Environmental Impact Assessment

October 2016

Georgia: Batumi Bypass Road Project

Prepared by Hagler Bailly, Pakistan for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia, Roads Department and the Asian Development Bank.

This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Asian Development Bank

Eviroetal Ipact Assesset Batui Bypass Costruco Project

Dra Report

D6VBPG Ot , 6

Prepared y: Prepared for: Miistry of Regioal Developet ad Ifrastruture of Hagler Bailly Pakistan Georgia Road Departet Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Table of Content

1. Executive Summary ...... 1-1 1.1 The Proposed Project ...... 1-1 1.2 Description of the Environment ...... 1-4 1.3 Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation ...... 1-5 1.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 1-5 1.4.1 Ecology and Habitat ...... 1-6 1.4.2 Construction Noise ...... 1-6 1.4.3 Vibration ...... 1-7 1.4.4 Air Quality...... 1-8 1.4.5 Land Stability ...... 1-9 1.4.6 Operation Noise ...... 1-9 1.4.7 Air Quality during Operation ...... 1-10 1.5 Environmental Management Plan ...... 1-10 1.6 Conclusions ...... 1-11

2. Introduction ...... 2-1 2.1 Introduction to the EIA ...... 2-1 2.2 Organization of the Report ...... 2-1

3. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 3-1 3.1 Environmental Policies and Laws of Georgia ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Constitution of Georgia 1995 (Last amended 2013) ...... 3-1 3.1.2 Law of Georgia on Environmental Protection 1996 (Last amended 2016) ...... 3-2 3.1.3 Law of Georgia on Environmental Permit 2007 (Last amended 2016) ...... 3-4 3.1.4 Other Relevant Laws ...... 3-4 3.2 Requirements for Environmental Assessment in Georgia ...... 3-7 3.2.1 Requirements for EIA ...... 3-7 3.2.2 The EIA Process ...... 3-7 3.3 ADB Safeguard Policies...... 3-9 3.3.1 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 ...... 3-9 3.4 AIIB Safeguard Policies ...... 3-10 3.5 Harmonization of ADB and Government Safeguard Requirements ..... 3-10 3.6 Institutional Framework ...... 3-13 3.6.1 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MoENRP) ...... 3-13

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Table of Content D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 ii Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

3.6.2 Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development (MoESD)...... 3-13 3.6.3 The Roads Department (RD or RDMRDI)...... 3-13 3.6.4 Environment and Natural Resources Directorate of Adjara Autonomous Region ...... 3-14 3.6.5 Other Responsible Governmental Institutions ...... 3-14 3.7 International Treaties ...... 3-14 3.8 Applicable Environmental Protection and Pollution Prevention Criteria 3-16

4. The Proposed Project ...... 4-1 4.1 The Adjara Bypass Project ...... 4-1 4.2 Need of the Project ...... 4-3 4.3 Project Design ...... 4-3 4.3.1 Road Alignment and Right of Way ...... 4-3 4.3.2 Road Dimensions ...... 4-5 4.3.3 Road Design ...... 4-6 4.3.4 Tunnels ...... 4-7 4.3.5 Bridges ...... 4-10 4.3.6 Interchanges ...... 4-13 4.3.7 Culverts ...... 4-15 4.3.8 Service Buildings ...... 4-15 4.4 Construction Process ...... 4-17 4.4.1 Temporary Right of Way ...... 4-18 4.4.2 Construction Camps ...... 4-20 4.4.3 Land Clearing ...... 4-20 4.4.4 Leveling and Earthwork ...... 4-20 4.4.5 Bridge Construction ...... 4-21 4.4.6 Tunnel Boring ...... 4-21 4.5 Resource Requirement ...... 4-22 4.5.1 Construction Material ...... 4-22 4.5.2 Water ...... 4-23 4.6 Borrow Areas and Quarries ...... 4-23 4.7 Current and Projected Traffic ...... 4-24 4.8 Project Implementation Schedule ...... 4-26

5. Description of the Environment ...... 5-1 5.1 Area of Influence ...... 5-1 5.2 Physical Environment ...... 5-3 5.2.1 Topography ...... 5-3 5.2.2 Land Use ...... 5-5 5.2.3 Climate ...... 5-7

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Table of Content D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 iii Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

5.2.4 Geomorphology ...... 5-10 5.2.5 Geological Hazards ...... 5-11 5.2.6 Air Quality...... 5-12 5.2.7 Water Resources ...... 5-17 5.2.8 Water Quality ...... 5-19 5.2.9 Soil Quality ...... 5-26 5.2.10 Noise Levels ...... 5-31 5.2 Ecological Baseline ...... 5-37 5.2.1 Scope ...... 5-37 5.2.2 Sources of Information ...... 5-37 5.2.3 Areas of Conservation Importance ...... 5-37 5.2.4 Habitat Classification and Description of Study Area ...... 5-40 5.3 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 5-42 5.3.1 Terrestrial Flora ...... 5-42 5.3.2 Mammals...... 5-48 5.3.3 Birds ...... 5-50 5.3.4 Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) ...... 5-65 5.3.5 Invertebrates ...... 5-67 5.4 Aquatic Ecology ...... 5-69 5.4.1 Fish Fauna ...... 5-69 5.4.2 Phytoplankton ...... 5-74 5.5 Conclusions ...... 5-74 5.5.1 Terrestrial Flora ...... 5-75 5.5.2 Mammals...... 5-75 5.5.3 Birds ...... 5-75 5.5.4 Herpetofauna ...... 5-76 5.5.5 Invertebrates ...... 5-76 5.5.6 Fish ...... 5-76 5.5.7 Phytoplankton ...... 5-76 5.6 Socioeconomic Environment ...... 5-77 5.6.1 Administrative Set-up ...... 5-77 5.6.2 Demography ...... 5-78 5.6.3 Physical Infrastructure ...... 5-79 5.6.4 Social Infrastructure ...... 5-84 5.6.5 Cultural Resources ...... 5-86 5.6.6 Archaeological Sites ...... 5-86 5.6.7 Economy ...... 5-88

6. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation ...... 6-1 6.1 Framework for Consultations ...... 6-1

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Table of Content D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 iv Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

6.1.1 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement ...... 6-1 6.1.2 Georgian Requirement ...... 6-1 6.2 Overview of Stakeholders ...... 6-1 6.3 Consultation Methodology ...... 6-2 6.3.1 Scoping and Feedback Consultation ...... 6-2 6.3.2 Consultation Material ...... 6-7 6.3.3 Consultation Team ...... 6-7 6.4 Summary of Consultations ...... 6-8 6.5 Future Consultations ...... 6-11 6.5.1 Information Disclosure ...... 6-11 6.5.2 Public Hearing ...... 6-11 6.5.3 Consultations during the Life of the Project ...... 6-12

7. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 7-1 7.1 No Project Option ...... 7-1 7.2 Alternatives to the Proposed Project ...... 7-1 7.2.1 Alternative Alignment ...... 7-1 7.2.2 Design Alternatives ...... 7-4

8. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 8-1 8.1 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 8-1 8.1.1 Identification of Significant Environmental Aspects ...... 8-1 8.1.2 Mitigation, Management and Good Practice Measures...... 8-4 8.2 Design Aspects and Pre-Construction Phase ...... 8-5 8.2.1 Land Use ...... 8-5 8.2.2 Visual Impact ...... 8-5 8.3 Construction Phase ...... 8-5 8.3.1 Ecology and Habitat ...... 8-5 8.3.2 Noise ...... 8-7 8.3.3 Vibration ...... 8-11 8.3.4 Air Quality...... 8-13 8.3.5 Soil and Water Quality ...... 8-14 8.3.6 Land Stability ...... 8-15 8.3.7 Greenhouse Gas Emission ...... 8-15 8.4 Operation Phase ...... 8-16 8.4.1 Noise ...... 8-16 8.4.2 Vibration ...... 8-25 8.4.3 Air Quality...... 8-26 8.4.4 Greenhouse Gas Emission ...... 8-33

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Table of Content D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 v Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

9. Cumulative Impact Assessment ...... 9-1 9.1 Anticipated Development in the Region ...... 9-1 9.2 Study Area ...... 9-2 9.3 Valued Environmental Components ...... 9-4 9.4 Cumulative Impacts of the Anticipated Developments ...... 9-4 9.5 Recommendations for Mitigation Measure ...... 9-6

10. Environmental Management Plan ...... 10-1 10.1 Overview of EMP ...... 10-1 10.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan ...... 10-1 10.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 10-14 10.4 Specific Monitoring Plan ...... 10-14 10.5 Documentation and Reporting ...... 10-15 10.6 Generic Construction Management Plan ...... 10-1 10.6.1 Storm water Management ...... 10-1 10.6.2 Sediment Controls ...... 10-1 10.6.3 De-watering Work Sites ...... 10-2 10.6.4 Dust Control ...... 10-2 10.6.5 Management of Stockpiles and Batters ...... 10-2 10.6.6 Noise and Vibration ...... 10-3 10.6.7 Waste Minimization ...... 10-3 10.6.8 Contaminated Material and Wastes ...... 10-4 10.6.9 Air Quality...... 10-4 10.6.10 Litter ...... 10-4 10.6.11 Storing Fuels and Chemicals ...... 10-5 10.6.12 Keeping Roads Clean ...... 10-5 10.7 Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan ...... 10-5 10.7.1 Preparing an SSEMP ...... 10-6 10.8 Institutional Framework for Implementation ...... 10-8 10.9 Institutional Strengthening and Training ...... 10-9 10.10 Change Management ...... 10-9 10.11 Implementation Budget ...... 10-9

11. Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 11-1 11.1 Introduction ...... 11-1 11.2 Georgian Regulations ...... 11-2 11.3 ADB Policy (SPS 2009) requirements in relation with the Grievance Redress ...... 11-2

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Table of Content D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 vi Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

11.4 Grievance Redress Process ...... 11-3 11.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 11-3 11.6 Grievance Redress Commission in IAs ...... 11-4 11.6.1 Project Specific Grievance Redress Committees at Municipal Level ...... 11-4 11.7 Grievance Redress Procedures ...... 11-5 11.8 Grievance Log ...... 11-9 11.8.1 Grievance Log in GRCE ...... 11-9 11.8.2 Grievance Log in GRCN ...... 11-9

12. Conclusions...... 12-1

Appendices Appendix 1: TOR EIA Update Batumi Bypass-9 May 2016 Appendix 2: Applicable Standard and Norms Appendix 3: Air Quality Lab Reports Appendix 4: Soil and Water Lab Reports Appendix 5: Attendance Lists Appendix 6: Background Information Document Appendix 7: Consultation Log Appendix 8: Noise Modeling Appendix 9: Annexures to Grievance Redress Mechanism

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Table of Content D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 vii Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Tables

Table 3-1: ADB Project Categories ...... 3-9 Table 3-2: Comparison of Georgian Legislation and ADB Requirements ...... 3-11 Table 3-3: International Environmental Treaties Ratified by Georgia ...... 3-14

Table 4-1: Typical Road Dimensions ...... 4-5 Table 4-2: List of Tunnels ...... 4-7 Table 4-3: Typical Tunnel Dimensions...... 4-8 Table 4-4: Soil Types in the Study Area...... 4-9 Table 4-5: List of Bridges ...... 4-11 Table 4-6: Typical Bridge Dimensions ...... 4-11 Table 4-7: List of Interchanges ...... 4-13 Table 4-8: Culvert Requirements ...... 4-15 Table 4-9: Required Volume of Earthwork for Construction ...... 4-21 Table 4-10: Tunnel Excavation Quantities (100 m2) ...... 4-21 Table 4-11: Major Steel Requirements ...... 4-22 Table 4-12: Pavement Material Requirements ...... 4-22 Table 4-13: List of Potential Quarries ...... 4-23 Table 4-14: List of Existing Sand-Gravel Quarries ...... 4-23 Table 4-15: Forecasted Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) Volume...... 4-25 Table 4-16: AADT Volume on S2 from 2011 to 2014 ...... 4-25

Table 5-1: Land Use Distribution in the Study Area ...... 5-5 Table 5-2: Average Monthly Air Temperature (C) ...... 5-7 Table 5-3: Average Monthly and Total Annual Precipitation (mm) ...... 5-8 Table 5-4: Average Monthly Humidity ...... 5-9 Table 5-5: Wind Direction (% of annual values) ...... 5-10 Table 5-6: Air Quality Sampling Locations ...... 5-13 Table 5-7: Methodology and Duration of Sampling ...... 5-13 Table 5-8: Ambient Air Quality Sampling Results (µg/m3) ...... 5-17 Table 5-9: Water Quality Sampling Locations ...... 5-20 Table 5-10: Water Quality Sampling Results ...... 5-24 Table 5-11: Soil Quality Sampling Locations ...... 5-26 Table 5-12: Soil Quality Sampling Results ...... 5-29

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Tables D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 viii Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Table 5-13: Noise Level Sampling Locations ...... 5-31 Table 5-14: Summary Statistics of Noise Levels during the Survey ...... 5-35 Table 5-15: Hourly Leq Results (dB A) ...... 5-36 Table 5-16: Percentage Distribution of Habitat Types in the Study Area ...... 5-42 Table 5-17: List of Plant Species of Conservation Importance ...... 5-45 Table 5-18: List of Mammal Species of Conservation Importance ...... 5-48 Table 5-19: Wintering Water Bird Monitoring Results ...... 5-53 Table 5-20: Migratory Waterbird Monitoring Results ...... 5-54 Table 5-21: Counts for Raptor Species of Conservation Importance from Autumn 2013 to 2015 ...... 5-57 Table 5-22: List of Bird Species of Conservation Importance Reported from the Project Area ...... 5-58 Table 5-23: List of Herpetofauna of Conservation Importance ...... 5-66 Table 5-24: List of Invertebrate Species of Conservation Importance ...... 5-68 Table 5-25: List of Fish Fauna of Conservation Importance ...... 5-70 Table 5-26: List of Villages in the Project Impact Zone ...... 5-78 Table 5-27: Population of Adjara Region (thousands) ...... 5-78 Table 5-28: Ethnicity of Households in the Study Area ...... 5-78 Table 5-29: Education of Households ...... 5-84 Table 5-30: Health Care Facilities in Adjara ...... 5-85 Table 5-31: Major Cropping Pattern ...... 5-89 Table 5-32: Economic Activity of the Households ...... 5-89 Table 5-33: Economic Activity of the Households Members ...... 5-90 Table 5-34: Average Monthly Household Income against Number of Sources ...... 5-90 Table 5-35: Average Annual Income ...... 5-90

Table 6-1: List of Stakeholders ...... 6-2 Table 6-2: Consultation Team ...... 6-8 Table 6-3: Summary of Concerns Expressed in Scoping Consultation and How They Have Been Addressed in the EIA ...... 6-9

Table 7-1: Discussion of Alternate Alignments ...... 7-2

Table 8-1: Characteristics Used to Describe Impact...... 8-3 Table 8-2: Construction Equipment Noise Ranges (dB(A)) ...... 8-9

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Tables D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 ix Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Table 8-3: Predicted Noise Level for Construction Equipment (dB(A)) ...... 8-10 Table 8-4: Approximate Vibration Levels for Various Sources ...... 8-12 Table 8-5: GHG Emissions for Project Steel Requirements ...... 8-16 Table 8-6: Result of Noise Modeling ...... 8-22 Table 8-7: Salient Features of AERMOD Air Dispersion Model ...... 8-26 Table 8-8: GHG Calculation Parameters during Operation ...... 8-33 Table 8-9: GHG Emission Reduction for Proposed Project ...... 8-34

Table 9-1: Land Identified VECs and their Current Status ...... 9-4 Table 9-2: Total Land Acquisition for the Kobuleti and Batumi Bypass ...... 9-5

Table 10-1: Design Phase Mitigation Plan ...... 10-2 Table 10-2: Construction Phase Mitigation Plan ...... 10-4 Table 10-3: Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction and Operation ...... 10-16

Table 11-1: GRCN Composition ...... 11-4 Table 11-2: GRCE composition ...... 11-4 Table 11-3: Grievance Resolution Process ...... 11-8

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Tables D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 x Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figures

Figure 1-1: Project Road Alignment ...... 1-2 Figure 1-2: Kobuleti Bypass Road ...... 1-3 Figure 1-3: A Tunnel with Similar Design...... 1-3 Figure 1-4: A Bridge over Kobuleti Road with Similar Design ...... 1-3

Figure 4-1: Adjara Bypass Project ...... 4-2 Figure 4-2: Project Road Alignment ...... 4-4 Figure 4-3: Typical Road Cross Section...... 4-6 Figure 4-4: Kobuleti Bypass Road ...... 4-6 Figure 4-5: Asphalt Pavement Structure ...... 4-7 Figure 4-6: Typical Tunnel Cross Section ...... 4-8 Figure 4-7: A Tunnel with Similar Design...... 4-8 Figure 4-8: Depth of Tunnel 1 ...... 4-9 Figure 4-9: Depth of Tunnel 2 ...... 4-9 Figure 4-10: Depth of Tunnel 3 ...... 4-10 Figure 4-11: Depth of Tunnel 4 ...... 4-10 Figure 4-12: Depth of Tunnel 5 ...... 4-10 Figure 4-13: Typical Bridge Cross Section ...... 4-12 Figure 4-14: A Bridge over Kobuleti Road with Similar Design ...... 4-12 Figure 4-15: Layouts of Interchange ...... 4-14 Figure 4-16: Service Building Locations ...... 4-17 Figure 4-17: Temporary Right of Way Example ...... 4-19 Figure 4-18: Locations of Potential Quarries ...... 4-24

Figure 5-1: Study Area...... 5-2 Figure 5-2: Current Ground Elevations of Project Alignment ...... 5-3 Figure 5-3: Topography of the Study Area ...... 5-4 Figure 5-4: Land Use in the Study Area ...... 5-6 Figure 5-5: Average Monthly Air Temperature (C) ...... 5-8 Figure 5-6: Average Monthly Precipitation ...... 5-9 Figure 5-7: Average Monthly Relative Humidity ...... 5-9 Figure 5-8: Geological Activity within the Study Area ...... 5-12 Figure 5-9: Global Seismic Hazard Map of Georgia ...... 5-12

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Figures D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 xi Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figure 5-10: Diffusion Tubes and RAM Site Photographs ...... 5-14 Figure 5-11: Particulate Matter Sampling Site Photographs ...... 5-15 Figure 5-12: Air Quality Sampling Locations ...... 5-16 Figure 5-13: Water Resources in the Study Area ...... 5-19 Figure 5-14: Water Quality Sampling Locations ...... 5-21 Figure 5-15: Photographs of Water Sampling ...... 5-22 Figure 5-16: Soil Quality Sampling Locations ...... 5-27 Figure 5-17: Soil Quality Sampling Photographs ...... 5-28 Figure 5-18: Noise Level Sampling Photographs ...... 5-32 Figure 5-19: Noise Level Measurement Locations ...... 5-34 Figure 5-20: Time Series for Noise Levels at N2...... 5-35 Figure 5-21: Areas of Conservation Importance...... 5-39 Figure 5-22: Habitat Distribution in Study Area ...... 5-41 Figure 5-23: Terrestrial Vegetation in the Study Area ...... 5-44 Figure 5-24: Alien Invasive Species ...... 5-47 Figure 5-25: Important Bird Areas ...... 5-52 Figure 5-26: Autumn Migration 2008-2015 ...... 5-56 Figure 5-27: Administrative Setting ...... 5-77 Figure 5-28: Road Network ...... 5-80 Figure 5-29: Photographs of Local Roads in the Study Area ...... 5-81 Figure 5-30: Local Bus Stop ...... 5-82 Figure 5-31: Photographs of Railway Infrastructure ...... 5-82 Figure 5-32: Photographs of Utilities in the Study Area ...... 5-83 Figure 5-33: Photograph of a Typical Latrine Facility ...... 5-83 Figure 5-34: Housing Structures in the Study Area ...... 5-84 Figure 5-35: Schools and Playgrounds in the Study Area ...... 5-85 Figure 5-36: Cultural Resources ...... 5-86 Figure 5-37: Cultural Heritage Sites around Project Site ...... 5-87 Figure 5-38: Photographs of Cultural Heritage Sites around Project Site ...... 5-88

Figure 6-1: Consultation Locations ...... 6-4 Figure 6-2: Consultation Photographs ...... 6-7

Figure 7-1: Alternate Alignments ...... 7-4

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Figures D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 xii Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figure 8-1: Effect of Noise levels due to Relative Position of the Roadway and Receptor ...... 8-17 Figure 8-2: Relative Positions of Selected Receiver ...... 8-21 Figure 8-2: How Noise Barriers Work ...... 8-22 Figure 8-4: Absorbing and Reflecting the Noise ...... 8-25

Figure 8-5: Predicted Incremental Annual NO2 Concentration at Segment 5 ...... 8-28

Figure 8-6: Predicted Incremental 24-hour PM10 Concentration at Segment 5 ...... 8-29

Figure 8-7: Predicted Incremental Annual PM10 Concentration at Segment 5 ...... 8-30

Figure 8-8: Predicted Incremental 24-hour SO2 Concentration at Segment 5 ...... 8-31

Figure 8-9: Predicted Incremental 24-hour NO2 Concentration at Segment 5 ...... 8-32 Figure 8-10: GHG Emissions, Transient vs Smooth Driving...... 8-34

Figure 9-1: Developments in the Project Vicinity ...... 9-3

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Figures D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 xiii Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Acronyms

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic ADB Asian Development Bank CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide dBA A' decibel EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GHG Greenhouse Gases LARP Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan m Meter MAC Maximum Allowable Concentrations MOEPNR Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Acronyms D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 xiv Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

1. Executive Summary

1. The 81-km Poti–Batumi–Sarpi Road (“S2” under Georgian Highway Designation) along the western coast of Georgia, located in the Adjara Autonomous Republic, is a key international highway and international transit route in Georgia. It is connected to the important towns Batumi, Poti and Kobuleti. Batumi is a major Black Sea port and a holiday resort. Poti is the largest port of Georgia. Kobuleti is a holiday resort. Due to heavy traffic on S2, there has been significant increase in congestion and accidents particularly during the tourist season in Batumi and Kobuleti. The Government of Georgia plans to construct two roads around Batumi and Kobuleti to bypass the highway traffic from these towns. This EIA has been prepared for the Batumi Bypass. 2. This EIA is a continuation of the previous study however wherever necessary new baseline data collection, stakeholder consultation, and assessment has been done, especially with regards to the new technology and scope of operation.

1.1 The Proposed Project 3. Adjara Autonomous Region, located in the southwest part of Georgia, is bordered by the Black Sea to the west and Turkey to the south. The two major towns Batumi and Kobuleti are major tourist centers, especially in the summer months. Batumi is also the second largest port in Georgia. Whilst the two towns cater for extensive tourist traffic, the existing S2 Highway also carries heavy goods and passenger traffic. Turkey is Georgia’s most important trading partner and substantially all trade with Turkey passes along this road. The high incidence of traffic accidents, and the associated death and injury place a heavy burden on the health and welfare systems of the area. The proposed Project will support (i) construction of bypass roads around the Batumi; (ii) improve the international road transit network; (iii) improve road safety; (iv) strengthen institutions and (v) promote activities to involve the private sector.1 4. The Project road, bypassing the city of Batumi from East, is entirely located in Khelvachauri District (see Figure 1-1 for the alignment and location of tunnels and bridges). The design alignment goes through the villages of Makhinjauri, Gantiadi, Kapreshumi, Salibauri, Peria, and Makhvilauri. Passing through the above villages, the design alignment crosses complex landscape of multiple ravines, streams, rivers, hills and hillsides. Thirteen kilometer of road (Figure 1-2), five tunnels (Figure 1-3), 15 bridges (Figure 1-4) and four interchanges are planned along the Project alignment. 5. Tentative commencement date of the contract is 2017 and the expected time to complete the construction works is 2020.

1 Feasibility Study, 2009

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Executive Summary D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 1-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figure 1-1: Project Road Alignment

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Executive Summary D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 1-2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figure 1-2: Kobuleti Bypass Road

Figure 1-3: A Tunnel with Similar Design

Figure 1-4: A Bridge over Kobuleti Road with Similar Design

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Executive Summary D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 1-3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

1.2 Description of the Environment 6. The potential impacts of the Project on its surrounding physical and biological environments include air and water quality impacts, noise generation, land transformation and changes to soil. These are expected to reduce with the increased distance from the Project facilities, affecting more the areas located closer, up to one kilometer, to the Project alignment. For this, a study area of one kilometer around the site was delineated, to assess the baseline conditions in the areas likely to be affected by the Project due to its proximity to the Project site. This is referred to as the Study Area in this report. A detailed baseline of the physical, social, and ecological environment is provided. 7. The Project passes through a rolling and hilly terrain with elevations ranging from 20 to 197 m on the alignment. Nearly two-third of the Study Area is covered with vegetation whereas the remaining is anthropogenic in nature. 8. Air quality sampling was carried out at five different locations in the Study Area between September and October 2016 to characterize the current air quality within the Study Area. The results of the ambient air quality sampling are presented below.

 NO2 levels are within limits at all locations other than A2. It is very slightly above the limit here likely due to the presence of the busy main road and industries near A2.

 SO2 levels were lower than the detectable level at all locations.  Ozone levels were below limits at all locations.  Particulate matter results were high near A1, A2 and A5. The concentration is within the 24 hour IFC interim target 1 but above the guideline values.  It must be noted that the tourist season is over. During the tourist season there are more cars and traffic jams within Batumi which could give higher readings at A1. However, the current reading is so low that the additional pollutant concentrations are also likely within limits. 9. To determine the baseline noise in the area, measurements were taken at seven locations, each for 24-hr. 10. The sources of noise were identified using the following sources:  Identification of noise sources in the vicinity during set up and dismantling of sampling equipment  The noise sampling equipment was set to record audio when noise levels exceed 80 dB A. These recordings were reviewed. 11. Based on the above the following conclusions are drawn regarding noise sources in the area:  Traffic: for sampling locations along sealed roads traffic noise was very significant. Vehicles were observed to drive fairly fast (up to 50 kmph) on small roads adjacent to the noise sampling location (such as N4, and N5) with rapid acceleration and deceleration. There were more vehicles during the day than the night which explains the higher noise levels during the day.  Dogs: almost every home that was visited along the alignment owned a dog.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Executive Summary D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 1-4 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

During the night if a vehicle passed by the home these dogs would bark even after the vehicle had left.  Natural sources: The major natural source of noise is the many streams that crisscross the mountainous landscape. Other sources include rain and wind. At night a drop in temperature results in an increase in the density and pressure of the air which may facilitate the propagation of noise from natural sources. This may result in conditions that have a higher noise level at night than during the day2. There are also fewer fluctuations during the night which further indicates that this is from steady natural sources. 12. Based on these results the following conclusions can be drawn  Mountainous low density areas with low traffic o These areas such as N2, N3 and N7 have low noise.

o L90 which is the background sound level is between 34 – 38 dB A. L10, which corresponds to noise disturbances are lower than 51 dB A. o Daytime noise levels are lower (between 42 and 45.5 dB A) than night time noise levels (between 45 and 49 dB A. This is because these areas are dominated by natural noise sources discussed earlier.  Medium density settlements along major roads o These areas such as N1, N4, N5 and N6 have a moderate amount of noise.

o L90 ranges between 38 and 56 dB A. L10, levels are as high as 62.8 dB A. o Daytime noise levels (between 55 and 63 dB A) are higher than nighttime noise levels (between 50 and 55 dB A) as these areas are dominated by human noise influences which reduce at night.

1.3 Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation 13. As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process, consultations are undertaken with communities and institutions that may have interest in the proposed project or may be affected by it. The objective of conducting stakeholder consultations during the ESIA process is to inform all the stakeholders about the Project, record and take into account their opinions, suggestions and concerns and establish confidence amongst the Project stakeholders that the Project is developed in a responsible way. This section documents the consultation process for the EIA of the proposed Project.

1.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 14. During the scoping stage of the EIA process, several potential environmental and social impacts of the project were identified. The baseline surveys were conducted keeping in consideration the potential impacts. In this chapter, the potential environmental and social impacts are evaluated. The impacts have been identified based on consideration of the information presented in previous chapters. To avoid unnecessary repetition of supporting information, cross referencing to previous sections is given where necessary. Following the impact assessment, the mitigation measures related to each impact category is presented.

2 Davis M. L. and Cornwall, D. A. 1991. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

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1.4.1 Ecology and Habitat 15. The main concerns for impacts on ecological receptors are disturbances caused by site clearance, contamination of feeding, breeding and resting habitats, poaching of wildlife and introduction of invasive species, due to a lack of regulation, by staff involved in Project-related activities.

1.4.2 Construction Noise 16. Noise is defined as a loud, undesired sound that interferes with normal human activities. If it affects the well-being of the surrounding community (environmental noise), it is considered a nuisance and normally has no direct health impacts. Exposure to very high noise levels (exceeding 85 dBA), particularly for prolonged period can cause hearing loss. This level of noise is usually encountered in the workplace around construction sites and is considered an occupational hazard. 17. The potential noise related issue during construction of the project is disturbance to surrounding communities of the Project. The noise during the construction phase greatly depends on the stage of construction work and equipment used at the site. The construction activities can be divided into the following phases:  Site clearing and preparation,  delivery of equipment and materials to the site,  excavation and tunnel construction,  piling and concrete placement,  erection of bridges, and  finishing. 18. The main sources of noise and vibration during construction of the project are as follows:  Construction machinery  Drilling activities  Haulage activities  Concrete mixing and aggregate production systems,  Vehicular movement; and  Construction Camps 19. It is predicted that the resultant noise levels at the receptors when the construction work is carried out at a distance of the 500 m from the receptor could be in the range 50- 55 dB(A). In areas where the baseline noise level is high, say 60 dB(A), the increase will be less than 2 dB(A) and thus barely noticeable. Note that the above statement is valid if there is a continuous non-fluctuating noise source. As the noise levels of construction equipment vary considerably, the community can easily notice the variation. However, the overall noise level, Leq, is likely to be within the predicted limited. 20. The proposed mitigation measures include:

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 Equipment emitting excessive noise in comparison with other similar equipment will not be allowed to operate.  Equipment under use will be regularly maintained, tuned, and provided with mufflers to minimize noise levels.  Equipment in poor state of maintenance, particularly without effective noise control will be checked to determine if it can be improved, and replaced with less noisy equipment as soon as practicable.  Blowing of horn will be prohibited within the construction zones except under emergency conditions.  Close liaison with the community and regular monitoring of the noise levels in the community are key to successfully implementation of the above mitigation measures. Specifically, the communities will be informed of all major construction activities at least three days in advance. Noise control measures will be discussed with the community through informal and formal meetings.  A complaint registering, tracking and redressal mechanism will be implemented.  Noise levels will be monitored regularly in the community in order to take timely corrective measures, if needed.

