Silicon and Wafer Producers Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics Silicon and Wafer Producers

Breaking the bottleneck

108 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 In a new series, SUN & WIND ENERGY gives an overview of the production locations and expansion plans of the global PV industry. Our world maps illustrate the industry’s path for the future and the distribution of new facilities. In our current issue, we focus on the silicon and wafer manufacturing industry.

ther than new module production facilities Managing Partner at California-based Techcet Group that can in theory be realized in less than six LLC, estimates that in sum the newcomers in the sec- Omonths from the planning stage to the first tor account for about 4 % of the silicon production day of production, the manufacturing of solar silicon capacities worldwide. According to the bank BNP is a lengthy process that involves high technology Paribas, the polysilicon market has already under- levels and solid expertise. The decision to establish a gone a significant consolidation. BNP Paribas esti- new factory is usually followed by three years of la- mates that the seven largest suppliers together cov- bour until the production can begin. While the high er about 83 % of the customer demand in the semi- silicon costs in past years motivated many of the mar- conductor and solar wafer industry. New manufactur- ket leaders to make massive investments in the ex- ers mostly originate from Asian countries. In the pansion of their production capacities, the situation survey, the Asian participants indicated production also attracted new market participants to build capacities for silicon in the range of about 109,000 additional production plants and to profit from the tons in 2008 and 118,000 tons in 2009. “Due to the high margins. However, most of the projected pro- entrance of many new polysilicon producers and a duction capacities are only now starting up and in general capacity expansion, the polysilicon supply some cases are expected to even take another two or situation has improved”, says Gary Homan, Vice three years. In July 2009, China-based wafer manu- President of Hemlock Semiconductor Group. Homan facturer ReneSola announced the start-up of a new expects that the current stocks of the raw material production plant with a capacity of 3,000 tons of sili- silicon will suffice to achieve a solar production of con per year that will spur the company’s vertical in- 10 GW in 2009 equalling a growth of 100 % as tegration. “These accomplishments mark the evoluti- against 2008. Stefan de Haan, Senior Analyst Photo- on of ReneSola from one of the world’s largest solar voltaics at market researcher iSuppli Corporation es- wafer manufacturers into a leading, low-cost, fully in- timates that the global capacity utilization of the sil- tegrated global solar company”, says Xianshou Li, icon manufacturers reached about 68 % in 2008. For CEO ReneSola. 2009, de Haan expects a decline to about 60 %. The most aggressive expansion course is currently followed by US-based Hemlock. The activities of New companies and failed projects the world market leader for polycrystalline silicon in the sector go back to 1961. The construction of a new In the last few years, many new manufacturers had factory with a production capacity of 8,500 tons in decided to enter the silicon industry in view of the Michigan was already completed in May. In total, the high profits. One example is Schmid Silicon Technol- company plans to invest a sum of about US$ 1 billion ogy GmbH. In July, the company was ready to an- into its capacity expansion. In a second step, the nounce a pilot production line located in Spreewitz, company plans to grow to 28,000 tons in 2010. In the Germany. The investment worth about € 49 million medium term, Hemlock has the goal of arriving at a will have a production capacity of 540 tons of mono total production capacity of 64,000 tons until the year silane and 125 tons of silicon and is expected to be 2014. A similarly strong expansion course is followed completed by March 2010. According to the compa- by Korea-based silicon manufacturer DC Chemical ny, the financial crisis and current market situation with capacities rising from 5,000 tons in 2008 to lead to a postponement of the ramp-up to spring 16,500 tons in 2009. 2010. But while the industry’s key manufacturers Compared to the ambitious targets of the major were able to successfully realize the projected capac- industry players, the expansion plans of the sector’s ity expansion, many of the newcomers struggled to newcomers such as Japan-based manufacturer M. follow up. Silicium de Provence S.A.S. (Silpro), based Setek with capacities in its Soma facility planned to in the French Saint Auban, was even forced to close increase from 5,000 tons in 2008 to 6,250 tons in business at the beginning of August after creditors 2009 seem rather modest. Lita Shon-Roy, Senior and investors for the financing of the planned solar polysilicon production could not be found. Due to Left page: Wafer on their way to the diffusion furnace technical barriers in the implementation of the pro- where a negatively conductive surface film is depos duction process of MB Scientific Corporation, Solar- ited on the raw cells. Photo: Q-Cells SE value chose to abandon its project in Ruše, Slovenia.

Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 109 Photovoltaics Silicon and Wafer Producers

With this, the company again postponed the long an- is twice as high as for 1 W of solar cells and nearly ten nounced entrance into the silicon production sector. times higher as for 1 W in the module production. “In the light of the current economic situation, this With a market share of about 75 %, the best es- was the only reasonable solution”, says Claudia tablished method for solar silicon production is the Boehringer, CEO of Solarvalue AG. However, the pro- Siemens process. However, the manufacturing indus- duction of solar silicon through cleaning upgraded try is developing new methods as well. In the last metallurgical silicon continues to be a priority for us, years, chemical enterprise Wacker had successfully says Boehringer. “We are already advancing a new tested a pilot fluidized bed reactor with trichlorsilane method. The current capital should suffice for the de- as charge material and meanwhile brought the tech- velopment of a prototype”, says the CEO. nique to a commercial level. In the second quarter, a But the global financial crisis makes access to new production line located in Burghausen, southern public funding or venture capital a delicate matter al- Germany, was ramped up for the production of gran- so for newcomers. In particular, cost-intensive sectors ular polysilicon with an annual capacity of 650 tons such as silicon production are feeling the squeeze. Ac- for the solar industry. cording to calculation by BNP Paribas based on indus- Due to the expansion of capacities among the es- try data from 2007, the capital expenditure of tablished industry members and the market entry of US$ 1.17 for the production capacity of 1 W of silicon new manufacturers, the bottleneck that had limited

