GRASSLAND MONITORING MANUAL FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA: A TOOL FOR RANCHERS

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 Introduction GRASSLAND MONITORING MANUAL FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA: A TOOL FOR RANCHERS

PHOTO CHRIS HARRIS

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA GRASSLAND MONITORING MANUAL FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA

CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...... iv Foreword ...... vi Perspective ...... vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

CHAPTER 2 HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL ...... 7

CHAPTER 3 IDENTIFYING YOUR GRASSLAND COMMUNITY ...... 23 REGIONAL MAPS • Thompson-Nicola ...... 27 • Okanagan-Similkameen ...... 29 • Boundary Region...... 31 • East Kootenay ...... 33 • Cariboo-Chilcotin ...... 35

CHAPTER 4 SELECTING A MONITORING SITE ...... 37

CHAPTER 5 ASSESSING YOUR GRASSLAND COMMUNITY...... TAB 5 Assessment booklets for: 1 Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands 2 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands 3 Rough Fescue Grasslands 4 Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands 5 Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands

CHAPTER 6 CONDUCTING PHOTO-POINT MONITORING ...... 43

CHAPTER 7 INTERPRETING RESULTS ...... 51

SCORE SHEETS AND TEMPLATES ...... 59 • Grassland Assessment Score Sheet ...... 60 • Photo Information Sheet ...... 62 • Photo Identifier Card ...... 63 • Grassland Monitoring Summary Sheet ...... 64 APPENDIX 1 Identification of Key Bunchgrasses ...... 65 2 Collecting Plant Specimens for Later Identification . . . . . 67 3 Preparing Litter Samples ...... 68 4 Training...... 69 5 Riparian Monitoring and Other References ...... 70 6 Abundance Table...... 72 THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT!

© 2009 Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia The Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia would like Except for the purposes of non-profit grassland and rangeland education and agricultural to recognize and sincerely thank the following organizations for their extension programs, no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for publication, commercial use, or for profit, generous financial support for this project. without permission in writing from the Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia.

Production Publisher, Managing Editor: Bruno Delesalle, GCC Executive Director Editor: Barb Coupe, Arboreal Communication Services Design and Layout: Glenda Mathew Illustrator: Peggy Jo Broad

Development of methodology, field work, data analysis, drafting Grassland Monitoring Manual prototypes (four regions), training and field testing with ranchers Brian and Sandra Wikeem, Solterra Resource Ltd.

Scientific review: testing and finalizing methodology, completing additional field work and data analysis Agriculture Environment Ken MacKenzie and Kristi Iverson, Iverson & MacKenzie Biological Consultants Ltd. Initiatives

Citation for Manual Delesalle, B.P., B.J. Coupe, B.M. Wikeem, S.J. Wikeem. 2009. Grasslands Monitoring Manual for British Columbia: A Tool for Ranchers. Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia.

ISBN 00-000000000-000

To obtain additional copies of this manual Tel: 250-374-5787 Email: [email protected] www.bcgrasslands.org Click link to Grassland Monitoring Manual

PRINTED IN CANADA

ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Grassland Monitoring Manual for British Columbia would not have We wish to express our gratitude to Barry Adams and the Alberta Ministry been possible without the hard work and dedication of so many people. of Sustainable Resource Development for their vision and the model of the Alberta Rangeland Health Assessment as it was the seed from which We wish to express our sincere thanks to Brian and Sandra Wikeem for the Grassland Monitoring Manual for British Columbia has flourished. their dedication and hard work in developing the methodology and the prototypes for field testing with ranchers and range staff. We thank Last, but not least, there are several individuals who deserve additional you as well for your commitment in preparing and delivering training recognition for their unwavering commitment and their contributions workshops and field testing with ranchers. Your dedication to science and through editing, scientific advice, providing technical input, your vision of a practical tool for range practitioners played a big part in proofreading, and providing other needed materials. Thank you Dennis our success. Lloyd, Ken MacKenzie, Dr. Michael Pitt, Ordell Steen, Rick Tucker, and Dr. Wendy Gardner. A sincere thanks to Ken MacKenzie and Kristi Iverson for your scientific rigor and testing of the manual. Your work enabled us to fine tune the methodology and to produce a workable manual. And a grateful thanks to Barb Coupe who took a largely scientific technical document and Photographs transformed it into a readable and simple manuscript. Not an easy task! The photographs in the manual were used with kind permission from: Glenda Mathew, we thank you for bringing everything together. Your Ray Coupe, Bruno Delesalle, Richard Doucette, Mike Duffy, Bruce Gordon, talent and your design abilities have resulted in a beautifully designed Chris Harris, Shawna Larade, Ken MacKenzie, Glenda Mathew, Kristy and appealing manual. Robbins, Robert Scheer, Peter Sulzle, Rick Tucker, and Brian Wikeem.

After six years of work, numerous committee meetings, and many lively Photographs not otherwise acknowledged on page 12 of each booklet discussions, the Technical Advisory Committee should be commended (TOP TO BOTTOM, LEFT TO RIGHT) for their commitment to this product. It is important to recognize that Booklets 1 and 2: over the six year period, the committee and its members attained Bruno Delesalle, Brian Wikeem, Richard Doucette, Brian Wikeem, “consensus” and agreed on a grassland monitoring tool. Special thanks Brian Wikeem, Reg Newman, Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem. are extended to: Bruno Delesalle, GCC and Committee Chair; Cindy Haddow, Ministry of Environment; Darren Dempsey, Frolek Cattle Co. Booklets 3 and 5: Ltd.; Dennis Lloyd, Ministry of Forests and Range; Duncan Barnett, BC Richard Doucette, Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Richard Doucette, Cattlemen’s Association; Frances Njenga, Ministry of Forests and Range; Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Reg Newman, Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Greg Tegart, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands; Jim White, Rangelands Brian Wikeem. Associates; Judy Guichon, Gerard Guichon Ranch Ltd.; Michael Pitt, Booklet 4: Retired – UBC Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Mike Dedels, Society for Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Richard Doucette, Range Management – BC Chapter; Ordell Steen, O.A. Steen Consulting; Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Reg Newman, Brian Wikeem, Brian Wikeem, Phil Youwe, Ministry of Forest and Range, Kamloops Forest District; Brian Wikeem. Rick Tucker, Ministry of Forests and Range; Roger Packham, Ministry of Environment; Wendy Gardner, Thompson Rivers University. Special thanks are extended to all the ranchers, range staff and students who participated in training and field testing of the regional manuals. Testing the methodology and providing us with critical and constructive feedback was instrumental in helping the GCC form the vision and the structure of the final manual. Your contributions were invaluable.

iv v FOREWORD PERSPECTIVE

As with many worthwhile projects, this manual was a long time in the For generations, ranchers have relied on intuition and experience to making. The dual challenge to the manual’s authors was to be technically assess the state and health of their grasslands. A detailed scientific correct and user friendly. It is our intention that ranchers and tenure assessment was rarely undertaken, as it was deemed to be an expensive, holders will recognize and adopt this monitoring process as a useful time consuming process that the rancher would be unable to complete mechanism for improving stewardship, promoting productivity, and without the aid of off-farm consultants. This manual breaks down those enhancing the viability of their ranching business. I also hope that this barriers, allowing the rancher to independently commence a widely monitoring tool will provide ranchers with information and skills that recognized scientifically based assessment that does not consume a empower them to engage in dialogue and decision-making on an equal rancher’s scarce resources of time and money. This process will also basis with government, to the benefit of both the environment and deepen the rancher’s understanding of the ecological processes that cattle. The manual is one more tool that enables ranch mangers to be affect and alter the health of grasslands. In today’s ever changing world, proactive and adaptive in their management, with information provided this manual offers the ranching community a tool to better assess and by the land itself. Such feedback is vital for ranchers to achieve their tend the state of their precious resource – the grasslands. inherent long-term interests in the health of their grazing lands. Darren Dempsey The Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia also intends Rancher, Frolek Cattle Co. Ltd. that the monitoring manual will be integrated into range schools throughout BC. It is important to note that the range school was born from a vision based on history and lessons learned: that ranchers and government can work together as stewards of the land. If in years to Monitoring is an important part of any range management system. The come we attain significant uptake of the manual, with the results of Ministry of Forests and Range is a proud partner in the development monitoring informing ranchers and facilitating constructive dialogue on of the Grassland Monitoring Manual for British Columbia and supports grassland management, then we will have achieved success! this methodology. The Manual is a significant contribution to grassland As the Grassland Monitoring Manual becomes more widely adopted monitoring in BC, providing ranchers with a practical tool for managing within various regions of the province, it is my hope that the purpose of their grasslands. this tool is kept at the forefront: Let’s keep working ranches working and David Borth let’s preserve the ecological integrity of our grassland ecosystems. Director Range Branch, Ministry of Forests and Range David Zirnhelt Chair, Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia

vi vii INTRODUCTION The Grasslands of British Columbia Consider the grassland that you are managing—it is a rare landscape in British Columbia. Our grasslands, though small and scarce, are significant. They provide important forage for the ranching industry as well as habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals. More than 30% of BC’s Species at Risk depend on Grasslands occupy grasslands for their survival. less than 1% of the Most of the province’s grasslands are found in central and southern province’s total area, BC. They are usually the hottest and driest parts of main valleys and covering approximately adjacent benches dissected by the Kootenay, Kettle, Okanagan, 698,417 hectares. Similkameen, Thompson, Nicola, Chilcotin and Fraser Rivers. The Central and southern remaining grassland area is found in the Georgia Basin and to the BC contain 92% of north of Prince George. These grasslands are not covered in this BC’s total grassland manual but will be added in a later version. area, covering 645,068 Grassland is land dominated by grasses. Tree cover is low or absent hectares. The Georgia due to a combination of temperature, precipitation, and physical Basin north of Prince factors that create sites too dry for forests. But grasslands also George represent 8% include other grass-like plants, forbs (broad-leaved herbs), and shrubs. Across the province, grassland plant communities vary of BC’s total grassland considerably depending on latitude, elevation, climate, and soils. area, covering 53,349 These communities can change significantly from pasture to hectares. pasture, or even within a pasture, depending upon whether the site is a north-facing slope (wetter), a south-facing slope (drier), or flat. Such variability is challenging to ranchers. Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands typically found at low elevations on drier sites. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM Several different grassland communities exist across the province, and each community influences the way you manage. You can determine your grassland community by using the regional maps and descriptions found in Chapter 3 of this manual.

High elevation Rough Fescue grasslands of the Nicola Basin near Quilchena. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Chapter 1 1 Changes in Plant Communities from Lower to Upper Grasslands

LOWER GRASSLAND MIDDLE GRASSLAND UPPER GRASSLAND <600 m 600 m to 900 m 900 m to 1200 m Valley Bottom Valley Dominant Grasses and Shrubs Dominant Grasses and Shrubs Dominant Grasses and Shrubs • Big sagebrush • Bluebunch wheatgrass • Rough fescue • Common rabbit brush • Needle-and-thread grass • Silky lupine • Bluebunch wheatgrass • Sandberg’s bluegrass • Arrowleaf balsam root • Willow • Prickly rose • Prickly rose • Common rabbit brush • Common rabbit brush

Douglas fir

Ponderosa Aspen pine Rough fescue Pine grass Bluebunch wheatgrass Willow

Needle-and- Cattail thread grass Sandberg’s Brunisol bluegrass

Hardstem bulrush Baltic Big sagebrush Bluebunch rush wheatgrass

Black chernozem Prickly pear cactus Organic soil over mineral soil

Dark brown chernozem Brown chernozem Organic soil over mineral soil HOT/DRY COOL/WET

Elevation gradients for Lower, Middle and Upper Grasslands are general guides only. There are regional and local variations due to climate, soils and other factors that may influence the type of grasslands you are managing. Field verification is very important.

2 Introduction Chapter 1 3 Ecology of Grasslands Grasslands are an important resource to the cattle industry. As you plan for and manage your grassland, you want to make the best use of the resource while maintaining the ecological integrity of your grassland. Grassland ecosystems encompass certain attributes and perform certain functions, including: • productivity • site stability • water capture, storage, and release • nutrient cycling • species diversity Maintaining these basic attributes and functions will ensure that the integrity of the ecosystem is maintained over time. The table below summarizes the importance of these attributes and functions.

