NEDO-GET-9635
IS UNLIMITED
itaffiA mm # % % n # It M 6 f cn M a # * M A
( ^ ^ ) 15G ^ ^
(aw ft H m) j: & L%s#%f f '/ > % j: U T& % , 2# ^m^(D mi r A ^ ^m# (C ^ «9 ^-o * % o j Aagft^^ awMmimL6##imm&i2ia/=*^
% 6 ^ m#m(c«k^ zm DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. M £ * 6 BS24-M E-rr, 9E96-139-Oa3N & & (NEDO) ii mx (rite) as^ms^g^msL*: $@#mj ogsm&t M&mmomxtmmrmfcMmhx^Zo rite?», z 9%A#K2:<,a:A(c, ^ #k ib#, %« #%, 6Q^(f###^^^^* *% 5f @m%r/gAfbasM^$ fi% 2: c 6 ?$ %. Kh-t co 2 ras^iasimAov^ -rz&m®m*fi~>tzo $6(c, ## mtmmotztb(Dmm^mnmmn^m^mm t z 'tmmw^mom s> #tt©pw> in©co 2 @ee #©#{b©oI#&(:"9^T#MLa:o mm©$em^ ^#^im©ma^%Amr^9#%f %c.a^?#%^as, #%, %(c# mmwizfrfrt)^x\'%zt*mt>friz't%zttf~e%fc 0 cfi&m&emem#### ©m#ti^#R:mm@©E## Ap^g^S^ mmmx i«iiiis*i^ii ws$is lLi a [ A & # ] mmim) mm # a#*# ##@g it M# m#*# ##^B *&& msmiKSk m#*# mmmmmmf ^cm m#*# ##@B 0^8 %m mm*# ##gg mm ffi mm##*# #@ /JNJH m («k) v ^ - tsmnmm%si /j\# mm ##mAmmf mmxffi w#a$s mam*# m#fr m^immm^m meemw mm MiJZ (%) Bm#S ftmvanw&m® t %(DUMtitmizmi- zMMmgL^y - * y ??*-'? m#*# mm##e%@r %# m#*# ##m #@ mm 3ia m#*# ##@g MSr % m#*# ### *# #w m#*# ##g IS)# # #N*# ###B /J\# m# m#*# ### #66 mm E# m#*# ##s ## EBB SZ m#*# *sm^em@T #e mm mbm mmmm.rn.Si ## («> mmmetmm* y?- mz&mm jum nm (#) mmt&mm* ^ - rnmn. ms (M> A@mm#g cum e#> ill it t§s> m. mm) & f ^ f 6 B s u mm ary ...... 1 # ^ ...... -...... '...... 6 #1$ ...... 11 1.1 # # ...... '...... 11 1.2 ##?)## ...... 11 1.2.1 ...... 11 1.2.2 15 1.3 ...... -...... 23 1.3.1 23 1.3.2 6 1.3.3 28 1.4####(DM0^^*-XA...... 34 1.5^### 1.6 M M ...... 44 #2# 45 2.1 $# # ...... 45 2.2 45 2.2.1 45 2.2.2 54 2.3 69 2.3.1 # K< ^ A#### ...... 9 2.3.2 7;l/ 2.4 78 2.4.1 78 2.4.2 84 2.5 *5 # 87 l 3# 89 3.1 $3 s 89 ...... 90 3.2.1 ...... 90 3.2.2 ...... 100 3.2.3 12 m 1~ afitb ...... 102 3.3 - 105 3.3.1 mmam?)##...... -...... 105 3.3.2 ###<%## ...... 107 3.4 t$o# 109 3.5 m a 112 #ma# ...... -...... - 124 4.1 # S ...... 124 4.2 124 4.2.1 mm, mm, ##, 125 4.2.2##l:#f a## ...... 125 4.2.3 6##% ...... 126 4.3 129 4.3.1 W#, #### ...... 129 4.3.2 EE, 129 4.4 131 4.4.1 131 4.4.2 ...... - 135 4.4.3 136 4.5 ^ # ...... 138 5# m%^ma 143 147 11 [Summary] The reduction of forests due to environmental pollution has been marked in North America and Europe. In Japan, as well, expansion of visible damage to the forests has recently been reported. Forest vegetation fixes CO2 from the air. A decrease in vegetation leads to a decrease in CO2fixation and environment-cleaning function and thus may lead to a rise in the global temperature. Within the framework of global environmental problems, it is most urgent that steps are taken to protect forests from damage and to enhance the forest functions, in addition to facilitating the reforestation of tropical forests and converting deserts into vegetation areas. To this end, it is essential to develop plant strains resistant to environmental pollution and to develop technology for utilization of symbiotic microorganisms in plant root which play an essential role for the growth of the plant. This report has first presented the present status of forest damage and environmental pollution. We have then investigated systematically pollution-resistant plants, usable microbes and their gene analysis(basic research), and also breeding and planting technology(applied technology). Furthermore, we described an analysis of ways to combine the results of basic research with those of applied research, with the goal of contributing to the advancement of biological CO2 fixation. Chapter 1 Present status of forest damage and environmental pollution At present, the area of forestation is decreasing on a global scale. Annually, more than 10 million ha of tropical forest have been lost due to the indiscriminate felling of trees and slash-and-bum agriculture. Forest damage has also been spreading in temperate and subarctic forests in the northern hemisphere. In Japan, blight of needle-leaf trees (pine and momi fir) and of Japanese oak has occurred in areas along the Sea of Japan and in the Kyushu district. In addition, blight of some other trees, such as wild cherry trees, Japanese apricot trees, birch, Japanese cedar, cypress and bamboo, has been reported from various regions of the country. Outside Japan, forest damage has become apparent in Central Europe, North America and East Asia (China). Decay is not confined to needle- leaf trees but has been extending to broadleaf trees. This global deforestation has been attributed to various factors, including soil souring, ozone, Mg deficiency and nitrogen excess. In the past, acid rain was studied as a possible cause of forest decay. However, since desulfurization of industrial gas exhaust has been put into practice in the developed countries, some investigators now consider climatic drying as a possible factor related to the increased failure of trees. In any event, the exact cause of deforestation has not yet been identified. In decaying forests, the growth of tree rootlets is less active, and mycorrhizal fungi have decreased or disappeared. Mycorrhizal fungi are indispensable for tree growth. It is unknown whether weakened rootlet growth or decrease of mycorrhizal fungi occurred first. The forest is the chief place on earth where CO2 is fixed and stored. Damage to forests, as mentioned above, results in a decrease of fixed CO2 , leading to global warming. According to a report made by the IPCC, the annual loss of tropical forest causes the release of CO2 which is the equivalent of about 1.6 billion tons of carbon into the ambient air per year. - 1 - This amount of CO2 can be fixed by trees in the temperate and subarctic zones are left intact. However, because forests in these zone are also being damaged, it is estimated that ambient CO2 equivalent to about 100 million tons of carbon failed to be fixed in Europe due to forest damage. As a result, each year excess CO2 equivalent to 3 billion tons of carbon is left free in the atomosphere. This indicates the necessity of our taking further steps, including planting pollution-resistant trees. Chapter 2 Search for pollution-resistant plants and analysis of their function Pollutants, released into ambient air, spread widely, causing environmental problems on a global scale. If coal, which is low in quality, is substituted for high quality oil as a source of energy, the release of sulfur oxides will increase. In addition to removal of sources of pollutants, cultivation of plants resistant to pollutants is important. This chapter lists plants reported to be resistant to pollutants and describes the physiological features of these plants. Furthermore, to develop pollution-resistant plants, this chapter reviews reports relating to clarification of the mechanism of resistance development and the genes involved. To facilitate the development of pollution-resistant plants, recent trends and advances in plant breeding technology have also been investigated. Pollutants are absorbed via the stomata and cuticle into the leaves. Heavy metals and aluminum are absorbed from the roots. If the stomata are closed to avoid invasion by the pollutants, the photosynthetic capacity will decrease. To protect trees from pollutants, it is therefore necessary to develop plants which are highly resistant to pollutants. In case where pollutants cause oxygen radicals or hydrogen peroxide to be formed, an increase in oxygen radical detoxifying enzyme activity or antioxidation is probably necessary for resistance to these pollutants to develop. Some herbaceous plants with a high NO2 assimilating were selected, and their mechanisms of resistance to pollutants have been analyzed. The findings from this analysis have been utilized for molecular plant breeding, making use of genes involved in resistance to pollutants. Genes reported to be involved in plant resistance to pollutants include genes encoding glutathion reductase, phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein. Because one generation of trees is relatively long, gene transfer provides a useful means of developing pollution-resistant trees. However, research on cell and tissue cultures, regeneration and gene transfer for trees lags considerably behind these techniques as applied to herbaceous plants. Even if pollution-resistant trees are developed, much time will be needed before forest composed of such trees are standing. It is, therefore, desirable to develop techniques for the direct introduction of pollution-resistant characteristics to forest trees by means of gene transfer. Chapter 3 Utilization and functional analysis of soil microorganisms The role played by the root in absorbing and delivering nutrients and water is as important for plants as is photosynthesis. Microorganisms which symbioses for roots support these root functions. Symbiotic microorganisms attenuate environmental stresses such as drought and pollution and thus protect the roots. They also suppress the activity of pathogenic microorganisms and improve the - 2 - environment around the roots, thus helping plants to grow normally. This chapter discusses the roles played by symbiotic microorganisms and how to utilize these organisms. Their functions in coping with acid rain and heavy metal pollution, and how to utilize such functions are also discussed. Rhizobia in leguminous plants and Frankia in alders are known to fix nitrogen. The total amount of nitrogen fixed by these microorganisms.is estimated at about 17.5 million tons, which is equivalent to more than double the amount of nonbiologically fixed nitrogen. These organisms greatly affect the growth of plants and the circulation of nitrogen-based nutrients on earth. Although a number of studies have been published concerning the genes involved in nitrogen fixation by Rhizobia, few such studies have been published for Frankia. All tree symbiose with mycorrhizal fungi. VA mycorrhizal fungi absorb phosphorus from the soil and supply it to the host plants to promote their growth. They also suppress the hazards to plants caused by pathogenic bacteria in the soil. Although ectomycorrhizal fungi can symbios only with limited hosts, plants carrying these fungi can absorb nutrients better than plants without these fungi. The fungi also help plants absorb water, thus making plants more resistant to drought Mycorrhiza formation elevates the efficiency of nutrient absorption and promotes plant growth, leading to higher photosynthetic activity. An increase sink promotes plant growth, elevates the CO2 assimilating ability of source organs and thus suppresses an increase in ambient air CO2 levels. It is desirable to search for more such useful symbiotic microorganisms which elevate the resistance of host plants to pollutants and to clarify their functions. Chapter 4 Techniques of cultivating and maintaining plants resistant to pollution Our surveys revealed that both the underground roots and symbiotic microorganisms were disappearing in dying forests. The activity of symbiotic microorganisms around the roots of plants is indispensable for their growth. Therefore, to cultivate and maintain pollution-resistant plants, it is necessary not only to assess the features of such plants but also to develop techniques for the utilization of symbiotic microorganisms, including techniques to make elevate the affinity of symbiotic microorganisms for plants and techniques to inoculate plants with symbiotic microorganisms. In the past, few attempts to find or create pollution-resistant tree were made. In the present study, we took the development of trees resistant to pine wood nematodes as an example, and reviewed the current state of research and explored the direction of future possible advances concerning methods to evaluate the resistance to pollution, techniques to increase the affinity of symbiotic microorganisms, desirable plant cultivation techniques, and method to reinforce resistance to pollution. Since conventional cross-breeding is needed to reinforce the function of new strains of pollution-resistant trees, it is desirable to develop a technique to shorten the tree life cycles. To establish up and maintain forests, amidst environmental pollution, it is necessary to establish a systematic technology resting on a strong platform of basic and applied research relating to the selection of resistant plant, elucidation of their features, methods of efficient tree nutrition, methods for reinforcing resistance to pollution, and methods for plant cultivation tailored to the conditions of - 3 - each area. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Proposals Damage of forests on a global scale is continuing. It is not always attributable to two or more combined factors. To suppress the increase of CO2 release into the air, it is essential to plant trees and to preserve existing forests. To this end, elimination of pollutants and the development of pollution-resistant plants are essential. Pollution-resistant plants are able to be selected by screening, and also obtained by molecular plant breeding. The growth of plants is supported by microorganisms which symbioses with their roots. Symbiotic microorganisms elevate the resistance of plants to environmental stresses and promote their growth, resulting in suppression of an increase in ambient air CO2 levels. It remains to be clarify whether or not the resistance of plants carrying symbiotic organisms can be increased even in polluted environments, if appropriate microorganisms are selected for symbiosis. It is urgently needed to establish a molecular breeding system, especially in vitro culture system, for woody plants, and to develop a technique of gene transfer to plants, which can be called "gene therapy". Furthermore, we should clarify the physiology of symbiosis of plants and fungi which form mycorrhiza, which has not yet been clarified except for symbiosis between leguminous plants and rhizobia, and establish techniques of breeding, culturing and inoculating such organisms, with the goal of establishing a system for developing and maintaining better forest environment with the help of these microorganisms. At present, the course shown in Fig. 1 is turning in a negative direction. If the course is partially modified, the current negative direction of things will become positive. - 4 - Current state Preservation of the Grobal Environment X Environmental pollution; Control of environmental pollution e. g. , Acid rain \ Inhibition of the growth Inhibition of Superior mycorrhizal of mycorrhizal fungi Pollution-res is tant plant growth fungi plants Promotion of nycorrhiza formation * Reduction of Selection and Gene manipulation (gene therapy) breeding Promotion of nutrient absorption forests ^ Resistance to drought Enlargement of the sink Aggravation of environments ;Increase of ambient air C02 Desirable steps and action Fig.l Turn the environmental circuit from the negative to positive direction - 5 - co, MS©[I]E> LT^s< A##&&o zotzmz, M #^(cme&$)C##cDW@&ea znz ©stjo^ w^ss^fsimE d tuz> MRuumiz P<%.tz> c$j%m t & ### & a 0 #### CO, @^ #±T#±0 CO, ±#B0ct9 ^##@### co, m^mtm'pzmm(Dumt^^tz^rz}L\zt^ 0 ipcco#^c«t co, ca% ^m^za-k s-o ^msb^m© co, B^^foaife^m^ai/o^o m^3oih>©sn ^$)69o m 2 m ^##*#±##0)## h#### — 6 — ©%###%]&& & s ire 5 3 o ^ ^ ©(±m^#mcm^© ac&T&ao %#%##&ux hr^xu f fi6©¥m¥##&^l/^o £t>lzs Etitltl©WS£ B ft b U T > Bt£M*-XA #%jg£Wf4jtfc¥(31512>##©b £ti, ittftiCJSbfcWS WSM©Bfp]bfr^^MII{rm-^)siS^4o^^ofco r§m;#mw:^?Lx trb6, ©^©c^ $¥##X(± N02 IWhf6©Si>&(D&Mik£ix iff£©/*— MfAf t. LTx glutathione reductase, PC synthase, methallothionein % 3 — F "I"£jSfzsbF(3 L, mm©%#, ess *#©WL m^rnm^t#©# ©mix h /x >bmju o ¥$T(±, #¥#¥#©## iSbfco VXf4©»l S£J:r>v\>y *© Franfca &SS@^£e?o ^©E^HSTO 1 # 7, 5 0 0 77 HXbltS^iU ¥¥WE^S©2{gJ-M±M!1~3o C^i6©##©^c m±©^$©#^#mc&i^f^#(±^^Wo % %fz;f Frcmkia (COl^T i7Klit^t^II®I®Ibft4t^o VAI®Ili±W¥J>§||U W^fit S@©W±*iti:K ZbTi'iZfiK £©S£&«t^0 i^iu v-x§is©co2 mtm%n®, xm^cd co 2 mo&#muf g&pm&h&o - 7 - siiti^^Mretau k k% m^o^wcmmc^ea^^^om^^mA-c^ao ^m &mm —#&W\z.t£%) o msm mm£tis &mT*&%<> AM4^$m£na co 2 (DMim%rn®\tz>tz®>w±, & a%^#C^^. 6fiTao M/ ^ (z^ co, omo&MJTao j; o#^##0me^A6tia^(±#mmmT&ao fac&, ^6%fk:3) osi^i^tiu ?o#@8L acac - 8 - mk wmati; eij> mnm SSSSOtEit mmmoAwm# @mmmm .,'* —...... ». i i f *i*#x h 1/X»tt I mmtw# m&fm# (%*) wa - 9 - m 1.1 Mw i95o^tc3-D vfit Uvn^T* ') 'ti%rpMzX%'kF3Mt-&'Dfzo £fzs BAT»&> S&i/rfcioTHgffl63 ¥S^6¥^4¥S$-e©5^^stBT»ws^n/!: r% rm mcj;amAx ±m uA# Ax Aa ^ wc,. ss #Yb##®#mm^m#Aa nzme^ac ^fp^x BA®mmm^#*%c(±#Kj:o SSibAaci bMfaES&tiiTuao -Ax i9tti:IBfS¥ic^ ^ V OfcSSWrrmfcx AP^©£0 • £M?£S&^fcAra m^(Dm# SBi&LAo ##Cx fM^^W- i) m 2 (1994 ) (1994) 1.2 1.2.1 t>wm life (tarns (1)A7# A^N B A##"' =># Limm'-^ ^'-'A 3.4.7. A ^ b’4’7’l°\ SSW 3, 4, 10) jgl ^-A mmm'^x j ' ^Tx y±#3±7 3 ±7x :XA70#@# -11 - (^*1.2-2) o .2-1 (199559m ) ^#1.2-2 Jj'>s A'XDmilZck K)%±{;Tz.*m - 12 - tiftTj& —SDfoS 13)o A^®#?LA%^^o t%t, f ©^^g^©MC(±%^f %o &ont-3\±, A@Ai^ zti%a ^e^StIltu %ito-ess ltzMtete. i^sniiiiitlzmmati &/b>o A13-14)0 %tzs A^E©#BI###^(±#####<^ ^6C(±s fnELiJme#¥SW®©Bf4@^Sffltt®<V^o (:&&%&% r>ytt^©%5©^&SSti"^ ?ErBPn1SA Tl^o V^^3^V©%^%^0 ^/r, ^&2f©##E&#;tT^ao (3)^/7 tfV, #####LU T(± 7 * > ; ^ ^ t,%jT,<& L T i ^3 ">o B%mm (B^amm, m#:E) ©#m 2,000m##©ilj#m^, ###©^-^-^7tfv, %#j&##©y^3b>;^ v4±mm^^©mm©A o &&j:s utj3 b. %#@#(±m,2oo haemu 20’21)= %tz, wssaefelu > , #A# - #mmm#E, #mmm #TW4\ mem^AT-am# , 7 tfV(DiL%1fctlj$WM£tlXWZ>3)o a. #SJIIEB-^RE%©Snl5(C{4Et*^AE (1,245 m) ©SS700~1,100 m t I7il8>19 -23-24-25)0 gi£-e(iN A lU©#]S^ &&&?K ^©#^m*)^^%^-3^fL#©t<#-c - 13 - mmssiij (829m) umtnm £ nt v > s18 -19 -26)0 sslus=sius ©Sg|StC{iL®LTj3 S^b®5#ll| (936 m) SS800 mJ^±OSS^SSSc LTi^o b. y-jr @/r&T(±#A^(Z)jt^^l969^(C(±90.9%T6o^:(D(cMLl990^C(± 32.2%cmmu^o (5)^3% \LJ$r a. y^r X3r(DmMl±, • ^liW^tS V < x 1990¥ft(3XoTSfflM VT£ <0#A, me® LT> • S6©Sm> Mx©^bH^e)jWB©^|qI^^S - k /u ^ v \ 1980#@C(±^«k^50%®##, 1980#ft#^C^70%m±(Z)%#^m%6^,%%^# t^t^tZo MB • SFBtltokfcMS • WMitoji-i:b^3 US • MfitmmzyirCDmM&m^nxu&o mb • • Sii(7)B/u^SStt^*WS^ *IIW^ Mib¥g\ fii¥S • S® £ *f U T ® W£4B t: It y ^mt&±y $> Z> s - 14 - SiW50 m 121 mmsGomauik M-m;n^«tm©emui ibAm^m©m^gp^^. ss^m ^S/H^StiGU^MWWJcfflS^ SLiJTff^^h btzrffWite £Z7XSJ13SST-& &33b mr-c&s b. ty^r fc y ^©teftttAWU HSs (6) V^/ -7'y%m(±i94o 6A#i^m@ -t), i947¥SAe> i949^®$t(c(d:S¥e77m3^Ex.