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Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with The Society of Antiquaries of

Report of the Thirty-third Congress and of the Earthworks Committee for the year 1925

Price i/-

London Published by the Congress of Archaeological Societies and printed by Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd., 3, Amen Corner, London, E.C-4. 1926

Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries of London.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL. President : The President of the Society of Antiquaries : THE EARL OF CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES, K.T., LL.D., F.R.S. Hon. Treasurer : W. J. HEMP, F.S.A. Hon. Secretary : H. S. KlNGSFORD, M.A. Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, W.i. Other Members of Council : E. A. B. BARNARD, F.S.A. 1 H. PEAKE, F.S.A. 2 REV. G. M. BENTON, F.S.A. 1 G. McN. RUSHFORTH, M.A., F.S.A. 2 J. E. COUCHMAN, F.S.A. 1 PROF. A. HAMILTON THOMPSON, CYRIL Fox, Ph.D., F.S.A. 1 D.Lit., F.S.A. 2 WILLIAM MARTIN, M.A., LL.D., E. NEIL BAYNES, F.S.A.3 F S A J W.G. BLACK,C.B.E., LL.D., F.S.A. R. E. M. WHEELER, M.C., D.Lit., Scot.,8 F.S.A. 1 L. C. G. CLARKE, M.A. F.S.A " VERY REV. THE DEAN OF E. W. LYNAM, F.R.S.A.I. 3 GLOUCESTER, D.D., F.S.A. 2 R. S. NEWALL, F.S.A. 3 H. JENKINSON, M.A., F.S.A. 2 Col. J. W. R. PARKER, C.B., F.S.A.3 W. PAGE, F.S.A. 2 The Treasurer, Director and Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, ex-officio. The Hon. Secretary of the Earthworks Committee, ex-officio. 1 Retires 1926. 2 Retires 1927. 3 Retires 1928. Hon. Auditor : Assistant Treasurer : G. C. DRUCE, F.S.A. A. E. STEEL. COMMITTEE ON ANCIENT EARTHWORKS AND FORTIFIED ENCLOSURES. Chairman : SIR HERCULES READ, LL.D., V.P.S.A. Committee : THE EARL OF CRAWFORD AND BAL­ WlLLOUGHBY GARDNER, F.S.A. CARRES, K.T., LL.D., F.R.S., H. ST. GEORGE GRAY P.S.A. W. J. HEMP, F.S.A. A. HADRIAN ALLCROFT. PROF. R. A. S. MACALISTER, Litt.D. COL. F. W. T. ATTREE, R.E., F.S.A. F.S.A. G. A. AUDEN, M.D., F.S.A. WILLIAM MARTIN, LL.D., F.S.A. HENRY BALFOUR, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A. D. H. MONTGOMERY, F.S.A. R. C. BOSANQUET, M.A.,-F.S.A. COL. W. LL. MORGAN, R.E., F.S.A. C. H. BOTHAMLEY, M.Sc., F.I.C. T. DAVIES PRYCE, F.S.A. J. P. BUSHE-FOX. F.S.A. H. SANDS, F.S.A. J. G. N. CLIFT. W. M. TAPP, LL.D., F.S.A. W. G. COLLINGWOOD. F.S.A. R. E. M. WHEELER, M.C., D.Lit., O. G. S. CRAWFORD, F.S.A F.S.A. SIR ARTHUR EVANS, D. Litt., F.R.S., J. P. WILLIAMS-FREEMAN, M.D. V P.S.A.

Hon. Secretary : CONGRESS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES Statement of Receipts and Expenditure: for the year ending 3oth June, 1925- RECEIPTS £ s. d. £ s. d. EXPENDITURE. £ s. d. £ s. d. Balance at Bank, ist July, 1924 46 4 7 Printing Reports, 1923 . . . . 82 12 6 Subscriptions 1924 . . 57 i? 6 1923-24 ...... 900 140 10 o 1924-25 ...... 41 o o Distribution of Reports, 1923 .. 2 n 10 1925-26 (in advance) . . 710 1924 223 57 i o 4 H i Publications, Sale of Congress 1924, Printing Agenda 33° Year's Work, 1921 .. .. 140 ,, ,, Tea . . . . 300 Reports, 1922 . . . . 15 17 10 6 3 o ,, 1923 . . . . 60 2 3 Grant Joint Committee of Con­ 1924 .. . . 30 8 3 gress and Institute of Histori­ Miscellaneous . . . . 1145 cal Research 5 ° o Typewriting in 6 Dividends ...... 2100 Stationery I 2 9 Postages 3 17 i -ft- Honorarium, Assistant Treasurer IO O 0 Balance at Bank ...... 42 3 i In hand . . . . 10 42 3 n

£215 2 4 £215 2 4

LIABILITIES ' £ s. d. ASSETS £ s. d. Subscriptions, 1925-26, paid in advance . . 710 Arrears of Subscriptions (estimated) 2 0 o Balance available to meet the cost of publica­ Reports, 1924, supplied to Affiliated tions in regard to which the Congress has Societies and not yet paid for already incurred liability ...... 122 3 5 (estimated) 30 o o Consols (at cost) 55 ° 6 Cash at Bank . . . . 42 3 i In hand ...... 10 42 3 n

£129 4 _5 £129^^^_^^__« 4 5

WTT.FR1D J. HEMP, Audited and found correct. Honorary Treasurer. OEOROr1- C. JJKL/C K. Report of the Council for the Year 1924-25. The Council is happy to be able to report another successful year. Financially the position continues to be satisfactory, the balance in hand on joth June last being ^42 35. nd. As two reports those for 1923 and 1924 were paid for during the last financial year there are now no outstanding liabilities, and it is hoped that by issuing the year's report as early as possible this happy condition of affairs may become permanent. The Council again has to thank Mr. G. C. Druce, F.S.A., for auditing the accounts. Four new Societies have been affiliated during the past year making the total membership of the Congress 48. It will be within the recollection of the delegates that at last year's Congress various resolutions were passed, and powers to act upon them given to the Council. On these the Council has to report as follows : (i) The first resolution was one inviting the Institute of Historical Research to co-operate with the Congress in endeavouring to make the work of local societies more available to students. This resulted in the formation of a joint Committee of the two bodies, with Pro­ fessor A. F. Pollard as chairman. So far the work has been of a preliminary character, mainly confined to securing lists of the publi­ cations of all archaeological, historical and record societies, but even at this early stage there is every prospect of the Committee's activities having useful results. The Council made a grant of -£5 towards the expenses of the Committee. (ii) A resolution on the subject of the proper custody of Manorial Records was forwarded to the Lord Chancellor who returned the gratifying information that the draft clause suggested by the Society of Antiquaries and other bodies, including the Congress, had been inserted in the Amending Bill to the Law of Property Act (1922). This bill has since become law and the Master of the Rolls has already taken action preparatory to the Act becoming operative at the begin­ ning of next year. (iii) Resolutions were also passed on the subject of the proper custody of Parish Registers and other documents and on these the Council has to report that its representations have also met with great success. Prebendary Clark-Maxwell, F.S.A., was good enough to table a motion in the National Assembly of the Church of , asking for the appointment of a Commission to investigate the custody of Parish Registers and documents of a similar character and to make recommendations to secure their more adequate preservation. This motion came up at the July session of the Assembly and was duly carried, but so far the Council has no information as to what further action the Assembly has taken. To the Representative Body of the Church in Wales a letter was addressed setting forth the views of the Congress and making various suggestions. This letter was read at the Summer Session of the Representative Body, and in great measure owing to the support of Mr. Herbert Vaughan, F.S.A., and Mr. Justice Sankey was re­ ferred to the Financial Sub-Committee, on which Mr. Vaughan was co-opted ad hoc. This Committee gave instructions that all Registers earlier than 1700 should be called in and sent to the National Library of Wales for transcription and it is understood that a grant has already been made towards the cost of transcribing those of Llandaff diocese. Further, the Committee adopted the Congress's recom­ mendations that short courses of instruction in the care of parish documents should be given in the theological colleges of the Province, and that in every case proper safes should be provided for the custody of such records. For this most satisfactory outcome of its representations the Council is greatly indebted to Prebendary dark-Maxwell, Mr. Vaughan, Sir John Sankey, the Archbishop of Wales and Mr. Frank Morgan, and letters of thanks and appreciation have accordingly been sent to them by its instructions. (iv) Lastly, a resolution was adopted approving the Local History Recording scheme and recommending the project to inter­ ested Societies. This resolution was discussed at three meetings of the Council, at one of which it had the advantage of the presence of Mr. C. B. Willcocks, the promoter of the scheme. After long and careful consideration the Council had reluctantly to come to the conclusion that for a variety of reasons, of which the financial and administrative were the most prominent, it was unable to implement the resolution. The Congress will therefore be asked to endorse this action and to leave the matter in suspense. One other matter of importance has engaged the attention of the Council during the past year. It came to the notice of the British Association for the Advancement of Science that many of its corresponding societies were having their claims for remission of Income Tax refused, contrary to all previous practice. The Association and the Society of Antiquaries accordingly took the initiative in approaching the Treasury by deputation, but as the matter is still to a certain extent sub judice the Council is not in a position to make any statement as to the result of these representations. The Council was glad to be able to assist the Association and the Society by placing its organization at their disposal. According to rule the following members of Council retire this year : Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, F.S.A., Mrs. Cunnington, Major W. J. Freer, F.S.A., Mr. Willoughby Gardner, F.S.A., Mr. E. Thurlow Leeds, F.S.A., and Dr. J. P. Williams-Freeman. For election in their place the Council recommends the following : Mr. E. Neil Baynes, F.S.A., Dr. W. G. Black, C.B.E., F.S.A. Scot. ; Mr. L. C. G. Clarke, F.S.A. ; Mr. E. W. Lynam, F.R.S.A.I. ; Mr. R. S. New-all, F.S.A., and Col. J. W. R. Parker, C.B., F.S.A. 6 Report of the Proceedings at the 33rd Congress. The Thirty-third Annual Congress was held at the Society of Antiquaries, on Tuesday, lyth November, 1925, the President, the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, K.T., F.R.S., President of the Society of Antiquaries, in the chair. The following Societies sent delegates :

