Proceedings of GREAT Day

Volume 2009 Article 6

2010 The Alice Brunet SUNY Geneseo

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Recommended Citation Brunet, Alice (2010) "The Arhuacos," Proceedings of GREAT Day: Vol. 2009 , Article 6. Available at: https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2009/iss1/6

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the GREAT Day at KnightScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of GREAT Day by an authorized editor of KnightScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Brunet: The Arhuacos Great Day 2009 SUNY Geneseo

The Arhuacos

Submitted by Alice Brunet

Today, the indigenous societies of Arhuacos (“”). Fortunately, the Latin America are not very well known in Spanish never colonized this land and these the modern world. However, there are many four indigenous societies still exist today lessons that these indigenous societies can (Ereira 142). However, these societies, in- offer to help improve all societies. One in- cluding the Arhuacos, continue to fight in digenous society that is very interesting and order to protect their cultural identity from still exists today is the Arhuacos. This the influence of outside cultures and to group has a great deal of knowledge of na- maintain the balance of the world. ture and they believed that they know how The Arhuacos continue to live like to maintain the equilibrium of the world. In their ancestors in the Sierra Nevada located general, the lessons that can be learned from in Santa Marta, . Because of their the Arhuacos have the potential to improve isolated location high up in the coastal many different areas of daily life. mountains, the area is very biologically di- The Arhuacos were decedents of the verse (“Arhuacos”). It is not surprising with nomadic tribe called the Chibchas, which, this great biological diversity that the Ar- because of their size, later divided into two huacos are very interconnected with nature. groups, the “Musicas” and the “”. According to the Arhuacos, Santa Marta is The Taironas are the direct ancestors of the the center of the world and contains all the Arhuacos. In fact, the survival of the Tai- knowledge of the world. They believe that rona society was threatened when the con- it is still important to continue maintaining quistadores arrived in South America. In the balance of the world in order to preserve order to preserve their knowledge and be- the knowledge of the mountains (“We liefs, survivors from the Tairona society fled Live”). up the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Co- Like the Taironas, the Arhuacos lombia, the highest coastal mountains in the have leaders within their society called world (“Arhuacos”). It was important to the “mamos”. The mamos have the responsibil- Taironas that their society continued to exist ity to keep order and balance within the so- in order to maintain the balance of the ciety and with nature; the mamos are the world. Even though it was impossible for priests, the unbiased judges, the elected the surviving Taironas to reconstruct their politicians, and the chiefs of their society. original society, they developed four new Furthermore, the mamos preserve the societies based on their belief system: the knowledge of their history, culture and wis- Kogis, the Kankuamos, the Wiwas, and the dom that gets passed on to each new 38

Published by KnightScholar, 2010 1 https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2009/iss1/6

The Arhuacoswerevery respectfultothe language andtheteachings ofCatholicism. and beganto teachtheArhuacos Spanish Christians constructedchurches ontheirland anized. Inordertoachievethisgoal,the were savagesandtheyneededtobeChristi- Christians believed that theindigenous tribes indigenous tribesofth Christians whowantedtodomesticate the 1908. Thiswasamission establishedby Anexample oftheArhuacos' strug- the Capuchinmission wasestablishedin gle toprotecttheircultureandlandiswhen ture (Lizarralde 45). moted some positive changes for theircul- sistent andrespectfulpersistencehaspro- cos togaingovernmental support,theircon- Although ithasnotbeeneasyfortheArhua- savvy andinvolvedinmodern daypolitics. Arhuacos continueto the Colombian government.Tothisday,the the economic, political,andsocialaspectsof Arhuacos hadtheopportunitytolearnabout national government. Becauseofthis,the allowed the Arhuacostoparticipate inthe in 1890alawwaspassedColombia that that theArhuacos stillfacetoday.Luckily, a continuousbattletopreservetheirculture (“The Thought”).Thiswasthebeginningof and purposelytriedtochangetheirculture ers andpriestsstarted mountains, between1870and1880coloniz- isolated areabecauseoftheirlocation inthe Eventhough theArhuacosliveinan

throughout thecenturies(Lizarralde43).