^)M/?)sMLfco S'£rB¥HW4^©?l#*eEB ^^AbACb#(Z=k b, SiilifiL, 1950& 1960 ^"T(±. m 30-4075m3T$SbAo bAU 197lASbU$^ ##(±#A©A|6|(:#b, 1973- 1975^Sir^ N SAHTAib&EAS^W^bAo 1978(: (±207^m3 b ^ 9#^89 xk^Lmvmntzmw^^fitzo 1979 ^ c*±%#(±243^m^c—fc^bAo #(±M6(;f@|oIT##L-CL^^ CNj:T'y©A#&^M^bAA%)a#^.6fL^o C©j: ofttu^'y&kZFTtrx y ©i&S&S MAblS©^ S^T'SES;* iiT£ D s #&, ¥ ^©####95^m\ Ma26077ha6Dg*©vym^(Dl/4^W^S^TV>^ 40)o i990^ft^AoTs %(c^c#bAT±r7'y#(cb#@%#^l6#D A^^©$Bl3I^AbTl^o 1969^tMcfc *9 X F D — ~f'X'V^ 3 —D y/1 (7) ^A #&x AiHi -^ew %x$>r c vsfflTrti# b -t i > § © ### ^nr^^.0 1.2.2 mmz&it&mt (1)3 — P y )\ 1990A(2fft>nAEC©S^HST'(is ##*26%bl± (^7% 2-4) ©mM^K^A — 15 — ^#f## '#0ar W %t7 0Tf)^|@gr(%?(Z)^g(Z)T^%9Z^## "f)^Sm##033^1f4X^2)#O66I S/v A- O °c.7vg^^^G9BBB v^W©¥^SBE0^ES °%z:W& ymmv?2)BE2)#o®wwto^ws o 2tiiiwwmE '>i#a.MW^0^#ooz-o8 '#zn3wm#0me %;% n Y# > n a.$g%^086 i G9^3r^^n-E v q w 2M-+ q W <51(? > ir <£ §£) 2-4 ^ n - e W#<2> ^ #cg#q4.4^4^^a_^%0)2 °%vi%qg(q#^n#^#f)##f)a.%m 2%^%C2)3^#(ipq4'4f)mm##02 '1^1 %c^cf2)@g$vr(g^^%^086T ^a.##o^%4 /irwA44/T^a)^#^ ^4 "Z13#M%qm%K2mg °9r2^## %^42)^ag^# 243#h%%oZ0q4 4 ^ >4 0)B 4°q susiu^q ^2)S vm' 2)^966TCu ?^S66X«^Ct^ q^q^#>q#2)#E86I-Z86Tf)q4 4 4^a-E '#0& %^4^^%(%%2.^^4mB|2)*#^^OA6m^0q444^a-E 'q r#%(%?0^gOPT^%9Z*##Opmq4 4 'f)a.gm##033^44a2)^O66I #444 “B n—E^Gxq^Z^unxcT-^gi ^ >4 2)# VQ 42-C-&3T2- ^2)Hf|□—eSW • n—e®* vx|^^H2) 'f)E^0##%^TO92 d. 1985 E$6#)x 199O^(ceb^^EC0##K-e(^ ###26%El± ©SM*©£»£f!l'a-&12.3%-£&ofc42)o 'f^f V Zffi%m3~n 'J/^7>#6DES46)r- ttx 1987^*^1992¥^^lj'TSEMln]^$)ofc^> 1993#^^, 1994 3-D 'j/;iy±®^m'%8O^a±07Klr#L^o L^Lx IBS M V • 7WJ < %a#|q|k:&&o WMCM/>t';E> 11 cioi^ao e. ~3±-yM 1985^l#Cmm^e%&, 1990^lZ'frtDtirzEC(DMUm^Tlts MM^26%&± ©gm^© 6&%mj^m2.i%-r^-3^42)o iggg^^e^^^Eco^mg-Cx mcra Ms^> Ex 3 — D V ^"Mfcpfl jo X tJ^ft1 oP©i^cS (Quercus robur=l6% s Q. petraea=15 %) ©i$D vb$3 —D '.V ^°SS©^&S (<2- cerris=3%s g. ilex= 7%x Q. suber= 2%x g. rotundifola=0 %) #m©#m%LT&x ^fx m[c^^#x ^mm@p©Tgg©^%^x &^x ^Cx &o&#©a#i#;L Wo £&bx ^^tx fe©^<^tttix SjS^EJiiTSiJ #fbx %^MBCci\T(±x ####©&^^S#C#^6m^x l/%x (2)^b)K a. Til b r>E y7l3^yLljEM©SS900mEl±© br>E » t h-7t©II^ mm©#m&x m#^^#E^m#©#%x ^#(STx 6Ex M20-25 ^-mcD^ifiM L < (ST LT 1^3 o )Kg#ei#*Mat® (National Acid Precipitation Program, NAPAP) ©1991*F©fgS£ J; 3 Ex #$1^©%^#* (pH2.8-3.8) ^^-V>#7*b^E©m^&@T^#x b . ib h t>ii^--T — 17 — - 81 - (S66l) g szmzt (OT 8£Z-L£Zd ‘(Z66l) J^#g 00^ ‘0i®T# <6 8 '9 d ‘(£66l) ZV\OA <8 za '(1766%) 9 39 ^ (A $P9 'LP9 d ‘(£661) EM HlfrOlU ‘W3L#U <9 Ll-lld '(£661) ZriOA %—(5 z,d '(£66i) I9-ON mmw 'isffflw (p (966i)gzi0 6 ‘ti^KjSBEH(e (9661) g 8 09 'g^24^ %E/$—T-(Z t70£d ‘(9661) w i¥ cwikw cdi ^me(i oo9%a.mmm#ii(Q^n^s66i ^ xsi#s x#jifQ^xmmom^ (B4d) z/$zm(s) a.aga^ xagmm xggq^o^r, Kz B^-f*= -p WfT^dVdVN xffmg02 W^%iaEs9^^@a.™008'T ~00Z‘WS©@MSl9 ie 52f)2)^0Z6T °9 f^2-Q ^s?3£S* X^L5>¥W v (^wec^WBI) ^(3^^0961 x£t MOV ^ V < -6- 3G9IIU -1f XCUPf B^A • O #^9^^#^*;006T xa.2%##0# x^#o## WlDm^%?^m0P^3:qc4i4^%p) - 19 - 41) No.337 (1986), Pl-28 42) ^^; (#) LilS£S$E (1992), P30-40 43) G. H. M. Krause, U. Arndt, C. J. Brandt, J. Bucher, G. Kenk and E. Matzner; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.31 (1986), P647-668 44) V. O. Seitschek; Allg. Forst Z. Vol.16 (1990), P377-379 45) J. Hruska, J. Cerny and J. Krecek; S (1996), P5.1-5.4 46) S. A. Power, M. R. Ashmore and K. A. Ling; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.85 (1995), P1293-1298 47) A. N. D. Auclair; Universit degiStudi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P139-148 48) L. Dimitri; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P171-177 49) P. Sch 5£t; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P235-239 50) G. Hartmann and R. Blank; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P277-284 51) F. M. Thomas and G. BStner; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P285-291 52) C. B5£tner, M. Furling and A. Quadt; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P463-469 53) J. Degreef; Universit degiStudi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P471-473 54) F. Malaisse, D. Burgeon, J. Degreef and J. P. Maudoux; Universit degiStudi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P493-500 55) B. Mar#is; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P501 56) E. Halmsch lager; Universit degiStudi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P77-83 57) E. Donaubauer; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), PI79-183 58) H. Hager, G. Glatzel, M. Sieghardt, S. Huber and H. Schume; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P185-191 59) C. Tomiczek; Universit degiStudi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P521 - 20 - 60) N. Anselmi and M. Puccinelli; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P23-29 61) G. E. Agosteo and G. Gran at a; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P71-75 62) N. Luisi, T. M. Gentile, G. Sicoli and T. Turchetti; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P95-104 63) 1. Dellavalle, S. Mo rice a, L. Mugnai, A. Rafazzi and S. Vagniluca; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P105-108 64) M. Scortichini and D. E. Stead; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P109-113 65) A. E. Belisario, E. Mott a and M. Biocca; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P149-154 66) N. Casini, R. Gellini and A. Bottacci; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P155-162 67) A. V an n in i, N. Luisi, R. P. Man icon e and G. Sicoli; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P205-211 68) F. Marras, A. Franceschini and L. Maddau; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P247-253 69) F. Marras, A. Franceschini and B. C. Sutton; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P255-260 70) F. Marras, A. Franceschini and L. Maddau; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P261-268 71) R. Grillo and A. Tirr Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P269-275 72) E. Motta, M. Biocca, M. Scortichini, A. Belisario, A. Martinis, C. Piccini, F. Lucci, E. Amorini and S. Canali; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P503-505 73) G. Sicoli, R. P. Man icon e, N. Luisi, T. M. Gentile and P. Lerario; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P509-520 74) C. M. Brasier; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P49-57 75) J. M. Cobos, R. Montoya and J. J. Tuset; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P163-169 — 21 — 76) K. A. Jacobs, I. F. Alvarez and J. Luque; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P193-203 77) F. J. S. Gutierrez and J. C. Medina; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P523-524 78) M. N. D. S. Santos and A. M. M. Martins; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P115-121 79) C. M. Brasier, A. C. Moreira, J. F. P. Ferraz and S. Kirk; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P461-462 80) G. Boh ; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P39-47 81) F. Varga; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P229-234 82) B. Rossnev and P. Petkov; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P223-228 83) G. Mihalache, D. Vladescu and A. Vlad u leas a; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P357-364 84) G. Mihalache, D. Vladescu and A. Vlad u leas a; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P365-378 85) T. Oszako; Polish Academy of Scienes Institute of Dendrology, K#nik, "Oak Decline in Europe" ed. by R. Siwecki et al. (1991), P49-57 86) S. McLaughlin and O. U. Br#er; Experientia Vol.41 (1985), P310-319 87) B. I. Chevone and S. N. Linzon; Environ. Pollut. Vol.50 (1988), P87-99 88) E. B. Cowling; AMBIO Vol.18 (1989), P167-171 89) P. M. Wargo; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), Pl-9 90) A. J. Prey and J. E. Kuntz; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P387-395 91) S. W. Oak; Universit degi Studi, Bari, "Recent Advances in Studies on Oak Decline" ed. by N. Luisi et al. (1993), P507-508 92 ) #±^, mom?; warn, —E(1996), P17-42 93 ) mm, (1996), P95-138 - 22 - 1.3 £>trtb£0 f TkST-tiu SHMUM©^—# V y^ —^coi'iTsBi'iiLfco % jb\ El.3-l(C1980^{ti3j3ij'5ti#©®©EBJS 1)6^V/ro vvp» o r A 4.6—"5.0 #5.1-5.6 IE1.3-1 1980^ 1.3.1 ;kti>2j^:CDt£>.ft (1)B* &. (1988 ^-1992 ^) ^©ISStix 1983^S —1987¥S^Tffbil^B -fX ^329©^^^-^ U >y§ffofe 0 f pHO^S^¥±SE(i4.5~5.8(7)E D> ^7jcS7rS^ft{t bfe^a¥^Kifi(i4.8T'feofeo # 1 ^#^®pH(Df ^4.4-5.5(D#ac&t), nss-S042" UNSWSti^BB^ 7k>) #jg®Aaf#)@(±38.5 /zeq/L, N03~SS &14.0 /Zeq/LT'&*9. nss-S042"SjStt^Mk ^S> NOfSjSM*, il'I'k vkOk SsC&bk rf]asjs j;& p#,bC|ql6 ^ #AT(±#(:{S ^lT*feofeo NH4+SS©^B¥i9ffiid:l8.3 jueq/U Ca2+SJSO^a¥i5f6(il6.0 n eq/L-Cfeofeo Ca2'#jgl±^gB, ESx It Mltl^ofeo N/Skb (N03"/nss-S042™) £tM@JtibE1~ 5 h, B±0.39 T, X ?##m^®^^#(±o.46"c & ^ ^ o ^ ^ B $### j: o ANo 3-@w - 23 - fPofeo nss-S042 tb##(7) AB#%#(j:52.2 meq/ m2/ yT& b \ A#BBT#'6i#q <( \ Ol^T ^A#k eas#±#&6#\ fg^^-TMloI^M^tlfeo £fzs N03"$SB©£B¥i9imi9.4meq/m2/yT& bs S fS< &aMlRl£#Lfco t, # < ®#AT(±nss-S042\ N03"^%(2n # NH/Y±#m®ASIf #l@(±25.9 meq/m 2/yT^ bs %tzs ^mucma^, nh /cds ^t, Amxmmnmzmz.^< m e> t# b»{ij^ BBAT&^-il^ii'^JI^tlfco CfUCML, Ca2+CDS-nx ^< ©±MTS(3^^o ®t*©w^^ssf a^^$.a0 swrt3j:bi993¥Sd:b 5 7-##+mT# 3 b. j; a Aamemma (1995 ^-1997 # S) 1995#S©!J1S##t/!A 1996#9MC^#^^^±m###^T#^^tl,^% pH(±M#^4.3, ^#^4.7^^#^M#&±@:3^o ±M& (D^-mUM##jS^##a&±l3a^(±N03-, nss-S042~N NH/T& b, ^±@a(Na\ crN Mg 2') hnss-Ca2+T$)0 fco N03~ joJ:tFnss-S0 42-©^#liiN g#C(±g#^j3 J;tMHBtltoT% 6UBimm^T# < fcofco m*B 1 BSf; b ^1J: ?)IlTi; @^fe^^{iH+T\ M^tfc. b J^H] o fcfi£;£Hi$§iMfiSG£h nss-Ca2\ nss-S042 ^ T% N03“jo cfct>’NH4+(iB®JgT^ofeo NO3"0tt##(±. S^£&fllJ^ BfUA BIB joj:th'EF ##(3iiilp^^6A#I%#T^v#IlnJ£&o tzo c. (M) S* 4* AE2EFJr£ £ aEtiFSCD^SHS (1987#~1990#) *> AB®20j#ATl#zK7KM&##Jl/^Mmx pH(D#f^#(±4.6-5.20$S@(:&b, pH (±mjbm^Tm - 24 d. -^©ffe TSJ&U ti&'t'Jytz¥(D%k\,^ih±i%:&~3fz!®)MX:&%o h#rn©i^#^o.i2ppma±T, ©4m#m 1995 ^©^## %^M^B8mi994¥©i75B/b^i39E'x ^Yb#AM^%C «kS AEiii994¥©564A (6SS) #6192A ( 5SWE) b&b, ;MifcM'J>bfco gijtcti;, SimttS43j;MaHS^(c^SS©^a5S*VTb^ 6)o (2)3 —n V/i European Monioring and Evaluation Program (EMEP ) ©1985^©:r —*? t3j£b> <( b\ ^7jC©fSbpH(g{i^-3> nss-SO/"©%##©##;# mgA^n^D7WT-eMe>n> wm^—rf^3tf7V;t—X h VT, F^'A SSB y;wzc-%^T%#a#mb s, n fifzo ±s^m±MWL^M^, so/- ©SSSS Wt b ($(EIrI bT'$) 5 o c©%^© b - 25 - (3) » )Ka4b^cm^^%% 7/ v* -yc & s 53)0 so/-, No3-©tt#aa%m©m#^a4bm 6iS^*i-ymsST»B5)ii, b^t>oT^^Vo so/-, No 3-©^#m(^^a ^ u-c^, im ^(3Ca2+*h'CDSSf$E-f*>*M /J>V-tV^^(D-e, #$]&#&&%&^o 4b«:4bit3 mi#mki:b#L'CSO/-T 9#, N03--ei4 #mira % p#aamc#3(t%%i#©pH©^(±, 4bm, ^#%^4b^©#P$(:4si^T(±, pHii 6 ~7t'fe§3’10)o SjS, #l#% ^©tb#89p^l#@:, pH &4~5T$>D3’10), 4.1 fc£U mt(fS0/-#j^7j:b# rzt, mM-e^-&m±-&w0)o 4b ©±m###L, 711/* U%©^ ^B^H^5)E7Mz®?tSi^fb1to7ft5fEL T i > £ qj £ hT v 511U 14'15' 16) o 1.3.2 ?k*)5&(D#%g (i)#E. mu a. B* J:oTl98l¥~i990^$7, 4b#mA^4i#l^ - 26 ##8©pHW\ pH#4&± 5 *#t ©^b#m©m#g&m, j3 A© 3 #m?& a« u^L. c^6©#is©pH©mT(±, e0#zk(:j:b, #mm®2#@(±#^(D#7l(0#^k:Z6t)0'C$>o^o pH5bl±6 *#®$Bm®m?8(±#m#(DMm^Aj3j;%f#^yA(D2ma'r. a^cm^moTmgg (3fSgLTV^fefe(3f£lN^©t'feofco pH 6 bl± 7*#©#iS(± 6 #86a#A pH7##$,au(j:7 "C##L'Cl^o lX^^©#;HTT%Ta#|q](C&at©^&c^:^ #t$ ^%^#9YgcciM:(±i979^^s^^5^^k(:mm&e-3Zw%o pH7&c-? au-c, ^^(±pH4-9©^ £>iia0 i99imz.'X\li • ^&^©m#©B##&wAS253f^©(b%M;il"%y<^#&MT:b tlfe17)o T)]/X V JS* S0.2 meq/LJ^Ttt 9 y 0f (4%) T&b, M'&t LT&'J'£bo rrwa^^6fiat©aL-c^ m#c#©#mar ©m#^©mn")^ a« b . 3 — D V ) ^ 3-DV/i(Cj3WT, 1950^ftC^^ Xr>^ —7-'>BS^IZ&ttZlSS'vg©pHE Ggdsj##©Y±###©^#©##j;D EtcS12,500^W©S© pH £SIS L^kZ5, 1955#af$©pH©^fb#. 1 o ^ C 2: o &=)„ y;v>x —T^SSS©S'S^j3V^Tx 1940¥£2500Ebl±£SLT^fcVX^1975 ^(3{i^Mbfe10)o 1986#Cff 1005#a©#Wik= a a, pH5.0^#©#^S(±E 40%$>bx pH5.5*Sh&a b^#:©E60%T'$>o£10)o jtSBTiiS2K©EE - 27 - c. #&#####2:h,T^ao M;iU^&0|^2k(DpH(±f^4.2-4.5r$)%^ C^^^150krnmm(D209(Z)#^(D^24mA®pH^5aT^%'oTW^o 1980^^^* i-y • V^#l(C&^5,341(7)#(7)m(D15%^%C#%{bL-Cl^ 23)= -bi-y (2)##p#^6©#©mai /[ItK©^— $ 1$frfc>tLtz2\ iSOpHMiIt¥^4.7, b, ES#Btf£BftTS®<7M Jr y (SO/". NO,". Cl". NH4\ Na\ K\ Ca2+. Mg 2+) ©SSttM^L. ##©pH (± ±#f ^nii. <&##&&$' lUBmm^#1990^:^0 /=##"-t^^,-c v^o SrSJiytP^ffi&so/-. NO,\ ESzkpHti:. «Blr¥&J4.6. #f##7r(±^#l4.7^l^#43 ZZf##©PH j; D ESzk©pHttHfg,3 .5S;Tf&TV. C©#©H+#m#. (pH4.8) ©5~10fg^3ibTV^fe 28) o M;ii7k©pH(±. bt^feo r7m^mj «t&. 4tsB • mt • m©mjii34%^©¥¥ %H^m#mpH (3~5M®¥^) £Jt8rr£fc. m@m©pHA^f%Z D#f@T «MiR]^i976^«{citjibT^^n^21)o mii#©^zk©pHi±m#mcf&Ti/^2% 1975##. #e@^#eE@*k%-3TmAu. H igh S "C &ESE£Et4 1.3.3 (i)±iSPH. r;i/^-r>A^ a. B* ±#©pH&o(ATa. i^k/u 2b'0^AT##43Xmkm t b 4.0~6.0H3©fiS£m L fz0 Zti%±f$MCcta#%fbf#% - 28 - nrvs±jstsajicopH^4.o*s© & © ^ m 6ntzo Tiix ##±#®^#%Caa^#%Mg(7)Aatm^l8^A-e 5meq/100gbl±, 7^T" 2.5~5.0 meq/lOOg, C^,^©^AT(±2.5 meq/lOOgbTFT&o&o ^##AlC"3l^ f t &30 meq/ 100gi-MT©fii£^ U # < ©#&A 7:&, 10 meq/ioo g WT0fii^^bfeo #mm, £&¥ (Sill®, #% : ^) ©27.8 meq/lOOgT'fe^feo (Ca+Mg) , l±, ± mmzj;6embme^m-c^#■=> &« ±#©m{b^*©m%mbc o^-CkL #2^m#©#f#m&^A (1988^^6) T(±, &<©^ACjo^T 2titafr^tzo # 1 6###gL-CV^^A (1983^^^) E^&E¥SYbi;iSg#)£>;h,&;b>o fz o (M) e*4>*e^m©fes^Aa©5oomAcj3^6m@±m©m^m# (Acid-Neutralizing Capacity; ANC) S^cto/r 33'34’ 35’36)o ANCht±> pH 3©A%#f$ *^©Ai#m^m±#T%^-rc±#A!#%L^H'm©ca"e$,%o ANC©ffi^&^ii$itRSb bt^ 'b : 0~5, 4> : 5 ~12, ^ : 12W± (meq/100g) &#%„ JMfftCtt, mm^htcmibamcao, ^©±m-c(±#m ##Ma©±#Tme b. 3 —D'y/1 xe7x-^>sm^©7>, *$/, h^k%^©##±%T, #)40~60#DECpH ^o.3-o.9#TL, ±#©me - 29 - (%###&6K 20 7Pfrl±pH^3.0C#LTl^CL##^iT,-C^%4A F7 7©V- V yPiht&s a /V70jSx 7^ h7/l/iijSC£tATx ±S*©Ca, Mg&if©7A>li^ ^mLx m^m^#L<@TLT^^o ±##% 4b\z £ zm^VWLM ftm^£tlT^%£^o46)o ZOteftJK^^-CDEntisoh InceptisoL SpodsoL ;\>^V-©^FV;K j@&m#±#&^T##m:#Cj;60 A7>^x 7777. 7^7x A-7FV7&^© % 7^3L-^>mgB®hot:0###i!^ am±@kmmbL, LT^Zfz®, mWhtt^W<7)SJ^iiSS^jS^tg©Ca/Ali:b(C^6^il^ 48) = F7 7© v'— V >*£&±J® 1 cm CDS£ IZ&lfZCa/ Alit©EBxF^{bC £2>t, 1969/75 #C#A*#L<^#Lx O.S^T'C-^^L^o O.llZMftg-D^foZo Z(DM\ull±7'i~Ut F7L#f &^#& c. jbA * ± yOi:bmEt$Ci^V>Lu visol^Brun isol-e ^##|#T#©B# %Zot$% Rjf£f4 {b/^#f%L/-C^6f4% %tzs -3-—3—7 Wl© 77^ D>7 y7 ,'e&alE50^f3EE£±j8 pHizgiEo^ ^&i 47) o 77 h^boaitos Alyb $E% L CaA^ C £&&(Dtgtl, ## mx - 30 - f (DB#T #%((Z)pH(Z)#TC#-3T±#^^ stitons^ aam^K m##c ^ (t % ± ^ ^ (±, ±js^©qjs ^Co0#a^#AD LT SSSEE (1990), P3-11 2) m 2 (1994 ) (1996), P95-138 4) fm*#a5t, Amimm;m37[m±mm##^#mmgm#(i996),P3io 5) (M) m&m(D$mm£” (1992 ) 6) ##!=#; ^M#EPWJm "f (&#) " (1996) 7) J. W. Erisman, C. Potma, G. Draaijers, E. V. Leeuwen and A. V. Pul; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.85 (1995), P2101-2106 8) E. P. V. Leeuwen, G. P. M. Draaijers, C. J. M. Potma, W. A. J. V. Pul and J. W. Erisman; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.85 (1995), P2173-2178 9) G. Abraham sen; H^-fe < i~~~ • ## (1996), P6.1-6.8 10) Vol.21 (1996), P9-17 11) Vol.32 (1996), PI7-25 12) ###±#;^fJ&% 3^^(1994), P46-56 13) #mm, ai^t < ±- - (1996 ), P5.17-5.20 14) #m#f, No. 9 (1996), P825-829 15) rwm-, sets-, sb^a , mmm, m?m; am "S«v tfo- — " (M) MJjtp5kffl3lPJTM (1994), P35-53 16) S* P@^^; Vol.28 (1992), P1093-1098 17) #*#-; a^-fe < f- • (1996), P5.9-5.12 18) JI|±WM; 30 (1993), P73-80 19) 1995^mB$2K^:#####^##?## (1995), P32 20) # B## Mar. (1990), P110-114 21) ^zk#—, SB%^; Vol.17 (1994), P787-794 -31 - (1996), P45-50 23)#^, —E(1996), P17-42 24>m*^s, Jamvim, 'NiiM; #42#(1996), ?234 25) Effl^S, ±*Bsl; No. 166 (1993), P55-61 26) im^k, EBE^S, ±*BWI; MM&M Vol.23 (1994), P22-25 27) ##B^; 4:9 7 ^#(1996), P36-37 28) ###W, Sl07[n]B*^#^SMSgS (1996), P113 29) mf; (1996 ), P394 30) H. Leivestad and I. P. Muniz; Nature Vol.259 (1976), P391-392 31) J. L. Stoddard; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.85 (1995), P353-358 32) 1. V. Rodushkin, T. I. Moiseenko and L. P. Kudryavtseva; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.85 (1995), P731-736 33) ##-#;(1996),p5.13-5.i6 34) ^*#-, ##-#, mmnsi, m##, (m -hee " (M) m*^*W^m«B(1994),P57-73 35) ##—#, Bfflf* —; %#%:%;!/jr— Vol.19 (1994), P126-131 36) K. Sato and H. Ohkishi; AMBIO Vol.22 (1993), P232-235 3?)^#; (1996 ), P163-181 38) ##$; ######& Vol.9 (1996), P221-230 39) OT#, frL*M; Vol.32 (1991), P65-69 40) &SEM3; A (1992), P5-6 41) L. HSlblUken and C. O. Tamm; Scad. J. For. Res. Vol.l (1986), P219-232 42) V. Falkengren-Grerup; Environ. Pollut. Vol.43 (1987), P79-90 43) F.-G. Ursula; AMBIO Vol.18 (1989), P179-183 44) C. O. Tamm and L. HallbSJken; AMBIO Vol.17 (1988), P56-61 45) ##^; (#) ###:###' E#^cmm(i992), pi-i6 46) (M) 3-d %05W$C' (1989) 47) ^#^m-^(i996), P201-231 48) J. Puhe and A. Aronsson; Forst-Holzwirt Vol.41 (1986), P464-470 49) S. N. Linzon and P. J. Temple; Proc. Intern. Conf. in Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation (Norway) (1980), P176-177 - 32 - 50) W. C. Shortle and K. T. Smith; Science Vol.240 (1988), P1017-1018 51) Ruhling and G. Tyler; Oikos Vol.24 (1973), P402-416 52) G. Tyler; Plenum Press, New York, "Effect of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystem" ed. by T. C. Hutchingson et al. (1975), P252-282 53) K. W. Burton, E. Morgan and A. Roig; Plant Soil Vol.78 (1984), P271-282 54) D. L. Godbold and A. Huttermann; Environ. Pollut. (Ser. A) Vol.38 (1985), P375-381 55) E.von Zezschwitz; Geol. Jb. Vol.F 21 (1986), P3-61 56) H. V. Meisch, M. Vessler, W. Reinle and A. Wagner; Experientia Vol.42 (1986), P537-542 57) G. Tyler; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.9 (1978), P137-148 58) T. S. Hutchinson and L. M. Whitby; Water Air Soil Pollut. Vol.7 (1977), P421-438 59) BSOTr, No. 10 (1991), P765-768 60) /JvflfM; #### Vol.25 (1996), P31-39 - 33 1.4 h X A xXA (so/-#) (^-m) (^m) '^^t)KtS/v^ES7K©±S4I^©Sai (##) I Sr®CD{te^BfSB©£MS (##) I (#m) i mzkmmomT i (mm-$km) (2)%4= #cfmLT^&qT#e#mv\ m^ecD ^Ll^X^r/b^kX h l/X&^ac #L, X4=Oa-^#(D%^&g#g[#^CLl:V^qT#e^V^ #^ggC^*L e^mwo l*»u #K0^#^±#M###m@gx jrommmac(±%:o &&N l$!