Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003) 259

TREE WEALTH IN THE LIFE AND ECONOMY OF THE TRIBESPEOPL ANDHRF EO A PRADESH,

S. S. Rani, K. S. R. Murthy*, P. S. P. Goud & T. Pullaiah

Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur- 515 003, , India

Received August 1999______

RANI, S. S., MURTHY, K. S. R., GOUD, P. S. P. & PULLAIAH, T. 2003. Tree wealth economd life i netribespeoplan th e th f yo f Andhreo a Pradesh, India. Treed san forests are among the most bountiful and versatile renewable resources gifted to mankin naturey db . Tree wealth play vitasa economd life l rolth an e n ei f manyo y tribespeopl Andhrf eo a Pradesh, India e plain hilTh d . slan region State e th ef ar so inhabite larga y db e numbe f tribespeopleo r . They have learn utiliso t t e treth ee products for various uses including for their food, fibre, medicine, timber, oil, gums, tannin, dye fuelwoodd san detaile th , whicf so presentee har thin di s paper.

Key words : Ethnobotany - tree products - renewable resources

RANI . S.S , , MURTHY . R. S PULLAIAH , & GOUDK ,. P . S . P , . 2003T , . Kekayaan pokok dalam kehidupan dan ekonomi suku kaum di Andhra Pradesh, India. Pokok dan hutan merupakan anugerah alam yang paling banyak serta pelbagai guna. Kekayaan pokok memainkan peranan penting dalam kehidupan dan ekonomi suku kaum Andhra Pradesh, India. Banyak suku kaum mendiami kawasan lemba bukin hda t negeri ini. Mereka menggunakan basil hutan untuk pelbagai gunaan termasuk untuk makanan, bahan gentian, ubat, balak, minyak, damar, tanin, pewarna dan kayu api. Semuanya dibincangkan dengan terperinci dalam artikel ini. Introduction

Treemaia e nsar constituen forestsf o t , whic consideree har mose dth t valuable natura immensf l o resourc e ar d e ean importanc nationd an boto n et . hTreema s serve different purpose differenr fo s sole th e t e sourcneedar d sheltef eso an r and fuel and object of worship to our ancestors. Tree wealth plays a vital role in the life and economy of tribespeople by providing food, medicine, fibre, timber, wood, fuelwood, oil, gum, resin, tanni dyesd nan . Besides meeting human needs trees aid in preventing soil erosion and are sources of raw materials for various industries. Most tribal communities are tradition-oriented and, therefore, hesitate to use modern medical and health facilities even though available, since they are use theiherbao dn t row l remedies. Ethnobotanically Indiae th , n subcontinentn ,i particular Andhra Pradesh under-explores i , comprehensivo n d dan e accounf o t its folklore is available. The wealth of India and the State has been recorded byexampler fo , , Nadkarni (1908, 1954),Jai Tarafded nan r (1970), Hemadr al.t e i (198 Vedavath, 7) . (1994al t Vijayakumad ye an ) Pullaiad an r h (1997).

* Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] 260 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

Material methodd san s Study area Location e Stat Th f Andhreo a Pradesh lies between latitude 37'-19° 12 s d ° an 54 N ' longitudes 76° 46'- 84° 46' E. It occupies the middle portion of the eastern half of Indiae th n peninsul km4 a75 2 accountinwit6 aren 27 ha f ao r 8.4e gfo th % f o entire country. The state has land boundaries with Orissa and Madhya Pradesh in the north, Maharashtra and in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south, and a sea boundary with the Bay of Bengal in the east. Among all states of India, Andhra Pradesh has the longest coastline of 972 km (Figure 1). Geographically dividee Statb e n th eca d into three natural regions, namely, coastal plains, Eastern Ghat westerd san n plateau f whico , Eastere hth n Ghats shows much floristic diversity.

Figur eStud1 y are Andhrf ao a Prades Indin hi a Journal of Tropical1 26 Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

Forest and vegetation

Forests in Andhra Pradesh extend over an area of 65 000 km2. The types of forest Andhrn si a Prades givee har Tabln i e 1. The State's vast sandy strip of limited width is intercepted by extensive deltaic region se river builth y sb t Godavari, Krishn d theiaan r tributaries e rockth , y promotories of limited size projecting into the sea at Waltair and Pudimadaka, and the large saline and mud flat at Kakinada in the Coringa estuarine region and in the vicinity of Pulicat lake on way to Sriharikota island. The coastal vegetation of Andhra Prades dividee b n hca d subgroupsinto otw , namely, strand vegetation estuarind an e vegetation.

People

India has the second largest tribal population in the world, next to Africa. Ther altogethee ear triba0 55 r l communitie ethni7 22 f cso group Indian i s e .Th tribal population in the country is 86.6 million constituting about 9.6% of the country's total population Soutn .I h India, Andhra Prades highese th s hha t tribal concentration of population with 4.2 million, comprising 33 main tribes and

Table 1 Details of study area

District Highest Rainfall Type of No. of Forest altitude (mm) forests* species area (m) (%)

East Godavari 1050 1057 1,2,3,4 315 5.07 Guntur 1050 950 3,5,7 266 2.54 Krishna 680 1014 3,7 245 1.04 Nellore 1033 1005 3,5,6 313 3.95 Prakasam 745 818 2,3,5 196 6.94 Srikakulam 1120 1187 6 , 5 , 23 , 276 1.08 Visakhapatnam 1596 1199 1,2,3,5,6 387 6.92 Vizayanagaram 850 1141 , 6 , 5 , 23 , 156 1.87 West Godavari 757 1228 1,2,4,5, 346 1.27 Anantapur 644 560 3,7 202 3.09 Chittoor 980 932 6 , 5 , 23 , 360 7.09 Cuddapah 896 700 7 , 6 , 35 , 312 7.84 Kurnool 845 677 7 , 5 , 4 , 23 , 213 5.51 Adilabad 678 995 3,5 176 11.32 Hyderabad 501 810 7 57 Karimnagar 550 1026 2,3 125 4 Khammam 1005 1170 2,3 305 13.52 Mahabubnagar 800 688 3,5 224 4.75 Medak 600 928 3,4 197 1.45 Nalgonda 538 727 3,4 169 1.31 Nizamabad 663 1217 3,4 215 2.84 Ranga Reddi 509 807 3,4 174 1.15 Warangal 908 1055 3,4 275 5.82