an extensivetraining knowledge thathasbeenlearned and ifheischosen,goesthrough birth ifaboyistobecome amamo generation. Itisdetermined at ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 be verypolitically to invadetheirland e SierraNevada.The Proceedings ofGREATDay,Vol.2009[2010],Art.6 to learnall of the TheArhuacos hadtoonceagain the balanceoflife. ing sacredritualsthatpreserved nature and cos tocontinue theiran land. Thismade itimpossible fortheArhua- tary bases werelocated on Arhuacosacred very mad aboutthisbecause thesenew mili- land (Lizarralde46-47).TheArhuacoswere order tofacilitate military observation of the the government constructedapublicroadin because, against the request oftheArhuacos, Arhuacos hadtofightfortheirlandagain land, butthisdidnotlastlong.In1962the give theArhuacos complete rights totheir convinced theColombiangovernmentto much persistence, theArhuacoseventually with theColombian government. After 1930 decidedtohavethehighestmamos talk these outside influences, theArhuacos in Inordertoavoidtheinvasionofout- repair thedamages causedtotheirsocietyby side groupsliketheCapuchinmission and (Lizarralde 46). dressed theminmodern dayclothing their nativelanguage,cuthair,and huaco childrenintheorphanage tospeak walls. TheChristiansprohibitedtheAr- access totheworldoutsideoforphanage rived attheorphanage Thought”). WhentheArhuacochildrenar- would teachthem theirways(“The and placethem inanorphanagewherethey siders wouldkidnaptheArhuacochildren huaco children.Inordertodothis,theout- decided toconcentrateonconvertingtheAr- population. Becauseofthis,theChristians made itimpossible toconverttheindigenous about changingtheirbeliefsystem. This want them ontheirland,butwerestubborn Christians eventhoughtheArhuacosdidnot , theydidnothave cient traditionofhav- 39 2 Published byKnightScholar, 2010

and fightingfortheirrigh against themissionaries andthegovernment, many decadesthebattlecontinued,fighting indigenous tribesofth this, the Arhuacos decided torally with other of theirrightstotheland.Tofightagainst their recordsasappropriatedocumentation Colombian government didnotrecognize had keptdocumentation ofthisdecree,the indigenous group.Eventhoughthemamos are willingtoputbehind them these negative Furthermore, theArhuacosstatethat they desire thatthesegroupsleave theirland. such asthemissionaries. TheArhuacos only cause oftheinfluencesoutsidegroups the negativeeventsthathave occurredbe- day donotdesireanyre Thought”). Interestingly,theArhuacosto- others, includingoverthemissionaries (“The for theArhuacostoassertanyauthorityover power. Becauseofthis,itisvery difficult world isequalandtherenohierarchyof Arhuacos alsobelievethat everything inthe world isfreeandcannotbecontrolled.The lieve thateverything still occurring isbecause theArhuacos be- fluence theirculture.Onereasonwhythisis Despitetheirsuccess, the Arhuacos aries whoaretryingtoconvertthem andin- continue tohaveproblemswiththemission- Thought”). ritory wasproclaimed areservation (“The nally onMarch14 sive possessionoftheSierraNevadato

