Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

See also “Utah’s Historic Architecture” Glossary history.utah.gov/architecture/glossary.html

Procedural Defi nitions PROCEDURAL DEFINITIONS C : 1

TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS C : 1 Certifi cate of Appropriateness A document issued by the Historic Landmark Commission (HLC) ARCHITECTURAL TERMS C : 4 allowing an applicant to proceed with a proposed alteration, demolition, or new construction in Technical Defi nitions locally-designated historic districts or properties listed in the Salt Lake City Register of Cultural Adaptive Use Original use such as a residence Resources, following a determination of the converted into offi ces. The reuse of a building proposal’s suitability according to applicable or structure, usually for purposes diff erent from criteria. the original use such as residence converted into offi ces. Process The established procedures by which the various actions that may be take by the Historic Addition New construction added to an existing Landmark Commission are is carried out. building or structure. Public notice Notice provided to interested parties Alteration Work that aff ects the exterior before a commission takes action. appearance of a property. Building A structure with a roof, intended for shelter or enclosure such as a dwelling or garage. Character The qualities and att ributes of a building, structure, site, street or district. Confi guration The arrangement of elements and details on a building , structure or site which help to defi ne its character. Compatible In harmony with surroundings. Context The sett ing in which a historic element, site, building, structure, street, or district exists. Demolition Any act which destroys in whole or in part a building or structure. Demolition by Neglect The destruction of a building or structure through abandonment or lack of maintenance.

Design Guidelines for Historic Commercial Properties & Districts APPENDICES C : 1 Appendices

Design Guidelines Criteria developed to provide Infi ll New construction in historic districts on direction to projects conducted within the context vacant lots or to replace existing buildings. of an area regarding design concerns and to Landmark Site Any site included on the Salt Lake help ensure that rehabilitation projects and new City Register of Cultural Resources. Such sites are construction respect the character of designated of exceptional importance to the City, State, region buildings and districts. or nation and impart high artistic, historic and/or Element A material part or detail of a site, building, cultural values. structure, street, or district. Landscape The totality of the built or human- Elevation Anyone of the external vertical planes infl uenced habitat experienced at anyone place. of a building. (or) An external vertical plane of a Dominant features are topography, plant cover, structure. buildings, or other structures and their patt erns. Fabric The physical material of a building, Maintain To keep in an existing state of structure, site, or community conveying an preservation or repair. interweaving of component parts. Mothballing Implementing temporary measures to Floor Area Ratio The relationship of the total stabilize and protect a building from deterioration fl oor area of a building to the land area of its site, and vandalism. as defi ned in a ratio in which the numerator is the New construction Construction which is fl oor area, and the denominator is the site area. characterized by the introduction of new elements, Historic District A geographically defi nable sites, buildings, or structures or additions to area with a signifi cant concentration of buildings, existing buildings and structures in historic areas structures, sites, spaces, or objects unifi ed by past and districts. events, physical development, design, sett ing, Preservation Generally, saving from destruction materials, workmanship, sense of cohesiveness or or deterioration old and historic buildings, related historical and aesthetic associations. The sites, structures, and objects and providing for signifi cance of a district may be recognized through their continued use by means of restoration, listing in a local, state, or national landmarks rehabilitation, or adaptive use. register and may be protected legally through enactment of a local historic district ordinance Proportion Harmonious relation of parts to one administered by a historic district board or another or to the whole. commission. Protection The act or process of applying Historic Imitation New construction or measures designed to aff ect the physical condition rehabilitation where elements or components of a property be defending or guarding it from mimic an architectural style but are not of the same deterioration, loss or att ack, or to cover or shield historic period as the existing buildings (historic the property from danger of injury. In the case replica). of buildings and structures, such treatment is generally of a temporary nature and anticipates Historic Landmark Commission The City’s future historic preservation treatment; in the case of governmental entity responsible for administering archaeological sites, the protective measure may be the criteria set forth in this document and in the Salt temporary or permanent. Lake City Zoning Ordinance (Section 21A.34.020) as applies to locally-designated landmark sites and Reconstruction The act or process of reproducing historic districts. by new construction the exact form and detail of a vanished building, structure, or object, or a part thereof, as is appeared at a specifi c period of time.