*1 = tropical semi-evergreen forests, 2 = tropical moist deciduous forests, 3 = dry deciduous forests, 4 = northern mixed dry deciduous forests, 5 = dry savannah forests, 6 = tropical dry evergreen tropica= forest 7 d slan scrub 262 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

60 other small tribes. Koyas form the largest tribal population in Andhra Pradesh followed by Yanadi, Chenchus, Sugalis, Yerukalas, Konda Reddys, Doras and Lambadis. All live in forest areas of Andhra Pradesh. They depend upon forest produce for their sustenance, but tribal traditions are fast disappearing due to urbanisation, rapid industrialisatio changed nan sustenancn si e economy.

Methodology

stude conductes Th ywa 199n di 3 until 1998. While workin Flore th an go Sylavatic State th er oafo f Andhra Pradesh conductee ,w ethnobotanican da l survey among the tribespeople of Andhra Pradesh, with a view to gather information on the trees and tree products used by them in their daily life and health care. The data obtained from different localities and tribal villages were compared, analysed presentee ar d an thidn i s paper traditionae .Th l use thesf so e were discussed with 10 local healers and experienced adults (about 45 to 60 years old). The individuals were approache privatedn i thes ,a y revealed more easily their traditional plant lore in such condition than in large groups. For each plant the following informatio requesteds wa n : local name, medicinal use, preparatiod nan administration, and other economic importance of the given trees, e.g. food, timber, fibre, oil, gums, dyes and tannins. Only those plants that have at least five positive answers from different informants at different areas are included here. All the plant specimens collected were housed in the Herbarium of Sri Krishnadevaraya University (SKU), Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.

Results

r ethnobotanicaOu l investigation reveale specie9 42 f df treo o s that e taxou t a distribute Andhrn di a Prades hlarga e numbe bees rha n use variour dfo s purposes as shown in Table 2. Among them, 11 species were used for arrack and toddy, 98 specie r ediblsfo e purpose (leaves, flower fruits)d an s specie5 3 , r fibrd sfo an e floss, 63 for fodder, 74 for fuelwood, 48 for gums and resins, 42 for oil (different sources like leaves, flowers, bark, wood), 25 for tannins (bark, fruit) and 103 for timber. Some species were utilised for more than one purpose. The tribespeople utilise tax 0 r treatind7 afo g their common disease disorderd san meetind san g their health care (Table 3). commoditiesw fe Excep a r fo t , tribespeople depende e biodiversth n do e resource their sfo r food, timber, medicine, fueothed an l r daily requirements. They onlt no y use producte dth alst sbu o earned mone selliny yb producte gth s outside the villages, especially in the weekly markets. They collected non-timber forest products like gums, seeds, fruits, flower honed san y during different seasons. They eked out their livelihood by selling these forest collections to the Girijan Co-operative Corporation Limited. Table 2 Classification of trees based on economic importance Botanical name Family Local name Use* 1 1 234 56789 10

Acacia auriculifarmis Mimosaceae Australian tumma X X 1 Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Khadiramu, Sandra X XXX 1 Acacia decurrens Mimosaceae XXX Acacia farnesiana Mimosaceae Ansadra, Inupa tumma X X 1^ Acacia femtginea Mimosaceae Inupa tumma X X C/3 Acacia leucophloea Mimosaceae Telia thumma XX X Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Nalla thumma XX XX XX s Acacia planifrons Mimosaceae Godugu tumma X XX X Adansonia digitata Sterculiaceae Brahma X XXX 5 Adenanthera pavonia Mimosaceae Bandigurivinda X NO Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Meredu XX X X X X NS Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Peddu manu X X Ot Alangium sahrifolium Alangiaceae Uduga, Urgu xx x f Albizia amara Mimosaceae Narlingichikreni, Chigara XX X So Albizia chinensis Mimosaceae Konda-chigara X X ^- Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Pedda dirisinam x x x x x o Albizia odaratissima Mimosaceae Konda chigara X X X X X § Albizia procera Mimosaceae Tella-chinta X X Anacardium occidental Anacardiaceae Jidi mamidi X XX Annona reticulata Annonaceae Ramaphalamu X Annona squamosa Annonaceae Sithaphalamu X Anogeissus acuminata Combretaceae Pachimanu, Pedda manu X X Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Chiru manu X XXX XX Anthocephalus chinensis Rubiaceae Kadamba XX X Antidesma acidum Euphorbiaceae Pulleru, Gumudu X X Aphanamixis polystachya Meliaceae X Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Panasa X X Artocarpus lakoocha Moraceae Nakkarenu, KammuregX u XXX Atalantia monophylla Rutaceae Adavi nimma X Avicennia officinalis Verbenaceae Mada X Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Vapa, Vepa X X X X X

* arrac1= toddyd kdyesan = edible = 2 , 3 fibe ,= floss d fodder4 = , an r 5 fuelwood,= 6 , gum= resinsd 7 , san =8 , oil tannins= ,9 timbe = 0 1 , r

(continued) Table 2 (continued)