var approvedthedecisiontogiveexclu-

people. ItisbelievedthatSimon Boli- tion forthelandrightsofindigenous they didnothaveproperdocumenta- lombian government claimed that fight fortheirlandbecausetheCo- ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 th , 1984theArhuacoster- and everyoneinthe e SierraNevada.For parations foranyof ts tothe land. Fi- Brunet: TheArhuacos more, todaythemajority oftheArhuacos tions alsohavebeenwritten down.Further- that havebeenpasseddown from genera- guage hasbeenwritten serve theirculture,adictionaryoflan- ture (Lizarralde 45).Now,inordertopre- their societynativelanguageandcul- tion inorder tocontinueteaching within develop amore organizedsystem ofeduca- ThesenewschoolshinderedtheAr- wisdom. Therefore,th huacos’ ability topreserve theircultureand punished. not learntheirlessons,theArhuacoswere if theArhuacosdidnotobeyandthey ion intheirstructuredsystem. Furthermore, Arhuacos tolearntheirlanguageandrelig- structed theirownschoolsandforcedthe When themissionariesarrived,theycon- more harmony withnature(“We Suffer”). ganization, morerespectforeverything,and Arhuacos believethattherewasmore or- of education.However,duringthistime the read andtheydidnothaveamodern system ers, noneoftheArhuacos hadtheability to Family Tree”).Beforethearrivalof outsid- teach themost important lifelessons (“Our thing innaturehassignificanceandcan Thought”). Instead,theybelievethatevery- be taughtthroughastructuredsystem (“The school subjects,likescience,cannotsimply tion system. TheArhuacosbelievethatall ple ofthisis evidentintheArhuacos' educa- due totheseoutsideinfluences.Oneexam- BecauseoftheArhuacos respectful many changes totheir traditional lifestyle mentality tooutside groups, therehave been Can”). simply respect theArhuaco culture (“We experiences iftheseoutsidegroupswould e Arhuacosneededto and theiroralstories 40 3 https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2009/iss1/6

51). memory andincreasetheirenergy (Elsass minimize fatigueandhunger,improve their narcotic; they chewtheplant inorder to the Arhuacos donotusethecocaplant asa time (“We Can”).Itisimportanttonotethat him tohavecocainhispossessionatany turns twenty yearsolditisthenallowed for sis”). Typically,whenanArhuacoman order tobeableusecoca(“AyuandCri- and permission from themamos isneededin mos knowhowtoproperlycultivatecoca, formoney isnotallowed,onlythema- the useonthisplant. ciety, therearemany rest coca plant is verysacredtotheArhuacoso- changing coca witheach other.Becausethe the Arhuacosmaintain friendshipsbyex- life ingeneral(“We Can”).Forexample, of theirsacredrituals ture. Furthermore, cocaisanessentialpart because itfacilitates called “ayu”anditistheirmost sacredplant relates tococa. FortheArhuacoscoca is Anotherproblem thattheArhuacos world iswithillegaldrugs, specifically asit have duetotheinfluenceofwestern new structure inteaching of outsideinfluencesmust bemet withthis tional way,buttheyrealizethat the threats desire tocontinue teaching inamore tradi- paying attentionandlearning.Themamos mamos questionif thechildren arereally like usingastructured

new-age changes,themamos stilldonot

schools (“Arhuacos”).Despite these are learningtheirnativelanguagein huaco towns,theArhuacochildren cause inallof thetwenty-eight Ar- can speaktheirna ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 a connection withna- Forinstances,selling and alsooftheirdaily school setting.The Proceedings ofGREATDay,Vol.2009[2010],Art.6 rictions related to (“We Suffer”). tive languagebe- life oftheArhuacos(“‘Pagmentos’ and life andisnegativelyinfluencing the daily the SierraNevada isdestroyingthe natural Ingeneral,theArhuacoscontinueto influence from othercultures.Tourism to have many problems thatarecausedbythe with nature(“AyuandCrisis”). for itsgreat qualityto sacred plantnolongerreceivedtherespect fered because theirmost important and most increasingly sick.TheArhuacosalsosuf- as aresult the Arhuacosstartedtobecome cos' cropsandcontaminated their water, and These chemicals alsodestroyed theArhua- and pesticidesontheselands(“We Can”). United States,hadplanessprayherbicides Colombian government, withthehelpof vent theproductionofth huacos (“AyuandCrisis”).Inordertopre- tions alsocreatedmany problems fortheAr- of thissacred plant,but theseillegal planta- cocaine. Notonlywasthisagraveviolation plantations wereusedtoproduceandsell The Arhuacosknewthattheseillegalcoca started togrow illegal plants(“We Live”). missionaries andcolonizerswhostayed land. With thehelpofsome mestizos, the aries andcolonizerscontinuedtoliveonthe lombian law. However some ofthemission- land wasdecreedareservationunderCo- posed toleavetheSierraNevadabecause year allnon-indigenousgroupsweresup- juana, havepersistedsince1982.Thatsame drug trade, especiallywithcocaineand mari- Nonetheless problems withthe Colombian coca isconsideredtobeillegal(“We Can”). Colombian population,thecultivationof AccordingtoColombian laws,only coca forpersonaluse.For therestof the indigenous groupsarepermitted tocultivate connect the Arhuacos ese illegal plantsthe 41 4 Published byKnightScholar, 2010

