremarctos floridanus Arctodus simus Arctodus pristinus U. maritimus et al. , 1999; Williamson,, 2002). The Linnaeus,1758 (Cope,1879) , hasacircumpolar Phipps,1774 Pallas,1780 Leidy, 1854 Thalarctos (Gidley, 1928) (McKenna - - CRANIUM

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JUNI 2016 SERGIO DE LA ROSA LA DE SERGIO SERGIO DE LA ROSA LA DE SERGIO - - - - , 1999; et al. CRANIUM of Europe (excluding of the northwestern 2 2 , 2008). Although some oc , 2008). et al. , 2000). Extirpation from east of the Missis et al. Polar bears live throughout the ice-covered waters of the tion (Graham & Lundelius, 1994). During the 20th century, tion (Graham & Lundelius, 1994). During the 20th century, portion brown bears are extirpated from Mexico and a large of the southwestern U.S. (Brown, 1985; Mattson & Merrill, America are known from the 2002). Fossil records in North Late Pleistocene (post 25,000 radiocarbon years BP) into the Anderson, 1980). Holocene (Kurtén & Arctic, and their range is limited by the southern circumpolar extent of sea ice (Schliebe Arctic cur in the permanent multi-year pack ice of the central basin, they are most common in the annual ice over the the Middle East, and even across north Africa. It presently the Middle East, and even across north occupies approximately 5,000,000 km America, 800,000 km portion of North numbers The largest Asia. Russia), and much of northern (Alaska), and Canada. Many popula exist in Russia, USA Asia and tions in Europe, and the more southerly portions of America are small and isolated (Servheen North Swenson sippi River occurs during the Pleistocene-Holocene transi - - - , Álvarez , 1990). The species is endemic , 1990). et al. The brown bear is the most widely distributed ursid b a communication 2009). It ranged throughout Europe, Asia, communication 2009). It ranged throughout Europe, ballos & Oliva, 2005). An archaeological record places it in ballos & Oliva, 2005). northern Jalisco during the Holocene (O. J. Polaco, personal range, it once ranged across a large portion of North Ameri portion of North range, it once ranged across a large ca, including northern Mexico, south to central Durango (Ce globally. Now greatly restricted from its former distribution globally. and perhaps throughout the Holocene (Graham, 1991). delius, 1994; McLellan & Reiner, 1994). A major body size A 1994). delius, 1994; McLellan & Reiner, reduction in black bears occurs at the end of the Pleistocene Holocene (Kurtén and Anderson, 1980), and black bears are Holocene (Kurtén and the most common of the Pleistocene bears (Graham & Lun geographically (Williamson, 2002).Fossil records in North geographically (Williamson, America are known from the Middle Pleistocene into the three countries. During the past two decades, most American three countries. During the past two decades, most black bear populations have grown both numerically and Rabón, Oaxaca (Bitterli America and never has ranged outside of these to North record comes from Tlapacoya, State of Mexico ( record comes from 1969), and a southernmost record was reported from Cerro Figure 2: North American Quaternary Ursidae: (a) Pleistocene; (b) Holocene American Quaternary North (a) Pleistocene; Ursidae: Figure 2: (b) Holoceen (a) Pleistoceen; Noord-Amerikaanse kwartaire beren: Figuur 2:

] 52 [ ICBS PROCEEDINGS long-legged, short-bodiedanimalwithashortfaceandbroad time, eachweighingaround350kg. two speciesprobablywerethelargest carnivoresattheir from southtocentralMexico(Ferrusqu Late Pleistocene;1.8myto11ky). Bothspecieswereknown cene; 2.6to0.5my)and species, Pleistocene), andtheshort-facedbear bear, American tremarctinesincludedthePleistocenespectacled uted Ursinae(Ailuropodinaewasnotrepresented).North ican-endemic Tremarctinae andtheworld-widedistrib tives fromtwoofthethreeknownsubfamilies, Amer ( of Canada(Anderson,1984; Vincent, 1989). cord fromBailleeIslandinthewesternNorthwest Territories is primarilyaHoloceneone,withverylatePleistocenere American fossilremainsareveryrareandthespottyrecord fat reservesuntilfreeze-up(Schliebe are forcedtospendseveralmonthsonlandfastingstored where theseaicemeltscompletelyeachsummer, polarbears sea iceareabletohuntthroughouttheyear. Inthoseareas the polarbasin.Polarbearsthathavecontinuousaccessto continental shelfandinter-island archipelagosthatsurround [ al. groundwater underneath) in Yucatan Peninsula (Chatters the collapseofa dolineorlimestonebedrockthat exposes Negro cenote recently, bearspecimenshavebeenrecordedfrom Hoyo of itsdistributionattheveryend ofthePleistocene.More (Czaplewski Tremarctos floridanus back molars(Anderson,1984). a generalreductionofthepremolarsandelongation larger sizeandheavierproportions,withatendencytowards species isdistinguishedfromtheextantbymuch and Central America lacking thissubfamily. The extinct spectacled bear, Kurtén &Anderson, 1980). Today, have surviveduntil the early Holocene (Devil´s Den,Florida; extinct attheendofPleistocene. al. scavenger withameatdietfromdiversespecies(Matheus Stable isotopicevidence,however, indicateditwasmorea Pleistocene (Kurtén& Anderson, 1980; Anderson, 1984). predator, beingthemostpowerfulpredatorof American spectacled bears. nantly carnivorousincontrasttotheomnivoroushabitsof Anderson, 1984). with amoreelongatedface(Kurtén& Anderson, 1980; muzzle, while 54 sensu stricto In regardtotheNorth American QuaternaryUrsidae A juvenileskeletonofaspectacledbear, identifiedas Tremarctos floridanus , 2014). Although initiallyreferredtothegenus , 2003;Pérez-Crespo ]