1.4.3 Vibration 21. Ground-borne vibration is the oscillatory motion of the ground about some equilibrium position, and can be described in terms either of displacement, velocity or acceleration. Because human sensitivity to vibration typically corresponds best to the amplitude of vibration velocity within the low frequency range of most concern (roughly 5- 100 Hertz), vibration velocity is the preferred measure for evaluating ground-borne vibration from transit projects. 22. Vibration from the construction activities is a cause concern to the community. The effects of vibration varies and depends on the magnitude of the vibration source, the particular ground conditions between the source and receiver, presence of rocks or other large structures in the area. The intensity, duration, frequency and number of occurrences of a vibration all play an important role in both the annoyance levels caused and the strains induced in structures. 23. The effects of vibration includes annoyance, sleep disturbance, and potential damage to structures. 24. As vibration criteria for human disturbance are more stringent than vibration criteria for effects on building structural damage, compliance with the stringent limits for human exposure, would also result in compliance for structure damage criteria. However, there are several old residences in the Study Area that may be prone to damage. 25. The following procedure is proposed for addressing the vibration concerns:  Identify potential problem areas surrounding the project site. Based on the proximity to the construction corridor, the following areas on the proposed road alignment are identified as potential areas of concern: o Chainage 1.140 km

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o Chainage 1.560 km o Chainage 1.640 km o Chainage 1.720 km o Chainage 1.790 km o Chainage 7.580 km o Chainage 9.160 km  A survey will be undertaken in the identified areas to determine the pre-Project conditions of the structure that exist before construction begins. The survey will be commissioned by the Supervision Consultant and will identify any existing damage to the structures.  Vibration sensors will be installed in the construction corridor at suitable locations to monitor the level of vibration during the construction activities. A record of the ground vibration will be maintained.  Measures will be taken to minimize vibration. This may include, for example, schedule work to reduce human disturbance; locating stationary equipment away from the residences; and minimizing piling energy (reduced hammer drop distance).  The nearby residents and property owners will be notified in advance about any vibration-generating activity.  The Grievance Redress Mechanism will be used to record, investigate, and respond to any complaints. Investigation of the complaints will be undertaken by the Supervision Consultant.  If it is established that the construction activity has resulted in damage to an structure the Contractor will undertake corrective actions including repairs to the damaged structures.

1.4.4 Air Quality 26. The ambient air quality may be affected by the Project activities during the construction phase. In this section, the impacts of construction activities on ambient air quality are discussed. 27. The sources of emission will include point sources (a single, stationary and identified source of pollution from where pollutants can be emitted into the atmosphere instantaneously and continuously). The stacks of all the generators are an example of point source. Other point sources include the batching plant. 28. The proposed mitigation measures include:  Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and vegetation.  Prevent soil damage and erosion to reduce dust emission.  Retain as much natural vegetation as possible.  Install and maintain all vehicles and machinery with appropriate emission control equipment.  Smoke from internal combustion engines should not be visible for more than ten

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seconds.  Sprinkle water on all exposed surfaces, particularly those close and up-wind of the settlements.  Dust suppression with covers on loads, water sprays, covers on long-term piles of materials when there are visible dust emissions.

1.4.5 Land Stability 29. The top cover of soil on the slopes around the Project facilities is mainly sand and fine clay. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, would lead to loss of soil. Excavated material collected during boring of the tunnels may be used during construction of the road. Erosion of soil can occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, muck disposal sites and quarry sites. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. Given the topography of the area, unprotected excavations on sloping grounds may lead to landslides, especially during the rainy season. Major landslides will disturb the slopes of the area and may also alter the bed of streams and rivers. 30. The proposed mitigation measures include:  Vegetation loss will be limited to demarcated construction area.  Areas such as muck disposal area, batching plant, labor camp and quarry sites after the closure shall be covered with grass and shrubs.  Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, drainage along roadsides, cross drainage and retaining walls.  Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas.

1.4.6 Operation Noise 31. Noise is undesirable or unwanted sound. It can be subjective but its impacts may include annoyance, disturbance, stress, and physical and psychological damage. Sources of noise from highway traffic includes:  Engine noise mainly from exhaust, during acceleration and stopping  Friction between road surface and vehicle tire  Horns and loud music  Aerodynamic friction 32. To assess the impact of the proposed traffic on the surrounding communities, noise modeling was undertaken with the following objectives:  Predict the noise level due to traffic on the proposed Batumi Bypass Road on the surrounding areas, particularly on the residences located within 100 m of the proposed road.  Identify generic specifications of noise barriers to reduce the noise levels to acceptable criteria.  Identify the areas, where the noise levels are unlikely to be mitigated to acceptable

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noise levels using the standard mitigations methods 33. The noise model, SoundPLAN Essential Version 3.0 by Braunstein + Berndt GmbH / SoundPLAN International LLC was used. The model is capable of modeling noise levels in three-dimensions. The following are the key inputs and assumptions: 34. For the convenience of modeling the entire road was divided in to 9 segments. Each segment was modelled separately. In the 1-km zone on each side of the road, a total of 490 houses were identified. These are the potential receptors. However, those houses that are shielded by other houses in front of them were not modeled. Thus only 256 houses were modeled. These are called the receivers. 35. In addition to these 490 houses, 25 houses fell within 25 m of the edge of the road. These were not modeled as the Road Departments intends to remove all houses within 25 m of the edge of the road. These houses will be thus included in the LARP. 36. Following the modeling of “without mitigation” emission, noise walls were introduced to reduce the impacts on the receptors. The length and surface area of the walls in each segment is provided in the table. An estimated 14.5 km of noise wall of 2-4 m height will be required. The total surface area of the walls is estimated to be 57,000 m2. 37. A key mitigation measure to achieve compliance with the noise standard is to ensure that the vehicle speed on the highway does not exceed 90 kph. 38. Even after the introduction the noise wall, the noise levels for some receivers could not be mitigated due to their location with respect to the road for the relative positions of selected receiver. The number of such receivers is 52. The strategy for these receivers will be as follows:  Refined mitigation options will be considered. These may include higher walls (up to 6 m); wall and berm on the hill to provide better shielding; and plantation of 200 m wide avenue of trees to shield the houses.  If by any of these measures noise levels for the houses cannot be mitigated, the owners of the houses will be given the option to relocate after selling their houses. Their names will be included in the LARP.  An alternate, is that they despite the high noise want to stay in their houses. In that case, a legally binding agreement will be executed between the Roads Department and the receiver.

1.4.7 Air Quality during Operation 39. The air quality of the Study Area was modeled to assess the impacts of traffic on the new road. The results of the dispersion model shows marginal increase in air pollutant concentration in the surrounding areas.

1.5 Environmental Management Plan 40. The main objective of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to identify mechanisms to implement the environmental mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 9. It is the fundamental tool that ensures that all mitigation measures are consolidated, their implementation responsibilities identified and the resources required to implement the measures are provided. Further, the EMP includes monitoring measures as a feedback mechanism on implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures.

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41. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared for all the identified environmental impacts during design, construction, and operation and management (O&M) stages due to implementation of various Project activities.

1.6 Conclusions 42. The proposed Project, the Batumi Bypass Road Construction, was evaluated in this report. The proposed design and construction activities were assessed against the laws of Georgia, and ADB’s safeguard policies. Mitigation and management measures were recommended and made part of the project design. 43. Environmentally, the most important aspect of the project is the noise to be generated during project operation. Noise modeling was undertaken to predict the impact, and identify mitigation measures. Socially, the most important aspect is resettlement. A resettlement action plan has been prepared separately to undertake the resettlement in a fair and open manner and to minimize social or economic impacts.

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2. Introduction

44. The 81-km Poti–Batumi–Sarpi Road (“S2” under Georgian Highway Designation) along the western coast of Georgia, located in the Adjara Autonomous Republic, is a key international highway and international transit route in Georgia. It is connected to the important towns Batumi, Poti and Kobuleti. Batumi is a major Black Sea port and a holiday resort. Poti is the largest port of Georgia. Kobuleti is a holiday resort. Due to heavy traffic on S2, there has been significant increase in congestion and accidents particularly during the tourist season in Batumi and Kobuleti. The Government of Georgia plans to construct two roads around Batumi and Kobuleti to bypass the highway traffic from these towns. This EIA has been prepared for the Batumi Bypass.

2.1 Introduction to the EIA 45. This EIA is a continuation of the previous study however wherever necessary new baseline data collection, stakeholder consultation, and assessment has been done, especially with regards to the new technology and scope of operation. The TOR is included as Appendix 1.

2.2 Organization of the Report 46. The EIA contains 12 chapters as follows: After the Executive Summary (Chapter 1) and Introduction (this chapter), the Legal and Institutional Framework (Chapter 3) discusses the environmental laws of the country and the ADB SPS 2009. The proposed project is described in The Proposed Project (Chapter 4). The physical, ecological and socioeconomic baseline is presented in Description of the Environment (Chapter 5). Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation (Chapter 6) and Analysis of Alternatives (Chapter 7) follow. The core of the EIA is the Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures (Chapter 8) which identifies the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed Project, predicts their magnitude, evaluates the significance of impacts, and proposes mitigation measures, where required. The cumulative impacts are discussed in Chapter 9. This chapter is followed by the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 10) which identifies various implementing mechanisms, institutional arrangements, monitoring mechanisms, and other plans to ensure effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. The Grievance Redress Mechanism (Chapter 11) proposes the mechanism to affectively address any grievances of the community and other stakeholders against the project. 47. Finally, Conclusions (Chapter 12) concludes the report. The background information and detailed data is provided in the appendices.

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3. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

48. This chapter reviews the provisions for environmental protection in the laws of Georgia that are relevant to the proposed Project. It also discusses the potential implications of the international treaties to which the Republic of Georgia is a party. Finally, the administrative framework for environmental management is also described. Note: All legal instruments in Georgia are in the Georgian Language. English translations that have been used and quoted in this chapter are from various online sources and shall not be construed as official translation.

3.1 Environmental Policies and Laws of Georgia 49. Georgian legislation comprises the Constitution, environmental laws, international agreements, subordinate legislation, normative acts, presidential orders and governmental decrees, ministerial orders, instructions and regulations. Along with the national regulations, Georgia is signatory to a number of international conventions, including those related to environmental protection. 50. The Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources Protection (MoENRP) of the Government of Georgia is responsible for regulating the activities that affect the natural environment.

3.1.1 Constitution of Georgia 1995 (Last amended 2013) 51. The Constitution of Georgia3 defines both the rights and duties of the citizens of Georgia and the responsibilities of the State in the context of environment and sustainable development. Specifically it states that: Rights of the Citizen  Everyone shall have the right to live in a healthy environment and to use the natural and cultural environment [Article 37, Part 3].  Everyone shall have the right to complete, objective, and timely information about environmental conditions [Article 37, Part 5].  Every citizen of Georgia shall have the right of access to information as determined by law, as well as to official documents about him/her stored in state institutions, unless they contain state, professional, or commercial secrets [Article 41, Part 1]. Duties of the Citizen  Everyone shall be obliged to protect the natural and cultural environment [Article 37, Part 3]. Responsibilities of the State  Taking into account the interests of current and future generations, the State shall guarantee environmental protection and rational use of nature in order to ensure a safe environment for human health and maintain sustainable development of the

3 Georgia's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2013, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Georgia_2013?lang=en. Accessed October 15, 2016.

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country in line with the ecological and economic interests of society [Article 37, Part 4].

3.1.2 Law of Georgia on Environmental Protection 1996 (Last amended 2016) 52. Law of Georgia on Environmental Protection 19964 is the earliest environmental law that “regulates legal relations in the field of environmental protection and the use of natural resources ('environmental protection') between state bodies and natural and legal persons…” 53. The main goals of this law, relevant to the proposed Project are:  “protect fundamental human rights established by the Constitution of Georgia in the field of environmental protection, in particular the right to live in a healthy environment and the right to enjoy the natural and the cultural environment;  ensure the protection of the environment and the rational use of natural resources by the State, and ensure a healthy environment in accordance with the environmental and economic interests of society and taking into account the interests of present and future generations;  support the preservation of biological diversity and of rare, endemic and endangered species of flora and fauna typical of the country, and support the protection of, and ensure ecological balance within, the marine environment;  preserve and protect natural landscapes and ecosystems; and  ensure appropriate conditions for the sustainable development of the country. 54. Article 5 states that “when planning and carrying out activities5, state bodies and natural and legal persons (regardless of their ownership and organizational and legal form) shall be guided by the main environmental principles.” For the applicability of this article, the law lists 12 environmental principles, which are:  the risk reduction principle —an operator6 shall, when planning and carrying out his/her/its activities, take relevant measures to prevent or reduce the risk of an adverse impact on the environment and human health;  the sustainability principle—the use of the environment and natural resources in a manner where no danger is posed to the development of society and where the protection of the environment and natural resources from irreversible quantitative and qualitative changes is ensured;  the priority principle—an action that may have an adverse impact on the environment and human health may be replaced by another, less risky, though more expensive, action. Priority shall be given to the latter if its value does not exceed the costs of compensation of ecological damage caused by a less expensive action;  the user pays principle—an operator pays for the use of natural resources of soil,

4 https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/download/33340/19/en/pdf, Accessed October 15, 2016. 5 The term “activity” is defined in Article of the Law of Georgia on Environmental Impact Permits. 6 “Operator is defined in the law as “a natural or a legal person carrying out an activity”

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water, forest, flora and fauna, subsoil and fossils;  the polluter pays principle—the obligation of an operator or other natural or legal person to compensate damage caused to the environment;  the biological diversity preservation principle—activities shall not cause the irreversible degradation of biodiversity;  the waste minimization principle—in the course of activities, preference is given to such technology as ensures the minimization of waste;  the recycling principle—in the course of activities, preference is given to substances, materials and chemical compounds which can be reused or reprocessed, or biologically degraded, or decomposed safely for the environment;  the restitution principle—the environment degraded as a result of activities shall be brought as close as possible to its original state;  the environmental impact assessment principle—an operator shall, in the process of designing or planning his/her/its activities, take into consideration and assess the possible impact of those activities on the environment in accordance with the procedure established by law;  the public participation principle—the participation of the public in the process of making important decisions related to the carrying out of an activity;  the information accessibility principle—information on the environmental condition shall be open and available to the public. 55. Article 37 of the Law of Georgia on Environmental Protection 1996 covers the EIA and requires that:  An environmental impact assessment shall be carried out before the issuance of environmental impact permits for the implementation of activities in order to prevent or reduce adverse environmental impacts.  An environmental impact assessment shall determine the potential impacts of activity on the environment, and shall evaluate the ecological, social and economic consequences caused by such impacts.  An operator shall include the results of environmental impact assessment in an environmental impact assessment report. 56. Articles of Chapter XII of the Act discusses the protection of the natural ecosystem. These include among others coastline, forests, and wildlife. Similarly, Chapter XIII of the Act covers the protected areas. Chapter XIV covers the global issues such as the climate change, biodiversity, and ozone layers. However, the implementation of these articles requires separate legislation under the Act. Where any law has been enacted in this context and is relevant is discussed later in this chapter. 57. In the context of this EIA, the specific requirements under this law are:  Wherever relevant, the EIA process shall take into account the environmental principles. This is particularly important for those aspects of the environment for which specific laws, regulations and standards have not been enacted.  An EIA shall be carried out for the proposed project for the issuance of

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environmental impact permits for the implementation of the Project.

3.1.3 Law of Georgia on Environmental Permit 2007 (Last amended 2016) 58. The Law of Georgia on Environmental Permit 20077 is a legal instrument that regulates the environmental assessment procedures in Georgia. The Law defines the term “Environmental Impact Assessment”, lists the activities that are subject to EIA, lays down the procedure for mandatory public hearing, EIA preparation and review process. And identifies the minimum contents of the EIA. Activities subject to environmental assessment include “Engineering of international and national highways, railways and the bridges and viaducts of the tunnel, as well as road, railway, and construction protection facilities of their areas” (Article 4, Clause 1(J)). 59. Specific provisions of the law that may affect the proposed Project are discussed later in this chapter.

3.1.4 Other Relevant Laws

Law of Georgia on Licenses and Permits 2005 (Last amended 2016) 60. The Law regulates activities which may result in increased hazard to human life or health, involves interests of importance to the State or public, or connected to consumption of State resources. The Law defines the full list of activities which require licenses and permits, and sets out the rules for granting, amending and abolishing licenses and permits.

Law of Georgia on Ecological Expertise 2007 (Last amended 2013) 61. The Law makes an ecological examination obligatory for issuance of development permits. According to the Low the independent expert opinion is mandatory to adopt a decision on the issuance of an Environmental Impact Permit. The ecological expertise is the responsibility of the MoENRP, which undertakes expert examination in accordance with the provisions on the Procedure of Conducting State Ecological Expertise, and the normative-technical and methodological guidance documents and the procedure established under law, through a commission of experts.

Law of Georgia on Water 1997 (Last amended in 2015) 62. The Law regulates the use of water resources, determines the rights and responsibilities of water users, and regulates water abstraction and discharges. Consistent with the legislation, water within the territory of Georgia owned by the State can be abstracted only for consumption. Any actions directly or indirectly violating the State ownership rights for water are prohibited.

Law of Georgia on Public Health 2007 63. The purpose of this law is the promotion of the healthy lifestyle and protection of the population’s health; provision of the environment that is safe to human health; protection of the reproductive health of the family; prevention of the contagious and non- contagious diseases.

7 https://tenders.procurement.gov.ge/public/lib/files.php?mode=app&file=356952&code=1344627268

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Law of Georgia on Soil Protection 1994 (Last amended in 2015) 64. The Law aims at ensuring preservation of integrity and improvement of soil fertility. It defines the obligations and responsibility of land users and the State regarding the provision of soil protection conditions and ecologically safe production. The Law sets the maximum permissible concentrations of hazardous matter in soil and restricts the use of fertile soil for non-agricultural purposes, the execution of any activity without prior striping and preservation of top soil, open quarry processing without subsequent re-cultivation of the site, terracing without preliminary survey of the area and approved design, agricultural activities that could lead to overgrazing, wood cutting, damage of soil protection facilities, and any activity that could potential deteriorate soil quality (e.g. unauthorized chemicals/fertilizers, etc). 65. The law sets general basis for the protection of soil from erosion, contamination, sedimentation, sanitization, secondary swamping, etc., regulation of the open extraction of natural resources and construction materials, impact from human economic activity. The Law sets up norms and standards for allowable concentration limits of pollutants in the soil to ensure human health and better environment.

Law of Georgia on Protection of Atmospheric Air 1999 (Last amended in 2016) 66. The Law regulates protection of the atmospheric air from adverse anthropogenic impact within the whole Georgian territory (Part I, Chapter I, Article 1.1). Adverse anthropogenic impacts are any human induced effect on atmospheric air causing or capable of causing a negative impact on human health and environment (Part II, Chapter IV, Article II.I).

Waste Management Code 2015 (Last amended in 2016) 67. The purpose of this Code is to establish a legal framework in the field of waste management to implement measures that will facilitate waste prevention and its increased re-use as well as environmentally safe treatment of waste. The objective of this Code is to protect the environment and human health through: a) the prevention or reduction of waste and its adverse impact; b) the establishment of effective mechanisms for waste management; c) the reduction of damage caused by the consumption of resources and the more efficient use of resources.

The Law on Minerals 1996 (Last amended in 2015) 68. The Law establishes the requirement to obtain a license according to the procedures established under this law and the Law on Licensing and Permits (June 25, 2005). According to the current system all quarries and borrow pits require to obtain a license.

The Wildlife Law 1996 (Last amended in 2015) 69. The law mandates the MoENRP to regulate wildlife use and protection overall territory of the country, including existing protected areas. For now, the Ministry of Energy is responsible for this function also. This law also determines activities on protected areas by the corresponding structural units.

The Law on the System of Protected Areas 1996 (Last amended in 2016)

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70. The law provides definitions of protected areas and outlines the limits for activities in these areas. Permitted activities are defined according to the area designation, territorial regulations, individual charters and area management plans, as well as the requirements of international agreements and conventions to which Georgia is a signatory. 71. The following activities are generally restricted within protected territories: damaging or changing in any way natural ecosystems; destroying natural resources for exploitation or any other purpose; catching, disturbing, damaging natural ecosystems and species; environmental pollution; introducing new and exotic species of living organisms; bringing explosive materials or poisoning substances; and Any other activities specifically prohibited by the management plan for a protected area.

The Law on Red List and Red Book of Georgia 2003 (Last amended in 2016) 72. The Law establishes the legal basis for the preparation and approval of the Red List and Red Data Book to provide these instruments for the protection and restoration of threatened species of flora and fauna. The new Georgian Red List (GRL) has been approved in May 2006 and is as such legally enforceable. The new GRL has been organized in accordance with the guidelines and principles of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). According to article 4 of the law: any type of activity is forbidden, including, hunt, cutting and others, besides special occasions (events) fixed by law.

Forestry Code of Georgia 1999 (Last amended in 2013) 73. The Law establishes legal grounds for protection, restoration, and forthe use of the Georgian Forest Fund and its resources. The Law defines property rights to the forests of Georgia, the principles for the protection and use of forest resources and establishes the procedures for their use and the requirement to obtain a license.

The Law of Georgia on Rules for Expropriation of Ownership for Necessary Public Needs 1999 (Last amended in 2013) 74. The Law defines terms, rules and procedures for the expropriation of assets necessary in the public interest. Expropriation requires the Presidential decree and a court decision. The decision of the court gives a detailed description of the expropriable property and due compensation to the owner. The Law states the public interests which allow expropriation of assets. These are the construction/installation of: a) Roads and highways; b) Railways; c) oil, gas and oil product pipelines; d) Power transmission and distribution lines; e) Water supply, sewage and storm water drainage systems; f)Telephone lines; g) Premises and objects of public needs; h) Works required for national defense; i) Mining and reserve development. 75. After issuance of the Presidential decree a person seeking for expropriator’s right announces in the central and local printed media about the project, its scope, area coverage and brief description of the potentially expropriable property. All affected landowners also shall be informed about the dates of application to the court and action proceeding. 76. An expropriator should endeavor to obtain property in agreement with the owner. Prior to negotiation the expropriator evaluates the property and determines an estimated compensation sum or other property compensation according to fair market price.

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Agricultural lands are to be evaluated together with price of crops that could be yielded by the owner throughout the current agricultural year.

Georgian Labor Legislation 77. Applicable Georgian Labor Laws are as follows:  Labor Code of Georgia (2006) governs the rights of the employees in all enterprises, institutions and organizations. This law establishes the requirements regarding human rights and creation of safe and healthy working environment including health and safety conditions, social security and insurance; and  Law of Georgia on Employment (2001) regulates the employment policy of Georgia, including protection of the unemployed in terms of economic, social and legal issues. For the protection of the unemployed, this law promotes employment programs.

3.2 Requirements for Environmental Assessment in Georgia

3.2.1 Requirements for EIA 78. The Environmental Impact Assessment is defined under the Georgian Law as:8 - studying and examination procedure of the planned activities is designed to protect separate components of the environment, human, as well as landscape and cultural heritage. EIA study, identify and describe the direct and indirect impacts on human health and safety, herbage and animals, soil, air, water, climate, landscape, ecosystems and historical monuments, or all the above factors unity, among the factors that influence the cultural values (cultural heritage) and the social - economic factors. 79. The law requires that the EIA or its accompanying information shall include:  A layout (indicating a distance) of the place where the project shall be implemented;  Volume and classes of emissions expected of stationary pollution sources and hazardous substances discharged and emission and a project of hazardous substances discharged and emission standards allowed to limit);  A short summary on the activities (as a technical summary)  A full schedule of the technological cycle to the administrative body issuing a permit even the activity includes commercial and/or state secret. 80. The law also requires that wherever relevant, the EIA process shall take into account the environmental principles as listed in Section 3.1.2. This is particularly important for those aspects of the environment for which specific laws, regulations and standards have not been enacted.

3.2.2 The EIA Process 81. The EIA process will follow the relevant national and international requirements. The Law of Georgia on Environmental Impact Permit sets the legal basis for issuance of an environmental permit, including implementation of an ecological examination, public

8 Law of Georgia on Environmental Impact Permit. Article 2 (D).

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consultations and community involvement in the processes. Granting of permission or refusal to issue a permit is based on ecological examination of environmental documents presented to the Ministry of Environment and natural Resource Protection (MoENRP) by the project proponent. 82. Article 6 of the Environmental Impact Permit Law requires the project proponent to organize a public hearing of the EIA prior to submission of the final version documentation to the MoENRP. The permit application/issuance procedure for the Project, including EIA coordination, establishment of the timeframes for information disclosure and public review and discussion in accordance with Georgian Law will include the following steps:  Step 1: The project proponent publishes information on the Project in central and regional newspapers. The advertisement has to include the project title, location, place and the date, time and venue of public disclosure meeting(s). It will also identify locations where the EIA can be reviewed and where comments may be submitted.  Step 2: Within one week after publishing the information in the newspapers, the project proponent will submit the EIA report (hard copy and electronic version) to the MoENRP. A period of 45 days is allowed for public comments on the EIA. Between 50 and 60 days after publication, the project proponent will hold a series of meetings to receive comments from stakeholders (which may include government agencies, local authorities, NGOs, community members). Within five days of the meetings, the project proponent will submit minutes of the meetings (summary of comments and discussions) to the MoENRP.  Step 3: All comments received from the stakeholders at the meeting or in writing will be reviewed and addressed in the final version of the EIA. A copy of all written comments, the minutes together with a comment-response section will be included in the final EIA as an Appendix. The final EIA will be submitted to the MoENRP and made available to the public, along with a project location map, an executive summary, and the any necessary reports on emissions and allowable limits. The permit is to be issued or denied within 20 days from registration of the submission. 83. According to the Law on Construction Permit, 2004 and Law on Licenses and Permits 2005, construction and modernization of highways requires the Construction Permit. Procedures for obtaining the permit are described in the Law of Georgia on the Construction Permit. The administrative body responsible to issue the permit is the the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development. Under the law, the Ministry is required to ensure involvement of other ministries including the MoENRP in the permitting process. For the projects subjected to the construction permit, the construction permit incorporates elements of environmental impact permit. 84. Environmental impact permit is also required for running asphalt and concrete batching plant. License for use of natural resources, if own quarries are to be used, is also required. The authority responsible for issuing the license is MoENRP. All other issues such as temporary disposal of inert construction waste and unusable asphalt are regulated with the local municipal authorities and requires a formal agreement with them.

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3.3 ADB Safeguard Policies

3.3.1 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 85. As per Asian Development Bank’s SPS 2009, depending on the significance of project impacts and risks, the assessment may comprise a full-scale environmental impact assessment (EIA) for category A projects, an initial environmental examination or equivalent process for category B projects, or a desk review. ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a project’s potential environmental impacts. A project’s category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the project’s area of influence. Projects are assigned to one of the four categories shown in Table 3-1. 86. The policy principles under the SPS 2009 for environmental assessment are:  Apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines.  Adopt cleaner production processes, and good practices of energy efficiency.  Avoid or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize or control the intensity or load of pollutants emissions and discharges, including direct and indirect greenhouse gases emissions, waste generation, and release of hazardous material from their production, transportation, handling and storage. 87. The ADB SPS 2009 in its Policy Principles require conducting “an environmental assessment for each proposed project to identify potential direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts and risks to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including impacts on livelihood through environmental media, health and safety, vulnerable groups, and gender issues), and physical cultural resources in the context of the project’s area of influence. Assess potential trans-boundary and global impacts, including climate change.” 88. Section D of the ADB SPS 2009, in its Subsection 6 requires analysis of impacts in the context of project’s area of influence, encompassing “areas and communities potentially affected by cumulative impacts from further planned development of the project, other sources of similar impacts in the geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other project-related developments that are realistically defined at the time the assessment is undertaken.”

Table 3-1: ADB Project Categories

Category Project Description and Requirements Category A A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment is required. Category B A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site- specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required.

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Category C A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds FI to or through a FI

3.4 AIIB Safeguard Policies 89. The environmental and social policies are described in the document Environmental and Social Framework of the AIIB.9 The overarching Policy of the AIIB is states that “The Bank recognizes that environmental and social sustainability is a fundamental aspect of achieving outcomes consistent with its mandate to support infrastructure development and enhance interconnectivity in Asia. The objective of this overarching policy is to facilitate achievement of these development outcomes, through a system that integrates sound environmental and social management into Projects.” 90. As ADB is the lead lender for the proposed Project, AIIB has determined that the Project’s compliance with the ADB social safeguards policies will be sufficient to meet AIIB requirements.

3.5 Harmonization of ADB and Government Safeguard Requirements The environmental assessment of the Project will need to satisfy the requirement of both the government and ADB. A harmonized safeguard framework is developed for conducting EIA study of the Project. The framework is given in Table 2-1.

9 http://www.aiib.org/uploadfile/2016/0226/20160226043633542.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2016.