C : 2 APPENDICES Salt Lake City Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

Rehabilitation The act or process of returning a Style A type of architecture distinguished by property or building to usable condition through special characteristics of structure and ornament repair, alteration, and/or preservation of its features and oft en related in time; also a general quality of a which are signifi cant to its historical, architectural, distinctive character. and cultural values. Visual Continuity A sense of unity or belonging Renovation The act or process of returning a together that elements of the built environment property to a state of utility through repair or exhibit because of similarities among them. alteration which makes possible a contemporary use. Restoration The act or process of accurately taking a building’s appearance back to a specifi c period of time by removing later work and by replacing missing earlier features to match the original. Retain To keep secure and intact. In the guidelines, “retain” and “maintain” describe the act of keeping an element, detail, or structure and continuing the same level of repair to aid in the preservation of elements, sites and structures. Re-use To use again. An element, detail, or structure might be reused in historic districts. Rhythm Movement or fl uctuation marked by the regular occurrence or natural fl ow of related elements. Scale Proportional elements that demonstrate the size, materials, and style of buildings. Sett ing The sum of att ributes of a locality, neighborhood, or property that defi nes its character. Signifi cant Having particularly important associations within the contexts of architecture, history, and culture. Stabilization The act or process of applying measures to reestablish a weather resistant enclosure and the structural stability of a deteriorated property while maintaining its present form. Streetscape The distinguishing character of a particular street as created by its width, degree of curvature, paving materials, design of the street furniture, and forms of surrounding buildings.

Design Guidelines for Historic Commercial Properties & Districts APPENDICES C : 3 Appendices

Architectural Terms Bracket A projecting element of wood, stone or metal which spans between horizontal and vertical Alignment The arrangement of objects along a surfaces (eaves, shelves, overhangs) as decorative straight line. support. Apron A decorative, horizontal trim piece on the Bulkhead The structural panels just below display lower portion of an architectural element. windows on storefronts. Bulkheads can be both supportive and decorative in design. 19th century Arch A construction which spans an opening and bulkheads are oft en of wood construction with supports the weight above it. (see fl at arch, jack rectangular raised panels. 20th century bulkheads arch, segmental arch and semi-circular arch). may be of wood, brick, tile, or marble construction. Ashlar A square, hewn stone used in building. It Bulkheads are also referred to as kickplates. also refers to a thick dressed, square stone used for Came Metal struts supporting leaded glass. facing brick walls, etc. Canopy A roofed structure constructed of fabric Att ic The upper level of a building, not of full or other material placed so as to extend outward ceiling height, directly beneath the roof. from a building providing a protective shield for Balcony A platform projecting from the wall of an doors, windows and other openings, supported by upper story, enclosed by a railing or balustrade, the building and supports extended to the ground with an entrance from the building and supported directly under the canopy or cantilevered from the by brackets, columns, or cantilevered out. building. Baluster One of a series of Short, vertical, oft en Capital The head of a column or pilaster. vase-shaped members used to support a stair or Carrara Glass Tinted glass widely used for porch handrail, forming a balustrade. storefront remodeling during the 1930s and 1940s. Balustrade An entire rail system with top rail and Carrara glass usually came in black, tan, or dark balusters. red colors. Bargeboard A board which hangs from the Casement window A window with one or two projecting end of a gable roof, covering the end sashes which are hinged at the sides and usually raft ers, and oft en sawn into a decorative patt ern. open outward. Bay The portion of a facade between columns Clapboards Horizontal wooden boards, thinner or piers providing regular divisions and usually at the top edge, which are overlapped to provide a marked by windows. weather-proof exterior wall surface. Bay window A projecting window that forms an Classical order Derived from Greek and Roman extension to the fl oor space of the internal rooms; architecture, a column with its base, shaft , capital usually extends to the ground level. and entablature having standardized details and Belt course A horizontal band usually marking the proportions, according to one of the fi ve canonized fl oor levels on the exterior facade of a building. modes Doric, Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian, or Composite. Board and batt en Siding fashioned of boards set vertically and covered where their edges join by Clipped gable A gable roof where the ends of narrow strips called batt ens. the ridge are terminated in a small, diagonal roof surface. Bond A term used to describe the various patt erns in which brick (or stone) is laid, such as “common Column A cylindrical or square vertical structural bond’ or “Flemish bond.” or ornamental member.