Attributes and Functions of Healthy Grasslands • Grasslands efficiently use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into above- Grassland Status, Assessment and Monitoring Grassland landscapes are a Productivity mosaic of open grasslands ground biomass and store carbon in the soil through root growth. In this manual, grassland status is used to describe the ecological with associated riparian • Grasslands provide forage for livestock and wildlife, including micro-organisms, condition of your grassland at a particular point in time. Status is areas, aspen stands, conifer insects, and small and large mammals. based on a visual estimate of five key indicators, each of which patches, wetlands and rock • Grasslands support stable, long-term plant communities and biomass describes a specific attribute or function. outcrops. The diversity production. and richness of grasslands 1 Plant Community Composition throughout the province Site Stability • Grasslands lower the chance of soil erosion. Their layers of litter and living 2 Plant Community Structure provide a wide range of plants protect soils that have taken centuries to develop. ecological values and 3 Nutrient and Hydrological Cycling (litter and biological crusts) • Greater site stability ensures greater availability of nutrients for plant growth. functions. PHOTO RAY COUPE 4 Site Stability (existing or potential erosion) Water Capture, • Grasslands soils, which are adequately covered with living plants and litter, 5 Invasive Plants Storage and absorb precipitation. Release • Water is stored in the soil and is slowly released from the site. The information collected from these indicators is used to evaluate • Greater percolation of water into the soil and less runoff means: the site’s overall condition. By answering questions based on these – more moisture available for plant growth and other organisms, indicators, you are assessing the status of your grassland. When – reduced evaporation losses from the soil surface, and you collect this information over a period of years, you are then – greater environmental stability during drought. monitoring your grassland. Grassland monitoring allows you to detect changes in status over time. Nutrient • Nutrients are released and incorporated into grassland soils when grass leaves, Cycling stems, and roots die and decompose. Both assessment and monitoring are fundamental for making • Grazing animals recycle nutrients by eating and digesting forages that return to informed management decisions, and help determine if your the soil as manure. management programs are achieving their goals. • Healthy grasslands promote sustainable levels of soil nutrients that optimize plant growth. Why Use This Manual as a Monitoring Tool? Species • Grasslands support and maintain a wide diversity of grasses, forbs, mosses, Maintaining healthy, reliable grass from year to year while dealing Diversity lichens, and shrubs. with fluctuating climatic changes and shifting operational needs can • Structure and composition of plant communities provide cover and food for be challenging. Whether on crown or private lands, monitoring is a large and small mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and insects. useful way to measure change on your grassland. As a monitoring

4 Introduction Chapter 1 5 The manual is a monitoring tool that will assist you to collect and record information from one assessment period to another. It encourages you to complete assessments by collecting field data and using photography to effectively monitor changes in your grassland over time. PHOTO BRUNO DELESALLE

tool, this manual helps you detect any problems that may occur. Addressing these problems at an early stage helps you manage your grasslands with due diligence and assists you in maintaining healthy, productive grasslands. This manual provides a strong systematic approach for recording what is happening on your grassland—both the changes you currently see on the land base, and the changes you might expect based on your management practices. A healthy, productive grassland will yield better returns to your operation.

Due diligence is an important concept in grassland management. When you are diligent, you are managing responsibly and sustainably. This monitoring tool provides a framework for due diligence. Consistent monitoring, recording, and reporting are important components in managing your grassland resource and enable you to anticipate and address problems that may arise.

6 Introduction 2. HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL Use This Manual 2 How to

PHOTO BRUNO DELESALLE

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

Grassland Assessment Procedure Only the basics of grassland ecology are needed to use the procedures in this manual. Originally developed with the help of ranchers, this manual is a practical tool for assessing grassland status and monitoring trends over time. Training is an essential This manual is designed to be practical and easy to use. During the first step for all first time initial visual assessment of your site, five questions will be answered users of this manual. and three photos taken. The site is then revisited periodically over Training will ensure the the years in order to monitor trends. appropriate application The overview presented in this section discusses the following of this tool and it will questions: assist you in selecting • What type of grassland do I have? monitoring sites, using • What is Reference Condition? the booklets and score • How is grassland status assessed? sheets, and will assist • What are grassland indicators? you in interpreting your • What is a threshold? results. See Appendix for details. • When should I monitor? • How long does it take? • How do I select a monitoring site? • What equipment do I need? Later in the manual, Chapter 5 will detail a step-by-step procedure on how to complete your assessment once you have identified your grassland community and selected a monitoring site.

What type of grassland do I have? Chapter 3 will help you determine your grassland community. There you will find regional maps and brief descriptions of the major grassland communities found across the Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia. From the maps, you will be able to identify the grassland communities most applicable to your ranching operation. Once you have determined your grassland community, Chapters 4 through 7 will take you through the procedure to assess the status of your grasslands.

Chapter 2 7 What is Reference Condition? Trends in Grassland Status Reference Condition, essential to the assessment of grassland status, is the condition of a grassland when little or no disturbance has occurred. It reflects the influence of climate, soils, and topography on a combination of grassland indicators (see “What are Grassland Indicators?” on page 10). As you assess your grassland, you will be comparing your site to the Reference Condition. For each region, Reference Condition descriptions were developed by collecting information from a number of exclosures, lightly Reference Condition Reference Condition grazed sites, and minimally disturbed sites that shared similar site is the combination potential. The Reference Condition approximates the state of your of biological and grassland plant community had it not been grazed or disturbed. By physical factors used comparing the Reference Condition to the actual condition of your as the “reference” for grassland, you will be able to score and assess the status of your site. The plant community will be rated as: comparison with a grassland community. • Reference Condition (not altered) The Reference Condition • Slightly Altered does not represent • Moderately Altered a single site, but is • Greatly Altered based on observations from numerous sites How is grassland status assessed? to capture the range Grassland status is the state of your grassland at a particular point of variability within in time. It is measured relative to the Reference Condition by a native grassland visually estimating and scoring the five key indicators discussed next. The present condition of each indicator is measured, and community. the information collected from all indicators provides an overall assessment of the site’s status. TREND These same indicators can be used to assess a trend in grassland status change, provided that repeated observations are taken on the same site at the same time of the year, using the same procedures. Interpreting grassland status and trend is based on the collective assessment and score of all indicators combined. Changes in the indicators over time may suggest a trend, either for a specific indicator, such as plant community composition, or as a total ecosystem score based on all indicators. The most important indicator of change is a decline in cover of the dominant bunchgrasses and an associated increase in the Greatly Altered cover of small grasses, forbs, and sometimes shrubs. Low-growing bunchgrasses and forbs, such as Sandberg’s bluegrass and pussytoes, are often more abundant as disturbance increases.

PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM

8 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 9 What are grassland indicators? Key Bunchgrasses Found in BC’s Grasslands Grassland status is measured by visually estimating and scoring five key indicators, each of which describes a specific ecological attribute or function. Assess the status of your grassland by answering the following five questions based on the indicators: 1 Plant Community Composition What is the cover of bunchgrasses? 2 Plant Community Structure Do you have the expected plant layers? Tuning your Eye — 3 Nutrient and Hydrological Cycling The monitoring tool How much litter and/or biological crust do you have on site? will assist you to “tune 4 Site Stability your eye” to identify key Is there existing or potential erosion on site? grassland indicators and 5 Invasive Plants Bluebunch Wheatgrass thus will help you collect Are invasive plants a problem on this site? reliable and consistent The questions will assist you in visually estimating and scoring each grassland information indicator. Although each indicator individually provides important which is essential for information, it is their cumulative score that will determine the any range management status of your grassland. You need to interpret this information program. relative to your management objectives and your current management practices on site.

1. Plant Community Composition: What is the cover of bunchgrasses? Plant species composition affects both the structure and productivity of grasslands, and is one of the most important indicators of grassland status. Large bunchgrasses are the principal species dominating sites in Reference Condition on all grasslands Rough Fescue in southern BC, and they account for more than 60% of the ground cover and 80% of the forage produced. Plant composition responds to significant disturbances such as continuous heavy grazing, frequent fire, prolonged periods of drought, above-normal precipitation, invasion by non-native species, or excessive recreational use. These changes are most predictable for plant species grazed by cattle. The large, perennial species most palatable to cattle, such as bluebunch wheatgrass, often decline with continuous heavy grazing.

Idaho Fescue

The Upper Grasslands of the Cariboo are dominated by short-awned porcupine grass and spreading needlegrass. PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM

10 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 11 The cover of smaller, less palatable species (such as pussytoes, to maintain or promote communities similar to or slightly altered yarrow, Sandberg’s bluegrass, junegrass, and needle-and-thread from the Reference Condition. Reference Condition sites generally grass) often increases when environmental conditions become more show the highest potential productivity and usually provide the favourable. Non-native species, such as common dandelion, diffuse most consistent source of nutritional forage for livestock. They are and spotted knapweed, Dalmatian toadflax, and sulphur cinquefoil, more stable in terms of plant communities, soils, litter, and water can invade heavily disturbed sites where native plant species have cycling than significantly altered sites. Reference Condition sites are been eliminated or their cover reduced. also prime wildlife habitat for grassland animals, and have abundant litter that protects the soil against erosion, retains soil moisture, and Grasslands in all stages of successional development have value for promotes nutrient cycling. some organisms. However on many sites, range management aims

Successional Development of Grasslands

Bare Soil and Rocks Greatly Altered Moderately to Slightly Altered Reference Condition • No organic matter • Few or no bunchgrasses • Increased abundance of bunchgrasses • Bunchgrass cover greater than 50% • Active erosion • Little or no litter • Increasing litter and organic matter • All structural layers present • Invasive plants abundant • Stable soil • Abundant litter and organic matter • Shallow roots • Deeper roots • Deep, well established rooting system • Structure greatly altered • Increasing structure • Stable soil (see Structure, page 14) • Biological crusts well established

Litter and organic matter begin to build >

HIGH DISTURBANCE LOW DISTURBANCE Early Succession Late Succession

12 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 13 2. Plant Community Structure potential for wind and water erosion. Across the landscape, a Do you have the expected plant layers? diversity of habitats with different structures provides the greatest The structure of your plant community is another vegetation feature variety of opportunities for both plants and animals. that indicates grassland status. Vegetation structure is described by 3. Nutrient and Hydrologic Cycles categorizing plants into layers based on height. How much litter and/or biological crust do you have on site? Most grasslands in BC have four or five plant layers: Litter is the key indicator for nutrient cycling and hydrological Litter provides habitat for 1 Shrubs function. Both the cover and distribution of living and dead plant numerous insects, small material promote nutrient cycling and moisture retention in 2 Tall Grasses and Forbs mammals and birds. PHOTO grasslands. BRIAN WIKEEM Trees are considered to 3 Medium Grasses and Forbs be a sixth layer as long 4 Low Grasses and Forbs (including sedges and rushes) As litter decomposes on the soil surface, it contributes organic matter and mineral nutrients to the soil. Heavy snowfalls, rain, and as they cover less than 5 Biological Crusts (mosses, lichens, and algae) Similar to litter, trampling by animals press standing dead plant material against 10% of the grassland Although all these layers may be present in grasslands, their relative the soil surface, which promotes decay. Decaying litter releases biological crusts play a canopy. Above 10%, a cover can vary considerably from one grassland community to nutrients for plant growth and provides habitat and food for critical ecological role site is considered to be another. For example in the Southern Interior, big sagebrush is a decomposers. by assisting in moisture an open forest. common shrub in Lower Grasslands but is generally absent in the retention, fixing In addition, by insulating the soil surface from the heat of the sun, Upper Grasslands. The shrub layer of the Upper Grasslands is usually atmospheric nitrogen, sparse and may contain prickly rose and common rabbit-brush. litter reduces evaporation and retains scarce soil moisture. Litter also slows water movement over the soil surface, and allows the and ensuring soil Like plant community composition, community structure is easily water to infiltrate and penetrate deep into the soil profile. Studies stability. modified by disturbance. Changes in community structure affect have demonstrated that litter removal can reduce forage yields by the distribution of light, water, and nutrients available to plants. In about 50% on bluebunch wheatgrass and rough fescue dominated turn, these changes affect the potential of the grassland community grasslands. to support wildlife and livestock. Disturbance also increases the

Plant Structural Layers

Trees

Shrubs

Tall Grass

Medium Grass Low Grass The cover and distribution of litter stabilizes the soil by intercepting rainfall and reducing raindrop splash on the soil surface. A dense mat of litter slows runoff and reduces movement of soil particles by water. Litter also acts as a Ground Cover, Biological Crust physical barrier between the soil surface and the air above the plant canopy, which reduces soil erosion from wind.