Joint Solar Silicon reactor for separating silicon from silane gas in the factory in Rhein felden, Germany. Photo: Joint Solar Silicon

110 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 www.canadian-solar.com

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Germany / The Netherlands

The Silicon Mine 4,000 Prime Solar 5,000

Joint Solar Silicon AMG 30,000 850 Elkem Wacker Chemie 15,000/>25,000 1,500 to 2,500 Norsun 200 6,000

Norwegian Silicon Refinery 600/3,000 PCMP 350 Nitol-Polisilicon PV Crystalox Solar PLC 290 MW 3,800/3,800 AMG 58,000 Sumitomo REC Silicon 13,000 Timminco 14,000 Silfab 5,000 1,300 Peak Sun Silicon 50 Hemlock Semiconductor 6N Silicon <100/>1,300 Sanyo Solar 70 MW 23,000/28,000 Chisso Sunlight Group Estelux 4,000 400 230 MW RSI Silicon 200/1,000 JFE Steel Siliken 20/1,000 AE Polysilicon Hankook Silicon 3,000/3,000 100/150 1,800/12,000 M.Setek 6,250 DC Chemical 16,500 Mitsubishi MEMC Electronic Materials Tokuyama 8,200 3,300/4,300 11,600/15,000 Osaka Titanium Technologies 1,400

Maharishi Solar Sino-American Silicon Hoku Scientific 4,000 Technology Products 640 MW 100

World map of the PV industry China Silicon production Changzhou Eging 800 Solargiga energy 2,400 72 manufacturers in 14 countries Dalu Polysilicon 2,500 Yingly Green Energy 400 MW Publisher: Sun & Wind Energy Jiangyin Jetion Science and Technology 200 MW www.sunwindenergy.com Jiangsu Shunda 2,000 Luoyang Zhonggui Honbridge Holdings 1,000 Layout: Eilers-Media Silicon High Tech 3,000 GCL Solar 18,000/21,000 www.eilers-media.de Nanyang Green Silicon 50/500 Jiangsu Zhongneng 3,000 Nanyang Universal Solar Technology 1,000/1,000 Daqo New materials 6,000 Date: August 2009 Jiangsu Grand Solar 350 Longi Silicon Materials 200 MW Source: manufacturers' information, own investigation Xi'an Lijing 100 Trina Solar 550 MW CSG 2,000 Shanghai Comtec Technology 200 MW Renesola 3,000 Capture Shanghai Lengguang 2,000 Jinglong Group 2,600 production site for silicon Zhong Cai Sience and Technology 2,000 Jingxin Technology 5,000 headquarters (figures show company's total Zhejiang Jinxiyuan production capacity) Dawu Silicon Park 600 Technology 90 50 production capacity at the end of 2009 in tons ET Solar 300 LDK Solar 15,000 CEEG PV Business 1,500/3,000 50 production capacity at the end of 2010 in tons Sichuan XinGuang Dongfang Electric 50 production capacity at the end of 2008 in tons Silicon-Tech 3,000 Nan'an Sanjing Silicon Refining 40,000 3,000 Jaco Solarsi 3,000 MW production capacity in megawatts Emei Semiconductor Material 220 Jiangxi Silicon 500 Examples The AE Polysilicon plant featured a silicon pro- Yunnan metallurgical AE Polysilicon duction capacity of 1,800 tons at the end of group 3,000 1,800/12,000 2008. By the end of 2010, the production capacity for silicon is forecasted to reach 12,000 tons. The JFE Steel company featured a silicon production capacity of 100 tons at the end of JFE Steel 2009. By the end of 2010, the production capacity 100/150 for silicon is forecasted to reach 150 tons.

112 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 Germany / The Netherlands

The Silicon Mine 4,000 Prime Solar 5,000

Joint Solar Silicon AMG 30,000 850 Elkem Wacker Chemie 15,000/>25,000 1,500 to 2,500 Norsun 200 6,000

Maharishi Solar Sino-American Silicon Hoku Scientific 4,000 Technology Products 640 MW 100

Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 113 Photovoltaics Silicon and Wafer Producers

Filling of a crystal growth system at silicon manufacturer the PV market in previous years for now belongs to peaked at about US$ 400 per kg last year. Silicon PV Crystalox. Photos (3): PV Crystalox the past. The additional capacities have significantly continued to be the crucial cost element in the pro- driven down the costs for solar silicon and brought duction of crystalline modules. Lita Shon-Roy of grid parity into closer reach. However, it remains to Techcet Group estimates that about 78 % of the total be seen whether the price decline will eventually lead raw material costs for polycrystalline modules went into a growing demand and possibly again into a back to silicon in 2008. But the golden times that bottleneck. For now, Germany-based silicon produc- brought high margins for silicon manufacturers are er Wacker is observing an unbroken polysilicon de- now over. The expansion of existing capacities, the mand. In the second quarter of 2009, the company entrance of new producers and the utilization of up- closed three new long-term contracts including ad- graded metallurgical silicon (UMG) in connection with vanced payments by the customer, says Christof the declining global demands are leading into a dras- Bachmair, Senior Manager Media Relations and Infor- tic price decline. According to a study by market re- mation at Wacker. searcher New Energy Finance, the spot market prices for the raw material silicon have meanwhile plummet- Declining prices ed to US$ 67 per kg or US$ 0.50 per W, respectively. “As expected, many solar module makers have come Only one year ago, the number of silicon manufactur- to regret the prices at which they were signing silicon ers willing to enter long-term supply contracts with supply contracts in 2007 and early 2008. It is reas- their customers was still low. However, this was es- suring that in many instances, those contracts are be- sentially the only way to get around the silicon short- ing renegotiated or cancelled”, says Michael ages and the spot market prices that had at times Liebreich, CEO of New Energy Finance. One example