political groups,butithas notbeenenough success inachieving thiswith thehelp of (“Arhuacos”). TheArhuacos havehadsome society andtheirnatural environment and wheretheywillbeabletopreserve their tion whereonlyindigenousgroupscanlive able todeclare theSierra Nevadaareserva- the Arhuacoswantmore thananythingtobe them ingainingtheirrights.Atthispoint, that fightforhuman ri eign ambassadors andphilanthropicgroups Arhuacos havealsocontacted ministers, for- gotá inordertofightfortheirrights.The government system andfrequentlygotoBo- to educate themselves ontheColombian huacos andespeciallythe mamos, continue bian government. ofthis,theAr- Because However,theonlywayinwhich their cultureiswiththe help of theColom- Arhuacos willbeable tocompletely protect in 1987(“Arhuacos”). mamos organizedthe“GonavinduaTairona” side pressuretomodernize theirsociety,the wards”). Inorderto crafted bagsandclothes(“We HeadTo- women areencouragedtoselltheirhand- tract more tourism. Forexample, Archuaco cialized system intheSierraNevada toat- dustry hasbeenpromoting amore commer- world (“Arhuacos”).Also,thetourism in- andwanttobeapartofthemodern they nolongerdesire younger generation ofthe Arhuacosbecause side worldhasnegativelyeffectedthe

important isthat thiscontact withthe out-

tening tomodern music. What ismost excessive amountsofalcohol,andlis- sive watches,drivingJeeps,drinking are wearingbaseballcaps,expen- Balance”). Now,some Arhuacos ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 fight against this out- to liveastraditional ghts tohelpassist Brunet: TheArhuacos these unjustpersecutions. nous groupsoftheSierra Nevadatoavoid come aconstantbattleforallofthe indige- headed (“IndiansBeheaded”). Ithasbe- 2003 whentwoArhuacoswerefoundbe- (“Three”). Anotherexampleoccurredin dications thatthemen hadbeentortured three bodieswerefounddeadwithmanyin- the bus.Later,onDecember13,same forced threemamos travelingtoBogotáoff heavily armedmen innationaluniforms witness testimonies,onNovember 29,1990 UnfortunatelytheArhuacoshave in Colombia. Forexample, according toeye- also become innocentvictims oftheviolence Thought”). tinuously dividingtheirland(“The ing smaller becausethegovernment iscon- selves andeachyeartheirterritoryisbecom- impossible fortheArhuacostodefendthem- huacos (“RegainingtheLand”).Itisalmost ment onlyfocusesonmodernizing theAr- ing theArhuacos,sometimes thegovern- teachings. Disappointingly,instead ofhelp- cation programs andpromotingChristian instead focusedoncreatinghealthandedu- their landasareservation, thegovernment ample, whentheArhuacostriedtoreclaim the Arhuacosaretryingtoaddress.For ex- not alwaystrytoresolvetheproblemsthat ance”). Furthermore, thegovernment does huaco territory (“‘Pagmentos’ andBal- army establishedmilitary basesontheAr- more problems. Oneexampleiswhenthe sometimes the governmentonlycreates had tobestubbornandpersistentbecause And,eventhoughtheArhuacoshave proved theirsituation,theArhuacoshave received some politicalhelpandhave im- to completely gainbacktheirland. 42 5 https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2009/iss1/6