Tremarctos floridanus A . pristinus et al.

), arichbearfaunawasformedbyrepresenta (a deepnaturalpit,orsinkhole,resulting from A . T. ornatus pristinus Arctodus simus Arctodus, , 2003). The recordpointstoanarrowing (known fromEarlytoMiddlePleisto , comesfromCebadaCave,Belize A et al. wasawidespreadspeciesthatmay . wassmaller, hadshorterlimbs, , inSouth America, leavingNorth simus (knownfromEarlytoLate likethepolarbear, wasdomi , thisvolume). (knownfromMiddleto was consideredanactive Tremarctos Arctodus simus et al. Arctodus ía

et al. , 2008).North Arctodus survives as the , 2010). These , withtwo Tremarc wasa went - - et - - et - - - size shiftsmaybeduetoseveralfactors. These factors from theSouth American Andean region. Currently, thissubfamilyisrepresentedbyauniquespecies 3). The extinctspeciesareinthesubfamily Tremarctinae. Ursinae, andconsideredendangeredorthreatened(Figure three areextant(Figure2b). These threeareinthesubfamily American Pleistocene(Figure2a),whilepresentlyonly 2015). taxonomical position(B.Schubert,personalcommunication, tos focused onintact freshlongbones(Johnson,1985). Various technique (dynamic fracturing)asthefracturing method, technology. This technology employsahighvelocityimpact Bement, 2009). found one,scavengedbypeople (Johnson, 1987;Johnson& that thecarcasswasstiff. The carcassmost likelywasa marks indicatesomeresistancein thetissuesandsuggest us indicatedisarticulation. The wide,deep,multiple-stroke ing. Prymarksontheproximalarticularsurfaceofradi wide, deep,multiple-stroke)ontheradiusindicatedeflesh indicate skinning.Cutmarks(narrow, single-strokeand marks. Cutmarks(narrow, single-stroke)onthemetacarpals category andconsistofprymarkstwotypescut uses ofthebearcarcass.Butcherymarkscomposefirst categories ofhumanmodificationthatindicateverydifferent (Johnson, 1987). The short-facedbearremainsexhibittwo (Clovis culture)isdatedat11,100 radiocarbon yearsBP from whichshort-facedbear( site iswell-stratified,andtheLatePleistoceneactivityarea within theupperBrazosRiverbasin. This multi-component ern HighPlainsofwestern Texas inanow drystreamvalley during theLatePleistocene.LubbockLakeisonSouth documented attheLubbockLakeLandmark(Texas, USA) ciation withearlyhumanremains(Chatters Peninsula, andinparticularHoyoNegro,hasapossibleasso tremarctinae bearforsomecenotesarefoundinthe Yucatan (Tlapacoya, StateofMexico; appear tobeassociatedwithearlypeoplesincentralMexico Late Pleistocenepeoples.InMexico,blackbearremains HUMAN UTILIZATION survived tothepresent. Despite thesefactors,bearsfromthesubfamilyUrsinaehave and competitionwithearlypeoplesforfoodresources. ishing ofnutritionalqualityplantsduringclimatechange, include thedepletioninnumberoflarge herbivores,dimin The extinctionandextirpationofspeciesaswellbody Overall, atleastsevenbearspeciesoccurintheNorth The secondcategoryisthatoffracture-based utilitarian More directinteractionbetweenearlypeoplesandbearsis Few recordsareavailableforthepossibleuseofbearby , furtherstudyiswarrantedtodeterminetheircorrect in Noord-Amerika Figuur 3: verdwijningvan Kwartaire beerachtigen America North in defaunation ofUrsidae Figure 3: Quaternary Álvarez Arctodus simus , 1969).Recordsof et al., ) remainscame 2014). - - - - - CRANIUM