Society. Delegates. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. Sir William Fry. E. W. Lynam. Royal Archaeological Institute G. C. Druce, F.S.A. H. Plowman, F.S.A. British Archieological Association. W. A. Cater, F.S.A. E. H. Taylor, F.S.A. Cambrian Archaeological Association T. E. Morris Society of Genealogists. Rev. C. Moor, D.D., F.S.A. Bedfordshire Historical Records Society W. Austin, F.S.A. Dr. G. H. Fowler, C.B.E. Berkshire Archaeological Society Rev. P. H. Ditchfield, F.S.A. H.T.Morley. and Gloucester Archaeological Society. W. H. Knowles, F.S.A. Archaeological Society for the county of E. Hollis. Buckingham. F. WT . Reader. Antiquarian Society. L. C. G. Clarke, F.S.A. Cambs. and Hunts. Archaeological Society. W. M. Palmer, F.S.A. Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society. G. Eyre Evans. Chester and N.Wales Archaeological Society. R. Hyde Lynaker. Royal Institution of Cornwall. Canon T. Taylor, F.S.A. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiqua­ R. G. Collingwood, F.S.A. rian Society. T. H. B. Graham. Derbyshire Archaeological Society. P. H. Currey. H. Vassal!, F.S.A. East Herts. Archaeological Society. H. C. Andrews. Isle-of-Man Antiquarian Society. Prof. A. G. Perkin, F.R.S. Kent Archaeological Society- G. C. Druce, F.S.A. and Cheshire Antiquarian J. J. Phelps. Society R. Wardman. Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire J. Brownbill. Lincolnshire Archaeological Society. W. A. Cragg. Ancient Monuments Society (Manchester). J.J. Phelps. R. Wardman. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne W. Parker Brevvis, F.S.A. Thoroton Society (Notts.). T. M. Blagg, F.S.A. Shropshire Archaeological Society Preb. W. G. dark-Maxwell F.S.A. Somersetshire Archaeological Society H. St. George Gray. Col. E. St. C. Pemberton, F.S.A. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology. R. Tyrrell Green. Rev. H. A. Harris. Archaeological Society. Hilary Tenkinson, F.S.A. Archaeological Society. J. E.'Couchman, F.S.A. R. Garraway Rice, V.P.S.A. National Museum of Wales. Dr. Cyril Fox, F.S.A. Dr. R; E. M. Wheeler, F.S.A. Dugdale Society (Warwickshire). F. C. Wellstood, F.S.A. Society. Delegates. Archaeological Society. B. H. (Junnington, F.S.A.Scot. Rev. E. H. Goddard. Worcestershire Archaeological Society. E. A. B. Barnard, F.S.A. Yorkshire Archieological Society. Col. J.W. R. Parker, C.B., F.S.A.

There were also present Mr. Ralph Griffin, Sec. S.A., Dr. W. Martin, F.S.A., Mr. W. Minet, Treas. S.A., Mr. W. Page, F.S.A., Mr. H. J. E. Peake, F.S.A., and Mr. G. McN. Rushforth, F.S.A., Members of Council ; Mr. John Ballinger, Librarian of the National Library of Wales, Mr. H. Chitty, F.S.A., Sir Robert Dibdin, repre­ senting the Law Society, Mr Willoughby Gardner, F.S.A., member of the Earthworks Committee, Mr. J. P. Gilson, Keeper of MSS. in the , Mr. C. Johnson, F.S.A., of the Public Record Office, Mr. A. E. Stamp, Secretary of the Public Record Office, and the Officers of the Congress. The Report of the Council (p. 5) having been circulated, was taken as read. THE PRESIDENT in moving its adoption commented on the success which had followed on the resolutions adopted last year, especially that with regard to Parish Registers, and stated that since the report had been issued the Church Assembly had set up a Com­ mission to deal with the subject. REV. P. H. DITCHFIELD regretted the action taken by Council in the matter of the Local History Recording Scheme, and moved as an amendment that paragraph iv. be referred back for further consideration. MR. H. T. MORLEY seconded. MR. T. E. MORRIS opposed the reference back. On a vote being taken the amendment was lost. PREB. CLARK-MAXWELL reported further progress with regard to the Parish Registers Commission of the Church Assembly. MAJOR FREER desired to convey to the Council the thanks of his Society for the action taken in the matter of Income Tax claims on learned societies. SIR WILLIAM FRY also desired to thank the Council for its labours and to assure it that the affiliated Societies highly appreciated the efforts taken on their behalf. The Report was then put from the chair and adopted. THE TREASURER moved the adoption of the Balance Sheet (p. 4). This was seconded by MAJOR FREER and carried with a vote of thanks to the Treasurer and Auditor. MR. St. GEORGE GRAY, in the absence through illness of MR. ALBANY MAJOR, presented the Report of the Earthworks Committee (p. IS)- DR. MARTIN moved the adoption of the Report with an expression of regret at the cause of MR. MAJOR'S absence and of appreciation of his services. MR. G. EYRE EVANS seconded. THE PRESIDENT endorsed all that had been said about MR. MAJOR and his Committee's energy and enthusiasm. The Report was then adopted. MR. GARRAWAY RICE proposed the election of the Officers and Council, the following being nominated in the place of those who retired by rule : Mr. E. Neil Baynes, F.S.A., Dr. W. G. Black, C.B.E., F.S.A.Scot., Mr. L. C. G. Clarke, F.S.A., Mr. E. W. Lynam, F.R.S.A.I., Mr. R. S. Newall, F.S.A., Col. J. W. R. Parker, C.B., F.S.A. The proposal was seconded by MAJOR FREER and carried.