114 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 is the silicon manufacturer Wacker. In the second quarter, the company reached an agreement with the Our data basis customer to cancel a long-term agreement. The advanced payments were kept, which lead to extra prof- S&WE surveyed a total of 111 silicon and 116 wa- its in the range of € 19.7 million. “However, this fer manufacturers on their present production ca- agreement has been a special case that does not pacities and their expansion plans. 73 silicon stand for our regular handling of long-term agree- manufacturers (as against 29 in the previous ments. Some very isolated long-term contracts were year) and 67 wafer manufacturers (as against 52 also adjusted, however, without leading to financial in the previous year) answered our questionnaire. consequences for us”, says Christof Bachmair of A total production capacity of about 248,000 tons Wacker. for 2008 and about 283,000 tons for 2009 was Many manufacturers along the downstream pro- indicated by the silicon manufacturing industry duction stages are now trying to achieve a renegotia- (companies that did not provide data for 2009 tion of their long-term supply contracts with the sili- were included with their capacities of the previ- con manufacturing industry. In consequence, the sil- ous year, assuming that the capacities remained icon price per kg fell by about 50 % also for long-term unchanged). These figures include the capacities agreements in the course of the last months. Lita for crystalline solar silicon as well as the capaci- Shon-Roy expects that the global capacity building ties for upgraded metallurgical silicon. Informa- will eventually drive down the prices arranged for tion on the production capacities was not re- long-term agreements by 5 to 10 % per year. leased by all companies in terms of tons. The pro- While Wacker Polysilicon was able to raise the duction of 1 MW requires about 8 tons of silicon. turnover in the second quarter of 2009 through the In 2009, the total silicon production capacity of establishment of a new production location by 39 % the surveyed companies equals a PV capacity of as against the previous quarter, the falling spot mar- 35.4 GW. Many manufacturers did not indicate ket prices still prohibited to hit the top mark of MW figures or only production in pieces, which € 315 million that had been achieved in the first quar- prohibits a cumulative overview of the wafer in- ter of 2009. The prices contain production costs for dustry’s capacities. Due to the variances in effi- solar silicon of currently about 40 US$/kg. According ciency levels and wafer sizes, a unified calcula- to market researcher New Energy Finance, major man- tion has not been possible. ufacturers such as Wacker or Tokuyama have in turn

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Germany / Switzerland / Poland

Cemat Silicon Conergy 200 1,68 m pcs PV Crystalox 350 Sovello 100/180 Q-Cells 60 Ersol 280 Solar World 500 Wacker Schott Solar 275

Rec Group 1,350 Telecom-STV Norsun 200 6.0 to 8.4 m pcs Swiss Wafers 140 to 150

UAB Saulès Helios energija 0.03 Resource 3 m pcs

Pillar incl. Silicio Solar 740 Solarworld 100 Sanyo Solar 70 Photowatt International 60

Evergreen Solar 108/160 DC Wafers MEMC Electronic Materials 1,200 13 m pcs Solar Cells Hellas 60/60 Space Energy Corporation 240 Sanyo Solar 30 Sumco 630

Central Electronics 12 Wafer World 1.2 m pcs Green Energy Technology 200

World map of the PV industry China Wafer production 67 manufacturers in 16 countries Canadian Solar 175 Beijing Zhonglian Solar Technology 1 Publisher: Sun & Wind Energy Huantai Silicon Science 20 m pcs Yingli Green Energy 740 Dacheng Silicon Tech. 20 m pcs www.sunwindenergy.com Jinglong Group ShungliElectronic 200,000 pcs Xinjiang 80 m pcs Sunoasis 500 Kaihua Huayou Layout: Eilers-Media Monocristalline Silicon 7 m pcs www.eilers-media.de MCL Electronic Materials 3 m pcs Changzhou Eging 50 m pcs Nanyang Universal Solar Tech. Konca Solar 350 Jiangsu Shunda Semiconductor 300 m pcs Date: August 2009 15 m pcs/60 m pcs Jiangsu Province Xunshi 12 m pcs Source: manufacturers' information, own investigation Qinghai New Energy KinVe Solar Power 24 m pcs Trina Solar 550 12.6 m pcs Zhejiang ShiBo Mechanical 10 m pcs Youze Technology 50 Capture Jiangyin Jetion Science and Technology 200 Shanghai Comtec Solar Tech. 200 Jiaxing Winsaint PV 35/100 Evergreen Solar 40 production site for wafers Sino-Italian photovoltaic 50 CEEG PV Business 60/100 headquarters (figures show company's total ET Solar China 25 ReneSola 1,000 production capacity) Semi Materials 100/200 ZNShine 66/76 Sushou Shenglong 80 Jinggong Shaoxing Solar Energy 50 50 production capacity at the end of 2009 in MW GSM Solar 40/100 50 production capacity at the end of 2010 in MW LDK 1,800/3,200 Jinxiyuan Science & Techn. 5 m pcs 50 production capacity at the end of 2008 in MW Solarfun Power 200 JinkoSolar. 400 Desun Solar Energy 350 m pcs production capacity in million pieces Cixi Hongyu Electric Appliance Examples 56 m pcs The GSM Solar plant featured a wafer production Jiawei Solarchina 100 Solargiga 150 m pcs Wafer Works/Jinzhou Youhua 400 GSM capacity of 40 MW at the end of 2009. By the end Solar of 2010, the production capacity for wafers is 40/100 forecasted to reach 100 MW. The Sovello company featured a wafer production capacity of 100 MW at the end of 2009. By the end Sovello of 2010, the production capacity for wafers is 100/180 forecasted to reach 180 MW.