Botanical name Family Local name Use* 4 23 56781 0 1 9

Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae Kadapa X Bauhinia malabarica Caesalpiniaceae Pulishinta XX X Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpiniaceae Devakasia, Peddari X X X X X X Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Are, Pachare X X Bauhinia semla Caesalpiniaceae Nirpa, Goddari X XX X Bauhinia variegata Caesalpiniaceae Mandra XXX X X Bischofia javanica Bischofiaceae Nalupu, Mushithi X XX Bixa orellana Bixaceae Jabaru kaya X X Bombax ceiba Bombaceae Mundh, Buruga X X X X X X Borassus flabelifer Arecaceae Thati X XX Boswellia mialifoliolata Burseraceae Konda Sambrani X Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Guggilam, Anduya XXX X Bridelia airy-shawii Euphorbiaceae Kora mode XX X Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae Vurada X Ve Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae Thuddu panna XXX Buchannania axillaris Anacardiaceae Sarapappu, Karnel X g. Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Sarapappu, Mori X X •s, Butea monosperma Papilionaceae Moduga chettu X XX XX •f1. Caesalpinia coriaria Caesalpiniaceae Dividivi X X j; Callicarpa arborea Verbenaceae Gandagummadi X a. k-u Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae Ponna, Namare X X J Canthium dicoccum Rubiaceae Nalla balusu X X 8 Capparis decidua Capparaceae Kariramu X Co Caryota wrens Palmae Bejadale ebe u X X § Caralia brachiata Rhizophoraceae Giguru chettu XX X X ^ Careya arborea Lecythidaceae Kumbhi, Dudippa XXX X XX >— * Ut Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Rela X X XX NO Cassine glauca Celastraceae Neridi X l\0 Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Sarugudu X X U* Ceiba pentandra Bombcaaceae Kadami, Telia buruga XX XX f Chionanthus intermedia Oleaceae Satapala, Verri pogada X X N

(continued) Table 2 (continued)

Botanical name Family Local name Use* a 1 234 56789 10

Chukrasia tabularis Meliaceae Konda vepa X X •1 Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Nimma X X 1 Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Kamala pandu X X 5 Cleistanthus collinus Euphorbiaceae Kodishe X Cochlospermum religiosum Cochlospermaceae Konda gogu XX X C/3 Commiphora berryi Burseraceae X Commiphora caudata Burseraceae Kondaregu, Konda manidi X 3 Cordia dichotoma Cordiaceae Baukira XX X X

* arrac1= toddyd k an dyes = edible = 2 ,3 ,fibe = floss d fodder4 = , an r5 fuelwood,= 6 , gum= d resins7 , s tanninsan oil = = 9 8 ,timbe, = 0 1 , r K> o (continued) u* Table 2 (continued)

Botanical name Family Local name Use* 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ehretia acuminata Cordiaceae x x x Ehretia aspera Cordiaceae Pogadi x Ehretia laevis Cordiaceae Pagidi chettu X x x lanceifolius X X Erythrina suberosa Papilionaceae Mullu moduga X X X XX Erythroxylum monogynum Erythroxylaceae Pegadamu chettu X X X X Eugenia bracteata Myrtaceae Asivita X

Ficus auriculata Moraceae Ravi x Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Marri X X x Ficus hispida Moraceae Kaki X X Ficus microcarpa Moraceae Kondajuvi X X Ficus racemosa Moraceae Atti X x Ficus religiosa Moraceae Raavi X X x Ficus rumphi Moraceae X X X Firmiana colorata Sterculiaceae Kharka, Maraka X Flacourtia ramontchi Flacoutiaceae Kanru, Pulivelaga X X

Garcinia spicata Clusiaceae Pidaetha X X X Garcinia xanthochymus Clusiaceae Ivarumidi X X X X Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae Bikki X X Garuga pinnata Burse raceae Garuga, Garga X X XX X Givotia moluccana Euphorbiaceae Konda ponaku X X Co Glycosmis pentaphyUa Rutaceae X Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Gamar teak X X Grewia asiatica Tiliaceae Nallajana X XX Grewia damine Tiliaceae Adavijama X Grewia eriocarpa Tiliaceae X X X Grewia flavescens Tiliaceae Meda koava X X Grewia serrulata Tiliaceae Pegala X X f Grewia tiliifolia Tiliaceae Tada chettu X X NO Haldinia cordifolia Rubiaceae Pasupu gamapa X XX X Hardwickia binata Caesalpiniaceae Vepi, Nara yepi X X X O O 00 *1 = arrack and toddy, 2 = dyes, 3 = edible, 4 = fiber and floss, 5 = fodder, 6 = fuelwood, 7 = gums and resins, 8 = oil, 9 = tannins, 10 = timber

(continued) Tabl (continuede2 )

Botanical name Family Local name Use* 4 567823 1 0 1 9 Helicteres isora x x Sterculiaceax e Pedda shamala 1 Heritiera littoralis Sterculiaceae Adavibadamu x x Hibiscus platanifolius Malvaceae Kondagogu x a. Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae x x ^ Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceax e Kolamukki S. Homalium ceylanicum Flacorutiaceae Manthralamuki x C/5 Hymenodictyon orixense Rubiaceae Dudippa x x 1

Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Adaviamudam x x x Z,

Kydia calycina Malvaceae Konda podari x x x K)

Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae Chennangi x x x x x Or Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Gumpena x x x f Laportea crenulata Urticaceae x N5 Lepisanthes tetraphylla Sapindaceae x Kondakunkud, Salikunkudu 00

O Leucaena latisiliqua Mimosaceae Subabul x x o Limonia acidissima Rutaceae Velaga x x x ""

Litsea glutinosa Lauraceae XX X Litsea monopetala Lauraceae XXX Lumnitzera racemosa Rhizophoraceae Kadavi x

x Maba buxifolia x Ebenaceae Uti Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Ippa x xx Macaranga peltata Euphorbiaceae Boddi, Konda tamara x x Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Pedda ippa x x x x x Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae Kumkuma chettu x x x x Mammea x surgia x x Clusiacea x e Suraponna Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mamidi x x x x Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae Manchipada x x x Manilkara roxburghiana Sapotaceae x Melia azedarach Meliaceae Turakavepa x x x