PROF. ALLEN MAWER forwarded the following statement of the work of the English Place-Name Society : The second year of the work of the Society has been one of continuous progress. The membership has now risen to 645, of which 168 are institutional members. The main events of the last year have been the publication of the first County volume, vis., that on the Place-names of Buckingham­ shire, issued just after the close of the financial year, the receipt from the British Academy of a grant in aid of the work of the Society, and the granting of full-time secretarial assistance to the Hon. Secretary and Director for the work of the Society and its Survey. The Buckinghamshire volume has shown that the ideal of co­ operative effort which the promoters of the Society have had before them from the first is a feasible one, and the preface to that volume shows the generous and steady help which they have received from scholars and workers of every kind. It also gives a clear idea of how our volumes are going to work out in actual size and form, showing that if we are to maintain the standard of work aimed at in this volume and at the same time keep the minimum subscription at its pre­ sent figure there is need not only for the continuance of the present membership but for many new additions to it. The grant from the British Academy is of the highest importance. The Society values it as giving official recognition to its work. Still more do those who have promoted the Survey value it for the way in which it has enabled them to get work done which is really essential to the Survey but which, without this aid, they would not have compassed at all. This year the Society have been in a position to devote the whole of the grant to the purposes of research upon early unprinted material at the Public Record Office and at the British Museum. The fruits of this are evident in the Buckinghamshire volume, but will be still more apparent in the volumes to follow. An important feature of the work of the past year is the way in which more than one important collection of place-name material has been placed at the Society's disposal. The Rev. A. Goodall set the example when, some time ago, he gave us his East Riding of York­ shire material. Mr. Arthur Bonner followed with the fruits of many years' work upon the place-names of Surrey. This year the most important collection is the very extensive and miscellaneous one left to St. John's College, Oxford, by the late Mr. W. H. Stevenson. By the courtesy of the President and Fellows the material is being temporarily lent to the Society so that it may be gone through systematically and copies made of all that is of value. Here as under all similar conditions it will be the pleasurable duty of those respon­ sible for the Survey to make, as occasion offers itself, all possible acknowledgement of help thus received. Mr. Seyler of Swansea has also placed at our disposal his extensive collection of notes on the topography of Old English Charters and, most recent of all, through the kindness of Dr. Haworth of the University of Bristol, material left by the late Professor John Earle has been given to us. This last material is of considerable interest not only for itself, but for the light which it throws on the early development of place-name study in this country. The general work of the Survey continues to make steady pro­ gress. The material for the next volume on Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire is almost complete. Canon Foster has collected, from printed and manuscript sources, most of the material for a volume on the districts of Kesteven and Holland, the first of two projected volumes on the place-names of Lincolnshire. It is hoped to issue the Kesteven-Holland volume in 1927, and to deal with the place-names of Lindsey, the remaining division of Lincolnshire, at some future but not remote date. One can now look forward to the definite completion of the collection of material for Surrey, Essex, Norfolk, the North Riding of Yorkshire, Worcestershire, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire and Berkshire within the next few years. It does not necessarily follow that volumes on these particular counties will be the first to appear, as many factors have to be taken into consideration in determining the order of publication. Three other counties which for various reasons the editors are speci­ ally anxious to get forward with are Kent, Sussex and Cheshire, and every effort will be made to get to work upon them intensively as soon as possible. MR. H. J. E. PEAKE, F.S.A., introduced the subject of the desirability of Local Societies making a card-index of the antiquities in their district. He said that several Local Societies had made such inventories of Ancient Monuments and Antiquities and it was likely that others contemplated doing the same. There was much to be said in favour of such inventories being carried out in a uniform manner. He was in favour of a card-index or other vertical filing system as this made it possible to add fresh information in its proper place, or to rearrange the material under different headings should this seem desirable. He felt it was important that no expression of opinion as to the date or style of a monument or object should be entered until the opinion of a recognised expert had been obtained. The name of the expert and his opinion, if possible in his own words, should then be added in the appropriate place. For these reasons he moved that the Council be requested to consider whether it was desirable to draw up such a system of re­ cording the ancient monuments, antiquities and other historical data relating to a given region and, if they should think fit, to appoint a special Committee for this purpose. REV. E. H. GODDARD criticised the proposal as being too catholic and pointed out the difficulty of securing uniformity. REV. P. H. DITCHFIELD could see little difference between MR. PEAKE'S proposal and MR. WILLCOCK'S Local History Recording Scheme, which the Council had decided to hold in suspense. MR. ST. GEORGE GRAY asked whether it was proposed to include all the finds from one site on one card or to have a separate card for each object. In the latter event the catalogue would become of enormous bulk. MR. ANDREWS sympathised generally with the scheme and explained the system in use at the Victoria and Albert Museum for cataloguing the collection of art photographs. MR. WARDMAN supported MR. PEAKE and referred to the work of this nature done in Lancashire. He emphasised the difficulties of cataloguing. MR. PAGE urged Mr. Peake to define very rigidly what exactly he implied by antiquities. THE PRESIDENT stated that he was sure that the Council would be willing to examine the scheme and considered that probably the appointment of a Sub-Committee would be the best method. He warned the meeting not to expect too much, as the Council was reluctant to force views on the local societies. The motion that the scheme be referred to Council for con­ sideration was then put and carried, six voting against it.

MR. RALPH GRIFFIN made a statement as to the effect of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1925 (15 and 16, Geo. V. Ch. 49), which was to come into force on ist January, 1926. Under the Court of Probate Act, 1857, some forty Probate Registries were established. These took over the local jurisdiction of the Ordinary and also the Archives, including the copies of wills of which probate had been granted and such original wills as had been retained. So matters at present continued, but the situation could be altered under section 108 of the new statute, which adum­ brated the reduction of the number of Probate Registries. If this happened the question of the archives, which under statute were open to any member of the public, who might make copies or require copies to be made, became of great importance. In any case this question was getting pressing, as the amount of room for documents in the Principal Probate Registry itself, as well as in the local registries, was nearly exhausted and steps would have to be taken to deal with this matter. The question of how and where these documents should be housed was of considerable local interest, and it would he desirable to collect forthwith the views of the Societies affiliated to the Congress on this matter. Mr. Griffin therefore proposed that a Committee, consisting of Lord Farrer, Mr. Hemp, Mr. Minet and Col. Parker, should be appointed to collect opinions as to the local­ ities where these documents should be housed and further to make suggestions as to how the expenses of local strong-rooms and custo­ dians should be met, in case a suggestion that all these documents should be removed to the Public Record Office was not favourably considered. MR. H. A. D. PEREIRA of the Principal Probate Registry attended the meeting and replied to various questions. After a discussion in which the PRESIDENT, DR. FOWLER, MR. BARNARD, MR. RICE, MAJOR FREER and COL. PEMBERTON took part, the motion to appoint the Committee was carried, with an addition, proposed by MR. MORRIS, that the Committee should have power to report at once to Council which should be given authority to act without waiting for the next Congress. A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Pereira for his kindness in attending the meeting. The Congress then adjourned until the afternoon.

