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National Conference on Synergetic Trends in and (STET-2014) International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research ISSN: 2321-0869, Special Issue Nano- – ―A Hope for Future‖

SmritiMathur, Anshul Agarwal

 exist to serve their creators (perhaps in the form of the Abstract— A nano- is a tiny designed to cooking and cleaning Rosie in the popular cartoon perform a specific task or tasks repeatedly and with precisions series theJetsons); to the Rover Sojourner, which explored at nanoscale dimensions, that is, dimensions of a few nanometers -9 the Martian landscape as part of the Mars Pathfinder or less, where 1nm = 10 meter. Nano-robotics is a mission. Some people may alternatively perceive as synchronization of mechanical , electrical and dangerous technological ventures that will someday lead to branch. Nanoscale systems can operate much faster than their counterparts because displacements are smaller, this allows the demise of the race, either by outsmarting or mechanical and electrical events to occur in less time. outmuscling us and taking over the world, or by turning us Nano-robots might function at the atomic or molecular level to into completely technology-dependent beings who passively build devices, or circuits, a process known as sit by and program robots to do all of our . In fact, the molecular . Nano-robotics technology can change first use of the word "robot" occurred in a play about entire industry and society. Here we propose theoretical survey mechanical men that are built to work on factory assembly of nano-robotics technology. lines and that rebel against their human masters. These machines in R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), written by Czech playwright Karl Capek in 1921, got their name from Index Terms— nano-robot, nanoscale, nanometers the Czech word for slave. The word "robotics" was also coined by a I. INTRODUCTION writer. Russian-born American science-fiction writer Isaac A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, basically a Asimov first used the word in 1942 in his short story man-machine interface that is guided by a computer "Runabout." Asimov had a much brighter and more program or electroniccircuitry. optimistic opinion of the robot's role in human society than Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the did Capek. He generally characterized the robots in his short design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as stories as helpful servants of man and viewed robots as "a well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, better, cleaner race." Asimov also proposed three "Laws of and information processing. Today, robotics is a rapidly Robotics" that his robots, as well as sci-fi robotic characters growing field, as technological advances continue, research, of many other stories, followed: design, and building new robots serve various practical Law One purposes, whether domestically or militarily. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to allow a human being to come to harm. the scale of a (10-9metres).More specifically, nanorobotics refers to the still largely theoretical Law Two engineering discipline of designing and A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except building nanorobots.Nanorobots (nanobots or nanoids) are where such orders would conflict with the First Law. constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.As no artificial non-biological nanorobots have so far been created, Law Three they remain a hypothetical concept at this time.Another A robot must protect its own existence as long as such definition sometimes used is a robot which allows precision protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. interactions with nanoscale objects, or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution.Following this definition even a large apparatus such as an atomic can be III. NANO-TECHNOLOGY considered a nanorobotic instrument when configured to Just as the industrial revolution ushered our way into the perform nanomanipulation. world we know today, nanotechnology will soon change our Also, macroscale robots or microrobots which can move with world beyond comprehension. It is predicted to cure all nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots. current types of illness, even aging. It will lead to massive improvements in battery and , ending our dependence on the ‘s gas, coal, and oil resources. will create that are billions of II. ORIGINS OF "ROBOT" AND "ROBOTICS" times more powerful than the ones we have today. Many many The word "robot" conjures up a variety of images, from R2D2 more innovative examples exist; literally everything you and C3PO of Star Wars fame; to human-like machines that know will be dramatically enhanced by nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is sometimes referred to as a general-purpose technology. That's because in its advanced Smriti Mathur, Anand Engineering College, Agra form it will have significant impact on almost all industries Anshul Agarwal, Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Agra and all areas of society. It will offer better built, longer lasting, College, Agra. cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the home, for www.eshancollege.com 171 www.erpublication.org