116 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 Germany / Switzerland / Poland

Cemat Silicon Conergy 200 1,68 m pcs PV Crystalox 350 Sovello 100/180 Q-Cells 60 Ersol 280 Solar World 500 Wacker Schott Solar 275

Rec Group 1,350 Telecom-STV Norsun 200 6.0 to 8.4 m pcs Swiss Wafers 140 to 150

UAB Saulès Helios energija 0.03 Resource 3 m pcs

Pillar incl. Silicio Solar 740 Solarworld 100 Sanyo Solar 70 Photowatt International 60

Evergreen Solar 108/160 DC Wafers MEMC Electronic Materials 1,200 13 m pcs Solar Cells Hellas 60/60 Space Energy Corporation 240 Sanyo Solar 30 Sumco 630

Central Electronics 12 Wafer World 1.2 m pcs Green Energy Technology 200

Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 117 Photovoltaics Silicon and Wafer Producers

Silicon waste. Even in the light of the current price declines, silicon remains a valuable raw material and the recycling of silicon waste a considerable savings potential for the manufacturers. Photo: Solar World

been able to even drive down their production costs for the solar sector’s key raw material. New Energy Finance estimates that the costs range around 30 to 35 US$/kg. However, not all new manufacturers that were attracted by the high profits in the sector and had made investments in silicon production in the past two or three years are now able to compete with the price structures. For these companies, the risk to lose competitiveness is high as price and demand are continuing to fall. Since silicon production is a highly energy intensive process, the future factories are expected to be located in regions with low energy costs. But there is much more to be considered in the site selection. “Important aspects involve also access to an infrastructure for the compound production in or- der to recover side products in the polysilicon production process and the availability of qualified work- ers”, says Christof Bachmair of Wacker. While the overheated silicon market is meanwhile cooling down, crystalline module technologies are putting alternatives such as thin-film technology under pressure. The current price level is already caus- ing amorphous thin-film modules to lose competitiveness in view of the price performance ratio. The