#gfk(DB#(xoi^T(±s ks Ax Bt£PS0 #### iz£%t MW v ^;vcd ^7kpH T£$Etf> £ ti& ^ £ k & ¥f? %, x^cDmmm@T(±^i^#m^iT,^\ &i±®j:9kx Amx^^#m^xjrCD^m - 34 - (3)'7'}/ # k A/^(Dv $, O"C, A# c##L/=mm%m2ai-cwao c(Dj:3%^T(±. <\ <%%« T')/(± 9o SEKjic, ■ryti:v'yy-!f>f-b>f- 3-^7 %caT%^E(cg%^ fut%%& tl&o >^:L^kv'yy < jpV (c«k&® i l#± i Dx f SEOfST • #± (4)^:^ 11, 12) o a. ±##mba% -%>$%#&,& a. b. C. Mg^S.S6 — 35 — LfrU EMBOSS (no 3"x nh 4+) (DMIfiXB f. % h x h V^izii^JSx %*K M/%, #Afackcj;Dm##gm?-ao (5)MTVT (*B) %l^o tzfzL, ##O#LL^am#T0SO2#m^^^jl|l#k:it^l5fgTlOO ppb & E^.Tj3b13)x %fz, ^Etoi3%r(DSJS*e^WEW7b^TV^> 14)o &%, ±#(D#^b(Dmec - 36 1) /Nil#; WM Vol.25 (1996), P31-39 me A#, (1996), P235 3) SM#, LUB^iJtS; SSM Vol.78 (1996), P84-88 4) Mis^, ^*s, m) ii3wm"iwi/ Ki- rltti0llilj " (M) (1994), P75-95 5) ^*Ed>, SJliM; S#al S Vol.34 (1992), P2-13 6) m) (1993) 7) siMS; "# < #eem (1988), P207-221 -f (1994), P150-153 9) K. Nakane and Y. Kimura; Ecol. Res. Vol.7 (1992), P9-18 10) SfflfH-, e/HE-, Sic#-, (M) " (M) S*^E^M§(1994),P9-33 11) #ma#; ±#^#-^(1996), P139-161 12) #e#%GG; Vol.21 (1996), P9-17 13) wmm, eewe; (1996 ), P216-217 14) mm, earns, w*ieb, em#; voi .31 (1996 ), pi-10 -37- l.5S^Sh*m43(DC0 2;Sjt(Di|An1' 2' 3) (i) AM^©^ mm#x ^Amic.tc-cmmkigk^^jio^LTb'ao ipcc (Mm^mcMTa ©#^ (1990 ) k:j:a^x %m ^#cj;o"c^%a^ ipcc-c(±m)S©j±#%#mT#a#^^RLT16±12m h>bl^S^£Lfco C^L(±A^(zj;a#$©A%m*©6-3 3%(z#^f ao c© j;o %%m^%#{bm$mm©±#% A ^ b-c i\ a c b^^©mm± #i!]-n 1. 5 ppmC##bT^am(±^mm©$9#^T^acb^%6A4z^^Tb a« %-o%\ ^!]©$9^(d:##a^±^#^{c#ii%^^-ci\ach(c%a^ -e©^A ipcc©##^, mai 0^^ (19 8 0- 1 9 8 9) TA&cj;am8©^amm#7o±i5mh>/%#bT\ Am^ cm@Ta#^3 4mh>/^ ##c#m^^am^2o±8#h>/^T, mgi#i 6± 1 4#h>/^©eA^%"C&D, ^b^©l#±^m^^>(7bbT##b'Cl\ aw#^^mmb%v>ao ^$#mt7=;i/Cj;a##i|gm^e,, eA©^98&^#fb#m ©^>^bb-c©##©#^A(±/j^<. ^©&^^/^7>%-fa(c(±, #(c#^©m± - 38 - mm g^lz s 41 ©—Bfb^SilMi£;&□x.X, *#> (CH4) ffiBtbSS (N20) > # @7D>^% (eras) mDL#(j-Zl^o #C, A%m#(DCFCs(Di#AO^^# (2) c# :k5<"i 750 + 3/year ##@ 1000 +l/year 38000+2/year gj 1.5-1 (#mi 0#S>) 6 0 8 omh >. ^ -c^am^s 2 0 omh% 1^213 o#h> %cc, m# me u t ^ a tz j: a AT & a „ - 39 - 19 s o~19 s 5^®# ^11 3 07]ha, ^omm##(±7 5 0^hah#^^h,-Cl\%o COE@^ $>b, wsi3$>o7rEfeeM-r^3^©@E^, u^u ^ ##e%##CL-CA, SSiMT:'J-XT*&Z>Ztlz\±^m^& V^#^h,Tl^o &, v—%#&awa^>?T&v— aswm^L-t, '^(Dum• hL-mtfcu 10 ~ citbtc^LT, a, A#au-c^ 1# h (S 1.5-1) o B#0##(zow%<& %a, n 1.5-1 Bfo(Dm&m±mm(DmbizwoMm(Dmi&&m &fcA,£&;to^TV>& (1 9 80%) (#ti1 012gZ y ) L^, %#^W0"rA#:a mmm LXis>9ffl fc&Zt #x. 6h/^o #15®^ • SWIM (###) USA - 2 5 &$91# m 31LTZ 3 —□ y;i -2 8 #%2CmE#LT^k, I0USSR 3 5 B$ $43 7 5 0^ D, Ch,&mLg| — 40 — toi-fsffl v ^mmbwwm&ea t s #c^&icpp ^ a 0 #eccE+¥©^T#L^ca, -E (3) j;o%. ##^#0^L^a@#^mem^L, me u-cm^Taca aca. ^ma#m 2se, ca c#&ma ^7 ^^ a. c # a # m-c&a^ #^mmomfb% ¥±fct VTV>f J-X$)mcDjj&±%^£%z. ZtlZl^Zo m±Oj:9e, ?^iTav ^ h t e, ±% (4) M#fb(C#$Jkm5 mmemeL'3'3$,am# #Oo ctT,#^#ibM#(D—oai/-c##e##^^a##^%^%^ao tklzM±®%Mfs • Mf&t&fz® — 41 — OUT I P C CTfMf^ftTU&o iz & it % h®# c £ 3 j^s £ o v r ©$st £ £ 3 ^ m# o±^T^%2 9#b>^i^& u, #&#m&j;&##t:«t-3T4m 6 5 0 0 75ha(Dmtt%§rtzlzmmir%£^oi'i-')*%:WimLtzo 3©'>t'Jm ¥ (###) 1 5 m3/h a (7.5 b>/ha) &##aUT, #^©^I &##)&C 1 haOAlttW 6.24b XDj^S^M • StbtV^o ##o% b 1-2^6##®cboc i o o^m±tc #«&.&&(%)&&&<, ufticoMmc^um^ ab^(:LT%, a^##M60^#^^A%^#T, ^ ©MitixT^T^—©^& — 42 — teamen?#% J;o %# ^LT, #;;tira2:a&&, # arn^L-c I6ALT. ^ LT, u «k 9 , 1) #± M; #### Vol.2(1991),Pl 2) R)mx ; MMMM. Vol.47(i99i),Pi9i 3 ) R.KDixon, S.Brpwn, R.A.Houghton, A.M.Solomon, M.C.Texler and J.Wisniewski; Science Vol.263(1994), P185 4) tofflfc ; ±tWb^ Vol. 16(1982), P78 5 ) No.584(1990), P2 -43- 1.6 JClis l''t)f9>^> ” (SustainableDevelopment) ” &#(j"%j# +$m^ -c # ^o ^ CO20#jg&^%< ZtibCD'gMteteti'teiooziz btffrti>Z)t&t>ti% 0 LfrU ZfimtWMM 2.1 ^ ao ^ % a%#{&&, 9 c actot. o mu&mmimma&a c z=. a##^, m#c«tac# mmaefbo^^aaomf-ao m# % t: ^mmuf a 0#m t %m%-e a t£ 2.2 ymvmmmm 2.2.1 :ftm^%ft^*mmz5-x%%>wjkmm^nmmm — 45 — u so/- so/-^®# c^aso/-^j5L'cmm^c$< ^ 02-1fiB.l&tZ>z. £.£&*)' «i:H202l)W^^ft^o ^tiiictot^H ^ so/ i±uyD-^ i,5-e%u> 11 so 32-(zj;oTE^to(3EWSSIt^o £*>£, so 2(DmMtes BE£>M t^ls>(DM ^m)mm®nm^w. ,$ 2.2-1 asm * mm >w WIPto 7*77, T;v7r^7r, *yyyv7, xy/t?, **A*. *79, * 79, *zKf f, ?o-A-, 3 A*, 97 v**, 7a.y*7, 7/f, y*oy, 7VX, 7/0, h7X97, 7X, xys?y, ,\7*7"* ay, t77 9, Xoyay —, *77 777, 77x 7E# 79X*('vXyy-7 ,/t'-*), * 7o*/ff, 3XtX, X*MJ~, X5 v, t^7-yy», vA//<79-**, *y^v77 #* 7*vy, 77 y* h*y 3, *9vy, 77, 77*, 79*/<, 7*37 *9-7 7, XX9Xt S, 97, vxh/OxX ES 7* ex, *7**X*. **/<3, *7f7, 7o-/t-, 7*37t;v* *, yyy, t773*y, tx, 7777 'asm* ...... #f#% xy K7, *7^7, Xv, 7977, 79v7, 977*, hvh X9, /t*V, /\777*. 7T7 7E# 7^7*, /«9, ^Xx7 «* 77 V*7X, 77 V»xv, * 7*, xyyA/vy H7t, 7ov7, 97 Xi^a, 7 7*377, fcv77X*, xy, «77, tt, x y y 3 —ny/tyovy »S 7* If, 7 7>KjK e^"M*m*) ...... #ff# 77, **, *e, 7yX* t, toy, 7V**, h 7*0 3 7, e-vy, ti, 7ay TEfF 777, *7, X9S>*9X, 9a7V yX, 9*9v7 tt* 7*X7 7, 77 y****S, *fi7, *7Xh7t, *7*yjB, *s 797 }> 7, *7x7*xf, th7*xf, 79*7, X*. X**, ty *, 7xjRf*y a »* 7 17/f — 46 — (l)-2 #$#fb# (NOx) y5 s£tJ b fl~C V ^ -2) (T. Yoneyama, et al. 1979) 0 L^Ln ^f©cb "5 Coot 15N02£fflVT N026*©M7C#:SSe^UTrco -5^ N02mb#*A^-#^^(7)(±Kjr^#(7)f > KO^Djff (5.7 mg N02-N/g% M) T&tX (0.006 mg N02-N/g %##) ##/J\t!&c7ho # ##^-CN02Mb#*(c#^m 1,000 (S 2.2-2) 0 , -y No 2mb#©(±m^ 7 • ZL-* (H. Morikawa, et al. (1992)) 0 2.2-2 -mt £594 * (H14 'J9 ##% >fyyy, *?yy. d-v, y^f x, y/o. yx, tvyy, jfcyyyyy, vyx %# 77#*(^yyy-x^-), *y, yj7, /wt;x*x, / V*-feyyyy-9\ *$y^v7, y^yx, A*yatf, a tf £594 4> ### *7, ay-fy, 7h-f t, y,<. KK ^9, tf-vy, TEfp y?^*9x. fvi'tr* ** 4a7f-yh7, yv, 77*. yy, XF7, %% »9c 7*7. yyjKd?, /xa< 7/>xyy. atf «&#;)'"(## ±)"...... ### 7X/ V—(S 2.2-3) o 2 i &MT a ###*##(: bb^T NO2mb#±0(f <, bb#%imfb#*®mv^###m NO2©i0fcJ& - fW#*km-#©###T 6 ripgj #& Dx c© I"t!j o$ # ^@(±#%$*##(zbb^T##:^© N02l@Hbt^*©tf feo ##©N02©#iR % qT#t & a C k L% ^ a o N02 A^©m7C#^#m©AM7C^ o © No 2iqHb#cMLt 7o '7 b Ta (@2.2-1) no 2-n bb^5 %bb±©®tJ^Mv^^tis — 47 — 11.4%T"$)0^0 ZtlZ &SHE 8 Blflg^J 4 ppm CD N02{3||St~££ tlz X b > WWtD^MT^SSS© 5-1 1%# N02^X69fe®EST-ES^n^ c (0 2.2-2) o NO20#$(|sHb^ #2.2-3 mmmmm/±m7Lmmmmtt (%) A (2) (l) (l)/(2) NOj-N ±a5c®N* **< X100(%) (mg/g dw) (mg/g dw) f/O BY-2 5.7 50.0 11.4 #y v &(''-'?) 1.5 14.0 10.4 ryrxuftu&g.*?®) 5.7 56.5 10.1 ?'*3 SRI 3.1 32.2 9.5 5.1 55.3 9.2 3.0 33.9 8.9 2.7 32.5 8.4 7 * ')**>?>?■* 3.0 37.4 8.0 7*^/V(/\ — -f) 1.5 18.6 8.0 2.2 27.2 8.0 3.0 37.2 8.0 2.8 37.6 7.4 ^ >/<^= yx (*S) 2.8 38.1 7.3 1.6 22.4 7.3 (HS* * 14) 3.2 44.5 7.1 sK7*7 («*) 0.7 10.6 7.0 1.6 23.2 6.9 *e-7/f ;i/(/\—y) 2.3 34.6 6.5 2.5 39.1 6.5 0.8 11.9 6.4 3X^ex(HS*^F) 2.6 42.1 6.2 2.2 37.4 6.0 3.4 57.7 5.9 f >>J~(/s—’7) 2.2 37.0 5.9 y? 5> > 1.7 28.9 5.8 2.7 47.2 5.8 2.0 35.2 5.8 X h ?*(■£) 2.7 50.5 5.3 rffK^dw, *et«is) 3.0 58.2 5.2 1.7 33.5 5.1 -^-f-y?(H^) 0.8 15.7 5.1 1.5 28.9 5.0 y^x 5 y(ffi*) 1.1 22.0 5.0 ~ 12.00 e 10.00- 2.00- NO, A'^6$ro«5cSES36* (mgN/g* 24**) HI 2.2-1 N02-N it£©M# ) Q:#m (mm%) ##. • : N02-N bb# 5 3 3@#&fL&0 . ^\Erechtites hieracifolia 5.7 NO,-fl (mg/g R4**) Campylopus japonicus 0.043 NO,-N (mg/g 124**) 3 6.00- S 5.00 s\W/cof/ana tabacum cv.BY-2 §400 5.7 NO,-N( mg/g |£4»*) IK 3.00 Tillandsia ionantha m ZOO- 0.006 NO,-N (mg/g $24**) «1.00- K 0.00 *7.0° <5" z 6.00 5.00 Jasminum pubigerum . 4.00 1.1 NO,-N (mg/g $24**) 3.00 Camellia japonica ZOO- var. japonica 0.035 NO,-N (mg/g *24**) 1.00 0.00 m 2.2-2 (A) , (B) , (C) ©N02^b^©J±« — 49 — (i)-3 ■b^’y ’V— h V—h (peroxyacetyl nitrate) & 5 ~10%i3i;tlTl^?)o a. ^V> (Oj < o s 77u)l/tf tTigi^i<^t2ocw§^i:^t§c s-cDiiSttx mufe(Dm(D^mf& ii®iitMSo $%izm~(DmmtvT, pjmbu^o'M. jBiz£-3Z£\z%7¥-tiM£&t>®z>£fo!®)Wtfc}fcLrs fflm -4zYg#CD{&T, OH 8-t Yu*^?7~y 2.2-4 -Sjmss^ b JLfcJftf'MfcIfc «fc VBS^^CDTh V >S^tt(DS^ ® S te * * £ ta i£ 0.10 ppm* • hr JUT 0.11~0.30 ppm* • hr 0.31~1.00ppm* • hr 1.01 ppm* • hr JU± 77#* ^/fX * V 757- 7=V 7/fa tyhw y^yf 7 at7*y?y *'"/■&?■< a y 7^7r^7r V 7 "vy 7-r^vy * 91 / y y 7 h"? h 7*74 X7 5777X TW a y 9 y A-te'f 7rf7 4f7-7A 4 yyy-?/ 3.-7 /\77* 775/7 7M* 4 T 7*yy /fyy- * * — ys?y tf—t y + 7 V 7 X yf x 5/n 7 5X7 7/yy 9 * X K-Xtt*$$:2SL*:t> — 50 — b. A°—M/—h (PAN; Peroxyacetyl nitrate; CH3C[0]00N02) h"C&&0 -^© #m±^-vy z D PAN - v >mm©e U EW©MSjB© ^b & 3h V>S W£ M1& U T tA 3 ##©@^T 0^f4©M(is *'J>(DW}'nbl$.Mte%Zt'&^tlXl'2> (#2.2-5) o PAN (C^L TS^SSfS©iSv^E#J^^a.-y-eS'So 3. —7©t#^A -5^ -me. PANT^mummm^^f## 2.2-5 PAN m&# * mm /j') *yyf, yy r, bvb, tfy htf-y, a/yy>, y^-y^a, a -7 (6?EjR), thfrvyvx ?*yaA^, vfa T fry 7^77, **A* t fS/4rS/, 3Af, ff/f, -tf-7*>T, */*□, f-7;vt?-b, fyf>f, ^y^y, y?a «®li*/jV*(iiS*)* ...... rify^, f v**, b^^enny, bvb, fa, /^^/^yy, b- vy, ynyay, s (i)-4 r5'l4ES$^fiSc1'>E.'ft:^tf (BWiJMS) K, ;i73-b. v;i/77Vy) (±, a-x- b (o,). mmibzk# (H2o 2). k bn^y y#;i/ (OH ). (io 2). (Loon) tu^tz7vtui%%.f<, M©^w^ES*r^= %% #$%^r©y ^ y z a #%, z©a b %#(±, @^©m#^g (^, #co„ mmmm, #]&#. mabya%zf%mc^^T. co^ma#, ^ fb#^ i ^^©m7c##NADP+^©m?©^A%a & < mmf, ^ ©^m##©^^ 7nb^;i/74'Vy-yy©#fb#^&m#f'5 ^7x“il/X-fJI/^t^ < P(DWj'nl^ TOSS'S© f by if D—;i/©ppT — 51 — (2) ±#zk#^#(zMT 6 ^ #$ (2)-l Ef£±j® Bt4—7j A l±, mmm±#®Ef$ pH6.omTc&&^7;i/<:z5A-Mg#mymm&%#(mLT, <%a« #cpH5mT(z%%a^#cm^ag^#^m%&%o ^A^*s±{ff,n«o ^^^^0.05 mg /i (DW&wmztiz>o a ^ ^ -c ^ a ^;±7k##g-r mmm# Tmma somg/1 % 3art^a#. mm^©#mT(±^ ^ v>Ek@#Ac,tav>©#m#m©mK m^©u>EYbA (2>-2 mAmme mmcotpizte' i~D&%m±m.Wi \^^tzWk(Dm±.m\zmtz>Ml&*^o mmmiz%wsttes ajs ^jm\zzm a%©### 6 v ^ a o ^mur, sAs©m^wjrao (D*stMist*b> ±-ra0 ^fflv^rt^BtoMmrac @* =fE^©WSET^rV-b Ltx ## - 53 - to to to rt 8 dti to Pr XI M 4r eP * m b to m ofi X m to i > H to 8 fT ep 8 fT at % H cr CT fY o fY n m St to At iSw d ni # & & to m s BE m to ^lr oj li n to if d if (p 4 ys 8 &4 yi 0 (p ■b 9f if fT a # o its d' to BE m aft B s# 9r gg 3 # fT d % to if 8 8 to tp rtt to d fT & 3 toi o to M* XP y 3 -B- at to B £j # At to id O' # me H CO O y • o SOg/ha Kg o »i« 9 S!i! !i!!! B ! BjgjBBl o ? 2.2-3 * 5 1 4 3 (l)-i 2) 6 Aim#6 tia o r^Eh^a0 ^6(c, zti£Z"lzlU£gtiri'%f5%k%jWZt #2.2-6 it s ($*= 1) HP BWbffffl 0.69 HE $ fc K%%***6 c see, isn • mmmm E±as t ©*ffc&* Ko#0E^ T»6 * PAN Kfbf^m 4.10 mmm•mm^mm , i (WE£*'x) nm.**? 0= 1.67 3S©*ffiC»e*5-v»H:Rft«c fcmm•##m* if©/j'«js*w-r. j£*»Twt m *»©mc, ■x?-i/y 0.97 mw, ±®es ' r (WE£#x) /j \ SO, 2.26 *»e~Biwft©aEja*3B«T. •mmmm *ft#m C30«T»i*IRIWc, tlist NO, 1.60 SO, t*RM©#R*3;f •mmmm — 55 — 2.2-7 (1) S 0 2\Zttt(B####) #^e 7^vx^ k^X^ 2.2-7 (2) S OJzMt'SS^CDSSe WI3SSS) Sensitive Intermediate Tolerant Acer negundo var. interius Abies balsamea Abies amabilis Amelanchier alnifolia Abiesgrandis Abies concolor Betula alleghaniensis Acerglabrum Acer platanoides Betula papyrifera Acer negundo Acer saccharinum Betula pendula Acerrubrum Acer saccharum Betula populifolia Alnus tenuifolia Crataegus douglasii Fraxinus pennsylvanica Betula occidentalis Ginkgo biloba Larix occidentalis Picea engelmannii Juniperus occidentalis Pinus banksiana Piceaglauca Juniperus osteosperma Pinus resinosa Pinus contorta Juniperus scopulorum Pinus strob us Pinus monticola Picea pungens Populus grandidentata Pinus nigra Pinus edulis Populus nigra italica Pinus ponderosa Pinus flexitis Populus tremuloides Populus angustifolia Platan us acerifolia Rhustyphina Populus balsamifera Populus canadensis Salix nigra Populus deltoides Quercus gambelii Sorbus sitchensis Populus trichocarpa Quercus palustris Ulmusparvifolia Prunus armeniaca Quercus rubra Prunus virginiana Rhus glabra Pseudotsuga menziesii Thuja occidentalis Quercusalba Thuja plicata Sorbus aucuparia Tilia cordata Syringa vulgaris Tiliaamericana Tsuga heterophylla Ulmus americana 2.2-8 (1) 7^-1/, MDV^ %AV^p. t ao e. #^(D7k^^7>^^ (i)-3 ?Sf^ES©E# #%r©^ b co,#mA*@Tf a^o ATP ^NADPH ti$ CO20^R+^flJffl^il^V>o C©^ ^{b#^ I © 7 = 1/ F4-S/>Asg##fb&aa;:L. ^e#$©^#T$,a%-^-^jpS/F7^±i;i/ (o,-)%^mTa')o c©mmm%#mc#i\T&meL-t:&tK ©m#T&ao 7Sf&#mc^ai%#M0aL'c, Txzui/ - 59 - tf>Hx a- M7 7jld —^ £j$L & 02-&##^&X—d-jr:S/K^;%Af--'tf(SODX -if(APX), -me. £ t^K.^>tl§o (i)-4 %m C j; c ^ z ^ -A&C SO, ®##(c j; 12)0 zcoztte, m&£htzso^;m (l)-5 %#{b^m (NO,)^#T0ft##C^^.%## $-< 0###, ±tS4'O$IE^7r>(N03-)S:SSM^ VTT^ VE> N03 "> NO, -> NH4+ —15, ^^©N02(i, 7jChSSVT5^E^^>(N03-)^^D^o £©HJ®T tTX5tz NO/MiMWi^iifcno 3-IWil£{tS£ti3 ^oNO,(Sft#%%A D LTV^V^O #TTt, N02^M^©SS(r TO-tMii7cHS(NR)©?§ — 60 — (i)-6 (oj zkhSSLT o 2\ h 2o 2„ OH >©##&^ <( Pinus sylvestris20)JP P. oTPIW^ftS 22)o *') >SSf£©£ 'y)\Betula pendula * VySSoigflak: dd 7^U *)„ ^^©^-vy^e^o-y-c^ RuBisco ©iSe#T^##^^rcn&o ^Vy(zj:%^y;^^#ige©±#^m&6^%Lic6: V>(z: j;oT large subunit © aggregate %>tz&)' RuBisCO ^WS©i£T £D S V y^fSt4ESC: £ o T RuBisCO RuBisCO ©%%{&T #yycj:&##©#m©-oc:fVya:nf yy©m3fm##(fSfi&o Vy^so 2^©#mt: ^Vy^^yyaMmLT^;i/A TJl^t FhiiMSzkS^CS (03+C2H4->2HCH0+H202) ^o C©SST;MUfc ECHO h H202&^l^St4£#L*tU3o tfe^otx ^-V>C«k%##©##(C(ix hcho tH2o2^^mm^jtLrm-¥vri^o ±#a^ctx ^vy^###©^mm"\ yDvy©m«r\ 1) A. Wild, V. Schmitt; Physiologia Plantarum Vol. 93(1995), P. 375-382. 2) A. Wild, P. Strobel, & U. Flammersfeld Z. Naturforsch. Vol.48 (1993), P.911- 922 3) H. Hohlfeld, C,Lutz, D.Strack; Z. Naturforsch. Vol. 46 (1991) P.502-505 4) M. Scalet, R. Federigo, M. G. Guido, F. Manes; Emviron. Exp. Bot. Vol.35 (1995), P. 417-425 5) T. A. McKeon, N. E. Hofinan, S. F. Young; Planta Vol. 115 (1982), P. 437-443 6) H. Mehlhom, B.J. Francis, A.R. Wellburn; New Phytol. Vol. 110 (1989) P. 525-534 7) K Asada; Physiol. Plant. Vol.85 (1992), P. 235-241 8) am^; 10# (1985), p. 729-743 9) N. Kondo, Y. Akiyama, M. Fujiwara; Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Noll (1980), P, 137-150 10) J. Sekiya, L. G. Wilson, P. Filner; Plant Physiol. Vol. 70 (1982), P. 437-441 11) K Asada, K Kiso; Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 33 (1973), P. 253-257 12) T. T. Kozlowski, H. A. Constantinidou; Forestry Abstracts Vol. 47 (1986), P. 6-51 — 61 — 13) B. Luethy-Krause, I. Pfenninger, W. Landolt; Trees Vol. 4 (1990), P. 198-204 14) I. Ziegler; Planta Vol. 103 (1972), P. 155-163 15) A. Oren, E. Padan, S. Malkin; Biochim. Biophys. Acta Vol. 546 (1979), P. 270-279 16) T. Katoh, M. Kasuya, S. Kagamimori, H. Kozuka, S. Kawano; New. Phytol. Vol. 112 (1989), 363-367 17) T. Yoneyama, H. Sasagawa, T. Totsuka, Y. Yamamoto; Progress report in 1976- 1977, Report of special research project. NIES R-2. (1978), P. 103-111 18) K Shimazaki, S.-W. Yu, T. Sakaki, K. Tanaka Plant Cell Physiol. Vol. 33 (1992) P267-273 19) R. J. Norby, Y. Weerasuriya, P. Hanson; Can. J. For. Res Vol. 19 (1989), P.889-896 20) S. Anttonen, L. Karenlampi; Trees Vol. 10 (1995), P. 74-82 21) S. Anttonen, J. Herranen, P. Peura, L. Karenlampi; Environ. Pollut. Vol. 87 (1995), P. 235-242 22) K. E. Percy, C. R. Krause, K. F. Jensen; Can. J. For. Res. Vol. 20 (1990), P. 117-120 23) E. Paakkonen, T. Holopainen, L. Karenlampi; Ann. Bot. Vol. 75 (1995), P. 285-294 24) L. G. Landry, E. J. Pell; Plant Physiol. Vol. 101 (1993), P. 1355-1362 25) E. F. Elstner Nature Vol.328 (1987) P.482 26) P. Karoleski; Environ. Pol. Vol.57 (1989), P. 307-315 27) W. Landolt, I. Pfenninger, B. Luthy-Krause; Trees 3 (1989), P. 85-88 28) N. T. Keen, O. C. Taylor; Plant Physiol. Vol. 55 (1975), P. 731-733 29) D. Rosemann, W. Heller, H. Sandermann JR.; Plant Physiol. Vol. 97 (1991), P. 1280-1286 (2) (DmM^&U£n2>%X(D'MUlzMs&%&XX, b ^ ^ % o (2)-l frb ®1R $ ft 2> % (D CD-—gfl fcfc ? 3- ? 7 m £ 'M Mt £ z. t iz - 62 - btiTi^o SuLn > ^ ^ > X T'S;b £ ft a o WfaKL £ a *" x TOO jEJSfcft #X£>t£Slx #m%#f4k:^#ftaA*x cft^o^Ai (2)-2 ^ftT^a. fciix DMMS&x ^?L0WSx ±#^x H6£#<#t"ao 5o®XD — >XX^ >X a S c ao 0 3 L^L^^6x m?L3>^^>%^03(c^T^#^ek6D^®Nmm±^f LtA< &/2x L&Lx n&%Mfet%Ztl±T:Btj:^o (2)-3 Am^#^C^fta^?L0M^ ##^MM%#m(:l#^fta am?L^m^^bT%^x SOgC^ftaMfLOM^C o^T%Mftaagm###3ft-c^ao f%t>t,x sOgtc^bmfL^m^moftaa^ 9#^^x i&Tftaa^9##^&a^"°ft SO2(cj;0mma:mTTa#W:AB A##@A*^ ^@T^#ao O3^Tam,?L0M^^##0#'ga#(Cck^m%^'Cwa^x MfL3>yx^>x^T^#a'^"\ ^e,t:x m?L3>XX^>XCD^fbk:l^?L — 63 — (2)-4 s o g 'yei-#^6D#A&{%mT a % z: & ic. 1) T.T.Kozlowski, and H.A.Constantinidou; Forestry Abstracts Vo.47(1986), P5 2) T.T.Kozlowski, and H.A.Constantinidou; Forestry Abstracts Vo.47(1986), P105 3) £S£BSlL tiEi&yt ; Vol.27(1992), P273 4) #m# ; Am^^#^mVol.20(1985),P149 5) b No.l71(1991),P149 . 6) P.B.Reich; Tree Physiol. Vol.3(1978), P63 7) N.M.Darrall; Plant,Cell and Environ. Vol. 12(1989), PI 8) T.Izuta, M.Umemoto, KHorie, MAoki and T.Totsuka; J.Jpn.SocAtmos. Environ. Vol.31(1996), P95 9) H.Pfanz and W.Beyschlag; Trees Vol.7(1993), PI 15 10) S.B.McLaughlin and D.J.Downing; Nature Vol.374(1995), P252 11) R.Matyssek, T.Keller andT.Koike; Environ.Pollut. Vol.79(1993), PI 12) M.S.G-Goerg, R.Matyssek, C.Scheidegger and T.Keller; Trees Vol.7(1993), P104 13) Baker and Allen; (1996) 14) fuuu, m\m, voi.34(i992), pas 15) J.B.Larsen, W.Yang and A.v.Tiedemann; Eur.J For.Path. Vol.20(1990), P211 16) J.D.Barnes, AW.Davison andTA Booth; New Phytol. Vol. 110(1989), P309 17) Barnes; (1993) 18M.S.G-Goerg, T.keller, R.Matyssek and C.Scheidegger; Eur.J For.Path. Vol.24(1994), P92 19) Y.S.Kini and J.KLee; Eur.JFor.Path. Vol.20(1990), P193 20) M.S.G.-Goerg and T.KeUer; Trees Vol. 1(1987), 145-150 21) G.Kerstiens; New Phytol. Vol. 129(1995), P495 22) B.Frey, C.Scheidergger, M.S.G-Goerg and R.Matyssek; New Phytol. Vol. 132(1996), P135 23) E.A.Baker and G.M.Hunt; New Phytol. Vol. 102(1986), P161 24) R.T.Riding and K.E.Percy; New Phytol. Vol.99(1985), P555 25) A.Furukawa andM.Kadota; Vol. 13(1975), PI 26) M.S.G-Goerg; J.Plant Physiol.Vol. 148(1996), P207 - 64 - 27) RMatyssek, M.S.G-Goerg, S.Maurer and T.Keller; Tree Physiol. Vol.l5(1995), P159 28) D.T.Tingey and W.E.Hogsett; Plant Physiol. Vol.77(1985), P944 29) M.Pearson andT.A.Mansfield; New Phytol. Vol. 123(1993), P351 so) wmwk voi.30(i995), P327 31) B.Thoene, H.Rennenberg and P.Weber; New Phytol. Vol. 134(1996), P257 32) G.Wallin, L.Skarby and G.Sellden; New Phytol. Vol. 115(1990), P335 33) G.Wallin, S.Ottosson and G.Sellden; New Phytol. Vol. 121(1992), P395 34) L.Skarby, E.Troeng and C.-A.Bostrom; For.Sci. Vol.33(1987), P801 35) T.Keller and R.Hasler; Oecologia Vol.64(1984), P284 36) R.B.Flagler, J.Lock and C.G.Elsik; Tree Physiol. Vol. 14(1994), P361 37) J.D.Johnson, D.P.Byres and T.J.Dean; New Phytol. Vol. 131(1995), P38 1 38) U.M.