14 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 15 4. Site Stability after a weather event or disturbance. The transition from one status Is there existing or potential erosion on site? to another can be seen by changes in such indicators as: plant Some level of erosion naturally occurs in all plant communities. community composition and structure, litter, and site stability. The natural rate of erosion that is expected in plant communities Often, the shifting of a plant community from one status to another protected by live plants and litter is called geological erosion. is reversible, however, the site and the degree of disturbance will When the rate of soil loss exceeds the geological rate, sites become impact the ability of a grassland to recover. In some cases, reversing unstable; this process is called accelerated erosion. a shift in the plant community or status can take a significant length Soil losses resulting from wind and water erosion usually remove of time. In extreme cases, a grassland may require 20 to 50 years of the finer particles on the soil surface such as clays, silts, and rest or careful management to fully recover to Reference Condition. organic matter. These particles are important in maintaining soil fertility and moisture holding capacity. In addition, high levels of Threshold and Transition from One Status to the Next fine particles can negatively affect water quality when they enter the fish-spawning habitats of adjoining streams and rivers. Poor management of upland grassland environments can accelerate erosion and thus impact site stability and water quality. Good management strives to prevent this situation. Grasslands in Reference Condition have stable soils and adequate vegetative cover to prevent soil erosion. Disturbed sites with reduced vegetative cover and increased areas of bare soil are Reference Condition susceptible to erosion. Threshold 75%

5. Invasive Plants Are invasive plants present on this site? Most invasive plants on grasslands are introduced, non-native species. These species are usually most prevalent in early succession communities, but can establish on locally disturbed sites in all grasslands. Any disturbance can create conditions suitable for their Slightly Altered establishment. Invasive plants impact grasslands by: Threshold 50% • limiting soil moisture and nutrients for native plant species, reducing their ability to recover, re-establish, or attain Reference Condition • resulting in a decline in forage production for livestock and wildlife Yellow toadflax (Linaria • reducing biological diversity vulgaris) PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM • impairing the aesthetic value and recreational opportunities Moderately Altered Grassland management aims to maintain native plant vigour and Threshold 25% cover of both living vegetation and litter to minimize establishment

of invasive plants. next the to status one from Transition

What is a threshold? A threshold is the transition point between one status and another (as listed under “What is Reference Condition?” on page 8). A change in status is usually directly related to disturbance or a significant Greatly Altered weather event, such as drought, or it may be related to recovery PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM

16 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 17 Assessing Grassland Status The status of your grassland at a particular time relative to the Reference Condition is determined by a visual estimate attained by scoring the five indicators outlined on page 10.

Reference Condition Reference Condition: Status Value 76–100% The site surveyed is essentially the same as the Reference Condition. The composition of the plant community, community structure, soil integrity, nutrient cycling, and hydrological process are effectively stable. Productivity will be relatively stable compared to other altered conditions. Susceptibility to weed invasion is low.

Slightly Altered Slightly Altered: Status Value 51–75% At least two of the five indicators evaluated have been rated below the Reference Condition. Changes in plant community composition, plant community structure, and litter weight are the most likely reasons for the difference between the present site and the Reference Condition. Total production and site stability, as well as susceptibility to weed invasion, are likely similar to the Reference Condition.

Moderately Altered Moderately Altered: Status Value 26–50% At least three of the five indicators evaluated have been rated below Reference Condition. Most likely, the cover of the dominant bunchgrasses is much lower than the Reference Condition, and at least two structural layers have been altered. In addition, litter weight and distribution are probably insufficient to adequately protect the soil surface. Bare soil may be increasing, and soil erosion is more likely than in the Reference Condition. These sites are generally more susceptible to weed invasion. Productivity can vary depending upon species composition and annual weather patterns.

Greatly Altered Greatly Altered: Status Value 0–25% At least four of the five indicators evaluated have been rated below the Reference Condition. Species composition and plant community structure are significantly altered. If the dominant bunchgrasses remain, they contribute very little to ground cover and provide little forage for livestock and wildlife. Generally, the dominant species have been eliminated and replaced by low-growing, shallow-rooted, unpalatable native species; or by invasive plants of low forage value. Deep-rooted shrubs may have been established in dense, persistent stands. Litter weight and distribution are usually insufficient to protect the soil against wind and water erosion, and evaporation losses are high. Active erosion is often evident. These sites are susceptible to weed invasion, and invasive plants may be the dominant species on some sites. Productivity is usually lower than the Reference Condition and, throughout the years, can be highly variable depending on species composition and annual weather patterns.

PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM

18 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 19 When should I monitor? How do I select a monitoring site? Grassland assessments and photo-point monitoring should be done Selecting a site for grassland assessment and photo-point when plants are most easily identified and before grazing begins on monitoring is an important step. Chapter 4 will take you through the the site. In the Southern Interior, grassland plants flower between process. Because the selection of your monitoring sites will depend mid-May and early August. Low-elevation grasslands generally begin on your objective(s), you must first consider the purpose of your flowering earlier, and high-elevation sites flower later. Wetter or drier monitoring. years often extend or shorten the flowering period in all grasslands, and sudden hot, dry spells can end the growing period quickly. What equipment do I need? Repeated grassland assessments and photo-point monitoring Checklist Using a combination of over several years should be conducted at similar times during the Identify clear management plan and monitoring objectives Ziplock bags are grassland assessment growing season and under similar grazing conditions. handy for storing litter Identify grassland community(s) to monitor and photo-point samples. Prepare litter monitoring will give Suitable Monitoring Season Select time frame for monitoring bags ahead of time for you a better idea Select potential sites for monitoring on your map—you may not easy reference in the Monitoring be able to select site until out on site Grassland Type of the state of your Season field. grassland under current Gather equipment, manual, and score sheets management practices. LOWER GRASSLANDS When used over a few Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass May years, these procedures Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Suggested Equipment for the Field will yield important MIDDLE GRASSLANDS mid-May to Equipment for Assessment Set-up Re-visit trend information. Bluebunch Wheatgrass mid-June Total time required to Grassland Monitoring booklet from this manual • • monitor a site will be UPPER GRASSLANDS Grassland Assessment Score Sheets • • about 30 minutes with Rough Fescue (Thompson, Okanagan, Kootenay) Maps of the area • experience. Porcupine Grass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass and June Pencils and eraser • • Spreading Needlegrass (Cariboo) Ziplock bags for litter • • Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Compass • Global Positioning System (GPS) if possible • • 1/4 m2 frame (50x50 cm) for litter collection • • How long does monitoring take? Large plastic or paper bags to store litter samples • • Once you have some experience with the procedures, a grassland 30 m transect tape measure • • status assessment can generally be completed in 15 to 20 minutes. Rebar pins, 34” long and 3/8” diameter to permanently mark transect • However, while you are learning, anticipate spending at least an Small sledge hammer • hour in the field. You will quickly build experience and confidence in Carpenter’s tape 8 or 10 meters long or range pole (stadia rod) • • using this monitoring tool. Equipment for Photo-point Monitoring The procedure of taking three photos of your monitoring site is Photo ID Card and Photo Information Sheets • • called photo-point monitoring and is an important part of the assessment process (see Chapter 6). It will add an additional 10 to 15 Camera with a zoom or 50 mm lens (film or digital) • • minutes to your time in the field. Photos are highly recommended Carpenter’s tape measure, 8 or 10 meters long • • and should be taken every time you complete an assessment. As Rebar pins, 34” long and 3/8” diameter • • you build experience and establish clear photo-points, taking your Small sledge hammer • photos will become quick and easy. Global Positioning System (GPS) if available • •

20 How to Use This Manual Chapter 2 21 3. IDENTIFYING YOUR GRASSLAND COMMUNITY 3 Identifying Your Grassland / Maps

PHOTO MIKE DUFFY

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA IDENTIFYING YOUR GRASSLAND COMMUNITY

Before going into the field to start your assessment, you need to identify the grassland plant community you are managing. The site’s dominant species will dictate how you assess your grassland and will affect the interpretation of your results.

Each grassland community is described in a separate booklet accompanied by details describing how they are to be assessed and scored. Identifying your grassland community is a three step process:

Step1 Select your region on the BC map • See the map on page 25, Grassland Regions of Southern British Columbia • Five regions are discussed in this manual: 1 Thompson–Nicola Region 2 Okanagan–Similkameen Region 3 Boundary Region 4 East Kootenay Region 5 Cariboo–Chilcotin Region The Peace River and northern grasslands are not included in this version of the manual.

Step 2 Identify your grassland community(s) Select the fold-out map of your region that shows grassland community delineations. Here you will be able to identify the grassland communities relevant to your operation. In most cases, you will not have more than two grassland communities. A total of seven grassland communities are identified: • Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (Lower Grassland) • Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (Lower Grassland) • Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (Middle Grassland) • Rough Fescue Grasslands (Upper Grassland) • Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands (Upper Grassland) • Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands (Upper Grassland)

Chapter 3 23 Step 3 Choose the monitoring booklet(s) that correspond to the Grassland Regions of Southern British Columbia grassland community(s) identified on your map Select the map of your region from the following Each grassland community is colour-coded. Turn to the fold-out maps. correspondingly coloured booklet in Chapter 5 of the manual. The booklet will take you through a step-by-step process for completing

Data Sources: your assessment. There are five booklets: Grassland Conservation Council of BC BC Land & Resource Data Warehouse Natural Resources Canada Geogratis 1) Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and BC Albers Projection NAD 83 Antelope-Brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Map by: Owen Fritch

0 50 100 150 2) Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands km

3) Rough Fescue Grasslands A l 4) Rough Fescue, Antelope-Brush Grasslands b e r 5) Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and t C Williams Lake a Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands ari boo Ensure you have identified and field-checked your grassland - Ch community carefully, as the maps in this manual are a general guide ilco and may not distinguish variations in plant communities based on tin topography and climate. In other words, ensure you are scoring the right plant community!

The number of sites you assess depends on the number of pastures Kamloops and plant communities you want to assess. If you want to assess one Thompson- large pasture that contains two community types, you will need to - n n complete two different assessments, one for each community. Nicola a e g e East a m n a Kootenay a lk Cranbrook Vancouver k i O m i S Boundary U. S. A.

Thompson–Nicola Region Map ...... pages 27-28 Okanagan–Similkameen Region Map ...... 29-30 Boundary Region Map ...... 31-32 East Kootenay Region Map ...... 33-34 Cariboo–Chilcotin Region Map ...... 35-36

24 Identifying Your Grassland Community Chapter 3 25 Grassland Communities by Region

Region Lower Grassland Middle Grassland Upper Grassland Thompson–Nicola Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Grasslands Grasslands Okanagan–Similkameen Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Grasslands Grasslands OR Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Boundary Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Grasslands Grasslands (limited) East Kootenay Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Grasslands Grasslands (limited – not mapped) OR Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands Cariboo–Chilcotin Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Grasslands AND Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands

26 Identifying Your Grassland Community Regional Map THOMPSON-NICOLA REGION Identify your grassland community or communities (you may have more than one). Turn to the corresponding booklet. Each grassland community is colour-coded. The booklet will take you through

a step-by-step process for completing your THOMPSON-NICOLA assessment.

Region Lower Grassland Middle Grassland Upper Grassland Thompson–Nicola Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Grasslands Grasslands

Prickly Pear Cactus PHOTO Bruce Gordon

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3A Data Sources: 3 Grassland Conservation Council of BC BC Land & Resource Data Warehouse Keremeos Natural Resources Canada Geogratis BC Albers Projection 3 NAD 83 Map by: Owen Fritch

Chapter 4 Regional Map OKANAGAN-SIMILKAMEEN REGION Identify your grassland community or communities (you may have more than one). Turn to the corresponding booklet. Each grassland community is colour-coded. The booklet will take you through a step-by-step process for completing your assessment. OKANAGAN-SIMILKAMEEN

Region Lower Grassland Middle Grassland Upper Grassland Okanagan– Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Similkameen Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Grasslands Grasslands OR Antelope-Brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands

Mule Deer PHOTO Peter Sulzle

Chapter 4 29 30 Regional Maps Kamloops Mabel Lake

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Chapter 4 Regional Map BOUNDARY REGION Identify your grassland community or communities (you may have more than one). Turn to the corresponding booklet. Each grassland community is colour-coded. The booklet will take you through

a step-by-step process for completing your REGION BOUNDARY assessment.