* arrac1= toddyd k dyesan = edible = 2 ,3 fibe, = floss d fodder4 ,= an r 5 fuelwood, = 6 , =7 ,gum d resinss an oil tannins= = 8 ,9 timbe = 0 1 , r 8 (continued) 268 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

o •o x x X x x x x «J 3 •Ba B en X x x O

00 XX X X X

^ X xxx u £e •a <£> X X X X X X X V o D ^H \f) « XXX X X X X X X c 'c •* X X a 01 00 x xxx xxx x x X x X X '5 ii oo CM X X XXX XX x X X X X xxx x X a" 1 1—1 x X 1 H

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Loca l nam e Ulls 1 £ c 2 -C 3 o rt M rt rt A S U CQ Cw CQ 2 PM II Mokk a vep Pedda-it a Pedd a usirichet t Gulti , Duddug a Mull a thumm Chandana m Danimm a Teli a modug Sim a chint 0 Z Upp u ponn a Upp a ponna , K Kadapurugud u Yerr a yegis in

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1 « 8 « (C II i u ||l|lllf| ii .0 55J?<*3335 j? R •6 Mimosacea e Bignoniacea e Papilionacea e Rubiacea e Palma e Euphorbiacea e Papilionacea e Mimosacea e Papilionacea e Papilionacea e Punicacea e Annonacea e Rhizophoracea e Combretacea e Annonacea e Verbenacea e Anacardiacea e ii CO

II CM

f -Q_ •2Go3^5l^S.S s?J$ •o g"^^C3s.feo^ C'K rBt J"Sj"o§«,:a." .S3 ilililll•2 -S .g •S §g 'c 'c '•§ -3 cl i* II Botanica l nam e Oroxylum indicum Ougeinia oojeinensis Tabl e 2 (continued ) Pavetta indica Phoenix sylvestris Phyllanthus emblica Pithecettobium dulce Polyalthia cerasoides Polyalthia longifolia Pongamia pinnata Premna tomentosa Prosopis chilensis Pterocarpus marsupium Pterocarpus santalinus Punica granatum Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora mucronata Rhus mysorensis * Table 2 (continued)

Botanical name Family Local name Use* 1 234 56789 10

Samanea saman Mimosaceae Nidraganneru X XXX Santalum album Santalaceae Tella chandanam X X Sapindus emarginatus Sapindaceae Kunkudu X Schtdchera oleosa Sapindaceae Puska, Kodali-pulusu X X Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Nallajeedi XX XXX r Sesbania grandiflara Papilionaceae Avisi XXX Co Shared robusta Dipterocarpaceae Saluva X X X X X X X Shared roxburghii Dipterocarpaceae Jalari XX X Thambajalari X X Shorea tumbuggaia Dipterocarpaceae u* Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Kalinga X "fo Soymidafebrifuga Meliaceae Somi, Somigi X X Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Adavi mamidi XX X Km) Sterculia foetida Sterculiaceae Jangli badam XX X X K3 Sterculia wrens Sterculiaceae Kovila, Thapasi chettu X

Tamarindus aphytta Caesalpiniaceae Chinta X XX Tamarix aphylla Tamaricaceae Erravasaru X X Tamilnadia ukginosa Rubiaceae Adavi-manga XXX Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Teku X X Terminalia alata Combretaceae Inu maddi X XX Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Tella maddi X XX X Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Tadi, Thandra X X XX Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Badamchettu XX XX Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Karakka ichettu X X

*1 = arrack and toddy, 2 = dyes, 3 = edible, 4 = fiber and floss, 5 = fodder, 6 = fuelwood, 7 = gums and resins, 8 = oil, 9 = tannins, 10 = timber (continued) to Table 2 (continued) K> o

Botanical name Family Local name Use* 4 567823 1 0 1 9

Terminaliax coriacea x x Combretaceae x Jani, Nalla maddi x Terminalia pallida Combretaceae Telia karaka Terminalia paniculata Combretaceae Neermari, Nerali x x x Thespesia populnea Bombacaceae Ganga ravi x x Toona ciliata Meliacea x e Gali manu Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Morali, Boygu chettu x Vitex altissima Verbenaceae Nemali adugu x x Vitex peduncularis Verbenaceae x Vitex pinnatus Verbenaceae x Vitex quinata Verbenaceae X Walsura trifoliata Meliaceae Wallsuri, Erra valudu x Journal of '. Wendlandia heynei Rubiaceae X X Wendlandia tinctoria Rubiaceae X Wrightia arborea Apocynaceae Palachettu x Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Akupala, Ankudu x Tropical Forest Science 1 5 Xantolis tomentosa Sapotaceae x Xylia xylocarpa Mimosaceae Konda tangedu x x x x x Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae x Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Reni, Regu x x x Ziziphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceax e x Gol, Gotti chettu arrac= 1 toddyd kdyesan = 2 , , 3 = edible, 4 = fiber and floss fodder,= 5 fuelwood= 6 , gum= resinsd 7 , s an oil tannins= = 8 ,9 timbe = 0 1 , r

K>

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00 To Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003) 271

Table 3 Medicinally useful tree taxa and modes of administration

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/field no. Condition treated and mode family (Telugu) of administration

Acacia catechu Kasu, Khadirama, Kalasamudram Heartwood extract given internally with Mimosacea 1375P AT 4e Sandrlocaa l liquor made from Madhuca longifolia controo t l bleeding after childbirtn hi women.