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GmbH: www.wallnoefer.it 12/16 Kyocera 240/300 (2 Standorte) Centrosolar 35/35 | 50 EverQ 100/100 | 90/100 Xeliox: www.xeliox.it Sharp 716/820 (3 Standorte) JAPAN Solland 60/170 Solland 60/170 Ersol 100/120 Q-Cells 516/760 Chiryu Heater Co.,Ltd: www.chiryuheater.jp Sunjunior Co., Ltd.: www.sunjunior.co.jp (nur Japanisch) 1/8 page advertisement 80/80 7/7 Ersol 80/100 Heckert 20/60 Photovoltech Yazaki Corporation: www.yazaki-group.com Photovoltech Sunways 30/60 REC Scancell 50/150 20 Alfa Solar 20/30 Articsolar KOREA Schott Solar 75/250 20/30 Articsolar MSK 200/200 Grand Solar Co. Ltd.: www.grandsolar.co.kr GSS Solarwatt 100/110 n67Solar 5/24 30/45 GPV Schott Solar 137/290 30/45 GPV Jehin Co., Ltd.: www.jehin.co.kr 16/16 Solar Factory 110/155 Kangnam Co. Ltd.: www.knsol.co.kr Solarwatt 16/25 Kyocera Mitsubishi 150/220 150/220 Solarwatt 16/25 Centro- Solartec MALAYSIA 5 710/710 Sharp Microsolar (Solar Research Design Sdn. 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Solardome SA: www.solardome.co.za incl. 50 posters 40 Date: July 2008 40 Eopily 120 | 40 450/1000 | 450/1000 Suntech THAILAND BP Solar 24 Source: manufacturer´s instructions, own investigation BP Solar 24 25/25 | 25/25 Chint Solar Origin Ravotek Co., Ltd.: www.ravotek.co.th China Sunergy 192/320 50/50 Alex Solar Energy J-7 Engineering Co. Ltd.: www.j7eng.com Solarfun 240/360 | 240/360 24 United Power Thai German Solar Co. Ltd: www.tgs.co.th Capture Solar Technology 30/40 Kingnote 100 TSCHECHIEN SSEC 100 | 80 Ulica 50 | 100 100/200 | 100 Thermosolar AG: www.thermosolar.com production site for crystalline cells SSEC 100 | 80 Ulica 50 | 100 Sunflower Taiwan 30/50 | 30/50 NESL 25/50 T.W.I. SPOL. S.R.O.: www.twisro.cz 5/10 SinoSolar 30/60 Mosel Propuls s.r.o.: www.propuls.cz production site for crystalline modules Perfect Energy Sunvalley 30 5/10 SinoSolar Delsolar 150/300 Trina 10/100 LPT Vermos s.r.o.: www.vermos.cz Solar Enertech 25 Era Solar 25 100/120 50 production capacity at the end of 2007 in MWp Jumao 50/100 10/25 | 10/25 Solarig 10/40 Ligitek TUNESIEN Tianda Sky Solar 4 Sun Tech Solar 30/90 210/660 Gintech SINES: www.sines.com.tn 50 production capacity at the end of 2008 in MWp Big Sun TÜRKEI Sunworld 20/30 12/24 Quoncion 3 Formosun 30/90 3 Formosun Baymak & Baxi Group: www.baymak.com.tr 100 | 100 BP Solar 12 Solar Energy 30/90 3 Sun Energy Example Tynsolar 3 Sun Energy Dagsan & AGD Solar: www.agdsolar.com 6 EPV Derya Günes Kollektörleri A.S.: www.deryakollektor.com.tr The Photowatt plant featured a cell production 30/210 6 EPV Photowatt 200/230 E-Ton Solar Eraslan Construction Industry: www.eraslan.com.tr NSP 200/230 E-Ton Solar Ezinç Metal San. Tic A.S.: www.ezincmetal.com 42/60 45/45 capacity of 42 MWp at the end of 2007, along 60/90 Solartech Istek - ISI Sistemleri San. ve Tic, Ltd.: www.isteksolar.com.tr with a module capacity of 45 MWp. By the end cells modules p 240/580 Motech Solimpeks Solar Energy Systems Co.: www.solimpeks.com of 2008, the production capacity for cells are 20/95 Gloria UGANDA forecasted to reach 60 MWp. The production capacity for modules 10/50 ASCE Solar Construct Ltd.: www.solarconstruct.com UNGARN will stay at 45 MWp. 30/90 Bigsun MF Technik: [email protected] Bigsun Spring Solar GmbH: www.springsolar.hu USA 120 Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 121 AET Alternate Energy Technologies, LLC: www.aetsolar.com Bubbling Springs Solar Inc.: www.bubblingspringssolar.com BRASILEN Foshan Shunde Aulun Electric Co.,Ltd.: www.audsun.com Zhejiang Meida Solar Energy Industrial Co., Ltd: www.meida.com Ritter Solar GmbH & Co. KG: www.rittersolar.de Tecnisun: www.tecnisun.com GROSSBRITANIEN Dawn Solar: www.dawnsolar.com Discount available if Weitere Informationen Aquecedores Cumulus S/A Ind. E Com.: www.cumulus.com.br Haining City Baoguang Heat Collection Tubes Co.,Ltd.: www.cnbg.cn Zhejiang Shentai Solar Energy Co. Ltd: www.shentaisolar.com Rotex Heating Systems GmbH: www.rotex.de Viessmann Werke GmbH & Co.: www.viessmann.de AES Ltd.: www.aessolar.co.uk Enerworks Inc.: www.enerworks.com COLSOL Colectores Solares Ltda.: www.colsol.com.br Haining Xianke Solar Energy Technology Co.,Ltd.: www.xiankesolar.com DÄNEMARK Ruperti Werkstätten: www.rupertiwerkstaetten.de GRIECHENLAND Kingspan Thermomax solar thermal water heating: www.thermomax-group.com Heliodyne, Inc.: www.heliotropethermal.com ÄGYPTEN Enalter Engenharia Indústria e Comércio Ltda: www.enalter.com.br Innosolar Energy Co.,Ltd.: www.innosolar.cn Arcon Solvarme A/S: www.arcon.dk Schott Rohrglas: www.schott.com Calpak Cicero Hellas S.A.: www.calpak.gr Solar Twin Ltd: [email protected] Power Partners, Inc.: www.powerpartnerssolar.com Schüco Intenational KG: www.schueco.de SolarUK Ltd.: www.SolarUK.net Egyptian Solar Energy Systems Company: www.egyptsolar.net Heliotek Máquinas e Equipamentos Ltda.: www.heliotek.com.br Jiangsu Sunrain Solar Water Heater Manufacture Co. LTD: www.sunrain.com Batec Solar A/S: www.batec.dk Cosmosolar Solar Solutions: www.cosmosolar.com R & R Solar Supply: phone oo1/808/842-0011 SG Sieger Solar: www.sieger-solar.de Viridian Solar Ltd.: www.viridiansolar.co.uk AUSTRALIEN Soletrol Industria e Comércio Ltda: www.soletrol.com.br Lucky Solar Water Heater: www.jixiangsolar.com Sunmark A/S: www.sunmark.com Dimas SA Solar: www.dimas-solar.gr Solar Hybrid AG: www.solarhybrid.ag Solar Skies Mfg, LLC: www.solarskies.com Transsen Indústria e Comércio Ltda: www.transsen.com Merloni Termo Sanitari / Elco Shared Services GmbH : www.mtsgroup.com / DEUTSCHLAND Helioakmi S.A./ Megasun: www.helioakmi.com INDIEN Rheem: www.solahart.com.au Solar Technologie International GmbH STI: www.sti-solar.de Anu Solar Power Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore: www.anusolar.com Solarroofs.com Inc.: www.solarroofs.com Tuma Industrial Ltda.: www.tuma.ind.br www.elco.net AkoTec Produktionsgesellschaft mbH: www.akotec.eu Helional: www.helional.gr Rinnai Australia Pty. Ltd. / Rinnai Beasley: www.rinnai.com.au Solvis Energiesysteme GmbH & Co. KG: www.solvis-solar.de Bipin Engineers Pvt. Ltd.: www.bipsunindia.com; www.bipsun.com Sunbank Solar: www.sunbanksolar.com BULGARIEN Missy Limited: www.misssolar.com Bosch Thermotechnik GmbH: www.buderus.de Intersolar S.A.: www.intersolar.gr SUN RAY: www.sun-ray.fr s-power Entwicklungs- & Vertriebs GmbH: www.s-power.de Emmvee Solar Systems Private Ltd.: www.emmveesolar.com Sunearth, Inc.: www.sunearthinc.com New Energy Systems (NES): www.sunsystem.bg Shandong Himin Solar Company: www.himin.com Citrin Solar Energie- u. Umwelttechnik GmbH: www.citrinsolar.de Maltezos S.A.: www.maltezos.gr Vaillant Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG: www.vaillant.de Enolar Systems: enolar.tradeindia.com/ Sunsiaray, Inc.: www.sunsiaray.com BARBADOS BURKINA FASO Shandong Linuo Paradigma Co. Ltd.: www.linuo-paradigma.com Consolar Solare Energiesysteme GmbH: www.consolar.de Nobel, Xilinakis D. & Co.: www.nobel.com.gr Viessmann Werke GmbH & Co.: www.viessmann.de Hiramrut Energies Pvt.Ltd : www.sunray.co.in Thermal Conversion / TCT Solar: www.tctsolar.com Aqua Sol Components Ltd.: www.aquasolonline.biz/aquasol/ ATESTA (Ateliers d´energy Solaries et de Technologies Appropriées): www.ceas.ch Shandong Linuo New Material: www.linuo.com Ibersolar Energía S.A.: www.ibersolar.com Wagner & Co. Solartechnik GmbH: www.wagner-solartechnik.de Papaemmanouel SA: www.papaemmanouel.gr Jain Irrigation System Ltd.: www.jains.com Thermo Dynamics Ltd.: www.thermo-dynamics.com Solar Dynamics Ltd.: www.solardynamicsltd.com CHINA Shandong Tiafe Solar Product Co.,Ltd: www.tiafesolar.com KBB Kollektorbau GmbH: www.kbb-solar.com Wolf GmbH: www.wolf-heiztechnik.de Prime Laser Tech: www.primelasertech.gr Jay Industries: jaysolar.net Apricus Solar Co., Ltd.: www.apricus.com Shenzhen Commonpraise Solarenergy Lmtd: www.jiaputong.com Lenz Solartechnik GmbH & Co. KG: www.lenz-solartechnik.de FRANKREICH Sammler Solar S.A.: www.sammler.gr Kaushal Solar Equipments P Ltd: www.kaushalsolar.com ZYPERN BELGIEN Aucklat Solar / Changhzou Xinwang Green Energy Co.,Ltd: www.aucklatsolar.com Tsinghua Solar Systems Ltd: www.thsolar.com Narva Lichtquellen GmbH & Co. KG : www.nt-solartechnik.de Clipsol: www.clipsol.com Sigma Solar Systems: www.sigma-sa.com Kotak URJA Pvt Ltd.: www.kotakurja.com Elcora Ltd.: www.elcora-cy.com European Solar Engineering SA (ESE): www.ese-solar.com Beijing Sunda Solar Energy Technology Co, Ltd.: www.sundasolar.com Westech Solar Technology Wuxi Co., Ltd: www.westechsolar.com Nau GmbH Umwelt und Energietechnik: www.nau-gmbh.de Cofer: www.dijoux.re Sol Ltd: www.sonne.gr NRG Technologists Pvt. Ltd.: www.nrgtechnologists.com Johnsun Heaters Ltd.: [email protected] Zen International: www.zen-international.com Fivestar: www.ﬁ vestarslar.com Yasol Renewable Energy Co.: www.vigotec.de Philippine GmbH & Co. KG: www.philippine.de Jacques Giordano Industries: www.giordano-industries.com Sole S.A.: www.sole.gr Rashmi Industries: www.rashmiindustries.com Metalco (Heaters) Ltd.: www.vacusolar.cz combined with simultaneous magazine ad placement.