Region Lower Grassland Middle Grassland Upper Grassland Boundary Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Grasslands Grasslands

Balsam Root PHOTO Richard Doucette

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BC Albers Projection . S. A. NAD 83 U Map by: Owen Fritch

Chapter 4 Regional Map EAST KOOTENAY REGION Identify your grassland community or communities (you may have more than one). Turn to the corresponding booklet. Each grassland community is colour-coded. The booklet will take you through EAST KOOTENAY EAST a step-by-step process for completing your assessment.

Region Lower Grassland Middle Grassland Upper Grassland East Kootenay Bluebunch Wheatgrass Rough Fescue Grasslands Grasslands OR Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands

Bitter Root PHOTO Robert Scheer

Chapter 4 33 34 Regional Maps 95 C o l u m 93 b i a

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Chapter 4 Regional Map CARIBOO-CHILCOTIN REGION Identify your grassland community or communities (you may have more than one). Turn to the corresponding booklet. Each grassland community is colour-coded. The booklet will take you through a step-by-step process for completing your CARIBOO-CHILCOTIN assessment.

Region Lower Grassland Middle Grassland Upper Grassland Cariboo– Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Porcupinegrass Chilcotin Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Grasslands, Bluebunch Grasslands Wheatgrass AND Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands

Bluebird PHOTO Peter Sulzle

Chapter 4 35 36 Regional Maps Q Data Sources: u Grassland Conservation Council of BC e BC Land & Resource Data Warehouse s Natural Resources Canada Geogratis n e l R i v e r 97 BC Albers Projection 0 25 50 75 100 NAD 83 km Map by: Owen Fritch

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Chapter 4 4. SELECTING A MONITORING SITE Monitoring Site 4 Selecting a 4 Selecting

PHOTO ROBERT SCHEER

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SELECTING A MONITORING SITE

Selecting an appropriate grassland site is essential for accurate and relevant monitoring. This section will assist you in selecting your monitoring site. LOWER LEFT Reference Condition sites Key Considerations should be monitored if you are considering a • Be clear about the purpose of your monitoring. In other words, change in management. A what are your management objectives? Your objectives will help baseline or first assessment determine an appropriate site for monitoring. For example, do is important, as you will you want to select a site that is representative of the average compare future results to status of your grazing unit, or do you want to select a problem your first assessment. Over site that concerns you? You may want to monitor this site over time, trends will become time to determine its trend. Distribution of livestock often results evident. PHOTO BRUNO DELESALLE in zones of different uses and impacts. If you want to assess each LOWER RIGHT of these zones, you will need at least one monitoring site per The fence line clearly zone. shows contrast with a • Know your grassland. What type of grassland communities are Greatly Altered site. If your management objective is you monitoring? If you are unsure, return to Chapter 3 and select to restore or improve the a grassland community type. condition of the pasture on • Be sure that the selected site is representative of the dominant the right, monitoring and grassland community. Avoid sampling across different a change in management vegetation types. Do not cross from native grassland to areas regime will be required. Although changes may take seeded to domestic forage, or from upland sites to riparian areas. several years, particularly • Be sure that the selected site or sites are representative of a on drier sites, monitoring grazing or management unit. is an essential component to achieving success and to • Avoid areas where animals congregate such as gates, fence understanding grassland corners, and salting areas, unless these sites are the subjects of condition and trend. your monitoring. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Chapter 4 37 Selecting Your Site Typical Large Grassland Pasture with Variable Terrain Once you have determined the purpose of your monitoring (based Fir stand High variability on your management objectives), and you know the grassland North facing slope communities you will be assessing, follow the steps below. Aspen

Large Pastures or Grazing Units Step 1 Traverse the pasture or grazing unit before you start. Complete a visual scan of the pasture. A common management Step 2 goal is to provide Confirm or determine the dominant grassland vegetation type Area 3 sufficient forage for in your pasture and assess the variability within your pasture or livestock while having grazing unit. Area 2 a small but acceptable Step 3 impact on the Select a site that is representative of both the dominant grassland environment. Because community and your pasture or grazing unit. In other words, find having mixed grassland a site that represents the average condition of your grassland. It should have the same site potential as the Reference Condition for Area 1 status is inevitable, that plant community. you should aim for • Avoid sampling across different vegetation communities if having none in a Greatly possible. Altered condition. If • If you have native grassland next to an area seeded to domestic you have a mosaic of forage, place your monitoring well within the grassland area. grassland states, such • Avoid areas where animals congregate such as gates, fence as a few Moderately corners, and salting areas (unless these are sites you want to Toe of slope Wetter sites Altered, many Slightly monitor). South facing slope Altered, and some in the Step 4 Reference Condition, In a large variable pasture, divide the pasture into smaller sample you are likely managing areas and assess each site individually (see next page). Start by Vegetation will be different in swales, depressions, gullies or at the toe of a hill. This appropriately. selecting an area approximately 5 to 10 m square. The key is to The most important is mainly due to higher moisture availability. Conversely, ridges, rocky outcrops and aspect of monitoring select a site that represents the dominant grassland community or south facing slopes will be drier. The plant community found on a wet site will differ area you wish to monitor. from the community found on a dry site. Therefore, in variable terrain, take the time is to be consistent in to find representative sites that you wish to monitor within your pasture. A monitoring where, how and when Variable topography, climatic conditions, and other factors result site in areas 1, 2 or 3 will provide a more uniform grassland plant community than the you monitor. in different grasslands. Your monitoring site should be as uniform adjacent variable terrain. PHOTO KRISTY ROBBINS as possible. It should represent the reference plant community that you wish to monitor and be representative of a management regime/grazing unit. The most important aspect of monitoring is to be consistent with where, how and when you monitor. Repeat your assessment at the same location and at the same time of year. If you have a rotational grazing system, be sure to assess your site before grazing rather than after grazing as this may influence your results. Always be consistent.

38 Selecting a Monitoring Site Chapter 4 39 Assessing Your Grassland Community

Avoid sampling in areas The following section contains five different booklets to guide you where animals congregate in your assessment. such as gates, fence corners, Choose from the following booklets: and salting areas unless these are sites you want to 1 Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and monitor. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (Lower Grasslands) 2 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (Middle Grasslands) 3 Rough Fescue Grasslands (Upper Grasslands) 4 Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands (Upper Grasslands) 5 Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands (Upper Grasslands)

Grassland communities found in alpine areas, northern regions, and riparian communities (around wetlands, lakes and along streams) are not covered in this manual. Many riparian plant communities Step 5 occupy saline soils and are dominated by alkali saltgrass and other Your monitoring site should be marked with permanent markers species adapted to saline conditions and are currently outside the or pegs. Coloured metal pegs pounded into the ground are highly scope of this manual. visible and are preferred. They will be easy to find in the next assessment period, which may be in 3 to 5 years, unless you have a reason to assess a site more regularly.

Small Pastures, Unique Grassland Communities, and Problem Driving cattle in Lac du Bois. Areas PHOTO ROBERT SCHEER Use a similar method to the one outlined above, but apply it to the smaller area. Variability should not be a problem, however, determining the dominant vegetation type may be more difficult. Use the dominant plant community in an adjacent or similar pasture (one that has a similar aspect, slope, soil, etc.), to help you determine the plant community. If you are unable to easily determine the grassland community, request assistance from an agrologist. Remember, this is a learning process. Once the dominant vegetation type is determined, proceed to the assessment process. As with a larger pasture, your monitoring site should be clearly marked. If a fence delineates your monitoring site, mark a post for future reference or use a metal peg pounded into the ground. If possible, all monitoring sites should be identified and recorded with a GPS. This will assist greatly in finding your peg or post in future years.

40 Selecting a Monitoring Site Chapter 4 41 5. ASSESSING YOUR GRASSLAND COMMUNITY

PHOTO BRUNO DELESALLE 5 Assessment 5 Assessment GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Booklets

BOOKLET 1 Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass

Grasslands (LOWER GRASSLANDS) 1 BOOKLET and Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (LOWER GRASSLANDS)

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands

Due to the similarities of these two grassland Training is an essential communities, they are both scored using this booklet. first step for all first time users of this manual. Training will ensure the Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands appropriate application Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands are common of this tool and it will throughout the Southern Interior at low elevations. They are mainly assist you in selecting found in the Bunchgrass, and Ponderosa Pine biogeoclimatic zones, but can occasionally be found in the Interior Douglas-fir zone. monitoring sites, using They occur from the valley bottom to 600 m elevation and are the booklets and score found throughout the Okanagan–Similkameen, Thompson–Nicola, sheets, and will assist Boundary, and Cariboo–Chilcotin Regions. you in interpreting your results. See Appendix for details.

Typical Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grassland community. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM This grassland community is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass. On north-facing slopes, this species may be mixed with rough fescue. On relatively cooler, moister sites, Idaho fescue and rough fescue will occasionally co-dominate with bluebunch wheatgrass. Note that Idaho fescue may become the dominant bunchgrass on some sites, particularly in the Similkameen and Okanagan valleys. Big sagebrush and other shrubs, such as threetip sagebrush and common rabbit-brush, account for less than 20% of the plant cover. Biological crusts are widespread and perform an important ecological function.

Chapter 5 Booklet 1 1 Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands typically have five Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands structural layers, including shrubs, tall grasses and forbs, medium grasses and forbs, low grasses and forbs (rarely exceeding 5 cm in height), and biological crusts (mosses, lichens, and algae).

Typical Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grassland community. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Although very similar to the Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands, the Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass community has some differences. Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands are mainly found in the very hot, dry Bunchgrass and Ponderosa Pine biogeoclimatic zones in the South Okanagan—Similkameen region and to a very limited extent in the East Kootenay region. Antelope-brush and common rabbit-brush are the most common shrubs on the driest sites in the South Okanagan. Big sagebrush replaces antelope-brush in slightly moister and cooler conditions. Antelope-brush and other shrubs account for less than 20% of the plant cover. Biological Biological crusts play a critical ecological role by assisting in moisture retention, fixing crusts (mosses, lichens, and algae) are widespread and perform atmospheric nitrogen, and ensuring soil stability. In Lower Grasslands, biological an important ecological function, particularly in dry, semi-desert crust cover increases significantly where bunchgrass plants are more widely spaced conditions where the spaces between bunchgrasses are significant. and where litter cover is lower. Biological crusts may increase where site disturbance causes a reduction in bunchgrass and other plant cover, as well as a reduction in litter. Similar to Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands, these This trend may serve as an early warning or indicator of over-grazing by wildlife or grasslands have five structural layers, including shrubs, tall grasses livestock. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM and forbs, medium grasses and forbs, low grasses and forbs (not exceeding 5 cm in height), and biological crusts.

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 • Biological crusts (mosses, lichens and algae) are abundant and Identification Aid for Key Bunchgrasses make up 15% to 40% of the ground cover. Biological crusts play an important ecological function. When site disturbance intensifies, bunchgrass, other plants and litter cover decrease, and may result is increased biological crusts. • Litter weight is greater than 600 kg/ha and litter cover is 75% or more of the ground surface. • Stable soils show limited bare soil and soil disturbance. Erosion features and/or bare soil account for less than 10% of the ground surface. • Invasive plants are not present or account for less than 1% cover on the site.

PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM Bluebunch Wheatgrass Idaho Fescue Rough Fescue SCORE SHEET SCORING KEY BUNCHGRASS COVER Densely tufted perennial Densely tufted perennial Densely tufted perennial QUESTION 1 What is the composition of your plant community? bunchgrass bunchgrass bunchgrass Accounts for 40% Stems erect, 30–100 cm tall, Stems erect, 40–90 cm tall, Stems erect, 30–100 cm tall of total score The cover of key bunchgrasses provides an index of plant species visible nodes no visible nodes composition and will help you assess the status of your grassland. Leaves rough, fine, densely Leaves rough, flat or folded, Leaves flat, branched, tufted, basal 15–25 cm high, What to expect on your site in the Reference Condition: basal 10–60 cm high, dark green to bluish green light green to bluish green, Key bunchgrasses are widely spaced and cover more than 50% of green, purplish at base the site. brownish at base • Site is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass. Flowers an open panicle Flowers an open panicle Flowers a spike 8–16 mm 5–18 cm long, slightly • Rough fescue may be mixed with bluebunch wheatgrass on 7–25 cm long, awns greater long, usually without awns purplish, awns less than north-facing slopes. than 1.5 mm 1.5 mm • Idaho fescue and rough fescue will occasionally co-dominate with bluebunch wheatgrass on relatively cooler, moister sites. Standing litter curled at top Standing litter not curled Standing litter not curled • Idaho fescue may become the dominant bunchgrass on some sites, particularly in the Similkameen and Okanagan valleys. Work Table on Page 2 of the Score Sheet Step 1 List known bunchgrasses ������������������������������������������ � ������������������������������������������������� List known bunchgrasses on the work table on page 2 of the score �������������������������� sheet . If possible, document other plant species that occur on ����������������� ������������������������ the site as well. This will save you time during the scoring procedure. Big sagebrush 12 � This is especially important when the dominant bunchgrasses are Common Rabbit Brush 1 � � limited or not present. � If some species are unfamiliar to you, collect a few specimens for ��������������������������������� 13 � later identification. See Appendix 2: Collecting Plant Specimens for �������������������� Bluebunch Wheatgrass � Later Identification. 36 Rough Fescue } � Balsam Root 1 � � ������������������������������������������������� 37 � ���������������������� 6 Big Sagebrush Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands / Antelope-brush Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands ChapterJune 5 Booklet Grass 1 7 � Pasture Sage � � � ��������������������������������������������������� 15 � ������������������� Sandberg’s Bluegrass � Prickly pear Cactus � �

� ������������������������������������������������ 15 � ������������������ ✓ ���������������������������� 30 ��������������� Knapweed – one patch <1 � � � � ������������������������������������������ <1 � �������� ��������������������������������������������������������������Very dry last 2 years. Litter seems to be declining.��������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������Litter cover approx. 20% ��������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������Bare soil = 7% ��������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������Little or no erosion ��������������������������������������������������������������

��������������������������������������������������������������Generally stable, but some concerns with continued�������������������������������������������������������������� dry conditions.

��������������������������������������������������������������Monitor litter and bare soil. �������������������������������������������������������������� 4UFQ

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The Importance of Litter Step 1 Litter is the key indicator Hand rake and assess litter of nutrient cycling and hydrological function. Litter Litter weight is estimated by hand-raking litter from a 0.25 m2 area on the soil surface helps or within a plot frame. The litter will be either weighed or compared intercept rainfall, slow to the photographs on page 19. water movement across the soil surface, and promote Collect three to five samples from representative areas on the site. infiltration into the soil. It Remember your site should be 5 to 10 m square. If you have a larger also regulates heat on and site you may require more samples. below the soil surface. It slows down soil heating and helps If you installed transects, hand-rake litter from a 0.25 m2 area or plot the soil to cool more quickly, every 3 to 5 m along the transect. reducing moisture loss.

16 Big Sagebrush Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands / Antelope-brush Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Chapter 5 Booklet 1 17 0QUJPOT
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32 Big Sagebrush Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands / Antelope-brush Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands Chapter 5 Booklet 1 33 BOOKLET 2 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (MIDDLE GRASSLANDS) BOOKLET 2 BOOKLET

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands

Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands are common throughout the Southern Interior at mid elevations from 600 m to 900 m, and are found throughout the Okanagan–Similkameen, Thompson–Nicola, Boundary, Cariboo–Chilcotin, and East Kootenay regions. Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands are mainly found in the Bunchgrass, Ponderosa Pine, and Interior Training is an essential Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zones, but are sometimes first step for all first time found in the Montane Spruce and Engelmann Spruce– users of this manual. Sub-alpine Fir zones. Training will ensure the Bluebunch wheatgrass dominates this grassland community. Rough appropriate application fescue may be mixed with bluebunch wheatgrass. On relatively of this tool and it will cooler, moister sites, Idaho fescue and rough fescue will occasionally assist you in selecting co-dominate with bluebunch wheatgrass. Note that Idaho fescue monitoring sites, using may become the dominant bunchgrass on some sites, particularly in the booklets and score the Similkameen and Okanagan valleys. sheets, and will assist This grassland typically has five structural layers, including a limited you in interpreting your shrub layer, tall grasses and forbs, medium grasses and forbs, low results. See Appendix for grasses and forbs not exceeding 5 cm, and biological crusts (mosses, details. lichens, and algae). Biological crusts are not as abundant in this grassland community as they are in the Lower Grasslands (Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Antelope-Brush Bluebunch Wheatgrass communities), but still perform an important ecological role.

Typical Bluebunch Wheatgrass grassland community. PHOTO BRUNO DELESALLE

Chapter 5 Booklet 2 1 View overlooking the Lac du Bois Grasslands which span from Rough Fescue grasslands (Upper Grasslands – far left) through the Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands (Middle Grasslands – centre to right) to the Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands (Lower Grasslands – far right to valley bottom). PHOTO ROBERT SCHEER

Big sagebrush, common rabbit-brush and other shrubs in Bluebunch Wheatgrass Biological crusts play a critical ecological role by assisting in moisture retention, fixing grasslands account for less than 5% of the plant cover. When the shrub layer increases atmospheric nitrogen, and ensuring soil stability. In Middle and Upper grasslands, significantly in this community, this possibly indicates extended fire suppression, biological crust cover often decreases significantly where bunchgrass plants are more overgrazing or other disturbance. PHOTO RICHARD DOUCETTE tightly spaced and where litter cover is higher. Conversely, biological crusts may increase where increased site disturbance causes a reduction in bunchgrass and other plant cover, as well as a reduction in litter. This trend may serve as an early warning or indicator of over-grazing by wildlife or livestock. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

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 intensifies, bunchgrass, other plants and litter cover decrease, and Identification Aid for Key Bunchgrasses may result is increased biological crusts. • Litter weight is greater than 1000 kg/ha and litter cover is 75% or more of the ground surface. • Stable soils show limited bare soil and soil disturbance. Erosion features and/or bare soil account for less than 10% of the ground surface. • Invasive plants are not present or account for less than 1% cover on the site.

SCORE SHEET SCORING KEY BUNCHGRASS COVER QUESTION 1 PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM What is the composition of your plant community? Accounts for 40% Bluebunch Wheatgrass Idaho Fescue Rough Fescue of total score The cover of key bunchgrasses provides an index of plant species Densely tufted perennial Densely tufted perennial Densely tufted perennial composition and will help you assess the status of your grassland. bunchgrass bunchgrass bunchgrass Stems erect, 30–100 cm tall, Stems erect, 40–90 cm tall, What to expect on your site in the Reference Condition Stems erect, 30–100 cm tall visible nodes no visible nodes Key bunchgrasses cover more than 50% of the site. Leaves rough, fine, densely • Site is dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass. Leaves rough, flat or folded, Leaves flat, branched, tufted, basal 15–25 cm high, basal 10–60 cm high, dark • Rough fescue may be mixed with bluebunch wheatgrass. green to bluish green. light green to bluish green, green, purplish at base • Idaho fescue and rough fescue will occasionally co-dominate brownish at base with bluebunch wheatgrass. Flowers an open panicle, Flowers an open panicle, • Idaho fescue may become the dominant bunchgrass on some Flowers a spike 8–16 mm 5–18 cm long, slightly 7–25 cm long, awns greater sites, particularly in the Similkameen and Okanagan valleys. long, usually without awns purplish, awns less than than 1.5 mm 1.5 mm Step 1 Standing litter curled at top Standing litter not curled Standing litter not curled List known bunchgrasses List known bunchgrasses on the work table on page 2 of the score sheet . If possible, document other plant species that occur on Work Table on Page 2 of the Score Sheet the site as well. This will save you time during the scoring procedure. This is especially important when the dominant bunchgrasses are ������������������������������������������ � ������������������������������������������������� limited or not present. �������������������������� If some species are unfamiliar to you, collect a few specimens for ����������������� ������������������������ later identification. See Appendix 2: Collecting Plant Specimens for Big sagebrush � 2 Later Identification. Common Rabbit Brush } � �

� ��������������������������������� 2 � �������������������� Bluebunch Wheatgrass � 35 Rough Fescue } � Balsam Root 2 � � ������������������������������������������������� 37 � ���������������������� 6 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands ChapterIdaho 5 Booklet Fescue 2 7 1 � June Grass � 15 Pasture Sage } � � ��������������������������������������������������� 16 � ������������������� Sandberg’s Bluegrass � Forbs � �

� ������������������������������������������������ 10 � ������������������ ✓ ���������������������������� 10 ��������������� Knapweed – one patch <1 � � � � ������������������������������������������ <1 � �������� ��������������������������������������������������������������Very dry spring ��������������������������������������������������������������

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 SCORE SHEET SCORING NUTRIENT AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLING Typical Reference Condition QUESTION 3 for Bluebunch Wheatgrass How much litter do you have on site? grassland community. PHOTO Accounts for 24% BRIAN WIKEEM of total score Litter is an important indicator of nutrient cycling and hydrological function. Litter on the soil surface helps intercept rainfall, slow water movement across the soil surface, promote infiltration into the soil, and regulate heat on the soil surface. Litter includes residual plant cover from previous year’s growth (dead plant material) and may be found standing next to current growth, or on the ground. Material on the ground may be freshly fallen material or material that is partially broken down. When collecting litter, collect all litter found within your plot.

What to expect on your site in the Reference Condition: • Bunchgrasses dominate the site. • Litter cover is uniform on the site. Biological crusts play an important role in moisture • Litter matter consists of dead plant material on the soil surface retention and soil stability. and within plants. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM • Litter weight is greater than 1000 kg/ha. Litter weight may vary from 1000–2000 kg/ha. • Litter covers 75% or more of the ground surface. • Stable soils with limited bare soil and soil disturbance, where erosion features and/or bare soil accounts for less than 10% of the ground surface or site.

Scoring in this section is divided into two components: • Assessing litter weight • Assessing the cover of litter and biological crusts Both litter and biological crusts are measured together. An increase in litter weight and cover over the site often results in a decrease in crust cover—there is less open space for the crusts to establish.

The Importance of Litter Step 1 Litter is the key indicator Hand rake and assess litter of nutrient cycling and hydrological function. Litter Litter weight is estimated by hand-raking litter from a 0.25 m2 area on the soil surface helps or within a plot frame. The litter will be either weighed or compared intercept rainfall, slow to the photographs on page 19. water movement across the soil surface, and promote Collect three to five samples from representative areas on the site. infiltration into the soil. It Remember your site should be 5 to 10 m square. If you have a larger also regulates heat on and site you may require more samples. below the soil surface. It slows down soil heating and helps If you installed transects, hand-rake litter from a 0.25 m2 area or plot the soil to cool more quickly, every 3 to 5 m along the transect. reducing moisture loss.

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5% Cover

10% Cover

20% Cover

30% Cover

50% Cover

60% Cover

75% Cover

32 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands BOOKLET 3 Rough Fescue Grasslands (UPPER GRASSLANDS) BOOKLET 3 BOOKLET

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Rough Fescue Grasslands

Rough Fescue grasslands are common throughout the Southern Interior at mid to high elevations from 900 m to 1200 m and are found throughout the Okanagan– Similkameen, Thompson–Nicola, Boundary, and East Kootenay regions. Rough Fescue grasslands are mainly found in the Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zones with some Training is an essential limited occurrences in the Bunchgrass and Ponderosa first step for all first time Pine zones. users of this manual. This grassland community is dominated by rough fescue. Bluebunch Training will ensure the wheatgrass may be mixed with rough fescue on south-facing slopes appropriate application or on drier sites. On relatively drier sites, bluebunch wheatgrass of this tool and it will will co-dominate with rough fescue. Note that Idaho fescue may assist you in selecting become the dominant bunchgrass on some sites, particularly in the monitoring sites, using Similkameen and Okanagan valleys at lower elevations. the booklets and score This grassland community typically has five structural layers, sheets, and will assist including a limited shrub layer, tall grasses and forbs, medium you in interpreting your grasses and forbs, low grasses and forbs not exceeding 5 cm results. See Appendix for (including sedges and rushes), and biological crusts (mosses, details. lichens, and algae). Biological crusts are not as abundant in this grassland community as in the Lower Grasslands (Big Sagebrush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Antelope-brush Bluebunch Wheatgrass communities), but still perform an important ecological role.