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Table 3-2: Comparison of Georgian Legislation and ADB Requirements

Aspect Asian Development Bank Government of Georgia Harmonized Framework Environmental ADB’s SPS (2009) sets out the policy objectives, Environmental assessment and permitting Policy and scope and triggers, and principles for three key procedure in Georgia is set out in three laws: Regulations safeguard areas: i. The Law on Licenses and Permits i. Environmental safeguards, (2005); ii. Involuntary resettlement safeguards, and ii. The Law on Environmental Impact Permits (EIP), and iii. Indigenous peoples safeguards iii. The Law on Ecological Examination (EE) 2008 Screening ADB carry out project screening and Project Proponent in consultation with The Project is Categorized in to categorization at the earliest stage of project MOENRP ‘Category A’ preparation when sufficient information is available for this purpose using REA checklist. Categorization into Category A, B, C, FI Scoping Avoid, minimize, mitigate and/or offset for adverse The impact assessment shall include Conduct a process of Environmental impacts and enhancement of positive impacts components such as Air, Noise, Land, Assessment that will consider in an through environmental planning and management Water, Biological and health and safety. integrated manner the potential Involuntary resettlement is not a component environmental (including labor, health, of Assessment. and safety) risks and impacts of the project. EA takes into account potential impacts (direct, Scoping is however not a requirement under The Environmental Assessment will take indirect and cumulative) and risks on physical, the law into account natural environment (air, biological, resettlement, socio-economic water, and land); human health and (including health and safety), and physical cultural safety; social aspects (involuntary resources resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources Alternatives Examination of financially and technically feasible Alternative assessments are to be carried Assessment of alternatives will include alternatives to the project location, design, out for the project location and design the location and design, and also no technology and components, their potential project alternative environmental and social impacts

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Aspect Asian Development Bank Government of Georgia Harmonized Framework Consider no project alternative. EIA Report Guidelines and Table of Contents are provided for No guideline or Table of Contents are The EIA and EMP reports will follow the EIA report in SPS (2009). available for EMP reports. Only guidelines table of contents proposed in ADB’s SPS EMP will include proposed mitigation measures, (Regulation) on EIA is available, which (2009). monitoring and reporting requirements, includes required content of the EIA. institutional arrangements, schedules, cost estimates and performance indicators Public Carry out meaningful consultation with affected Publication of information in national and Consultations will be carried out with the Consultations people and facilitate their informed participation regional mass-media. Arrange consultation stakeholders, affected people, NGOs Ensuring women’s participation in consultation. not later than 60 days from the date of throughout the project cycle and Involving stakeholders, project- affected people publication. All stakeholders are to be invited consider their views in project design and concerned NGOs early in the project for the meetings. and safeguard plan. Questions and preparation and ensure that their views and concerns raised during public concerns are made known and understood by consultations held in Feasibility stage decision makers and taken into account will be considered. Continue consultations with stakeholders Village level consultations will be held throughout project implementation as necessary to with the affected people. address environmental assessment- related Conduct a public consultation meeting in issues. accordance with Georgian Guidelines in Batumi. Public Disclosure Draft EIA will be published in ADB website for 120 The draft EIA should be available for public Draft EIA report (English and Georgian) days before Project approval by the Board review for 45 days before public will be published in ADB and Roads consultations. Department Websites. The copies of the draft EIA report will be made available with the municipal offices.

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3.6 Institutional Framework

3.6.1 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection (MoENRP) 91. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection is responsible for all environmental protection issues and natural resources. The responsibilities of the Ministry as the competent authority are: a) to intermit, limit, or stop any activity having or likely to have adverse impact on the environment, b)to issue a series of licenses and permits (including for environmental impact), c) to control the execution of mitigation measures by the developer, d)to receive free and unrestricted information from the developer about the utilization of natural resources, monitoring systems, waste management and explanations from authorities concerning the Project. 92. Connected with projects of the actions presented to ecological examination, department of the mentioned ministry of ecological examination organizes discussion of an estimation of influence on environment and prepares the documentation (the project of the order of the minister) to let out the permission to influence to environment.

3.6.2 Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development (MoESD) 93. MoESD is responsible for carrying out the review of technical documentation (including conclusion of independent experts) and issuing Permits on Construction for projects, as well as for supervision over constructing activities and for arranging Acceptance Commission after completion of construction. 94. State supervision of construction and compliance monitoring is provided by the Main Architecture and Construction Inspection (MACI), which is operating under the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia.

3.6.3 The Roads Department (RD or RDMRDI) 95. The Roads Department of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure (RD or RDMRDI) is responsible for elaboration of policy and strategic plans related to developing motor roads, management of road and traffic related issues and construction, rehabilitation, reconstruction and maintenance of the roads of public use of international and national significance, utilizing funds from the state budget, lawns, grants and other financial sources. 96. Thus, the RDMRDI is responsible for the procurement of design and EIA studies, as well as works on construction and rehabilitation of roads and is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Georgian legislation and environmental and social requirements of the relevant donor organizations. Control of implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is direct responsibility of the Roads Department. 97. Within the RD there is Environmental Division dealing with the environmental issues. This division is supposed to review the EIAs and EMPs related to the Roads Department projects and perform monitoring of compliance of the contractor’s performance with the approved EMPs, EIAs, environmental standards and other environmental commitments of the contractor.

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3.6.4 Environment and Natural Resources Directorate of Adjara Autonomous Region 98. The Directorate of Environment and Natural Resources of the of Autonomous Republic of Adjara is responsible on establishing policy of sustainable development of the autonomous republic of Adjara and monitoring in a field of natural resource management and environmental protection. Compliance of developing industrial projects with the environmental requirements set forth in legal documents, standards and norms is conducted by the department at all stages of the project development: preparation of development plans and programs, preparation of EIAs, design of particular projects, construction and rehabilitation activities and operation of facilities.

3.6.5 Other Responsible Governmental Institutions 99. The Ministry of Culture, Monument Protection and Sports is responsible on supervision of the construction activities in order to protect archaeological heritage. In case if construction is to be carried out in a historic sites or zones of cultural heritage, consent of the Ministry of Culture, Monument Protection and Sport is also required for issuing construction permit. 100. The “National Service for the Foodstuffs Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection” of the Ministry of the Agriculture is responsible for implementation of complex sanitary protection measures in case of identification burial sites during earthworks. Information about suspicious burial sites should be delivered to the “National Service for the Foodstuffs Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection” of the Ministry of the Agriculture by the Construction Contactor (field environmental officer) and RDMRDI field officer.

3.7 International Treaties 101. Important international environmental treaties that have been signed by Georgia and may have relevance to the Project are listed in Table 3-3. They concern: climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, biological diversity and trade in wild flora and fauna, desertification; waste and pollution; cultural heritage, and preservation of the ecology of the Black Sea.

Table 3-3: International Environmental Treaties Ratified by Georgia

Agreement Agreement Name Ratification Entry into Date Force

6/4/1999 Agreement on cooperation in the area of 6/4/1999 preservation and use of genetic resources of cultured plants of member states of the CIS

6/16/1995 Agreement On The Conservation Of African- 8/1/2001 Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

11/24/1996 Agreement On The Conservation Of Cetaceans Of 5/31/2001 The Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea And Contiguous Atlantic Area 12/4/1991 Agreement On The Conservation Of Populations of 7/25/2002 8/24/2002 European Bats

4/12/1996 Agreement On The Control Of Transboundary 4/12/1996 Shipments Of Hazardous And Other Wastes

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Agreement Agreement Name Ratification Entry into Date Force Between States Members Of The Commonwealth Of Independent States 6/14/2002 Black Sea Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation 9/22/2009 6/20/2011 Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution 1/29/2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention 2/2/2009 2/2/2009 On Biological Diversity 3/22/1985 Convention For The Protection Of The Ozone Layer 3/21/1996 6/19/1996

11/23/1972 Convention For The Protection Of The World Cultural 11/4/1992 And Natural Heritage 6/25/1998 Convention On Access To Information, Public 4/11/2000 10/30/2001 Participation In Decision-Making And Access To Justice In Environmental Matters 6/5/1992 Convention On Biological Diversity 6/2/1994 8/31/1994 3/3/1973 Convention On International Trade In Endangered 9/13/1996 12/12/1996 Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora 11/13/1979 Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air 2/11/1999 5/12/1999 Pollution 5/22/2001 Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants 10/4/2006 1/2/2007 9/19/1979 Convention On The Conservation Of European 11/19/2009 3/1/2010 Wildlife And Natural Habitats

6/23/1979 Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory 6/1/2000 Species Of Wild Animals 3/22/1989 Convention On The Control Of Transboundary 5/20/1999 8/18/1999 Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal 4/21/1992 Convention On The Protection Of The Black Sea 9/1/1993 1/15/1994 Against Pollution 2/2/1971 Convention On Wetlands Of International Importance 2/7/1997 6/7/1997 Especially As Waterfowl Habitat 6/17/1994 Convention To Combat Desertification In Those 7/23/1999 10/21/1999 Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly In Africa

12/2/1961 International Convention For The Protection Of New 11/29/2008 Varieties Of Plants 11/17/1997 International Plant Protection Convention (1997 3/8/2007 3/8/2007 Revised Text) 9/16/1987 Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The 3/21/1996 6/21/1996 Ozone Layer 4/21/1992 Protocol On Cooperation In Combating Pollution Of 9/1/1993 1/15/1994 The Black Sea Marine Environment By Oil And Other Harmful Substances In Emergency Situations

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Agreement Agreement Name Ratification Entry into Date Force 4/21/1992 Protocol On The Protection Of The Black Sea Marine 9/1/1993 1/15/1994 Environment Against Pollution By Dumping 4/21/1992 Protocol On The Protection Of The Black Sea Marine 9/1/1993 1/15/1994 Environment Against Pollution From Land-Based Sources

4/17/2009 Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment 9/24/2009 of the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and Activities 12/11/1997 Protocol To The United Nations Framework 6/16/1999 2/16/2005 Convention On Climate Change 12/10/1982 United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea 3/21/1996 4/21/1996 5/9/1992 United Nations Framework Convention On Climate 7/29/1994 10/27/1994 Change

3.8 Applicable Environmental Protection and Pollution Prevention Criteria 102. The proposed project is legally required to comply with the Georgian standards and norms. In addition, the ADB financing requires that World Bank Group’s environmental guidelines should also be followed. 103. The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of the World Bank Group (includes International Finance Corporation (IFC)) are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. 104. In accordance with the Law of Georgia on Public Health, the environmental qualitative norms are approved by Decrees of the Minister of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia (Decrees Nos. 297/N of 16.08.2001, including the changes made to it by further decrees of the Ministry Nos. 38/N of 02.24.2003, 251/N of 09.15.1006, 351/N of 12.17.2007). The quality of atmospheric air (pollution with hazardous matter) is also defined by the order of the Minister of Environment Protection and Natural Resources (#89, 23 October 2001) on approval of the rule for calculation of index of pollution of atmospheric air with hazardous pollution. 105. In Appendix 2, the applicable environmental standards and norms are presented.

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4. The Proposed Project

4.1 The Adjara Bypass Project 106. The 81-km Poti–Batumi–Sarpi Road (“S2” under Georgian Highway Designation) along the western coast of Georgia, located in the Adjara Autonomous Republic, is a key international highway and international transit route in Georgia. It is connected to the important towns Batumi, Poti and Kobuleti. Batumi is a major Black Sea port and a holiday resort. Poti is the largest port of Georgia. Kobuleti is a holiday resort. Due to heavy traffic on S2, there has been significant increase in congestion and accidents particularly during the tourist season in Batumi and Kobuleti. The Government of Georgia plans to construct two roads around Batumi and Kobuleti to bypass the highway traffic from these towns. 107. The Adjara bypass project is packaged into 4 contracts for preparation of detailed designs and implementation. These are:  Contracts 1 and 2—new alignments of 12.4 km and 15.6 km, respectively to bypass Kobuleti Town  Contract 3—incorporating the 3-km existing road near recently constructed 4-lane Makhinjauri tunnel, and  Contract 4—new alignments of 17 to bypass Batumi Town 108. Contracts 1, 2 and 3 are either complete or under construction. Contract 4 is the focus of this report. There is a proposal to further extend the Adjara bypass project towards the south to avoid the towns of Gonio and Kvariati. This would require realignment of the southern 4-km section of the Contract 4. For this reason the last section has been excluded from this Project and the total length of the road which is subject of this EIA is 13.2 km. 109. The complete bypass alignment is shown in Figure 4-1.

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Figure 4-1: Adjara Bypass Project

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4.2 Need of the Project 110. Adjara Autonomous Region, located in the southwest part of Georgia, is bordered by the Black Sea to the west and Turkey to the south. The two major towns Batumi and Kobuleti are major tourist centers, especially in the summer months. Batumi is also the second largest port in Georgia. Whilst the two towns cater for extensive tourist traffic, the existing S2 Highway also carries heavy goods and passenger traffic. Turkey is Georgia’s most important trading partner and substantially all trade with Turkey passes along this road. Traffic growth was strong in 2007-8 (averaging around 20 percent a year) but has fallen by 18 percent in 2009 north of Batumi. Travel speeds are low and traffic accidents are higher than the national rate, which itself compares badly with nearby countries. The high incidence of traffic accidents, and the associated death and injury place a heavy burden on the health and welfare systems of the area. The proposed Project will support (i) construction of bypass roads around the Batumi; (ii) improve the international road transit network; (iii) improve road safety; (iv) strengthen institutions and (v) promote activities to involve the private sector.10 111. The direct beneficiaries of the project includes the autonomous region of Adjara, particularly the municipality of Batumi where 32% of the population of Adjara resides. The benefits includes reduced congestion and safer passage on the existing road, and faster travel for highway traffic using the bypass. The Project will also generate employment during its construction phase and, in the long-term, by increasing tourism opportunities in Batumi.

4.3 Project Design

4.3.1 Road Alignment and Right of Way 112. The Project road, bypassing the city of Batumi from East, is entirely located in Khelvachauri District (see Figure 4-2 for the alignment and location of tunnels and bridges). The design alignment goes through the villages of Makhinjauri, Gantiadi, Kapreshumi, Salibauri, Peria, and Makhvilauri. Passing through the above villages, the design alignment crosses complex landscape of multiple ravines, streams, rivers, hills and hillsides. 113. The Project road alignment starts north of Makhinjauri. It swings of to the left from the existing highway by means of an interchange at the end of the newly constructed Chakvi Tunnel. This point is taken as 0 km of the chainage11. The total length of the Project road is approximately 13.2 km. 114. The road starts with a 200-m long transition section from the existing highway. An interchange will be constructed here. Within the limits of Makhinjauri, the road overpasses number of secondary roads and streams by 3 bridges and underpasses the populated hills via 2 tunnels. In Gantiadi also, the road overpasses local roads and streams by a bridge and follows slopes of hillside in cuts along the ravines.

10 Feasibility Study, 2009 11 For linear infrastructure such as a road, chainage refers to linear measured from one end of the road along the center line of the road. It is a useful way to indicate the location of features on and in the vicinity of the road.

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Figure 4-2: Project Road Alignment 115. In Kapreshumi, the road overpasses the existing oil terminal and river Korolistskali and enters the valley of Kveda Salibaruri, where the second interchange is located to provide access to local traffic.

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116. In Kveda Salibauri the road crosses the local road and Skurdubi River. The Project road follows hillside cuts along the valley and enters the third tunnel under the Salibauri hill. After this tunnel, the road overpass the local roads and near the existing military camp, the road links to the third interchange to be constructed to provide access to the Batumi city. Following the interchange, the road approaches the village Peria through the fourth tunnel, where it overpasses the local road and valley by the viaduct. 117. Following the hillside in the valley, the road enters the fifth tunnel under the Peria hill. After the tunnel a long bridge, about one km long, overpasses number of steams and secondary roads in village Makhvilauri. Near the end of the alignment the proposed road follows flat terrain in the terraces of rivers Makhvilauris Tskali and Mejinistskali. At the intersection with the existing Batumi–Khelvachauri Road another full interchange is planned. However, this interchange will only be partly constructed under this project. The construction work to the south of the Batumi–Khelvachauri Road will be undertaken as part of the bypass extension project (see Section 4.1).

4.3.2 Road Dimensions 118. The Project road is a single carriageway i.e. a road with only one lane in each direction, other than in locations where a merging lane is required. Typical Project road dimensions are provided in Table 4-1 and the corresponding layout shown in Figure 4-3. A photograph of the Kobuleti bypass is shown in Figure 4-4 which has design similar to the Proposed Project.

Table 4-1: Typical Road Dimensions

Width of traffic lanes 3.5 m  2 Width of paved shoulder 2.5 m  2 Width of unpaved shoulders 1.0 m  2 Total width of road 14.0 m

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Figure 4-3: Typical Road Cross Section

Figure 4-4: Kobuleti Bypass Road

4.3.3 Road Design 119. The road is designed as a freeway by overpassing or underpassing all the existing roads. The design speed of the Project road is 100 kilometers per hour (kph). The width of the road is 14.0 m but the Right-of-Way (RoW) extends to at least 7 m outside the toe of the embankment to accommodate space for drainage ditch and a 3 m reserve zone outside of the ditch. The embankments consist of rocky soil. 120. Pavement design is based on the projected traffic volume discussed in Section 4.8. Asphalt concrete will be used for roads pavement, whereas cement concrete will be used in tunnels. Asphalt pavement structure is shown in Figure 4-5. The ramps have a different pavement structure due to lower expected traffic volumes on them. The pavement structure conforms to Georgian National Standards and to German and AASHTO standards.

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Figure 4-5: Asphalt Pavement Structure

4.3.4 Tunnels 121. Five tunnels are planned along the Project alignment as listed in Table 4-2 and shown in Figure 4-2. The total length of tunnels along the alignment is 3,808 m. Emergency shafts will be installed in Tunnels 2, 3 and 4. Due to short lengths, no shaft will be required in the Tunnels 1 and 5. A diagram of the typical layout is presented in Figure 4-6. Figure 4-7 displays an image of an already constructed nearby tunnel and illustrates the expected lighting, signage, pavement and footpath of the proposed tunnels 122. Tunnel design is based on the principles of New Austrian Tunneling Method. Tunnels are to be excavated through very weak weathered soil layer which consists of lean, brown-reddish clay, crushed stone and eluvial tuff-breccia. 123. The anticipated subsurface conditions and the strength of soil layers create difficult conditions for the design and construction of tunnels. The soft and weak deposits at the Project site with lower shear strength will be able to induce large deformation during tunneling. Therefore application of various pre-support techniques ahead of advancing tunnel face is recommended to limit the ground deformation.

Table 4-2: List of Tunnels

Tunnel Length Chainage Start End Tunnel 1 542 m 938 m 1480 m Tunnel 2 807 m 2215 m 3022 m Tunnel 3 805 m 5994 m 6799 m Tunnel 4 1067 m 7663 m 8730 m Tunnel 5 587 m 9520 m 10107 m

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Table 4-3: Typical Tunnel Dimensions

Parameters Value Width of traffic lanes (2 lanes) 3.75 m each Width of sidewalk (2 sidewalks) 0.75 m each Total width of tunnel 10.76 m Height clearance of tunnel 5.0 m Pavement type Cement concrete

Figure 4-6: Typical Tunnel Cross Section

Figure 4-7: A Tunnel with Similar Design

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124. As shown in Table 4-4, there are five types of soil in the Study Area. The linear cross-sections of the tunnels and the type of soils is shown in Figure 4-8 to Figure 4-11.

Table 4-4: Soil Types in the Study Area

Category Description 4 Lean Clay, brownish-reddish, firm, with crushed stone inclusions 13 Lean clay, brownish-reddish, with inclusions, eluvial tuffbreccia 14 Highly weathered tuffbreccia 15 Tuffbreccia of medium weathered and fractured andesite-basalt content 16 Tuffbreccia of slightly weathered andesite-basalt content

For soil categorization see Table 4-4

Figure 4-8: Depth of Tunnel 1

For soil categorization see Table 4-4

Figure 4-9: Depth of Tunnel 2

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For soil categorization see Table 4-4

Figure 4-10: Depth of Tunnel 3

For soil categorization see Table 4-4

Figure 4-11: Depth of Tunnel 4

For soil categorization see Table 4-4

Figure 4-12: Depth of Tunnel 5

4.3.5 Bridges 125. There are 15 bridges planned along the main alignment as listed in Table 4-5. Additionally 3 bridges are designed on interchange ramps and 1 bridge is planned to connect to the existing roads. The bridges will be either 15 meters or 19 meters (where an acceleration or deceleration lane is required) wide, having dimensions listed in Table 4-6. A typical cross section layout for a 15 meter wide bridge is given in Figure 4-13. Photographs of bridges in the area are given in Figure 4-14 to illustrate what the final

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bridge may be expected to look like.

Table 4-5: List of Bridges

Tunnel Length (m) Width (m) Chainage (m) Start End Bridge 1 190 15 417 607 Bridge 2 127 15 729 855 Bridge 3 475 15 1,631 2,105 Bridge 4 317 15 3,490 3,807 Bridge 5 570 15 4,219 4,789 Bridge 6a 32 15 4,975 5,007 Bridge 6b 32 19 5,112 5,143 Bridge 7 222 19 5,204 5,426 Bridge 8 203 19 6,926 7,129 Bridge 9 127 19 7,406 7,533 Bridge 10 430 15 8,796 9,224 Bridge 11 1,060 15 10,357 11,417 Bridge 12 158 15 11,601 11,759 Bridge 13 127 15 11,841 11,967 Bridge 14 32 19 12,932 12,963 Bridge 15 32 15 13,712 13,743

Table 4-6: Typical Bridge Dimensions

Parameters Value 15 m wide bridges Width of traffic lane 3.5 m Width of shoulder 2.5 m Width of sidewalk 0.75 m Width of barriers 0.75 m Total width of bridge 15.0 m 19 m wide bridges Width of traffic lane 2 x 3.5 m Width of shoulder 1.0 m Width of sidewalk 0.75 m Width of barriers 0.75 m Total width of bridge 19.0 m

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Figure 4-13: Typical Bridge Cross Section

Figure 4-14: A Bridge over Kobuleti Road with Similar Design

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4.3.6 Interchanges 126. There are 4 interchanges planned on the alignment. The list of the interchanges with their purposes are provided in Table 4-7 whereas the layouts are shown in Figure 4-15.

Table 4-7: List of Interchanges

Interchange Chainage Type Purpose Interchange 1 200 Direct Allows traffic coming from Kobuleti to split into bypass traffic and Batumi city traffic. The interchange does not allow for connection of the local traffic onto the Bypass or the Bypass traffic to exit or turn around. Interchange 2 5000 Partial Compensates for the short coming of Interchange N1 by Diamond allowing local traffic connect onto the Bypass going towards Sarpi and bypass traffic from Sarpi to exit. Interchange 3 7200 Semi Constructed in the eastern suburb of Batumi, as it is a direct convenient connection to the city. Traffic from both directions on the Bypass can exit, and incoming traffic can enter and go in both directions. Interchange 4 13000 Cloverleaf The full cloverleaf design is constructed at the crossing with highway connecting city of Batumi to the districts of Ajara Autonomous Republic (Khelvachauri, Keda, Sheakhevi, Khulo), Southern Georgia (Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalaki) and the border crossing with Armenia.

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Figure 4-15: Layouts of Interchange

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4.3.7 Culverts 127. In total 67 culverts are located along the project roads. For design life of rectangular and circular culverts AASHTO and SNiP-84 design standards are used. The application of the SNIP Standard considers the utilization of locally produced prefabricated culvert elements.

Table 4-8: Culvert Requirements

Width (m) Number Circular Culverts Diameter (meters) 0.5 4 1 7 1.5 38 Box Culverts Dimensions (meters) 1.5 x 1.5 1 1.3 x 1.8 1 2.5 x 2.5 3 1.0 x 4.0 1 5.0 x 6.0 12

4.3.8 Service Buildings 128. One operation control center (site area 1777 m2 and floor area 363 m2) and five service buildings (site area 1028 m2 and floor area 365 m2 each) are planned along the route, which are placed near the tunnel entrances to ensure safe driving environments in the tunnel. The locations of these buildings are shown in

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129. Figure 4-16. 130. The operation control center will contain a control room, toilet, night duty room, utility room, hall, machinery room and electrical room. Service buildings will contain a control room, machinery room, electrical room and power generator room. All buiildings are single story.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan The Proposed Project D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 4-16 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figure 4-16: Service Building Locations

4.4 Construction Process 131. The construction process consists of preparation, construction and completion works. Each phase is described briefly below.

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132. Preparation works include the following activities:  Site preparation: after relocating power lines, water supply pipes, fiber optic cables, the site will be handed over to the Contractor  Site clearance: removal of existing building, structure, trees in construction site;  Manpower and equipment preparation: mobilizing manpower, mustering construction equipment, getting construction licenses  Auxiliary works: material transfer sites, temporary road, temporary drain, site leveling. Construct camp, site office. Connect power line, install water supply system for domestic and construction, set up concrete mixing plant and asphalt plant 133. Construction works include the following activities:  Road base construction  Soft soil improvement and road sub base works will be conducted immediately after completing the road base construction;  Building of bridges and viaducts will be carried out in parallel with the soft soil improvement and road base construction  Install road pavement and slope protection  Install lighting system and security/safety signal systems 134. Completion works include the following activities:  Repair of small defects  Return the drainage system affected temporarily during construction phase to its original status  Repair any local roads affected during construction  Clean up of the whole structure  Clean up of the construction site, warehouses  Collection of waste and superfluous materials  Transport of construction waste to licensed disposal site

4.4.1 Temporary Right of Way 135. The temporary right of way required for construction is variable largely dependent on the cut and fill requirements for the road. The bridge sections are more uniform and approximately 25 m wide. An example of the temporary right of way required for construction of the Project from Chainage 8700 m to 9540 m is shown in Figure 4-17 with the widths of the construction corridor delineated in certain portions. It must be noted that this is an example and not an exhaustive representation of the width of the temporary RoW.

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Figure 4-17: Temporary Right of Way Example

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4.4.2 Construction Camps 136. Construction camp sites will be selected keeping in view the availability of an adequate area for establishing camp sites, including parking areas for machinery, stores and workshops, access to communication and local markets. They wil be at an appropriate distance from sensitive areas, sucha as natural waterways, in the vicinity. The location of construction camps are not yet selected and final locations will be selected by the contractor after the approval from RD. 137. The area requirement for construction camps will depend upon the workforce deployed and the type and quantity of machinery mobilized. In view of the area required, it will not be possible to locate camp sites within the ROW and the contractors will have to acquire land on lease from private landowners. The construction camp will have facilities for site offices, workshop and storage yard, and other related facilities including fuel storage. 138. Detailed criteria for siting of construction camps and establishment of facilities are given in the Environmental Management Plan in Chapter 10. The contractor will provide the following basic facilities in the construction camps:  Adequate ventilation facilities  Safe and reliable water supply. Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system. Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes  Storm water drainage facilities.  Sick bay and first aid facilities

4.4.3 Land Clearing 139. 76.6 ha of general site clearance and removal of obstructions, including bush and undergrowth and trees less than 0.1 m in girth is required. Felling and removal of 1,908 trees12 greater than 0.1 m in girth is required. The number of existing structures that have to be dismantled is not finalized, however an estimated 93,000 m3 of demolition is expected.

4.4.4 Leveling and Earthwork 140. A summary of required earthwork is provided in Table 4-9. 141. Soils for fill can be obtained from cut areas or from borrow areas. Road way excavation will also yield material suitable for the construction of the capping layer. The topsoil is usually thin and weathered rock is found at a depth of 80 mm to 100 mm. The thickness of the topsoil including parts of the overburden interspersed by organic matter is 150 to 300 mm in average. 142. Where widening is required and in areas of new cuttings, the disturbance might initiate local slope slips. The slopes have to be protected against erosion due to water running of the road or from areas above the cut. Road side drains will prevent surface water from the road running down the embankment slope.

12 The corresponding LARP identifies an impact on 41,730 trees. However, this includes trees that are on land plots that will be purchased but not necessarily felled and removed.

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Table 4-9: Required Volume of Earthwork for Construction

Item Amount (m3) Clearing and Grubbing 92,944 Earth Excavation- Common Soil 351,566 Embankment Filling – Common Soil 1,456,066 Removal of Unsuitable Materials 150,143

4.4.5 Bridge Construction 143. Most bridges will be constructed using pre-stressed precast concrete girders. In this method a crane moves the precast concrete girder up to the top of substructure. The weakness of this method is the requirement of installation of temporary plant for prefabrication of precast girder and difficulty of span arrangement over 40 m in a span length, but the strength is short construction period due to using crane method and economic efficiency. In this project, even though subsoil is in good condition of mountainous area, the typical span length of 31.6m was applied in consideration to convenience of fabrication and transportation. 144. Bridges number 5, 10 and 11 will be constructed using staging construction method using temporary steel bent to place the cast-in place concrete of superstructure. The weakness is relatively difficult in construction due to long period of construction to place cast-in-situ concrete of superstructure and requirement of temporary steel bent to support the formwork of concrete. 145. The superstructure of bridges was designed in accordance with HL-93 loading and the others were designed based on AASHTO Standards Specification for highway bridges (2002) and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2007). 146. For foundation of substructures, cast-in-place bored pile with reinforced concrete was adopted due to local field condition, environment effect, and supply of materials. This construction method has minor noise and vibration impacts compared to pre cast driving methods.

4.4.6 Tunnel Boring Tunnels will be excavated using excavators of 0.5 m3 capacity, Liebherr excavators and jackhammers drilling and blasting for category V soil. A breakdown of excavation volume by tunnel and method is provided in Table 4-10. No blasting will be undertaken in portal excavation.