At the afternoon session, MR. A. E. STAMP, Secretary of the Public Record Office, opened a discussion on the preservation and accessibility of public documents, and explained on behalf of the Master of the Rolls, the action taken on the subject of manorial documents. He explained that under the Law of Property Amend­ ment Act, the custody of the documents now belonged to the Master of the Rolls, who had appointed a Committee to advise him on the subject. This Committee had set about the task of compiling a list of manors. It had approached Government Departments, solicitors through the Law Society, and local archaeological societies, with the result that it had already received information of between four and five thousand manors. But this was only a preliminary. No plans had as yet been made as to the ultimate depository for these documents and the Committee was eager for suggestions. In this way he felt that the Congress could be of great assistance. MR. MINET, speaking as a member of the Master of the Rolls Committee, felt that the Congress offered a most useful channel of information. The two most important considerations were the safe custody of the documents and the necessity of easy access for the public. The Committee especially desired advice as to what, in the opinion of the local societies, was the best centre for depositing documents. There was also the important subject of indexing to be considered. This was ordered by the Act and was really of almost as great importance as preservation, as without adequate indexes the documents were practically useless. On this point also the Committee would like the advice and help of the local societies. MR. BALLINGER stated that in his opinion there was no place where records had suffered so severely as Wales, although a great change for the better had taken place of recent years; still the preservation work undertaken by the University, the Museum and the Library was quite recent. An attempt was now being made to have at the National Library a safe store house for documents, and he appealed to the authorities to make Wales a unit, and to arrange that all purely Welsh documents should be kept at the Library rather than at the Public Record Office, which should deal with national rather than with local history. He therefore was in favour of manorial documents being deposited in local centres. He might state that under the Welsh Church Acts, parochial documents became in great part the property of the Welsh Church Commission and he hoped that many of these, especially Parish Registers, would be handed over to the National Library. Being already the custodian of the Records of the Great Sessions, and the prospective guardian of the Parish Registers, he felt that the National Library had a strong claim to become the sole depository of all Welsh documents. MR. GILSON stated that the British Museum was always glad to give advice and information on the subject of the most suitable depositories for documents, and on this point the local societies could be of the greatest help. In his view the local library had the best claim to be the depository, but there were cases where a central body had a stronger. It was clearly desirable that in all great libraries there should be material for comparative study and it was also desirable that charters should be brought together in a place where they could be be compared with the cartularies. As to printing manorial rolls, it was clearly impossible to print in full and he suggested as a practical plan the printing of one or two years in full at intervals of say ten years, the intervening years being dealt with in resume. MR. PAGE said that he had frequently been asked to advise as to the disposal of manorial documents, especially of late years owing to the breaking up of estates. It was often very difficult to know what to recommend and he asked if it might not be possible for the Congress to prepare a list of suitable depositories. COL. PARKER feared that the Master of the Rolls list must be incomplete, since private owners were disinclined to give information from fear that their documents might be taken away from them. He advised that some assurance should be given on this point and asked whether a local society or library, which had acquired manorial rolls and other documents, would be allowed to keep them. On the question of depositories he strongly urged the advisability of branches of the Public Record Office being opened locally. DR. FOWLER supported Col. Parker and pointed out that the formation of local Record Offices had been recommended as optional by a departmental committee and as compulsory by the Royal 13 Commission. He considered that the county should be made the unit. MR. MORRIS did not consider that the county was the proper unit, at least in Wales. In Wales counties had not kept their docu­ ments properly and he was in favour of them being sent to the National Library. MAJOR FREER reminded the meeting that in ten years every county would be compelled to form a Deed registry. SIR ROBERT DIBDIN pointed out that there were great differ­ ences of opinion as to what should be the proper custody, although every one was agreed that all precautions should be taken by the proper custodians. He deprecated any suggestion that ecclesi­ astical documents should be kept separate from civil. He also mentioned that there was considerable confusion existing in people's minds between the Land Registry and the Deed Registry. MR. DRUCE reported that the Maidstone Museum had agreed to receive Kent manorial documents. MR. LYNAKER stated that the Chester and North Wales Archaso- logical Society had begun to compile a list of manors in its district. MR. EYRE EVANS protested against custody being granted to small rate-aided libraries. MR. JENKINSON reminded the meeting that the School of Librar- ianship in the University of London was giving instruction in the proper care of archives. He trusted that county depositories might eventually be formed, but he was not hopeful as they had been talked of since 1547. MR. BARNARD suggested that the Master of the Rolls Committee should submit their lists of manors to the local societies who might be asked to complete them. MR. C. JOHNSON pointed out that the Act made no mention of title deeds, and thought that the risk of divorcing such deeds from Court Rolls would be less under a system of County depositories. MR. ST. GEORGE GRAY stated that the Somerset Society was preparing a list of manors and was also collecting county documents. It would be loath to lose these, but the difficulties of storage were great and on this point guidance would be welcome. MR. CHITTY, speaking as the Steward of a College manor, urged the Committee to go slowly. He felt that it would be a great loss were documents removed from a muniment room where they had been for centuries. There was something to be said for asso­ ciation. COL. PEMBERTON considered that the County Councils were doing their best and suggested that the Council of the Congress should consider the whole question of depositories. THE PRESIDENT, in summing up the discussion, considered that the Master of the Rolls Committee was working with great tact and discretion and had avoided the danger of arousing suspicion in the minds of owners of documents. But it must not be supposed that because the Act had been passed the documents were therefore safe for ever. It would still remain the first duty of all interested to see that documents were preserved. It did not so greatly matter if they were not immediately made available ; the great object was to see that they were not destroyed. He felt that the discussion had brought out various ways in which the affiliated Societies could help. In the first place they could all assist in the completion of the lists of manors. They should also consider the problem of depositories ; there was no need of uniformity of practice, so long as the documents eventually became accessible and were properly calendared. Again the Societies could do useful work in considering and suggesting rules for indexing and printing. He therefore urged them to take the whole subject into their careful consideration and, if they so wished, to report to the Council, which would be prepared to take any action that might appear to be necessary. Report of the Earthworks Committee. In the view of your Committee the outstanding feature in their Report for the present year is the large amount of damage and des­ truction due to the greal developments that are taking place all over the country in building, road-making, quarrying, etc. All of these are increasing and are likely to increase. In particular your Com­ mittee must point to the damage, if not destruction, to which the camp on St. George's Hill, Walton-on-Thames, is exposed owing to the development by a building syndicate of the estate on which it is situated. This is one of the finest camps in Surrey, besides being a beauty spot, as worthy of preservation, especially in view of its nearness to London, as many that have figured of late in the public Press. Your Committee has been aware lor some time that the camp was in jeopardy and, as soon as it heard, early this year, that the progress of development had actually reached the ramparts of the camp at one point and that much of it was marked out into building lots, an earnest effort was made to see if anything could be done to save it and the Ancient Monuments Department of the Office of Works was consulted. Similar action was taken by the Surrey Archaeological Society. But it appeared that any restriction on the use of the land would involve the question of compensation, and the value placed on it as a building site was so great that the Department was unable to consider the possibility of scheduling the site and it seemed hopeless to try and raise the money by public subscription. The actual damage done at present is not great and your Committee is glad to recognise that Mr. W. G. Tarrant, who is chiefly responsible for the way in which the estate is developed, is fully aware of the great archaeological and historical interest that is attached to the site and, while he does not feel justified in giving any pledge that would tie his hands, is anxious to preserve the dis­ tinctive features of the camp. From Surrey too comes a further instance in which the remains of an ancient earthwork are likely to be built over in spite of efforts 15 to save it made by your Committee and various Surrey Societies, viz : Newe or Wide Ditch adjoining the open space on Riddlesdown belonging to the Corporation of the City of London. In this case the double bank and ditch were mutilated many years ago by the building of two houses upon them, and the Ancient Monuments Board has not seen its way clear to schedule what remains, though an interesting fragment still is left untouched. Attempts were made to induce the City Corporation to acquire what remained of the earthwork and to throw it into their open space on Riddlesdown, which actually includes the outer ditch of the work. It is under­ stood that this could have been done at a comparatively trifling cost and it is much to be regretted that the Corporation did not see its way to accept this suggestion. Reports from Hertfordshire and Middlesex show that at several points the course of the Middlesex Grim's Dyke which Mr. G. E. Cruickshank, F.S.A., has lately done so much to elucidate, will be still further obscured by building and the construction of new roads ; while from all parts of the country come reports of the destruction of ancient monuments by quarrying and by contractors and workmen seeking road-metal. Even the remains of a long past age upon Dartmoor are not yet safe in spite of the general desire of the Duchy of Cornwall and of local public bodies that they should not be touched. In view of the special danger which threatens ancient monuments and earthworks, especially in the development area of London and its suburbs and in other large towns, your Committee would wish to draw the attention of the Office of Works to the desirability of scheduling the most important of them as soon as possible. Against this tale of destruction must be set a long list of earth­ works that have been scheduled by the Ancient Monuments Board, including the Devil's Dyke near , a short section of Wans- dyke in Wiltshire, and many in , Surrey and elsewhere. Your Committee is also glad to record the completion of the purchase of Cissbury and its transfer to the , a project which has been supported in these Reports since it was first inaugurated. Another interesting point is the acquisition of the Lexden earth­ works, near Colchester, by the Office of Works. To turn to excavation, your Committee has endeavoured to single out various items for special mention, although the list might be greatly extended. All details, however, are given in the Appendix of the Report. Within the area of the Roman Fort at Richborough, Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox has discovered an earthwork earlier in date than the stone fort ; and Mr. F. G. Simpson, excavating at /Esica, has found defi­ nite remains of a turf wall earlier in date than the stone wall of Hadrian. At York, excavations have been begun on the site of the wall of the Roman legionary fortress by Mr. S. N. Miller. The wall of the fortress was exposed, together with the clay bank of the earliest legionary earthwork. 16 Colonel Hawley has continued his work at Stonehenge, a further stretch of the ditch having been cleared out. Important work has been done by Mr. Alexander Keiller, F.S.A. Scot., and Mr. H. St. George Gray at Windmill Hill close to , a site which has long been known as prolific in flint implements. The work, which is by no means finished, promises to throw fresh light on the Age, as habitation sites of that period are almost unknown. Further, as has been pointed out by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, F.S.A., in The Observer, this excavation furnishes a fresh criterion for distinguishing Neolithic camps, in the fact of the ditch being " broken at frequent intervals by causeways left in the solid ," a feature first discovered by Mr. and Mrs. Cunnington at Knap Hill Camp in Wilts., which from the pottery found they thought quite likely to be Neolithic. In Somerset Mr. Gray has continued the excavations at Ham Hill and begun excavations at Taunton Castle on behalf of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society, and it is hoped that the latter exploration will bring to light remains of the original Saxon work pre­ sumably constructed by King Ina. The same county, in the careful observations of the quarrying away of the ditch of Wansdyke on Odd Down near Bath, which are being made by Mr. G. E. Cruick- shank, F.S.A., gives an instance of how even destruction may be turned to account. Gloucestershire supplies an interesting excavation, where at Leckhampton Camp, near Cheltenham, Mr. E. J. Burrow, F.R.G.S., and a Joint Committee of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society and the Cotswold Field Club have found a stone-built wall half­ way down the outer slope of the vallum and stone-built guardhouses at the entrance. The latter feature does not appear to have been found in British camps outside Wales. Besides the above, mention may be made of a long overdue examination of Offa's Dyke on which Dr. Cyril Fox, F.S.A., has started in Flintshire ; also of the excavation of a Bronze Age barrow on the line of the dyke. A round-barrow has been excavated at Rhoscrowther, near Pembroke ; it covered a maenhir, at the foot of which was a primary cremation burial, and several secondary burials of late Bronze-Age date were found in the mound. The excavation of the Roman fort, The Brecon Gaer, was continued by Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler ; the plan of the fort was com­ pleted and two stone buildings outside the walls were uncovered. Mr. Harold Sands, F.S.A., has been appointed a member of the Committee. In conclusion, your Committee has again to ask the Congress to express its thanks to the Secretaries of affiliated Societies and the many other correspondents who have furnished the information, which follows under the usual heads. [It is regretted that owing to Mr. Major's death it has not been found possible to prepare the usual bibliography]. England and Wales. PRESERVATION AND RECORD. Besides many tumuli, Roman forts, etc., the earthworks first mentioned in the lists under the respective counties in this section of the Report have been scheduled as Ancient Monuments : BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Mr. G. Basil Barham reports a long, deep trench near the Old Green Lane at Dadford. A villager was told by his grandfather that it " was made by the Parliament men in the Civil War," but Mr. Barham thinks this doubtful. . Belsar's Hill camp, Willingham ; Brent Ditch, Great Abington ; Car Dyke, Waterbeach ; Devil's Ditch, reach to Wood Ditton ; Fleam Dyke, Fulbourn to Balsham ; Round Moat, Fowlmere ; Wandlebury camp, Stapleford ; , Wimblington and Romano-British settlement near Honey Bridge,