Typical Rough Fescue grassland community. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Chapter 5 Booklet 3 1 Biological crusts play a critical ecological role by assisting in moisture retention, fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and ensuring soil stability. In Middle and Upper grasslands, biological crust cover often decreases significantly where bunchgrass plants are more tightly spaced and where litter cover is higher. Conversely, biological crusts may increase where increased site disturbance causes a reduction in bunchgrass and other plant cover, as well as a reduction in litter. This trend may serve as an early warning or indicator of over-grazing by wildlife or livestock. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Rough fescue

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May 15, 2009 Pasture E Bill Ranger

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NAD83 Zone 10 5625335 682350

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@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Rough fescue %FTDSJQUJPO@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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variable south/north 1000-1100m

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Scoring in this section is divided into two components: • Assessing litter weight • Assessing the cover of litter and biological crusts on the site Both litter and biological crusts are measured together. An increase in crust cover—there is less open space for the crusts to establish. in litter weight and cover over the site often results in a decrease Rough Fescue grasslands typically have significant litter and few open spaces for biological crusts to establish. The Importance of Litter Step 1 Hand rake and assess litter Litter is the key indicator of nutrient cycling and Litter weight is estimated by hand-raking litter from a 0.25 m2 area hydrological function. Litter or within a plot frame. The litter will be either weighed or compared on the soil surface helps to the photographs on page 19. intercept rainfall, slow water movement across the Collect three to five samples from representative areas on the site. soil surface, and promote Remember your site should be 5 to 10 m square. If you have a larger infiltration into the soil. It site you may require more samples. also regulates heat on and below the soil surface. It slows If you installed transects, hand-rake litter from a 0.25 m2 area or plot down soil heating and helps every 3 to 5 m along the transect. the soil to cool more quickly, reducing moisture loss.

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May 15, 2009 Pasture E Bill Ranger

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NAD83 Zone 10 5625335 682350

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variable south/north 1000-1100m

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#  6 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Bare soil 2 to 5% @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ "EE
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32 Rough Fescue Grasslands BOOKLET 4 Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands (UPPER GRASSLANDS) BOOKLET 4 BOOKLET

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands

Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush grasslands are only found in the East Kootenay region in the dry, mild Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone at elevations from 750 m to 1200 m.

This grassland community is dominated by rough fescue. Bluebunch Training is an essential wheatgrass may be mixed with rough fescue on drier sites. first step for all first time Bluebunch wheatgrass will co-dominate with rough fescue on users of this manual. relatively drier sites, while Idaho fescue may become the dominant Training will ensure the bunchgrass on some sites. appropriate application Antelope-brush and other shrubs, such as Rocky Mountain juniper, of this tool and it will saskatoon, common snowberry and choke cherry are common assist you in selecting and account for less than 40% of the plant cover. Biological crusts monitoring sites, using (mosses, lichens, and algae) are less frequent in this grassland community, but still provide an important ecological role. the booklets and score sheets, and will assist This grassland community typically has five structural layers, you in interpreting your including shrubs, tall grasses and forbs, medium grasses and forbs results. See Appendix for low grasses and forbs not exceeding 5 cm, and biological crusts. details.

Typical Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush grassland community. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Chapter 5 Booklet 4 1 Antelope-brush, Bluebunch Wheatgrass grasslands are different than the Rough Biological crusts play a critical ecological role by assisting in moisture retention, fixing Fescue, Antelope-brush grasslands of the East Kootenay and are mainly found in the atmospheric nitrogen, and ensuring soil stability. In Middle and Upper grasslands, very hot and dry Bunchgrass and Ponderosa Pine biogeoclimatic zones in the South biological crust cover often decreases significantly where bunchgrass plants are more Okanagan–Similkameen, shown above. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM tightly spaced and where litter cover is higher. Conversely, biological crusts may increase where increased site disturbance causes a reduction in bunchgrass and other plant cover, as well as a reduction in litter. This trend may serve as an early warning or indicator of over-grazing by wildlife or livestock. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

Antelope-Brush in the East Kootenay is typically smaller and less prominent than the shrub found in the South Okanagan.

Rough fescue

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 SCORE SHEET SCORING NUTRIENT AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLING Typical Rough Fescue, QUESTION 3 Antelope-brush grassland How much litter do you have on site? community. PHOTOS SHAWNA Accounts for 24% LARADE of total score Litter is an important indicator of nutrient cycling and hydrological function. Litter on the soil surface help intercept rainfall, slow water movement across the soil surface, promote infiltration into the soil, and regulate heat on the soil surface. Litter includes residual plant cover from previous year’s growth Litter weight and cover (dead plant material) and may be found standing next to current can be highly variable growth, or on the ground. Material on the ground may be freshly depending on available fallen material or material that is partially broken down. When moisture and grazing collecting litter, collect all litter found within your plot. pressure. Ideally, What to expect on your site in the Reference Condition: litter will provide • Bunchgrasses dominate the site. Biological crusts, although complete ground cover • Litter cover is uniform on the site. on ungrazed fescue not as common in rough • Litter matter consists of dead plant material on the soil surface fescue-dominated grasslands in the and within plants. grasslands, play an Reference Condition. important role in moisture • Litter weight is greater than 2000 kg/ha. Litter weight may vary retention and soil stability. from 2000 to 4400 kg/ha. PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM • Litter covers 75% or more of the ground surface. • Stable soils with limited bare soil and soil disturbance, where erosion features and/or bare soil accounts for less than 10% of the ground surface or site.

Scoring in this section is divided into two components: • Assessing litter weight • Assessing the cover of litter and biological crusts on the site in crust cover—there is less open space for the crusts to establish. Both litter and biological crusts are measured together. An increase Rough fescue-dominated grasslands typically have significant litter in litter weight and cover over the site often results in a decrease and few open spaces for biological crusts to establish. The Importance of Litter Step 1 Litter is the key indicator Hand rake and assess litter of nutrient cycling and Litter weight is estimated by hand-raking litter from a 0.25 m2 area hydrological function. Litter or within a plot frame. The litter will be either weighed or compared on the soil surface helps to the photographs on page 19. intercept rainfall, slow water movement across the Collect three to five samples from representative areas on the site. soil surface, and promote Remember your site should be 5 to 10 m square. If you have a larger infiltration into the soil. It site you may require more samples. also regulates heat on and below the soil surface. It slows If you installed transects, hand-rake litter from a 0.25 m2 area or plot down soil heating and helps every 3 to 5 m along the transect. the soil to cool more quickly, reducing moisture loss.

16 Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands Chapter 5 Booklet 4 17 0QUJPOT
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May 15, 2009 Pasture C Bill Ranger

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NAD83 Zone 10 5625335 682350

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shallow west 900m

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Increase R. fescue, increase productivity
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@snow. Fall grazed 2 weeks, Saskatoon 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@and forage. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@out October 20th.
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32 Rough Fescue, Antelope-brush Grasslands BOOKLET 5 Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (UPPER GRASSLANDS) and Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands (UPPER GRASSLANDS)

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BOOKLET 5 BOOKLET Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands and Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands

Two communities, the Short-awned Porcupinegrass*, Bluebunch Wheatgrass community and the Spreading Training is an essential Needlegrass community comprise these Cariboo- first step for all first time Chilcotin Upper Grasslands. users of this manual. Found in the Cariboo Basin and on the Chilcotin Plateau Training will ensure the immediately above the Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands (Middle appropriate application Grasslands) of the Fraser and Chilcotin rivers, these communities of this tool and it will range in elevation from 750 m to 1200 m within the very dry, mild assist you in selecting Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone. Due to their similar and monitoring sites, using inter-dispersed nature, the Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass the booklets and score and the Spreading Needlegrass communities are described in this booklet. sheets, and will assist you in interpreting your Short-awned porcupinegrass and bluebunch wheatgrass may co- results. See Appendix for dominate or be sole dominants on undisturbed sites, depending details. on slope, aspect, elevation, and geographic location. Short-awned porcupinegrass is more common on gentle north-facing slopes, or in slightly moister conditions such as depressions or at the eastern and northern extent of these grasslands. Conversely, bluebunch wheatgrass will become the dominant bunchgrass on steep south- facing slopes and on drier sites with coarse soils.

Typical Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass community. PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

* For space considerations, short-awned porcupinegrass will be referred to as porcupinegrass throughout this booklet.

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 what you are seeing. Also record any information that is not Reference Condition included in the questions, but may help you make management Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass and decisions in the future. Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands Sometimes a question may not seem to apply to your assessment • Key bunchgrasses (short-awned porcupinegrass, bluebunch area, or the answer may not agree with your experience or other wheatgrass, and/or spreading needlegrass) cover more than observations. Record the answer as best you can, but elaborate 50% of the site. One or more of these species may dominate with comments to explain why your response does not seem to depending on slope, aspect, elevation, latitude, climate, and soils: work. – Short-awned porcupinegrass will often co-dominate with bluebunch wheatgrass. Before You Start – On gentle north-facing slopes and on cooler moister sites, 1 Select a monitoring site (see Chapter 4). short-awned porcupinegrass tends to become the dominant 2 Mark or stake your site for future reference. bunchgrass. 3 Select a blank score sheet (see Tab 8). – On drier sites with coarse soils, bluebunch wheatgrass tends to become the dominant bunchgrass. 4 Fill in the top portion of your score sheet. – Near the forest edge and in grassland openings within the 5 Walk around the entire site. Tune your eye to the site and observe forest, spreading needlegrass will become the dominant your grassland community. bunchgrass. 6 Begin filling in your score sheet. The following sections explain • Shrubs, such as common rabbit-brush, prickly rose, and common how to score each indicator. snowberry, are found in trace amounts and account for less than 5% of the vegetation cover. • Structural layers are unaltered from the Reference Condition and include: 1 shrubs 2 tall grasses and forbs 3 medium grasses and forbs 4 low grasses and forbs (including sedges and rushes) not exceeding 5 cm 5 biological crusts • Biological crusts (mosses, lichens, and algae) are common and make up 10 to 30% of the ground cover. Biological crusts play an important ecological function. When site disturbance intensifies, bunchgrass, other plants and litter cover decrease, and may result is increased biological crusts. • Litter weight varies from 1000 kg/ha for bluebunch wheatgrass- dominated sites to greater than 2000 kg/ha for porcupinegrass- and spreading needlegrass-dominated sites. On all sites, litter cover is 75% or more of the ground surface. • Stable soils show limited bare soil and soil disturbance. Erosion features and/or bare soil account for less than 10% of the ground surface. • Invasive plants are not present or account for less than 1% cover on the site. Short-awned Porcupinegrass

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 Categories of Structural Layer Changes Categories of Structural Layer Changes Porcupinegrass-dominated Sites Bluebunch Wheatgrass-dominated Sites

1 Reference Condition: 1 Reference Condition: All layers as expected are All layers as expected are present present

Tall grass layer Tall grass layer absent or declining absent or declining

2 Slightly Altered: 2 Slightly Altered: One layer is absent or One layer is absent or altered altered

Tall and medium grass layer absent Tall and medium grass and tall/medium forb layer layer absent and tall/ absent or declining medium forb layer 3 Moderately Altered: absent or declining 3 Moderately Altered: Two layers are absent or Two layers are absent or altered altered

Tall and medium grass and Tall and medium grass and forb layers absent or declining, forb layers absent or declining, 4 Greatly Altered: low grasses declining low grasses declining 4 Greatly Altered: Three layers are absent or Three layers are absent or altered altered

14 Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands / Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands Chapter 5 Booklet 5 15 4UFQ