-Maercker; Trees Vol.3(1989), P57 39 ) no. 102(1977 ), 40) ; 8 6 @B^#####^##(1975), P287 (2)-5 a. rMi\MM (so 2) so/H 2s ©-gmAM# H2S Pin us sylvestris ii H2S < \ Picea abies ■%> Picea pungens ©$\J 18 {□© H2S <5 1}o % ^ ^^mia so2 tc J: D ^ ^ 6 ^,-C i ^ o so/- ^ ^ mmd' ^ >(SO/) P.pungenSs P. sylvestris ©3 S026 pungens ^yt%/Pta < x #j6n > a#^ u % ±# 2.2-4)3)0 65 # jktwass m 2.2-4 so2(d)iism b. (O,) S0Dfm#m'Ck soo^^ v > (zMi- ^ # % c ^ ti-c i\ & &&, 90 ftPM£.M7iM9‘)VP;f-*>(GSH)lZtti‘Z>&JihM2 rfy#3-*>(GSSG) L^U ck^T soo #^&&0 GR7g%&m*>Tt) GSH ^#^7y3;i/kr>m^#^C 7 =7iSJ4 F^XfM>^Jf07iy-;Hb'n‘tl©'nJ^^^ V>tc«k^T{lsm^^%o cjT,s®#M(±m:# &c7-0 v 17 > y %#fbC# 1^0 y n V >V^#k:«k ^ y ^ D ^ ^ ##C%]AT)M L:h%Wo c. S^SWt4 (Latex)P#(C#A#^##%(Z##f & C h^l\6o ttz. i/tl^TtlXx©^ — 67 — 1) G. Kindermann, K. Huve, S. Solovik, H. Lux; Plant Soil Vol. 168-169 (1994), P.421-423 2) D. Grill, H. Esterbauer, U. Klosch; Environ. Pollut. 19 (1979), P. 187-194 3) K. Huve, A. Dittrich, G. Kindermann, S. Slovik, U. H eber; Planta Vol. 195 (1995), P. 578-585 4) K. Tanaka, K. Sugahara; Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Vol. 11 (1980), P.155-164 5) D. Grill, O. Hrtel; Mitteilungen, Forstliche Bundesversuchsanstall, Austria Vol. 97 (1972), P. 367-386 6) A. S. Akkapeddi, D. Shin, M. T. Stanek, D. F. Karnosky, G. K. Podila; Plant Physiol. Vol. 106 (1994), P. 1231-1232 7) W. Van Camp, H. Willekens, C. Bowler, M. Van Montague, D. Inze, P. Reupold-Popp, H. Sandermann Jr. ,C. Langebartels; Biotechnology Vol. 12 (1994), P. 165-168 8) C.H. Foyer, N. Souriau, S. Ferret, M. Lelandais, K.-J. Kunert, C. Pruvost, L. Jouanin; Plant Physiol. Vol. 109 (1995), P. 1047-1057 9) A.S. Gupta, R. G. Alscer, D. McCune; Plant Physiol. 96(1991), 650-655 10) J. M. Tepperman, P. Dunsmuir; Plant Mol. Biol. Vol. 14 (1990), P. 501-511 11) P. Karoleski; Environ. Pol. Vol.57 (1989), P. 307-315 12) W. Landolt, I. Pfenninger, B. Luthy-Krause; Trees 3 (1989), P. 85-88 13) S. Anttonen, J. Herranen, P. Peura, L. Karenlampi; Environ. Pollut. Vol. 87 (1995), P. 235-242 14) F. W. Telewski; Can. J. For. Res. 20 (1990), P. 1277-1282 15) H. Denny, D.A. Wilkins; New Phytol. Vol. 106 (1987), P. 535-544 - 68 - 2.3 2.3.1 T ^ 5 & ©£■o vvT ^©li?£©J$ll§ OT £flfc *) t h & 5 o (1) ta^x ##, p^asmc -c^ ;v^f-^->&#&S 5o CW±?)]/#?•*>£^tfsH (2) AgMAe^T"^ M phytochelatin * F^AfittC^ni/^C^ M < ^ A % # 5 h AEMAtS^r^- H phy tochelatin(PC)©#^###^ ll,5 3b l/57%T(±2.5 /zM^lO /zM©* K 5. 57 A ft-^-Z-Zts TklSttS phytochelatin (PC^SS^il 5.0 C©Cb(±PC #* ^Am^CR#LT^5ca^^#LTW5')o ©^M<^A# e*^j;rf#^ak:*K^p7A&4:t. PC-*|: ^ T(±* M < t A####© o 5 5o F^AliPC-* M<^A%A# (PC-Cd#A#) & m&^5o 2:©mA#:(±^^T^%PC-Cd.m - 69 - — *ti:33 Xf succinoaminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) synthetase \±P C - C P C - C d-sulfide K ^ tf AM Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CjoV^T * K 5. ^ AB 7° 3 — KT&mfz? YCF1 CDfflMigM'V&Z YRE SttCfelB? yAPl -£U YCF1 ©te^£t&t£{b1“£o fcTA K 5. $AM& (3) />^4-^%## ibtJ^33V>TS^S©WS^H4:T^y > (MT) (MT-imS?) &^/i3(c#ALTb7>7^x -A, ^Utl^fNELx Mot) *A^M©fgl^A":3©Wl$£t£ &MT&&W3MT SS 6Hvbs#£f 6 o Candida glabrata 0 DNA *g^g 6E (e^a?) tefl^oTtsmb^tu 7>S Synechococcus PCC6301 £ A 7 V —- >VT f#fc* K 5. >7 AEBST & smtA om*g%%;e^^c^Ti^c: ^ tflS® £ tit 1A £ 17)o ^ >MSynechococcus PCC7942 CD smt (R2-PIM8 m &m^^rnT^smt*e?(±7>m(Z)^#c^mT(±%^^ #$6333;%;* m333%a")o cutA(±mmf$&^f^^(3"c%<. #$&, - - 70 - 2.3.2 7;i/<-r>AW#e (pH ^ 5.5 J: DfSv) (i) 5-1 0#T&&o ') >3^(Dfr'$£T)l/^-^Aift4 7;i/<-^A% h i/^&a V4±7;i/ C0#^(±7;i/ (2) 7;i/<-5AC#m ##(CT;i/ < Zi ^7 A ^4:^. a e,M^F^LTa c k ii, TjoDx acktca## y^X(C^^T(±, *B© ftJggB £ £ It £ T;v ^ A ©liiT)]y ^ A Wt»(3it T;V^-^7 A#^t%c#^t# L < 3H'0 Z. CD £ t±©©$fcS|8® £43 It a?;^- ^ Ao#m##®#% A*7;i/ < z: e; D-c^ a c ^ E) ^^iWt7;i/^ -'yA%WltitZ>ZtlZ£-DZ^mtft-oT^Z>t%Z-t>tl a. 7;i/ 27)= - 71 (3) 4" V 3 % ky;i/^ - ^ Aj3 y;i/<-^AC^f TV>2>o CCD#^, ^ V 3 &^#a c k(i50c&B^Ta c 2: & :')'*)o 3A^{Z^3V^T^ y;i/<-^7A(D## (i&EES) W.'%Ug$t%z.hlz&*)T)]/X=-tr&M^.j$%MTZ> 30)o $ tzfflmm-%m%$k±-raie* x ja ifH+®mA k K+®#m c amjaamom^m^ (4) y;i/< tmmm&mztiz^z^o £^e> < zcDzttmMtzt&totizfts 3A^cjaw T, T;i/ Jj&Z&%Zbft7jk£tlZl^&36)o 3 Adr (Triticum aestivum L. var. BH1146) i2£(ta T;i/ 5.AiH4&±£ LTlfe 6#:4D±(:&%-oX(±%"3(Dme?(:j:c"C^^^,%ck^^^^ 3^o 3A^r BH1146 R F L P^fb&m# L, #-© (rJ:orr;v^-r>atizztftmm^titz0 (Alt-BH) ^me#:4DL±k:^%Ck^#±&6^ 3')o 3A^C J3-T%mfcm?&%*&fo2D ixyxx —iz3@-6?&#AL^ >x^ 31—v xxA3-e(±x;kX^2)->i/X"xx —tf M#A#0###:-e3> h 3—;i/6D3#C^f a« Z:(D^m, S02, A^3— HZjfcfLT - 72 - (S0D)SX-7-x-^^'> F7r^>^lt»l^-3oX> h^tiAOCu/Zn SOD methyl viologen (%—KI^P^RJ) (2 SOD. Cfi6##a@ mtftMifi&Z£Bt>nz0fflM(D®3WE.fo LfeA^TffecDH^. DC) TSE±#®#. 7hL^>0l//<;i/#±#fao l-T^J'>s7n7 ’u;iy-l-tDVtf>mifiM£TZ>o uCreii/M/^VtADC =t;ti7 x.*'nv-7Y\s*yvi$-*'jym E*(7)S©lfflJBM'S-rtt3M6 V. *'J> CBS£ii3 kcti##Ao LXX'J >tz X b ## #V7< lz£ bSS^ti^iBB/b^0S^S©^ititit3'C>v>T%IWS(DMla]^M^tL^)o c tiii* 2.3.4 % -y-t^v-b v > (y^-—;v) -ij7-tfefeb. o-yty;i/t u >a#ib#a^S/% 3A^©o-7tf-M'j> (yyr-;v) - vy-4f j@e?& CaMV35S yDt-^6DM#IT(cm^T^^3(C#ALTf#mLa:h7>%A; - 73 - = -y77;s=rf & £ ©?t{S7©iS V Wff fc> fts E “taoTWJ'eiSo ^feSODly^;Vtt^^U>V^T'(±-r Ctl5> (C#7& WftiSIfItC'CH'tTti: Zymomonas mobolis (CUT<5##A^^o# BilSt^J OTAC (octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride ) Sf5iZ\^t)tz%>W\ flSoEM^b)W^Ti^o r^bt»S^MT;v* V;b7 7r7—t?©^fb, Tris-HCi ^mma#F53 49k SSM7SI####\z~dut(±#fs7#fbbiot7A’n, b77nn:> <'Di?mftirz>o 7xt'j"E;v(ib”v b77nri'> (maize) 0VA7;i/7n>£;kj-f3SS%OT—03£%)lfc7£ £ o T $: 09H%#^ b % ^o 7 u 11/^77 3:7 77o b^-% s;7 D ^ 7 7(: ^LTBhbfe'SrzF'f'-i 7 U 77 V A7 (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 0#%## Oregon "C ^ o 7 0#%##(j: C 0#A% 7 D ^ 7 7C L T #%& ## L ^ 71711/- m (Naco ^^ias^n^/bs^st*?) 74 - ;V©iK£fc^4LTl'*3 ££©£*&£> t\. 7XD^ WbMtf HS->f til 5^616 Saccharomyces cerevisiae & EMS 1 0-1 8%) 0# (NaCl) \ZMM 1) H. Obata, M. Umebayashi; Plant and Soil, 155-156 (1993), 533-536. 2) A. L. Wu, R. W. S. Moye; Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14 (1994), 5832-5839. 3) D. Kaplan, Y. M. Heimer, A. Abeliovich, P. B. Goldsbrough; Plant Science, 109 (1995), 129-137. 4) U. N. Rai, R. D. Tripathi, M. Gupta, P. Chandra; Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30 (1995), 2007-2026. 5) J. A. DeKnecht, M. Van Dillen, P. L. M. Koevoets, H. Schat, J. A. C. Verkleij, W. H. O. Ernst.; Plant Physiology, 104 (1994), 255-261. 6) D. W. Ow; In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology Plant, 29P (1993), 213-219. 7) D. F. Oritz, L. Kreppel, D. M. Speiser, G. Scheel, G. McDonald, D. W. Ow; EMBO Journal, 11 (1992), 3491-3499. 8) D. F. Ortiz, T. Ruscitti, K. F. MzCue, D. W. Ow; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270 (1995), 4721-4728. 9) D. M. Speiser, D. F. Ortiz, L. Kreppel, G. Sch eel, G. McDonald, D. W. Ow; Molecular and Cellilar Biology, 12 (1992), 5301-5310. 10) R. H. Juang, K. F. McCue, D. W. Ow; Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 304 (1993), 392-401. 11) J. A. Wemmie, M. S. Szezypka, D. J. Thiele, R. W. S. Moye; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269 (1994), 32592- 32597. 12) Z. Cui, D. Hirata, E. Tsuchiya, H. Osada, T. Miyakawa; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271 (1996), 14712-14716. 13) A. Pan, M. Yang, F. Tie, L. Li, Z. Chen, B. Ru; Plant Molecular Biology, 24 (1994), 341-351. 14) J. E. Brandle, H. Labbe, J. Hattori, B. L. Miki; Genome, 36 (1993), 255-260. 15) B. Maiti, G. J. Wagner, A. G. Hunt; Plant Science, 76 (1991), 99-108. - 75 - 16) P. Zhou, M. S. Szczypka, T. Sosinowski, D. J. Thiele; Molecular and Cellular Biology, 12 (1992), 3766-3775. 17) A. Gupta, B. A. Whitton, A. P. Morby, J. W. Huckle, N. J. Robinson; Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 248 (1992), 273-281. 18) J. S. Turner, A. P. Morby, B. A. Whitton, A. Gupta, N. J. Robinson; Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268 (1993), 4494-4498. 19) S. T. Fong, J. Camakaris, B. T. O. Lee; Molecular Microbiology, 15 (1995), 1127- 1137. 20) E. Delhaize, P. R. Ryan, P. J. Randall; Plant Physiology, 103 (1993), 695-702. 21) P. R. Ryan, E. Delhaize, P. J. Randall; Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22 (1995), 531-536. 22) S. C. Miyasaka, J. G. But a, R. K. Howell, C. D. Foy; Plant Physiology, 96 (1991), 737-743. 23) D. M. Pellet, D. L. Grunes, L. V. Kochian; Planta, 196 (1995), 788-795. 24) D. B. Lazof, M. Rincon, T. W. Rufty, C. T. MacKown, T. E. Carter; Plant and Soil, 164 (1994), 291-297. 25) M. Rincon, R. A. Gonzales; Plant Physiology, 99 (1992), 1021-1028. 26) E. Delhaize, S. Craig, C. D. Beaton, R. J. Bennet, V. C. Jagadish, P. J. Randall; Plant Physiology, 103 (1993), 685-693. 27) K. R. Tice, D. R. Parker, D. A. DeMason; Plant Physiology, 100 (1992), 309-318. 28) A. Wallace; Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15 (1992), 1345-1351. 29) A. Wallace; Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16 (1993), 547-553. 30) P. R. Ryan, L. V. Kochian; Plant Physiology, 102 (1993), 975-982. 31) S. C. Miyasaka, C. M. Webster, E. N. Okazaki; Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 24 (1993), 1213-1229. 32) M. Sasaki, M. Kasai, Y. Yamamoto, H. Matsumoto; Plant and Soil, 171 (1995), 119-124. 33) W. A. Berzonsky; Genome, 35 (1992), 689-693. 34) L. Bona, B. F. Carver, R. J. Wright, V. C. Baligar; Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 25 (1994), 327-339. 35) D. J. Somers, J. P. Gustafson; Genome, 38 (1995), 1213-1220. 36) E. Delhaize, S. Craig, C. D. Beaton, R. J. Bennet, V. C. Jagadish, P. J. Randall; Plant Physiology, 103 (1993), 685-693. 37) M. B. Lagos, M. I. M. Fernandes, C. E. D. O. Camargo, L. C. Federizzi, F. I. F. D. Carvalho; Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 14 (1991), 1011-1020. 38) C. R. Riede, J. A. Anderson; Crop Science, 36 (1996), 905-909. 39) A. M. Aniol; Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 91 (1995), 510-516. 40) M. Aono, A. Kubo, H. Saji, K. Tanaka, N. Kondo; Plant and Cell Physiology, 34 — 76 — (1993), 129-135 . 41) A. S. Gupta, J. L. Heinen, A. S. Holaday, J. J. Burke, R. D. Allen; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 90 (1993), 1629-1633. 42) J. Tuomainen, R. Pellinen, S. Roy, M. Kiiskinen, T. Eloranta, R. Karjalainen; Journal of Plant Physiology, 148 (1996), 179-188. 43) C. Langebartels, K. Kerner, S. Leonard!, M. Schraudner, M. Trost, W. Heller, H. Sandermann, Jr.; Plant Physiology, 95 (1991), 882-889. 44) A. V. Tie deman, B. Pfaehler, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 45 (1994), 153-167. 45) L. J. De Kok, H. Rennenberg, P. J. C. Kuiper; Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 29 (1991), 463-470. 46) R. Ghisi, A. P. M. Dittrich, U. Herber; Plant Physiology, 92 (1990), 846-849. 47) S. Youssefian, M. Nakamura, H. Sano; The Plant Journal, 4 (1993), 759-769. 48) K. I. Shimazaki, S. W. Yu, T. Sakaki, K. Tanaka; Plant and Cell Physiology, 33 (1992), 267-273. 49) G. P. F. Michel, B. Neuss, C. H. Tappe, J. Baratti; Archives of Microbiology, 157 (1992), 116-124. 50) BIO OVERSEAS; Bio Industry, 3 (1986), 688-693. 51) A. E. Kalamarakis, M. A. de Waard, B. N. Ziogas, S. G. Georgopoulos; Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 40 (1991) 212-220. 52) J. M. Green, J. F. Ulrich; Pesticide Science, 40 (1994), 187-191. 53) J. W. Gronwald, C. V. Eberlein, K. J. Betts, R. J. Baerg, N. J. Ehlke, D. L. Wyse; Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 44 (1992), 126-139. 54) H9& #; ####%#, 3 (1991), 268-643. 55) 5 (1993), 439-445. 56) *g#5tS5; ####%#, 5 (1993), 83-91. 57) 5 (1993), 100-106. 58) H. S. Saini, J. M. Attieh, D. Hanson; Plant Cell and Environment, 18 (1995), 1027-1033. 59) K. Matsu tan i, Y. Kukuda, K. Murat a, A. Kimura, N. Yajima; Journal of Ferm entation and Bioengineering, 73 (1992), 228-229. 60) R. Gaxiola, I. F. de Larrinoa, J. M. Villalba, R. Serrano; EMBO Journal, 11 (1992), 3157-3164. - 77 - 2.4 imwnMmmnmmm 2.4.1 mmffinmfatmm &tz, moxov £l±(D£5 fcffiAfctjtfc ' W##^^^C%9±"C j;o%#Ao#e^mgL, moeomm s#:mm >m £gtiT^-&^m&M±s mi^mxmmxs & u 0 o T#a« %*(Dwm^-c(±x mefm^A%w#®&A^%a^ #AT(±^<#35(cga u^L, #A®#^a c ^uTSBBt-^o (l) #A££If a na0 zcDfzwmix&, 'M^mm^^xi^^ntz^MoM^i^mMxxi^o (#2.4-1)!' 2)^ (l)-l #&?#Am m& #A&a u -c m ^ 6 -c ^ a ^ 3 ^#^^cTi\ao a. iMiMM Agrobacterium tumefaciens (D Ti 7°7% < M &$JMT^o SASfS^PA5^ —>fy b h & a 16MJBMa ^ *-XA £TM£ for v a fc #\ %##:&#aC^A*T#am#%(D^l^m-C&ao fwme/acfen^ ©s^iEffl^ckoTES^nao m^m»g £ e s £ n a aa a. (wme/acienf faA:K)A^#m(:#mf%A[]tac^cj:oTmm$Bm^A'e#aA0^^#^^ao 78 - 2.4-i A it & (*#2) x 3) ## SXX& ###79 (Populus alba x Ti-79X< K& P. grand!dentata) ###79 (P. alba x P. tremula, Ti-79X< P& P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides) ###79 (P. alba x P. grandidentata, A##t P. nigra x P. trichocarpa) ###79 Ti 79X< Kffi (P. alba x P. tremula) ###79 (P. Sieboldii x Ti-79X< P. grandidentata) ###79 Ti-79X< K& ###79 T:-79X< K& (P. tremula x P. tremuloides) 3l‘-n?;^ntvt9 '> (P. nigra) Ti-79X< K& b-7;i/y azL7-df(GUS) b- 7 X n — 7“ -tf(GUS) Ti 79X< (P. nigra var. italica) 3-D y/W?79'> (P. tremula) T1-79X5 K& b-7;V9 n-7-4f(GUS) JXV y 4r b-7;vy n-7—t?(GUS) {Liriodendron tulipifera) Ti-797 a Kfe AWStt (Liquidambar styraciflua) --feT# vT R1-79X5. Kffi (Robinia pseudoacacia) Ti-79X< b-7;vy n-7“-tf(GUS) (Paulownia fortunei) Ti 79X< K& b 711/9 n^7“df(GUS) (Betula platyphylla) # 7 d’ h X 7W —X(Picea glauca) /'(-Td' SSE'B 3“D';A"i7V7 (Larix decidua) /i-Td' b. ?#At)qT#T$>^,o L^Lx # Aitfs^ #&§■£& So (i>-2 ms?#AM®^mA ^L±o«t9m&?#Ac a. #Aa@&f ±#a%>#W±(A?;h,3x SA?tf5^©AV AA^oE-n^ELx h°—Wl(D B^&m#:^h(Z#A3&S?(D^m0#jSCmw^D%(Position effect)0 #K '»^>f^DY^ '> >& t'{PWC(DtfL^W Witts ftMU^—ti — t UT #C%%o c. u^u, #A*m @(3Bfflnjt^#5s^vr, mmmmzhNm&m'T ")o (2) DNA tl — %m U/rBESEICDiMhWfi^^flJffl mk. rnmrnof; ^(z(±T-r vif-r 7^vif^ U3o 7-r VifV Ai:^ot DNA (D^m^\mTZ>^i£i$MW£}lZ.%M'Ltz0 DNA ^ - 80 - UTttx DNA S!)E^SEM*S^M(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP) 6\ PCR Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)& 7)#i'$tTr&S#x Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)^ tKT & ##03 tVCl^(S2.4-2)9) o ^16 (3) ms%^#%©## ^xS(^"V >SJ$©^;de^)SF/f#^Populus tremuloides >##& ^3%-3^kc6x ^w#mf©^v>mmk#m^#'c©##@j&c(±#^m©%^# Mtbhtl, Jrv y\Z£Z>U SWt&#&£ oT ^ 3 £SS3 ilT l> 5 16)o %tz, Pinus sylvestris TkL ^m#(C##L^##:©7>f Vif^f A^#tZ j: ^)x ftceaatKf "CkL ##©%^#^#±#%^#&#LTV^#x so,, HF&&Bo,&#m-c#&L&#ACBx w%*#©%^m@©*e^##/j\3 ©&1>SM© Pinus sylvestris ©H^T'&x #^©T-f V if Y AI: 6 ^ t # A### Hardy-Weinberg ®^IU#^>^f#3tl£ Dtz 19) 0 MCx ±#© m&mPsWt'&WOsl^Mi&tePicea abies ©@&##Lx 4llofcffi©jtfK^M£§l^fc ma©m&f$#t$(±^ - 81 - m2.4-2 m*izj3u-zmMi&gi(Dft£M •v'-A-coSE mam# #m #### (&) (m) (cM) Picea glauca (4?) RAPD (47) 12 (12) 874 Populus RFLP (54) Fx (93) 14 (19) 682 tremuloides isozyme (3) Pinus elliottii MEIL (68) RAPD (73) 22 (12) 782 Populus RFLP (203) trichocarpa F2 (90) STS (17) 35 (19) 1261 P. deltoides RAPD (92) Eucaryptus grandis RAPD (240) 1552 Fj_ (62) 14 (11) E. urophylla RAPD (251) 11(11) 1101 Picea ables M«(72) RAPD (152) 17 (12) 3584 RFLP (73) Pinus taeda F2 (95) 20 (12) 632 isozyme (2) Pinus palustris ##E$L (72) RAPD (133) 22 (12) 1635 RAPD (436) Pinus pinaster ME?L (124) 13 (12) 1860 isozyme (27) RFLP (207) EUcalyptus nitens F2 (118) RAPD (119) 12 (11) 1462 isozyme (4) RFLP (116) Cryptpmeria F2 (73) RAPD (26) 20 (11) 887 japonica isozyme (2) Pinus palustris RAPD (122) 21 (12) 1368 ##E$L(98) P. elliottii RAPD (91) 19(12) 953 — 82 — 1) e, mmmn ; voi. 38 No. 2 (19%), p.15-19 2) #m#% ; lHU M 1350 -§• (1996), P.30-36 3) C.H. Foyer, N. Souriau, S. Perret, M. Lelandais, K.-J. Kunert, C. Pruvost, L. Jouanin; Plant Physiol. Vol. 109 (1995), P. 1047-1057 4) M. DeCleene, J. CeLey; Bot. Rev. Vol. 42 (1976), P. 389-466 5) I. Hay, D. Lachance, P. V. Aderkas, P. J. Charest; Can. J. For. Res. Vol. 24 (1994), P.2417-2423 6) D. Botstein, R.L. White, M. Skolnik, R. Davis; Am. J. Hum. Genet. Vol. 32 (1980), P.314-331 7) J.G.K. Williams, A.R. Kubelik, K.J. Livak et al. Nucl. Acids Res. Vol. 18 (1990) P.6531-6535 8) P. Vos, R. Hogers, M. Bleeker, M. Reijans, T. van de Lee, M. Homes, A. Frijters, J. Pot, J. Peleman, M. Kuiper, M. Zabeau; Nucl. Acids Res. Vol. 23 (1995), P.4407-4414 9) [nJ#M P.50-53 10) A. Groover, M. Devey, T. Fiddler et al. Genetics Vol. 138 (1994), P. 1293-1300 11) H. D. Bradshaw, R. F. Stettler; Genetics Vol. 139 (1995), P. 963-973 12) D. Grattapaglia, R. F. Sederoff; Theor. Appl. Genet. Vol. 91 (1995) P. 13) E. Paakkonen, S. Paasisalo, T. Holopainen, L. Karenlampi; New Phytol. Vol. 125 (1993), P615-623 14) D.F. Kamoski, Z.E. Gsgnon, D.D. Reed, J.A. Witter; Can. J. For. Res. Vol. 106 (1992), P. 1785-1788 15) S.A. Watmough, N. M. Dickinson; Envron. Exp. Bot. Vol. 36 (1996), P. 293-302 16) W. Prus-Glowacki, St. Godzik; Silvae Genet. Vol. 44 (1995), P. 62-65 17) F. Bergmann, F. Scholz; Silvae Genet. Vol. 36 (1987), P.80-83 18) T. H. Geburek, F. Scholz, W. Knabe, A. Vomweg; Silvae Genet. Vol. 36 (1987), P.49-53 19) W. Prus-Glowacki, St. Godzik; Silvae Genet. Vol. 40 (1991), P. 184-188 20) F. Bergmann, B. Hosius; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution Vol. 89 (1996), P.363-373 21) J. L. Hamrick, S. L. Sherman-Broyles; New Forests Vol. 6 (1992), P. 95-124 - 83 - 2.4.2 ir-ncu^me?#A 9ltiti7!§£:kLTS, ^ ft £> MWf* % O MS&BeflS/b5 TnlE k & £ o tt£tD*>, #u<^ #A ©ii^kft ^ft^£WLSW£S$T5S;Ticti;(qJ 1 gkfa„ ^me© itm^x^^zt^M^-r^o t) u. s?&#AL, (m#©^^#) A*T#ft(^ ©##&^(rc^a##&:e©a:3;m#f&ckanmc&&km&ft&o m#©#^, eckMc^w-c, warn (*&?) cN±, mee© \^1?b(D^X\zM~3\^(iHS^&S) o ftTit 1972 %-\Z\±fem -r%®Fi(DMMz&-3T, mfcT'&mzM'fzWL^vm.fom^tiT^tzo isth izM-r%mfciL'&:0(Dfz®(DmteTmA&tLTi±, sskjiww-a^ )iiiyv*M ;v;x sJj'&ta¥&U£tix^ s = L^u, iM;vx& #(CI/ hD -)4;^t7r7 '37'0]/X%m^fzJ3'&'tfM.b&L £ SB LT -M ;i/X^ d? —vWj$;* ftT l> -E> o 7rV t> 4 )VX>f J A (±#^©yv Ak(±mALT#Aft%^K), #AU^MSf©^e^l/ hob7^;i/A j: lZifiXc$'bfz&) n in vivo X (DMiTZ-F^rXlZMXX l^§o XCD^t? *?—V'iTn 6 A© ^ t -3 #Au^m k ^fttc# a #^©mm^^ ^ ft/t c ^ ft-c w ^ k}'^LT^'f;i/^/<^^-&muTme?