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Wire saws. So far, the method of slicing silicon pressure from the falling prices for crystalline mod- Salem, Oregon, is expected to be completed until wafers from ingots with ules is accordingly rising even for low-cost suppliers April 2010. With the additional capacities, the com- wire saws remains the most such as CdTe module manufacturer First Solar. pany wants to meet the growth in its three core mar- widely used technique in kets: the United States, Europe and Japan. the industry. Wafer production in growth markets Price reduction targeted

But also the downstream wafer industry continues to According to estimations by Germany-based Fraun- register growth. The world’s largest wafer manufac- hofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), about turer LDK Solar from China, for example, is looking at 40 % of the costs for a solar module go back to the sil- a further capacity expansion. From 1,000 MW in 2008 icon wafer. The most widely applied method for wafer and 1,800 MW in 2009, the company’s capacities are production is the cutting of the silicon blocks or in- expected to rise to 3,200 MW until 2010. But com- gots with wire saws. However, the cutting of the raw pared to 2008, the Chinese wafer manufacturers are material leads to about 50 % of kerf loss. Impurities expanding in general: Jiawei Solarchina raised its ca- in the kerf from lubricants make the recycling of the pacities from 30 to 100 MW in its production in Shen- resulting slurry both cost and labour intensive. In its zhen. JinkoSolar more than redoubled its capacities facility in Herøya, the Norwegian silicon and wafer in Shangrao from 185 to 400 MW. manufacturer REC Group will in the future be able to Besides the capacity building among the Chinese recycle slurry with an annual capacity of 11,000 tons manufacturers, new wafer productions are also being through production lines supplied by SiC Processing constructed in emerging sales markets such as the AG. “The recycling of the slurry produced during the United States or Greece. One example is Solar Cells production process allows cost savings of up to Hellas. In 2009, the company launched its first wafer 35 %”, says Markus Kreuzer, Assistant to the CEO at factory with an initial capacity of 60 MW in the emerg- SiC Processing. ing growth market in Greece. In the United States, Another alternative to drive down the costs is the Sanyo was among the companies that expanded with continuous reduction of the wafer thickness. In mass a wafer production rising from 30 to 100 MW. Con- production, the thicknesses of wafer currently already struction of the company’s production facility in reach down to 150 µm. However, achieving thinner