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 The Importance of Litter SCORE SHEET SCORING NUTRIENT AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLING Litter is the key indicator QUESTION 3 of nutrient cycling and How much litter do you have on site? hydrological function. Litter Accounts for 24% on the soil surface helps of total score Litter is an important indicator of nutrient cycling and hydrological intercept rainfall, slow function. Litter on the soil surface help intercept rainfall, slow water water movement across the movement across the soil surface, promote infiltration into the soil, soil surface, and promote and regulate heat on the soil surface. infiltration into the soil. It also regulates heat on and Litter includes residual plant cover from previous year’s growth below the soil surface. It Litter weight and cover (dead plant material) and may be found standing next to current slows down soil heating and can be highly variable growth, or on the ground. Material on the ground may be freshly helps the soil to cool more quickly, reducing moisture fallen material or material that is partially broken down. When depending on available loss. moisture and grazing collecting litter, collect all litter found within your plot. pressure. Ideally, What to expect on your site in the Reference Condition for litter will provide short-awned porcupinegrass- and spreading needlegrass- complete ground dominated sites: cover on ungrazed • Litter cover is uniform on the site. in litter weight and cover over the site often results in a decrease in Porcupinegrass, • Litter matter consists of dead plant material on the soil surface crust cover—there is less open space for the crusts to establish. Bluebunch Wheatgrass and within plants. Step 1 and Spreading • Litter weight is greater than 2000 kg/ha. Litter weight may vary Hand rake and assess litter Needlegrass grasslands from 2000 to 4400 kg/ha. Litter weight is estimated by hand-raking litter from a 0.25 m2 area in the Reference • Litter cover is 75% or more of the ground surface. or within a plot frame. The litter will be either weighed or compared Condition. • Stable soils with limited bare soil and soil disturbance, where to the photographs on page 21. erosion features and/or bare soil accounts for less than 10% of Collect three to five samples from representative areas on the site. the ground surface or site. Remember your site should be 5 to 10 m square. If you have a larger site you may require more samples. What to expect on your site in the Reference Condition for If you installed transects, hand-rake litter from a 0.25 m2 area or plot bluebunch wheatgrass-dominated sites: every 3 to 5 m along the transect. • Litter cover is uniform on the site. • Litter matter consists of dead plant material on the soil surface and within plants. Typical Reference • Litter weight is greater than 1000 kg/ha. Litter weight may vary Condition for the from 1000 to 2000 kg/ha or more. Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch • Litter cover is 75% or more of the ground surface. Wheatgrass and Spreading Needlegrass grasslands. • Stable soils with limited bare soil and soil disturbance, where PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM erosion features and/or bare soil accounts for less than 10% of the ground surface or site.

Scoring in this section is divided into two components: • Assessing litter weight • Assessing the cover of litter and biological crusts Both litter and biological crusts are measured together. An increase

18 Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands / Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands Chapter 5 Booklet 5 19 0QUJPOT
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34 Porcupinegrass, Bluebunch Wheatgrass Grasslands / Spreading Needlegrass Grasslands 6 Photo-point 6 Photo-point Monitoring 6. CONDUCTING

PHOTO-POINT MONITORING

PHOTO MIKE DUFFY

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CONDUCTING PHOTO-POINT MONITORING

Photographic records are an important part of monitoring your grasslands. Photo-point monitoring involves taking three photos of the same site regularly with every assessment.

Comparison of these photos, along with the written notes made when they were taken, will give useful information about the status of your grassland—is the health of your grassland community improving, stable, or deteriorating? Consistent and repeated comparisons over time are key to effective monitoring.

Over time photo-point monitoring documents changes in the vegetation. It yields objective and visual documentation of the plant community (general species composition and structure). When applied consistently – yearly or every other year – photo- point monitoring provides an effective visual tool for comparison of the grassland community. PHOTO BRUNO DELESALLE

Assessing grassland status and trend over time is most accurate when you use a combination of grassland assessment and photo- point monitoring. This dual approach ensures that all indicators of grassland status are assessed and recorded for future reference, which is critical to repeatable and accurate comparisons. This will help you determine if your management strategies are achieving anticipated goals. They also help you make decisions regarding necessary management changes.

How to Do Photo-Point Monitoring This section takes you through the process of setting up your photo-points, taking the pictures, and storing your records.

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PHOTO RICK TUCKER

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA INTERPRETING RESULTS

The grassland status score is a cumulative evaluation of the five indicators assessed in the survey area. It provides you with an immediate appraisal of the status of the site, and possible impacts of current management practices.

Assessments of the same site over time will tell you whether your management is maintaining or changing grassland status. Depending on the direction of this trend, you may want to continue with your present management system or make changes that will help you achieve your objectives. The final score of the grassland assessment is out of 100 possible points. Although this score provides an overall rating of site status, do not overlook the importance of the scores for individual indicators, as they can reveal a lot about grassland trends.

Interpreting Scores from Individual Questions The score from an individual question will allow you to take a closer look at a specific indicators or combination of indicators to help you review or formulate management objectives. Look at the highest possible score for each question, as this will tell you its importance relative to the overall rating. Question 1 = 40% of the total score Question 2 = 10% of the total score Question 3 = 24% of the total score Question 4 = 16% of the total score Question 5 = 10% of the total score For example, a reduction of key bunchgrasses over a period of three to five years will indicate a possible downward trend. Conversely, an increase in bunchgrasses will indicate an upward trend. New signs of erosion combined with bare soil and low litter levels will indicate a clear warning sign that a problem may be arising and you will want to investigate further and take timely action.

Chapter 7 51 Grassland Status Summary Table Score The status of your grassland What does it mean? SCORE SHEET KEY BUNCHGRASS COVER & QUESTIONS 1 &2 PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Reference This rating indicates that the site surveyed is Healthy Condition, Excellent Job! essentially the same as the Reference Condition. Combined, account for Condition No changes in grazing practices What is the composition of your plant community? The composition of the plant community, required. 50% of total score (76–100%) community structure, soil integrity, nutrient Do you have the expected plant layers? Continue monitoring. cycling, and hydrological process are effectively Plant community composition and community structure, are the stable. Productivity is stable and susceptibility to most important indicators. Combined, they account for 50% of the invasive plants is low. total score. Slightly At least two of the five indicators scored Generally stable and below the Reference Condition productive grassland High scores here will contribute most to a high grassland status Altered Changes in plant community composition, rating. (51–75%) Some minor changes in grazing plant community structure, and litter weight practice may be required. have changed relative to Reference Condition. Low scores indicate a large negative impact on the function of the Monitor trends carefully. If your However, total production, stability, and grassland. A major change in management will be required, such trend is improving, keep up susceptibility to invasive plants have not as lighter stocking, longer and more effective rest periods, and the good work. If your trend is changed much from the Reference Condition. declining, determine factors improved rotational grazing. Greatly altered sites may require many that are leading to the decline. years of effective rest to restore a healthy cover of key bunch grasses If grazing practices are a factor, and all plant layers. make changes.

Moderately At least three of the five indicators evaluated scored Stability and productivity of below the Reference Condition site is deteriorating SCORE SHEET Altered NUTRIENT AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLING Cover of the dominant bunchgrasses is much Major changes in grazing QUESTION 3 (26–50%) lower than the Reference Condition and at How much litter do you have on site? practice should be considered. Accounts for 24% least two structural layers have been altered. The amount of litter on the site (litter weight) and litter cover scores Careful monitoring is required. of total score Litter weight and distribution is insufficient to provide insight into moisture retention functions of the site. adequately protect the soil surface and bare New grazing practices should soil may be increasing, leaving the site more be adopted to ensure a trend High scores mean moisture is being retained and conditions are towards a Slightly Altered susceptible to soil erosion and invasive plants. favorable for water to infiltrate into the soil. Productivity will be variable depending on condition or Reference species composition and climatic conditions. Condition grassland. Medium scores mean that moisture retention is being measurably reduced. Lighter stocking, longer and more effective rest periods Greatly All five indicators scored below the Stability and productivity of Reference Condition site is at risk and improved rotational grazing can usually restore litter levels in a Altered The cover of dominant bunchgrasses and plant few years. (0–25%) Major changes in grazing community structure are significantly altered. practice required. Rest from Bunchgrass contributes little to ground cover and grazing should be considered or Low litter scores mean that little moisture is being retained, setting provides little forage for livestock and wildlife. a carefully planned rest rotation the stage for increased bare soil and soil erosion. Low litter and Bunchgrasses and other dominant species have system should be initiated. increased erosion will trigger other impacts, such as an increased been eliminated and replaced by low-growing, Careful monitoring of grazing number of invasive plants. shallow-rooted, unpalatable native species or by practices will be required. Adopt invasive plants. Deep-rooted shrubs may have grazing practices that will established in dense, persistent stands. Litter yield a trend towards a Slightly SCORE SHEET SITE STABILITY weight and distribution is insufficient to protect Altered condition. QUESTION 4 the soil against wind and water erosion, and Is there existing or potential erosion on site? moisture loss from evaporation. Active erosion is Greatly Altered sites may require Accounts for 16% Any human-caused bare soil and erosion signals a warning evident. The site is susceptible to invasive plants many years of effective rest to of total score and these may become the dominant plant spe- restore appropriate cover of which requires immediate attention and action. Allowing erosion cies. Productivity is significantly lower than the key bunch grasses and plant processes to accelerate will have significant impact on the condition Reference Condition and will be highly variable community structure. and function of the grassland. depending on species composition and climatic conditions.

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 Monitoring Trends Trends in Grassland Status Your main method for assessing trends is to compare your grassland assessment scores and photos from one survey period to another. Repeated assessments tell you if your management practices are supporting your objectives. As well, repetition allows you to fine-tune management decisions and activities in response to the changes you have recorded about your grassland. A higher score indicates a grassland that is moving towards the Reference Condition while a lower score indicates a grassland Reference Condition Natural and human that is moving away from reference condition. If you have photo- events, such as monitored the site, repeated photos will visually complement the drought, fire, insects, survey scores. recreational activities, wildlife use, and Assessing Apparent Trend historical factors also contribute to changes Trend Feature Declining Stable Improving in grassland status. When interpreting Recruitment of key bunchgrasses is occurring on • • results, consider the the site. roles that these factors Vigour of key bunchgrasses is may have contributed high as indicated by normal to the present status color, and seed production. • • Plants remain as intact of your site. For sites bunches. on Crown Land where Key bunchgrasses have dead you are not achieving centers or are dying. •

your objectives, discuss TREND Visible browsing on shrubs is your results with the common. • appropriate government ministry for advice Surface soil movement is evident. • regarding legislative requirements. Eroded surfaces and gullies are covered with vegetation. • •

Lichen lines on stones extend to the soil surface. •

Changes in indicators over time may suggest a trend, either for a specific indicator (such as plant community composition) or for Greatly Altered the total ecosystem, based on all indicators. The most important single indicator of change is a decline in cover of the dominant bunchgrasses and an associated increase in cover of small grasses, forbs, and sometimes shrubs. Low-growing bunchgrasses and forbs, such as Sandberg’s bluegrass and pussytoes are often more abundant as disturbance increases. PHOTOS BRIAN WIKEEM

56 Interpreting Results Chapter 7 57 Evaluating Your Scores on Large Pastures In a large pasture with variable terrain where several sample areas have been established, interpreting results can be challenging. Consider the following: • Vegetation will be different in swales, depressions, gullies or at the toe of a hill. This is mainly due to higher moisture availability. Plant communities on wetter sites will recover more rapidly from grazing pressure than drier sites, such as ridges, rocky outcrops and south facing slopes. A common • Uneven distribution of livestock and grazing pressure throughout management goal is the pasture will result in areas with differing amounts of use, and to provide sufficient consequently, different impacts to the plant community. forage for livestock • The interpretation of monitoring results will depend on while having a small consistency of where, how, and when you monitor. but acceptable impact on the environment. Storing Records Ideally, if you have a Once you have filled out the Score Sheet(s) for each site and mosaic of grassland recorded the final score (the total of all five questions) on the states, such as a few Summary Sheet, your information should be carefully stored in a Moderately Altered, three-ring binder. Electronic information should be backed up to a storage device, such as a CD, DVD, or an external hard drive. many Slightly Altered, and some in the All photos collected from your photo-point assessment should be Reference Condition, accurately labelled with location, date, and any details that will help you are likely managing with future monitoring and interpretation. Photos, score sheets, summary sheets, and relevant notes should be kept together for appropriately. future reference in a binder or file folder. Careful recording and proper storage of your assessment information is critical for future comparison and provides a legacy to your ranching operation.