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, - (Ed.) Caribbean Science 345 . University of , 157-235. Mamíferos silvestres silvestres Mamíferos CRANIUM , 53-104. . Princeton University Speleo Projects, Basel, Quaternary A Extinctions. . in: Jones, J.K. Jr. . in: Jones, J.K. Jr. Beamers, bobwhites, and Murray Springs. A Clovis Murray Springs. , 750-754. , 237–250. Texas A&M University Press, College Texas The grizzly in the Southwest , 40-89. , 23-33. Lubbock Lake Late Quaternary Studies on Carnivores of the World Carnivores The Mammals of North America. Volume II. America. Volume The Mammals of North 93-112. Science 344 Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Mammals of North Evolution of Tertiary Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers 25(2), Quaternary International 217 . Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la . Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso Miscellaneous Publications, University of Kansas Museum of Miscellaneous Publications,

Hunt, R.M. Jr. (1998) 10 Ursidae. in: Janis, C,M., K.M. Scott, Hunt, R.M. Jr. L. (2011) Hunter, Johnson, E. (1985) Current developments in bone technology. Johnson, E. (1987) Johnson, E. (1990) Human-modified bones from early Southern Chatters, J.C., D.J. Kennett, Y. Asmerom, B.M. Kemp, V. Polyak, V. B.M. Kemp, Asmerom, Y. Chatters, J.C., D.J. Kennett, Quaternary Miller (2003) Late T.E. Czaplewski, N.J., J. Krejca, M. Galetti, G. Ceballos, N.J.B. Isaac, Young, Dirzo, R., S.H.S. Arroyo-Cabrales, E. Martínez- I., J. Ferrusquía-Villafranca, American in the size of North Variability (1991) Graham, R.W. Database A (1994) FAUNMAP: E.L. Lundelius Jr. Graham, R.W., Hall, E.R. (1981) B.B. Huckell (2007) Jr., Haynes, C.V. Data utilized for this research are from two main projects, from two main projects, for this research are Data utilized Tlapacoya, de mamíferos de (1969) Restos fósiles T. Álvarez, Who´s who in the Pleistocene: a mammalian Anderson, E. (1984) Rouiller (1990) Jeannin, K. Meyers and P. P.-Y. T., Bitterli, Brown, D.E. (1985) Ceballos, G., G. Oliva (Coordinators) (2005) University of Arizona Press, Tuscon. Arizona Press, University of L.L. Jacobs (Eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 174-195. Press, Princeton. Method and Theory 8 Archaeological Advances in the Southern High Plains. Station. A. Nava Blank, P.A. Beddows, E. Reinhardt, J. Arroyo-Cabrales, Beddows, E. Reinhardt, J. A. Nava Blank, P.A. Luna Erreguerena, D. D.A. Bolnick, R.S. Malhi, B.J. Culleton, P. (2014) Late Pleistocene Jr. Stafford T.W. Rissolo, S. Morell-Hart, Link Paleoamericans and Modern Human Skeleton and mtDNA Americans. Native Belize. bats from Cebada Cave, Chiquibul Cave System, Journal of Science 39 Anthropocene. B. Collen (2014) Defaunation in the 401-406. Hernández, J. Gama-Castro, J. Ruiz-González, O.J. Polaco, E. critical review A Johnson (2010) Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeograph ic provinciality. Quaternary black bears (Ursus americanus) with the description in: Purdue, Virginia. Cave, of a fossil black bear from Bill Neff Styles (Eds.) Klippeland B.W. W.E. J.R., Parmalee. Illinois State W. of Paul blue-points: tributes to the career Museum Scientific Papers 23 Documenting Late Quaternary Distributions of Mammal Species in the United States. 1-690. York. & Sons, New Wiley John Arizona. Valley, in the San Pedro Areas Activity Site with Multiple FAUNMAP and Mexican Mammal Quaternary Database Quaternary Database and Mexican Mammal FAUNMAP Rosa de la and Sergio Aguilar G-012). Felisa (CONABIO reconstructions, respec the maps and bear kindly provided were kindly traveling to the conference Funds for tively. Uni Tech Texas her Eileen Johnson through provided by This manuscript research fund. versity Horn Professorship ongoing Lubbock Lake Landmark represents part of the Quaternary grassland and ecological regional research into Museum Americas under the auspices of the changes in the University. Tech of Texas CITED LITERATURE Estado de México (Pleistoceno-Reciente) E. Raymond A volume honoring Prof. Contributions in Mammalogy. Hall Natural History 51, R.G. Klein (eds) in: Martin, P.S., bestiary. Revolution Prehistoric Rabón, Mexico, 1985-1989. Cerro Proyecto Switzerland. Oklahoma Press, Norman. de México México. Biodiversidad and Fondo de Cultura Económica, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ------) are or Mammuthus Arctodus ) procurement , 1996). Arctodus simus Arctodus et al. ) at Lehner Ranch (Arizo Bison antiquus Ursus americanus ) and ancient bison (