Acacia farnesiana Kasturi, Domalapenta Heartwood made into a fine paste applied Mimosaceae Kamputumma, KNL 16826 on the skin to cure leprosy. Fruits of this Murki tumma plan usee tar contro o dt l f coughso l m 5 1 , decoctio stef no m bark taken orally, twice a day for three days to cure diarrhoea and dysentery. Paste of bark is used to treat cutwoundsd san .

Acacia nilotica Nallathumma Kumbum Stem bark made into powder taken Mimosaceae PKSM 15458 internally twice daily to cure gonorrhoea. Leaves chewed to cure scurvy.

Albizia amara Narling, Chikreni, Tirumala Leaf with asphalt (silajittu in telugu), crude Mimosaceae Chigara, Nalla CTR 13735 copper sulphate (mayilututtam in telugu) sagi, Konda made into pills, one pill taken daily early mornine th n i treao gt t mental illness. chikoni

Albizia lebbeck Sigara, Chigar Diguvametta Stem bark powder use diarrhoear dfo . Leaf Mimosaceae KNL 18306 juice dropped into the eyes to cure night blindness.

Albizia odoralissima Konda chigara, paste Th o leavef t e o e applieey s si Tirumale th n di a Mimosaceae Chinta yelagaku CTR 13707, treat diseases. The decoction of the stem Chindugu, Srisailam bar useks i relievdo t e body pains leae fTh . Bandie sindiga, KNL 15521 juice dropped into the eye to cure night Karuvaghe blindness.

Alangium Udugu, Oodugu, Lower Ahobilam Root paste taken internally and externally salvifolium Nalla udugu KNL 15295 (bite spot curo t ) e snake-bite. Root juice is use relievo dt e fever.

Ann

Anogeissus latifolia Tirumanu, chiru Talakona Stem bark made into paste taken internally Rutaceae Manu, CTR 13731 and externally (bite spots) as an antidote Velama to treat snake-bite. Stem bark paste taken internally after deliver o expet y e th l placenta.

Aegle marmelos Meredu, Rampa Fruit pulp and stem bark decoction is taken Rutaceae Bilvamu, EG 19321, internally with cumin seed o treat s t Sripala Galikonda stomach disorders. Fruit pulp mixed with VSKP 19636 honey or sugar is given for immediate relief of hiccups e frui eates Th i .t r curinnfo g dysentery and diarrhoea.

(continued) 272 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

Table 3 (continued)

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/fiel. dno Condition treate modd dan e family (Telugu) of administration

Ailanthus excelsa Pedda manu, Lowe leaflet0 2 o e boilert Ahobila sar 5 totaA 1 n di f o l m Simaroubaceae Pedda vepa watef o l m r d til0 becomet an li 75 l KNm 0 Ls 15 1529 4 take r timnpe el 1 0threm r efo timey da sa three days to cure malaria. Fresh stem bark crushed, made into juice, taken internally for relief from stomachache and chronic fever.

Aiadirachta indica Vepa, Yapa, North Dhone Leaf juice taken externally and internally Meliaceae Vemu RR KNL 1309 to cure skin disease. Leaf decoction taken with honey to cure diarrhoea and dysentery. Stem bark decoction is drank twice daily for seven days to cure malarial fever.

Anacardium Jidimamidi, Rampachodavm ara Kerne aphrodisiacusen s i la s da . occidental Mokka mamidi, EG 15249 Anacardiaceae Munta mamidi

Bauhima purpurea Devakasi, Pangidi The root extract is used for haemorrhoids Caesalpiniaceae Pedari, KNL 15215 and as a homeostatic agent. The stem bark Kanchanam, is boiled in water. This water is used for Bodanta bathin mothery gb restoro st e health after childbirth.

Bridflia Kora moddi, Mulu Upper Ahobilam Stem bark powder is given with water to airy-shawii maddi, Putta karka, KNL 15209 relieve abdominal pains. Stem bark made Euphorbiaceae Anemu, Koramanu, into fine powder taken as vapour bath to Koderu, Durva restore health after childbirth. maddi, Pia maddi

Bombax ceiba Mundh, Buruga, Vanipenta Bark juice, abou teaspoonx tsi s taken three Bombacaceae Pinna burugu KNL 15298 times a day to cure stomach-ache.

Boswellia serrata Guggilam, Anduga, Manchippa The juice of this plant controls coughs. Burseraceae Dhapamu NZB 19359 paste Th stef eo m bar giveks i n orally twice a day for one week to treat skin diseases. bare stef kTh o muses i treao dt t diabetes. uses i treao dt m gu t fevere Th .

Buchanania Sarapappu, Pedda Eturnagaram e fruit e edibleTh ar s . Seeds warmed axillaris mori, Morlisara, WGL 15533 slightly and made into powder taken daily Anacardiaceae Pedda moral! after taking foo r easfo d y digestion (dyspepsia).

Butea Moduga chettu Manchippa Yelloprepares i e wdy d from flowerd an s numosperma NZB 19334, seeds, use purgativs da vermifuged ean . Fabaceae Rollapenta Resin obtained fro e barmth k taken KNL 14296 internally to cure jaundice. Resin is given internally together with milk y twicda ea dayfor ten trea sto t bleeding.

(continued) Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003) 273

Tabl (continuede3 )

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/fiel. dno Condition treate modd dan e family (Telugu) of administration

Capparis grandis Regutti, Guti, Bogada The paste of leaf is used to cure skin Capparaceae Ragoa, Nallauppi, PKSM 16106 diseases. Leaves crushe juicd dan e applied Duduppi, Remidi to treat insect bite.

Careya arborea Kumbhi, Budda Upper Ahobilam Stem bark mixed with salt made int ofina e Barringtoniaceae budwa, Gudadhermi, KNL 15297 paste applied externall curo yt e skin Dudippa, Guduva, diseases. Juice of leaves, about 15 ml thrice Bhudadhermi gives i r abouy nfo da weea a t treao kt t fever.

