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Narrative, Conflict & Change

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Narrative, Conflict & Change t1R H,1 L I BRRF.:'( Cell 1011 9501 111111 ~ I "1111 " J Narrative, conflict &change . Journalism in the New South Alrica lesley JFordred '/ Thesis presented for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ;'1 the Department of Social Anthropology, UN1VERSITY OF CAPE TOWN " January 1999 University of Cape Town Supervisors Prof. Pamela Revnolds University of Cape Town Prof. DaVid COilian University of the Witwatersrand The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town J 'Stories are the secret reservoir of values: change the stories individuals and nations live by and tell themselves, and you change the individuals and nations.' Ben Okri I} (1997:112) Abstract J Narrative. Conflict and Change: Journalism in the New South'Africa investigates the idea that narrative and reality do not have a mimetic relationship but that news texts take their shape and ~ structure from prior cultural forms. Developing this point, the study argues that news- gathering practices are embedded in a common sense of the moment that is radically shaped by prevailing currents of power. Opening with the observation that current dis~utes about the media and democracy in South AfHca have been constrained by a narrow economism, the work sets out to broaden the scope of the debate by identifYing news texts as more than informational artefacts but as narratives that reproduce and generate processes of making meaning and claiming identity in society, The study holds that polemic about the media's objectivity (or Jack of it) and intentionality (to support white capital or black development) have taken on .an exaggerated importance, News texts, it is argued, are cultural products that are formed in established practices and take their significance from metanarratives that have a long prior history; moreover, subjects of news stories easily communicate 'this dominant discursive consciousness to journalists. Narrative'is not, however, of necessity the province of dominant consciousness; indeed, the need to make sense of the contr~dictions between practical consciousness and dominant narratives constitutes a major source ofcreativity and agency for journalists and news audiences alike. The work comprises six theme-driven studies that develop an understanding of the relationship between narrative products and established journalistic practices. Throughout, attention is paid to journalistic agency, in the belief that news media are not homogeneous, Innovative practices highlight areas in which media is beginning to transform, and the pitfalls that attend such efforts. Grounded in ethnographic research and textual analysis, the chapters incorporate ethnographic material from a four-month period of research at the Natal Witness, in the city of Pietermaritzburg, South AfHca, as well as material from other newspapers in South Mrica and iii material provided by the writer's experience as a freelance journalist. Findings . Studies of the journalism of violent events in KwaZulu-Natal and on the East Rand demonstrate that newsroom practices encourage the reproduction of prior metanarratives of social schisms, even where those narratives may be radically inappropriate and counter to available evidence. The work argues that constraints placed on media during the State of .Emergency years created structures of practice that took on a life ,of their own, inevitably reproducing the discursive structures that governed riews texts generated by the apartheid regime. The case is made that 'the body-count story' constitutes a genre of news that is rooted in discursive structures. Chapters three and four draw attention to resistance and transformation within the newsroom over the election period and the first few months of Mandel a's government. It is argued that struggles over the cultural politics of news take the form of struggles over metanarratives of identities and the meaning of nationhood. This is most apparent in the work ofjournalist Khaba Mkhize, whose innovative approaches and unorthodoxies have seeded different practices, and alternative metanarratives. The fifth chapter, on the storying of the crisis in Matatiele, focuses on the reportage of a conflict over the transformation of a small town. It demonstrates that media narratives of the event were shaped not by the strategised bias of a cabal, but by newsgathering practices that privileged the ideas of those who were resisting change - thus, journalistic practices made reportage a tool of one set of players in a conflict. The Matatiele story raises questions about the role ofjournalists in times of transition and conflict. Presence and a~senceJ chapter six~ suggests that the ideology of objectivity encourages an approach to people and events that is premised in the notion of absence - that is, the idea that a journalist ought to eliminate any feelings of personal commitment to or responsibility for the people and events she or he writes abqut. This study demonstrates that the practical . experience of many journalists is not one of spectatorship ( or absence) but participation in the events on which they report: reflecting an ethic in which news is understood to be part of the communicative processes in society. The final chapter reflects on the challenges of realist narrative in a multicultural, f conflicted environment. This work demonstrates that many journalists regard narrative as iv either mimetic or untrue.· The material concludes an argument that journalists urgently require an understanding of narrative as a communicative device; that it is possible to write realist narrative without falling into the traps of cultural chauvinism. J .. '.-~ v Acknowledgements J , This work owes an intellectual and conceptual debt to Hannes Siebert and Melissa Baumann of . the Media Peace Centre, whose work as media producers challenges conventional thinking • about media, conflict and social transformation. Others to whom I am indebted include Khaba Mkhize; Raj Thamotheram of Action Aid; Gordon Adam and Lori Hieber of the Radio Partnership; Fiona Lloyd; Mandla Langa; Sheldon Himelfarb and Jonathan Deull of Common Ground Productions; Mark Kaplan and Jane Taylor w~~ worked with me on the Medi~, Truth and Reconciliation Workshop; Ron Kraybill (formerly of the Centre for Conflict Resolution at UCT), Caesar Molebatsi of the Media Peace Centre, and Doug Stone of the Conflict Management Group (CMG) in Boston. lowe a great deal to my seniors and colleagues at the Department of Social Anthropology, UCT: particularly supervisors David Coplan (now ~t Witwatersrand) and Pamela Reynolds; and fellow graduate students Sally Frankental, Fiona Ross, Patti Henderson and Stuart Sholto-Douglas. Inspiration along the way came via Steve Martin, David Bunn, Robert Thornton, George Marcus, Cheryl Uys, Gabeba Baderoon, Andre Wiessner, and Steve Robins. John and Jean Comaroff offered some valued advice on the Tokoloshe chapter for which I am grateful. Sixteen Wesley Street was a great place to stop, reflect and write with i others who were thinking through similar issues: Lauren Muller, Jane van der Riet, Shaun Field, and Heather Hunt. The Natal Witness and Natal Witness Echo deserve many thanks for allowing the intrusion of an anthropologist who was exploring the borders of her own profession while asking questions about another. Particular thanks got to editors John Conyngham and David '. Willers, and Derek Alberts, and to Khaba Mkhize, Yves Vandehaegen, Donna Hornby, Anthea Garman, a~d to Carol for sharing her desk and Pc. I hope that this work might be of use. May creativity and innovation continue to be strengthened in your newsrooms. Thanks to Ian Jennings, and the MacArthur and Garman families for accommodation in Pietermaritzburg, and, in Cape Town, enormous gratitude is due to Joan Campbell who vii provided an uninterruptable refuge and uncountable meals in the frnal stretch. Grateful thanks for financial assistance, at critical junctures, to the Mike Reid and staff at the ABC Branch of Standard Bank, and to my Dad, thanks to whom the last student loan is repaid .. The financial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Afiica) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed in this work, or conclusions arrive.d at, are those of the author and are not to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development. Research funding is also gratefully acknowledged from the Harry Oppenheimer Institute for Afiican Studies, the University of Cape Town Research Committee, and the United Nations Education and Training Programme in Southern Afiica. Without a bequest from my god-parents, the late Ken and Alva BeetIestone of Tulip Avenue, Port Elizabeth, this work would have remained an idea. Bequests aside, their passion for books, travel and pursuing the unorthodox will remain an inspiration. David Green: what can I say? The road continues. Most Important thanks go to my mother, Averil Fordred, who supported this work beyond the call of duty, and to my late father George Fordred who encouraged me so much in his last months. l viii Abbreviations and Organisations LC -African National Congress Azapo - Azanian People's Organisation, Ecna - East Cape News Agency Goldstone Commission - A commission
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