C : 4 APPENDICES Salt Lake City Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

Common bond A brickwork patt ern where most Engaged column A column that is in direct contact courses are laid fl at, with the long “stretcher” with a wall; at least half of the column extends edge exposed, but every fi ft h to eighth course is beyond the plane of the wall to which it is att ached. laid perpendicularly with the small “header” end Entablature A part of a building of classical exposes, to structurally tie the wall together. order resting on the column capital; consists of an Corbel In masonry, a projection, or one of a series architrave, frieze, and cornice. of projections, each stepped progressively farther Facade Any of the exterior faces of a building. forward with height and articulating a cornice or False Front A front wall which extends beyond the supporting an overhanging member. sidewalls of a building to create a more imposing Corinthian order Most ornate classical order facade. characterized by a capital with ornamental Fanlight A semi-circular window usually over a acanthus leaves and curled fern shoots. door with radiating muntins suggesting a fan. Cornice The uppermost, projecting part of an Fascia A projecting fl at horizontal member or entablature, or feature resembling it. Any projecting molding; forms the trim of a fl at roof or a pitched ornamental molding along the top of a wall, roof; also a part of a classical entablature. building, etc. Fenestration The arrangement of windows and Cresting A decorated ornamental fi nish along the other exterior openings on a building. top of a wall or roof, oft en made of ornamental metal. Finial A projecting decorative element at the top of a roof turret or gable. Cross-gable A secondary gable roof which meets the primary roof at right angles. Fishscale shingles A decorative patt ern of wall shingles composed of staggered horizontal rows of Dentils A row of small tooth-like blocks in a wooden shingles with half-round ends. classical cornice. Flashing Thin metal sheets used to prevent Doric order A classical order with simple, moisture infi ltration at joints of roof planes and unadorned capitals, and with no base. between the roof and vertical surfaces. Dormer window A window that projects from a Flat arch An arch whose wedge-shaped stones or roof. bricks are set in a straight line; also called a jack Double-hung window A window with two sashes, arch. one sliding vertically over the other. Flemish bond A brick-work patt ern where the long Eave The edge of a roof that projects beyond the “stretcher” edge of the brick is alternated with face of a wall. the small “header” end for decorative as well as EIFS Stands for “Exterior Insulating and Finish structural eff ectiveness. System.” This is a process by which a styrene board Fluting Shallow, concave grooves running is adhered to wall sheathing and an elastomeric, vertically on the shaft of a column, pilaster, or other synthetic stucco is applied. At this writing EIFS is surface. generally referred to as “dryvit,” but this is a brand name. Foundation The lowest exposed portion of the building wall, which supports the structure above. Ell The rear wing of a house, generally one room wide and running perpendicular to the principal Frieze The middle portion of a classical cornice; building. also applied decorative elements on an entablature or parapet wall.

Design Guidelines for Historic Commercial Properties & Districts APPENDICES C : 5 Appendices

Gable The triangular section of a wall to carry a Luxfer glass A glass panel made up of small leaded pitched roof. glass lights either clear or tinted purple. These Gable roof A pitched roof with one downward panels were widely used for storefront transoms slope on either side of a central, horizontal ridge. during the early 20th century. Gambrel roof A ridged roof with two slopes on Mansard roof A roof with a double slope on all either side. sides, with the lower slope being almost vertical and the upper almost horizontal. Ghosts Outlines or profi les of missing buildings or building details. These outlines may be visible Masonry Work using brick, stone, concrete block, through stains, paint, weathering, or other residue tile, adobe or similar materials. on a building’s facade or side elevation. Massing The three-dimensional form of a building. Guardrail A building component or a system of Metal standing seam roof A roof composes of building components located at or near the open overlapping sections of metal such as copper- sides of elevated walking surfaces that minimizes bearing steel or iron coated with a terne alloy of the possibilities of a fall from the walking surface to lead and tin. These roofs were att ached or crimped a lower level. together in various raised seams for which the roof Handrail A horizontal or sloping rail intended for are named. grasping by the hand for guidance or support. Modillion A horizontal bracket, oft en in the Hipped roof A roof with uniform slopes on all form of a plain block, ornamenting, or sometimes sides. supporting, the underside of a cornice. Hood molding A projecting molding above an arch, Mortar A mixture of sand, lime, (and in more doorway, or window, originally designed to direct modern structures, cement), and water used as a water away from the opening; also called a drip binding agent in masonry construction. mold. Molding A decorative band or strip of material Ionic order One of the fi ve classical orders used to with a constant profi le or section designed to cast describe decorative scroll capitals. interesting shadows. It is generally used in cornices and as trim around window and door openings. Jack arch (see Flat arch) Mullion A heavy vertical divider between Joist One of the horizontal wood beams that windows or doors. support the fl oors or ceilings of a house. They are set parallel to one another—usually from 1’0” to Multi-light window A window sash composed of 2’0” apart—and span between supporting walls or more than one pane of glass. larger wood beams. Muntin A secondary framing member to divide Keystone The wedge-shaped top or center member and hold the panes of glass in multi-light window of an arch. or glazed door. Knee brace An oversize bracket supporting a Oriel window A bay window which emerges cantilevered or projecting element. above the ground fl oor level. Lancet Window A narrow, vertical window that Paired columns Two columns supported by one ends in a point. pier, as on a porch. Lap Siding See clapboards. Palladian window A window with three openings, the central one arched and wider than the fl anking Lintel The horizontal top member of a window, ones. door, or other opening.