Cochlospermum Konda buruga, Vanipenta Leaves and flowers are macerated with religiosum Kondagogu, KNL 15502, wate gived ran n orally mornintwicy da ea g Cochlospermaceae Adavi buruga, G. Madugula and evening in promoting menstruation. Adavi gogu, VSKP 15983 stee mTh bark decoctio addes e ni th o dt Kongu, wate taked heaa ran s na d bath every yda Akshapithamu for four days to cure jaundice.

Chloroxylon Billudu, Billu Kalasamudram powderee Th thia n ni d t clot barpu hs ki swietenia ATP 13749, and soaked in breast milk, and applied in Flindersiaceae Kusimi drops to eye injuries. The bark is used as SKLM 15902 an astringent.

Dichrostachys Velthuru, Nalla Pinjerakonda Decoction of stem bark taken twice a day cinerea veneturu, Nela EG 15413 to relieve fever. Mimosaceae jammi, Yertur

Diospyros Nela ulmiri, Pinjara Konda e past Th f steeo m bar takes ki n orally chloroxylon Ullinda, Ellinda, EG 15231, dayo treao stw t r tthricfo dyspepsiay da ea . Sapotaceae Thorika, Illinta Eturnagaram Fruits used as diuretic and for constipation. WGL 18538

Diospyros Tumki, Tendu Anantagiri Dried flowers crushed, made into juice and melanoxylon RR 18508 taken internally for urinary problems. Sapotaceae

Dolichandrone Chittu niruddu, Diguvametta Root powde mixes ri d with d castoan l roi falcata Chittoddi, Oddi PKSM 16104 applied externall antidotn a s ya snakr efo e Bignoniaceae and other poisonous bites. Root with goat's urine made into paste take treao nt t haemorrhoids.

Erythrina stricta Mullu moduga V. P. South Stem bark decoction taken internallo yt Fabaceae GNT 17936 cure dysentery.

ftcus hispida Kakimedi Tirumala juice leavef Th eo applies i treado t t boils. Moraceae Boddumarri, CTR 12563 The fruit boiled in goat's milk is used in Kukka boda, hepatic hindering. The fruit and root are Brahma medi. use curo dt e diabetes.

Pints religiosa Ravi, Ragi, Talakona Stem bark decoction taken internally to Moraceae raigu, Aswarthamu CTR 12550 cure dysentery. Stem ash with butter applied as an ointment to cure sores on feet.

(continued) 274 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

Table 3 (continued)

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/field no. Condition treate modd dan e family (Telugu) of administration

Erythroxylum Pagadamu chettu, Tirumala hills The leaf paste is applied externally for monogynum Devadaru, Adavi CTR 13768 curing wounds and 10 ml of juice is given Erythroxylaceae goranta, Gatrinta, twice a day for about a week to treat gaderi malarial fever.

Gardenia Bikki, Mandhi Bogada Gum from the stem dissolved in water and gummifera bikki, Chittu PKSM 16108, given for constipation and also to kill Rubiaceae mitta, Chitmit Penchalakona intestinal worms (anthelmintic). NLR 19350

Gardenia Karinga, Appapur Juic f leaveeo takes si n internall curo yt e resinifera Chinnakaringa, MBNR 15542 liver disorders fro m e stemth Gu m . Rubiaceae Verri bikki, dissolved in water and given to kill intestinal worms (anthelmintic).

Gyrocarpus Telia poniki, Kovur Stem bark made into paste taken externally americana Kummara poliki, WG 15257 to cure arthritis. Hernandiaceae Thanaku, Poliki

Givotia Konda ponaku, Kalasamudram Seed made into fine powder, mixed with moluccana Telia poliki, ATP 13752, Pongamia pinnata seed oil and made into Euphorbiaceae Yella Mannanur paste applied externall ointmenn a s ya r tfo MBNR 15532 curing psoriasis.

Gmelina Gamartek, Simhachalam Root paste used internall externalld yan y arborea Gummadi, VSKP 15562 as an antidote to snake-bite. Verbenaceae Pasini

Gmelina Kawa gummidu, Simhachalam Stem bark is made into paste and applied asiatica Chirugummadu, VSKP 15567 heae th trea o dt n o t dandruff. Root juice Verbenaceae Salla gummadu, is given internally in the treatment of Chiru nelli gonorrhoea.

Helicteres isora Pedda shamala, Talakona Root decoction mixed with turmeric Sterculiaceae Gubathada, CTR 13784 powder and applied externally to cure cuts Chemali nara woundsd an , fruit paste applied externally Thada, Potra to treat skin diseases.

Haldinia cordifolia Pasupu ganapa, Eturunagaram Stem e plan barth grouns f i tko d intoa Rubiaceae Pasupu kadamba WGL 18544, paste with black pepper and sesame seeds Bandar, Rudra Rampur given to women twice a day for three days ganapa, Pedda ADB 19313 to treat dysmenorrhoea. Stem bark paste kamba is used to treat sores and galls.

Holarrhena Kolamuki, Tirumala Stem bark powder taken orally with water pubescent Palavareni CTR 13710, to cure diarrhoea, dysenter feverd e yan Th . Apocynaceae Donubai powder of stem bark is given orally along SKLM 15595, with pure honey to the child suffering from Eturunagaram colcoughsd dan . Stem bark paste applied WGL 18549 externall skio yt n diseases.

Hardwickia binata Yepi, Nara yepi Dorasani bavi Decoctio fresf no h leaves use purgatives da . Caesalpiniaceae KNL 15505 Gum obtained fro bare mth k mixed with coconut oil applied externally to cure gonorrhoea.