Table 4-10: Tunnel Excavation Quantities (100 m2) Tunnel Total Excavation 1 2 3 4 5 by method Main Tunnel Excavation of upper soil layer of 403 159 379 263 64 1,268 the II-III th category Excavation of lower soil layer of the 229 66 189 102 300 886 II-III th category

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Tunnel Total Excavation 1 2 3 4 5 by method Excavation of upper soil layer of n/a 359 188 335 n/a 882 Category V by drilling method Excavation of lower soil layer of n/a 195 113 208 176 693 Category V by drilling method Cut and cover tunnel + Portal Excavation of soil, category II by 120 136 164 404 42 867 excavator of 0,5 m3 capacity Excavation of soil, category III by 48 56 30 108 40 283 excavator of 0,5 m3 capacity Excavation of soil, category VI by n/a 3 n/a n/a 24 27 excavator “LIBBER" of 0,5 m3 capacity Total Excavation by tunnel 800 976 1,064 1,421 645 4,905

4.5 Resource Requirement

4.5.1 Construction Material 147. A large quantity of steel is required for the Project. The steel requirement for major heads as listed in Table 4-11 comes to approximately 11,700 tons. Materials required for the pavement are listed in Table 4-12. Required culverts are listed in Table 4-8. Estimates are obtained from the Bill of Quantities for the Project.

Table 4-11: Major Steel Requirements

Item Tons of Steel Tunnels Installation of permanent steel frames 3,852

Wire mesh (100x100xΦ4.8) 806 Bridges13 Deep Foundation 2,572 Substructure 3,366 Superstructure 1,099 Total 11,695

Table 4-12: Pavement Material Requirements

Item Preparation of Subgrade m2 228,539 Sub Base m2 197,920 Upper Base m2 185,725 Asphalt Concrete surface course m3 14,720

13 Not including the bridges number 5, 10 and 11 will be constructed using staging construction method

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4.5.2 Water 148. Water is required during construction mainly for the following purposes  Water for mixing or curing cement concrete, mortar, or grout.  Water for planting or care of vegetation.  Water for earthwork, pavement courses, dust control, and incidental construction.

4.6 Borrow Areas and Quarries 149. This section describes quarries that were selected during detail design. The final locations of quarries and borrow areas will be determined at the final design stage. The exploitation of the borrow pits and quarries will be conducted by licensed companies or the Constructing Contractor will obtain its own licenses. The Project will not implement any exploration activities from illegal sources. 150. Construction materials, such as boulders, stones, gravel and sand are locally available at a reasonable distance. Possible borrow areas and quarries are listed in Table 4-13 and shown in Figure 4-14.

Table 4-13: List of Potential Quarries

Name of Deposit Resources Region Proximity Kheghru Diorite- Porphyry Khelvachauri 9 km southeast of Batumi Abanostskali Andesite and Tuff- Kobuleti Adjacent to village of Khala breccia Achi Porphyry Ozurgeti 8-9 km south of district centre Ozurgeti Akhalsheni Tuff-Breccia Khelvachauri 4 km south of Batumi Bezonisthkali Andesite and Lava Kobuleti The confluence of Bezonistskali and Breccia Chaqvistavi Rivers Dagvi Andesite-Basalt Kobuleti 1.5 km north-east of village of Zeda- Dagvi Dologani Andesite-Porphyry Keda 0.5-1 km from village of Dologani Kinkishi Basaltic Andesite Kobuleti 0.5 km southeast of village of Zeda Sameba Simoneti RubbleAndesite Khelvachauri 5-6 km from district centre of Khelvachauri

Table 4-14: List of Existing Sand-Gravel Quarries

License No Region Company 00117, 100279, 100282, Khelvachauri Temi Ltd., Holder, Zimo-7, Construction Company, 100280, 100278, 100284, Gza Energy 2006 Ltd., Loseb Khalvashi Contact Ltd., 100285, 100286, 100128, Zimo-7, Nurol Georgia, Deko 100127, 100125 00122, 100291, 100123 Kobuleti Evrika Zka Ltd., Jakmar Moistsrapashvili, New Construction Technologies Ltd.

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Figure 4-18: Locations of Potential Quarries

4.7 Current and Projected Traffic 151. The detailed design study provides traffic projections based on traffic surveys that were conducted in 2011 at multiple locations on the proposed alignment and expected GDP growth rate. These projections are shown in Table 4-15. 152. The Road Department conducts traffic counts at key locations on the road network. Two of these counts are on the S02, one between Kobuleti and Batumi and the second between Batumi and Sarpi. These counts are presented in Table 4-16. It must be noted

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that these counts are for both directions and that these are total volumes. The detailed design estimates that 55% of traffic traffic on the existing road is expected to divert to the bypass road.

Table 4-15: Forecasted Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) Volume

Year Car Bus Truck Total Mini Medium Large Light Medium Heavy Trailer 2014 2999 1244 34 29 216 62 38 183 4805 2015 3138 1302 36 30 226 65 40 191 5028 2016 3282 1362 37 32 237 68 42 200 5260 2017 3435 1425 39 33 248 71 44 209 5504 2018 3593 1491 41 35 259 75 46 219 5759 2019 3761 1560 43 36 271 78 48 229 6026 2020 3934 1632 45 38 284 82 50 240 6305 2021 4117 1708 47 39 297 86 53 250 6597 2022 4307 1787 49 41 311 90 55 262 6902 2023 4507 1870 51 43 325 94 58 274 7222 2024 4665 1935 53 45 336 97 60 284 7475 2025 4828 2003 54 46 348 101 62 294 7736 2026 4998 2073 56 48 360 104 64 304 8007 2027 5172 2146 58 49 373 108 66 315 8287 2028 5353 2221 60 51 386 111 69 326 8577 2029 5542 2299 62 53 399 115 71 337 8878 2030 5736 2379 64 55 413 119 73 349 9188 2031 5936 2463 66 57 428 123 76 361 9510 2032 6143 2549 69 59 443 128 78 374 9843 2033 6359 2638 71 61 458 132 81 387 10187

Table 4-16: AADT Volume on S2 from 2011 to 2014

Year Cars Mini Buses and Pickups Buses, Trucks and Trailers Total

Kobuleti-Batumi km 95 2011 6,865 3,364 1,084 11,313 2012 7,038 3,284 1,179 11,502 2013 11,341 1,360 1,619 14,320 2014 12,393 1,381 1,627 15,401

Batumi-Sarpi km 110 2011 3,788 1,672 915 6,375

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Year Cars Mini Buses and Pickups Buses, Trucks and Trailers Total 2012 5,973 2,229 1,030 9,231 2013 8,468 1,304 1,328 11,100 2014 10,447 1,322 1,356 13,125

4.8 Project Implementation Schedule 153. Tentative commencement date of the contract is 2017 and the expected time to complete the construction works is 2020.

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5. Description of the Environment

154. This section describes the Study Area’s existing environment including the physical, ecological and socioeconomic baseline conditions. The physical baseline includes geomorphology, water resources, climate, air quality, and noise levels. The ecological baseline includes nearby protected areas, habitat types and ecological resources. The description of the socioeconomic environment includes the area’s population, infrastructure, education, health, and occupations and income.

5.1 Area of Influence 155. The potential impacts of the Project on its surrounding physical and biological environments include air and water quality impacts, noise generation, land transformation and changes to soil. These are expected to reduce with the increased distance from the Project facilities, affecting more the areas located closer, up to one kilometer, to the Project alignment. For this, a study area of one kilometer around the site was delineated, to assess the baseline conditions in the areas likely to be affected by the Project due to its proximity to the Project site (Figure 5-1). This is referred to as the Study Area in this report. The Study Area selected for the EIA includes sensitive receptors14 that are most likely to be impacted by the Project’s development activities. The spatial boundaries of the Study Area includes part of the Black Sea. Although no direct impact of the proposed Project is anticipated on the Black Sea, wherever relevant discussion of the marine environment has been provided.

14 Sensitive receptors include, but are not limited to, residential areas, schools, places of worship, wetlands, and habitats. These are areas which are more susceptible to the adverse effects of an anthropogenic activity such as noise, air emissions, traffic influx, and privacy issues.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Description of the Environment D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 5-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Figure 5-1: Study Area

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5.2 Physical Environment

5.2.1 Topography 156. The Project passes through a rolling and hilly terrain with elevations ranging from 20 to 197 m on the alignment. The elevation profile of the current ground elevations along the proposed alignment given in Figure 5-2. The Project road passes through 3 hill ranges, namely Makhinjauri Hill Range, Salibauri Ridge and Peria Hill Range. These ranges and the topography of the Study Area are shown in Figure 5-3.

250 Current Ground Elevation Design Road Elevation 200

150

100

50

Elevation (metersamsl)Elevation 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Chainage (meters)

Figure 5-2: Current Ground Elevations of Project Alignment15

15 From detailed design study

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Figure 5-3: Topography of the Study Area

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5.2.2 Land Use 157. Land use within the Study Area was digitized using Google Earth imagery dated May 9, 2016. The land use distribution is presented in Table 5-1 and shown in Figure 5-4. Land use shown outside the Study Area was obtained from various online resources. 158. Towards the north the town of Makhinjauri lies within the Study Area and has densely packed homes. Towards the south a large number of houses are clustered around the Batumi – Khelvachauri road. Most of the remaining built-up area along the alignment consists of distributed homes along the mountain roads. 159. The main industrial zone in the Study Area is to the south of Batumi along the Chorokhi River and includes crushing plants, batching plants, warehouses. A large oil terminal is present towards the north. 160. There are agricultural fields near the Chorokhi and Korolistsskali Rivers as the topography is flatter here. The remaining terrain in the Study Area is mountainous and some areas are terraced to make space for agriculture. 161. There are a few rivers and many small streams that crisscross the Study Area. There are approximately 227 km of road and 5 km of railway that cross the Study Area. There are also several graveyards with the Study Area. Unclassified area is categorized as vegetation. This includes dense natural vegetation, planted orchards of citrus, and distributed nut and other fruit trees and some grassy areas.

Table 5-1: Land Use Distribution in the Study Area

Land Use Square km Percentage Vegetation 19.48 65.40% Built-up Area 2.91 9.80% Agricultural Field 2.49 8.30% Industrial Area 1.64 5.50% Black Sea 1.46 4.90% Road 1.21 4.10% Rivers 0.34 1.10% Graveyard 0.22 0.70% Railway 0.03 0.20% Total 29.78 100%

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Figure 5-4: Land Use in the Study Area

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5.2.3 Climate 162. The climate baseline is established based on the information provided in the detailed design of the bypass. Data from multiyear observations of the weather stations at Batumi, Makhinjauri and Chakvi, as given in the detailed design study are presented in this section. 163. The Project is located in the southern extension of the Kolkheti Valley. Therefore, the climatic conditions typical to the Kolkheti Valley prevail in the given area. The little altitude of the area, its near location to the warm Black Sea and the frequency of humid air masses penetrating from the west in all seasons of the year contribute to a humid subtropical climate. 164. The Study Area is highly influenced by the Black Sea, and therefore, winter is warm and summer is relatively cool here. In addition, no direct penetration of the cold northern air masses is possible, as the Caucasian Mountains serve as a natural obstacle for them. 165. The duration of the sunshine per annum on Kolkheti Valley is long with its annual average value exceeds 2000 hrs. The total radiation varies between 110 and 130 Kcal/cm2 and the annual factor of the radiation balance is close to 60 Kcal/cm2. 166. Average monthly temperatures are provided in in Table 5-2 and graphed in Figure 5-5.

Table 5-2: Average Monthly Air Temperature (C)

Weather Temperature

station

ay

Jan Feb Mar Apr M Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Chakvi Average 6.2 6.5 8.3 11.5 15.7 19.6 22.2 22.6 19.7 16.1 12 8.4 14.1 Max 25 28 33 37 37 40 40 40 36 36 29 27 40 Min -9 -9 -7 -3 1 7 11 10 6 1 -3 -7 -9 Makhinjauri Average 5.7 6 7.9 11.2 15.5 19.5 22.2 22.6 19.7 15.9 11.3 7.6 13.8 Max 25 27 31 37 38 39 41 42 37 35 29 27 42 Min -11 -10 -8 -3 1 8 11 12 6 1 -6 -8 -11 Batumi Average 7.1 7.2 8.4 11.5 15.8 20 22.8 23.2 20.3 16.6 12 8.6 14.5 Max 25 28 33 38 38 39 41 41 37 33 29 28 41 Min -9 -9 -7 -1 3 10 13 14 7 3 -6 -6 -9

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50

40

30

C) o

20

10 Temperature ( Temperature 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec -10

-20 Chakvi Average Chakvi Max Chakvi Min Makhinjauri Average Makhinjauri Max Makhinjauri Min

Batumi Average Batumi Max Batumi Min

Figure 5-5: Average Monthly Air Temperature (C) 167. Precipitation is regular and abundant in the study area. In particular, the annual sum of the atmospheric precipitation falling over mountain Mtirala over the watershed on the river Korolistskali exceeds 4500 mm. There is a small dip in precipitation in April – May to below 150 mm per month. Precipitation peaks in September at over 300 mm per month. Furthermore, annual precipitation exceeds 2700 mm. The trend in precipitation is presented in Table 5-3 and shown in Figure 5-6.

Table 5-3: Average Monthly and Total Annual Precipitation (mm)

Weather Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Chakvi 281 240 207 120 111 170 192 251 333 321 297 265 2,788 Makhinjauri 258 263 201 126 104 158 178 266 335 314 286 265 2,754 Batumi 281 228 174 122 92 163 182 255 335 306 304 276 2,718

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400 Chakvi Makhinjauri Batumi 350 300 250 200 150

Precipitation (mm) 100 50 - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 5-6: Average Monthly Precipitation 168. Air humidity is high as shown in Table 5-4 and Figure 5-7.

Table 5-4: Average Monthly Humidity

Relative, % Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Chakvi 74 76 78 78 81 79 80 81 81 80 78 73 Makhinjauri 78 78 80 80 82 80 81 82 84 84 81 76 Batumi 76 78 80 81 82 80 81 83 85 86 83 77

90 Chakvi Makhinja uri Batumi

85

80

Humidity (Rel%) 75

70 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 5-7: Average Monthly Relative Humidity 169. The southern-eastern and southern western winds prevail in the area for 40-50% of the time. 30-40% of the time the air is still. The remaining time is spread between the other directions. This is illustrated in Table 5-5.

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Table 5-5: Wind Direction (% of annual values)

Weather Station N NE E SE S SW W NW Still Chakvi 3 4 13 33 7 18 15 7 32 Makhinjauri 9 4 9 32 16 13 10 7 32 Batumi 9 7 8 11 14 31 12 8 43

5.2.4 Geomorphology 170. Geotechnical investigation team of BT Design and Consulting Company conducted assessment and geological surface survey of the design road corridor from February 22 to March 20, 2011. 171. In a geomorphological respect, the study area is included in the region of Adjara- Trialeti mountain system of the Lesser Caucasioni occupying hilly and seaside zones of so called Adjara-Guria piedmont in the south-western area of the region. Its geomorphological nature was totally formed on the general background of the alternating -sign tectonic movements of the Late Apline orogenetic cycle and active course of erosive- denudation processes. The morphometric ridges of different hypsomeric heights and directions with numerous branches, deep narrow gorges, basins, hills, denudation and marine-accumulative plains developed here form a multispectral mosaic landscape. It should be noted that the alternating-sign tectonic movements of the Late orogenetic stage continue to present. This is clearly evidenced by the morphological structures with flattened denudation surfaces located at different hypsometric levels, terrace steps and thick accumulative plains (Kobuleti, Kakhaberi Plains, etc.). This is also proved by the alluvial deposits with the thickness of over 40-60 m deposited in the beds of the rivers Ajaristskali and Chorokhi. The rate of elevation for the piedmont zone in Adjara-Trialeti western part measured with instruments on average amounts to 2 mm a year and increases gradually as the hypsometric altitude increases. At the same time, it is worth mentioning that the process of elevation and subsidence takes place on its own in the morphological-structural blocks isolated with tectonic faults, such as Supsa-Natanebi structural and Tsikhisdziri-Makhinjauri blocks where the rate of elevation is 2 mm annually on average; Kobuleti structural block, which is located between the river Natanebi and Tsikhisdziri mountain ridge, subsides by 1 mm a year, and the elevation process in Sarpi- Kalgandeti structural block takes place at the speed of 2 mm a year and so on. 172. Hence, the formation of the primary morphological structures in the region is caused by active differentiated processes at the Neotectonic stage and different erosion and denudation properties of the bedrocks, with a clear layering of the relief on their general background, with the relief-forming exogenic factors typical to them. 173. In this connection, there are three sharply different morphological levels identified within the limits of the study area:  a plain-accumulative relief of Kolkheti Lowland presented by Kobuleti seaside area and Kakhaberi Plain;  a hilly piedmont zone of Adjara-Trialeti western segment,  a zone of a low-mountainous erosive relief. 174. The morphological zone of Kobuleti and Kakhaberi plain-accumulative seaside

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zone of Kolkheti Lowland is developed by a joint action of river and marine processes and is structured with thick deposits of delta facies with the thickness of 140 m in Kobuleti zone and up to 300 mm in Kakhaberi area.

Coastal Geomorphology 463. The Eastern Black Sea Region, located in the north east of Turkey, has been exposed to severe coastal erosion and shoreline recession for the last 30 years. One of the most important reasons for this problem is the response of the coast on manmade activities. As a result of sand mining by people and municipalities, the coastal balance was broken.16

5.2.5 Geological Hazards 175. Due to complex morphological relief, unstable geological formations and for climatic process, the mountainous region of Adjara contains sensitive geological environmental and exhibits active geological processes. Landslides are the major outcome of this geological process and are a major geological hazard in the Project area. 176. According to the state Department of Geology of Georgia, by 2000, there were 374 newly formed and active landslide bodies, 18 mudflow-transformable erosive water flows and over 57-km-long river bank erosion areas were identified. The degree of activation of these processes was comparatively higher in last 15 years and is evident almost every year. Only in 2004-2009, 200 landslide sites were activated and approximately 1600 residential houses were destroyed to different degrees. In 2008, about 40 populated areas were found in the high risk area of landslide events. The landslides took the lives of 10 people. 177. Within the alignment examples of geological activity is shown in Figure 5-8. 178. Based on the Global Seismic Hazard Map Project (GSHAP), the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 10% in 50 years is between 2.4 and 3.2 m/s2 (see Figure 5-8: Geological Activity within the Study Area 179. ).

Cracked walls due to shifting soils. Landslide in lateritic slope at km 0+500. (41°40'45.91"N, 41°42'18.57"E).

16 Coastal erosion in Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey: Reply, Coastal Engineering December 1995

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Figure 5-8: Geological Activity within the Study Area

Figure 5-9: Global Seismic Hazard Map of Georgia Source:Giardini, D., Grünthal, G., Shedlock, K. M. and Zhang, P.: The GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Map. In: Lee, W., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P. and Kisslinger, C. (eds.): International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology, International Geophysics Series 81 B, Academic Press, Amsterdam, 1233-1239, 2003.

5.2.6 Air Quality 180. This section describes the current ambient air quality in the area where Project activities are proposed. The results discussed in this section are based on measurements undertaken for the EIA in October 2016. The pollutants selected for evaluation, based on the expected emissions from the Project activities and the level of risk to human health posed by these pollutants, are as follows:

 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)

 Ozone (O3)

 Coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) respirable particulate matter

METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS 181. Air quality sampling was carried out at five different locations in the Study Area between September and October 2016 to characterize the current air quality within the Study Area. Weather data was collected using a portable weather meter during the duration of particulate matter sampling. A description of sampling locations and the rationale of selection is given in Table 5-6. The ambient air quality data was compared against applicable IFC and Georgian Standards.

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Table 5-6: Air Quality Sampling Locations

Sample ID Coordinates Location Rationale for Site Selection A1 41°38'13.40"N Bagrationi Street, Along the truck transport route in the city that 41°38'20.30"E Batumi may benefit from traffic diversion. A2 41°35'36.31"N Khelvachuri Near proposed interchange on main road to 41°38'33.95"E Khelvachauri. A3 41°39'03.77"N Kapreshumi Main road near Interchange 2 which will see 41°41'46.40"E increased traffic A4 41° 36' 21.5" N Makhvilauri Typical air quality of low density valleys 41° 39' 34.2" E where bypass will pass. A5 41°35'29.60"N Zanakidzeebi Reference location far from any 41°40'51.20"E development.

Note: O3 was only sampled at A1, A2 and A4 Particulate matter was only sampled at A1, A2, A4, and A5

182. O3, NOX, NO2 and SO2 were measured using Gradko diffusion tubes. These tubes passively uptake pollutants via diffusion and hence require longer sampling of durations of between 2-4 weeks. The collected pollutants are quantified using ion chromatography. Repeat measurements were made for NO2 and SO2 using Gradko rapid air monitors (RAM) at A2 and A3. 183. Particulate matter was sampled using Airmetrics MiniVol Portable Air Samplers. This equipment draws an air sample through an inlet by a vacuum pump at a fixed flow rate. The particulates are filtered using an impactor and collected on a filter paper which was dried and weighed after the sampling to obtain the weight of particulates in the sampled volume of air. The equipment was factory calibrated on March 11, 2015. The MiniVol calibration is performed with an NIST -traceable standard. Each unit has a unique pair of calibration constants derived from the calibration which are used to calculate the sampler's actual flow rate at all ambient conditions 184. The method, duration of sampling and laboratory for analysis is summarized in Table 5-7. Photographs of the diffusion tube and particulate matter sampling sites are shown in Figure 5-10 and Figure 5-10: Diffusion Tubes and RAM Site Photographs 185. , respectively. The sampling locations, along with nearby settlements and roads are shown in Figure 5-12. Table 5-7: Methodology and Duration of Sampling Parameter Equipment Date and Duration of Sampling Lab for Analysis

O3, NO, NO2 Passive Sept 30 to Oct 14, 2016 Gradko Lab, and SO2 diffusion tubes 2 weeks1 UK

NO2 and SO2 Rapid air Oct 14, 2016 Gradko Lab, monitor 17-19 hours UK

PM10 and Low October 6 to 16, 2016 HBP Lab, PM2.5 volume sampler 24 Hours at each location for each parameter Islamabad Weather data2 Kestrel 5500 During PM sampling Field data weather meter 24 Hours at each location Note:

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1. Recommended sampling duration is between 2-4 weeks. 2. Weather data includes wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity and barometric pressure.

Diffusion Tubes at A1 Diffusion Tubes at A2

Diffusion Tubes at A3 Diffusion Tubes at A4

Diffusion Tubes at A5 Rapid Air Monitors at A3

Figure 5-10: Diffusion Tubes and RAM Site Photographs

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Low Volume Sampler at A2 Low Volume Sampler at A3

Low Volume Sampler at A5

Figure 5-11: Particulate Matter Sampling Site Photographs

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Figure 5-12: Air Quality Sampling Locations

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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 186. The results of the ambient air quality sampling are presented in Table 5-8, the complete laboratory reports found in Appendix 3, and discussed below:

 NO2 levels are within limits at all locations other than A2. It is very slightly above the limit here likely due to the presence of the busy main road and industries near A2.

 SO2 levels were lower than the detectable level at all locations.  Ozone levels were below limits at all locations.  Particulate matter results were high near A1, A2 and A5. The concentration is within the 24 hour IFC interim target 1 but above the guideline values.  It must be noted that the tourist season is over. During the tourist season there are more cars and traffic jams within Batumi which could give higher readings at A1. However, the current reading is so low that the additional pollutant concentrations are also likely within limits.

Table 5-8: Ambient Air Quality Sampling Results (µg/m3)

Sample ID NO2 SO2 O3 PM10 PM2.5 A1 – 14 day 10.51 <1.37 43. 21 A1 – 24 hour 14.92 <4.45 81.24 49.86 A2 – 14 day 40.32 <1.38 40.13 A2 – 24 hour 23.01 <4.83 72.54 44.45 A3 – 14 day 12.85 <1.39 27.74 A4 – 14 day 11.58 <1.39 A4 – 24 hour 40.97 28.17 A5 – 14 day 36.12 <1.39 A5 – 24 hour 89.38 63.59 Georgian Standard – 24 hour 40 50 – 150 IFC (8 hour daily max - guideline) – 100 – – IFC (annual – interim target 1) – – – 70 35 IFC (annual – guideline) 40 – – 20 10 IFC (24-hour – interim target 1) – 125 – 150 75 IFC (24-hour – guideline) – 20 – 50 25 Note: 1. Blank cells indicate no measurement was undertaken 2. An en dash ‘–‘ indicates that no standards specified 3. Georgian Standards for PM are for all particle sizes.

5.2.7 Water Resources

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187. Water resources in the Study Area include surface drainage and mountain springs. Photographs of major rivers and selected springs are shown in Figure 5-13. 188. The rivers in the Study Area are mountainous rivers and do not have large basins and hence river lengths are short. None of the rivers are fed by glaciers or permanent snow mountains, and rather are fed by rain, snow melt and groundwater and hence they are characterized by spring and autumn floods. Most of the rivers are characterized by a large fall and fast flow. In some sections rivers flow in narrow and deep gorges and create canyons and waterfalls. In some sections the rivers causes the bank erosion causing damage to roads, bridges, crops, and residential houses. Among these the Korolistskali, Bartskhana, Mejini and the Chorokhi are main rivers. Other than these rivers there are a large number of small streams that are present in the Study Area. 189. Some homes rely solely on mountain spring water collection structures are constructed around springs to store water from where it is transported to homes using PVC or steel pipes. Most communities have water supply connections.

River Korolistskali River Chorokhi

Small stream near Makhvilauri Spring water collection structure

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Water supply pipes from collection structure Spring without collection structure.

Spring water collection structure Spring water collection structure

Figure 5-13: Water Resources in the Study Area

5.2.8 Water Quality 190. Water quality samples from rivers, streams and community springs were collected and analyzed for establishing baseline conditions for surface and groundwater.

METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS 191. A total of 5 samples were collected and analyzed. Of these, 3 were surface water samples and 2 were spring water samples. Table 5-9 describes the sample locations and rationale for their selection. The sampling locations are mapped in Figure 5-14. 192. Water samples were tested at the National Environmental Agency. Photographs of the sampling are shown in Figure 5-15. Strict sampling protocol was followed during sampling including  Powder-free disposable gloves were worn at all times.  Sample bottles were filled to the top to eliminate air space.  Sample bottles were capped as soon as they were filled, placed in plastic bags, and placed into coolers.  One duplicate sample was collected as part of QC check  Samples were transported to the lab within 24 hours of sampling

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Table 5-9: Water Quality Sampling Locations

ID Coordinates Description Notes and Justification W1 41° 40' 47.0" N Mountain spring, near To establish baseline for spring water 41° 42' 21.0" E Makhinjauri quality. Spring water is used extensively by surrounding communities. W2 41° 39' 33.8" N Korilistskali River, River water may be contaminated due to 41° 41' 17.9" E downstream of oil terminal the oil terminal W3 41° 39' 03.1" N Korilistskali River, Reference sample to compare with W3 41° 42' 23.3" E upstream of oil terminal W4 41° 36' 30.2" N Stream near Makhvilauri To establish baseline for streams in area. 41° 39' 37.4" E Secondly the construction corridor follows this stream for a large part increasing chances of contamination W5 41° 36' 25.8" N Mountain spring near To establish baseline for spring water 41° 39' 35.1" E Makhvilauri quality. Spring water is used extensively by surrounding communities. W6 41° 36' 30.2" N Duplicate of W4 Quality control check for lab 41° 39' 37.4" E

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Figure 5-14: Water Quality Sampling Locations

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Collection of water sample W01 Collection of water sample W02

Collection of water sample W03 Collection of water sample W04

Sample labeling and packing in zip lock bags Sample storage in chilled containers

Figure 5-15: Photographs of Water Sampling

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 193. The results are tabulated in Table 5-10 and the complete laboratory report can be found in Appendix 4. An analysis of the results is provided below:  Both spring water samples (W1 and W5) tested negative for E.coli and total coliforms and therefore are fit for drinking in this regard. All other samples were in

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excess of Georgian standards likely due to seepage of household sewage into streams.  Other than microbiology all samples comply with Georgian maximum permissible concentrations.  Very low concentrations of metals were detected. This is likely due to the short flow distance of these rivers.  W02 and W03 are show almost identical results. These samples were taken from downstream and upstream of the oil terminal. The large fast flowing river resulted in a well-mixed water samples. No contamination due to the oil terminal was observed in this sampling.

QUALITY ASSURANCE 194. W06 was the duplicate sample for W04. Analysis of the duplicate sample is currently underway. Generally the results are deemed acceptable.