#A (^m f©^Af^© 84 - /^StiltiS^fiTUSo zti%WrtZ>fzmz, ##(:(D#^&b##U& g 'f )ix y izznzzizM,g tifcOTg t>A)iz$-&&re;±, &#bfiTW&Wo C0C^f±, #AC!t^ j;^m#C^MnTmT&6Ck&^LTV^')o (^m) c# l4:,T'^tC2|^ltb^l'‘ifoCD(i N potato virus X, tabacco etch virus, tabacco mosaic virus Wfetez%Z>fzttBW%-5z--&^£olzj:>iz^%>o Z(Dfz&, gglcy-r %fzZ®£%, t>'OlZlz£%m 9 '12)o ^ 6 (C tabacco etch virus CD %M^^—^^tzmzi^ ####:^6^6#T%, fbti£^LTl>3o F3M.&t LTti:> Z.h.bot)^)V7sif RNA ^4)\'ZZ&2>fz&, Z ##;A#:k:iA^^3amTM^LTW #?Kk:Nl/T(±, #77^77A&MB^;b:%(Z)# ^0##^L(±eaDaT,Tv^A0o" m^?#A®^(±frt)aT,"c^%^o f-ccso %ca*±, - 85 - 1) T. Friedmann and R. Roblin, Science, Vol. 175 (1972), P 949-55 . 2) R. G. Crystal, Science, Vol. 270 (1995), P 404-410 . 3) K Roemer and T. Friedmann, Eur. J. Biochem, Vol. 208 (1992), P 211-225 . 4) J. R. MclachHn, K. Cornetta, M. A. Eglitis and W. F. Anderson, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol.Biol., Vol. 38 (1990), P 91-135 . 5) R. M. Blaese, K. W. Culver, A. D. Miller, C. S. Carter, T. Fleisher, M. Clerici, G. Shearer, L.Chang, Y. Chiang, P. Tolstoshev, J. J. Greenblatt, S. A. Rosenberg, H. Klein, M. Berger, C.A. Mullen, W. J. Ramsey, L. Muul, R. A. Morgan and W. F. Anderson, Science, Vol. 270 (1995), P 475-480 . 6) J. Zabner, L. A. Couture, R. J. Gregory, S. M. Graham, A. E. Smith and M. J. Welsh, Cell, Vol. 75 (1993), P 207-216 . 7) R. G. Crystal, N. G. McElvaney, M. A. Rosenfeld, C. S. Chu, A. Mastrangeli, J. G. Hay, S.L. Brody, H. A. Jaffe, N. T. Eissa and C. Danel, Nature Genetics, Vol. 8 (1994), P 42-51. 8) A. R. Mushegian and R. J. Shepherd, Microbiological Reviews, Vol. 59 (1995), P 548-578. 9) W. O. Dawson, D. J. Lewandowski, M. E. Hilf, P. Bubrick, A. J. Raffb, J. J. Shaw, G. L. Grantham andP. R. Desjardins, Virology, Vol. 172 (1989), P 285-292 . 10) S. Chapman, T. Kavanagh and D. Baulcombe, Plant J, Vol. 2 (1992), P 549-557 . 11) M. H. Kumagai, T. H. Turpen, N. Weinzettl, G. Della Cioppa, A. M. Turpen, J. Donson, M. E. Hilf, G. L. Grantham, W. O. Dawson and C. TP, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 90 (1993), P 427-430 . 12) X. H. Li and J. C. Carrington, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 92 (1995), P 457-461. 13) J. Henderson, M. J. Gibbs, M. L. Edwards, V. A. Clarke, K. A. Gardner and J. I. Cooper, Journal Of General Virology, Vol. 73 (1992), P 1887-1890 . 14) M. Nemeth, Bulletin OEPP, Vol. 24 (1994), P 525-536 . - 86 - 2.5 ## #:^&am#©M3@x B%@#©^a##©fE@x be © y * - x a ©iP-ti h ^ tis WBse^ £ o ^T©Sh ££ D ^ 6(c, ## ' tZo LT (±x B#©#j&& 7 > a C ^ C j; m* ti« © m« tm^tomizimmtf&ztz®, ^##©atx 7;i/ #*%##%hk%cjLo-cm:f&;&*\ © mt©nmsito-fu & s < & i > <, Ltzftz>Ts ^m#m©#wmc z bte'fr'te b SMti'&Z t^ZZtiZo ©##cm#f aftmmm^x mm#m©Mk:j:'3-c^La%^%##-r&a^e# ^TAmi5f#ACj:^T##(:#ALx ^#mBe&^#faca^-e#a^A#^ TESLfco w a kme?#Am###&w#3# a & a o f©RamA&EmL^o &^ C2:f±x 4-##^%##©—o(z^^a#^.6iT,ao ^^^BAL^fLTi^i^AT^x ^tlSBB^flAESA^iitfx t^©fSSCl &#oTW#&m&ac&#T#a. ac^& - 87 - ##(±, m# - 88 - S3* 3.1 (zA#<^#uTw^o - ^ c a(cz o tm&m, mwmmcbo-c ^ommznt%mmhmm\z-D^xm^%o ^^#em f ^Aoaf ^,o - 89 3.2 mm c & it & a±##©#m ©m^#©m#©mmmm%m (z^ ;t % %#j k, a m###© 3.2.i®t)©>5S¥(DlRl±x ^#{smi:^lt^%#J^#^ ;*m (1) t§$\AiitoXXfFrankiaOUfz b # y ###©### (Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium) N @ (Frankia ) (Ztx# 6fL<5o (1)-1 IS^a M {Rhizobium, Brady rhizobium) (D\&fz ^ § ### A%±#(D%mk:%AZ:'3 ca(±^v^^x D - 7l#ft©^ < ^ mmeucm tizztti&ck&6x v/###(:J; &^^l©@^y:»i^©»i@©ff • v>- h -;imM±?'mm&M Ti^^x #^##©#m@©#ACI±x #$(^o l930^ft(:#^L^^S#m©^m(±x #^##©^#^^©§^^-5^^ A^##:©#mbLTx ^©##%A%©6ti^©#g##(:J; < 5o tia%, Vy E{tlxl700jSN $tll9,000fE$)-iE> bl^tlx Fabaceaex Mimosaceae^ Caesalpiniaceae© 3 # ^ 7^: (t 3 ##(Z^A^tl6o CaesalpiniaceaetttE^A^# b T^5:@ •?> A ©#^b»o Mimosaceae©##(C - 90 - CaesalpiniaceaeCD^'n J; D '}>t£. 4 x FabaceaeTUlEE&f# £> V ©£E^;h/ti>515)o ^^(cEE®k##a©#^M#(:7)m:##(c#&^^^4)©(± 0.5%j^TT^,^x ^Stt^JlS7500T7 h >T\ £ W@/£e©-nff- (1^850077 h >) ©2#W±C "7;<#zj;a&(Z)##$&^#T8OOO73h>2:A#0ia#5O%&[S#)\ f ©{w#vy#x ®#x # X57~94 kg (^USha^fc D) x ^VH'X *<> fcT-tl&85 kgtu^ ^n-A’-104~160kg x 771/7 771/7 7128 —300 kg%^W6tlTj3 Dx i&SE©® 17)o Aizobmm ©m%^@C Z c T x C S ^x #% mumtmtn6?,& m©®t^mum& ?> nx t ^ 0 ###&#©##&##?- 6C^TX #©##©^%{S#^^X Uemura")(±7*7'7&7^#^^(±y < ^CDMjJ%MlZ£W~t EE® ©SS@5£&- h n W - -t?£ £ O Tfrfoft 3 /t)Sx c©##C^4-f ■?©Sf^Eiix 3i 7ff £ t>&321)0 ^I(*4{B©th7'7L-^ h (0:2/52) =fcD&t>x Fe-Mo#®Bf ^Mo-Fe^ yAZMtmttiZo at)"7ZL-v F(±mfD]@Sf C> y h& nifKSfc^j; Dx K^iiTi^o J^n&®—©1t7iL-y b 2f@J; b> & ^x 4#©$mf&^tpca^6x l£tl%0 C©^>7Wg(±nifH#6?(:Z-377- J^Ijo £rM^II©^ ^,A^X nifH, D, K{3 J; t) 7 — F£ftT w^^>7i^^©7<7^E^j(±x em^#^-cm^m^e&#i/Tw^o cfis©#m mef©±mc#%T^x ^a?©^m&mmf %7Dt-^-#^(c-owT^m&©E ^<©SS@^%^t)E7:EML^E^!j©#6AsES^iLri>522)o tfz (l)-2 WMMFrankia £ W t ©£;£ 7\>74r^"V7tt^j-6©fraTitwT6%o C © ^ *) x Frankiab^^E't'&t actinorhizal plants (%#®E##) 1A-2) o ##(C - 91 - ^ N u -c^ o Frankia(D^^MM\±JiZ < > #-3T^a&(Z)-f8#2;J#, ^J280|I(Z©S^> 24)o B *01*1 ©$SS®ffi WUem ura B 25)ffiAlnus (ssyj^rJi 5) 16 Us Elaeagnus (y < #) 13@^ Myrica (i7'7:E:E JH) 3 @\ Coriaria ( F ^ ^ /^r#) lS©St33|S:SSn' LT V'' 5 0 Cronquist 26)CD£HE'$^T' MiUMUte^^X FrantiaCD#%(±x B8? - rZM'g'Cfo ^vesicle {±, o Frankia Elaeagnaceae#®## hT^Fron^att, IE C#(D##KDl^f ^1 k t) # -So %.tzCasuarina eq lisetifolia^ C. cristata^ft &.XFC. glaucai? ^W^tl^Frankia^^. fz, ##re#6 H tii a L <( #(C LT W&o Myrica-^Caa'warma# CD ^iSjbTA Inus^Comptonia , Myricaf&^foWs&TC. Ceanothus, Colletia, Purshia, Shepherdia\Z]^C^X.^'^[^ l&.t^mi^<. - 92 - mtAlnus^MyricaXltlO ~25°CX\ 25°CbLt£&§ £o Casuarina&M^X, IX tfrb, 3O°Cj^±0^#C A 6 tlTV^o *OTM&l:fcSSia^rStt£&#>;E>^@b&5o Purshia tridentataXH^vRCDykby^ is ^ JVifi —25 barJ^Tk2&-5> o 20%T-& tem'Pt&o pH(i6.8##mT, 7.5C&&& BECKING35)(iA/wwMS glutinosa ^MSSintfe"^'WT fcill n\ Frankia £j|clE L & l't & OTtt&fc^ir^WLfc^Ofc:, 1g®bfe^©Tiilism-4WU *©li£&m±fc:fc ;\>y^(±##(cj:Di#(:^^^-;i/&^D50^6200kg0#$ %:m7KbX V''-S36)o /\>/ Hippophae rhamnoidesX 2 —58 kg/ha^SjSL C eanothus^PurshiaX 1 — 60 kg/ha blBcicf il/Tl^o %#E## va 0 #i2A>y^S&^bJ[£^S:^T'fiJffi£;h/Ttfco 3-□ y/^EBBST©®* A. cor ztfrb, ¥#^SiST»kb ™bra£Mt~3lto>b5&£*VttA3o C(D*©SS@S LTS W£§5 ©T—StrWStT % 6 o ScESMt)©^ < (iM^ir^effiS^S©S^(3^r^^x Casuarinaceae#© w.m±@mx, m#m©#^• ###&##vvy^Acada®kkt^ sses^mE Itl^o Casuarinaceae#©##W\ #60%#####!^#, LTfiJffld: #m©m#p (Bi::S:6£ft3©£R5<) tfBESS (J£S#> 0## T(is 10077 hatt>fz fyC. equisetifolia'&W.%.t>bX\^%o (2) mumoittz % #, 3.\yy^M^(DEricoidM@iE^^(7 bb% 3S\ ##%(Z)±m#%T'y#, XXM, y#A#>f3k */W jr#, y btt##©##(±^E#^7)< #*©E$ X ti: VAE® £ Ml £ tt^x /b> & D z> ft l A ll^ftf£t)©^< &VAE®44©fc #\ ^*©VAES(roVATcDE^(iSS(2S-v^o (2)-l VAE® (vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza ^fzii. arbuscular mycorrhiza) 93 - -W VAlliflSiB&GlomalesQ (TJSlT Acaulosporaceae#, Glomaceae#, Gigasporaceae##^% U C#^7(:147#A#6#7lx%^ 77*4 Ui4, 7* if#, 7 (vesicule) , #%4f#.(arbuscule) ^)o ##(Z(±±#P# l^o VA##@(C(4#^$B@(4%<, S*lW^7©Mj£:M£7#3h%A6;h,7lx §o :^(4#^^^^4i677^74 M M4^©—S&lSJIISyi&F^^fiBA V, #^#f^(arbuscu 1 e) & o #%4ff^(4if 7 7 ©SiT^2PiiUfcME7, ;i©^{i7#E*^$l£ti7ix;z>o Wr^E^#ST 'b jB^ttolSESU(T DBAV, ©7##(vesicule) b>o C©##(4BB^©Mf #### VA@#m©#^##(ZM7%%#©^^7, m^&&©(4±m#©V>&##l/, f #&## (C#$q A b> C £l7$> b) 40^ Rhizobium JtWiWLlsfzStylosanthes guyanensislZ V >m#&vAm#@©##&mA&#&#m7(4, IT, VASS@£j§WUfc, £fci4U >M£frof::^|'£-(;:(4$Jl0#©^SMfc&U, 4 D, 'M7(4MM@©% - 94 - 49)50) o bfrU xtib (DM^MomUlzkt V XDWj&(D £ a ftfOTkbE^ £, f\ M, -v 'tvk VASSS©S^tc CD £. XX l£Phytophthora parasiticalZ £ % jj y^r'VMtEMtl^52) \ Gauemannomyces graminis var. triticifcl £ Z> 3 A^rFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicitC £ %> b V b §"£> i 9 ^54\ Thielariopsis basicolalZ <£. ■§ ^ }f.1$$b\'f X fi&o z 9^-3U VA#@ b^b, XVA@tESWS©itttitiM£ %>^MMThielariopsis basicola(DWWkWllr(F>l&$$iLe=ii$ E® 6 fi5S\ hv b-ei±vAM#^#, #%##(: v 7-yftWW.U c LTtja^M(3*oTVA^^h«^tlTV^56)o —Verticillium dahliae\Z£%y $VerticilliumlH57\ V V bPVXtif ^ ^#%&^"e(±VA###CD#!%!C j: c A#b<%^^S^£*lT&«#:*© V tlz£Z> emu. ^cD^m±#cD#me^%#^^ ^k/u^cD^@A*vAm#&m^b"c^o. **M/£^^£VAS®cDfij/gtiu fjy^yM, V yzfftt'OMffl&ftMtXfzt)® ^vAmm@cm#i/-cv^%cDkm^iie"^o mwmtm&oi&ckL mm## m^btiZo upu MM l^o b^b, ^CDe##(c(±^mcD^H/^^^c-C^^x vAm#@cD*^M/^#m#McD#jm^#t^^,%^o -3WT, M^T#VA#IB#CD^@#, E^^bTV^^o S&Acacio, Leucaena^lZyAMMM^^UT^X tX\ XtlT V - 95 - 1/ — b71?(±3 3 7(CGigaspora margarita ^#@ 1T-5>PIfn 71 — 1x^1/©#^^#% Tb-i>7 ~^.Albizia falcataria s Gmelina arborea^ Intsia palembanica^ Leucaena leucocephala Mfoils b£H/b^#bilTbS71)o £fzil±yT(iwhite ash©St*©^ M7K^©VAM##©#@#ffbti,"C w&o (2)-2 ^tTbSSI (ectomycorrhiza) ^£SSS©HBti:5,000 @W± {2&5 ^Malloche>72)LTV^ §o vAgMhttn&tK Ds Alpova sp. (iA/nus spp. h £fzSuillus spp. Rhizopogon spp. f±-^^-%^#^©V'7©^Vl/ —7°b b^#z^ #"3### 6^ Pisolithus tinctorius^C enococcum graniforme^f(D £o (C1000@#^ £ bAH'iX. n Alnus h^^T&^^SSISOliSI&A/pova spp. bGyrodon spp . ®2!'< 4>$tbfr£fl bil"t Pseudotsuga menziesii^'l:l£.WCSWWSA-£.(D9\-^.MMM b b^T/'O''•?>77o EfcLundeberg 78) t2cb-S Boletus subtomentosus ©5 7>©^|£©f*]N CiT,6©^(i 7 ^ D # So Lewis ® ©J^7jc ^ c 5©#^# < %#^T"e(±V>#*V^A©mT^t^^6^ e^T(j:V>©50%bl±^ ##V >©ST#£bT& Dx #^#g#l±c^b©##u >^it§fe»©2t277 ^^^##©#@(±7^777^-^^^^^^ C©Me(± V >#©^^f4:T"Cm< %%87 )o - 96 ;i/^^r L$')/ m %(Dm£ &20MOOmmt, ^£@fS©^S©25~40%%£®ri^% ZtlTl^Z88)0 JVly^j b W@^W^#(C#L < @#M^##©^©##^#©#^%-o £SoTL£a©T&&<, J6jW*^(3MJB^m^BoT43D, cW±#Ak^ yf##^-e&gm©m&&a&©##^o c©#%^m#©#^(±@#bu % t #© #*(c h o TS*SE^^SS©SIESx ±#F#©#^j3 j: tf zK^©#*89^#$re &%. ^mmi±#m#j;D(±m#^<, #E©^&©# tz>^bi$^mx$>%o tft, ±m^om^f)^m^^t^mpfr^m^itmuLxxy) $ ET 101)102)o < ©SS£Mf 5o &K ^ cT(±mm©^ < (±mam^ ^© WStb-^tlhLTiMLTi^o ^MIgM(iT>^E-^7A, 7< 7#, S6S&SSS LTWT^, ks 0b@###Cbb^T±#< & az&a#s:h/ma% c©«t-9cma^Cck^#^#E^{mm^^%^0, ##© £W&£ < &£103)o %x b vx©^yb^^^SSW(i:x #;####(:jt^T^io#©^ARE#±;^#d: c © j: 9 ^^m#©Tge(±^@mm©#mtz ^ -c #& &"% @#"C^b^##©# < "OV^fcS^x Rhizoctonia ^©zfctS^MS^^l'1 L"C##%A^ — 97 ^izocfon^ Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora & Zo"C^6 tlTl'' a Wilkins^110)#> @C StSuiitioe>na£?C&Di^ijjAaiottoL ##&%## ecjwpfK). f c?@#f L&frofco D'>7T'(d:l902^^@fc(ZVysotskii^ a (71/- V -) O^!930-40^@C(j:, ^SfSS©M© SEt£/^EH £fta L/b>U -jl-^/-7> K^S77 V*Tti:^BS©7y£MA aci^LTx <77(7)m%#^ak#C(±^'j/ KEI-tmr^StBS &|n]fft£AoT^fcfctf)-£&a Z TjoDx M^r'CD^M^MUmmo—-oX&ZzL-j] V ©##(c^wT(±^@tMM^# m^flT^T^ao E«ca/yp^#©$'<©##(±^m^#(C# - 98 - (2)-3 EricoidS-fS yyy%% (Ericaceae) ©#(±|^% F^T'ffl $ tlfz£ —MOfeMMMfc 6 & a @@50^100//m @]g©##k:#W&©T&%, hair rootkMftTl^o #©#@C(d: # A A# BtiUCJ&^TjoDx *F*3© 3 d' ;Vt^S^6sS £> tL, EricoidStl^lWiu: V'i^o Peason £>l23H$.Calluna vulgaris(D$t%:$G&$k^ Ls �A© IZ Z tl^OM&C. vulgaris^ Erica spp. N Vaccnium spp. iZ^^£it £Z ^>s 1B$I©#JB £©Hf, S^^-B&E#)B fc0 FasoIo6 124)^Duddridgee) 125){i Calluna vulgaris -, Rhododendron ponticum mmhtztZ^, H^fcctEFWoroninbodyC©##@(j:?©9#© Hymenoscyphus ericae£^fi££tzo Seyiour &>126H$Azalea indicaCDWiISjUfiM ffl6C/ovana©^||#:£###%(C[SHT^ack&#EL, AEricoidS Z> RjfbtS^TT^l/fco ^^Ao^o(/cM(froM©@#T(±f ©9#\ % a c & u ^ u c ^ ^ a@m#6&©mE(± &2;bTj36-#\ Leak^,'%^W^^gLT^a. Stribley h 129) \&^WMMM'&l5lN'Z:WMi£tzizWi\ZVaccinium macrocarpon&W.%-s @ tt£to%MWM1iMi$WM^titzZ£%:m^bwa 0 £fz&bl±?f') '>X §:£E8 V/rE. macrocarpon % Festuca ovina ©:$Wds|n]-hU/t Cl © hvStDiLa o Stribley b 129) ii;Ml§T b'A §;)iES!ltw4Fx. .§ £V. macrocarponCOM vA#%m^^©#©@# h Isis v >&#$&&fitwa aa&fiao (3) SEIEIS©ttfc6S ##©^Wa#E##^PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) tmttlT^Zo ^tl^©PGPR©filI(CJ:oTHtJ©^*^#^tia131)132) 133)o Z(D Z o %##©6&#%:#©%M©#^ k L% (±, j: a##^;i/t >©^m^\ ## #m@©Mf% mma^3\ v>©qii§ - 99 - IstMM'rtLffi^&fmiPzifzAzospirillum © 1 % CL }zlZ J; D 1 SU S6OTLT jt£tlT^&lA138) o ISPHIizSS "^BoaV/us polymixa %P^iZ^MTZ> X t X£MM.(DMM1fiUtb ^tlX^Z 139) o ^^9J©B«ci7/«5sp. #©{%m#M64iT^%#, c©#AC(±c©##(c %. 6tl"Cl^5140)o Pseudomonas sp. ^7X^©Eti 3.2.2 (i) 154’155)o VAStSShS^S ^#© m# (Z 3 V (4: ^l^K Mcllveen £,156)kGildon 64%m##(ZZ^x VA###©##A4&T1"6 C k&##LTl^o Killham £>51)&Ehrharta calycinalZ Glomus fasciculatum&WcWiisXl^^ ~"J *1 7K #6^ iffiiik i£> 37i^l/ h Weissenhorn 5)15S)SSEme^a(Z^^n fzWJfX ©®|g©71M k###p#©#A###z 3 v >TES o fc feo V^LSchuepp^ 159) ©iSETtt* ^A©#W±@##^#@L^:%©T^%< &3&0 h,@xt>il^)o fc^LWeissenhorn^ 158) ©^,E©j:^izS^ET'^^tl^ilFjf'C'^VAS f&Bwms-r&fx m^(zme)VAm#@©mm(a&&a#&%aT,ao #f^#l#©VA@#tZMT%##(Z3l^©#^(±^^##(Zjt^.^ 4"V - 100 > ^ > (Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis) *$]^k.\i.Glomus fasciculatus < &oT33 D, L"CVA@ Mccooi^^ hT ^ C 6, G. fasciculatus 7 ^v>m@ej;T^T LT^ ^ Glomus geosporum%mnLfcmT:li'h$ <, SESe £ £M G £ (2) e j; o %<, ^ eo^% T)V ^ ^ A^nJWbLT 4 Pisolithus tinctorius^ Thelephora terrestriss Cenococcum geophilumi^ 150 /zM^V'i'9'fSSS©7 ,ll/^ — ■y'ATfiKSd s30~60%}T $IJ£*l3164)o AWes V/r d$l ''fST]h-§ 165)o 3 ^-^(DPinus sylvestrislZM U, pH 3 V>-5>0 h t> tl©f4I^T$)'bPicea rubens^Abies balsamea^tpH 3 T'TIV < — ^ A^fiS^ MZ-Z7kffihfztZ5, & t$ £ A,}f.WM£ § v^\ Ml±185 juMVL±(DT X. £> tlfz161)o |B(3^J‘t“-Si^#{iAlexander £>mHz<£ oT&$x#fcS'tlTl'''5o 5*r\M.l$t(DPinus rigidalZP. tinctorius^tWiWLC' 3f§©}f|Il£©Tll/ 5, — t) A'i ^V mmm#;#^^, T;i/< mmm, mm, ±m®#e z c % #^#0#e e#f % ^ c ^ g, <, Jones % Jones ^"4)(d:7;i/ Galli h 175)& V t) fc - 101 - bx *g^©SSti:WV>bb£^bTb5o Jones b 176, 177)ti: y JI/CD#%(C'3li"Cx Lactarius rufus ttifoi; i. ^Scleroderma /7aW<7 am'bb&^bT#0x @##0#^t: «t % b M 6 tl % o Z >©S6*!5[i&ffi H b T i £ b *> b x #mm t «t £ - y «t t ii V > ^N#b-Cl^qT#e^#t^^-CL^o Berry %Wb'alZl$.P. tinctorius %iWiW\stz\3iO ffiThelephora spp.#® waa##ct^ca&^b%w&o g-D®m$T#c:ctab m^^,^##0sm#^3-Dzcdx b tb£1" 3^£S®©S{IJb W*fl©i5to £SiB6W /bT V ^ ##1: y 3 b T # T !) x #& W#T (± ^r y 3 mN#fb#kL ^^bx Dighton ^^;±pH^2 - 7 ? @am©Gm&mi#bx mwF#i(: ^###©Mf&(^:x fiMkl ct oti^ fc> &> id. b/bo P. n'/ictortas^Stfl b /rM@zbtS(-lWT tzPinus 5rro7>M5(CpH3.5CDAX^ ,|^§|5[LIi$:fT'y bx m/KSf^©## (:&&#; Gwercwfra6raCA%#f$M# %%>Betula papyrifera ti; AXgt^PiMS't: {$ b /u b'Bil § SB (j* Tx 3 y ~7 - 102 - pH 3 (Pinus thunbergii) ZlVZ? lZs tV'yt^ltliP. tinctorius(DjjbK ZZ^tti&MlZftLZltP. tinctorius(Dlji$£ @®#mcj:oTme^%6o aTc#sf""\ maauT^ # (: (±tb#-e # b (f ^ tiT ^ % 1% (3) Ericoid##^### Calluna vulgaris(DM.£b tlZ V^ -5 197) o Bradley b198,199) ififf ~3 fzZ'V MtiUT&N to%(C^ ffiSS^SS'&Sx.TiQ^.x Calluna vulgaris > Vactinium macrocarpon^ Rhododerdron ponticum WWtMM-Zkk^fz k.Z.%^ # MMIZZteCu lOmg/L, Zn 25, 50 mg/LZ£.H'&%MlZM%7&/vtz(DlZMU ##g Zl£, Cu 75 mg/L> Zn 150 mg/L -£&£WftsE#> £titli&o C0ct 9 (CEricoid@#(±# ±M)f3S^JSi^£f^bT^3&©^#x.£>;lx3o Z(D*fi=-X2±\z^\^z\££t££ btrftlb titl^Agrosris ten«is&, b#§-£-£%m^z^2>zti£m?>Mzt£Y), #@# t^r±S^^XTl^200)o j:oTEricoid®5E©S'nTttSbtlt)b©f^CDT h V Mt^M%M'n-^-frTV>^©-e(i^V>Aib#X.btlTV^o Ericoid##bLTl^ yy'vf4©wttpH m&<> e^sss^u^-ez.t&z%z>fz®s 4- 3.2.3 ttoiBET (ico 2c7)^5n A §- & fIM b & oTd3Dx 100^(7) -? *> £co2S®ti: 2 f§@ ccD«k9^mmk:^(j'6co2mm(Dmm»mDt:^bT# A:Sbb#x.biiTi^202)o S®S©S^t3j;oTs 5# #(:acT(±tf ^'^o Ekwebelam 103 - Pinus contorta c©^x ^%)©T^mu^wb©o 3sjwss VA##©#@(cj: Ox ##©zK^% h UZteftTZ$ 0x *#% h V^©S #TT(±m#^#Ea#^@E©^Wm^A# < %a$^#^^^,T^a2"' 2^o Bologiano ?> 214)(ix ^ V^^r^S£'MT£43l>|Tx V >HE t|£|-c£. 0 ^Glomus etunicatumCD mmcj^-Cx ^^x safire,^avA 6 Cx m#^mE©^^##A!#^L^: a eo±#*###a##@E j; 0 ^ ^mmm c & iEm©#m##^* frc iA a "2' =")« - 104 - 3.3 3.3.1 L-mmi-aua, ^< $»<(%)##&&#&f-&0 7^'J^Ma (USDA,NifTAL) N -f ^rU A (Rothamsted) , t-Xb7'J7 (CSIRO) & ¥\t%? < L«k9^ft%^fmm^6^ u @ms?& ^ z<#iw^ftT^%mmc#AL'c, s c®j:5CLT%maft&m%aw>m —mma ^(Dwm^tLxm^n^m^-hu^i'-^iznmm^^^^o^t^o z w&mx'MB.mzmmmm^mzt^o, mmm'MMoM®e>ntzmtxxit, r. leguminosarumXX'P X < MpIJlOO80$E#^.(C j: DSS@^lb* s31~128%iSto^tlfc C atr&a^o C6D^#T(±, Nod+Fix + Hup-(D^##:(CpIL1008A7A < M&#Aft %ZtlZ X '0Kup+%fe-$Lfz&(DX&2>o ^®#(CTn5-mob(C=k DpIJlOOStZB^ft ©igA^W^LTft^fN pIJ100877%< LX It, B. japonicum (DC33$tifi&lf £> ft £ 223)o £CDS4£&USDA110£ £> £: MSSB mmm7c##K (mr) ige % A C L % l ^'J## ^ o * A # v ^ '> > v h T' © W£MT It, ### - 105 - o t.'f'§IScfr%fxtiTi^o bfrU ±#@C $v^, ^ y y -y #1 &£Y®©±Siz(i, usDAi23S£^t"^'V XIII ^±#mki/Z^£pL-cv>6o v^o -?2t\ USDA123#(Z)#Ab^V\^W Xgn#&#^L"C^ #Moo@k LT#^f % B mt%m21 FnfM^&USDA® #Wnnnfil,278E©a^ 13s USDA123#&#@LT## u $mm®#^u^i#ma@aLTi3@#mm^£b-cw%o ^e>^^ne>©Dnna^ USDA123#hUSDA110,122,138#®l^f£l^&#o#@Lx ^ c 5, usDAi23#&7o~8o%®m\[mMi%^ u&® tz*fU ?i$kM(D¥H X-e(i[S]iR*(iO-8% tl&fr^tzo USDATkL c®Pi^@(z#$ @SIE®^V>S#S^aVTStSf ^^h^l+HVTl^o k^m#h® mfrt)# (z«ty%mf%^ckxp6, - T’U&S^SS@^t6£^irh&Ee>fttAo 2MllgLfell(:K#lti^±ilJ: ±#^T®±##®%jS&#^LT, jgaSB^gcStUB&S' < 6e^fr£)£ii:£3^^\ fsu@# (Aioiv) ^u^izmuhxM^vrzmizit, m&n mmxmmum^m^.\,x±mnom^w&Lx\^xb^mrnxx\^o hD-;i/^£b^#T #mrnc#(±#m^4=T-c®^^m^LwK #®mmm®#A^ KGkfNa, j:V^o (b)i±£mz+^&t FnW--t? (Hup) %e&j$ocko miXlt-Y u>fir-VK. ZCD^A. zzhD/ff-^CW&^iT, TT^^o ^C5A*, (Uptake bydrogenase ) ^ #&#Ta&®#&?X -3^1/ — 106 — ©^4©—#^"2$#$©^ MUft%©7kS%3^sMbiiftb/b\ (c)y t4 b b ^ 5/ > T 3.3.2 TOSCDMtfe (1) VASES© Sik va SES£b & b *b #±(z#T6BEt£Cbti30 M^^Lopez-Aguillon^^^^D-^-bVVl/^ACMf ^3#©VAM©##^&K b, ##©#^(zj3V^TS(:J:%#%#©m^j:DX#<%o^bb'CW6o c©^Am ^^scz^-c, f&© ##A#b bT, Sffl^^S©W©^SEES@^va SSSC£-d T$tt> B&ftS rT ^bCT(3fe{f&238)o (a) #@#a^ C#^©EC##T6 C to ±##c&# < ©#© VASESJ^£tJ^#£bTb3©‘£\ *> bUB^ICJ; t>, ##S##©#^#©# & c bb&»w ^mm©#Ac(±, (b) ±# #zj& (2) #4#mm©m& pH#^mm^^#^^cb^6^Ti^o b^b, ^m#m©#^cj;&#±©^ JMz^lbBowen b 103)(C <£ 5 t^Boletus granulatus 107 - ^ fzl&Rhizopogon luteolus ^StfSSuillus luteus ■%>Cenococcum graniforme L ^ b (C V ^ o £tzm—UXb%1foifi graiforme 24S>%Qi^tzM&T!b' Lundeberg 78) ©^^(i^©bic^§WJ1“^> Shem akhanova 246)©HET(i:^M^iSjl UT V> § 0 £ fcMft^pH tzMT T#SEISM'S6s$) D, #^#@©j&l#$M@©^A#^ Ll^o 2.@F*3-e©g£M© o 3.mmasm&&£u, i^o em m#©i^©y^-^c ttLXM&%f$-?X\<'2>&&ifi$>Z>0 4.#@#©#% (#R) ti%MMX'i±m£^T^z>zttimt>nT^z>24S)o rnm-x^m^ncx'nioti^tzm, svfc@*e && & bx ^c«fcb5abfcat±^)g-cfeSo 6.#^©#^w& JtS^o j;-3tx BOT©W£ f3SS£;bl±mtt%> fz#\ ## #&©k <2 M^fflM$£Wi(DWiJi$MX#)Z)Pisolithus tinctorius x Thelephora terrestriss Laccaria laccata^ L. bicolor x Cenococcum geophilum ©^@##(c-3i\T(±x JB^%^(cJ;oT#M©@^/b$#6iiTj3bx ztiboW® 2#©#ACo^%(±, c©j:9^^Cj;^Tx Tttvy^o %i^c(±x mE&#^mmm©me?