Wimblington.o CARDIGANSHIRE. Castell Gwallter Castle Mound, Llanfihangel- geneu'r-glyn. CARNARVONSHIRE. Mr. Willoughby Gardner reports that negotiations for the permanent preservation of the site of the Roman fort of Segontium are still proceeding. DENBIGHSHIRE. The Civil War earthworks, Denbigh ; The Mount, Abergele. DERBYSHIRE. Melandra Castle, Glossop ; Torside Castle, Charlesworth ; Brough Camp, Hope. DORSETSHIRE. Various barrows have been recommended for scheduling to the Ancient Monuments Board. ESSEX. The Lexden earthworks near Colchester have been acquired by H. M. Office of Works in expectation of contributions from local sources towards the purchase and that the Corporation of Colchester will undertake the care of the Earthworks. GLAMORGAN. Coity Castle. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Mr. A. D. Passmore reports the discovery of three unrecorded barrows i|- miles E.S.E. of Brockampton. Blaise Castle estate with the ancient camp upon it has been purchased by the Corporation of Bristol. HAMPSHIRE. The Double Dykes, Hengistbury Head ; earth­ work on St. Catherine's Hill, Christchurch ; St. Catherine's Hill Camp, ; Merdon Castle, Hursley ; Winklebury Camp, Basingstoke ; , ; Bull's Down Camp, Bramley ; Tourney Bury, or Tunerbury, Hayling Island ; camp and barrows, ; earth­ works, ; Castle Hill, Burley ; Roman Camp, Ashley ; Dunwood Camp ; Toot Hill Camp, Rownhams ; Holbury Wood Camp, East Tytherley ; Oliver's Battery, Abbotstone Down, Itchen 18 Stoke ; Ring, Stockbridge ; Camp, Nether Wallop ; Devil's Ditch, Andover ; Andyke, Bransbury, near Andover ; , Bullington ; Camp, Clatford. Hill Camp ; Whitsbury Castle ; Camp and barrow, Burgh- clere ; Beacon Hill Camp, . - Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, F.S.A., has verified the existence of promontory camps at Exbury at the mouth of the Beau- lieu River and on Hamble Common, mentioned by the late T. W. Shore, but not shown on the O.S. map. HERTFORDSHIRE. The Mount, Sandon ; Moated Mounds near Hale Farm, Anstey, at Cole Green, Brent Pelham, N. of Hadham Hall, Little Hadham, and S. of Rennesley Garden Wood, Standon. HUNTINGDONSHIRE. Besides the scheduling of several barrows, Mr. D. Montgomerie, F.S.A., reports that the investigators of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) have dis­ covered several works of Classes F. and G., not marked in the O.S. maps, which will be recorded in the Inventory of the County. KENT. Earthworks in Joyden's Wood, Bexley. Richborough. Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox, F.S.A,, reports the discovery of an earthwork consisting of three ditches within the area of the Roman fort, belonging apparently to a small camp formed either shortly before, or during, the construction of the fort. LANCASHIRE. Crag Hill Fort, Warton; Camp, Nelson ; Planes Wood Camp, Whalley. MIDDLESEX. Acton. Mr. Barham reports that a short length of bank and ditch, which joined a line of earthwork running through East Acton, previously reported, was disclosed when the ground was cleared for building. See also under Destruction. MERIONETHSHIRE. Carneddau Hengwm Long Cairns, Llan- aber ; Tyddyn y Coed Camp, Brithdir ; Cefn Caer Roman site, Pennal. MONMOUTHSHIRE. Penrhos Camp, Llangattock, near Caerleon. MONTGOMERYSHIRE Craig Rhiwarth Camp, Llanrhaiadrym Mochnant; Domen Gastell Castle Mound, Llanfechain ; Gaer Fawr Camp, Guilsfield Without ; Cefn Castell Camp, Middletown ; Cefn du Camp, Guilsfield Without ; Llanfair-Caereinion, Gaer, Roman site ; Pen y Foel Camp, Castle Caereinion ; Caer Digoll (Beacon Ring) Camp, Leighton ; Forden Gaer, Roman site ; Hen Domen Castle Mound, Montgomery ; Cefn Bryntalch Castle Mound, Llandyssil ; Ffridd Faldwyn Camp, Montgomery ; Cefn Carnedd Camp, Llandinam ; The Moat Castle Mound, Llandinam. NORFOLK. Caistor Camp, Caistor St. Edmunds ; Devil's Dyke, Beechamwell ; Crabb's Castle, Wighton ; Middleton Mount. 19 NORTHUMBERLAND. Whitley Castle, near Kirkhaugh. Mr. T. Ball reports a circular camp of rough unhewn stones with a dividing wall 500 yards N.N.W. of Swinburn Castle. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Cockpit Hill, Ramsdale Park, Arnold; Fox Wood earthworks, Woodborough. RADNORSHIRE. Crug Eryr Castle Mound, Llanfihangel-Nant- Melan ; Gaer, Roman site, Newchurch ; Pain's Castle, Llanbedr- Painscastle. SHROPSHIRE. Besides the discovery of various barrows, Miss L. F. Chitty reports : Alberbury. Banks discovered in the course of in­ vestigations at the White Abbey (Grandmontine Priory), belonging to the former mill pool. Bitterley. The rector, the Rev. Prebendary J. R. Burton, reports indications of a small "Roman " camp with vallum and fosse at Ledwych. Loppington. Mr. R. W. Pocock has discovered at the N. end of a large peat-flat about 200 yards S.E. of Bentley, near Noneley, an embankment enclosing a small area of the flat, which was at one time a lake. Wellington. Mr. E. Sheppard reports that the camp discovered by Mr. H. S. Pritchard is not on Lawrence Hill, as stated in the Report for 1924, but on the crest of the Ercall immediately N. of it. SOMERSET. Besides many tumuli on the Mendips and else­ where members of the Spelaeological Society of Bristol University have discovered the following earthworks : Brockley. Camp on the N. side of Tap's Combe, defended on three sides by a single rampart and ditch, on the fourth by the steep scarp down to the combe. Cleeve. Two camps, one on the N. side of the entrance to Cleeve Combe, enclosed by a single rampart and defended by a scarp on the side of the combe ; the other on the N. side of the entrance to the combe, enclosed by a low bank and shaped somewhat like a shield. Rodney Stoke. Camp to the N. of Stoke Woods, shaped like an irregular trapeze. The defences have been much disturbed by quarrying, but there are remains of a low vallum and shallow fosse and a very slight vallum on the S., where the hill has been scarped. St. Cuthbert out. A small square earthwork with sides 55 feet long on the W. slope of North Hill, enclosed by a simple vallum with an entrance apparently at the S.W. angle. Westbury. Small earthwork, roughly circular, with sector missing to the S. and S.S.E., enclosed by a low vallum and shallow fosse. Diameter from 25 feet to 29 feet. The Hon. Secretary's investigation of the course of Wansdyke is practically complete and an account of the dyke is in preparation. - Mr. G. K. Cruickshank, F.S.A., has been examining the remains of a dyke, which appears to run from the Crosskeys near Bath past Midford Castle towards Frome and which the Rev. J. Skinner early in the last century described as Wansdyke. . Camp, Stone ; Camp, Maer ; Camp, Bradley ; Camp, near ; The Roman Station (Letocetum) at Wall. SUFFOLK. The " Severn Hills " (tumuli), Nacton. Frostenden. Major E. R. Cooper and Mr. Claude Morley have discovered a moated mound and adjoining it what they believe to be the site of a quay and dock on an old river bed, which must have been formerly a tidal estuary or arm of the sea. This they believe to be the site of the sea-port of Frestenden, mentioned in Domesday. SURREY. Anstiebury Camp, Capel ; Camp, ; Castle Hill, Chessington ; Earthworks near St. Giles' Church, ; Camp in Ashtead Forest ; Camp at War Coppice, Caterham ; Hill Camp ; Earthwork at " The Mounts," Pachesham, near ; Hillbury Camp, Puttenham Common; Earth Circles on St. Martha's Hill ; Three quadrangular earthworks on Banstead Heath ; Earthwork at Castlehill, Godstone ; Dry Hill Camp, Lingfield ; Mound at Walton Place, Walton-on-the-Hill. SUSSEX. The Devil's Dyke Camp and the " Giants' Graves " earthworks, Poynings, near Brighton. The efforts to acquire Cissbury Camp for the nation, which began in 1920, have at last been crowned with success and the camp was handed over to the National Trust in July, 1925. Dr. Eliot Curwen, F.S.A., and Dr. E. C. Curwen have described two unrecorded promontory camps, one at West Hoathly, known as Philpots Camp, the other at Henfield. Of the latter much of the vallum has been destroyed. Mr. H. S. Toms has written to the Press, arguing that the date of the construction of Cissbury Camp cannot be earlier than the Claudian invasion of A.D. 43. WESTMORLAND. Circles and tumuli, including the Copstone, Cockpit, Askham ; Swarthfell standing stones. WILTSHIRE. Section of Wansdyke between Camp and the Bedwyn Road, . Mr. Crawford reports that an earthwork on ploughed land has been discovered from the air by Squadron-Leader Insoll, V.C., R.A.F., in a field near Woodborough. He also reports the discovery of many new barrows. --Dr. R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A., reports the discovery of a wide and deep ditch, almost silted up, on Woodinint on Down, Bowerchalk. The ditch is interrupted by many causeways similar to those on Windmill Hill.