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Table 5-10: Water Quality Sampling Results

Parameter Unit Method Georgian MPC W01 W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 General Parameters pH ISO 10523:2010 6.5-8.5 7.68 7.52 7.69 7.61 7.41 7.64 Turbidity NTU Photometric 0.31 0.14 0.14 0.59 0.09 0.68 Total suspended solid mg/l ISO 11923:2007 4.8 4.4 3.8 3 6.2 5.4 Total dissolved Solids mg/l Weight 1000 50 31 31 96 199 143

Hardness mgeqv./l ISO 6059-84 0.74 0.72 0.64 1.48 2.2 1.3

BOD5 mg/l ISO 5815-1:2010 6 0.79 0.64 0.93 1.23 0.79 0.68 COD mg/l ISO 6060:2010 30 2.74 1.96 1.76 2.35 3.92 2.94 Chloride mg/l ISO 10304-1:2007 350 4.449 1.983 1.514 3.42 5.428 3.286

Alkalinity mg/l Titrimetric 42 48 46 104 132 88 Major Ions Sodium mg/l ISO 9964-3:2010 200 8 2.5 2 7.5 9.5 7 Calcium mg/l ISO 6058:2008 180 8.73 9.83 8.49 15.93 26.08 16.31

Potassium mg/l ISO 11885:2007 1.499 0.547 0.5034 0.8808 0.8646 0.8598 Sulphate mg/l ISO 10304-1:2007 500 1.496 2.098 1.521 3.75 7.081 4.125 Microbiology

Total coliforms in 1 dm3 membrane filtration N/D 10 000 12 000 9 000 N/D 13 000 E-coli in 1 dm3 membrane filtration 5000 N/D 8 000 8 000 7 000 N/D 10 000 Fecal streptococci in 1 dm3 membrane filtration N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D Metals (Total) Iron - Fe mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.3 0.0881 0.0269 0.0323 0.0974 0.0137 0.1054

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Parameter Unit Method Georgian MPC W01 W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 Zinc - Zn mg/l ISO 11885:2007 1 0.0082 0.0066 0.0115 0.0062 0.01 0.009 Cadmium - Cd mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 Cupper - Cu mg/l ISO 11885:2007 1 0.0006 0.0011 0.0011 0.0024 0.0017 0.0025 Nickel-Ni mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.1 0.0002 0.0016 0.0014 0.0001 0.0015 0.0005 Arsenic - As mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.05 0.0018 0.0033 0.0008 0.0037 0.0023 0.0039 Lead - Pb mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.03 0.005 0.0024 0.003 0.0016 0.0046 0.0032 Chrome - Cr mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.5 0.0055 0.0041 0.0044 0.0031 0.0095 0.0047 Manganese-Mn mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.1 0.0047 0.0068 0.0024 0.0026 0.0016 0.0031 Mercury mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.0005 <0.0003 <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0001 <0.0003 <0.0002 Aluminum - Al mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.5 0.0477 0.0189 0.0226 0.0694 0.0057 0.0758 Antimony - Sb mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.05 0.0004 0.013 0.0075 0.0005 0.0041 0.0073 Barium - Ba mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.1 0.0201 0.0058 0.0055 0.0041 0.0009 0.0044 Boron - B mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.5 0.0064 0.0483 0.0109 0.0028 0.0004 0.0035 Selenium - Se mg/l ISO 11885:2007 0.01 <0.0006 <0.00006 <0.0006 0.0009 <0.0003 0.0069

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5.2.9 Soil Quality 195. Surface samples were collected to elucidate the Study Areas’ soil quality with regard to agriculture, and existing toxic metals.

METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS 196. Surface soil samples were collected after removing of 15 cm upper surface layer with a plastic spoon. Samples were taken in a manner that minimized loss of volatile compounds, and samples were sealed immediately in double zip lock bags with minimal headspace. Sampling locations are provided in Table 5-11 and shown in Figure 5-16. Photographs of sampling are shown in Figure 5-17.

Table 5-11: Soil Quality Sampling Locations

ID Coordinates Description Notes and Justification S1 41° 40' 47.0" N Forested area near To establish baseline for soil quality. 41° 42' 21.0" E Makhinajauri S2 41° 39' 30.1" N Downstream of oil Soil may be contaminated due to the 41° 41' 21.5" E terminal oil terminal S3 41° 39' 01.5" N Upstream of oil Reference sample to compare with 41° 42' 23.6" E terminal W3 S4 41° 36' 28.3" N Near Makhvilauri Agricultural land along right of way 41° 39' 34.5" E S5 41° 36' 28.3" N Duplicate of S4 Quality control check 41° 39' 34.5" E S6 41° 35' 48.3" N Near Makhvilauri Agricultural land along right of way 41° 38' 52.3" E

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Figure 5-16: Soil Quality Sampling Locations

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Soil sampling at S1 Soil sampling at S2

Soil sample and duplicate at S4 Soil sample site S6

Figure 5-17: Soil Quality Sampling Photographs

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 197. The results are presented in Table 5-12 and the complete laboratory report can be found in Appendix 4.

QUALITY ASSURANCE 198. S05 was the duplicate sample for S04. Analysis of the duplicate sample is currently underway. Generally the results are deemed acceptable.

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Table 5-12: Soil Quality Sampling Results

Parameter Unit Method Reference Georgian MPC S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06

General and Major Ions

pH ISO 10523:2010 5.78 6.81 6.01 4.4 4.28 7.03

TPH g/kg Weight method 2.96 2.26 2.62 2.22 2.46 4.02

Ca mg/kg ISO 6058:2008 45.82 18.22 18.48 16.8 23.2 44.24

Mg mg/kg ISO 6058:2008 15.6 6.62 4.36 3.66 7.7 11.26

Na mg/kg ISO 9964-3:2010 13 9 5 4 7 11

NO3 mg/kg ISO 10304-1:2007 184.55 13.28 6.39 14.99 2.46 0.35

PO4 mg/kg ISO 10304-1:2007 0.764 0.122 0.302 0.19 0.694 0.782

Metals Cu mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 3 72.59 63.63 55.56 40.51 76.12 82.62 Ni mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 4 17.02 34.07 32.53 11.5 23.54 13.02 Zn mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 23 395.98 279.56 439.44 118.02 134.72 410.12 Co mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 5 60.57 42.59 36.54 29.01 22.54 13.52 Cr mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 6 33.04 32.06 27.53 64.51 113.7 32.05 Pb mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 6 20.02 <2.51 15.02 1.5 0.5 3 As mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 2 5.01 <1.50 5.01 5 2 12.02

Mo mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 22.53 18.04 13.01 8 7.01 5.01 Mn mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 700 515.12 591.68 599.1 456.09 741.19 481.22

K mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 559.67 388.28 222.72 384.08 713.14 386.58

Al g/kg ISO 11885:2007 14.71 15.75 11.96 15.15 24.62 9.61

B mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 129.15 64.13 33.03 21.5 31.55 2

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Parameter Unit Method Reference Georgian MPC S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06

Ba mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 65.58 96.19 80.08 36.51 61.6 118.68

Cd mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 2 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5

Se mg/kg ISO 11885:2007 8.51 25.05 25.53 16.5 68.61 5.51

Hg ug/kg ISO 11885:2007 <0,9 <0,9 <0,9 <0,9 <0,9 <0,9 Fe % ISO 11885:2007 3 2.61 2.81 2.06 2.5 2.25 2.25

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5.2.10 Noise Levels 199. This section defines the baseline ambient sound levels in the Study Area in a manner that can be used for the assessment of the noise impact of the proposed Project. Sound levels were measured at selected locations considered representative of the nearby receptors of possible noise pollution from the Project.

METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING LOCATIONS 200. To determine the baseline noise in the area, measurements were taken at seven locations. These locations are given in Table 5-13October The survey was conducted from .5.40 hour readings were tak-to October 14, 2016. At each location approximately 24 1en. 201. The survey was conducted with Cirrus Research plc.’s sound level meter, Model CR:1720. The instrument meets the International standards IEC 61672-1:2002, IEC 660651:1979, IEC 60804:2001, IEC 61260:1995, IEC 60942:1997, IEC 61252:1993, ANSI S1.4-1983, ANSI S1.11-1986, and ANSI S1.43-1997 where applicable. The instruments have a resolution of 0.1 dB. 202. The meter was calibrated at the start and end of measurement at each site, using Cirrus Research plc.’s acoustic calibrator, Model: CR:514. The sound meter and calibrator were factory calibrated on September 28, 2015. The instrument was mounted on a tripod, to avoid interference from reflecting surfaces within the immediate neighborhood, and a wind shield was used in all measurements. Photographs of the sampling equipment setup are provided in Figure 5-18. The sound sampling locations are mapped in Figure 5-18: Noise Level Sampling Photographs.

Table 5-13: Noise Level Sampling Locations

ID Location Coordinates Dates of Survey Description N1 Makhinjauri 41° 40' 31.6" N Start: Oct 1 , 10:51 am At house opposite a school and 41° 41' 59.5" E End: Oct 2, 10”51 am along a sealed road N2 Makhinjauri 41° 39' 30.3 " N Start: Oct 2, 11:13 am Remote houses along low density 41° 41' 43.5 " E End: Oct 3, 12:35 pm section of right of way N3 Makhinjauri 41°39'28.66"N Start: Oct 13, 3:27pm Remote houses along low density End: Oct 13, 4:07am 41°41'44.19"E section of right of way N4 Kapreshumi 41° 39' 08.1" N Start: Oct 3, 1:51 pm Along sealed road in medium 41° 41' 36.5" E End: Oct 4, 1:31 pm sized settlement, near proposed interchange N5 Kapreshumi 41° 39' 03.0" N Start: Oct 7, 10:46 pm Near N4 but closer to existing 41° 41' 47.3" E End: Oct 8, 11:19 pm intersection. QC for N4. N6 Makhlivauri 41° 36' 21.5" N Start: Oct 4, 4:03 pm Houses along sealed road, in low 41° 39' 34.2" E End: Oct 5, 3:30 pm density section of right of way N7 Makhvilauri 41° 36' 21.5" N Start: Oct 22, 5:55 PM Low density section of right of way 41° 39' 34.2" E at a distance from the road. End: Oct 23, 11:20 AM

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Sound meter at N1 Sound meter at N2

Sound meter at N4 Sound meter at N5

Sound meter at N6 Sound meter at N7

Figure 5-18: Noise Level Sampling Photographs

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Figure 5-19: Noise Level Measurement Locations

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 203. The sources of noise were identified using the following sources:  Identification of noise sources in the vicinity during set up and dismantling of sampling equipment  The noise sampling equipment was set to record audio when noise levels exceed 80 dB A. These recordings were reviewed. 204. Based on the above the following conclusions are drawn regarding noise sources in the area:  Traffic: for sampling locations along sealed roads traffic noise was very significant. Vehicles were observed to drive fairly fast (up to 50 kmph) on small roads adjacent to the noise sampling location (such as N4, and N5) with rapid acceleration and deceleration. There were more vehicles during the day than the night which explains the higher noise levels during the day.  Dogs: almost every home that was visited along the alignment owned a dog. During the night if a vehicle passed by the home these dogs would bark even after the vehicle had left.  Natural sources: The major natural source of noise is the many streams that crisscross the mountainous landscape. Other sources include rain and wind. At night a drop in temperature results in an increase in the density and pressure of the air which may facilitate the propagation of noise from natural sources. This may result in conditions that have a higher noise level at night than during the day17. Figure 5-20 illustrates the rise in base noise levels as the night progresses and a decline after sunrise. There are also fewer fluctuations during the night which further indicates that this is from steady natural sources.

17 Davis M. L. and Cornwall, D. A. 1991. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

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Figure 5-20: Time Series for Noise Levels at N2 205. A summary of the results and Georgian noise level limits are provided in Table 5-14. IFC EHS limits require that the sound levels comply with limits for each hour. Therefore, hourly Leq (db A) is presented in ** Results are being analyzed further for quality assurance 206. Table 5-15. Readings that are above the IFC EHS limits are shaded in the said table. 207. Leq, is the average sound level. L10 and L90 refer to percentile noise levels that are exceeded 10% and 90% of the time, respectively with L50 being the median sound level. Daytime averages are calculated for 7 am to 10pm and nighttime for 10 pm to 7 am according to IFC EHS guidelines. Reported sound levels are on the A scale, which covers the full audio range and is relatable to human hearing.

Table 5-14: Summary Statistics of Noise Levels during the Survey

Location Makhinjauri Makhinjauri Makhinjauri Kapreshumi Kapreshumi Makhlivauri Makhlivauri ID N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 Urban Rural Rural Urban Urban Rural Rural 24 hour 53.7 46.6 54.5 56.7 60.9 55.3 44.1 Day 55.6 44.1 45.4 58.1 62.6 56.7 42.7 Night 50.2 49.3 ** 52.5 56.6 ** 45.2 L10 52.1 49.8 50.8 59.5 62.8 53.7 45.2 L50 44.6 41.6 42.7 45.8 56.1 42.7 36.8 L90 38.9 36.8 37.8 39.9 45.3 38.6 34 ** Results are being analyzed further for quality assurance

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Table 5-15: Hourly Leq Results (dB A)

Location Makhinjauri Makhinjauri Makhinjauri Kapreshumi Kapreshumi Makhlivauri Makhlivauri ID N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 Urban Rural Rural Urban Urban Rural Rural

7:00 AM 46.6 46.6 54.4 56.7 62.4 45.5

8:00 AM 49.3 44.6 59.5 58.8 52.4 45.5

9:00 AM 53 40.5 59.8 60.3 54.6 44.7

10:00 AM 52.6 41.4 58.6 64.7 56.2 44.4

11:00 AM 53.1 40.9 58.3 60.2 58.1 46.8

12:00 PM 62.1 40.2 57.3 61.7 49.2

1:00 PM 54.8 39.5 57.1 62.1 54.8

2:00 PM 51.4 38.9 59.4 59 54.8

3:00 PM 55.2 41.8 46.3 58.7 61.5 50.9

4:00 PM 50.3 38.9 44.5 57.8 60.1 52 5:00 PM 54.7 41.4 46.1 57.2 63.7 51.5 46.7 6:00 PM 51.3 46.6 44.1 58.3 65.7 52.6 45.9 7:00 PM 57.9 49.2 75.4 57.2 63.4 55 47.6 8:00 PM 52.9 45.1 48.3 56.8 64.5 50.9 44.2 9:00 PM 49.2 43 43.1 57 62.2 51.9 40.9 10:00 PM 51.4 51.5 43.3 55.9 62 57.5 39.9 11:00 PM 55.6 45.2 52.6 56.1 57.7 54.6 47.2 12:00 AM 49.7 47.6 64.8 52.3 54.8 52 43.9 1:00 AM 51.8 46.2 47.6 53.1 54.5 59.6 40.3 2:00 AM 48 48.6 46.2 49.8 51.7 45.1 36.9 3:00 AM 46.5 50.4 46.9 48.3 57 48.9 35.8 4:00 AM 44.8 51.4 44.5 43.7 53.8 49.2 40.6

5:00 AM 44.1 50.1 47.8 54.5 54.5 45.4

6:00 AM 45.8 48.1 52.5 52.5 56.5 41.7

208. Based on these results the following conclusions can be drawn  Mountainous low density areas with low traffic o These areas such as N2, N3 and N7 have low noise.

o L90 which is the background sound level is between 34 – 38 dB A. L10, which corresponds to noise disturbances are lower than 51 dB A. o Daytime noise levels are lower (between 42 and 45.5 dB A) than night time noise levels (between 45 and 49 dB A. This is because these areas are dominated by natural noise sources discussed earlier.  Medium density settlements along major roads o These areas such as N1, N4, N5 and N6 have a moderate amount of noise.

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o L90 ranges between 38 and 56 dB A. L10, levels are as high as 62.8 dB A. o Daytime noise levels (between 55 and 63 dB A) are higher than nighttime noise levels (between 50 and 55 dB A) as these areas are dominated by human noise influences which reduce at night.

5.2 Ecological Baseline 209. The ecological baseline has been prepared to describe the ecological resources within the Study Area.

5.2.1 Scope 210. The scope of the ecological baseline includes the following:  A review of the literature to determine areas of conservation importance around the Project  Habitat classification to describe the Study Area and to assess the presence of potential habitats for species of conservation importance  A review of the ecological survey results presented in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)18  A review of the species of conservation importance, based on Georgia’s National List, reported in the EIA, to be present in the Project area  Identification of species of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List  Review of the ranges of the species of conservation importance, based on the IUCN Red List  Review of the threats faced by the species of conservation importance, based on the IUCN Red List, to assess Project-related threats

5.2.2 Sources of Information  Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2  BirdLife International  Georgia Biodiversity Database  Other Literature

5.2.3 Areas of Conservation Importance 211. Areas of conservation importance located closest to the Project are shown in Figure 5-21. These include protected areas and Important Bird Areas (IBAs). They have

18 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department

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been marked from various sources, shown below.

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Figure 5-21: Areas of Conservation Importance Sources: Agency of Protected Areas, Georgia , accessed October 10, 2016 BirdLife International, < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 10, 2016 Google EarthTM Places

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212. It can be seen from Figure 5-21 that the IBA labelled Batumi, overlaps with the Project and that of the Chorokhi Delta is located less than 3.75 km from it. The other Areas of Conservation Importance closest to the Project are listed below along with their distances from it:  Mtirala National Park, 4 km  Machakhela Planned National Park, 11 km  Kintrishi Nature Reserve and IBA of Kintrishi, 15 km

5.2.4 Habitat Classification and Description of Study Area 213. The Study Area comprises a variety of habitat types. Habitat classification of the Study Area was carried out using Google EarthTM satellite imagery. The different habitat types identfied include the following:  Vegetation Cluster  Builtup Area  Agricultural Field  Industrial Area 214. The distribution of these habitat types is shown in Figure 5-22. The percentage of each habitat type in the Study Area is provided in Table 5-16. The Study Area is dominated by Vegetation Cluster habitat. The second highest habitat type is Builtup Area. It can be seen in Figure 5-22 that Builtup Area habitat is distributed throughout the Study Area with no large stretches of Vegetation Cluster habitat. This is indicative of a very disturbed environment with widespread human activity.

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Figure 5-22: Habitat Distribution in Study Area

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Table 5-16: Percentage Distribution of Habitat Types in the Study Area

Habitat Type Percentage Distribution in Study Area Vegetation Cluster 65.4 Built-up Area and 20.2 Infrastructure Agricultural Field 8.3 Marine 4.9 River 1.1 Total 100

5.3 Terrestrial Ecology 215. Terrestrial ecology consists of the following:  Terrestrial Flora  Mammals  Birds  Herpetofauna  Invertebrates 216. Each of these have been described in detail below.

5.3.1 Terrestrial Flora 217. The plant ecological diversity in Georgia is complex and wide-ranging, as habitat in the country ranges from high mountain ridges of north Georgia to flatwoods and swamps of south Georgia. Among the geographic regions numerous ecosystems or environments exist where unique plants species have adapted. In some cases, plant species have adapted to very specific and restricted environmental conditions. Others occur over much wider and more general environments.19 The flora of Georgia contains between 4,200 and 4,500 species of vascular plants. Of these, nine percent are endemic to Georgia and 14 percent are endemic to the Caucasus. Ten species of vascular plants are known to have become extinct in Georgia. In addition, 50 are Critically Endangered, 300 are classified as rare, and 140 have undergone significant decline. Relic and endemic species are widely distributed in Georgian forests. In total, 1,000 plant species are considered endemic. Of more than 400 species of trees, 60 naturally occur only in Georgia and another 43 only in the Caucasus region. Among the endemics the most common species are Taxus baccata, Pinus pithycesa, Pterocaria fraxinifolia, Corylus iberica, Quercus imeretina, Zelkova carpinifolia, Pistacea mutica, and Acer iberica.20

19 UGA Extension Bulletin 987. Native Plants for Georgia Part 1: Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines, , accessed October 15, 2016 20 Chemonics International Inc, 2000, Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia: Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) for USAID Washington E&E Bureau, Environment & Natural Resources Division

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218. Plant cover in Batumi is dominated by Prunus laurocerasus.21 Other planted vegetation includes Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus acuta, Eucalyptus viminalis, Camelia japonica, Acer japonicum, Cedrus deodara, Lagerstroemia indica, Ternstroemia japonica, Cupressus sempervirens, Juglans regia, Olea europaea, Podocarpus species, Eriobotrya japonica, Prunus cerasifera, Magnolia soulengeana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Paeonia arborea, Pyracantha species, Michelia species, Juniperis sabina, Cinnamomum camphora, Washingtonia filifera, Trachycarpus fortunei, Chamaerops humilis, Phoenix canariensis, Butia capitata and Thuja species. Bushes include Abelia species, Ilex species, Euonymus species, Chaenomeles japonica, Photinia species, Spirea species, Kalistimoni species, Leptospermum species, Gardenia species, Forsythia species, Hibiscus species, Mutabilis species, Nandina domestica and Rhododendron catawbiense.22 219. Photographs of the terrestrial vegetation observed in the Study Area are provided in Figure 5-23.

41°40'40.26"N, 41°42'10.62"E Citrus species, 41°40'40.26"N, 41°42'10.62"E

41°40'25.24"N, 41°41'57.98"E Diospyros kaki, 41°39'30.74"N, 41°41'44.44"E

21 Beruchashvili, N. L., Z. V. Davitashvili, and N. K. Elizbarashvili, 2002. Geography of the Georgia “Kilo” and “Meridian”, Tbilisi, p 91 22 Batumi City Council (BCC). 2014. “Batumi Sustainable Energy Action Plan.”

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41°39'30.74"N, 41°41'44.44"E Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 41°39'30.74"N, 41°41'44.44"E

41°39'33.74"N, 41°41'18.18"E Miscanthus sinensinsis, 41°35'54.64"N, 41°36'35.63"E

41°36'26.19"N, 41°39'43.40"E

Figure 5-23: Terrestrial Vegetation in the Study Area 220. A list of plant species of conservation importance based on Georgia’s Red List reported to be found in the Project area23 is provided in Table 5-17. Their IUCN statuses, endemism, restricted range and CITES Species Appendices information is also provided.

23 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department

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Table 5-17: List of Plant Species of Conservation Importance

No Scientific Name Common Georgia’s IUCN Endemism Restricted Appendices Name Red List Status Range CITES Status Species 1 Buxus colchica Colchic Vulnerable Lower No Not Not Listed Boxwood Risk/near Restricted threatened 2 Castanea sativa Common Vulnerable Not No Not Not Listed Mill Chestnut Assessed Restricted 3 Juglans regia Nut Tree Vulnerable Near No Not Not Listed Threatened Restricted 4 Pterocarya Caucasian Vulnerable Lower No Not Not Listed pterocarpa. Wingnut Risk/least Restricted concern 5 Quercus Colchic Vulnerable Not No Not Not Listed hartwissiana Oak Assessed Restricted Stev. 6 Quercus Imeretian Vulnerable Not No Not Not Listed imeretina Stev. Oak Assessed Restricted Ex Malleev 7 Staphylea Colchic Vulnerable Not No Not Not Listed colchica Stev. Bladder Nut Assessed Restricted 221. There are two species classified as being of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List. These include Colchic Boxwood Buxus colchica and Common Walnut Juglans regia, both Near Threatened (although Buxus colchica is Lower Risk/near threatened).

Colchic Boxwood Buxus colchica 222. Colchic Boxwood is an evergreen tertiary-period relict plant species of genus Buxus growing in Europe. It is small-leaved and the most winter hardy of European boxwoods, found at elevations ranging from 1300-1800 meters (m) above sea level. It can tolerate winter temperatures up to -10°C and lives up to 600 years, growing very slowly. Under favorable conditions, it reaches heights of 15 m to 20 m.24 223. The main growing area of the species in Georgia is the Mtirala National Park (Kobuleti region, Adjara, Western Georgia)25, located 4 km from the Project. The main threats that the species is facing in Georgia include climate change impacts, increasing temperatures, shrinking glaciers, rising sea levels, reduction, and redistribution of river flows, decreasing snowfall and an upward shift of the snowline.26 In addition to these environmental changes pathogen attack is also an important factor in reducing its

24 Matsiakh I, 2016. Assessment of Forest Pests and Diseases in Native Boxwood Forests of Georgia. Forestry Department, Ukrainian National Forestry University (Lviv). 25 Gorgiladze L, Meparishvili G, Sikharulidze Z, K.Natsarishvili, Davitadze R, 2011. First report of box blight caused by Cylindrocladium buxicola in Georgia. New Disease Reports 23, 24. [doi:10.5197/j.2044- 0588.2011.023.024] 26 Akhalkatsi M. 2015. Forest habitat restoration in Georgia, Caucasus ecoregion. Clean Up Georgia – Increasing Public Awareness and Involvement in Solid Waste Management Improvement (Phase II), 103 pp.

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population.27 Due to such threats the species has been listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN and Vulnerable in Georgia’s Red List.

Common Walnut Juglans regia 224. The Common Walnut is the most widespread tree nut in the world. It is native to the old world.28 Its range extends from Xinjiang province of western China, parts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and southern Kyrgyzstan, and from the mountains of Nepal, Tibet, northern India, and Pakistan west through Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran to portions of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and eastern Turkey.29 In Adjara it is rare and can be found near Zamleti and Shuakhevi Scheme.30 225. The Common Walnut is facing many threats across its range including fruit collection, livestock grazing and cutting.31 Due to these threats its population is declining and as a result it has been listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List and Vulnerable in Georgia Red List.

Invasive Plant Species 226. Alien invaders are plants that are of exotic origin and are invading previously pristine areas or ecological niches.32 As exotic plant species have very limited natural “check” mechanisms within the natural environment, they are often the most opportunistic and aggressively-growing species within the ecosystem. Therefore, they are often the most dominant and noticeable within an area. Disturbances of the ground through trampling, excavations or landscaping often leads to the rapid dominance of exotic pioneer species. As a result Project-related activities which cause disturbance to vegetation can result in the growth and expansion of invasive plant species. Under natural conditions, these pioneer species are overtaken by sub-climax and climax species through natural veld succession. This process, however, takes many years to occur, with the natural vegetation never reaching the balanced, pristine species composition prior to the disturbance. There are many species of indigenous pioneer plants, but very few indigenous species can out-compete their more aggressively-growing exotic counterparts.33 227. Alien vegetation invasion results in degradation of the ecological integrity of an area, causing:34

27 Gorgiladze L, Meparishvili G, Sikharulidze Z, K.Natsarishvili, Davitadze R, 2011. First report of box blight caused by Cylindrocladium buxicola in Georgia. New Disease Reports 23, 24. [doi:10.5197/j.2044- 0588.2011.023.024] 28 Fernandez-Lopez J, Aleta N, Alıas R, 2000. Forest Genetic Resources Conservation of Juglans regia L. IPGRI Publishers, Rome 29 McGranahan G and Leslie C, 2009. Breeding Walnuts (Juglans Regia) 30 Adjaristsqali Hydropower Project, 2014. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment – Part 6 31 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on 21th October 2016. 32 Bromilow, C., 2001. First Impression. Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, RSA. 33 Zdanow, L., 2015. Vegetation Assessment as Part of the Environmental Assessment and Authorisation Process for Completion of the R45 Road Corridor Adjacent to Malmesbury, Western Cape Province. Scientific Aquatic Services. SAS, 1–52. 34 Ibid

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 A decline in species diversity  Local extinction of indigenous species  Ecological imbalance  Decreased productivity of grazing pastures  Increased agricultural input costs 228. Some of the invasive species of Georgia include Ailanthus altissima, Clerodendrum bungei, Miscanthus sinensinsis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Spiraea japonica and Vitex rotundifolia. The species Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia have predicted potential distributions in Batumi.35 Photographs of these species are shown in Figure 5-24.

Ailanthus altissima (Tree) Robinia pseudoacacia (Tree) Source: Kikodze D, Memiadze N, Kharazishvili D, Manvelidze Z, Mu¨ller-Scha¨rer H, 2010. The alien flora of Georgia.

Figure 5-24: Alien Invasive Species

Proximity of Mtirala National Park from Project 229. Mtirala National Park is located 4 km from the Project. It was established in 2006 with a total area of 15,806 hectares (ha). Situated high in the Caucasus Mountains, it was created with the purpose of preserving the Colchic forest ecosystems. Flora of the National Park is represented by Chestnut Castanea and Beech Fagus forests. At elevations ranging from 550 m to 1,000 m above sea level Chestnus trees are mixed with Beech, Caucasian Oak Quercus macranthera, Alder Alnus barbata and Lime trees Tilia. Mixed forest of Cholchic type spreads from 50 m to 600 m above sea level and consists of Beech, Hornbeam Carpinus, Chestnut and Alder. Sub-forest is covered with shrubbery of Pontic Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum, Cherry Laurel Laurocerasus officinalis, Black Sea Holly Ilex colchica, Colchic Box Tree Buxus colchica and several kinds of Lianas. Endemic plant species of the park are Alnus barbata, Epigaea gaultheroides, Primula megasaefolia. Relict Species are Buxus colchica, Betula medwedewii, Laurocerasus officinalis, Rhododendron ponticum, Ilex colchica. Plant species ofn the Red List of

35 Kikodze D, Memiadze N, Kharazishvili D, Manvelidze Z, Mu¨ller-Scha¨rer H, 2010. The alien flora of Georgia

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Georgia present are Epigaea gaultheroides, Primula megasaefolia, Betula medwedewii.36

5.3.2 Mammals 230. Georgia has rich diversity of mammals with a total 95 reported species. Among these 68 are small mammals and 27 are large mammals. A total of 19 species of these are endemics and 15 have not had their conservation statuses evaluated. A total of seven species are Endangered and five are Vulnerable, based on the IUCN Red List, with 20 classified as being Least Concern. Large mammals were widely distributed up to the beginning of this century, for example the ranges of Asian leopard Panthera pardus, Lynx Felis lynx, and Grey Wolf Canis lupus covered practically the whole country. The Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena was common in all arid zones of the country.37 231. A list of mammal species of conservation importance based on Georgia’s Red List reported to be found in the Project area38 are provided in Table 5-18. Information about their IUCN Red List status, endemism, restricted range and CITES Species Appendices listing is also provided.

Table 5-18: List of Mammal Species of Conservation Importance

No Scientific English name Georgia IUCN Status Endemis Restricted Appendices name Red List m Range CITES Status Species 1. Rhinolophus Mehely's Vulnerable Vulnerable No Not Not Listed mehelyi Horseshoe Restricted Bat 2. Rhinolophus Mediterranean Vulnerable Near No Not Not Listed Euryale Horseshoe Threatened Restricted Bat 3. Sciurus Persian Vulnerable Least Concern No Not Not Listed anomalus Squirrel Restricted 4. Lutra lutra Common Otter Vulnerable Near No Not I Threatened Restricted

232. The three mammal species of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List include the Mehely's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus mehely listed as Vulnerable, Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus Euryale listed as Near Threatened, and Common Otter Lutra lutra, also listed as Near Threatened. Details about these three mammal species are provided below.