realize thatastronge want alloftheirdemands met. TheArhuacos longer negotiatewiththe government. They Arhuacos havedecidedthat theywillno as itwasinthepast.Despite thisfact, the modern government isnolongeraspowerful TheArhuacoshavetriedtoimprove thority ofeventhehighestmamo inthe their situation duringthis crisis, buttheau- consequences ofthisinternalwar. to protecttheArhuacosfrom thenegative their effortshavenotbroughtenoughchange indigenous tribesofth Heritage Trust, that ar national, Survival Inte There aremanygroups,likeAmnesty Inter- living theirsacred wa desire tofight.Theyonlywantcontinue changes aremade.Arhuacosdonot Butthe soon endinamass genocideifnodrastic huacos arevery fearfulthattheirsociety will into the jungle inorder tosurvive.The Ar- that livedneartheArhuacos neededtoflee kills them. Manyoftheindigenousgroups soldiers. Iftheyrefuse,theguerrillagroup bia, forcetheindigenouspeopletobecome bers ofFARC,aguerrillagroupColom- become more andmore commonthatmem- to completely destroy huacos realizethatthiswarhasthepotential the world(“WeLive”).Inreality,Ar- ronment andmaintaining theequilibrium of solely focusonpreservingthenaturalenvi- defend themselves,theyhavedecidedto

huacos knowitisadangeroustime notto

guerrilla groups.EventhoughtheAr- nal warorbeassociatedwithanyofthe them wouldfightinColombia’sinter- amongst theArhuacosthatnoneof Interestingly, itwasagreed ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 r centralizedgovern- y oflife(Forero). e tryingtopreservethe rnational, andTairona their society.Ithas e SierraNevada,but Proceedings ofGREATDay,Vol.2009[2010],Art.6 huacos are not familiar withthephrase they connecttothesea.Even thoughtheAr- changing, andtherivers are dryingbefore decrease inhumidity, therainfallpatternis on themountain peaksaremelting, thereisa changing theirmigration patterns,thesnow linating plants,bird bees aredisappearingandnolongerpol- served that plants areflowering prematurely, within nature.Forexample,theyhaveob- TheconnectionthattheArhuacos negative changesthatarecurrentlyoccurring have withnaturehasal (“Ayu andCrisis”). respect nature inorder the Arhuacos believethattheyalsoneed to needs topay forelectricityintheir house, Tree”). Justlikethemodern population bility inprotecting nature (“OurFamily well astheyshouldortakeenoughresponsi- people inthemodern worldrespect natureas of this,theArhuacosbelievethatveryfew cal diversityoftheSierraNevada.Because longer enoughforesttomaintain thebiologi- increase ofillegalplantations.Thereisno the cultivation of trad tion, overpopulation,pollu from herbicidesandpesticides,deforesta- multitude of causes such as:contamination Sadly,only 25 percentoftheAr- Live”). Theforesthasbeendestroyedbya huaco sacredforesthasbeenpreserved(“We loyal tonature,justliketheirancestors. even todaytheArhuacoscontinuetobevery (“We Suffer”).Itis preserve thebalanceoflifeintheirregion vive, protectthenaturalenvironment and have becomeverystubborninordertosur- situation and becauseof this,the Arhuacos ment isneeded tobeableimprove their s andbutterflies are very interestingthat itional crops,andthe lowed them toseethe to protecttheirplanet tion, adecreaseof 43 6 Published byKnightScholar, 2010