#z#m&#mira - 108 - 3.4 ##@(±#±%#©###(C#€(:% % VT6 o mmc(±#^##©i/^f ->#&#©#&##&&% '^o VW-y (l20kDa) %'K$tt1r%¥'( X&B.japonicum®^<^>ft(DMVkte£ £fzLotononis bainesii(DWL--F]s 9 ;J-y\$.^!t§k^ft(DRhizobium sp.©SUBSEIII t.$ncT Vfel>ifi^K $S© i/^f ->(±0;#^e©mmma*§eir&c c . m&*± i/ f ^ ut^ « W:NGR234#&ZZM. trifoliiUTnS£ i/t&a\ c#ALT#mLim%B^%o A, B, C\ D©4#©^f J: D^CCl\%^o #^#W%##CM#T6hsn (host spesific nodulation) btPp-l^tl&Mljk 1?- (A> B^ C\ D) ^^Mcf il268 \ "nod box" ©^Vtf jlffl £*ITv^3269) o Ztlb(Dm nodA : 21kDa, nodB : 28kDa x nodC : 44~45kDaN nodD : 33kDa©^ >M?MT& Q 270\ £> #^(ZR^T^,nodahsnmf5f ©%m(±#^##^©#%(3 j: - 109 - b% l ^ MMf a b - f v 7-^##&)fMb^lW a###©fM(z(±^^L%lf7A Z(D7? F kfcS#^ CAD nodD p D Sfitc£ tlfz# V A7°f- K tftnnLT YSt^b^tb nodbhsnmf5?©7°Dt-^-#%CM'a b%mRNA©##&##f ao Ai5.(D$f3ZXHs nodABCj@i5f &# LT ^nodDS'E^^A^D'l* % bnodC)#fsf ©^ M^m%#^mb"c^anodD©ms?m#'e&a^ yf MkMAu 7^^>m WEfa^ot&a^o ##&#^b%^^x©^m (T2oi) co^-c, #^t©m 77^7-f M#a:Mm&m%T&T202amj; d nr v^ ao m££ d ##^8gc##&)fMAa ^$cD#T(d:77^7d' M©^a;i/A^V>^<^#^^Twac^^%6^(:^^,T V> §0 SESitef¥i\ W&ftX&Uff^xyn t>(LHb) A7An-f M&# LTl^^o LHbli4|l©7'a tf> (Lba, Lbcl, Lbc2, Lbc3) bE^tf^A <£ D #)$£ & a. #m^^Lb^f &yo -7^ LTm#D##k:ov\-tLb ae?©#s# SEKbib $M#&SJ$ b &l^7 ### b%##(DFrankia ££ D ##©)fM£ tl aSA c % Lb#&?©#&f a ^b/b$0^b/b>(r^nrv>a 279> “0) 0 Ml©FMST-1/ AD b >©#(:# < ©f >A7MA#Ml% A^^^iac b^2^7C@M#(#(c j; btib&7 '7^- V ybnMiiTb a281) o b©A"£m#j£S-b 3fI©7>A7E (Nod-23,24,35) -^©tAR #%5A4Z^tlTV^ao Nod-24 l±J^7 A P-f F©)M£ffMb*tbail©7 ^ Nod-35(± — 110 — ©symT"7%<. fredii USDA192 C AtlfzM'n, R. fredii\tAUtz\'fX'& <>7U -^-lZ&W&%&f&t%>Z t LT V) ZlZffi&MmXfcZo #T##©mi&0kAu-c, L*»U ± S T ©£BUW1"5 £5 £X # TfiitJ&0kAT%ztitqJI^T'&%o T^Tt)T^###(c(zttgftlS #%%P1±T z£5&Mfc?&&&Tz-fi, %cM£tifz^nxm^tazw$b &sbLx&mkm ^mi#%^TTT9 IA nDnfS-£©^MCDlE&JA^o mmz£z>mmm%.m(D&&i±s ^tLxmmiz^^mi^m^m^AB^ikm^cD Ttstxi-^J?T)]/y r)V7 rX'nt>tiX^^o Alzmxxit^ lklzmtz-^-J ^ j. W i" a >©#^^& b, X^@ ©m%#T-X h7 V 7%T'C'k:fTt)^Tl\%o T M ^ v ^* 6 c y TT'£>(DXs ClCD^^^M^nts (nitrate tolerant symbiosis) Tt^£o 5mM iE*©y^ xmoommk(Dmffi.%m^-r%(DizttLXntsxit7oom&^mtL*m£T%o mmm# ^X©^W(±^TL%A<%V^o ##^#©Hg ^mumiLT c ^ a ^,T ^ ©^m©#€(: L & W T 3 cm# 2 =h% V \ & # C (Dn ts 1^, C 0 a@S^£^£nLTV3&©£itS£ii3o T tzWlMM \Z-DWX ©#^S(±##@ iz bt^XMflX Frankia itRhizobium © £ WT SbH £ £ e> £ £ if £ ft 5WtmttSl>t #©&;w:kmmma:M=^Ta©f:<&#&iee?&^&&©&&aat^m&&a*%, mztl^J 3T4© W (3 (±A InusmomMmWmn t, BemZa#©#^#####^ k & i:#&T&#, Ztll±WJBlzmn&(Dbfztl%hZ?>Xfo%o fc1£'&t>Alnus(D&&izmj3‘ Tstilts Xtl&Betula iZ#^^#T% C. )zXBetula feFrankia b^Sicb - in - 3.5 !SW a^m^KD^wc^j-^mmcc^-c^ ^0##c R h izob ium \Z~DWX &SS MB^ £ ovT0fl$tr&fffc>tlTSTjo Dx ^©;£{b^to&Mt£^^T&#^S.liPJ|£tiTtT MLTi^^o ;:N±#^m^##%#Lt:< H:-3L\T0#^mo^o W£SLT£bx mA#me%^cowTt)x %fz%-ofr^x^&^mnrz&£m£m *s^§qjtg^{Mv>h®toti-?>o ^#Ax #mmc^^%m##(7)mme(Diq]±^x #& v ^ £ d *eE to &s#s©$bcd tz #> £ ^ ^T 1) K. A. Pirozynski and D. W. Malloch; BioSystems 6 (1975), P153-164 2) F. L. Pfleger and R. G. Linderman; APS press, St. Paul, Minn., "Mycorrhiza and plant health" ed. by F. L. Pfleger et al. (1994), Pv-vii 3) G. H. Elk an; John Wiley & Sons, W est Sussex, United Kingdom, "Biological nitrogen fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture" ed. by K. Mulongoy et al. (1992), P27-40 4) #a S; tSM, 3KK "±<7)$Mr ed. by ±mW&Vl}ffi9l£ (1981), P263-279 5) D. C. Jordan; Williams and Wilking, Baltimore, London, "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology" ed. by N. R. Krieg (1984), P235-248 6) G. H. Elkan; Plenum Press, New York, "Biological nitrogen fixation. Ecology, technology, and physiology" ed. by M. Alexander (1984), Pl-38 7) BS&J^'BIS 63 (1988), P769-774, 887-892 8) W. X. Chen, G. H. Yan and J. L. Li; Int. F. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 (1988), P392-397 9) G. P. Robert, W. T. Leps, L. E. Silver and W. J. Brill; Appl. Env. Microbiol. 39 (1980), P414-422 - 112 - 10) W. F. Dudman; Carbohydr. 66 (1978), P9-23 11) L. D. Kennedy and R. W. Bailey; Carbohydr. Res. 49 (1976), P451-454 12) S. Higashi; J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 13 (1967), P391-403 13) L. K. Dunican and F. C. Cannon; Plant Soil. ( special volume) (1971), P73-79 14) M. A. Cantrell, R. E. Hickok and H. J. Evans; Arch. Microbiol. 131 (1982), P102-106 15) O. N. Allen and E. K. Allen; Univ. Wisconsin Press, "The Legunimopsae-A Source Book of Characteristics, U ses, and Modulation" (1981) 16) R. C. Burns and R. W. F. Hardy; Springer Verlag, "Nitrogen fixation in bacteria and higher plants" (1975) 17) S. K. A. Danso; John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, United Kingdom, "Biological nitrogen fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture" ed. by K. Mulongoy etal. (1992), P3-13 18) S. Uemura; IUFRO-Kongress 13, Section 21-4/2, Wien. (1961), 19) A. Galiana, J. Chaumont, H. G. Diem and Y. R. Dommergues; Biol. Fert. Soils 9 (1990), P261-267 20) K. Mulongoy and B. T. Owoaje; John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, United Kingdom, "Biological nitrogen fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture" ed. by K. Mulongoy et al. (1992), P139-146 21) W. J. Brill; Sci. Am. 236 (1977), P68-81 22) F. M. Ausubel; Cell 37 (1984), P5-6 23) Z. Banfalvi, V. Sakanyan, C. Koncz, A. Kiss, I. Dusha and A. Kondorosi; Mol. Gen. Genet. 184 (1981), P318-325 24) C. R. Schwintzer and J. D. Tjepkema; Academic Press, "The Biology of Frankia and Axtinorhizal Plants" (1990) 25) S. Uemura and T. Sato; Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, "Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen Cycle, JIPB synthesis" ed. by (1975), P17 26) A. Cronquist; The New York Botanical Garden, "The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants" (1988) 27) J. Meyen; Flora (Jena) 12 (1829), P49-64 28) M. Woronin; Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 7 T. 10 (1866), Pl-13 29) J. Brunchorst; Bot. Inst. Tubingen 2 (1886-1888), P150-177 30) J. Brunchorst; Bergens Mus. Aarsb. (1887), P235 31) L. Hiltner; Landwirtsch. Versuchsstat 46 (1895), P153-161 32) K. Shibata and M. Tahara; Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 31 (1917), P157-182 33) E. Pommer; Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 72 (1959), P138-150 34) A. Nittayajarn, B. C. Mullin and D. D. Baker; Appl. Embilon. Microbiol. 56 (1990), P1172-1174 113 - 35) J. H. Becking; Plant and Soil 32 (1970), P611-654 36) A. D. L. Akkermans and C. v. Dijk; Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, "Nitrogen Fixation, Vol. 1 Ecology" ed. by Broughton (1981), P57-103 37) D. D. Baker; Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 8 (1990), P3-7 38) J. L. Harley and S. E. Smith; Academic press, "Mycorrhizal Symbiosis" (1983) 39) S. Chabot, R. Bel-Rhlid, R. Chenevert and Y. Piche; New Phytol. 122 (1992), P461-467 40) B. Mosse, C. Li, D. S. Powell and D. S. Hayman; New Phytol 76 (1976), P331-342 41) B. Mosse and D. S. Hayman; Clarendon Press, Oxford, "Tropical Mycorrhiza Research" ed. by P. Mikola (1980), P213-230 42) J. Lei, G. Becard, J. C. Catford and Y. Piche; New Phytol. Ill (1991), P25-33 43) K. M. Cooper; CRC Press, Boca Raton, "VA mycorrhiza" ed. by C. L. Powell et al. (1984), P155-186 44) M. J. Daft and E. Hacskaylo; J. Appl. Ecol. 13 (1975), P523-531 45) F. Amijee, D. P. Stribley and P. B. Tinker; New Phytol. 123 (1993), P297-306 46) B. D. Thomson, A. D. Robson and L. K. Abott; New Phytol. 118 (1991), P463-469 47) R. N. Ames, C. P. P. Reid, L. K. Porter and C. Cambardella; New Phytol. 95 (1983), P381-396 48) F. Beat and H. Schuepp; New Phytol. 124 (1993), P221-230 49) K. M. Cooper and P. B. Tinker; New Phytol. 81 (1978), P43-52 50) A. Gildon and P. B. Tinker; New Phytol. 95 (1983), P247-263 51) K. Killham and M. K. Firestone; Plant and Soil 72 (1983), P39-48 52) R. M. Davis and J. A. Menge; New Phytol. 87 (1981), P705-715 53) J. H. Graham and J. A. Menge; Phytopathol. 72 (1982), P95-98 54) H. W. Dehne, F. Shonbeck and H. Baltruschat; Z.pflkrankh.Pflschutz 82 (1978), P630-632 55) H. Baltruschat and F. Schonbeck; Phytopath. Z. 84 (1975), P172-188 56) H. W. Dehne and F. Shonbeck; Phytopathol. Z. 95 (1979), P210-216 57) R. M. Davis, J. A. Menge and D. C. Erwin; Phytopathol. 69 (1979), P453-456 58) M. J. Daft and B. O. Okusanya; New. Phytol. 72 (1973), P975-983 59) J. C. Sutton and B. R. Scheppard; Can. J. Bot. 54 (1976), P326-333 60) I. Alexander; Trees and Mycorrhiza (1987), P79-89 61) G. T. S. Baylis; Plant and Soil 33 (1970), P713-716 62) J. A. Menge, E. L. V. Johnston and R. G. Platt; New Phytol. 81 (1978), P553-559 63) G. D. Kleinschumidt and J. W. Gerdemann; Phytppath. 62 (1972), P1447-1453 64) R. M. Davis and J. A. Menge; Phytopathol. 70 (1980), P447-452 - 114 - 65) S##gand (m##5^) "ed. by (1994), P172 -2-172 -5 66) C. Plenchette, V. Furlan and J. A. Fortin; Can. J. Bot. 59 (1981), P2003-2008 67) R. L. Wastie; Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48 (1965), P167-178 68) B. N. Ramirez, D. J. Mitchell and N. C. Schenck; Mycologia 67 (1975), P1039-1041 69) O. O. Awotoye, M. O. Atayese, O. Osonubi, K. Mulongoy and D. U. U. Okali; John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, United Kingdom, "Biological nitrogen fixation and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture" ed. by K. Mulongoy et al. (1992), P67-77 70) A. Chulan and A. J. M. Kcmal; "Trees and Mycorrhiza" ed. by N. P. Ng (1987), P103-115 71) N. Ahmad and M. Zakaria; Trees and Mycorrhiza (1987), P127-132 72) D. W. Malloch, K. A. Pirozynski and P. H. Raven; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 (1980), P2113-2118 73) R. Molina; Can. J. Bot. 57 (1979), P1223-1225 74) H. B. Massicotte, R. L. Peterson, A. Ackerley and Y. Piche; Can. J. Bot. 64 (1986), P177-192 75) R. Molina and J. M. Trappe; Forest Sci. 28 (1982), P423-457 76) J. M. Trappe; For. Sci. 13 (1967), P121-130 77) E. Hacskaylo; Academic Press, New York and London, "Ectomycorrhizae" ed. by G. C. Marks et al. (1973), P207-230 78) G. Lundeberg; Stud. Forest. Suec. 79 (1970), P5-95 79) D. H. Lewis and J. L. Harley; New Phytol. 64 (1965), P238-255 80) D. H. Lewis and J. L. Harley; New Phytol. 64 (1965), P256-269 81) D. H. Lewis and J. L. Harley; New Phytol. 64 (1965), P238-255 82) D. C. Smith, L. Muscatine and D. H. Lewis; Biol. Rev. 44 (1969), P17-90 83) D. I. Bevege, G. D. Bowen and M. F. Skinner; Academic Press, London and New York, "Endomycorrhizas" ed. by F. E. Sanders et al. (1975), P149-174 84) R. A. Abuzinadah and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 103 (1986), P481-493 85) R. A. Abuzinadah and D. J. Read; Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris, "Physiological and Genetical Aspects of Mycorrhizae" ed. by V. Gianinazzi-Pearson et al. (1986), P395-402 86) I. J. Alexander and K. Hardy; Soil Biol. Biochem 13 (1981), P301-305 87) M. Calleja, D. Mousain, B. Lecouvreur and J. DAusac; Physiol. Veg. 18 (1980), P489-504 88) J. L. Harley and C. C. McCready; New Phytol. 51 (1952), P343-348 89) H. B. Massicotte, L. H. Melville and R. L. Peterson; Scanning Microsc. 1 (1987), - 115 - P1439-1454 90) Y. Piche, R. L. Peterson, M. J. Howarth and J. A. Fortin; Can. J. Bot. 61 (1983), PI185-1193 91) J. E. Nylund; New Phytol. 86 (1980), P373-378 92) J. A. Duddridge and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 96 (1984), P565-573 93) J. L. Harley; Leonard Hill, "The Biology of Mycorrhiza 2nd ed." (1969) 94) K. A. Vogt, C. C. Grier, C. E. Meier and R. L. Edmunds; Ecology 63 (1982), P370-380 95) P. H. Nye and P. B. Tinker; Stud. Ecol. 4 (1977), 96) R. D. Finlay and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 103 (1986), P157-165 97) R. D. Finlay and D. J. Read; Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris, "Physiological and Genetical Aspects of Mycorrhizae" ed. by V. Gianinazzi-Pearson et al. (1986), P351-356 98) J. L. Harley and C. C. McCready; New Phytol. 49 (1950), P388-397 99) J. L. Harley and C. C. McCready; New Phytol. 51 (1952), P56-64 100) G. A. Chilvers and J. L. Harley; New Phytol. 84 (1980), P319-326 101) V. K. Mejstrick; New Phytol. 69 (1970), P295 102) V. K. Mejstrick and H. H. Kraus; New Phytol. 72 (1973), P137-140 103) G. D. Bowen; Academic press, New York, "Ectomycorrhizae" ed. by G. C. Marks et al. (1973), P151-205 104) J. A. Duddridge, A. Malibari and D. J. Read; Nature 287 (1980), P834-836 105) R. Boyd, R. T. Furbank and D. J. Read; INRA, paris, "Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae" ed. by V. Gianinazzi-Peason et al. (1986), P689-706 106) R. K. Dixon, S. G. Pallardy, H. E. Garrett and G. S. Cox; Can. J. Bot. 61 (1983), P1559-1565 107) I. Levisohn; New Phytol. 53 (1954), P284-289 108) D. H. Marx; Academic press, New York, "Ectomycorrhizae: their ecology and physiology" ed. by G. C.Marks et al. (1973), p351-382 109) R. W. Stack and W. A. Sinclair; Phytopathology 65 (1974), P468-472 110) W. H. Wilkins and G. C. M. Harris; Ann. Appl. Biol. 31 (1944), P261-270 111) L. C. Duchesne, R. L. Peterson and B. E. Ellis; Phytoprotection 68 (1987), P17-27 112) L. C. Duchesne, R. L. Peterson and B. E. Ellis; New Phytol. 108 (1988), P471-476 113) D. M. Sylvia and W. A. Sinclair; Phytopathol. 73 (1983), P384-389 114) D. M. Sylvia and W. A. Sinclair; Phytopathol. 73 (1983), P390-397 115) A. B. Hatch; J. Forest 34 (1936), P22-29 116) P. Mikola; Academic Press, New York, "Ectomycorrhizae" ed. by G. C. Marks et — 116 — al. (1973), P383-428 117) F. Lapeyrie, J. Garbaye, V. d. Oliveira and M. Bellei; CAB, Wallingford UK., "Mycorrhizas in ecosystems" ed. by D. J. Read et al. (1992), P293-299 118) J. Garbaye, J. C. Delwaulle and D. Diangana; For. Ecol. Manag. 24 (1988), P151-157 119) R. E. D. L. Cruz and E. B. Lorilla; Abstracts of the 8th NACOM (1989), 120) N. Malajczuk, F. Lapeyri and J. Garbaye; New Phytol. 114 (1990), P627-631 121) N. Malajczuk, R. Molina and J. M. Trappe; New Phytol. 91 (1982), P467-482 122) J. Garbaye; New Phytol. 128 (1994), P197-210 123) V. Pearson and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 72 (1973), P371-379 124) D. B. Fasolo and V. G. Pearson; Hull. New Phytol. 83 (1979), P739-744 125) J. Duddridge and D. J. Read; Can. J. Bot. 60 (1982), P2345-2356 126) R. J. Seviour, R. R. Willing and G. A. Chilvers; New Phytol. 72 (1973), P381-385 127) T. A. Peterson Mueller, W.C., and Englander, L.; Can. J. Bot. 58 (1980), P2421-2433 128) J. R. Leake and D. J. Read; Academic Press, New York, "Techniques for mycorrhizal research" ed. by J. R. Norris et al. (1994), P435-460 129) D. P. Stribley and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 73 (1974), P1149-1155 130) D. P. Stribley and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 86 (1980), P365-371 131) M. H. Gaskins, S. L. Albrecht and D. H. Hubbell; Agriculture, Ecosystems and Evvironment 12 (1985), P99-116 132) J. W. Kloepper, R. Lifshitz and R. M. Zablotowitz; Trends in Biotechnology 7 (1989), P39-44 133) Y. Okon and Y. Hadar; CRC Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 6 (1987), P61-85 134) M. E. Brown; Annual Review of Photopathology 12 (1974), P181-197 135) W. Howie and T. V. Suslow; Phytopathology 76 (1986), P1069 136) Y. Kapulnik, S. Sarig, I. Nur, Y. Okon, J. Kiegel and Y. Hennis; Experimental Agriculture 17 (1981), P179-188 137) A. M. N. Omar, C. L. Richard, P. Weinhard and J. Balandreau; Biology and Ferility of Soils 7 (1989), P158-163 138) N. Omar, O. Berge, S. N. Shalaan, J. L. Hubert, T. Heulin and J. Balandreau; Symbiosis 13 (1992), P281-289 139) J. L. J. Neal and R. I. Larson; Soil Biology nd Biochemistry 8 (1976), P151-155 140) S. J. Grayston, I. A. Poisson, L. M. Nelson and J. H. G. Stephens; CSIRO, South Australia, "Improving Plant Productivity with Rhizosphere Bacteria" ed. by M. H. Ryder et al. (1992), P67-69 141) J. R. DeFreitas and J. J. Germida; Soli Biology and Biochemistry 24 (1992), P1127-1135 - 117 - 142) J. R. DeFreitas and J. J. Germida; Soli Biology and Biochemistry 24 (1992), P1137-1146 143) J. J. Germida and J. R. d. Freitas; CSIRO, South Australia, "Improving Plant Productivity with Rhizosphere Bacteria" ed. by M. H. Ryder et al. (1994), P37-39 144) A. J. Caesar and T. J. Burr; Phytopathology 77 (1987), P1583-1588 145) C. P. Chanway and F. B. Holl; Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39 (1993), P1084-1088 146) G. A. O'Neill, C. P. Chanway, P. E. Axelrood, R. A. Radley and F. B. Holl; Canadian Journal of Microbiology 70 (1992), P2347-2353 147) F. B. Holl and C. P. Chanway; Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38 (1992), P303-308 148) C. P. Chanway and F. B. Holl; Forest Science 40 (1994), P238-246 149) S. M. Taha; Plant Soil 31 (1969), P149- 150) P. Broadbent, K. F. Baker and Y. Waterworth; Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 24 (1971), P925-944 151) P. Broadbent, K. F. Baker, N. Franks and J. Holland; Phytopathology 67 (1977), P1027-1034 152) J. T. Turner and P. A. Backman; Plant Disease 75 (1991), P347-353 153) T. W. Mew, A. M. Rosales and G. V. Maningas; CSIRO, South Australia, "Improving plant productivity with rhizosphere bacteria" ed. by M. H. Ryder et al. (1994), P9-13 154) M. R. MacNair; Academic Press, New York, "Genetic consequences of man-made change" ed. by J. A. Bishop et al. (1981), P177-207 155) A. D. Bradshaw and T. McNeilly; Edward Arnord, "Evolution and Pollution" (1981) 156) W. D. Mcllveen, R. A. Spotts and D. D. Davis; Phytopathol. 65 (1975), P645-647 157) A. Gildon and P. B. Tinker; Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 77 (1981), P648-649 158) I. Weissenhorn, M. Mench and C. Leyval; Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27 (1995), P287-296 159) H. Schuepp, B. Dehn and H. Sticher; Angewandte Botanik, "Mycorrhiza and Plant Stress" ed. by (1987), P85-95 160) P. M. McCool, J. A. Menge and O. C. Taylor; J. Amer. Soc. Hori. Sci. 104 (1979), P839-842 161) P. M. McCool and J. A. Menge; Cal. Air Environ 107 (1982), P839-842 162) P. M. McCool and J. A. Menge; New Phytol. 94 (1983), P241-247 163) P. F. Brewer and A. S. Heagle; Phytopathology 73 (1983), P1035-1040 164) J. Dighton and A. E. Jansen; Environ. Pollut. 