DESTRUCTION. CARMARTHENSHIRE. Llanbyther. Some slight damage has been done at the edge of Crug-y-Bwdrann. This has now been stopped. CARNARVONSHIRE. Penmaenmawr. The quarrying away of the hill tort is still going on. CORNWALL. Sancredd. Quarrying for road metal is going on close to the fosse of the earthwork at Caer Bran and any extension of it will destroy this part of the work. DENBIGHSHIRE. Dinorben. Quarrying continues at Parc-y- Meirch, but an agreement has been come to under which the Quarry Co. report any relics that come to light and give facilities for their removal. Several skeletons have recently been preserved under this arrangement. DEVONSHIRE. Dartmoor. The attention of the Newton Abbot Rural Council has been called to the alleged destruction of prehis­ toric monuments for road-metal by its road contractor. It was stated by members of the Council that it was many years since any such destruction had taken place, but Mr. R. Hansferd Worth, Hon. Sec. of the Devonshire Association, states definitely that in the winter of 1924-5 the road contractor did immense damage to a group of hut circles with associated enclosures, in Challacombe Bottom in the parish of North Bovey, some of the hut circles and enclosure walls being removed bodily and converted into road metal, and others being mutilated. He has also received a report from Mr. A. T. Wicks of Monkton Combe that he had seen a labourer in the act of destroying a in Sheepstor parish for road metal and the man had said that he was not aware that this was a monument that ought not to be touched. DORSET. Mr. V. L. Oliver, F.S.A., reports considerable damage to Bokerly Dyke from rabbits. Similar mutilation at Maiden Castle has been remedied by the Duchy of Cornwall. He also reports that a noted long barrow at Telegraph Clump on Blandford Race Down was mutilated by the Admiralty during the war and the damage done to this and the surroundings area has not been put right. GLAMORGANSHIRE. Part of the early bank and ditch that pre­ ceded the Norman castle at Coity Castle has been levelled on the N. side. The site has now been scheduled. HERTFORDSHIRE. Mr. Cruickshank reports that a section of Grim's Dyke, some 40 feet long, will be blotted out by the con­ struction of the Barnet By-Pass road. HAMPSHIRE. Nursling (Nutshalling). Mr. Crawford reports that he has been trying to save a much ploughed earthwork, known as " the Walls," from complete destruction by gravel-diggers : but its eventual destruction is certain, though at present the actual banks and area are intact. It is hoped that Mr. E. A. Rawlence, F.S.A., the agent for the estate, will have some trial trenches dug before the work is much more advanced. MIDDLESEX. Mr. Cruickshank reports that the new Watford road will blot out another 40 feet of Grim's Dyke between Brockley Hill and Elstree. Mr. Barham reports that a lengthy portion of a dyke at Ruislip, believed to be connected with Grim's Dyke has been filled up during building operations. He also reports the destruction of a short length of bank and ditch at Acton, which was only discovered when the ground was cleared for building. NORFOLK. Mr. Elliston-Erwood reports that the turf on the banks and ditches at Castle Acre, as well as the walls of the castle, have been much damaged by children sent down from London by the Children's Country Holidays Fund. NORTHUMBERLAND. Mr. T. Ball reports that the remains of a camp situated N. of the Carlisle and Newcastle Ry., exactly a mile E. of Haltwhistle Station, have been entirely obliterated by the plough. OXFORDSHIRE. Mr. E. Thurlow Leeds, F.S.A., reports that a section of rampart and ditch on the S.W. of Swerford bailey has been levelled, filled in and thrown into the churchyard. The work disclosed foundations, possibly of gateway towers. PEMBROKESHIRE. The Hill Fort known as Foel Trigarn has been considerably damaged by contractors quarrying for road metal for the new trunk roads in the county under the Road Board schemes. The camp has now been scheduled and the owner has agreed not to invade the area of the camp in future. SHROPSHIRE. Quarrying continues on the " Clees." A cutting has been made through a portion of the S.W. rampart of the Wall, Kinnersley, for the sake of soil to marl the farmer's black (peaty) lands. The cutting, begun probably years ago, had exposed in 1919 a section showing two stone retaining walls, filled in with rubble and boulder clay. SOMERSET. Quarrying continues to destroy a section of the ditch of Wansdyke on Odd Down, near Bath. See also under Excavation. SURREY. Walton-on-Thames. The fate of the fine camp on St. George's Hill appears to be sealed. The estate was sold to a building syndicate some years before the war, which interrupted its development. This has now been resumed and, even if the camp is not actually destroyed, it will apparently be so encroached 23 upon by houses with their gardens that its outlines will be unrecog­ nizable and it will be inaccessible to archaeologists. At present the actual damage is not great, though roads have been made, cutting through the rampart at one point and trees have been felled. Coulsdon. The remains of a double bank and ditch on Riddlesdown, mentioned by most of the Old Surrey historians as Newe Ditch, or Wide Ditch, are likely shortly to be destroyed by building. The Bank has already been mutilated by the erection of two houses upon it many years ago and has lately been still further disfigured by the heaping upon it of chalk excavated from the found­ ations of an adjoining bungalow. WILTSHIRE. Mrs. Cunnington reports that cartloads of building rubbish were being tipped into the ditch of the Avebury circle, but as the monument is scheduled, on the attention of the Ancient Monu­ ments Department being called to this, further tipping was stopped and the rubbish already deposited was removed. - Collingbourne. Mr. Passmore reports that a shep­ herd's shelter has been made in the side of a large round barrow on Snail Down.