Nano-Robotics – ―A Hope for Future‖ , for , for transportation, B. PRACTICAL APPROACH OF NANO-ROBOTICS for agriculture, and for industry in general. Like electricity or The use of practical nanorobots for health care and computers before it, nanotech will offer greatly improved instrumentation is an emerging technology considered as an efficiency in almost every facet of . But as a advanced product currently in development to reach the general-purpose technology, it will be dual-use, meaning it marketplace in the coming years with potentially broad will have many commercial uses and it also will have many biomedical applications. The ongoing developments of military uses—making far more powerful weapons and tools molecular-scale , and motors are predicted of surveillance. Thus it represents not only to enable microscopic robots with dimensions comparable to wonderful benefits for humanity, but also gave risks.A key . Recent developments on the field of biomolecular understanding of nanotechnology is that it offers not just computing and circuitry have demonstrated better products, but a vastly improved manufacturing process. positively the feasibility of processing logic tasks by A computer can make copies of data files—essentially as bio-computers, which are promising steps to enable many copies as you want at little or no cost. It may be only a nanoprocessors with increasingly complexity. Studies in the matter of time until the building of products becomes as cheap sense of building biosensors and nano-kinetic devices, which as the copying of files. That's the real meaning of is required to enable practical nanorobot operation and nanotechnology, and why it is sometimes seen as "the next locomotion, have been advanced recently too. Moreover, industrial revolution." classical objections related to the real feasibility of A. NANO ROBOTICS THEORY nanotechnology, such as , thermal motions and friction, have been considered and resolved and According to , it was his former graduate discussions about the manufacturing of nanodevises is student and collaborator Albert Hibbswho originally growing up. Developing nanoscale robots presents difficult suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a medical use for fabrication and control challenges. The development of Feynman's theoretical micromachines .Hibbs suggested that complex integrated nanosystems and manufacturing of certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to devices with high performance can be well investigated and the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman addressed via computer aided manufacturing analysis, put it) "swallow the doctor". The idea was incorporated into helping pave the way for future use of nanorobots in Feynman's 1959 essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. problems. C. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NANO-ROBOTICS Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work Reports indicate the US military has poured huge sums of together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. money into surveillance drone miniaturization and is These nanorobot swarms, both those incapable of developing micro aircraft which now come in a swarm of replication (as in ) and those capable of bug-sized flying spies.According to various internet sources, unconstrained replication in the natural environment, are a team of researchers at the Johns Hopkins in found in many stories, such as conjunction with the US Air Force Office of Scientific theBorognanoprobes in and The Outer Limits Research at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Arlington, episode The New Breed. Virginia, is helping develop what they are calling a micro aerial (MAV) that will undertake various espionage Some proponents of nanorobotics, in to the grey tasks. goo scenarios that they earlier helped to propagate, hold the As early as in 2007, the US government was accused of view that nanorobots capable of replication outside of a secretly developing robotic insect spies when anti-war restricted factory environment do not form a necessary part of protesters in the saw some flying objects similar a purported productive nanotechnology, and that the process to dragonflies or little helicopters hovering above them. The of self-replication, if it were to be developed, could be US is not alone in miniaturizing drones that imitate nature: made inherently safe. They further assert that their current , the Netherlands and Israel are also developing similar plans for developing and using molecular manufacturing do devices. The robotic insect can effortlessly infiltrate urban not in fact include free-foraging replicators. areas, where dense concentrations of buildings and people, along with unpredictable winds and other obstacles make it A practical approach with advanced computer aided impractical. It can be controlled from a great distance and is manufacturing analysis is presented for the problem of equipped with a camera and a built-in nanorobot assembly and instrumentation. The microphone.Meanwhile, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) prototyping development concentrates its main focus on has produced a butterfly-shaped drone, weighing just 20 practical experimental nanorobot hardware manufacturing grams, which can gather intelligence inside buildings. Also design and for intelligent pathological sensing mosquito robot use its super-micron sized needle to take DNA and manipulation. Medical nanodevices provide a suitable samples and fly off again at speed. All people feel is the pain way to enable the clinical treatment of patients with chronic of a mosquito bite without the burning sensation and the diseases. Hence, the detailed projects use inside body 3D real swelling of course, it can also inject a micro radio frequency time visualization and hardware verification techniques, identification (RFID) tracking device right under skin, and addressing key aspects required to achieve successful can be used to inject toxins into enemies during wars. In integrated nanoelectronics product implementation. January 5, 2014 South Korean scientists claimed that they have developed the world's first nanorobot that can selectively target and help treat . The robot is guided through the

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National Conference on Synergetic Trends in engineering and Technology (STET-2014) International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research ISSN: 2321-0869, Special Issue body by genetically engineered bacteria to a tumor where it [8] Jump up^ Apply nanotech to up industrial, agri output, The Daily releases its of cancer fighting drugs. Star (Bangladesh), 17 April 2012. [9] Cerofolini, G., Amato, P., Masserini, M., Mauri, G. (2010). "A IV. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF Surveillance System for Early-Stage Diagnosis of Endogenous Diseases NANO-ROBOTICS by Swarms of Nanobots". Advanced Science Letters 3 (4): 345–352. doi :10.1166/asl.2010.1138. The advantages of nano robots are that nanorobots might [10] Jump up^ Yarin, A. L. (2010). "Nanofibers, nanofluidics, function at the atomic or molecular level to build devices , and nanobots for drug and protein delivery machines or circuits, a process known as molecular systems". 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