(continued) Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003) 275

Tabl (continuede3 )

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/field no. Condition treated and mode family (Telugu) administratiof o n

Ixora pavetta Kollangi, Donubai Resin applie eyee easr th sfo y n di delivery Rubiaceae Korivichettu, SKLM 15585, in women. Putta pala Chitvel CDP 16157

Lannea Gumpena, Oddi Vanipenta Leaves gently boile d appliean d n do caromandelica Dumpidi KNL 15300, wounds. Anacardiaceae Navabkota ATP 18565

Lagerstroemia Chennangi, Pangidi Root bark made into decoction taken parviflma Gullakarka KNL 15217, twice dail reducyto e fever. Lythraceae Mothugudem KMM 15243

Melia Turaka vepa, Veldurthi Leaves ground with turmeric and made audmach Kalivepa KNL 1737 into pill taked san n orall four yfo r days after Meliaceae menstruation before baths to treat menstrual disorders. Leaves of Melia azedarach and Aristolochia bracteolata taken equall heatedd yan mixturee Th . s taken with hot water to cure haemorrhoids. Leaves with camphor or turmeric made into paste used to cure sores.

Mitragyna Rudraksha-kamba, Pothurajupenta Stem bark mixed with leaf squeezed dan parvifolia Battaganapa, KNL 15984, inhale o relievt d e cough d coldan s . Rubiaceae Botrugu, Pacha Narasapur Squeezed fruits are applied on forehead pararari MDK 16197 to treat headache. Root bark made into paste taken internall externalld yan y (bite spot) as antidote to snake-bite.

Madhuca Ippa, Rollapenta Juic stef eo m bark about three teaspoons indica Ippi KNL 15509 gives i r abouy twicnfo da eweea a t o kt Sapotaceae Seethampeta treat fever. Liquor made from flowers and SKLM 15573 fruit gives i s tonis na relievo ct e dengue fever.

Mallotus Kumkum chettu, Tirumala The red powder obtained from the mature philippensis Sindhuramu, CTR 15262 fruit mixes i s d witbuttew takehd co ran n Verbenaceae Vasaurtha, internally during menstruation and an Gandhamu, abortifacient. Stem bark made into a fine Chandiramu past applied ean d externall curo yt e skin diseases.

Ochna obtusata Sunari, Tammi, Simhachalam Stem bark made into paste taken externally Ochnaceae Errajuwi, VSKP 15569 (bite spot internalld an ) treao yt t snake- Kukkamovi, bite. errajammi

Oroxylum Mokka vepa, Upper Alhobilam Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours and indicum Dundilam, KNL 15288 mixed with turmeric, made int ofina e Bignoniaceae Nemali chettu, paste, given internally to relieve abdominal Pampine pain burnind san g sensation while passing urine.

(Continued) 276 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

Tabl (continuede3 )

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/field no. Condition treate modd dan e family (Telugu) of administration

Pongamia Kanuga Papampet warmeSees i l d oi applied dan d externally pinnata Korivichettu, EG 14251 for boil woundsd san . Fruits made into Fabaceae Putta pala Chitvel necklace and worn around the neck to CDP 16157 cure chronic coughs.

Pterocarpus Yerra yegisa, Pothu rajupenta Red coloure obtainep dsa d fro stet mcu m ma.rsu.pium Yegisa, Pedda KNL 15219 ends is stored in bottles and taken two Fabaceae yegi spoon wity da h sa wate treao t r t nervous diseases and weakness.

Pterocarpus Rakthachandanamu, Siddulaiah konda A paste of the wood is applied externally santalinus Yerra chandanamu NLR 19377; to give a cooling effect during Fabaceae Talakona inflammation and headache. CTR 13732

Premna Nagura, Kokkiti Talakona leae fTh extrac takes ti n orally twicy da ea tomentoia narva, Kampu CTR 13727 treao t t diuretic problems leae fTh .juic e Verbenaceae gummudu Kusimi is used internally as well as externally to SKLM 15905 relieve abdominal pains.

Sterculia wrens Konda tamara, Etta ponku, Stem bar powdereks i madd dan e into small Rubiaceae Kovilachettu, Venipenta pills pillo e givea ar tw s,r y ntwicfo da ea Thapsi chettu, KNL 15503 treatmene weeth n ki rheumatif to c pains. Tanuku, Yerra Small quantit takem gu nf y internallo r yfo poliki dyspepsia.

Soymida Somi, Somidi Bairluti Decoctio stef no m bar giveks i chronin i c febrifuga KNL 15516; cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. Meliaceae Mamandur CTR 16179

Sapmdus Kunkudu, Srisailam Seeds are taken for blood purification. emarginatus Kukudu, KNL 15525 Sapindaceae

Schleichera Puska, Kodali Galikonda Stem bark paste applied externall treayo t t oleosa pulusa, Madaka VSKP 15921 skin diseases. Sapindaceae pulusu, Sagada puska, Mavita vitiki

Schrebera Mokkem, Srisailam Stem bark and leaf paste applied on swietmioides Makkam, KNL 15522 cracked lips. Leaf juice used to relieve Oleaceae Ishugu rashi, toothache. Mokkalapa

Semecarpus Nallajeedi, Kakavada s usei See l ddoi externall o relievyt e anacardium Simidijeeri EG 15224 rheumatic pains. Seed ois appliei l d Anacardiaceae Rampur externall curo yt e cuts. ADB 19319

Strychnos Mushi, Mushini, Kalasamudram Root is made into a fine paste and applied nux-vomica Visha musti ATP 13756; externally (bite spot internalld )an y taken Loganiaceae Chintala treao t t snake-bite (cobra bite). PKSM 1600

(Continued) Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003) 277

Tabl (continuede3 )

Botanical name/ Local name Locality/field no. Condition treated and mode family (Telugu) of administration

Strychnos Indugu, Indiba Diguvametta One seed rubbed into a fine paste with potatorum chettu, Chilaka PKSM 16000 buttermil gived kan n internalle on r yfo Loganiaceae mushthi, Chilla wee curko t e chronic diarrhoea. Seed paste ginja, Katakamu use curo dt e gonorrhoea treao ,t t scorpion and snake-bites and seed powder used for cleaning of muddy water.