Mehely's Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus mehelyi 233. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is an exclusive cave-dwelling bat species, preferring

36 Rec Caucasus, , accessed October 21, 2016 37 Chemonics International Inc, 2000, Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia: Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) for USAID Washington E&E Bureau, Environment & Natural Resources Division 38 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department (EIA)

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warm caves located below 700 m and in extensive karstic39 areas. The species living in colonies, typically include up to 200 bats, but significantly larger colonies of over 5,000 bats have also been documented.40,41 It is insectivorous, foraging in Mediterranean shrubland and woodland, in dry steppes and particularly linked to water bodies.42 234. A decline in the population of the Mehely's Horsehoe Bat has been recorded since the 1980s.43 Fragmented distribution44, loss of roosting sites, modification of feeding areas, as well as the high frequency and uncontrolled nature of cave tourism are the main causes for its decreasing population.45 As a result the species has been has been listed as Vulnerable both in Georgia’s Red List and the IUCN Red List. It is protected by national legislation in all European range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention where those apply. Its inclusion in the EU Habitats and Species Directive means this species is ear- marked for special conservation measures, and some of its roosts are already protected.46

Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus Euryale 235. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is social, gathering in colonies to roost.47 Summer colonies are generally fairly small, usually containing up to a few hundred individuals, while winter colonies are often much larger, sometimes numbering over 2,000 individuals. This species also forms large groups during the breeding season.48 It is insectivorous, reported feeding close to vegetation.49 236. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is facing several threats such as loss of its foraging habitat and disturbance to its underground habitat.50 Urbanization, tourism and

39 Karstic is “an area of irregular limestone in which erosion has produced fissures, sinkholes, underground streams, and caverns.” 40 Dietz, C., von Helversen, O., Nill, D., 2009: Bats of Britain, Europe and Northwest Africa. AandC Black, London. 399 pp. 41 Dumitrescu, M., Tanasachi J., Orghidan, T. 1963: Răspândirea chiropterelor în R.P. Română. Travaux d’Institut de Spéologie Émile Racovitza 34: 509-575. 42 Salsamendi, E., Garin, I., Arostegui, I., Goiti, U., Aihartza J. 2012: What mechanism of niche segregation allows the coexistence of sympatric sibling rhinolophid bats? Frontiers in Zoology 9: 30 43 Gazaryan S.V., Jamirzoev G.S. 2005. Results and Perspectives on the Study of Bats Fauna of Daghestan // In: Mammals of mountainous areas. Materials of International Conference (4-9 September, 2005). KMK, M.: 49-57. (in Russian) 44 Dietz, C., von Helversen, O., Nill, D. 2009: Bats of Britain, Europe and Northwest Africa. AandC Black, London. 399 pp. 45 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on 21th October 2016. 46 Wildscreen Arkive < http://www.arkive.org/> accessed October 20, 2016 47 Goiti U., Aihartza, J.R. and Garin, I. 2004. Diet and prey selection in the Mediterranean horseshoe batRhinolophus euryale (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) during the pre-breeding season. Mammalia: 68(4): 397-402. 48 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on 21th October 2016. 49 Goiti U., Aihartza, J.R. and Garin, I. 2004. Diet and prey selection in the Mediterranean horseshoe batRhinolophus euryale (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) during the pre-breeding season. Mammalia: 68(4): 397-402. 50 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on 21th October 2016.

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intensive farming by humans further exacerbate the problem.51 Due to this its population is decreasing in most of its range and as a result it has been declared by the IUCN as Near Threatened and Vulnerable in Georgia’s Red List. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat and some of its roosts are protected in Europe by national legislation. It is included in the Bonn Convention and the Bern Convention, and it is also listed on Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive.52

Common Otter Lutra lutra 237. The Common Otter is adapted to life in aquatic conditions.53 It lives in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, including highland and lowland lakes, rivers, streams, marshes, swamp forests and coastal areas independent of their size, origin or latitude.54 The species is facing many threats throughout its range including man-made changes. Canalization of rivers, removal of bank side vegetation, dam construction, draining of wetlands, aquaculture activities and associated man-made impacts on aquatic systems are all unfavorable for otter populations.55 238. The Common Otter is rare in Adjara and in Georgia due to a low food supply and conflict with commercial fisheries. Due to such threats its population is decreasing throughout its range as well as in Georgia. It has been declared as Near Threatened by the IUCN and Vulnerable in Georgia Red List. It has been also included in the Appendix I of the CITES Species.

5.3.3 Birds 239. A total 360 bird species have been reported from Georgia.56 There are a total of 31 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the country covering an area of 1,432,960 ha.57 A map showing all IBAs is provided in Figure 5-21. There is lower level of endemism in birds as compared to other groups of wildlife due to their mobility in different seasons. Some 100 species are migratory and appear in the country on passage or during the winter. Many species are dependent on wetland habitats, which are under severe threat in Georgia.58 Among birds of prey, the most threatened species is the Imperial eagle Aquila heliaca. Among vultures, the Black Vulture Aegipius monachus is the rarest. The Black Stork

51 Russo, D., Jones, G. and Migliozzi, A. 2002. Habitat selection by the Mediterranean horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus euryale (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in a rural area of southern Italy and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 107: 71-81. 52 Wildscreen Arkive < http://www.arkive.org/> accessed October 20, 2016 53 Roberts, T.J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press Karachi. 525 pp. 54 Mason, C.F. & Macdonald, S.M. 1986: Otters: Ecology and conservation. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 236p. 55 Ruiz-Olmo, J., Loy, A., Cianfrani, C., Yoxon, P., Yoxon, G., de Silva, P.K., Roos, A., Bisther, M., Hajkova, P. & Zemanova, B. 2008. Lutra lutra. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. . Downloaded on October 15, 2016. 56 Chemonics International Inc, 2000, Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia: Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) for USAID Washington E&E Bureau, Environment & Natural Resources Division 57 BirdLife International < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 15, 2016 58 Chemonics International Inc, 2000, Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia: Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) for USAID Washington E&E Bureau, Environment & Natural Resources Division

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Ciconia nigra is noteworthy as a widespread but uncommon species.59

Important Bird Areas Closest to the Study Area 240. The IBA which overlaps with the Project includes that of Batumi. Located 3.75 km from the Project is the IBA of the Chorokhi Delta. The boundaries of both IBAs are shown in Figure 5-25.

59 Shavgulidze, I. 2014. Stakeholder Participation in the NBSAP Revision Process: Georgia. , accessed October 21, 2016

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Figure 5-25: Important Bird Areas

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241. The IBA of Batumi covers about 38% of the Study Area. It has a high abundance of soaring birds and cranes, especially in the passage season. In 2003 an estimated 74,625 individuals of these type of birds were observed in the IBA during this season.60 The Eastern Black Sea Flyway is also located over Batumi61 making this an important IBA for migratory bird species. 242. The IBA of Chorokhi Delta is important for certain species of conservation importance, based on the IUCN Red List, including Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan (Vulnerable), Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius (Critically Endangered), and Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni (Near Threatened). Based on BirdLife International the following numbers of individuals for each species were reported in this IBA between 2009 and 2015:62  836 individuals of the Yelkouan Shearwater  20 individuals of the Sociable Lapwing  3,700 individuals of the Black-winged Pratincole 243. Wetlands International reported survey results63 for wintering waterbirds and migratory waterbirds in the Chorokhi Delta. The results of these surveys are provided in Table 5-19 and Table 5-20, showing the species observed, their number during each year, the total number of species observed each year and their IUCN Red List statuses.

Table 5-19: Wintering Water Bird Monitoring Results

No Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status Numbers 1995 2003 2006

1 Gavia arctica Arctic Loon Least Concern 8 2

2 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Least Concern 39

3 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Least Concern 1242 1500

4 Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe Least Concern 38

5 Puffinus yelkouan Yelkouan Shearwater Vulnerable 7

6 Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican Vulnerable 2

7 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Least Concern 163 148

8 Ardea cinerea Gray Heron Least Concern 18 2

9 Egretta alba Great White Egret Least Concern 4 9

10 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Least Concern 11

11 Botaurus stellaris Common Bittern Least Concern 6

12 Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Least Concern 75 Goose

60 BirdLife International , accessed October 21, 2016 61 Maanen E, EcoNatura, Raptor migration and bird conservation challenge along the eastern Black Sea coast , accessed October 21, 2016 62 BirdLife International , accessed October 21, 2016 63 Wetlands International < https://www.wetlands.org/>, accessed October 21, 2016

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No Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status Numbers 1995 2003 2006

13 Anser anser Greylag Goose Least Concern 2 173

14 Cygnus olor Mute Swan Least Concern 175 15 15 Cygnus Cygnus Whooper Swan Least Concern 4 207 52

16 Anas Penelope Eurasian Wigeon Least Concern 51

17 Anas strepera Gadwall Least Concern 24

18 Anas platyrhynchos Common Mallard Least Concern 732 34

19 Anas querquedula Garganey Least Concern 277

20 Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler Least Concern 9

21 Anas spp. 149

22 Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard Least Concern 16

23 Aythya ferina Common Pochard Vulnerable 22 60

24 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Least Concern 413

25 Mergellus albellus Smew Least Concern 4 29

26 Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Least Concern 206 2800

27 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Least Concern 4

28 Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull Least Concern 12440 1000

29 Larus spp. 7336

Total number of Birds 10,759 12,822 5,927

Total number of Species 22 3 18

Table 5-20: Migratory Waterbird Monitoring Results

No Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status Numbers Oct 2010 Nov 2010 1 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Least Concern 6 7 2 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Least Concern 1 26 3 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Least Concern 2 28 4 Ardea cinerea Gray Heron Least Concern 42 4 e Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Least Concern 2 1 6 Egretta alba Great White Egret Least Concern 1 2 7 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Least Concern 4 3

8 Botaurus stellaris Eurasian Bittern Least Concern 1

9 Anas strepera Gadwall Least Concern 2 10 Fulica atra Eurasian Coot Least Concern 1 1

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No Scientific Name Common Name IUCN Status Numbers Oct 2010 Nov 2010

11 Tringa totanus Common Redshank Least Concern 11

12 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Least Concern 13

13 Burhinus oedicnemus Eurasian Thick-knee Least Concern 5 14 Larus michahellis Yellow-legged Gull Least Concern 1787 1721 15 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Least Concern 9 5 16 Circus aeruginosus Western Marsh-harrier Least Concern 2 2

Total Number of Birds 1,889 1,800 Total number of species 16 11

244. Based on the monitoring results three species of conservation importance were observed amongst the wintering water birds, the Yelkouan Shearwater, Dalmatian Pelican and the Common Pochard, all listed as Vulnerable.

Raptor Migration 245. Raptor migration takes place during the autumn season (Late August to November) every year. These birds of prey make their way from the Russian forests and plains to their warmer African wintering grounds. Part of the migration route is along the shores of the Black and Caspian Sea with Batumi being one of the most visually impressive areas where there is a 10 km wide corridor in which over a million raptors are recorded annually. A total of 36 species of raptors have been recorded with numbers regularly reaching 100,000 with an all-time record of 270,000 individuals on October 2, 2014. Late August is the time when almost the entire eastern population of Honey Buzzards and loose flocks of harriers pass through this corridor. In mid-September eagles start to migrate and towards the end of September Steppe Buzzards build up.64 246. Hunting is a serious concern during the passage season. On average 13,000 harriers, Honey Buzzards and eagles are killed annually. This is illegal in Georgia but law enforcement has been limited. The coastal wetlands near Batumi are frequented by hunters who often kill indiscriminately, targeting species of conservation importance including the Sociable Lapwing, Great Snipe, Baillon’s Crake and Purple Swanphen. Infrastructure development in the Chorokhi Delta has also been implicated as a threat for biodiversity especially for species of conservation importance.65 247. Batumi Raptor Count (BRC) is a nature conservation NGO that works to protect and monitor the migratory birds of prey that travel during the autumn season.66 The results of the counts for the autumn migration between 2008 and 2015 are provided in Figure 5-26.

64 Verhelst, B., April 2016, Preserving the Batumi bottleneck, BirdLife International, Europe and Central Asia 65 Ibid 66 Batumi Raptor Count, http://www.batumiraptorcount.org/, accessed October 27, 2016

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Source: Batumi Raptor Count, http://www.batumiraptorcount.org/, accessed October 27, 2016

Figure 5-26: Autumn Migration 2008-2015 248. The results for the count carried out in the autumn of 2013, 2014 and 2015 for the raptor species of conservation importance, along with their IUCN statuses, are presented in Table 5-21. 249. The highest number of raptor species of conservation importance were observed in 2015. The species listed as Endangered that were observed include the Steppe Eagle, Egyptian Vulture and Saker Faclon. During all three years at least two species listed as Endangered were observed. The results highlight the importance of the Eastern Black Sea Flyway passing over Batumi, as a very important route for migratory species of conservation importance. 250. A list of bird species of conservation importance based on Georgia’s Red List reported to be found in the Project area67 is provided in Table 5-22, along with information about their migratory and congregatory behavior, endemism, restricted range, IUCN statuses and CITES Species Appendices listing.

67 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department

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Table 5-21: Counts for Raptor Species of Conservation Importance from Autumn 2013 to 2015

Autumn 2015 Autumn 2014 Autumn 2013 Common Name Scientific Count IUCN Status Common Scientific Count IUCN Status Common Scientific Count IUCN Status Name Name Name Name Name

Hen/Montagu's/Pallid 6,160 Near Pallid Harrier Circus 954 Near Pallid Harrier Circus 832 Near Harrier Threatened macrourus Threatened macrourus Threatened Pallid Harrier Circus 815 Near Red-footed Falco 351 Near Steppe Aquila 366 Endangered macrourus Threatened Falcon vespertinus Threatened Eagle nipalensis Steppe Eagle Aquila 533 Endangered Greater Clanga clanga 272 Vulnerable Greater Clanga clanga 209 Vulnerable nipalensis Spotted Spotted Eagle Eagle Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga 446 Vulnerable Steppe Aquila 268 Endangered Egyptian Neophron 44 Endangered Eagle nipalensis Vulture percnopterus Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca 35 Vulnerable Imperial Aquila heliaca 50 Vulnerable Imperial Aquila heliaca 38 Vulnerable Eagle Eagle Egyptian Vulture Neophron 30 Endangered Egyptian Neophron 21 Endangered percnopterus Vulture percnopterus Red-footed Falcon Falco 28 Near Saker Falco cherrug 4 Endangered vespertinus Threatened Falcon Saker Falcon Falco cherrug 2 Endangered Black Vulture Aegypius 1 Near monachus Threatened

Total Count 8,050 Total Count 1,920 1,489 No. of Species of Conservation Importance 9 No. of Species of Conservation 7 No. of Species of Conservation 5 Importance Importance Source: Batumi Raptor Count, http://www.batumiraptorcount.org/, accessed October 27, 2016

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Table 5-22: List of Bird Species of Conservation Importance Reported from the Project Area

No Scientific Name Common Name Georgia IUCN Status Migratory Congregatory Endemism Restricted Appendices Red List Range CITES Species Status 1. Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory No Not Restricted Not Listed 2. Pelecanus Great White Pelican Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted Not Listed onocrotalus 3. Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican Endangered Vulnerable Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted I 4. Ciconia ciconia White Stork Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted Not Listed 5. Ciconia nigra Black Stork Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II 6. Tadorna ferruginea Rudy Duck Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted Not Listed 7. Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter Endangered Vulnerable Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted Not Listed 8. Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle Endangered Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted I 9. Accipiter brevipes Levant Sparrowhawk Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II 10. Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II 11. Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Vulnerable Vulnerable Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted I Eagle 12. Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle Vulnerable Vulnerable Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II 13. Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant No Not Restricted II 14. Neophron Egyptian Vulture Vulnerable Endangered Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II percnopterus 15. Aegypius monachus Black Vulture Endangered Near Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II Threatened 16. Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture Vulnerable Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II 17. Falco cherrug Saker Falcon Critically Endangered Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II Endangered

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No Scientific Name Common Name Georgia IUCN Status Migratory Congregatory Endemism Restricted Appendices Red List Range CITES Species Status 18. Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon Endangered Near Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II Threatened 19. Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon Vulnerable Least Concern Not a No Not Restricted II Migrant 20. Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel Critically Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II Endangered 21. Tyto alba Common Barn-owl Endangered Least Concern Not a Not Congregatory No Not Restricted II migrant 22. Grus grus Common Crane Endangered Least Concern Full Migrant Congregatory (and dispersive) No Not Restricted II 23. Burhinus Eurasian Thick-knee Vulnerable Least Concern Not a Not Congregatory No Not Restricted Not Listed oedicnemus migrant 24. Panurus biarmicus Bearded Parrotbill Vulnerable Least Concern Not a Not Congregatory No Not Restricted Not Listed migrant

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251. In the list above there are a total of eight species of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List. In addition to this 19 species are migratory and congregatory. The species of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List are described in detail below.

Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus 252. The Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus is a huge, whitish water bird, having silvery-white breeding plumage, yellow to purple bare skin around the eyes, orange-red gular pouch at onset of breeding becoming yellow later, pale grey under-wing becoming darker at wing-tips, and bushy crest on nape.68 The global population of the Dalmatian Pelican is estimated to be stabilized between 15,000 and 20,000 individuals.69 Newest estimates of nesting populations are between 4,031 and 5,196 pairs.70 253. The species mainly inhabits inland, freshwater wetlands but also coastal lagoons, river deltas and estuaries.71 It breeds on small islands in freshwater lakes or in dense aquatic vegetation.72 Breeding begins in March and April in the western part of the range, but varies geographically. Nest sites are found in areas with plentiful fish and vegetation, and nests are constructed from reeds, grass, and sticks, fastened together with droppings. 254. Declines in the past have been due to wetland drainage, shooting, and persecution by fishermen who believe that the Dalmatian Pelican competes with them for food. Currently, habitat degradation from wetland alteration and water pollution are serious threats.73 255. The Dalmatian Pelican is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN74 and Endangered 75 in the Georgia’s Red List. The species has been listed in Appendix I of CITES. . It is also listed on Appendices I and II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn 76 77 Convention) and in Annex I of the European Commission (EC) Birds Directive.

68 Birdlife International, < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 18, 2016 69 Bird Life International, 2001: Threatened birds of Asia: the Bird Life International Red Data Book. Cambridge, UK: Bird Life International. 70 Wetlands International, 2002: Water bird Population Estimates-Third Edition. Wetlands International Global series 12. Wageningen. The Netherlands 71 BirdLife International, 2016. Species factsheet: Pelecanus crispus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/10/2016. 72 del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. 73 BirdLife International 2016. Species factsheet: Pelecanus crispus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/10/2016. 74 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , accessed October 20, 2016. 75 UNEP-WCMC. SPECIES+ CITES database. < http://www.speciesplus.net/species > accessed October 20, 2016 76 Global Register of Migratory Species (March, 2008). Summarizing Knowledge about Migratory Species for Conservation. , accessed on October 21, 2016. 77 EC Birds Directive (April, 2005). Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds , accessed October 21, 2016

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White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca 256. The White-Winged Scoter Melanitta fusca is the largest scoter. It is distinguished from other scoters by the all-white patch (speculum) on the secondary feathers of its wings. Adult males are entirely blackish with a small white, teardrop-shaped patch around its eye. Its orange bill has a black hump at the base and is somewhat wedge-shaped. Females and juveniles of both sexes are dark brownish with paler bellies, having a dark bill and variable amounts of white on their head that can appear as spots.78 The species breeds in most European countries. An estimated 1,500 birds winter in the Black Sea and Caucasus, and there are thought to be breeding populations in Georgia as well.79 In spring, scoters move from the saltwater habitats where they wintered (usually bays and inlets) to inland freshwater habitat, using estuaries and open coast habitats, then large lakes and rivers when moving inland to breeding areas.80 257. The main threats to the White-winged Scoter in the Europe are identified as loss of breeding and wintering habitat, drowning in fishing nets, pollution – especially oil spills, and human disturbance.81 Due to these threats and decreasing populations the species has been listed as Vulnerable by IUCN and Endangered in Georgia’s Red List. The species has also been listed in Annex II of the EC Birds Directive.82

Imperial Eagle Aquila heliacal 258. Imperial Eagles Aquila heliaca are stocky in shape with black-brown feathers and a pale golden crown and nape. The shoulders have prominent white patches and the tail is greyish-brown.83 259. The Imperial Eagle is a large generalist predator whose geographic range extends from Western Europe into Central Asia, northwestern China and Siberia. The forest- steppe habitat it occupies during breeding season reaches from the southern edge of Eurasia‘s deciduous forest and taiga to the northern edge of the great Asian deserts.84 260. During the year 1996 there were 10-12 breeding pairs in East Georgia, while the western parts of the country were not inhabited by this species.85 The current size of the Georgian population is estimated around 15 breeding pairs, most of them located in a relatively small area on the Iori River plain.86

78 Sea Duck Information Series, 2003. White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca) , accessed October 21, 2016 79 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on October 21, 2016. 80 Sea Duck Information Series, 2003. White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca) , accessed October 21, 2016 81 Kirby J, Linsley M, Vessem J, Hagemeijer, W, 2009, Management Plan for Velvet Scoters (Melanitta fusca). Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. 2007-2009 82 Ibid 83 Wild Screen Arkive accessed on October 21, 2016 84 Snow, D.W. & Perrins, C.M. 1998: The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Concise Edition. Vol. 1. – Oxford University Press, Oxford. 85 Abuladze, A. (1996): Ecology of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Georgia. In: Meyburg, B. U. & Chancellor, R. D. (eds.) 1996: Eagle Studies. World Working Group on Birds of Prey (WWGBP), Berlin, London & Paris, p. 447–457. 86 Horváth, M., Haraszthy, L., Bagyura, J. & Kovács, A. 2002: Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) populations in Europe. Aquila 107-108, p. 193- 204.

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261. Globally the population is decreasing primarily as a result of habitat loss and degradation, adult mortality through persecution and collision with power lines, nest robbing and prey depletion.87 Due to such decreasing population the species has been listed as Vulnerable both in the IUCN Red List and Georgia’s Red List. 262. The species has been listed in CITES Appendix I and II. It is also listed in Appendices I and II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn Convention). It is legally protected in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey and Ukraine.88

Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga 263. The Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga is a medium-sized dark eagle. Adults are dark brown with slightly paler flight feathers. Under-wing cover is generally darker than flight feathers. Bands of white spots across upper wing of juveniles are prominent.89 During the breeding season, the greater spotted eagle is found in lowland forests near wetlands, where it nests in tall trees and hunts over swamps and wet meadows.90 During the migration seasons and in winter, it visits deserts, shrub land, wetlands, and mangroves, congregating around shallow water and perching on low bushes and small trees.91 The threats faced by the Greater Spotted Eagle are numerous and diverse. Their habitat is destroyed as a result of wetland drainage, deforestation, urbanization and agricultural intensification as well as abandonment of traditional methods of floodplain management.92 264. The species has been listed as Vulnerable both by IUCN and in Georgia’s Red List. The species is protected under various international agreements (EC Birds Directive Annex I, Annexes II of Bern, Bonn and Washington conventions).93

Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus 265. This is a small vulture with long, pointed wings, a small and pointed head, and a wedge shaped tail.94 The Egyptian Vulture is distributed over south-western Europe and northern Africa to southern Asia, but is rapidly declining in large parts of its range. The native breeding range extends over Georgia.95 The European population is estimated to be 3,300-5,050 breeding pairs, equating to 9,900-15,150 individuals which makes up 25- 49% of the global range.96 This population has declined by more than 50% over the last

87 BirdLife International. 2010: Species factsheet: Aquila heliaca. – On-line database, accessed October 18, 2016 88 Birdlife International, < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 18, 2016 89 ibid 90 BirdLife International, < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 21, 2016 91 BirdLife International, 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. 92 Wild Screen Arkive accessed on October 21, 2016 93 Ibid 94 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on October 21, 2016. 95 Birdlife International, < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 18, 2016 96 Ibid

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three generations, consistent with a worldwide decline in the species population.97 266. The Egyptian Vulture typically nests on ledges or in caves on cliffs, crags and rocky outcrops, but occasionally also in large trees. It forages in lowland and montane regions over open, often arid, country. It also scavenges at human settlements.98 This species faces a number of threats across its range. Disturbance, lead poisoning (from gun-shot), direct poisoning, electrocution (by powerlines), collisions with wind turbines, reduced food availability and habitat change are currently impacting upon European populations.99

Black Vulture Aegypius monachus 267. The Black Vulture Aegypius monachus is a large, dark brown bird. It has broad wings which have a serrated appearance to their trailing edges, owing to the pointed tips of the secondary feathers.100 In flight, the tips of the wings show seven deeply splayed ‘fingers’101, and this species has a short, slightly wedge-shaped tail.102 It occurs in scrub, arid and semi-arid alpine steppe and open grassland, as well as in forest. It can be found at elevations of around 300 m to 1,400 m in Europe, and up to 4,500 m in Asia.103 The total number in Georgia is estimated to be 17-19 pairs.104 It occurs in south-eastern part of the country where it breeds in Vashlovani State Reserve (8–14 pairs) and Chachuna Game Reserve (2–5 pairs). 268. The Black Vulture is currently facing two main threats, direct human-caused mortality and reduced food availability. Habitat loss may also present a threat to this bird. The use of poisoned baits for predator extermination, as well as shooting and the destruction of nests, all contribute to human-associated deaths.105 269. The threats and decreasing population has resulted in this species being declared as Near Threatened by IUCN and Endangered by Georgia’s Red List. It is also included in Annex I of the EU Wild Birds Directive and in Appendix II of the Bern, Bonn and CITES Conventions.106

Saker Falcon Falco cherrug 270. The Saker Falcon Falco cherrug is a large, powerful bird of prey with an exceptionally broad wingspan for its size.107 Like other falcons this species is equipped

97 Ibid 98 Ibid 99 Ibid 100 Clark, S. 1999. A Field Guide to the Raptors of Europe, The Middle East and North America. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 101 World Association of Zoos and Aquariums - Cinereous vulture < http://www.waza.org/en/site/home>, accessed October 20, 2016 102 del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 103 ibid 104 Abuladze, A. 1994. Birds of prey in Georgia in the 20th century. In: Meyburg, B. -U. and Chancellor, R. D. (eds.) Raptor Conservation Today. WWGBP/Pica Press. 105 Wild Screen Arkive accessed on October 21, 2016 106 BirdLife International, 1996. Action plan for the Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) in Europe on behalf of the European Commission. 107 Blue Planet Biomes, accessed October 21, 2016

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with sharp, curved talons for grasping prey, while the strong, hooked beak is used to tear its victim’s flesh.108 The Saker Falcon prefers open terrain for hunting, such as forest steppe, desert steppe and arid montane areas.109 271. In Georgia it is widespread and a regular passage visitor across the country, but very rare (in Western Georgia, i.e. in the Black Sea basin) to rare (in Eastern Georgia, i.e. in the Caspian Sea basin), passage migrant and irregular (occasional) winter visitor to Georgia. The data on this species in Georgia is quite fragmentary and on biological features is absent totally.110 272. In Europe, this species has suffered mainly from the loss and degradation of steppes and dry grasslands through agricultural intensification, plantation establishment and declines in sheep pastoralism, causing a decline in key prey species; off take for falconry is a serious problem, which has caused local extinctions.111 Due to such threats and decreasing populations the species has been listed as Endangered by the IUCN and Critically Endangered in Georgia’s Red List. The Saker Falcon is protected across much of its range, particularly in Eastern Europe, where controls of illegal trade were implemented in various countries in the 1990s. There have been concerted conservation efforts in Europe.112 The species is listed on Appendix II of the CITES, and in 2002 CITES imposed a trade ban on the United Arab Emirates.113

Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus 273. The Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus is a small, slender bird of prey.114 Males have mostly slate-grey plumage. Its legs are red, as are the eye-rings and a patch at the base of its bill. The larger females have blue-grey upper parts and tail patterned with black bands, with rusty orange or yellowish plumage on the under parts. The pale head bears a rust-colored crown, a blackish eye patch and slight moustache.115 274. The global population is estimated to number 300,000-800,000 individuals, with 26,000-39,000 pairs in Europe.116 In Georgia 10-50 breeding pairs are present where the species is an occasional, irregular migratory breeder in small numbers (10-50) breeding pairs. The species sporadically nests in vast open areas in south-eastern part of Djavakheti Upland and in adjacent areas along the border with Armenia.117

108 Animal Diversity Web. Falco Cherrug Saker Falcon, accessed October 21, 2016 109 BirdLife International (2016) Species factsheet: Falco cherrug. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.orgon 24/10/2016. 110 Abuladze, A. 2013. Birds of Prey of Georgia , Lasha Khvichia, ISBN 978-9941-0-5397-9 111 Baumgart, W. 1994. Saker Falco cherrug. In: Tucker, G.M.; Heath, M.F. (ed.), Birds in Europe: their conservation status, pp. 198-199. BirdLife International (Conservation Series 3), Cambridge, UK. 112 BirdLife International , accessed October 21, 2016 113 UNEP-WCMC. SPECIES+ CITES database. < http://www.speciesplus.net/species > accessed October 20, 2016 114 Clark, W.S. 1999. A Field Guide to the Raptors of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 115 del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 116 Birdlife International, < http://www.birdlife.org/>, accessed October 18, 2016 117 Galvez, R.A., Gavashelishvili, L., Javakhishvili, Z. 2005. Raptors and Owls of Georgia (Field guide). Tbilisi, GCCW & Buneba Print Publishing. Tbilisi: 128pp. (in English & in Georgian).

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275. In the Eurasian breeding range, the Red-footed Falcon inhabits open habitats with some tree cover. This includes steppe, wooded steppe, cultivation and pastures, normally in lowland, although up to 1,500 m in Asia.118 276. The Red footed Falcon is facing a number of threats across it distribution range, including the destruction of suitable nest sites and the widespread use of pesticides which affects the falcon’s food supply.119 277. Due to a decreasing population the species has been listed as Near Threatened by IUCN and Endangered in Georgia’s Red List. The species has also been added to Annex I of EC Birds Directive and on Appendix II of CITES.

5.3.4 Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) 278. The herpetofauna of Georgia is represented by 66 species, including 53 species of reptiles and 13 species of amphibians. Reptile species occur throughout Georgia, consisting of 3 species of tortoises, 27 lizards and 23 snakes. A total of six reptiles are included in the Georgia’s Red List. Seven reptiles having the largest parts of their ranges in Georgia are Vulnerable. The ranges of Vipera lebetina, Eumeces schneider and Eryx jaculus have been declining for the past 10 years.120 Amphibians are represented by four species of newts and nine species of frogs and toads. One species, Caucasian Salamander Mertensiella caucasica is endemic to Georgia and Turkey.121 Among the vertebrate groups, reptiles probably contain the highest proportion of endemic species to the Caucasus - out of 53 reptile species found in the Caucasus, 12 are considered endemic to the region.122 279. There are two herpetofauna species of conservation importance in the Project area, based on Georgia’s Red List.123 Both species are of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List as well; the Caucasian Viper Vipera kaznakovi is listed as Critically Endangered and the Caucasian Salamander Mertensiella caucasica is listed as Vulnerable. Information about their IUCN status, endemism, restricted range and CITES Species Appendices listing is provided in Table 5-23.