In general, late Pleistocene humans and the more carniv Native Americans increasingly utilized black bears Native Currently, the only other known human-bear interaction is the only other Currently, The fracture characteristics exhibited by the bear’s radius exhibited by the bear’s The fracture characteristics occasionally. That occasional activity, however, would not however, That occasional activity, occasionally. have had an impact on bear populations. Pleistocene, particularly with bears the size of but hunting or scavenging carcasses did occur the black bear, megacarnivore. Both bears would have been dangerous prey. megacarnivore. Both bears would have been dangerous prey. Bear hunting may not have been common during the late larger than their modern counterpart and could be consid larger is a however, carnivore. Short-faced bear, ered a very large ly weigh between 57-250 kg and adult females between Late Pleistocene black bears are 2011). 41-170 kg (Hunter, between 350 to 375 kg and adult females between 150-270 kg (Kurtén, 1967). Modern adult male black bears typical for creating expedient butchering tools. Estimated weight ranges for adult male short-faced bears ( direct conflict. Furthermore, people also ate short-faced bear and black bear and utilized bones of the short-faced bear animals. The timing of carcass utilization or scavenging, animals. to avoid most likely would have been different however, orous bears may have been competitors for the same game CONCLUDING REMARKS population. Euro-American settlement that brought habitat loss and hunt Euro-American settlement that brought habitat and overall ing pressures to dramatically reduce their range 2011). Despite this increased usage, black bears thrived 2011). in the form of throughout their range. Human impact came during the Holocene, particularly in the late Holocene upper during the Holocene, particularly in the late cultures (Styles, Midwest, e.g., Hopewell and Mississippian charcoal from the surrounding occupation surface average charcoal from the surrounding occupation surface (Taylor 10,940 radiocarbon years BP 3-month old bear cub come from a roasting pit. The context pit. 3-month old bear cub come from a roasting 1977:51). Dated suggests the bear cub was eaten (Saunders, (Haynes & Huckell 2007). Lehner Ranch is a Clovis-age (Haynes & Huckell 2007). Lehner Ranch is areas. Partially calcined teeth of a activity site with different this valley, primarily with a focus on mammoth ( primarily with a focus this valley, columbi the San Pedro River Valley, along Curry Draw that is one of along Valley, the San Pedro River in found are sites known Clovis-age Numerous tributaries. its for black bear ( Arizona within na, USA). Lehner Ranch is in southeastern for tool production), much the same as they viewed mam for tool production), much the same as they moth carcasses at this time (Johnson, 2005). two dead. People viewed the carcass in terms of subsistence two dead. People viewed resource (meat procurement) and technology (raw material a found, stiffened carcass of perhaps no more than a day or carcass of perhaps no a found, stiffened indicated the bone was fractured while fresh. The bear fractured while fresh. indicated the bone was a human scavenging event of remains, then, may represent edge rounding, and striae of the microsurface on the apex edge rounding, and striae (Johnson, 1990). and rounded surfaces all along the apex. Scanning electron and rounded surfaces the localized wear polishing, microscopy analysis confirms being the apex of the helical fracture. Use-wear evidence is being the apex of the polish, and worn flaking, differential a combination of edge a helical fracture surface. Without further modification, the further modification, Without surface. a helical fracture as a butchering tool, the tool bit proximal radius was used Lake Landmark. Dynamic fracturing of the radius created of the radius created Dynamic fracturing Lake Landmark. each exhibiting portions (distal and proximal), two major ing and bone expediency tools. Expedient tool use was the tool use was expediency tools. Expedient ing and bone radius at the Lubbock the short-faced bear objective with ing on the animal-size group. For large to medium sized sized to medium For large group. the animal-size ing on paths are marrow process the major production ungulates, production paths can be taken using this technique depend technique using this can be taken paths production

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