Tamarindus Chinta Eturnagaram Fresh stem bark decoctio uses ni curo dt e indica WGL 18548 diarrhoea. Decoctio leavee th f nso used Caesalpiniaceae as a vermifuge.

Terminalia Nalla maddi, Bodhuluru Stem bar chewes ki antidotn a s da o et alata Inu maddi, EG 15238; snake-bite for temporary treatment. Combretaceae Maddi Mothugudem KMM 15246

Terminalia Telia maddi, Bogada Stem bark made into powde taked an r n arjuna Tittu maddi, PKSM 16119; with wateemetin a s a r c when poisos ni Combretaceae Vag maddi Talakona taken. CTR 16138

Terminalia Tadi, Thandra, Donubavi, Fruit fruitd s an PhyUanthusf so emblicad an bellirica Bhutavasamu, Tani SKLM 15591; Terminalia chebula mixee ar mad d dan e into Combretaceae Vibnitakamu Pkhal decoction, taken internally to cure WGL 18522 leucorrhoea. Above fruits (locally known as triphala) mixed in equal parts made into fine powder taken internally twice a day for 15 day treao st t haemorrhoids.

Terminalia Karakkai chettu, Kalasamudram Leaf galls (Karakantu in telugu) and chebula Nalla kanaka ATP 13750; asafoetida resin made into paste used ,an d Combretaceae Galikonda for setting bone fracture. VSKP 15922

Trema Morali, Boggu Upper Ahobilam Tips of aerial roots made into paste orientalis chettu, Priyalu, KNL 15205 applie penin do curo st e syphilis. Ulmaceae Aava, Konda jonna

Wrightia arborea Telia pala, Tedla Upper Ahobilam Root made sar e into powde taked an r n Apocynaceae pala, Pala adavi KNL 14366; with water teaspooe on , relievo nt e fever. venkudu, Pala Kakavada Stem bark made into powder and taken EG 15225 with wate curo rt e rheumatism.

Wrightia Akupala, Simhachalam Leaf juice with milk applied externallo yt tinctoria Doddipala, VSKP 15564 relieve itching (scabies). Stem bark is Apocynaceae Teddapala, Ankudu made into powder and taken with water for palakordsha epilepsy. Crushed roots given to induce vomiting (emetic).

The following abbreviations are used for district names: ADB = Adilabad, ATP = Anantapur, CDP = Cuddapah, CTR = Chittor,EG = EastGodavari, GNT = Guntur, KMM = Khammam, KNL = Kurnool, KRN = Krishna, MBNR = Mahabubnagar Medak Nellore= = Nizamabad = K R B MD NL , NZ , , PKS MPrakasam= , SKLM Srikakulam= , VSKP = Visakhapatnam, RR = Ranga Reddy, WG = West Godavari, WGL = Warangal 278 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15(2): 259-278 (2003)

Discussion

Indin I a tribespeopl aboue eus t 9500 wild plant r differenfo s t purposes (Pushpangadan 1994). About 7500 wild plants are used for medicinal purposes by different tribe differenn si t areas, 3900 specie usee s ar vegetables s da wil8 d,52 plants are used for making fibre and cordage, 400 plants species as fodder and 300 specie pesticidess sa presene .Th t study shows thaforeste th t s of Andhra Pradesh are rich in raw materials needed for establishing cottage industries. The trees needpeople e th th t f providinsy o e b me gdireca t sourc foof ensurined o dan g food security, providing fuelwoo cookinr dfo providind gan g essentia vitad lan l nutrients and medicine that help to maintain the health of the rural and tribal people. In addition, trees sustained food and agricultural production by helping manago t watesoid e eth lan r system controo t d san l winds tribespeople .Th e also collected tree products sold dan locae theth mln i market their sfo r livelihood. The biodiversity of the forests is not only important for preservation by way of a gene bank but also for their protection from further degradation and deterioration. Foremost in the conservation strategies should be avoidance of indiscriminate fellin foresd gan t fireemphasid an , collection so preservatiod nan n of the seed output as well as propagation of rare and endangered species. Wasteland should be utilised to raise commercial crops. The Forest Department should be strengthene peopld dan e should take active par forestrn ti y activities. Thers ei need for a strong political will to save the forests of Andhra Pradesh from disaster.

Acknowledgements

e authorTh s wis thano ht tribespeople kth Forese stafd th f ean fo t Departmenf to Andhra Pradesh whole-heartedlo ,wh y cooperate shariny db g their knowledgd ean collecting plant materials.

References

HEMADRI, K., SARMA, C. R. P. & RAO, S. S. 1987. Medicinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh. Part I. Ancient Science of Life: 167-1866 . JAIN TARAFDERK. & S ,. . 1970R . C , . Medicinal plan tsantalse lorth f eo . Economic Botany 24:241-278. NADKARNI , . 1908KM . . Indian Materia Medica. Volum . PopulaeI r Prakasam Pvt. Ltd. Bombay. pp 6 .47 NADKARNI , . 1954KM . . Indian Materia Medica. Volum . PopulaeII r Prakasam Pvt. Ltd. Bombay. pp 7 .40 PUSHPANGADAN, P. 1994. Ethnobiology of India: A Status Report. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India , New Delhi. 68 pp. VEDAVATHY, S., MRUDULA,V. & SUDHAKAR, A. 1994. Herbal medicines for birth control, ante and post partum treatments from chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Fitoterapia 66: 501-506. VIJAYAKUMAR, R. & PuLLAiAH, T., 1997. An ethno-medicobotanical study of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Fitoterapia 483-489: 69 .