118 del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. 1994. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 119 BirdLife International, accessed on October 21, 2016 120 Chemonics International Inc, 2000, Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia: Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) for USAID Washington E&E Bureau, Environment & Natural Resources Division 121 Chemonics International Inc, 2000, Biodiversity Assessment for Georgia: Task Order under the Biodiversity & Sustainable Forestry IQC (BIOFOR) for USAID Washington E&E Bureau, Environment & Natural Resources Division 122 Shavgulidze, I. (2014) Stakeholder Participation in the NBSAP Revision Process: Georgia, , accessed October 21, 2016 123 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department

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Table 5-23: List of Herpetofauna of Conservation Importance

No Scientific Common Georgia IUCN Status Endemism Restricted Appendices Name Name Red List Range CITES Status Species Reptiles 1. Vipera Caucasian Endangered Endangered No Not Not Listed kaznakovi Viper Restricted Amphibians 2. Mertensiell Caucasian Vulnerable Vulnerable No Not Not Listed a caucasica Salamander Restricted

280. Both species are described in more detail below.

Caucasian Viper Vipera kaznakovi 281. The Caucasian Viper is endemic to the Caucasus (endemism status above refers to Georgia) and is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List due to its Area of Occupancy124 being less than 500 km2.125 It inhabits the forested slopes of mountains, in the bottoms of humid canyons, in post-forested clearings and meadows.126 282. The Caucasian Viper is terrestrial and found in a range of forest habitats, both in ravines and on mountain sides. These habitats include mixed subtropical forests with evergreen underwood, coniferous forest, chestnut and cherry groves, and beech and willow woods. It may also be found in disturbed habitats including areas of cleared forest and tea cultivation.127 It is known to occur on or near the Black Sea Coast, including the western half of the Adjaristsqali basin Discrete Management Unit.128 However, confirmed records are only from the coastal part of Adjara (near Poti, Batumi and Charnali Gorge), Kintrishi Nature Reserve and Mtirala National Park. The estimated number of Caucasus viper in Georgia is just above 3,000 individuals.129 283. The species is threatened by illegal international pet trade, habitat loss to urbanization, agriculture, dam construction especially in Georgia, and increased tourism- based development on the coast of the Black Sea.130 Due to such threats it has been also

124 Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its 'extent of occurrence' which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may, for example, contain unsuitable habitats. The area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations of a taxon (e.g. colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory taxa). 125 Tuniyev B., G. Nilson, A. Agasyan, N. Orlov, S. Tuniyev. 2009. Vipera kaznakovi. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Accessed: 19 June 2013. 126 Mallow D., D. Ludwig, G. Nilson. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida, Krieger Publishing Company, 410 p. 127 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on October 21, 2016. 128 Tuniyev, B., Nilson, G., Agasyan, A., Orlov, N., Tuniyev, S. 2009. Vipera kaznakovi. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 01 June 2013. 129 Tuniyev, B., Tuniyev, S. 2009. Conservation strategy for endemic species of Caucasin vipers (Pelias kaznakovi, Pelias dinniki). In: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Eds). Status and protection of globally threatened species in the Caucasus. CEPF, WWF, Tbilisi. 130 ibid

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listed as Endangered in Georgia’s Red List. The Caucasian Viper is subject to state and regional level legal protection.131

Caucasian Salamander Mertensiella caucasica 284. The Caucasian Salamander Mertensiella caucasica is a habitat specialist, found mainly in beech (Fagus orientalis), coniferous (Abies nordmanniana and Picea orientalis), box forest (Buxus sp.), in Mediterranean shrub forest, mixed forests, the subalpine belt and in alpine meadows.132 285. The species distribution is severely fragmented and confined to small streams free of fish, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in Turkey and Georgia. The current distribution includes the north-east part of Anatolia in Turkey and south-west Georgia including Adjara.133 In Adjara, the Caucasian Salamander has been recorded in 19 sites, including Mtirala National Park, Kintrishi Nature Reserve and Machakhela National Park.134,135 286. The Caucasian Salamander faces many threats across its distribution. In Georgia, the destruction of forests (tree felling), use of brooks as roads for the transportation of cut trees, and destruction of habitats by cattle are known causes of population declines.136 Due to decreasing numbers the species has been listed as Vulnerable both in the IUCN Red List and Georgia’s Red list.137 Its range includes the town of Batumi where the specimens have light, earthworm-like coloration and their spots are reduced.138

5.3.5 Invertebrates 287. Georgia has rich diversity of invertebrate fauna. Over 11,100 invertebrate species have been recorded across the country but still information is somewhat patchy. Some groups have been very well studied, while other groups are almost totally lacking in information. The most diverse group is represented by arthropods having 9,150 species (over 8,230 insect species). Groups including many of the parasitic worms and flukes have been well studied, as have earthworms and some of the key insect groups such as Lepidoptera (butterflies) and Coleoptera (beetles). The Coleoptera (with almost 5,000

131 Khanna, D.R. and Yadav, P.R. 2004. Biology of Reptiles. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi. Ananjeva, N.B., Orlov, N.L., Khalikov, R.G., Darevsky, I.S., Ryabov, S.A. and Barabanov, A. 2006. The Reptiles of Northern Eurasia: Taxonomic Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia. 132 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on October 21, 2016. 133 Kaya, U., Tuniyev, B., Ananjeva, N., Orlov, N., Papenfuss, T., Kuzmin, S., Tarkhnishvili, D., Tuniyev, S., Sparreboom, M., Ugurtas, I. & Anderson, S. 2009. Mertensiella caucasica. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 134 Tarkhnishvili, D. Kaya, U. 2009. Status and conservation of the Caucasian salamander (Mertensiella caucasica). In: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Eds). Status and protection of globally threatened species in the Caucasus. CEPF, WWF, Tbilisi 135 Manvelidze, Z. 2012. Expansion and improved management effectiveness of Adjara’s protected areas. Association for Nature Protection and Sustainable Development Use ‘Mta Bari’. Batumi. 136 IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-4. , Access on October 21, 2016. 137 ibid 138 AmphibiaWeb, 2016. Mertensiella caucasica Caucasian Salamander accessed on October 21, 2016

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recorded species) along with Diptera (flies) and Hymenoptera (wasps and bees) show high species richness among the groups studied to date.139 288. A list of invertebrates species of conservation importance based on Georgia’s Red List, reported to be found in the Project area140 are provided in Table 5-24. Their IUCN statuses and CITES Species Appendices listing is also provided.

Table 5-24: List of Invertebrate Species of Conservation Importance

No. Scientific Name Common Georgia’s Red IUCN Status Appendices Name List Status CITES Species 1. Phassus shamil Schamyl’s Endangered Not Assessed Not Listed Ghost Moth 2. Eudia pavonia Small Night Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed Peacock Butterfly 3. Manduca atropos Death’s Head Endangered Not Assessed Not Listed Sphinx 4. Deilephila nerii Oleander Endangered Not Assessed Not Listed Sphinx 5. Callimorpha dominula Tiger Moth Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed 6. Axiopoena Maura Cave Endangered Not Assessed Not Listed Transcaspian Tiger Moth 7. Allancastria caucasica Caucasian Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed Festoon 8. Xylocopa violaceae Violet Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed Calopteryx Carpenter Bee 9. Calopteryx splendens Banded Agrion Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed 10. Astacus colchicus Colchis Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed Crayfish 11. Dolomedes Plantarius Fen Raft Spider Vulnerable Vulnerable Not Listed 12. Helix buchi Beech Snail Vulnerable Not Assessed Not Listed

289. Of the species listed only one is of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List, the Fen Raft Spider Dolomedes Plantarius. Information about this species is provided below.

Fen Raft Spider Dolomedes Plantarius 290. The Fen Raft Spider is predatory, however, it does not build a web to catch prey. It inhabits the margins of pools or ditches where it hunts over open water surfaces. Adults

139 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan-Georgia, 2005, Tbilisi, Page 106 140 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department

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eat drowning terrestrial insects and many aquatic species, including pond skaters, other species of aquatic spiders, dragonfly larvae and even sticklebacks. Fen Raft Spiders are largely aquatic animals, dependent on the presence of standing or slow-moving water.141 Clear water is essential for breeding. The eggs are laid into silk sacs that are immersed in water in hot weather. When they hatch, the hundreds of tiny spider-lings are guarded by their mother in a huge silk ‘nursery’ web built in stiff-leaved vegetation above the water’s edge.142 Low availability of suitable aquatic habitat, drainage and polluted water are the main causes for the species decline. As a result it has been listed as Vulnerable both in the IUCN Red List and in the Georgia’s Red List. In some part of its distribution the species has recolonized through captive breeding, carried out in 2010.143

5.4 Aquatic Ecology 291. Aquatic Ecology consists of  Fish Fauna  Phytoplankton 292. These have been described in detail below.

5.4.1 Fish Fauna 293. A total of 48 species are reported to be living in Georgian waters of the Black Sea.144 The most important groups of species are sturgeons (7 species), anchovies, sprats, whiting, spiny dogfish, scads, pickerel, red mullets and mullets. The most internationally and locally valued freshwater fish species are the sturgeons. 294. Major fish populations are in the Chorokhi River, located adjacent to the Study Area (Figure 5-1), and in the Black Sea. Important species found include Mugi cephalu, Ramada risoo, Mugli saliens risoo, and Mugil cephalus risso. Other prominent fish include Barbels, Bullheads, and Herrings.145 295. There are a total of 76 freshwater fish species in Georgia. The most important of these are the European Catfish Silurus oxglanis, Pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca and Pike Esox lucius. They are not only highly valued species, but also important constituents of fish stocks in natural waters and in the polyculture of fish farms.146 296. A list of fish species of conservation importance based on Georgia’s Red List, reported to be found in the Project area147 are provided in Table 5-25. Their IUCN statuses, information on endemism, restricted range and CITES Species Appendices is

141 Wild screen Archive 2016. accessed on October 21, 2016 142 Suffolk Wildlife Trust 2016. Fen raft spider, , accessed October 21, 2016 143 ibid 144 Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2016. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (06/2016). 145 Engconsult Ltd., May 2016. Canada, Georgia: Subregional Road Corridors Development Program for Asian Development Bank 146 Ibid 147 Sambo Engineering, March 10, 2016, Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Batumi Bypass Road Section for the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia Road Department

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also provided.

Table 5-25: List of Fish Fauna of Conservation Importance

No Scientific Common Georgia’s IUCN Endemism Restricted Appendices Name Name Red List Status Range CITES Status Species 1. Huso huso Beluga/ Endangered Critically No Not II Giant Endangered Restricted Sturgeon 2. Acipenser Atlantic Critically Critically No Not I sturio Sturgeon Endangered Endangered Restricted 3. Acipenser Fringebarbel Endangered Critically No Not II nudiventris Sturgeon Endangered Restricted 4. Acipenser Starred Endangered Critically No Not II stellatus Sturgeon Endangered Restricted 5. Acipenser Colchic Endangered Not No Not II gueldenstaedti Sturgeon Assessed Restricted 6. Acipenser Persian Endangered Critically No Not II persicus Sturgeon Endangered Restricted 7. Salmo trutta Brook Trout Vulnerable Least No Not Not Listed fario Concern Restricted 8. Salmo fario Black Sea Endangered Not No Not Not Listed labrax Salmon Assessed Restricted 9. Capoeta Colchic Vulnerable Not No Not Not Listed (Varicorhinu) Khramulya Assessed Restricted sieboldii 10.Rutilus frisii Black Sea Vulnerable Least No Not Not Listed Roach Concern Restricted 11.Neogobius Monkey Vulnerable Not No Not Not Listed fluviatilis Goby Assessed Restricted

297. The five species of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List are sturgeons of the family Acipenseridae. All are anadromous, i.e. they spend most of their life at sea but migrate into river systems for reproduction.148 These species are highly prized for their meat and unfertilized roe (caviar), traded both legally and illegally.149 Overfishing is a major threat.150 298. In Georgia, the south east coast of the Black Sea is an important feeding and wintering area for sturgeons. They migrate upstream in a number of rivers for spawning,

148 Bemis, W. E. and Kynard, B. 1997. Sturgeon rivers: an introduction to Acipenseriformes biogeography and life history, in Birstein, V. J., Waldman, J. R., & Bemis, W. E., (eds.), Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 25-71. 149 Engler, M. and Knapp, A. 2008. Briefing on the evolution of the caviar trade and range state implementation of Resolution Conf. 12.7 (Rev. Cop 14). A TRAFFIC Europe Report for the European Commission. Brussels, Belgium. 150 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. . Downloaded on 23 October 2016.

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the main ones being the Supsa, Inguri, Chorokhi and Rioni.151 299. A disastrous drop has occurred in the populations of the sturgeon species occupying in Georgian waters. By 2007, the number of sturgeons had decreased at least 37 times over the last hundred years, despite mass releases of fingerlings and young fish.152

Giant Sturgeon Beluga Huso Huso 300. The species is native to Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Georgia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, and Turkey.153 301. It occupies the pelagic zone154 in the sea, where it follows its prey. It feeds mostly on sea fish (Black Sea whiting, anchovies, flatfishes, gobies, fry of bottom-living fishes), but also crustaceans, mollusks, mysids and amphipods.155 It migrates upriver to spawn, however this migration has been disrupted due to river regulation throughout its range. It spawns in the main course of large and deep rivers with strong current and on stone or gravel bottoms.156 Juveniles occur in shallow, riverine habitats during their first summer. 302. Major threats to the species include overfishing for meat at sea and for caviar in estuaries. These threats will soon cause global extinction of the natural populations. Survival can only depend on stocking.157 Overharvesting and a sharp increase in poaching has led to the largest and most mature specimens being removed from the population, reducing natural reproduction to almost zero.158 Bycatch is also a threat to the species. Impoundment of rivers has destroyed most of the species spawning grounds. It is a declared Critically Endangered in IUCN Red List and listed in Appendix II of CITES. Restocking programs are ongoing, however, the programs do not compensate for the loss of natural reproduction and the populations continue to decline.159.

Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser sturio 303. The Atlantic Sturgeon was once known from the North and Baltic Seas, English Channel, European coasts of Atlantic, northern Mediterranean west of Rhodes, and western and the southern Black Sea. The last record from the Rioni (Georgia) was in 1991. Future surveys have failed to find the species. Today it is thought to be mainly restricted

151 CITES Species Database , accessed October 21, 2016 152 WWF Switzerland, August 2010, Fact Sheet: Status of Sturgeon Population in the South Caucasus (Azerbaijan and Georgia) 153 Gesner, J., Chebanov, M. & Freyhof, J. 2010. Huso huso. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T10269A3187455 , accessed October 21, 2016 154 The pelagic zone is the part of the open sea or ocean that is not near the coast or sea floor. 155 Frimodt, C., 1995. Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. 156 Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. 157 FishBase , accessed October 21, 2016 158 Gesner, J., Chebanov, M. & Freyhof, J. 2010. Huso huso. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T10269A3187455. . Downloaded on 24 October 2016. 159 Ibid

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to the Garonne River (France).160 304. The species lives the major part of its life in the sea but enters rivers for reproduction. It is found on various substrates, from sand to rocks. At the sea, it occurs in coastal and estuarine zones. In freshwaters, it inhabits estuaries and large rivers. 161 It feeds on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans, polychaete worms and small fish. The Atlantic population feeds benthically. Bycatch is the major threat to this species. Dam construction, pollution and river regulation have led to loss and degradation of spawning sites.162 It is Critically Endangered in IUCN Red List and listed in Appendix I of CITES.163

Fringebarbel Sturgeon Acipenser nudiventris 305. The species is currently known from the Caspian Sea. It ascends only the Ural River (where it reproduces naturally) and the Sefid Rud River (where there is no natural reproduction). A total of five specimens were caught in 2002. In the Black Sea, it ascends the Rioni (Georgia - last recorded 1997 through bycatch).164 306. The adult specimens of this species mainly occur in the sea close to shores and estuaries and in deep stretches of large rivers over muddy substrate. They are usually solitary while juveniles live in shallow riverine habitats. Fringebarbel Sturgeon feeds on mollusks, amphipods and chironomid larvae. Spawning takes place in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottoms, from end of April to June (end of May in Rioni River, Black Sea).165 This species has the highest relative fecundity for any sturgeon species. 307. Over harvesting, bycatch and illegal fishing (poaching) along with dams, water abstraction and drought has led to the loss of spawning habitats and has caused massive population declines. Hybridization between this species and all sturgeons especially the Starred Sturgeon occurs in freshwater naturally. It is Critically Endangered on IUCN Red List and listed on Appendix II of CITES.166

Starred Sturgeon Acipenser stellatus 308. The Starred Sturgeon inhabits the Caspian, Black and Azov Seas, and is also found in the Aegan Sea. The south east coast of the Black Sea is an important feeding and wintering area in Georgia. The main rivers used are the Supsa, Inguri, Chorokhi and

160 Gesner, J., Williot, P., Rochard, E., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2010. Acipenser sturio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T230A13040963., accessed October 21, 2016 161 FishBase , accessed October 21, 2016 162 Gesner, J., Williot, P., Rochard, E., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2010. Acipenser sturio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T230A13040963., accessed October 21, 2016 163 Ibid 164 Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2010. Acipenser nudiventris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T225A13038215, accessed October 21, 2016 165 FishBase , accessed October 21, 2016 166 Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2010. Acipenser nudiventris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T225A13038215, accessed October 21, 2016

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Rioni.167 The CITES database lists the current distribution of The Starred Sturgeon as Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.168 309. The species is found at sea, in coastal and estuarine zones, where it forages on clayey sand bottoms, as well as intensively in middle and upper water layers. It spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers, on stone or gravel bottoms. It migrates upriver at higher temperatures and therefore later than other sturgeons, with two peaks, in spring and in autumn. At sea, this species feeds on a wide variety of crustaceans, molluscs and benthic as well as pelagic fish.169 310. The reason for decrease in abundance is primarily marine fishing and a sharp increase of poaching, seizing the largest and mature fish and nullifying natural reproduction. Illegal fishing is being done widely to use its skin as leather. Caviar from it is used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes and cartilage is also used for medicinal purposes. Dams have led to the loss of spawning grounds and pollution is also a major threat; 55,000 Starred Sturgeons were found dead in 1991 on the shore of the Sea of Azov due to pollution. Aquaculture contributes to the maintenance of the stocks, yet it cannot compensate for the damage caused to natural reproduction by overfishing.170 It is Critically Endangered in IUCN Red List and listed in Appendix II of CITES.171

Persian Sturgeon Acipenser persicus 311. The Persian Sturgeon is known from the Caspian basin, being most abundant in the southern part.172 In Georgia, the south east coast of the Black Sea is an important feeding and wintering area. It migrates upriver for spawning. The main rivers used are the Chorokhi and the Rioni.173 312. At sea, in coastal and estuarine zones, it spawns in strong-current habitats in the main course of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottoms. Juveniles are found in riverine habitats during their first summer. Spawning takes place in the period from June to August when temperatures are above 16°C. Juveniles migrate to the sea during their first summer and remain there until maturity. At sea, the Persian Sturgeon feeds on a wide variety of benthic molluscs, crustaceans and small fish. 313. The skin of this species is used as leather and caviar is used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. The intestine is used as sauce (food) and to produce gelatine, and the swim bladder used as glue. Approximately 25% of the species harvested, comes from the wild, and 75% is stocked. Illegal fishing/poaching is the principle threat. Pollution is also a threat and the construction of dams has led to the blocking of access to spawning

167 CITES Species Database ,accessed October 21, 2016 168 Anon, 2000. Estimation of the Sturgeon Stocks in the Russian Federation and Monitoring of Domestic Trade in Sturgeon Products. TRAFFIC Europe-Russia, Field investigations. Unpublished report, pp. 23. 169 Ibid 170 Ibid 171 Ibid 172 Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2010. Acipenser nudiventris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T225A13038215, accessed October 21, 2016 173 CITES Species Database , accessed October 21, 2016

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grounds. The lack ability to genetically identify the species in international trade is a potential threat as well, as the Russian and Persian Sturgeon (caviar) can be mixed. It is Critically Endangered in IUCN Red List174 and found on Appendix II of CITES.

5.4.2 Phytoplankton 314. Phytoplankton refers to the autotrophic component of the plankton that drifts in the water column. Its cumulative energy fixation in carbon compounds (primary production) is the basis for the vast majority of oceanic and some freshwater food chains.175 315. The Black Sea plankton algoflora is characterized by considerable diversity. Including brackish-water, fresh-water and bentho-plankton forms occurring in the different parts, it consists of about 750 species.176,177 316. Observations of many years have shown that the Georgian Black Sea phytoplankton is characterized by instability and fluctuations. The changes are apparently caused primarily by the seasonal course of hydrological processes which usually depend to a higher degree on meteorological factors, and also by anthropogenic impact, particularly sea pollution by organic substances. It has been concluded that The Georgian Black Sea coast is characterized by large variability of the hydrological regime and anthropogenic impact, resulting in considerable differences in systematic composition and quantitative development of phytoplankton by seasons and years, especially in areas of river discharge.178 317. At the flowing places of rivers carrying large amounts of suspended solid material (sand and silt) and also some hazardous substances, considerable reduction of some species is observed, especially coccolithophores. 318. Large amounts of phytoplankton are observed in river discharge areas: Chorokhi, Inguri, Kodori and in adjacent parts. There the appearance of some freshwater plankton representatives has also been registered, mainly from diatoms: Diatoma elongatum, Asterionella formasa, Nitzschia longissima, etc. which coincides with a decrease of water salinity to 8-10%.179

5.5 Conclusions 319. The biodiversity of Adjara and in particular, Batumi, consists of a number of species of conservation importance based on both Georgia’s Red List and the IUCN Red List. Also there are areas in and around Batumi which are important habitat for wildlife,

174 Gesner, J., Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2010. Acipenser nudiventris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T225A13038215, accessed October 21, 2016 175 Science Daily, < https://www.sciencedaily.com/>, accessed October 24, 2016 176 Ivanov, A I., 1965. Characteristics of qualitative composition of the Black Sea phytoplankton. Research of the Black and Azov Seas plankton. Kiev. "Naukova dumka", p. 19-38 177 Pitsyk, G. K., 1968. Research of the Black Sea phytoplankton in 1953-1963. Biological research of the Black Sea and its fishery resources. Moscow. Nauka 7. 178 Ibid 179 Gvarishvili, T. 1998. Species Composition and Biodiversity of Georgian Black Sea Phytoplankton. In: Kotlyakov, V., M. Uppenbrink., and V. Metreveli (Edts.). 1998. Conservation of the Biological Diversity as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development in the Black Sea Region Batumi, Republic of Georgia. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on October 5-12, 1996.

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most notably the IBAs of Batumi and the Chorokhi Delta. Another area of conservation importance near the Project is the Mtirala National Park, home to a number of endemic and relic plant species. In addition to this there are two herpetofauna species of conservation importance, whose ranges overlap with that of the Project area, which is of particular concern because of the limited mobility of herpetofauna. 320. Habitat distribution within the Study Area shows that the dominant habitat type is Vegetation Clusters, making up 65% of it with the second most dominant one being Builtup Area making up 20%. Builtup Area is spread throughout the Study Area, on either side of the Project. The Vegetation Clusters are patches of vegetation within an area that is very disturbed by Builtup Area and the associated human activity. Nevertheless, the presence of species of conservation importance and habitat suitable for such species cannot be ignored especially because of the overlap of Batumi with the Eastern Black Sea Flyway and the nearby Chorokhi Delta, which is an important wetland habitat for migratory and congregatory bird species. In particular, the Egyptian Vulture, listed as Endangered, has been known to forage around human settlements; human disturbance along with electrocution and collisions with powerlines are amongst the reasons for its decline.

5.5.1 Terrestrial Flora 321. There are two main Project-related concerns including the presence of two species of conservation importance in the Project area and the risk of spread of invasive species. The two species of conservation importance include Colchic Boxwood and the Common Walnut, both listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. The spread of invasive species is a key concern because disturbance to native plants species, for example, by vegetation clearance, favors the spread of invasive species. This is of particular concern because the nearby Mtirala National Park, located 4 km from the Project, contains a number of species endemic to Georgia.

5.5.2 Mammals 322. There are three mammal species of conservation importance which include two bat species and the Common Otter. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is classified as Vulnerable and the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is classified as Near Threatened. Both bat species are protected under the Bonn Convention and Bern Convention. Threats to these bat species include habitat disturbance. However, considering the topography around the Project, it is unlikely that there is significant habitat for these species in the Study Area. 323. The Common Otter is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It is rare in Adjara. Threats to the species include removal and bank side vegetation, drainage of wetlands and man-made changes to aquatic ecosystems.

5.5.3 Birds 324. Of the 31 IBAs in Georgia, two of them are located close to the Project, including the IBA of Batumi and that of Chorokhi Delta. The IBA of Batumi overlaps with the Study Area whilst that of Chorokhi Delta is 3.75 km from it. The IBA of Batumi is part of the Eastern Black Sea Flyway, therefore, numerous species pass over it during the passage season. The IBA of Chorokhi Delta is also important for a number of species including three species of conservation importance the Yelkouan Shearwater (Vulnerable), Sociable Lapwing (Critically Endangered), and Black-winged Pratincole (Near Threatened). It is also an important wetland habitat where wintering waterbirds and migratory waterbirds are

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monitored. 325. There are a total of eight bird species of conservation importance in the Project area including the Egyptian Vulture (Endangered), Dalmatian Pelican (Vulnerable), the White-winged Scoter (Vulnerable), Imperial Eagle (Vulnerable), Greater Spotted Eagle (Vulnerable), Black Vulture (Near Threatened), Saker Falcon (Saker Falcon) and Red- footed Falcon (Near Threatened). Habitat degradation, pollution, human disturbance and wetland modification are amongst the reasons for population declines. In addition to this there are a total of 19 migratory and congregatory bird species reported from the Project area.

5.5.4 Herpetofauna 326. A total of two herpetofauna species are reported in the Project area including the Caucasian Viper (Endangered) and the Caucasian Salamander (Vulnerable). For both species threats include habitat loss and degradation as well as urbanization. The Caucasian Salamander is endemic to Georgia and Turkey and is reported to be present in Batumi.

5.5.5 Invertebrates 327. A total of 12 invertebrate species of conservation importance based on Georgia’s Red List are reported to be found in the Project area. Of these one, the Fen Raft Spider, is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The species requires aquatic habitat and relies on clear water, in particular, for breeding. Pollution of water bodies and drainage are, therefore, serious threats to it.

5.5.6 Fish 328. The Black Sea and Georgia’s rivers are important for a number of fish species, the most of notable of which are those belonging to the group of Sturgeons. 329. A total of five fish species of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List are reported from the Project area. These include the Giant Sturgeon, the Atlantic Sturgeon, Fringebarbel Sturgeon, Starred Sturgeon, and Persian Sturgeon. All five species are Critically Endangered and migrate between the sea and the rivers, making both habitats important for their life cycles. The riverine habitats, in particular, are important for juveniles. Three of these, especially, rely on them including the Giant Sturgeon, Fringebarbel Sturgeon and Persian Sturgeon. All five species are found in other countries; even within Georgia, they are found in rivers outside the Study Area, most notably the Rioni River. 330. The major threats to all five species include over-exploitation for uses such as food (e.g. caviar), medicine and leather. Pollution is another major concern along with impoundment of rivers due to dam construction resulting in blockage of fish from reaching their spawning sites.

5.5.7 Phytoplankton 331. Georgian Black Sea phytoplankton is characterized by instability and fluctuations caused primarily by the seasonal course of hydrological processes which usually depend to a higher degree on meteorological factors, and also by anthropogenic impact, particularly sea pollution by organic substances. The result is considerable differences in

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systematic composition and quantitative development of phytoplankton by seasons and years, especially in areas of river discharge. As a result the main concern with Project- related activities is pollution of water bodies in the Study Area, both the rivers and the coastal habitat.

5.6 Socioeconomic Environment 332. This section describes the socioeconomic environment of the Study Area. Where values for the Study Area are reported they are based on surveys of affected households conducted for the corresponding LARP of the Project. Photographs were taken during the field visit in September and October 2016.

5.6.1 Administrative Set-up 333. Adjara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, is an historical, geographic and political-administrative region of Georgia. The status of the Adjaran Autonomous Republic is defined by Georgia's law on Adjara and the region's new constitution. The local legislative body is the Parliament. The head of the region's government—the Council of Ministers of Adjara—is nominated by the President of Georgia who also has powers to dissolve the assembly and government and to overrule local authorities on issues where the constitution of Georgia is contravened. 334. Adjara is subdivided into six administrative units namely: City of Batumi, Keda District, Kobuleti District, Khelvachauri District, Shuakhevi District, and Khulo District. These districts are shown in Figure 5-27.

Figure 5-27: Administrative Setting 335. The Project passes 8 villages/towns as given in Table 5-26, all of which are in the Khelvachauri district.

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Table 5-26: List of Villages in the Project Impact Zone

Name of Village Legal Status Sakrebulo District/Rayon Makhinjauri Urban Village Makhinjauri Khelvachauri Kapreshumi Village Ortabatumi Khelvachauri Salibauri Village Ortabatumi Khelvachauri Akhalsheni Village Akhalsheni Khelvachauri Sameba Village Akhalsheni Khelvachauri Ganakhleba Village Akhalsheni Khelvachauri Makhvilauri Village Sharabidzeebi Khelvachauri Khelvachauri Urban Village Khelvachauri Khelvachauri

5.6.2 Demography 336. Population of Adjara as of 2009 statistics is 382 thousands (see Table 5-27). Approximately, 43.6% of the population live in urban whereas 56.4% live in rural areas. From 2003 to 2005, the population growth rate has remanded stable, at around 0.5%. Batumi is the most populated city, with a population of approximately 122,000.