EXCAVATION. BRECKNOCKSHIRE. The examination of the Roman Fort of Y Gaer, near Brecon, has been continued by the National Museum of Wales and a special Committee. The masonary fort which was to replace the original earthwork with its timber buildings was begun on an important scale, but never completed, probably owing to the garrison being withdrawn and sent to the North. Considerable remains of buildings outside the fort have been discovered. CARNARVONSHIRE. Preliminary excavations of a section of the fortified hill-site of Dinas, Llanfairfechan, have been made by the Llandudno Field Club under the direction of Mr. Harold Hughes, F.S.A. These have revealed the bases of rampart-walls, faced on the exterior with vertical slabs, and of one hut 30 feet in diameter, similarly constructed. Only the usual undatable native finds have at present come to light. CUMBERLAND. The exploration of Studfold Gate circle, referred to in the last Report, was completed with no further result. ESSEX. A tumulus on the Lexden Park estate, near Colchester, has been examined under the supervision of Mr. Phillip Laver, F.S.A., and Captain H. E. Laver and has produced many finds of great interest. FLINTSHIRE. An examination of Offa's Dyke has been begun under the direction of Dr. Cyril Fox, F.S.A., with the aid of a grant from the Board of Celtic Studies of the University of Wales. Work started on the northern end of the dyke between Treuddyn, S. of Mold, and the estuary of the Dee. The dyke varies in dimensions, being so slight in places that its disappearance over a great part of this distance may perhaps be accounted for, apart from the theory that it was never completed. A noticeable feature was the use of round barrows as aligning marks. The examination of one of these, at whose ditch on neither side the dyke was interrupted, showed that the barrow was much earlier than any period to which the dyke could reasonably be assigned. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. The semi-circular camp on Leckhampton Hill, Cheltenham, has been examined by a Joint Committee appoin­ ted by the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society and the Cotswold Field Club under the supervision of Mr. E. J. Burrow, F.R.G.S. The work has revealed a wall running round the entire length of the vallum, about half-way down the outer slope, a com­ plicated system of walling at the E. entrance and on either side of it the foundations of three, or probably four, guard-houses built of drystone walling. Many fragments of pottery were found, probably Romano-British or Late , and many animal bones, but noth­ ing that points to Roman occupation. A round barrow on Leck­ hampton Hill was also excavated close to the camp. The finds are being carefully examined and a report will appear in the Tran­ sactions of the first-named Society. The Speleological Society of Bristol University has begun examination of King's Weston Hill, near Bristol, and has discovered several barrows, one of which has been opened. Besides many flint implements, etc., the finds included a Roman glass bead and a fragment of a late Saxon bronze ornament (7th or possibly 8th century). HAMPSHIRE. Winchester. Excavations by Mr. J. N. L. Myres and other members of New College, Oxford, within the area of St. Catherine's Hill Camp have exposed the site of St. Catherine's Chapel, probably izth century, and of an i8th century earthwork connected with the Gloucester Militia camp of 1762. They also disclosed a bank and ditch, probably coeval with the camp, and much pottery, chiefly Iron Age, Romano-British and medieval, was found. Tt is hoped that the work will be continued next year. Woodcott. Mr. A. Hadrian Allcroft reports that in April last he spent three days in the examination of Chapman's Pit, situated at the point where Woodcott, Highden and Burghclere parishes meet, with satisfactory results. The work is of the same character as the " Circus " on Buckland Bank (see under Excavation- Sussex) but larger. Christchurch. Mr. H. St. George Gray has examined a mound in a field, sometimes flooded, adjoining the marshes S. of Purewell, which he found to be of modern construction. It was probably thrown up when the fir-trees were planted there. KENT. Bexley. The earthworks in Joyden's Wood, referred to under Preservation and Record, have been partly excavated by Mr. Elliston-Erwood on behalf of the British Archaeological Asso­ ciation. They comprise a square earthwork, associated with some curious banks and ditches. The evidence at present suggests a medieval date. LANCASHIRE. A burial barrow of considerable size on the W. flank of Birkrigg has been examined by the Excavation Committee of the North Lonsdale Field Club. A number of burials was dis­ covered and the finds are being examined. NORTHUMBERLAND. The North of England Excavation Com­ mittee did three days' work at Ferney Chesters Camp, near Shafto Crag, on the line of the Devil's Causeway, under the supervision of Mr. C. R. Shortt. The earthwork was found to be 150 feet square with rounded corners and ditches about 20 feet wide and 5 feet deep. No remains of any kind were found. Mr. T. Ball reports that he has completed excavations on Blue Crag, Swinburn Kleland. Cuttings were made at several points in the fort and two more enclosures, one a circle, the other an oval, were found. Several cup-marked stones, eight querns, a whetstone, sling-stones, etc., have been found. He also reports the opening of three barrows in Swin­ burn Park, which had been previously opened, but were not recorded, and a cutting across Dere Street, a Roman road, a note of which will shortly appear. OXFORDSHIRE. Mr. Thurlow Leeds reports that a trench cut on the S. side of the S. Oxfordshire Grim's Dyke, about 200 yards W. of , revealed a ditch continuing the slope of the exposed rampart to a depth equal to a height of 13 feet vertical to the top of the rampart. SOMERSET. Stoke-under-Ham. Excavations at Ham Hill have been continued under the direction of Mr. St. George Gray and it was found that at " Ham Turn " prehistoric occupation reached a great depth (including hearths). Pottery, etc., was collected from successive layers, the earliest of which ma)' probably be referred to the Hallstatt period. On the E. side of the N. spur of the camp a large cutting was made in the fosse, which was shallower than was expected. Near the bottom a contracted human skeleton was found. Taunton. During the winter of 1924-25 some digging was also done by Mr. Gray at Taunton Castle, the headquarters of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society. The site, formerly used as a garden, is bounded by earthworks and includes a raised plot of ground known as " Ina's Fortress." Although no Saxon remains have yet been found, a gateway has been revealed and a stone-built well, square in section. The well is 29 feet deep and contained at the bottom parts of wooden buckets, early medieval pottery and a late Norman corbel head. The earthwork appears to have been connected with the Civil War. It is hoped to continue the work. 26 The quarrying in Wansdyke Quarry on Odd Down (see under Destruction) has given an opportunity for examining the ditch of the dyke and the progress of the work has been closely fol­ lowed by Mr. Cruickshank. Little or nothing in the way of datable remains has been found. A curious feature is that the ditch appears to have been partially filled up shortly after its construction and roughly paved with stone slabs. One of the latest cuttings revealed what Mr. Cruickshank regards as a kind of chamber constructed in the bottom of the ditch. The Speleological Society of Bristol University is carrying out an examination of barrows on the Mendips.

SUSSEX. Palmer. In conjunction with Drs. Eliot and E. C. Curvven, Mr. Hadrian Allcroft has partially excavated the " circus " on Buckland Bank, the results showing that it cannot have been a pond. A " Romano-British " road passed through it by two en­ trance ways and there was an elaborate system of drains, resembling what was found by General Pitt-Rivers at Church Barrow, Dorset. A large quantity of Romano-British pottery with a little pre-Roman was found at the centre. Binderton. Drs. Eliot and E. C. Curwen have ex­ amined an earthwork and " Celtic " road on Bow Hill. They consider that the former, which consists of a mound with a saucer shaped hollow, surrounded by a low, broad bank, on its W. side, may possibly have been a " circus." . Mr. Garnet R. Wolseley has continued the examination of habitation sites on Park Brow, and on a site near the foot of the hill has found trenches containing pre-Roman and Romano-British remains. Clapham. The Archaeological Society has completed the excavation of the shaft of a flint-mine on Harrow Hill.

WILTSHIRE.- Windmill Hill in the parishes of Avebury and Winterbourne-Monkton. A brief note of excavations conducted on this site by the Rev. H. G. O. Kendall appeared in the Report for 1922. The site has now been acquired by Mr. Alexander Keiller and in April-May, 1925, further excavations were carried out by him under the general direction of Mr. St. George Gray. The area under observation has been found to consist of three irregular ditches, one within the other, the outer being deeper than the middle ditch and the inner one the shallowest. This ancient site also includes several round and disc barrows, some of which have previously been dug into. The cuttings already made have been very productive and have revealed most interesting Neolithic remains. Mr. and Mrs. Keiller made a general plan of the site and a full photographic record, Mr. Gray being responsible for details such as the plotting of sectional diagrams of every cutting. The work will be continued next spring. 27 I

Broadchalk. Dr. R. C. C. Clay, F.S.A., has examined the rectangular earthwork on Knighton Hill, which has been iden­ tified with the " Wububurh " of A. S. charters. It proved to belong to the Early Iron Age. Bowerchalk. He has also opened a group of four barrows and an unrecorded isolated barrow on Woodminton Down. In the former was a cemetery " of Deverel-Rimbury and Barrel- shaped urns," in the latter an urn with overhanging rim. YORKSHIRE. Cawthorn Camps. Mr. lan Richmond has con­ tinued the excavations of these camps. Scarborough. The excavations on the site of the Roman signal station in the yard of Scarborough Castle have been completed and the site thrown open to the public. York. Excavations have been begun on the site of the wall of the Roman legionary fortress The wall of the fortress was exposed, together with the clay bank of the earliest legionary earthwork. Ireland. Professor R. A. S. Macalister, Litt.TJ., F.S.A., reports that he has heard of no case of damage or destruction and as regards preser­ vation of nothing beyond the ordinary routine of inspecting scheduled monuments. But as regards discovery he states that a resident in Dublin has procured some air photographs of Tara, which are not very clear, but which as far as they go indicate that pictures taken under better conditions of lighting, etc., would reveal new facts of importance. They seem to verify certain deductions as to the situation of lost earthworks on the site, which had been made previously on the basis of a survey of the ground, but they are of more value for promise than for performance.