C : 6 APPENDICES Salt Lake City Appendix C. Glossary of Terms

Paneled door A door composed of solid panels Roof The top covering of a building. Following are (either raised or recessed) held within a framework some types: of rails and stiles. • Gable roof has a pitched roof with ridge and Parapet A low horizontal wall at the edge of a roof. vertical ends. Pediment A triangular crowning element forming • Hip roof has sloped ends instead of vertical the gable of a roof; any similar triangular element ends. used over windows, doors, etc. Pier A vertical structural element, square or • Shed roof (lean-to) has one slope only and is rectangular in cross-section. built against a higher wall. Pilaster A rectangular pillar att ached, but • Clipped gable or hipped gable is similar to projecting from a wall, resembling a classical gable but with the end clip`ped back. column. • Gambrel roof is a variation of a gable roof, each Pitch The degree of the slope of a roof. side of which has a shallower slope above a Pony wall Low wall, between 24” to 36” high, steeper one. that are used to enclose porches or balconies. Also known as “wing” walls. • Mansard roof is a roof with a double slope; the lower slope is steeper than the upper. Portico A roofed space, open or partly enclosed, forming the entrance and centerpiece of the facade Rusticated Roughening of stonework of concrete of a building, oft en with columns and a pediment. blocks to give greater articulation to each block. Portland cement A strong, infl exible hydraulic Sash The moveable framework containing the cement used to bind mortar. glass in a window. Post A piece of wood, metal, etc., usually long Segmental arch An arch whose profi le or radius is and square or cylindrical, set upright to support a less than a semicircle. building, sign, gate, etc.; pillar; pole. Semi-circular arch An arch whose profi le or radius Pressed tin Decorative and functional metalwork is a half-circle the diameter of which equals the made of molded tin used to sheath roofs, bays, and opening width. cornices. Shape The general outline of a building or its Pyramidal roof A roof with four identical sides facade. rising to a central peak. Sheathing An exterior covering of boards of other Quoins A series of stone, bricks, or wood panels surface applied to the frame of the structure. (see ornamenting the outside of a wall. Siding) Raft er Any of the beams that slope from the ridge Shed roof A gently-pitched, almost fl at roof with of a roof to the eaves and serve to support the roof. only one slope. Ridge The top horizontal member of a roof where Sidelight A vertical area of fi xed glass on either the sloping surfaces meet. side of a door or window. Siding The exterior wall covering or sheathing of a structure. Sill The bott om crosspiece of a window frame.

Design Guidelines for Historic Commercial Properties & Districts APPENDICES C : 7 Appendices

Soffi t The underside of a structural part, as of a Weatherboard Wood siding consisting of beam, arch, etc. overlapping boards usually thicker at one edge Spindles Slender, elaborately turned wood dowels than the other. or rods oft en used in screens and porch trim. Window Parts The moving units of a window Stile A vertical piece in a panel or frame, as of a are known as sashes and move within the fi xed door or window. frame. The sash may consist of one large pane of glass or may be subdivided into smaller panes Stretcher bond A brickwork patt ern where courses by thin members called muntins or glazing bars. are laid fl at with the long “stretcher” edge exposed. Sometimes in nineteenth-century houses windows Stucco An exterior wall covering that consists of are arranged side by side and divided by heavy lime, cement and sand, applied directly or over a vertical wood members called mullions. For a wood or metal lath. It is usually applied in three diagram of window parts, see PART II 3 : 5. coats. Surround An encircling border or decorative frame, usually at windows or doors. Swag Carved ornament on the form of a cloth draped over supports, or in the form of a garland of fruits and fl owers, Terra-cott a Decorative building material of baked clay. Terra-cott a was oft en glazed in various colors and textures. Terra-cott a was widely used for cornices, inset panels, and other decorative facade elements from ca. 1880 to 1930. Transom A horizontal opening (or bar) over a door or window. Trim The decorative framing of openings and other features on a facade. Turret A small slender tower. Veranda A covered porch or balcony on a building’s exterior. Vergeboard The vertical face board following and set under the roof edge of a gable, sometimes decorated by carving. Vernacular A regional form or adaptation of an architectural style. Wall dormer Dormer created by the upward extension of a wall and a breaking of the roofl ine. Water table A projecting horizontal ledge, intended to prevent water from running down the face of a wall’s lower section.

C : 8 APPENDICES Salt Lake City