73 (1991), P179-204 165) J. A. Entry, K. J. Cromacak, S. G. Stafford and M. A. Castellano; Can. J. For. - 118 - Res. 17 (1987), P865-871 166) J. Dighton and R. A. Skeffington; New Phytol. 107 (1987), P 191-202 167) G. A. Schier; Can. J. For. Res. 15 (1985), P29-33 168) C. Alexander and H. G. Miller; Report on CEC Working Party 1 (1985), P170-180 169) C. J. McQuattie and G. A. Schier; Can. J. For. Res. 22 (1992), P1901-1916 170) C. Rapp and G. Jentschke; Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, "Effects of acid rain of forest processes" ed. by D. L. Godbold et al. (1994), P183-230 171) R. Bell, C. S. Evans and E. R. Roberts; Plant Soil 106 (1988), P143-145 172) M. T. Brown and D. A. Wilkins; New Phytol. 99 (1985), P101-106 173) M. D. Jones and T. C. Hutchinson; New Phytol. 102 (1986), P429-442 174) M. D. Jones, M. H. R. Browning and T. C. Hutchinson; Water Air Soil Pollut. 31 (1986), P441-448 175) U. Galli, M. Meier and C. Brunold; New Phytol. 125 (1993), P837-843 176) M. D. Jones and T. C. Hutchinson; New Phytol. 108 (1988), P451-459 177) M. D. Jones and T. C. Hutchinson; New Phytol. 108 (1988), P461-470 178) C. R. Berry; J. Environ. Qual. 11 (1982), P709-715 179) D. H. Marx; Ohio J. Sci. 75 (1975), P288-297 180) A. Sobotka; Lesnicky Casopis 37 (1964), P987-1002 181) B. Liss, H. Blaschke and P. Schott; Eur. J. For. Path. 14 (1984), P340-348 182) J. Meyer; Allg. Forst Zeitschr 27-29 (1987), P754-757 183) E. Jansen, J. Dighton and A. H. M. L. Bresser; Bilthoven, "Proc. Worksh. Exp. Meeting. Berg en Dal. Commission of the European Communities" ed. by (1988), P194 184) J. Blab, E. Nowak, W. Trautmann and H. Sukopp; Kilda-Verlag, Greven. (1984), P270 185) E. Jansen and H. F. V. Dobben; Ambio 16 (1987), P211-213 186) E. Arnolds; Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 90 (1988), P391-406 187) B. W. D. Vries, A. E. Jansen and J. J. Barkman; KNNV (Dutch Mycogical Society), Hoogwould, The Netherlands, "Veranderingen in de paddestoelenflora" ed. by E. Arnolds (1985), P167 188) J. Meyer, B. U. Schneider, K. Werk, R. Oren and E. D. Schulze; Oecologia 77 (1988), P7-13 189) S. R. Shafer and Schoeneberger; Air Pollut 73 (1991), P163-177 190) J. L. Carney, H. E. Garrett and H. G. Hedrick; Phytopathology 68 (1978), P1160-1163 191) H. E. Garrett, J. L. Carney and H. G. Hedrick; Can. J. For. Res. 12 (1982), P141-145 — 119 — 192) H. F. Stroo and M. Alexander; Water Air Soil Pollut. 25 (1985), P107-114 193) P. B. Reich, A. W. Schoettle, H. F. Stroo, J. Troiano and R. Amundson; Can. J. Bot. 63 (1985), P2049-2055 194) K. D. Keane and W. J. Manning; Environ. Pollut. 52 (1988), P55-65 195) M. J. Mahoney, B. I. Chevone, J. M. Skelly and L. D. Moore; Phytopathology 75 (1985), P679-682 196) —B£JH£I£44 (1994), P339-352 197) R. H. Maas and P. Bannister; New Phytol. 81 (1978), P753-761 198) R. Bradley, A. J. Burt and D. J. Read; Nature 292 (1981), P335-337 199) R. Bradley, A. J. Burt and D. J. Read; New Phytol. 91 (1982), P197-209 200) R. G. Turner and A. Marshall; New Phytol. 71 (1972), P671-676 201) H. H. Shugart; Chapman & Hall, New York, "Vegetation dynamics & global change" ed. by A. M. Solomon et al. (1993), P3-21 202) C. Koerner; Chapman & Hall, New York, "Vegetation dynamics & global change" ed. by A. M. Solomon et al. (1993), P53-70 203) M. F. Allen, W. K. Smith, T. S. Moore and J. &. M. Christensen; New Phytol. 88 (1981), P683-693 204) M. S. Brown and G. J. Bethlenfalvay; Plant Physiol 85 (1987), P120-123 205) J. L. Parke, R. G. Linderman and C. H. Black; New Phytol 95 (1983), P83-95 206) C. P. P. Reid, F. A. Kidd and S. A. Ekwebelam; Plant and Soil 71 (1983), P415-432 207) N. Mathur and A. Vyas; ournal of Plant Physiology 147 (1995), P328-330 208) S. A. Ekwebelam and C. P. P. Reid; Can. J. For. Res. 13 (1990), P1099-1106 209) V. Slankis; Academic Press, New York, "Ectomycorrhizae : their ecology and physiology" ed. by G. C. Marks et al. (1973), P231-298 210) M. G. Dosskey, R. G. Linderman and L. Boersma; New Phytol. 115 (1990), P269-274 211) J. W. G. Cairney, A. E. Ashford and W. G. Allaway; New Phytol. 112 (1989), P495-500 212) N. Ramakrishnan, B. N. Johri and R. K. Gupta; Photosynthetica 22 (1988), P443-447 213) N. Sanchez-Diaz, M. Pardo, M. Antolm, J. Pena and J. Aguirreolea; Plant Science 71 (1990), P215-221 214) N. C. Bolgiano, G. R. Safir and D. D. Warncke; J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108 (1983), P819-825 215) G. R. Safir, J. S. Boyer and J.W .Gerdemann; Plant Physiol. 49 (1972), P700-703 216) G. J. Bethlenfalvay, M. S. Brown and A. E. Staffed; Plant Physiol. 79 (1985), P1054-1058 - 120 - 217) C. P. P. Reid; IUFRO Proc., Nancy, "Root Physiology and Symbiosis" ed. by A. Riedacker et al. (1979), P392-408 218) C. Theodorou and G. D. Bowen; 34 (1970), P183-191 219) D. A. Phillips and L. R. Teuber; Martinas Nijhoff Pub., Dordrecht, "Nitrogen Fixation Research Progress" ed. by H. J. E. e. al. (1985), PI 1-17 220) S. L. Albrecht, R. J. Maier, F. J. Hanus, S. A. Russell, D. W. Emerich and H. J. Evans; Science 203 (1979), P1255-1257 221) T. M. Delong, N. J. Brew in, A. W. B. Johnston and D. A. Phillips; J. Gen. Microbiol. 128 (1982), P1829-1838 222) S. D. Cunningham, Y. Kapulnik, N. J. Brewin and D. A. Phillips; Appl. Env. Microbiol. 50 (1985), P791-794 223) L. E. Williams and D. A. Phillips; Crop. Sci. 23 (1983), P246-250 224) R. J. Maier and W. J. Brill; Science 201 (1978), P448-450 225) mnXM, AlilMh g±ESS58 (1987), P7-11 226) P. B. Cregan and H. H. Kegser; Crop Sci. 26 (1986), P911-916 227) Y. E. Devine and B. H. Breithaupt; Crop. Sci. 20 (1980), P269-271 228) J. Meade, P. Higgins and F. O'gara; Appl. Env. Microbio. 49 (1985), P899-903 229) B. J. Kamicker and W. J. Brill; Appl. Env. Microbiol. 53 (1987), P1737-1742 230) K. R. Schubert and H. J. Evans; Proc. N. A. S. 73 (1976), P1207-1211 231) K. R. Carter, N. T. Jennings, J. Hanus and H. J. Evans; Can. J. Microbiol. 24 (1978), P307-311 232) J. S. L. Favre and A. R. J. Eaglesham; Plant Soil 92 (1986), P443-452 233) K. Minamisawa; ( Abst.) 5th Int. Symp. Microb. Ecol. (1989), P169 234) L. D. Owens and D. A. Wright; Plant Physiol. 40 (1965), P927-930 235) R. Lopez-Aguillon and B. Mosse; Plant and Soil 97 (1987), P155-170 236) B. Mosse; Nature 239 (1972), P221-223 237) J. M. Wilson; New Phytol. 97 (1984), P427-435 238) L. K. Abbott and A. D. Robson; Austral. J. Agric. Res. 32 (1981), P631-639 239) R. G. Linderman; Phytopathology 78 (1988), P366-371 240) J. C. Dodd and P. Jeffries; Soli. Biol. Biochem 18 (1986), P149-154 241) T. P. McGonigle and A. H. Fitter; Mycol. Res. 94 (1990), P120-122 242) E. Sieverding and S. Toro; J.Agron. Crop Sci. 161 (1988), P322-332 243) A. D. Robson and L. K. Abbott; Academic Press, Marrickville, "Soil acidity and plant growth" ed. by A. D. Robson (1989), P139-165 244) D. M. Sylvia and J. N. Burks; Mycologia 80 (1988), P565-568 245) J. M. Trappe; Llyodia 27 (1964), P100-106 246) N. M. Shemakhanova; Isr. Program Sci. Transl., "Mycotrophy of woody plants" (1967) - 121 - 247) D. H. Marx and C. E. Cordell; Cambridge University Press, New York, "Biotechnology of Fungi for Improving Plant Growth" ed. by J.M.Whipps et al. (1989), Pll-25 248) P. A. Mason, J. Wilson, F. T. Last and C. Walker; Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands, "Tree root systems and their mycorihizas" ed. by D. Atkinson et al. (1983), P247-256 249) B. R. Kropp and J. A. Fortin; Can. J. Bot. 66 (1988), P289-294 250) G. Bruchet, J. C. Debaud and G. Gay; INRA, Paris, "Physiological and Genetical aspects of mycorrhizae" ed. by V. Gianinazzi-Pearson et al. (1986), P121-132 251) M. L. Cline and C. P. P. Reid; For. Sci. 28 (1982), P237-250 252) C. Walker, P. Biggin and D. C. J. Jardine; For. Ecol. Manage. 14 (1986), P275-283 253) B. B. Bohlool and E. L. Schmidt; Science 185 (1974), P269-271 254) F. B. Dazzo and D. H. Hubbell; Appl. Microbiol. 30 (1975), P1017-1033 255) S. P. Pull, S. G. ueppke, T. Hymowitz and J. H. Orf; Science 200 (1978), P1277-1279 256) G. Senguputa-Groplan, J. W. Pitas and T. C. Hall; Nijhoff Pub, Hague, "Advances in Nitrogen Fixation Rersearch" ed. by C. Veeger et al. (1984), P427 257) H. C. Tsien, M. A. Jack, E. L. Schmidt and F. Wold; Planta 58 (1983), P128-133 258) I. J. Law and B. W. Strijdom; Soil Biochem. 9 (1977), P79-84 259) I. J. Law and B. W. Strijdom; Plant Physiol. 74 (1984), P779-785 260) G. Stacey, A. S. Paau and W. F. Brill; Plant Physiol. 168 (1980), P821-827 261) K. Vandenbosch; J. Bacteriol. 168 (1986), P1392-1401 262) J. A. Leigh, E. R. Signer and G. C. Waiker; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985), P6231-6235 263) S. P. Djordjevic, H. Chen, B. G. Rolfe, M. Batley and J. W. Redmond; J. Bacteriol. 169 (1987), P53-60 264) M. S. Kuo and A. J.Mort; Carbohydr. Res. 145 (1986), P247-265 265) G. Smit, W. KijneJ and B. J. J. Legtenberg; J. Bacteriol 168 (1986), P821-827 266) S. J. Vesper and W. D. Bauer; Appl. Env. Microbiol. (1986), 267) E. Kondorosi and A. Kondorosi; TIBS 11 (1986), P296-299 268) E. Kondorosi, Z. Banfalvi and A. Kondorosi; Mol. Gen. Genet. 193 (1984), P445-452 269) K. Rostas, E. Kondorosi, B. Hovath, A. Simoncsits and A. Kondorosi; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986), P1757-1761 270) T. T. Egelhoff and S. R. Long; J. Bacteriol. 164 (1985), P591-599 271) J. W. Redmond, M. Batley, M. A. Djordjevic, R. W. Innes, P. L. Kuempl and B. G. Rolfe; Nature 323 (1986), P632-635 - 122 - 272) N. K. Peters, J. W. Frost and S. R. Long; Sci. 233 (1986), P977-980 273) J. T. Mulligan and S. R. Long; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985), P6609-6613 274) B. Horvath, A. Kondorosi, C. W. B. Bachem and J. Schell; EMBO J. 6 (1987), P841-848 275) M. A. Djordjevic, J. W. Redmond, M. Batley and B. G. Rolfe; EMBO J. 6 (1987), P1173-1179 276) W. H. Fuchsm an and C. A. Appleby; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 579 (1979), P314-324 277) N. Brisson and D. P. S. Verm a; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982), P4055-4059 278) M. L. Guerinot and B. K. Chelm; Proc. N. A. S. 83 (1986), P1837-1841 279) J. Hattori and D. A. Johnson; Plant Mol. Biol. 4 (1985), P285-292 280) J. Landmann, E. S. Dennis, T. J. V. Higgins, C. A. Appleby, A. A. Kortt and W. J. Peacock; Nature 324 (1986), P106-168 281) R. P. Legocki and D. P. S. Verm a; Cell. 20 (1980), P153-163 282) P. Katinakis and D. P. S. Verama; Proc. Natl. Acad. sci. USA. 82 (1985), P4157-4161 283) H. B. Bergmann, E. Freddie and D. P. Verma; EMBO J. 2 (1983), P2333-2339 284) E. R. Appelbaum, T. J. McLoughlin, M. O'Connell and N. Chartrain; J. Bacteriol. 163 (1985), P385-388 285) A. Kondorosi, E. Kondorosi, C. E. Pankhurst, W. J. Broughton and Z. Banfalvi; Mol. Gen. Genet. 188 (1982), P433-439 286) A. M. Hirsch, D. Drake, T. W. Jacobs and S. R. Long; J. Bacteriol. 161 (1985), P223-230 287) M. Yamato, Y. Nakayama, T. Yokoyama, O. U eno and S. Akao; Soil Sci. PI. Nutri.43 (1997), P51-61 288) F. Debelle, F. Maillet, J. Vasse, C. Rosenberg, F. d. Billy, G. Truchet, J. Denarie and F. M. Ausubel; J. Bacteriol. 170 (1988), P5718-5727 289) A. H. Christensen and K. R. Schubert; J. Bacteriol. 156 (1983), P592-599 290) N. Ramakrishnan, R. K. Prakash, S. Shantharam, N. M. Duteau and A. G. Atherly; J. Bacteriol. 168 (1986), P1087-1095 291) E. Jacobson and W. J. Feenstra; Plant Sci. Lett. 33 (1984), P337-344 292) B. J. Carroll, D. L. McNeil and P. M. Gresshoff; Plant Physiol. 78 (1985), P34-40 293) O. M. Gresshoff, D. A. Day, A. C. Delves, A. P. Mathews, J. E. Olsson, G. D. Price, K. A. Schuller and B. J. Carroll; Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, "Nitrogen fixation research progress" ed. by e. a. H. J. Evans (1985), P19-25 294) J. Bousquet and M. Lalonde; Academic Press, "Tha biology of Frankia and actinorhizal plants" ed. by Schwinzer et al. (1990), P239-261 - 123 - 4.1 n = a % o % ^ c «t b ^ 6 ^ ^,-c ^ %^ ####%####, w ^^^/rm^wa$#, *7^^#mwa#m, mj# ss^^mwsssx ^ ^ fc-rx m#53%&«ka^ba^z^^m #:# (#c, 4.2.1 ^ m#. 4.3.1 WS> ####) ^y If^ -b >f - J. ^SSHWIi7^ ?.$?A (Dm ^L-c%b±(f6o (&awmm-#-az:iW2 4.2 W^mSTkL £W^BC>:R£, 4tll©AWSi©ai ^^0^66. ±(c^:bi&&mW (^7%^:) m&#a (#0^^) ^mbA^^fbT ammomm amwatemf (#am@) wm. amc^f^ee m (f;i/f?-;f>l/y?f —If) ##?&3&NH?-7±7^ (c#AL - 124 - ^+$B##m#:Tfd:%wt)©©x mCio^Cx (yV7^^-h) #A^ji,^me?©^^e^&w^©m#x w@. mm&^c^fams -5o 4.2.1 mit, mm, ###% m^mm, mmm • ss@©^m lt©se&#i«$> 5 0 l^"C(±x 1978#&&34#T\ Tj]~?v 11,4 46*, <7 p w 14,620*©^%###?K#M&^^ o^tMc J; DSM^iifco cti6 ^^&x #^p->©#^ex ©#f£ifiWB VTUS£ o #fW#^#%kL T* vy©4¥£"ekt98.9%©^ p- X 85.8%©E#:£S£U ^PT'y04^trtt68.8%0^D — X 41.9%©E#C#^ Lfeo M76T'{±, 7*V\y4^£T\ 92.4%©^ P — X 72.8% ©E#:^#^ Lx ^D7 '^©4#$T(±50.0%©^P—X 18.1%©E#:C#^L^o Cfl6©#AC^V^"Ct±x c^p->^j;^p->m### 4.2.2 mmizM-t%&& m#^%me#;K©w@&ep c (±x c j; %^©rnm^^r k^%o c©mto^^©m^(c(±x i»b^©ifiti©aiii^ kfimt^v^x so2^NOz%^©#^©^#(±^% wf^uz#j:x ^me®m@(z(±x mto%#m#(#^mx mem^^me^T^m^cNL-Cx 77< h hp> ft t'lzZ'f >yikMWt% x t &§S7:$> 3o —^x LT It, m&x #&x X t &X t, S02, N0/PC02©#]^&$#f & C h©m^%/j\#©#mmG##m (rn^#2.6-3.5m%@) ^ mtffx - 125 - £S3S^£*VTV^ (04.2-1) 14)0 CtUi. S^3.8m. @@3.5 mx Con- tinuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Fumigation Chamber ktPptiilT l''?) 51 #a#2frc^&^#x ^V>{ix Frankia b (D 4.2.3 m#x mmm#) x #(cmLT(±x -^x %#A0#A(Z)#^(±'7y (Rizobiumjfi JiXfBradyrhizobium) T? $)%o M^b-^otc^o-Cx »x te«s<7)ffi^£*-v y^^-iix m 7^^V7^1f(D#Ax #A(±/\>yjp (A/MMf #x , "VTtt (MyricaMx "Wtt#) &£\ Dx ^SttStSS© Frankia'? $> £ o & Dx UT$>£ DSl^f V^OT&l^fctox - 126 - Chamber height §! activated charcoal Chamber diameter 3.5 m Chamber volume 35.3 m1 aide cover side cover raised lowered when treatments are during not being applied-*" treatment Irrigation line O particle filter =p psychrometer 10 cm / Soil thermocouple 04.2-1 m*(D* v i' EXPERIMENTAL TREES v GAS RELEASE NOZZLES GAS RELEASE PIPEWORK RABBITn ABB II PROOF fence GAS SUPPLY PIPES SP SCOTS PINE COMPUTER NS NORWAY SPRUCE CONTROLLED VALVES SS SITKA SPRUCE CP CORSICAN PINE 04.2-2 l?^SSSE(D#iJ - 127 T&to^x Frankia(Di%m5m±, IZM Lx h ^^x A/»wgrwtra(Dm?^6077^y^ HL&Wx f r^jWaC ck a l\ 9 A & Frankia(Dm^mmmz.m\,x\^ kbm%#m&mswe'j^x Tl''£o Elaegnus angustifolia (7" X f4) -^#07 < #®##(j:x #4"®# ^WL’fyiptoWWicSfofz. Frankia(DM%kl/Z >5)bSx Casuarina sp. (t77^" 7#) 77f-7 7^if0B^m^ ti%o ^vr, 24) o VA@#@(±x L A,k%#x Tf^i~nt o rn&*mu wfecDMmzv l^o —A^^%##%#-(! B%0#@&^###(Z)#&L%V^±#(c##T^#Ax &6&U##EG:jSW-C#& SS LT^^StE&Sfiit;*i± 3frlT l>3o 3'7777 (Pisolithus tincto- r«,f)kL #A#m^^L^%#7%#m(c^mLx mmmtLxmmommzm^^nz^^o ®cRLT(±. 77^7-r I'to L:7 Lx ;777-3-77;£?'x,'7 (Pinus sylvestris) ©SIT1 £>:07i&cF flfzi^y^^^'XDX ^f->#CckD. 77 «38^£ftfco (DfcllLT&x 377' 77" (P. tinctorius )x L.7/^77 (Paxillus invoIutus)0M^^:M^ \ XsfzZ. L^UxS cFil "CV^o L&Lx Yb-er#0|aI^±mm^fiT^Sfx ©x @x ©izHU (:##%(: 7 >/^7MAL -$7cS*t$tB£ £ DUS;* tlTectomy-corrhizin^^M^^tlfeo j; D7i##^f#A[lx Xx M L^L%:^6x 7>;^7M(DI#l^x -e 128 - 4.3 96titi £ 4i£ig#J©Wfi££E 4.3.1 Wffls mm&ffi Hm%fi5fclbKiWtMLtzWm sss c * it § mm c ^ ft n&\ ^wu m.tt-rz>ztiztti%0 J$S#B&£ld:^&b^;b>oTi^S©S&3o ^^©fit^fCo^Tttx &##^©#Alix WEx ^S^’dv >Tx 6)k^o %jox '7^vif4't>f-3.Y7mm]ew@0#^±x mc^*n:em^@i^e)©#?m©$ i®4I^Sott^c EiJiBv^cD^seid:, !995#c(j:#28,ooo$:a%"3Ti^% 4.3.2 m#x mitoMtEZMr ##@©#A###(±^#(C#^t)©©x >f > H * '>TSS*© Parasponia undersoniii?^MM^fltzW&M\±, 70@(Zj3 #% c a%frc^ &*>„ c©mm@©mmm^##& M^LTx 7;i/77;v77©m&6##3:h,&&©2:L"C 4,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalconex 4 ',7-dihydroxyflavanonex 4',7-dihydroxyflavone6 s5H ‘-b tl (@4.3-1) x -€ © 9 4,4'-dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone©T§% t) #b^o Cfb ^ ©{bA#©zbA^#[email protected] (Z^RT^x 2,,4,4l-trihydroxychalcone©^ i^^Mb(2 <£. D 4,4'- dihydroxy-2-methoxychalcone ^ 3;)$ c? T^V h ^ >X T7 3:37—4f (Chal OMT) © V &T>f"fe J; D £ t £ #%Lx B0&M#LT^a^{b#ai&&#^Lx L £>U Zti @©j@&f©##x ^ ©fcfetx ^(:^:amu^x fm©#a#m&M^Ux ^©^A^&mu#f %cj; o 129 - L-Phenylalanine Jr PAL Acetyl CoA | CA4H I 4CL ACC CH-CH-CSCoA 3 malonyl CoA 4', 7-Dihydroxyflavanone OH O o F3' OH 4', 7-Dihydroxyflavone F3' OMT OH O OH O Luteolin Chrysoeriol 04.3-1 (7?#; j k) cdt)17t)17t 4,45 -dihyroxy-2 ’ -methoxychalcone N 4’ ,7-dihydorxy-flavonetttE^ b n luteolin ^chrysoerioll±@f £>SttiticFil l/WMZ'&Zo PAL,7i^77->7>^-7IJ?-If. CA4H, hE4-h Kn4r'>^—tfx 4CL,p-^7 v—;VEC oa U #—ACC,7t f-;i/Coa*;v^>'>7—CHS,*;vn>'>>d7—tfN chr,#;k3>u^ fe\ CHI,*;Vn W vy 7—Chal0MT,*;VZ2>0-y^;V h7>7 7x7—FO,77;V l?\ F3 ’ OH,7^^V>3’ - t D h* =>r'>7—fe\ F3 5 0MT,7 7;V>3’ -O-7 ^\>I/h 7 >7 7 x 7—t? - 130- o $,< o stiao C##f % C ^ qj AT & % o 4.4 m&ztitzm^cD^mm^cDmmmvvfflm 4.4.1 (i) BATti: TiiyyjiyyMWM, ;v—h°>tg^S(i$>$ D#<^%v^TX^S@##&#f# f § t £fc?v—^lzttt%igM%!)M;bMi'27)o Ax #@(±x Axiliiffio®&B©SiH@ t)T#&<, M^fz D X ttft>fr-ofz30)o jt&tiW3£iiTi^o C0Aa&B#®Z=#t:W\ #€»###&## a - < a„ o ^T,6o (i)-i #A#m±c#a #o#A(±. fosammm&L-c## cm^a;:2:#Te&o — 131 — (1) -2 it^J:i:J:otiIlT^fe 33)o LfrU £ ©7j &reMSiz«iSWSLTUZfz (t^©r% m k:-h (^) &m'&*mmm&©--#r MTIfflfr < U *— y-C:MS LTj3<0 -@^=Mfc D YMM#:iS%T’SSM £T^SUfcl01^L±©®m£Mrt§#momi£M@h‘- Hz Sgfinx., a^&(z ^,0 c©i$/b\ i?(;77t”73A, 5K, tt±, h S(ZWisest]x.TE (2) Frankia ©jg@^& l^4I^titli:^SOii±i4,©MIffi'?fel)o L^L, fr3k#tzkL 6°c-r^#f % & 3 5-^ iil g&fz t> 10s—106 cfu ©SSfefE£t£z>yb^ 6^%#o^c©#±(±A k©o.oi%(z % o $m%# L ^FranmqT#T & & o 1 -5L^„ 41B.5- 2mg, - 5g^f im ii'it'fe^o Frankia% jgSL tztit)©£{£B£ 3 (Z tiu SSM^SgTfeSo mmB^(±mmk:0;#(z##"c, mmm###©4:(z(±m#7>tz:H7A^6 mM&&& ;z(±u>m###±;h&©-^ u gBpH&S' < ©##"Cf%T&&#, Myrica galeltpU 5.4-6.3©^!Et4T A < f^TSo tlB©^JSi*i5-30 oC/b5M^T$>^o (3) VASSS©EtJ^©MM ##©m&tzjeg-rsc^>b sEi/i^o ###hjt&^©ss£©(z-diat (±@(zaot #%D, Glomus sp. T&JB^so® t 2g©SWSt£lBlCWS©fi5cS{SB$AS^^ Vfc^x Acaulospora sp.T'(i^^tl©($'9 d^M6tlT'$> o A;40-^ #& fl 9 ^ (Z (±^ #@M mfc-owT&m&mtac&T, ##&#z#(A-ckL # - 132 - ^ hr-ems^ ^ fit^ s« u-c (±m$R(D±(cj0?^m #mui\wm^w®^L^\pi±^m,&^n^o ;i/D-%am^. vAam^±%h%±h&#^ ^i/v u^uc^ e>©S^id:SST<7)jSSS(cl:b^> £'0±wL(D&MM%:t&Wt-r%fz&, h@(Df^E vases £m^mmt%±mm^pta <, ±mp u^u, ±#a### ^©tgffl^sETsvAssMmMtt^M5>n^.o wmt, m^® PMi'P^J®—"^'^ ^0 Wfttm^Glom u s fasciculatum ^ Acaulospora sp. %hT(D##%VASES(D^f &##T6#|ol^ab^)^o ha#^#am& momm #?