120 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 wafers also poses a greater challenge for the subse- Price trends quent treatment as the products are particularly prone to breakage. Extremely thin wafer films with a layer The falling silicon prices are also seen as a cause for thickness of 20 μm and without kerf loss developed by the price decline on the downstream stages of the Silicon Genesis make not only between two and four value-added chain. According to New Energy Finance, times better use of the silicon material compared to the spot market prices for polycrystalline silicon wa- saw-cut wafers but are also promising candidates for fers had fallen to 0.93 US$/W in July. In consequence, new application areas. Flexible wafers no longer re- the first supply agreements for wafers are now also quire an even surface – an advantage that was previ- being cancelled or renegotiated. According to New ously reserved for thin-film technologies. The research Energy Finance, the average price in the existing of thinner wafer sizes is presently conducted by agreements ranges at US$ 5.25 per wafer. The mar- Fraunhofer ISE in collaboration with industry partners ket researchers now expect declines as further rene- from the Solarcluster in Thuringia. Within two years, a gotiations take place. In accepting the renegotiations wafer thickness of about 130 μm has been targeted of supply contracts with their customers, the manu- and within five years a slender size of 80μ m. However, facturers equally profit bearing in mind that the gold- with the silicon process costs declining and the higher en years are already losing their glow. The case of availability of solar silicon, the pressure to acquire Conergy demonstrates that in a changing market en- stocks of the raw material at all costs is falling. About vironment the obligations of long-term supply con- two years ago, Germany-based Solar-Fabrik AG had ac- tracts can have fatal consequences for the companies quired shares of the Indian Poseidon Chemicals in the bound. area of wafer recycling. Poseidon recovers raw wafers for solar cell manufacturing from waste material in the Renegotiation of existing semiconductor industry. At the beginning of August supply contracts 2009, Solar-Fabrik decided to abandon the business begun in wafer recovery. According to the company, the On the one hand, a long-term supply contract can be prospects for the segment wafer recovery had steadily a blessing for the customer and make the production worsened in the course of the last three quarters. The independent of price increases on the spot market. reasons for the development were seen primarily in the But reverse scenarios can also be the case as the ex- current excess supply of silicon that resulted in a falling ample of Conergy shows. After the company had demand for recovered silicon products. closed a ten-year wafer supply contract with MEMC at

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a time when the silicon shortage was already tangi- Ready for shipment: ble in 2007, the falling prices on the global market to- polycrystalline silicon Ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber (EVM) gether with a factory below its capacities in Frankfurt blocks of the manufactu (Oder), Germany, turned the mere frame contract into rer PV Crystalox. an adhesion contract that began to threaten the company’s survival on the market. Conergy CEO Dieter Powdered acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) Ammer’s efforts to cancel the agreement in April were refused by MEMC, which now makes the contracts a matter of the courts. Ammer justified his efforts by saying that in view of the current price declines for silicon wafers, the terms of contract were inadequate. LANXESS Deutschland GmbH, Technical Rubber Products, 51369 Leverkusen, Germany - Baymod Styrene-butadiene rubber additive (SBR) However, oftentimes when the market environments change, a renegotiation of contracts between the contracting parties becomes possible and leads to a renewal of the mutual agreement. MEMC, for example, renegotiated the terms of supply with Suntech Power in July. While the manufacturer’s profits in the ten-year contract will remain unchanged, the terms of

Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009 Photovoltaics Silicon and Wafer Producers

the contract have been adjusted to the new market newly constructed factories. As a consequence, the situation with new prices and an additional amount product prices are falling and the pressure to renego- of supply. The company is now about to follow a sim- tiate existing agreements rises. Eventually, many of ilar strategy in its renegotiations with Gintech Energy the business models developed in times when silicon Corporation. and wafers were sold at top prices will fail to stay Two incompatible trends are becoming apparent competitive in the new market environment. The situ- in the wafer as well as the silicon manufacturing in- ation looks brighter for unintegrated cell and module dustry. On the one hand, the financial crisis is mak- manufacturers on the downstream stages of the value ing the financing of PV projects a difficult endeavour. chain that now profit from the price declines and On the other hand, the market is entered by new par- higher availability of intermediate products. ticipants with wafers and silicon produced from their Stefan Hausmann