28 SCHEME FOR RECORDING ANCIENT DEFENSIVE EARTHWORKS AND FORTIFIED ENCLOSURES.

REVISED

The classification of defensive works recommended by the Committee in the above Scheme stands as follows : A. Fortresses partly inaccessible by reason of precipices, cliffs or water, defended in part only by artificial works. B. Fortresses on hill-tops with artificial defences, following the natural line of the hill. Or, though usually on high ground, less dependent on natural slopes for protection. c. Rectangular or other enclosures of simple plan (including forts and towns of the Romano-British period). D. Forts consisting only of a mount with encircling moat or fosse. E. Fortified mounts, wholly or partly artificial, with remains of an attached court or bailey, or showing two or more such courts. F. Homestead moats, consisting of simple or compound enclosures formed into artificial islands by water moats. G. Enclosures, mostly rectangular, partaking of the form of F, but protected by stronger defensive works, ramparted and fossed, and in some instances provided with out­ works. H. Ancient village sites protected by walls, ramparts or fosses. x. Defensive or other works which fall under none of the above headings. Copies of the Scheme, containing 43 plans illustrating the various classes of Earthworks, can be obtained from the Hon. Secretary of the Congress. Price i/- each, 7/6 for 12 copies.

NOTE. If any Society or individual has spare copies of the Committee's Reports for 1904, 1906, 1910, 1913 and 1914, of Appendix I.'(igoo) and II. (1905) and of the provisional " Scheme for Recording" and the first " Scheme for Recording," 1903, the Hon. Secretary would be very much obliged if they would let him know, as copies are very scarce and much sought after. 29 Affiliated Societies.

Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. W. G. Strickland, 63, Merrion Square, Dublin. Cambrian Archaeological Association. Canon C. F. Roberts, M.A., F.S.A., Llanddulas Rectory, Abergele (N. Wales) ; Percy J. Williams, Bank Chambers, Heathfield Street, Swansea (S. Wales). Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. G. D. Hardinge- Tyler, C.B.E., M.A., K.S.A., 19, Bloomsbury Square, W.C.i. British Archaeological Association. E. R. Taylor, F.S.A., 22, Russell Square, W.C.i. Selborne Society (Antiquities Section). W. M. Webb, F.L.S., The Hermitage, Harwell, W.y. Society of Genealogists. Mrs. Rowan, 5, Bloomsbury Square, W.C.i. Bedfordshire Historical Records Society. Dr. G. H. Fowler, C.B.E., The Old House, Aspley Guise. Berkshire Archaeological and Architectural Society. Rev. P. H. Ditchfield, M.A., F.S.A., Barkham Rectory, Wokingham. Birmingham Archaeological Society. F. B. Andrews, F.S.A., 95, Colmore Row, Birmingham. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. Roland Austin, 24, Parkend Road, Gloucester. Buckingham, Architectural and Archaeological Society for the County of. W. Bradbrook, F.R.C.S., Bletchley. Cambridge Antiquarian Society. F. J. Alien, M.D., 8, Halifax Road, Cam­ bridge. Cambs. and Hunts. Archaeological Society. Rev. John Griffin, Wood Walton Rectory, near Peterborough. Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society and Field Club. George Eyre Evans, Ty Tringad, Aberystwyth. Chester and North Wales Archaeological and Historical Society. Rev. R. A. Thomas, O.B.E., M.A., F.S.A., The College, Chester. Cornwall, Royal Institution of. G. Penrose, The Museum, Truro. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Edward Wilson, Airethwaite, Kendal. Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Percy H. Currey, F.R.I.B.A., 3, Market Place, Derby. Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland. Dugdale Society. F. C. Wellstood, M.A., F.S.A., 19, Henley Street, Stratford- on-Avon. Essex Archaeological Society. Rev. G. M. Benton, F.S.A., Fingringhoe, Colchester. Glasgow Archaeological Society. H. Morris, 65, Renfield Street, Glasgow. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society. Frank Warren, Staple Gardens, Winchester. East Herts. Archaeological Society. H. C. Andrews, Victoria and Albert Museum, S.W.y. Isle-of-Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Miss F. B. Kneen, F.S.A.Scot., Ballacrye, Ballaugh, Isle of Man. Kent Archaeological Society. G. C. Druce, F.S.A., Flishinghurst, Cranbrook. Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. G. R. Axon, 184, Hamilton Road, Longsight, Manchester. Lancashire and Cheshire, Historic Society of. Philip Nelson, M.D., F.S.A., Beechwood, Calderstones, Liverpool. Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society. Major Freer, V.D., D.L., F.S.A., The Stonygate, Leicester. Lincolnshire Archaeological and Architectural Society. W. M. Wright, M.A., F.S.A., Wold Newton Manor, North Thoresby. 3° Ancient Monuments Society, Manchester. Miss M. Deanesly, M.A., The Arts Building, The University, Lime Grove, Manchester. Newcastle-on-Tyne, The Society of Antiquaries of. S. S. Carr, 14, Percy Gardens, Tynemouth. Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society. Frederick Johnson, 42, Grove Road, Norwich. Oxford Architectural and Historical Society. Lelio Stampa, M.A., F.S.A., 61. Holyvvell, Oxford. Peterborough Natural History, Scientific and Archs:ological Society. J. W. Bodger, 45, Broadway, Peterborough. Prehistoric Society of East Anglia. Guy Maynard, The Museum, Ipswich. Shropshire Archaeological Society. Miss H. M. Auden, Alderdene, Church Stretton. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. H. St. George Gray, The Castle House, Taunton, Somerset. Suffolk Institute of Archieology. The Rev. H. A. Harris Thorntlon Rectory, Eye, Suffolk. Surrey Archaeological Society. H. Mordaunt Rogers, 37, Bruton Street, W.i. Sussex Archaeological Society. C. Hugh Chalmers, Barbican House, High Street, . Thoroton Society. J. Holland Walker, F.S.A., 15, Park Valley, Nottingham. Wales, National Museum of, Cardiff. Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler, F.S.A. (Director). Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Rev. E. H. Goddard, M.A., Clyffe Vicarage, Swindon. Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club (Hereford). W. R. Scobie, 2, Offa Street, Hereford. Worcestershire Archaeological Society. Rev. J. Willis, M.A., Defford Vicarage, Worcester. Yorkshire Archaeological Society. E. W. Crossley, F.S.A., Broad Carr, Holy well Green, Halifax. Yorkshire East Riding Antiquarian Society. Rev. Canon Cooper, M.A., The Vicarage, Filey.

The Congress meets annually in November, at the Society oj Antiquaries, Burlington House. Each affiliated society is inviled to send two delegates, and to suggest for discussion any subject of general archcelogical importance. Societies wishing to become affiliated should communicate in the first instance with the Hon. Secretary of the Congress, Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, W.\. The annual subscription is £i, payable in advance on July ist. The Antiquaries Journal being The Tournal of tne Society of Antiquaries of London

HIS JOURNAL, of which Volume VI. is now in course of publication, will, it is Thoped, enlist the interest and support of the general public in touch with archaeological matters. An effort is made to furnish an adequate record of archaeological discovery and, in addition to original articles, each number contains many pages of notes recording the most recent events of antiquarian importance, not only in the British Isles, but also in Europe and the Old World. Another side of the work deals with the literature in the wide field of archaeology. Each quarterly number contains reviews of current archaeological works, not of necessity critical, but giving such information as will enable the reader to judge of the character of any work and of its utility to himself. A bibliography of recently-published books is included in each number.

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