% < jp w<. ca^ y^ach ^Tm&&mmh&o TV'1 &®~C'$> -3 "5 o Pearson £>47H&ScutelisporacalosporabGlomus sp. htDisn’^SS''''^ w#mmm##ma(7)m\s. caiosPora®mmi:^itmp®^l&^M®Mm&i: u, (4) Kp.mmn®myd^®mmm k^W^Ai^c h ## & frc wHWSMh 5 £d&Sk£;h/Tl^o ^##%%SfMS(D#@^(C^lM:(±Peterson £>50)£:#^ (DC ^a#&^m#±m^##^2-4kg/m%#±j»# mm-t em^ama®##®fLZ= momma, ;a h ^ - 133 - H"?T\ Pisolithus, Laccaria, Thelephora,Rhizopogon,Paxillus, Cenococcum <5o h k K— h LXPisolithus tinctorius ©S^£t:aSiLfc&©£: EEf^©;i:t tznynv c© j; 9%E©#(±###^zkf ^lo]©##A^@i\ ^ < #ty- %##©%m^mv^ %©immA#& # %>P. tinctorius^Scleroderma spp.> Rhizopogon spp.^C ^f©# fcm-&xtmhitte5mm^m^ 5S)o £©<£?^A%m%^@©#Ac*±±#©#mm 61)o ^;i/^J©JSffllZiot Trichodermat£&Dfb zztizx^tg ###&{&#^%A&%o c C© b fzPinus strobus ©S^^U — 134 — #m< 7c^fmwmT^m#&L-ri^ #^w%#^tbsca-CTsmbi/^a#^.^^So v^A^^u-c^s# -&C&, maomm&eackCck^-c^mmcDBm^m^^o miJ&m)-&;t:#X ^&TfU>0aW:5O-6OppmO$5mmcmc)C^^m^^^-CW So ^.©iBHCDSEflEKiPmMS' banksiana^ Picea mariana ^®^'^{3'OV''T$?M'^$>S T{@m^ ^ s c a ^ fi-c #-c, mm 4.4.2 (l) va MIIS tw&M L"C WSo Rhizobium melilotiQ'ftyj&'t' S y (DWiiP £> (D'fi'Y&ffiOA'&tti Ao^#s#W6^-c^s^\ zti&mm£vAm&M(D&%!ibftMlfco art Rhizobium (±#4">##EftTt^Svb^ 3frl£ &VASES©!* Ml^h^£ftT^S71)o VAmmj$±m$~?(DRhizobium ^^LTV^So vass izx-dx ©am t tizt^o t & o x 1944 mz® f, j;9^ VA@#M tFrankia ©ffiEfFffl £&#&@0#Ai: fsl C #©#&%%##(: j; ,, %<%#* fbS C ^ fb"C S% - 135 - 4.4.3 wmm (1) SS@^SS — * hoidr^-^V- h— (pH 6.5-6.8) T'£WT5©T? ##(±ct,a, #@M@##@(D%#(c(±, E #J£S DT ftSS^tStWEffl£H5o #<€» Rhizobium ©inSi(3tilt/ 3H:$flkil> 6 Bradyrhizobiumim *7 V *fe D—71/#^,# ©sum 1-10%n&-e$>zifi, mm 0#A®qT#e&M^-#-o %#mm(i26-32m@m^j;v^^^-cv^o A#T, /J\m#(D77%3#, #m##T 1-5 xio'/m K h&£©$1®%(SfflnJET-&5o WkkR#:m&L&l\ %##fr # #%. ±##Tk&§M(z# mo~27m-c##mm&fz-5c ac b, LTf^^n^mM(iSv«l@©rSt4^^o tz £ # 3 o (2) vAmmm &l>o #±(D&V\##T(±#A®##]##!?DNA0 TiASo S^(rj3VTS^CDt6SbSjl^aoTVA^S^(DJEATPase© VASSSo^ir^^b^,5t^cDm©fc®(rM^(DS^(3j:oT^ C^.f5j^/?p j: - 136 - & u & L c % c & & % o ®#^(±#m^ u % < % % ^ ^^m®m^m±#%f% z a #-e # % « fgmCkL ±, B\ K hr- h ^ A &£#-JS£M^Cb tu i#m:(±3~ 4X^&#T%o Gianinazzi^ "4±4m"®AMP CM@±W&AK ^P— A'-£ %W%ZtftXB%tLX^%o C®###(C(± lkg$)^ 05,000-10,000®####^ < ttlZo Warnere>89) &h°— b £fflVfc###®£B73&tCOVTifWF&@loTl>3o cN±##®i^cmAf % #@®a&M6f &0%rMo t>ifimxi±±Mte£Z)fflm)ijt>nxjot)s 3ttt\ fT"£W6MLMijju T l > £ 0 ^ m^^®^m, u#L. #^p%h@T® (3) ^mum m^-C^ /i-<3r^7-r hahr-h^^##:kLTm^&##L^%®####kL Tj£<^t»nTi^o tztzLs mm IZ.mWiWklZ&^^i&tX^Wkl'i.Pisolithus tinctorius #®#@(CRB6^T^). ^—X h7 ’J7 Xlitfioletusplorans'^.m^'^lX-^^^tz . Xfl\i.X Tl^o h S%^ilTl>^>92) o £tzLaccaria bicolor(DUMfomX(D^^M& !bWMM t LX£$j]X& %o if:3>rtTS§fT5#A(C(±##:®###^%##%### 'i h £ffll^fc#?ll##Mycorr Tech Incorporated Jr On International Forest Tree Seed Company ilSouth Pine Incorporated® 24tct 0 n Wl @#4^®hizotech Laboratories Incorporated 137 4.5 $SW HwoT-c, :amu^o mum, Franks J; o k#(c, 6^fb##j; (c. % c a wm-r $> % a # t s % o ##A# 1) T. T. Kozlowski and H. A. Constantinidou; Forestry Abstracts 47 (1986), P5-51 2) T. T. Kozlowski and H. A. Constantinidou; Forestry Abstracts 47 (1986), P105-132 3) Am# A#, #m%; #A#@# (1991 ) 4) ^%r^mK AAA#, Am#AGG, MBm, #B#H; 3m## (1994) 5) SBSB; A#{£# Vol.22 (1996), P205-214 6) S'tSlf'vS, B#%,^, X#-#, SE^-til; (1992), P201-219 7) Pffl^S; ##IW Vol.45 (1996), P132-137 8) ###8@X# Vol.5 (1993), P281-290 9) fe'fefb, Vol.5 (1993), P291-297 10) mW^hM, BB^S, BB#m, ##A, AflS?£¥; WSBflSx^ V0I.5 (1993), P298-308 11) J. J. Fillatti, J. Sellmer, B. McCown, B. Haissig and L Comai; Mol. Gen. Genet. 5 (1987), P192-199 12) mii@#, mae, B^©#^m?#{-#^m;#^w#m^(i98i) 13) USDA Forest Service; Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States (Agriculture Handbook No. 450) (1974) 14) J. J. J. Wiltshire, C. J. Wright and M. H. Unsworth; For. Ecol. Mage. 51, (1992), PI15-120 15) A. R. McLeod, P. J. A. Shaw and M. R. Holland; For. Ecol. Mage. 51, (1992), P121-127 16) C.S. Greitner and W.E. Winner; New Phytol. Ill, (1989), P647-656 17) A## A, CBW# A, AA#i% &iR^x#, #AK #B#, #0##, #wa A, B A^a m*#; (1994 ) 18) S. R. Long; W*X^ Vol.2, Suppl.l (1990), P381-397 - 138 19) R. A. Dixon, C. A. Maxwell, W. Ni, A. Oommen and N, L. Paiva; "Genetic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism, B. E. Ellis, G. W. Kuroki and H. A. Stafford, eds."; Plemun Press (1994), P153-178 20) A. Lewin, E. Cervantes, C.-H. Wong and W. J. Broughton; Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3 (1990) P317-326 21) K. Pawlowski and T. Bisseling; Plant cell, 8 (1996) P1899-1913 22) A M. Berry and L.S. Sunell; "The Biology of Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants, C. R. Schwintzer and J.D. Tjepkema, eds."; Academic Press (1990), P61-81 23) L. F. Benoit; Chemical Abstracts, 118 (1993) P478 (CA 118/13/121 171v) 24) J. G. Torrey; "The Biology of Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants, C. R. Schwintzer and J. D. Tjepkema, eds."; Academic Press (1990), P83-106 25) F. Martin and D. Tagu; "Mycorrhiza, A. Varma and B. Hock, eds."; Springer-Verlag (1995), P29-58 26) IgBfrSftt (1995) P4-318 27) SS, ed. by *### (1980), P213-221 28) J. Brockwell, R. R. Gault, M. Zorin and M. J. Roberts; Aust. J. Agric. Res. 33 (1982), P803-815 29) A. H. Gibson, B. C. Curnow, F. J. Bergersen, J. Brockwell and A. C. Robinson; Soil Biol. Biochem. p.95-102 7 (1975), P95-102 30) J. A. Ireland and J. M. Vincent; Trans. 9th Internatl. Congress Soil Sci. Soc. 2 (1968), P85 31) L. T. Leonard; USDA, "Method of testing bacterial cultures and results of tests of commercial inoculants" (1944) 32) R. W. Weaver, L. R. Frederick; American Soc. Agronomy, Soil Sci. Soc. America, Wisconsin, "Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties" ed. by A. L. Page (1982), P1043-1070 33) am, ed.by (1975 ), P216-231 34) J. M. Vincent; Blackwell Scientific Publications, "A manual for the practical study of the root-nodule bacteria" (1970) 35) A. H. Gibson; Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Technology" ed. by G. H. Elkan (1987), P321-369 36) P. Somasegara, H. J. Hoben; Univ. Hawaii NifTAL Pro. and MIRCEN, "Methods in legume-Rhizobium technology" (1985) 37) J. Brockwell; Academic Press, Sydney, "Nitrogen fixation in legumes" ed. by J. M. Vincent (1982), P211-227 38) T. L. Righetti and D. N. Munns; Plant Soil 65 (1982), P383-396 139- 39) J. L. Ferguson and S. H. Woodhead; American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, Minnesota, "Methods and Principles of Mycorrhiza Research" ed. by N. C. Schenck (1982) 40) 1. R. Hall; Trans. Brt. Mycol. Soc. 67 (1976), P409-411 (mmmse) "ed. by (1994), P172 - 2-172 -5 42) C. Plenchette, V. Furlan and J. A. Fortin; Can. J. Bot. 59 (1981), P2003-2008 43) C. L. Powell and D. J. Bagyaraj; Proc. N. Z. Agron. Soc 12 (1982), P85-88 44) M. J. Hattingh and J. W. Gerdemann; Phytopathol. 65 (1975), P1013-1016 45) C. L. Powell; New Phytol. 83 (1979), P81-85 46) E. Sieverding; Deutsche Gesellschaft fur technische zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, Germany, "Vesicular-Arbuscular mycorrhiza managment in tropical agrosystems" ed. by (1991), P94-112 47) J. N. Person, L. K. Abott and D. A. Jasper; New Phytol. 123 (1993), P93-98 48) R. F. Sutton; Martinus Nijhoff/ Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands, "Tree root systems and their mycorrhizas" ed. by K. K. S. B. D. Atkinson M. P. Coutts, P. A. Mason, and D. J. Read (1983), 49) D. H. Marx and G. E. Hatchell; South. J. Appl. For. 10 (1986), P173-179 50) R. L. Peterson and P. Chakravarty; Academic Press, London, "Techniques for Mycorrhizal Research" ed. by J. R. Norris et al. (1994), P75-106 51) D. H. Marx; Clarendon Press, Oxford, "Tropical Mycorrhiza Research" ed. by P. Mikola (1980) 52) J.L. Harley, S.E. Smith, Academic press, "Mycorrhizal Symbiosis"(1983) 53) D. H. Marx, C. E. Cordell, D. S. Kenney, J. G. Mexal, J. D. Artman, J. W. Riffle and R. J. Molina; For. Sci. Monogr. 25 (1984), Pl-101 54) D. H. Marx, J. L. Ruehle, D. S. Kenny, C. E. Cordell, J. W. Riffle, R. J. Molina, W. H. Pawuk, S. Navratil, R. W. Tinus and O. C. Goodwin; For. Sci. 28 (1982), P373-400 55) J. Gagnon, C. G. Langlois and J. A. Fortin; Can. J. For. Res. 17 (1987), P840-845 56) J. Gagnon, C. G. Langlois and J. A. Fortin; Can. J. For. Res. 18 (1988), P922-929 57) B. R. Kropp and C. G. Langlois; Can. J. For. Res. 20 (1990), P438-451 58) D. H. Marx, J. C. Mexal and W. C. Morris; S. J. App. For. 3 (1979), P175-178 59) D. H. Marx and J. L. Ruehle; Academic Press, London, "Techniques for Mycorrhizal Research" ed. by J. R. Norris et al. (1994), P383-411 60) J. Katan, A. Greenberger, H. Alon and A. Grinstein; Phytopathology 66 (1976), P683-688 61) J. M. Trappe, R. Molina and M. Castellano; Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 22 (1984), P331-359 — 140 — 62) R. C. Summerbell; Can. J. Bot. 66 (1988), P553-557 63) V. Slankis; Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 12 (1974), P437-457 64) D. H. Marx and C. E. Cordell; Inst. Food and Agric. Sciences, Univ. Florida, Gainseville, "Mycorrhizae in the Next Decade : Practical Applications and Research Priorities" ed. by D. M. Sylvia et al. (1987), 65) J. L. Ruehle and C. G. Wells; For. Sci. 30 (1984), P1010-1016 66) A. L. McComb and J. E. Griffith; Plant Physiol. 21 (1946), Pll- 67) R. J. Mitchell, H. E. Garrett, G. S. Cox, A. Atalay and R. K. Dixon; Can. J. For. Res. 17 (1987), P1153-1156 68) T. Ingestad, A. S. Arveby and M. Kaehr; Physiol. Plant. 68 (1986), P575-582 69) J. Garbaye; New Phytol. 128 (1994), P197-210 70) J. Olivares, E. Montoya and A. Palomares; Academic Press, London, "Recent Developments in Nitrogen Fixation" ed. by W. Newton et al. (1977), P375-376 71) S. E. Smith and G. D. Bowen; Soli Biol. Biochem. 11 (1979), P469-473 72) G. J. Bethlenfalvay, M. S. Brown and A. E. Staffod; Plant Physiol. 79 (1985), P1054-1058 73) P. T. C. Nambiar and V. Anjaiah; Biol. Fert. Soils 8 (1989), P311-318 74) G. Due, A. Trouvelot, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson and S. Gianinazzi; Plant Sci. (Shannon) 60 (1989), P215-222 75) J. P. Ross and J. A. Harper; Phytopathol. 60 (1970), P1552-1556 76) B. Mosse, C. Li, D. S. Powell and D. S. Hayman; New Phytol 76 (1976), P331-342 77) C. Azc#rAguilar and J. M. Barea; Chapman & Hall, London, "Mycorrhizal functioning" ed. by M. F. Allen (1991), P163-198 78) S. E. Smith and M. J. Daft; Aust. J. Plant Physiol 4 (1977), P403-413 79) D. Harris, R. S. Pacovsky and E. A. Paul; New Phytol. 101 (1985), P427-440. 80) S. L. Rose; Can. J. Bot. 58 (1980), P1449-1454. 81) F. A. Skinner, R. J. Roughley and R. M. Chandler; J. Appl. Bacteriol. 43 (1977), P287-298 82) R. S. Smith; Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Technology" ed. by G. H. Elkan (1987), P391-411 83) L. A. Materon and R. W. Weaver; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49 (1985), P465-467 84) S. Gianinazzi and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson; Symbiosis 2 (1986), P139-149 85) G. Becard and Y. Piche; New Phytol. 112 (1989), P77-83 86) J. Lei, G. Becard, J. C. Catford and Y. Piche; New Phytol. Ill (1991), P25-33 87) C. M. Hepper; CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, "VA Mycorrhiza" ed. by C. L. Powell et al. (1984), P95-112 - 141 - 88) S. Gianinazzi, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson and A. Trouvelot; British Mycological Society. Cambridge University Press, "Biotechnology of fungi for improving plant growth" ed. by J. M. Whipps et al. (1989), P41-54 89) A. Warner, B. Mosse and L. Dingemann; Forest Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, "Proceedings of the 6th North American Conference on Mycorrhizae" ed. by R. Molina (1985), P85 90) ##wg, (1995 ) 91) M. Moser; Forstwiss. Cbl. 77 (1959), P257-261 92) F. L. Tacon, G. Jung, P. Mungier, P. Michelot and C. Mauperin; Can. J. Bot. 63 (1985), P1664-1668 - 142 5S mtjlf ^ c % v ^ mm##, & & cm# & m ^ u, iiiiifctA^^o ipcc®#^c$>% ji^ce^xM^c^^Tso# h co 2 (^/httvx 7 5Sh>m) i$mMLx^z>o ^2 o^mxz(Dco 2mmM(D ©mE> o ioo omam±03W#&&iT/ti>&„ zoLtztt (#i$)« ztit>®tm*ottx^%%mmmi±3-nvj\i989%- 5^-^) Xttl 1,6007jh a £ & :fc <£ £>\ ?>C02@^*© 1 0 % ^£ft^©MW"£^;bftfckLT%, ISh >;W 9 & C & & o c j: % C02@^CD#^O 50%CmM31-&&(D iS^T'l^o #m#fmm T%^#^T(±##)(±10-35kg S02/h a/^CD#UA"C#iRT& C &#?#5o bfrU TVTtz&ttzso 2 —^x Wm&Ofo1$mkW^Om^ Tw&c&##^2arc^6o cji,^(c%±#memx ^v>g%x - 143 - TL'&o tb Mt£M!$}ffMtMgtLXl'%i§'nl£/J>ftl't^%.t>ti%o bfrU $> tX £&&)£&&’?&& ttblz, Mi'Mfc &b6, ^#!K^©%©(:^f% @me©mn ^ B m b a ###&&<,## % & & h^EBSVz:©E@T'^§ hS^^nr V^)o $K A##©glutathione ■ reductase^?&#Af —^ S02Ef££^fPiceapungens(:::^T&£fS4i©EE^>ybS/J>&<> WjSx #p#(c@#LT^6o £0,1:5&J *> m#m# £izS®ft3:£ISII L*C BM©%m^#©t @#&##? & % o t*»u i^xmm ztiz^z mmmv mefm (QTD ##&cj;^#^©wm^&mmT#%wr#B^^%o - 144 - tltzftfe(Dffifo%feMir %> ££.&&&&}£$—&%-M8>ZtzV)l£' —13, ##0 AW(±###:(7)^"C (d:% <, #j3(c AM L "C v ^# A# A#C^ X^tiXi^ (3#) o V;(####(%####j:U:;\>Vjp#^#AT&### Frankia^0#^m^#K:j:^-Ca^^^mm®mC#m#^im7,5 0 0^h>"C. ciifct# A WB^ecDW-tf-cD 2 i£U±lzfflM1r%o J: U #@ mu sw*-7m%it lx, m®wmmmimm(D^u.mmm-gtix\^o -13, SES^PFrankia^ ^©SSBS&A^AtltiW;: & ##@#^§##^##0 AW^At <^fcotl^o SA&^TSSS (VA@% ^AM$v EricoidMSS^ £') ^V^%#Mk#AUTV^o < (±#A&#^^VWA@#%^^) 0 x vA##mia±m*(Z) v > & u #A A & c % c z o A wmm^m & t, o ^ i: tC, VAS®@©S^tcJ: D±S^WA$@MT5o %tz, D M £> ii& #c, ^sswaosa\zm^xim^.mmm(Dmwm fetilC&ott^o C(Dck^ kattc, ^LT^^%e '>>^©S AfctiStKD A5£{£BU co 2©ma^WJ1-^ #&<, #(c, h i/XtcMf m±(D j; 9 (C## at. m%&#AT%c^(:j;Dx ###Q)AW%mAAA%aw - 145 - h 5 C k & (t 0 #CD^-^')/ h v h k L%@i|bf % 10 tl^frf cF fri%>o Wk mmm; m. m&m BfBScD^WPtiS ti®tf»J *»w. H5-1 s&m##fb(D#iq]f;:am2#a — 146 — 1 mm#: m^) 2 m m : ¥f%9*£2B2 7H - 3B9B 3 mff @99 : ic, #2c^ # 3C, %(DmUm'MteMLZ¥(D£o&MMft£t>titziP, SMC, SftSiECMUT m±(D5^T&%o 4 mmmmf: ±#(±^#eT & & o x ^ iv0 ^ ^ ##& f Td>sf>b7^'r7)l?%:'MA;tdo £(Ditto —S&^ ^ 7^Vy)^V b t LT^< ±#a*vt &##$»<, me se^A^m^u^o #^#6D#p9#^^#s%®#8&#$y f5&#@j;3c&ao ##o##&mm#%c#^ LTi^o ^oT®m##m0yoi;3:^hu-y-T&o^o ^zL-br>y>±#0 ;\>7-%mL (##) -m (@am) iSDT, h l/^£MVTt^£o Mb< 7 5 4 7)bZ3^(D7 4 ^T(±##%##(D—A"C&%o mkomm^^ Farchau ^####0###^, M — 147 — 5 mn : 282 7 B (*) 282 88 (A) / \ > y;i/ ^ IrI SBAB^SSWB** (Farchau #####) 38 1 8 (±) 3 8 2 8 (8) StoB )\y-?)\/V=7y V y)V b#> h# (Sg§) >y># (m) 38 38 (8) ^ - tf > y 38 4 8 (*) |^S§ Horb N RotweiK N eustadt $$Eti ~7 7? 4 7VV7:|| 3 8 5 8 (*) 7 7 >r mm 38 6 8 (*) 7 7 ^ y;F 7 (7^r>7#m 7 7 y;i% ^ 38 78 (A) ## 7 7 6 mmm&: 282 88 (A) #&%#&#e%0(±x tm(Dffi$itzt&otbm^tzo ##Tcmfia^ -c cx u%#^ LX ?4 1 : O.Dunisch,J.Bauch,J.Puls,M.Muller: "Biological and Chemical Wood Properties of Long-Term Polluted Spruce(Picea abies L. Karst.) at High-Altitude Stands of the Erzgebirge" Holzforschung 50, 497-506 (1996) F^ ^ F-r !), A^OAd? y7mWSII©BB£§ti3ic-EoTVfco M 1\ tKE©S^—D> #K0# % A —$ fix l' fc« ti2 : Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Foist- und Holzwirschaft A^oTA##7°D i/^9 btt3>3&sfrtotiTV''fcHift#:£Mfc&#>W’fc Farchau ^##0##AS##(±, » F>f F^t, A—A *;xydrf^ Foy 4"##®#A:(p ^7X7 7-11 F^ 6 AAV^S ;\>y;Fy 011#^^5,ms#m#% &\ (Dmz&-Dfr2>o Z(Dtztb£M ^o %#Q# ^xWtaot sox SM'AU LV'»tttit±^<^ofci:v^o $ fz, 1975 1979 #6Df CC(Z)###m&#AS±7!A#m7r#%^ mc##Ts^$)L^v^a^o F^y#m A-y, y^AA77-^m@^^ h LX&^tz0 F -y h^B^WSLTx r^iFS oTV>S - 149 - 38 3 8(8) $k m (mmm). £tZ o ^-fe &(DXflf$[(D§£%T% Z tlZ&^Xl^fz fee L^Lx Z $#0M^L=w#p%c&#m %MaL V tz y—T- >M—#—t)|^S LT^dDx W^WiHtLX tzXl7 u ll*l§Itt^ofco ZCD'^W.(±{IJSt%SLTU3 ng ¥—(D#')^ K(D##C#;b&fG#Ltwaa4)o h^kT3vb8^^x #77^ l&8 #^C(Z)%&^&fca tLXi^Tz) ®MM(DMM ('>>^hV—X) (c#*&#^T^Dx E^O^|qJt4>b sS CStiifco ?i 4 : M.Guttenberger,V.Neuhoff,R.Hampp: "A Dot-Blot Assay for Quant it aion of Nanogram Amounts of Protein in the Presence of Carrier Ampholytes and Other Possibly Interfering Substances", Anal.Biochem. 196, 99-103 (1991) 3 8 48 W ^^,x ^Avtf&M-mec^oze&o ^v^-;n®±m^6Q^x jif(D7K(±^^m6tc #o-cv^o urn-3^=0 - 150 - 3>x-h/ > H±#Av-cw^o #&#&: 0C#^j;i^^4r(CAZ:o%^%k, $&&< WLfts#fco $$(± 20 ^< <&&6&Wo ^oTl^co kCS&CSC &(f%v>s0 <^0##,5Rnv h/W;Hz#v^o £fcLTSS5S©B>bs^<> tz<£ hWWftk. loti^o Lfr&mi^z tlz?iJ^&-^cDmt*lMtf&&^o ^o|0$fiiWJ$(: #&&&#&%< ^o mz&mMn fA^tztK %l2IS%oTV^©T£51~S;2ht)"Ct&W k, m#mcb9 c%^^/wn^^o-cmfi-c utb < mm&m^ ^oc^if^TcL^oTcTiXo yhm^^O&AJgo [ql^wmik; 3^ 5B(*) K^7am±mx&:&&og&&#g&L&o u^u. sz=x 2k#cmAf6#m^A#:k:##?x ft & ##<% 7 > tz: "7 Ag>C^%o 3&#(D#&#zk - 151 sustainability MMLT&M'&tZZtb&ZCDfzo #o#LZ=%L-c^&o ±7£ zt > h n — ;i/f 3 £ £* & *c*±, m ?ck bT(^ iULfco >si~ M > ht:EtOofc%©'T?$>ofco 3W1 — M > bcDtplzte, MnS©?$^ 9T&^o #mm#0 7^y#, #. % %sc#Af c ^CH^t'feofco *'j7^1/-7^0Yy7t*7h'j0xf m##^m X.6flTV^)o it 6 : H.Rennenberg, S.Schneider, P.Weber: “Analysis of uptake and allocation of nitrogen and sulphur compounds by trees in the field”, J. Exp. Bot. 47, 1491 - 1498 (1996) mm#TkL BSME^^cDiSftll^©fc & £§r L i >it ^ nu b^h(D^#(DSODmm(±#7LTW^:o 4^0 tZ6, Z - 152 - #mL #o^B fz^O bB-ofzo 3^ 68 w 4#&fl\z? y n/^©'»^-OVT$>%« ^MX> M^Mt^M6fiX^fz0 yjl^m/vX, MY v# ya./^;i/'y/^j]/ bikJjl±-fc~DX$$X$)^fz&, BilirSBfc: %^\%&ZT(DX\±tfi^jptMlk£htzo 0;i/U fzo -ft, SS - 153 1980 #{&#&<&% ^#fbL-C^c^o Mf b&(±b(:(± 1975 tft 1979 mz. M7£± 3/4 *)$LT> £l^;S£bT^3£sbti£o C0M#:oWTkL f ^ *) omw, e,tztz, fzLfzv 3^ 6B(^c) ;>La— Ftz-otztfti£:\ 7y y^cDbcd/b^SsS&AiiTx |@|A#(7)^###=: ffl3zpft(D'>3-u —y—t(Dmg;(D$}3i%%Lt)m'ffzo c T {3 M £ & WL y U —bv f y ) \Jp, 3ES 7'^7777>7 o fc 7 \ —;V ^O y ^ ®^OT0*iiJ: Itlii^tltt^o 7y >? £LT&%]t>tiTi^z7-ji'<>mwfa(D££ri$z-mLrffi$cLz&b, mzx?-)i ^ (±##0#-A#-e & % o OH? Qffi9tf¥&*W&\s1to T, £ £ £ & ^fitztt(Dtz®0tPtMo(Dl!, 4-l^t fZo LT#Z=o X=-3^o LTx 7^;i/ ^W7-J:lt)titi^o v—T^MLTrSfWM^ V^L^o T(±, C%S(D 154 - 1:1^0 c fcfr*»fc>e>1\ #6o &Av£&<*iS!jUTU$o£o botbSa^5fiof; 0 -S^^ic^oTx £©$F3£p/f£T:fc££tt£X^oTAfc &aim c^'x g Lfr-ofzo 7 MX (££#>) *w=mm&&aLx L^Lx##(j:A# ^g-rmeax #w#mb&0x ^o^u^ou-cw 6o C(D#($-r(D#W^MU^ C afforest decline Ox ?#x gs^0A0<&A8y^^0A&eo a±^x a ##T& 5 9 o #f^Cx >^-(±x /woYMx >y>x ^#(D^|qI^CoWT(±x ffirr£7?|ol$&£U && - 155 -