instance, theArhuacosdo notgrowmore cos’ dailylifeandgeneral philosophy.For tant lessonscanbelearned from theArhua- can learnfromtheArhuacos. Otherimpor- cluding how topreservenature,whichweall of knowledge.Therearemany lessons,in- TheArhuacoshavesurvivedfor consequently acquiredasubstantialamount more thattwenty-five centuries andhave preserve theirsociety(“WeLive”). vide theArhuacoswithopportunityto balance oftheterritoryandwouldalsopro- best solution toimprove theenvironmental the Arhuacos.Intheiropinion,thisis non-indigenous peopleandgiveitbackto the SierraNevada thatiscurrentlyownedby government shouldbuyalltheterritoryin their land.TheybelievethattheColombian according to theArhuacos,shouldstartwith ronment (“WeSuffer”).Animportant start, desire andwilltoprotect thenatural envi- have manyof centuries key assetinassistingthiscausesincethey situation. However theArhuacoscouldbea programs inordertoimprove thecurrent been anincreaseindevelopingpreservation struction (“WeLive”). plagues of insectsthatwillcause muchde- Iftheseproblems arenotresolved be anincreaseinsicknessesworldwideand soon, theArhuacosbelievethattherecould societies (Cycon). negative resultofprac of theworldhasincreasedandthatitisa

day sciences, that theaveragetemperature

cos know,withoutthehelpofmodern preserving theenvironment. TheArhua- being effectedbythelackoffocuson aware thatthefloraandfaunaare “global warming”, theyarewell ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 tices within modern experience and the In general,therehas Brunet: TheArhuacos thing thatisnotpart the mamos receivepermission and forany- Arhuacos alwaysneedto obtainadvicefrom TheArhuacosalsoknowhowto society thanks tothemamo leaders.The maintain the balanceof powerwithintheir preventing asimple, butverypurposefullife. the most important things inlife and thus day objectsaredistractingtheworldfrom purposeful life.Itispossiblethatmodern tality toliveasimple power andgold,theArhuacoshadmen- were settlingintheAmericassearchof knowledge. Evenwhentheconquistadores does promote happinessisobtainingmore does notpromotehappiness.Onethingthat agree withtheArhuacos thatthislifestyle but recentpsychologi something veryimportant inmodern society, not promote happiness.Materialism is ucts orbeingmateria alized thatanobsessionwithacquiringprod- tion (Elsass 49-50).TheArhuacoshavere- it doespromotetheacquisitionofinforma- person. Itisaveryfriendlycompetition and determine whoisthemost knowledgeable However,theArhuacosarecompeti- They willconstantly challenge each other to tive withregardtoacquiringknowledge. knowledge. freely sharealloftheirpossessions and materialistic. Itis lifestyle thatisverycommunal andnon- they need(Elsass47).TheArhuacoshavea to anotherArhuacocropandtaketheplants have intheirowncrop,theysimply canwalk an Arhuaconeedsaplant thattheydo not huacos. Eachfamily hasmany crops,butif in theArhuacoterritoryareforallofAr- food thantheyneed;in a societywhereneighbors of thetraditional listic ingeneraldoes , non-materialistic and cal studiestendto stead, allofthecrops 44 7 https://knightscholar.geneseo.edu/proceedings-of-great-day/vol2009/iss1/6

Arhuacos' persistentandrespectful nature The modern worldcanlearnalot from the Inaway,the Arhuacosarethe oldest mate relationship withnature (“We Live”). ecologists in theworldbecause oftheir inti- for whitecivilization.(Elsass63) stressed thatIndiancultureisaprerequisite developed. Onthecontrarytheyhave because theydonotbelieveneedtobe velopment expertswhocome intothearea, things. TheIndianshaveoftenrejectedde- ple whoneedtodeve ogy, whichregardstheIndiansaspoorpeo- of thedominant society's development ideol- tradition hasledthem tobecome opponents ership ofthemamos. spect foroneanother,andtheunbiasedlead- their desiretoacquireknowledge,re- from theArhuacos’model ofsociety,from centuries. wisdom thathavebeencompiled formany and passingonthehistory,knowledge the responsibilityoflearning,remembering, very important rolebecausetheyalsohave centuries. Ingeneral,themamos havea effective leadersandhave survivedfor many had asuccessfulsocietywithimpartial and is veryinteresting th are veryrespected withinthecommunity.It sacred lawsandbecauseofthis,themamos They needtobeamodel ofhowtoobeythe any specialprivileges