Further information: 6N Silicon Inc.: www.6nsilicon.com MEMC Electronic Materials Inc: www.memc.com AE Polysilicon Corp.: www.aepolysilicon.com Mitsubishi Materials Corp.: www.mmc.co.jp AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V.: www.amg-nv.com Nan´an Sanjing Silicon Refining Co. Ltd.: www.fjsjsi.com Beijing Zhonglian Solar Technology Co., Ltd.: Nanyang Green Silicon Co. Ltd.: www.gsipv.com www.zl-solar.com Nanyang Universal Solar Technology Co. Ltd.: Canadian Solar: www.csisolar.com www.nustnanyang.com CEEG PV Business: www.ceeg.cn NITOL-Polysilicon (Nitol Solar Ltd.): www.nitolsolar.com Cemat Silicon: www.cematsil.com Norsun AS: www.norsuncorp.no Central Electronics Limited (CEL): www.celindia.co.in OSAKA Titanium Technologies Co. Ltd.: www.osaka-ti.co.jp Changzhou Eging: www.eging.cn PCMP (Podolsky Chemical & Metallurgical Plant JSC): www.pcmp.ru Chisso Corporation: www.chisso.co.jp Peak Sun Silicon: www.peaksunsilicon.com Cixi Hongyu Electric Appliance Co.,Ltd: www.cnhongyu.com Photowatt International: www.photowatt.com Conergy AG: www.conergy.de Pillar: www.pillar.com CSG Hubei: www.csgholding.com Prime Solar Pty Ltd.: www.primesolar.com.au Dacheng silicon Technology Co., Ltd.: www.chinadacheng.com.cn PV Crystalox Solar PLC: www.pvcrystalox.com Dalu Polysilicon Co. Ltd.: www.dalutech.com Q-Cells SE: www.q-cells.de Daqo New materials Co. Ltd.: www.daqo.com Qinghai New Energy (Group) Co., Ltd.: www.qhsolar.com Dawu Silicon Park Co. Ltd.: www.amzda.com REC Group: www.recgroup.com DC Chemical: www.dcchem.co.kr ReneSola, PRC: www.renesola.com DC Wafers: www.dcwafers.com RSI Silicon LLC: www.rsi-silicon.com Desun Solar Energy: www.desunpv.com Sanyo Solar: www.sanyo.com Dongfang Electric Corp.: www.dongfang.com.cn Schmid Silicon Technology GmbH: www.schmid-silicon.de Elkem AS: www.elkem.no Semi-Materials: www.semimaterials.com Emei Semiconductor Material Factory & Institute: Shanghai Comtec Solar Technology: http://www.comtecltd.com.cn www.emb739.com Shuangli Electronic (Zhen Jiang) Co.,Ltd: www.ussony.com Ersol Solar Energy AG: www.ersol.de Sichuan Xinguang Silicon-Tech Co. Ltd.: www.xgsic.com Estelux Srl: www.estelux.it Silfab SpA: www.silfab.eu ET Solar: www.etsolar.com Silicium de Provence (Silpro): www.siliciumdeprovence.com Evergreen Solar, Inc.: www.evergreensolar.com Siliken: www.siliken.com GCL Solar: www.gcl-poly.com.hk Sino-American Silicon Products: www.saswafer.com Green Energy Technology (GET): www.getinc.com.tw Solar Cells Hellas: www.schellas.gr GSM Solar Kunshan Co., Ltd.: www.gsmsolar.com SolarFun Power: www.solarfun.com.cn Hankook Silicon: www.hksilicon.co.kr Solargiga: www.solargiga.com Helios Resource: www.hr-pv.com Solar World AG: www.solarworld.de Hemlock Semiconductor Group: www.hscpoly.com Sovello AG: www.sovello.com Hoku Scientific: www.hokuscientific.com Space Energy Corporation: www.space-energy.co.jp Honbridge Holdings Ltd.: www.8137.hk Sumco: www.sumcousa.com Jaco Solarsi Ltd.: www.solarsi.com Sumitomo Corp.: www.sumitomocorp.co.jp JFE Steel: www.jfe-steel.co.jp Sunlight Group: www.sunlightgi.com Jiangsu Grand Solar: www.grand-solar.com Suzhou Shenglong PV-Tech: www.shenglong-solar.com Jiangsu Huantai Silicon Science and Technology Co., Ltd.: Swiss Wafers AG: www.swisswafers.ch www.jshuantai.com Telecom-STV Co., Ltd.: www.telstv.ru Jiangsu Province Xunshi Group: www.xun-shi.com The Silicon Mine: www.thesiliconmine.com Jiangsu Shunda Holding: www.shundasolar.com Timminco: www.timminco.com Jiangyin Jetion Science and Technology: www.jetion.com.cn Tokuyama Corp.: www.tokuyama.co.jp Jiawei Solarchina.co, Ltd: www.jiawei-europe.com Trina Solar: www.trinasolar.com Jiaxing Winsaint Photovoltaic Co.,Ltd: www.winsaint.com UAB Saules energija: www.saulesvejoenergija.lt Jinggong P-D Shaoxing Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd: Wacker Chemie AG: www.wacker.com www.jgsolar.com Wafer Works/Jinzhou Youhua: www.waferworks.com Jinglong Group: www.jinglong.net Wafer World: www.waferworld.com Jingxin technology Corp.: www.jingxin-tech.com Wuxi Zhong Cai Science and Technology Co. Ltd.: JinkoSolar Co., Ltd.: www.jinkosolar.com www.wxzhongcai.com Joint Solar Silicon GmbH & Co. KG: www.js-silicon.de Xi’an Lijing Electronic Technology Co. Ltd.: www.xalijing.com Kaihua Huayou Monocrystalline Silicon Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.: Xinjiang Sunoasis Co., Ltd.: www.sunoasis.com.cn www.zjhuayou.com Yingli: www.yinglisolar.com KinVe Solar Power Co., Ltd: www.kinve.com Youze Technology Co., Ltd.: www.youzetech.com Konca Solar Co., Ltd.: www.koncasolar.com Yunnan metallurgical group: www.ymiec.com LDK Solar Hi-tech Co. Ltd.: www.ldksolar.com Zhejiang Jinxiyuan Science and Technology Co., Ltd.: LONGi Silicon Materials Corp: www.longi-silicon.com www.jinxiyuan.co M.Setek Co. Ltd.: www.msetek.com Zhejiang ShiBo Mechanical & electrical Co., Ltd.: www.mc88.com.cn Maharishi Solar technology (P) Ltd.: www.maharishisolar.com Zhejiang Sino-Italian photovoltaic Co., Ltd: www.sipv.com.cn MCL Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.: www.mclwafer.com ZNSHINE PV-Tech: www.znshine.com

124 Sun & Wind Energy 9/2009