Score Sheets and Templates The next tabbed section contains blank templates for all monitoring forms. • Grassland Assessment Score Sheet • Photo Information Sheet • Photo Identifier Card • Grassland Monitoring Summary Sheet All of these forms can be photocopied from the templates provided or downloaded from www.bcgrasslands.org.

58 Interpreting Results 8. SCORE SHEETS AND TEMPLATES 8 and Templates Score Sheets

PHOTO RICHARD DOUCETTE

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SCORE SHEETS AND TEMPLATES

Contents Grassland Assessment Score Sheet ...... pages 60-61 Photo Information Sheet ...... page 62 Photo Identifier Card ...... page 63 Grassland Monitoring Summary Sheet ...... page 64 All necessary monitoring forms for use with this manual can be photocopied from the templates provided or downloaded from www.bcgrasslands.org.

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64 Score Sheets and Templates 9. APPENDIX 9 Appendix

PHOTO BRIAN WIKEEM

GRASSLANDS CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF BRITISH COLUMBIA APPENDIX 1 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY BUNCHGRASSES

These bunchgrasses are used in the manual to assess bunchgrass cover.

BlueBunch Wheatgrass

Rough Fescue

Idaho Fescue

Appendices 65 Short-awned Porcupinegrass APPENDIX 2 COLLECTING PLANT SPECIMENS FOR LATER IDENTIFICATION

Grasses Collecting a grass sample for proper identification: 1 Record date and location of collection site, as well as any habitat features you can note such as “moist streamside” or “dry south- facing slope.” Spreading Needlegrass 2 Record growth form. Does the sample appear to be growing in a defined “bunch” or does it appear to be growing throughout a given area forming “sod-like structure?” 3 Carefully remove a portion of the grass with several intact leaves, seed heads and roots, if possible. 4 Roll the grass sample loosely in a newspaper tube and tape the ends off or place in a plastic bag. DO NOT PRESS THE SAMPLE. This is very important for proper keying and identification of grass samples. If the sample is too long for the paper tube or bag, gently fold it in half before placing it in a tube or bag. It is best to identify samples as soon as possible. However, if this is not possible, allow the sample to dry in the tube or bag and key out at the earliest convenience. Note: Pressing or squashing grass samples will alter features required for keying and identification.

Other Plants Collecting other plant samples for proper identification: 1 Record date and location of collection site, as well as any habitat features you can note such as “moist streamside” or “dry south- facing slope.” 2 Record or note flower color. The colour often fades when drying sample. For identification of other grasses and plants, refer to the following 3 Carefully remove a portion of the plant with intact leaves, flower guides: head, and some roots if possible. 4 Gently place sample in a plastic bag. If not identified Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia, Edited by Parish, Coupe, immediately, press sample between pieces of paper in a large Lloyd. Printed 2006. ISBN 1-55105-057-9 book (an old telephone book works well) and weight it down. or Make sure to change the paper to prevent mold if the plant is moist or succulent. Keep in a dry place out of direct sunlight until The Eflora website: www.eflora.bc.ca it can be keyed out at a later date.

66 Appendices Appendices 67 Booklet 2 APPENDIX 3 1) For 1500 kg/ha make a litter bag with 37.5 grams of litter 2) For 1000 kg/ha make a litter bag with 25 grams of litter PREPARING LITTER SAMPLES 3) For 500 kg/ha make a litter bag with 12.5 grams of litter 4) For 250 kg/ha make a litter bag with 6.25 grams of litter Litter includes residual plant cover from previous year’s growth (dead plant material) and may be found standing next to current Booklets 3, 4 and 5 growth, or on the ground. Material on the ground may be freshly 1) For 2000 kg/ha make a litter bag with 50 grams of litter fallen material or material that is partially broken down. 2) For 1000 kg/ha make a litter bag with 25 grams of litter 3) For 500 kg/ha make a litter bag with 12.5 grams of litter Please note: 4) For 300 kg/ha make a litter bag with 7.5 grams of litter • Litter samples in pre-weighed bags are not a requirement The litter weight thresholds above (i.e., 750 kg/ha) are addressed to complete your field assessment. However, litter bags that in Question 2 of each booklet. represent key litter weight thresholds are an easy reference in the field and will assist you in determining litter scores. 7 Once the four bags are weighed, label each bag with the corresponding litter weight threshold (i.e., 750 kg/ha). • Once prepared, Litter samples in ziplock bags will last for years! 8 Each ziplock bag represents the corresponding threshold and will Steps for Preparing Litter Samples help you decide which litter weight category you fit into. 1 Preparing your litter samples must be done well in advance to 9 You are now ready. Don’t forget to take your samples into the completing you field assessment. Plan on a week or two prior to field! your planned monitoring date. 2 You will require up to six large ziplocks bags and a black When completing your assessment in the field, you will compare permanent pen to label bags. You will also need a weight scale. the amount of litter you collected from your plot to the litter sample A decent digital kitchen scale will work. bags. This will help you estimate your litter weight category. 3 Collect litter. Outside of your monitoring site, find a grassland area with ample litter. Hand-rake and fill six large ziplock bags with litter. Ensure you hand-rake dead plant material only. 4 Take litter bags home and empty contents on a flat surface APPENDIX 4 indoors in a warm dry place. TRAINING 5 Dry litter for a minimum of two days to ensure all moisture has Training is an essential first step for all first time users of the evaporated. If samples are moist or wet, dry for an additional two Grasslands Monitoring Manual for British Columbia: A Tool for days or oven dry samples (at low heat). Ranchers. Training will ensure the appropriate application of this tool and it will assist you in selecting monitoring sites, using the booklets 6 Using dry litter only, prepare four litter bags with the following and score sheets, and will assist you in interpreting your results. weight thresholds. The weight thresholds are based on the booklet you are using in the field for the grassland community For More Information about Training or Upcoming Workshops you are assessing: Please visit the GCC website at: www.bcgrasslands.org (click Booklet 1 link to Grassland Monitoring Manual), or contact the Grasslands 1) For 750 kg/ha make a litter bag with 18.75grams of litter Conservation Council of British Columbia at 250-374-5787 or 2) For 600 kg/ha make a litter bag with 15 grams of litter email [email protected] 3) For 300 kg/ha make a litter bag with 7.5 grams of litter 4) For 150 kg/ha make a litter bag with 3.75 grams of litter

68 Appendices Appendices 69 Invasive Plants APPENDIX 5 1 Cranston, R., D. Ralph, B. Wikeem, 2005. Field Guide to Noxious and Other Selected Weeds of British Columbia. Province of British Columbia. RIPARIAN MONITORING AND On website: www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/weedguid.htm OTHER REFERENCES 2 Weeds BC: Identification and Management. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. On website: www.weedsbc.ca Riparian Monitoring Grasslands of British Columbia 1 Fraser, D.A. 2006. Range Resources Assessment Procedures. Ministry of Forests and Range, Range Branch, Kamloops, B.C. Rangeland Health 1 Wikeem, B.M., S.J. Wikeem. 2004. The Grasslands of British Columbia. Brochure 9. Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia On website: www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/publications/brochures/ On website: www.bcgrasslands.org Rangeland Health Brochure9.pdf 2 Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia Website: www. Or: www.bcgrasslands.org (click link to Grassland Monitoring bcgrasslands.org Manual). Directions for Riparian Function Checklist – Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands: go to Appendix 1, page 12. References: Grassland Monitoring Manual 2 Fitch, L., B.W. Adams, G. Hale. 2001. Riparian Health Assessment for 1 Adams, B. W., G. Ehlert, C. Stone, D. Lawrence, M. Alexander, Streams and Small Rivers – Field Workbook. Lethbridge, Alberta: Cows M. Willoughby, C. Hincz, D. Moisey and A. Bogen. 2003. Rangeland and Fish Program. 90 pages. Health Assessment for Grassland, Forest and Tame Pasture Field On website: www.cowsandfish.org/riparian/health.html Workbook. Publication Number T/044. Alberta Sustainable Resource 3 Ambrose, N., G. Ehlert, K. Spicer-Rawe. 2004. Riparian Health Development, Public Lands Division, Lethbridge, AB. Assessment for Lakes, Sloughs, and Wetlands – Field Workbook. 2 Campbell, C.W., and A.H. Bawtree. (eds.). 1998. Rangeland Handbook Modified from Fitch, L., B.W. Adams, and G. Hales, 2001. Riparian for BC. BC Cattlemen’s Association. Noran Printing, Kamloops, BC. Health Assessment for Streams and Small Rivers – Field Workbook. 3 Dyksterhuis, E.J. 1949. Condition and Management of Range Land Lethbridge, Alberta: Cows and Fish Program. 90 pages. Based on Quantitative Ecology. Journal of Range Management. On website: www.cowsandfish.org/riparian/health.html 4 Dyksterhuis, E.J. and E.M. Schmutz. 1947. Natural Mulches or “Litter” Other General References of Grasslands: With Kinds and Amounts on a Southern Prairie Ecology. 5 Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia. 2004. Range Management in BC A Conservation Risk Assessment: Final Report. Grasslands Conservation 1 Fraser, D.A. 2006. Range Resources Assessment Procedures. Ministry of Council of BC, Kamloops, BC. Forests and Range, Range Branch, Kamloops, B.C. Rangeland Health 6 Hall, F.C. 1997. Ground-Based Photographic Monitoring. USDA Forest Brochure 9. Service. Portland, OR. On website: www.for.gov.bc.ca/hra/publications/brochures/ 7 Hutchinson, D.E. and H.W. Pritchard (ed.). 1972. Resource Conservation Rangeland Health Brochure9.pdf Glossary. Soil Conservation Society of America. Ankeny, Iowa. 2 Ministry of Forests and Range. 2006. Range Management in British 8 Kothmann, M.M. (Chairman). 1974. A Glossary of Terms Used in Range Columbia: Under the Forest and Range Practices Act and other Management. Society for Range Management. Denver, CO. Legislation. 9 McLean, A. and L. Marchand. 1968. Grassland Ranges in the Southern On website: www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/bro.htm Interior of British Columbia. Canadian Department of Agriculture. Plants General Publication No. 1319. Ottawa, ON. 1 Parish, R., R. Coupe, D. Lloyd. 2006. Plants of Southern Interior British 10 Ministry of Forests. 2004. Invasive Plants Regulation. BC. Reg. 18/2004. Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. 11 Osborn, B. 1954. Effectiveness of Cover in Reducing Soil Splash by Raindrop Impact. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 9(2):70-76. 2 Eflora website: www.eflora.bc.ca 12 Pyke, M., D.A. Herrick, P. Shaver, J. Pellant. 2000. Rangeland Health 3 Looman, L. 1990. Prairie Grasses: Identified and described by Vegetative Attributes and Indicators for Qualitative Assessment. Journal of Range Characteristics. Canadian Government Publishing Centre. Agriculture Management. 55(6): 584-597. Canada.

70 Appendices Appendices 71 13 Range Inventory Standardization Committee. 1983. Guidelines and Terminology for Range Inventories and Monitoring. Society for Range Management. 14 Wikeem, B.M., S.J. Wikeem. 2004. The Grasslands of British Columbia. Grasslands Conservation Council of British Columbia. Kamloops, BC. 15 Wikeem, B.M., A. McLean, A. Bawtree, D. Quinton. 1993. An Overview of the Forage Resource and Beef Production on Crown Land in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 73:779-794. 16 Wikeem, B.M., R.F. Newman, A.L. van Ryswyk. 1989. Effect of Fertilization Date and Litter Removal on Grassland Forage Production. Journal of Range Management. 42(5):412-415. 17 Willms, W.D., S. Smoliak, A.W. Bailey. 1986. Herbage Production Following Litter Removal on Alberta Native Grasslands. Journal of Range Management. 39:182-186.

APPENDIX 6 ABUNDANCE RATINGS

The following abundance ratings are used in the manual and are meant as general guides only. Abundance Rating Trace Infrequent Common Frequent Abundant 1 – 5% 6 – 20% 21 – 40% 41 – 60% 61 – 100%

72 Appendices