society. Howeverthemamos have donot

essentially all of thepower within the biased (Elsass 48).Themamos have cos, themamos arerequired tobeun- The attitudeoftheArhuacos toward The modern worldhasmuchtolearn when themamos helpotherArhua- lifestyle (Elsass47).Furthermore, ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 at theArhuacos have lop andtakeinnew for havingthisrole. Proceedings ofGREATDay,Vol.2009[2010],Art.6 World “Arhuaco IndiansinColumbia.” Dismal index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ " news/195 < Dec. 2003.Survival "Indians BeheadedinSierraNevada."23 14 May2001. Tribes AreNowImperiled byaCivilWar." Forero, Juan."AfterCenturies,Colombian York: Knopf,1992. Ereira, Alan. York: UniversityPress, 1992. norities chology ofCultural Resilience inEthnicMi- Elsass, P.StrategiesForSurvival:The Psy- environment/74602/?page=1 < Green Publishing.Web.10 March2009. Climate Change?"25Jan.2008.Chelsea Cycon, Dean."Will CoffeeBeaCasualtyof arhuaco_indians_in_columbia.php www.dismalworld.com/minorities/ Mar. 2009.< Casa IndigenaGunnavindua.2005.Web. 8 harmony withbothnatureandeachother. ries. Especiallyimporta that has lasted more thantwenty-five centu-

Ayu andCrisis."UniversoArahuaco.La http://www.survival-international.org/ http://www.alternet.org/ . 2006.Web. 15Jan.2009.< . Trans.FranHopenwasser.New > . >. Works Cited http:// The ElderBrothers . Web. 9Mar.2009. nt ishowtolivein >. . New

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2009. < "Tairona HeritageTrust."2008.Web. 9Mar. < na Gunnavindua.2005.Web. 8Mar.2009. Line." "Regaining theLandWithinBlack 2005. Web. 8Mar.2009.< huaco "'Pagamentos' andBalance." ity Sandwich the HeartofWorld." 24July2008. "Our Family Tree:LearningBalanceFrom index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ vindua. 2005.Web. 8Mar.2009.< verso Arahuaco.LaCasaIndigenaGunna- "The ThoughtofOurRebornMamos." index.php index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ rld our_family_tree_learning_balance_heart_wo www.realitysandwich.com/

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> nous Affairs,1987.

. International Work GroupforIndige- Stratagies andPerspectives . LaCasaIndigenaGunnavindua. Among theBariandArhuaco: Universo Arahuaco http://tairona.myzen.co.uk/ Elsass, P.IndigenousSurvival Lizarralde, R.,Beckermann,St.,& >. >. >. >. . Web. 10Mar.2009.< ra a 09 SUNYGeneseo GreatDay2009 . LaCasaIndige- http:// Universo Ara- Universo . Denmark: Brunet: TheArhuacos http:// http:// Real- Uni- 2009. < 2005. Web. 8Mar.2009.< huaco bata andCrispínIzquierdo versation withtheMamos FranciscoZala- "We LiveaTransitiona index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ vindua. 2005.Web. 8Mar.2009.< verso Arahuaco.LaCasaIndigenaGunna- "We HeadTowards Self-destruction." blogs3751 April 2006. "We CanForgive IfTheyCanRespect."30 saiic.nativeweb.org/ayn/dec1990.pdf index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ 2005. Web. 8Mar.2009.< Arahuaco Wrongly 'Civilization'.” Called Universo "We SuffertheConsequencesof index.htm pub.php/en/Corporacion/Universo_Arhuaco/ www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/ ( 3&4).Web. 22Dec.1990.. >. >. >.

Yahoo News SAIIC Newletter l Situation:Acon- Leaders Murdered." . Web. 10Mar. ”. UniversoAra- http:// http:// , Vol 5 http:// >. Uni- 46 9