Table 5-27: Population of Adjara Region (thousands)

2002 2009 2015 Adjara Autonomous Republic 376.016 382.4 336.5 Batumi 121.806 122.5 151.4 Kobuleti Municipality 88.063 89.9 75.2 Khelvachauri Municipality 90.843 92.8 51.6 Keda Municipality 20.024 20.0 15.2 Shuakhevi Municipality 21.850 22.3 23.5 Khulo Municipality 33.430 35.0 Source: National Statistics Service of Georgia 337. Ethnic groups of Adjara include Georgian, Russians, Armenians, Greeks, Abkhaz, etc. In the Study Area, about 97% are of Georgian ethnicity with the remaining ethnicities comprising of Armenians, Russians and others. The distribution is shown in Table 5-28.

Table 5-28: Ethnicity of Households in the Study Area

No Ethnicity Total No. of Households % Age 1 Georgian 389 96.8 2 Armenian 8 2.0 3 Russian 1 0.25 4 Others 4 1.0 Total 402 100.0 Source: Socioeconomic survey, Feasibility Study (2009)

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5.6.3 Physical Infrastructure

Road Network 338. Georgia has two main ports and both lie on this section of the Black Sea coast, Poti, 30 km to the north of the Project, and Batumi. Although some of the goods and materials leave the ports by rail, much of it also transported by road. In addition heavy commercial road traffic from Turkey enters Georgia through the Sarpi border post, some destined for other areas of Georgia and some transiting through Georgia along the existing road and then along the main East West highway to Azerbaijan, Armenia and beyond. Except for oil, transit trade mostly comprises agricultural products, building materials, and machinery. 339. This mix of international and local traffic combined with poor road conditions leads to dangerous driving situations and frequent traffic accidents. At present a significant volume of international transportation is carried on the Batumi-Poti section of road amounting to 1.0 million tons annually (2005), with 0.5 million tons on the Batumi-Sarpi section. 340. The road network of the Study Area is mapped in Figure 5-28.

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Figure 5-28: Road Network

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341. The road network in the Study Area is poor with several rural areas which are not connected to the road network. Only national and regional highways are asphalted and most rural roads are graveled, and these graveled rural roads are difficult to drive on, during the rainy season. Asphalting of local roads is currently under way. Photographs of the various quality of roads that can be found in the Study Area is shown in Figure 5-29.

Cemented road. Gravel road

Freshly asphalted road. Main road to the south of the Study Area.

Figure 5-29: Photographs of Local Roads in the Study Area 342. Rural communities in the Study Area are serviced by private minibuses that collect people from stops at intervals between half an hour to an hour. The minibuses generally take a round trip to Batumi. A bus stop in the Study Area is shown in Figure 5-30.

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Figure 5-30: Local Bus Stop

Rail 343. The Batumi railway station is close to the Study Area and the railway line cross the Study Area. Railway is used for both passenger and freight transport as shown in Figure 5-31. The railway line present in the area is shown in Figure 5-28.

New passenger train at Batumi Station Cargo trains carry oil from Azerbaijan to Batumi Port

Figure 5-31: Photographs of Railway Infrastructure

Utilities 344. The major source of drinking water is dug-well and piped water supply. 29% of households use water from dug-well and 63% of households use water from piped supply, 8% of households reported other sources.180 345. Wood is the major source of fuel being used by the households (89%) for

180 Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant)

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heating.181 346. During consultations it was determined that currently governmental projects are underway to connect houses to water and gas. Photographs of existing gas and water connections are shown in Figure 5-32.

Water connection Gas connection

Figure 5-32: Photographs of Utilities in the Study Area

Sanitation 347. 54% of surveyed households use flush toilet and 46% use latrine.182 A photograph of a typical latrine is given in Figure 5-33.

Figure 5-33: Photograph of a Typical Latrine Facility

Housing

181 Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant) 182 Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant)

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348. Almost all homes in the Study Area are of masonry construction. However, there is a large variation in structural quality as illustrated by photographs in Figure 5-34.

Apartment building Single story home

House constructed with blocks as foundation New doubly story structure Figure 5-34: Housing Structures in the Study Area

5.6.4 Social Infrastructure

Education 349. About 20% of the population of the Study Area has a university education, 74% have primary and secondary level education and 6% have pre-school level education (see Table 5-28).

Table 5-29: Education of Households

No Category Male Female Total No % No % No % 1 Pre-School 32 8.9 17 4.2 49 6.4 2 Primary 243 67.7 322 79.3 565 73.9 4 University 84 23.4 67 16.5 151 19.7 5 Illiterate 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Total 359 100 406 100 765 100

Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant) 350. Photographs of schools and playgrounds in the Study Area are shown in

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Figure 5-35.

School in Makhinjauri School in Makhlivauri

Playground in Makhinjaurui Playground in Makhlivauri

Figure 5-35: Schools and Playgrounds in the Study Area

Health 351. Details of health care facilities in Adjara are given in Table 5-30, which includes 19 hospitals and 248 first aid network facilities. 1252 medical professionals are working in these facilities. Among them 78 are physicians, 42 are surgeons, 122 are gynecologists, 115 are village doctors, and 93 are paramedics. 352. During consultations it was determined that there are no healthcare facilities directly in the rural portions of the Study Area. Residents go to Khelvachauri or Batumi for treatment. Residents are covered by national health insurance. Ambulances are available for transport to healthcare facilities.

Table 5-30: Health Care Facilities in Adjara

No In 2008 In 2009 1. Number of Hospitals 18 19 2. Neurological Centre (with Hospital) 1 1 3. Blood transfusion station 1 1 4. Ambulance Service 6 6

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No In 2008 In 2009 5. First Aid Network in Total 245 248 6. Among them 7. Centre for Family Medicine 2 2 8. Independent poly clinics 11 11 9. Medical Centre for Polyclinic Profile 5 5 10. Private Polyclinic Institutions 3 4 11. Health entre 3 3 12. Centre for Primary Health Care 46 45 13. Community Medical Centre 175 177

5.6.5 Cultural Resources 353. Images of cultural resources in the Study Area are shown in Figure 5-36.

Spring dedicated to individual Memorial within Study Area

Mosque in Khelvachauri Graveyard within Study Area

Figure 5-36: Cultural Resources

5.6.6 Archaeological Sites 354. Archeological sites as mentioned on the website of the Adjara Cultural Heritage Protection Agency are shown in Figure 5-37. There are no sites directly along the Project alignment. Photographs of these sites are shown in Figure 5-38.

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Figure 5-37: Cultural Heritage Sites around Project Site

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Akhalsheni Transfiguration Church Erge (Jocho) Bridge

Former Bariatinski House Makho Bridge

Makho Fortress-Tower Tamaris Fortress

Figure 5-38: Photographs of Cultural Heritage Sites around Project Site183

5.6.7 Economy 355. In 2004, the Gross Domestic Product of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara was GEL 490 million, which is 5% of the GDP of Georgia. The main industries in Adjara are manufacturing, agriculture and tourism. The manufacturing sector is dominated by food, tobacco, and woodworking industries and accounted for 5.9% of Adjara’s GDP. As of 2005 there were 515 industrial enterprises in Adjara, 34 state enterprises and 117 non- governmental enterprises. The agricultural sector is dominated by tobacco, citrus plants, potatoes, tea, and livestock farming. The share of agriculture in the GDP of Adjara is

183 Photographs taken from the website of the Adjara Cultural Heritage Protection Agency

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18.7% (GEL 91.52 million). Private farms occupy 63.8% of the agricultural lands. State and non-governmental agricultural farms occupy the rest, 46.2%. 356. Tourism is one of the major industry in the Project area and extensive resort infrastructure is located all along the existing road in Batumi and Kobuleti. In 2004, the total cost of services rendered in the sphere of tourism was GEL 16.7 million, which is 3.4% if the Adjara GDP. The tourist season lasts about 3 months, from late June till the end of September. On average, according to 2004 estimates, about 65-70 thousand people visited Adjara during the tourist season. 357. Citrus and vegetables are the major crops being cultivated in the Study Area. Details of major cropping pattern in the project area obtained from the affected households are given in Table 5-31.

Table 5-31: Major Cropping Pattern

No Type of Crops Households % of Total Average Area Average Average that have Crop Households of Cultivation Yield Total Cultivated (HA) (Ton) Yield (GEL) 1 Corn 52 21.3 0.16 0.48 258 2 Bean 32 13.1 0.06 0.04 126 3 Vegetables 49 20.1 0.08 0.10 96 4 Fruit 29 11.9 0.10 0.55 924 5 Grape 4 1.6 0.07 0.42 400 6 Citrus 53 21.7 0.19 4.91 2996 7 Others 25 10.2 0.04 0.23 355 Total 244 Households

Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant) 358. Agriculture is the primary economic activity reported 41% households, 24% of the households reported government service as the primary economic activity. The third contributor is daily wage (11%) as primary economic activity including agriculture labor and non-agriculture daily labor. The details are given in Table 5-32 below.

Table 5-32: Economic Activity of the Households

No Type of Activities No Primary % No Secondary % (of total) (of total) 1 Agriculture 107 40.5 11 36.7 2 Working for other farmers (Agricultural 12 4.5 3 10.0 Laborer) 3 Small enterprise 14 5.3 3 10.0 4 Government Service 64 24.2 2 6.7 5 Business and trading 21 8.0 3 10.0

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No Type of Activities No Primary % No Secondary % (of total) (of total) 6 Daily Wage 29 11.0 6 20.0 7 Others 17 6.4 2 6.7

Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant)

Employment Status 359. About 15% working age people in the Study Area are wage employed, 24% are self-employed and about 15% are economically inactive (see Table 5-33). Unemployment is very high with 46% reporting that they are unemployed (see Table 5-33).

Table 5-33: Economic Activity of the Households Members

Gender Economically Wage Self Unemployed Total Inactive Employed Employed No % No % No % No % No % Male 32 10.8 44 14.8 87 29.3 134 45.1 297 100 Female 64 17.6 58 16.0 69 19.0 172 47.4 363 100 Total Average 96 14.5 102 15.5 156 23.6 306 46.4 660 100

Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant)

Average Annual Income (household Income) 360. Agriculture, service and wage employment are major contributors to income in the Study Area. The survey found that 15% of the households get income from one single source, 36% from double sources and 49% from three or more sources. Table 5-34 shows the distribution of incomes from various sources. Average annual income is GEL 15,658 per household as shown in Table 5-35.

Table 5-34: Average Monthly Household Income against Number of Sources

Number of Sources of Income No. of AHs % of Ahs Average annual income Single source 23 15 9631 Double Source 54 36 14270 Three + sources 73 49 17917 Total 150 100 Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant)

Table 5-35: Average Annual Income

No Source of Income No. of Households Average Annual Income from Source (GEL) 1 Wage employment 149 6,135 2 Agriculture 114 4,685 3 Business/Service 50 2,056

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No Source of Income No. of Households Average Annual Income from Source (GEL) 4 Property income 9 361 5 Pension 16 674 6 Remittances 24 988 7 Other 18 759 Total Households Surveyed: 380 15,658 Source: DMS/AP Census 25 March–11 April 2011 (Detail Design Consultant)

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6. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation

361. As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process, consultations are undertaken with communities and institutions that may have interest in the proposed project or may be affected by it. The objective of conducting stakeholder consultations during the ESIA process is to inform all the stakeholders about the Project, record and take into account their opinions, suggestions and concerns and establish confidence amongst the Project stakeholders that the Project is developed in a responsible way. This section documents the consultation process for the EIA of the proposed Project.

6.1 Framework for Consultations 362. The EIA of the proposed Project is undertaken in compliance with relevant national legislation and in accordance with the environmental and social safeguards laid out under ADB’s safeguard policy (SPS 2009).184

6.1.1 ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 363. Public consultation is mandated under Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009).185

SPS 2009 on Pubic Consultations The borrower/client will carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and other concerned stakeholders, including civil society, and facilitate their informed participation. Meaningful consultation is a process that (i) begins early in the project preparation stage and is carried out on an ongoing basis throughout the project cycle; (ii) provides timely disclosure of relevant and adequate information that is understandable and readily accessible to affected people; (iii) is undertaken in an atmosphere free of intimidation or coercion; (iv) is gender inclusive and responsive, and tailored to the needs of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups; and (v) enables the incorporation of all relevant views of affected people and other stakeholders into decision making, such as project design, mitigation measures, the sharing of development benefits and opportunities, and implementation issues. Consultation will be carried out in a manner commensurate with the impacts on affected communities. The consultation process and its results are to be documented and reflected in the environmental assessment report.

6.1.2 Georgian Requirement 364. As discussed in Chapter 2 the Law on Environmental Impact Permit contains details on consultation and disclosure that must happen after the draft EIA has been prepared and is ready for submission. The EIA process will follow all regulations laid down by Georgian Law. However information regarding final public disclosure is not available at the time of writing of this report.

6.2 Overview of Stakeholders 365. Stakeholders can be divided into two groups: communities that lie along the RoW and institutional stakeholders. A list of identified stakeholders are listed in Table 6-1.

184 Safeguard Policy Statement, Asian Development Bank, June 2009 185 Safeguard Policy Statement, Asian Development Bank, June 2009

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366. Institutions that were identified as stakeholders.

Table 6-1: List of Stakeholders

Stakeholder Date and Location Consulted Community Stakeholders Makhinjauri and surrounding communities Oct 22, 2016 Makhinjauri Kapreshumi and surrounding communities Oct 22, 2016 Kapreshumi Makhlivauri and surrounding communities Oct 23, 2016 Makhlivauri Institutional Stakeholders Local Government Khelvachauri Municipality Oct 13, 2016 Era Palace Batumi City Hall Oct 13, 2016 Era Palace Ministry of Environment Oct 13, 2016 Era Palace Department of Tourism Biodiversity Batumi Shota University, Biodiversity Oct 9, 2016 Batumi Shota University Department World Wildlife Fund Oct 4-20, 2016 Email correspondence Transboundary Joint Secretariat for Southern Caucuses Oct 11, 2016 Batumi Botanical Garden Batumi Botanical Garden Businesses in Batumi Including: fuel stations, hotels, shops, car Oct 5-8, 2016 at business venues in Batumi washes, shops, workshops and others. Transport Batumi Public Transport Oct 13, 2016 Era Palace Adjara Road Department Office Oct 13, 2016 Era Palace Batumi Port Georgia Railways Cultural Heritage Adjara Cultural Heritage Protection Agency Batumi Archaeological Museum

6.3 Consultation Methodology

6.3.1 Scoping and Feedback Consultation 367. Scoping consultations for the Project were undertaken in 2009, 2011 and 2016 as described below:  Two public consultations were conducted during the feasibility study for the entire alignment (Kobuleti and Batumi bypasses) in April and June, 2009.  Additional consultations were held for the preparation of the previous EIA in March and April, 2011. These included 5 institutional consultations and 6 community consultations.

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 To get updated information, additional scoping consultations were undertaken for this study. These consultations were conducted in October, 2016. These consultations were conducted informally during the baseline surveys.  A workshop was arranged in Batumi for institutional consultations. The RD facilitated contact with the institutional stakeholders. Important stakeholders who could not make it to the workshop were met separately or contacted via email or telephone. The attendance list is provided in Appendix 5. 368. Feedback consultations were held with communities on Oct 22 and 23, 2016. Three meetings along the RoW were organized to which over 63 community representatives attended. The meetings were arranged with the support of the local Road Department. The attendance lists are provided in Appendix 5. An overview of the EIA methodology was provided to explain how the concerns of the communities as ascertained by scoping consultations were being addressed. 369. The public consultations proceeded in the following manner::  An overview of the Project was provided  Discussion of modelling procedure to quantify potential impacts and expected mitigation measures for noise and air quality deterioration due to the Project.  Other impacts that were being investigated such as vibration, water and soil contamination and impacts to ecology and socioeconomic conditions.  An overview of the EIA review and approval process based on ADB, AIIB and Georgian requirements.  Further questions and comments from the community were addressed and recorded.  After the general consultation small sessions were conducted with individual households which wanted to convey specific concerns, 370. Consultation locations for the 3 community consultations and the institutional consultations workshop are shown in Figure 5-1 and photographs in Figure 6-2 for consultations conducted during this study.

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Figure 6-1: Consultation Locations

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Informal consultation along RoW. Participants Participant concerned regarding spring water concerned with landslides and employment. infrastructure.

Informal consultation along RoW. Informal consultation along RoW. Participants concerned about noise and vibration impacts.

Consultation with shops along right of way. Consultation with shops along right of way.

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Institutional consultation workshop. Institutional consultation workshop.

Formal consultation session at C1. Individual consultations at C1.

Formal consultation session at C2. Formal consultation session at C2.

Breakout session at C2. Participants are Small group discussions at C2. conversing with the EIA consultants (HBP), ADB representatives and RD representatives.

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Formal public consultation session at C3. Formal public consultation session at C3.

Participants were explained the Project using large printouts of the RoW at C3.

Figure 6-2: Consultation Photographs

6.3.2 Consultation Material 371. The main document for distribution to stakeholders during the consultations was the Background Information Document (BID). The BID contained information on the Project and the EIA process. The BID for the Project is included as Appendix 6. The consultation material was made available to the stakeholders in English and Georgian to suit their language preference. The BID was distributed in both the institutional consultation workshop and in the formal public consultations. 372. A PowerPoint presentation was given at the institutional consultation workshop.

6.3.3 Consultation Team 373. The consultation team consisted of the persons detailed, along with their roles and designations, in Table 6-2.

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Table 6-2: Consultation Team

Organization Name Designation Role Hagler Bailly Hidayat Hasan Principal Project Led consultations in English and Pakistan Consultant answered questions Paata National Expert Facilitated consultations and Tchankotadze translated to Georgian Hassan Bukhari Environmental Expert Administrative and logistic support Road Irakli Khergiani Deputy Chairman Provided a brief introduction and Department answered road department specific questions Mr Zurab Director, Ajara RD Answered local road department specific questions Asian Mr Metger Resettlement Expert, Answered resettlement related Development ADB Georgia queries Bank Keti Dgebuadze Environmental Expert, Observer ADB Georgia Jeffery Bowyer Environmental Expert, Observer ADB Manilla

6.4 Summary of Consultations 374. Table 6-3 summarizes the key concerns emerging from consultations and explains how each concern was addressed in the EIA. The detailed log of consultations is provided in Appendix 7. 375. The photographs of the consultations are given in Figure 6-2.

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Table 6-3: Summary of Concerns Expressed in Scoping Consultation and How They Have Been Addressed in the EIA

Issues Raised by Stakeholders Addressed in the EIA Resettlement and Related Issues The bridge passes in close proximity to some houses that are not included in the LARP. Concern was shown regarding noise levels generated by disturbance due to construction and traffic during operation. Some participants informed that resettlement of their houses will be decided based on calculation of noise impacts during the EIA. Land plots in close proximity of the road, but with no houses currently constructed, but with potential of future construction, will be rendered unusable due to the road. Livability and future sale price will reduce of houses near the RoW. Rates for land acquisition are low compared to the market price. Complete land plots were not acquired and small portions of large plots are not usable for agriculture. A graveyard with around 25 graves belonging to a single family is present on the right of way. The family stated that while they have not had an agreement as yet they have an agreement that an agreement will be reached in the future. Land acquisition and resettlement will be the major issue. According to participants, this can be mitigated through proper compensation and assistance to the affected persons. Other Social issues Communities inquired regarding the start date of the Project and what sort of employment opportunities would be available. Many people were interested in working for the Project. Communities were generally in favor of the Project. However, some who were being directly impacted felt strongly for In village Makhvilauri it was suggested to build shops along the road, so local people could have trade points. Participants suggested signage (speed limits, warnings etc.), pedestrian crossings in front of social institutions and to ensure that there are footpaths along the road. Shops, hotels and other businesses within Batumi are optimistic regarding the diversion as it will reduce traffic jams and improve the environment in Batumi.

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Issues Raised by Stakeholders Addressed in the EIA Alignment Participants were concerned regarding the alignment of the remaining segment of the bypass, which is not clear. Physical Environment Related Issues The area is very pristine, in terms of good air quality, low anthropogenic noise sources and few disturbances. The physical environment of the area will change significantly after construction of the Project. Some households are completely dependent, (others partially) on mountain springs. Some of the water collecting infrastructure is close to the RoW, and some will be acquired. Concern was shown by the community regarding proper reconstruction of water infrastructure and possibility of disruption in the water supply. Affected and surrounding households had understanding and awareness regarding the proposed RoW of the Project. Some households could quote the distance in meters from their house to the RoW. However, having no previous experience regarding such construction they were unable to identify what the number of meters meant in terms of disturbance to the physical environment. A few homes near Makhinjauri Town identified a potential dumping site in a gorgeous area. They requested if it could be reinstated with topsoil as the community has no flat land for agriculture. Many homes, especially those near the tunnel portal (therefore, on a cliff edge) showed signs of cracks and repairs which had occurred during landslides in the area. They were concerns regarding additional landslides and rockfall during construction of the road and tunnel. Communities expressed concern that the construction activities will generate air, noise and water pollution which will impact their quality of life. The proposed road development project will facilitate a better traffic system. However, it was felt that accidents might increase in number if a high standard of engineering design is not followed. Participants mentioned that safety measures are especially important for social institutions as schools and hospitals. Biodiversity Related Issues No very important species grows within the area. There may be some very protected plants present in the area but it is because they have been introduced by people and it is not within the natural range. There are a large number of large eucalyptus trees along the right of way that help control the water levels in the valley. If these are cut down then it may disturb the current balance in the water table.

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6.5 Future Consultations

6.5.1 Information Disclosure 376. The electronic versions of the draft EIA will be placed on the RD, Adjara Government and ADB websites. Hard copies of Georgian version of draft EIA report will be placed in:  the RD office  MoE Department of Licenses and Permits  Environment and Natural Resources Directorate of Adjara  Batumi and Khevachauri Municipalities  Gamgeoba of all Project villages 377. The EIA will be available in both English and Georgian languages.

6.5.2 Public Hearing 378. According to Georgian Law, detailed in Chapter 2, public consultation meetings will be conducted following 50 days after the disclosure of EIA documentation at Batumi. Information about the public consultation process will be made available for public through:  publication in central mass media  publication in regional newspapers  distribution of information via the Aarhus Center internet resources  placing information on the RD website 379. The disseminated announcement will contain information on:  where the interested parties can find the electronic versions and hard copies of the disclosed documents  place and schedule of the planned public consultation meetings  the deadlines for providing comments  details of contact persons for submitting comments 380. In addition the following stakeholders to be invited for the Consultation meetings:  Representative of Adjara Governments  Mayors of Batumi and Khelvachauri  Representative of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure  Head, Department of Roads, Batumi  Representative of the Ministry of Environment Protection, Tbilisi  Representatives of Affected Communities  representatives of NGOs familiar with social, economic and cultural conditions in

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the area affected

6.5.3 Consultations during the Life of the Project 381. The RD will continue stakeholder engagement activities throughout the life of the Project. Further details of RD’s future stakeholder engagement activities are given in Chapter 10. Stakeholder engagement activities will include:  ongoing reporting on progress on the implementation of environmental and social management measures identified during the EIA process and recording of comments on the effectiveness of these measures;  updating communities about new project developments and recording comments on these; and,  ongoing operation of the grievance redress mechanism.

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7. Analysis of Alternatives

382. This section discusses the alternatives considered for the Project and compares their environmental and economic benefits and drawbacks.

7.1 No Project Option 383. The no project alternative will have the following economic and environmental consequences: 384. The Project road has a significant potential for increase of subregional trade with Georgia’s major trading partners and tourism revenue. Other important benefits of the project are reduction of congestion and accidents in Batumi, and favorable atmosphere for further investment in Batumi. A detailed study on the benefits of the Project has been carried out during feasibility. 385. The ‘do nothing’ or ‘without Project’ option is not really an alternative since the objective of the Project is to construct bypass roads to divert the traffic from already congested roads in Batumi. 386. There has been significant increase in congestion and accidents on the existing road especially during the tourist season in summer. The without project scenario will continue to increase the negative impacts generated by increased traffic loads on insufficient capacity of the existing road (traffic congestion, noise, low speed, higher emissions, accidents, etc). Continuous growth of tourist and residential infrastructure along the existing road will further deteriorate the movement of international and transit traffic, smooth access of the local population, and tourists.

7.2 Alternatives to the Proposed Project

7.2.1 Alternative Alignment 387. In the prefeasibility study, three alignment options were examined. They are briefly described below:  The westernmost alignment encroaches on the Batumi Municipal Development Area and passes through some heavily built-up areas; even more built-up now than when the prefeasibility study was carried out. The advantage of this alignment is that it is 0.5 km shorter and passes through easier terrain, removing the need for a tunnel.  The prefeasibility-recommended alignment first rises to cross the rail line, turns southeast through three short tunnels, and descends to the Chakvis Korolistskali River, crossing the river (km 36) and some commercial structures on a 600 m bridge. It then follows the slope of the land to descend to the Bartskhana River, also crossing this and the riverside commercial development on a 600 m bridge (km 39); both bridges are about 10 m above ground level, but will need long spans. The alignment then gradually rises, following the line of the Batumi Municipal Development Area to the west of Batumi, and runs along but outside the development plan margin. At km 40.5, the alignment crosses a 200 m bridge to enter a 700 m tunnel, and then descends to cross the Batumi–Alkhaltsikhe road at

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km 44.5, with an interchange, to then turn west to join the Senaki–Poti–Sarpi road at km 48. This alignment ends at the existing bridge over the Chorokhi River.  The proposed third alignment follows the second alignment for the first 5 km and then proceeds further east, bypassing the developed area around the Bartskhana River and staying up to 2–3 km east of the Batumi Development Plan boundary. It also uses a 400 m tunnel, rejoining alignment two just before the Batumi– Alkhaltsikhe road. This alignment is 0.5 km longer and an estimated 8% more expensive. 388. Further alternatives were considered on the prefeasibility recommended alignment. These are described in Table 5-1 and illustrated in Figure 5-20. The reasons for rejecting the alternates and choosing the current alignment are also discussed in Table 5-1.

Table 7-1: Discussion of Alternate Alignments

ID Description of Description of Discussion Final Project Alternate Alternate Alignment Project Alignment 1 The start of the Use of the one km No additional construction Less resettlement Batumi bypass is on section of the and resettlement required. is required as the the existing Poti- existing highway Extreme difficulty of road passes Batumi-Sarpi passage though construction of the through densely highway in aim of Makhinjauri town interchange which is nearby populated land. bypassing the and start of Batumi railway passing along the Additional densely populated Bypass after the seashore. Difficulty in traffic construction costs section in town. control during construction, due to bridge Makhinjauri town. especially in peak season for construction. tourism as well as the Bypass of the function of the motor roads of densely populated international importance will town. be lost due to linking access road into the villages. Bypass goes through existing main road that has traffic jams during the tourist season, thereby reducing the total positive impact of the Project. One curve with 4 continuous The frequent change of To improve large radius. curves in short driver’s vision due to 4 curves drivability, it was distance in short distance will raise the suggested that one risk of accident. curve with larger radius will applied instead of 4 curves. 4 No decision on final Alignment Alignment connects to the alignment. This connects to the customs terminal south of section is beyond current customs Batumi and uses existing the scope of this terminal south the roads onwards. EIA. Batumi Airport.

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Alignment option 1 bypasses Gonio and Kvariati

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Figure 7-1: Alternate Alignments

7.2.2 Design Alternatives 389. Designs should be justified economically, and the optimum choice will vary with regard to construction and road user costs. Construction costs will be related to terrain type and choice of pavement construction, whereas road user costs will be related to level and composition of traffic, journey time, vehicle operation and road accident costs. 390. Major findings and recommendation with regard to selection of design and construction standards can be summarized as described below.  Before 2009, the geometric road design standards in Georgia were those which were used throughout the former Soviet Union. Since the last edition of the SNIP for road design was introduced in 1984, modern developments and practices were not considered. Therefore, a new design standard, “Geometric and Structural requirement for highways in Georgia”, was developed and adopted under a World Bank financed project.  The present design has applied guidelines of the above standard. In case of need for covering any of shortcomings in the national standard, along with the SNIP standards, references has been made to relevant clauses of AASHTO standard for design specifications of highways and highway bridges in the detailed design report.

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8. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

391. During the scoping stage of the EIA process, several potential environmental and social impacts of the project were identified. The baseline surveys were conducted keeping in consideration the potential impacts. In this chapter, the potential environmental and social impacts are evaluated. The impacts have been identified based on consideration of the information presented in previous chapters. To avoid unnecessary repetition of supporting information, cross referencing to previous sections is given where necessary. Following the impact assessment, the mitigation measures related to each impact category is presented.

8.1 Impact Assessment Methodology 392. The general methodology used for impact assessment is described in this section. It describes the process of impact identification and definition, significance rating, the mitigation, management and good practice measures.

8.1.1 Identification of Significant Environmental Aspects 393. There are several guidelines and textbooks on identification and description of environmental and social impacts. These documents use various tools in an attempt to define a comprehensive and consistent method to capture the potential impacts of a proposed Project. However, it is now widely recognized by EIA practitioners that impact evaluation is not a purely objective and quantitative exercise. It has a subjective element; often based on judgment and values as much as scientific criteria. Recognizing this, a uniform system of impact description is used to enable the reviewers to understand how impacts have been interpreted. The description of each impact will have the following features:  a definition of the impact using an impact statement identifying the Project activity or activities that causes the impact, the pathway or the environmental parameter that is changed by the activity, and the potential receptors of the impact (aspect- pathway-receptor)  description of the sensitivity and importance value of the receiving environment or receptors (based on the stakeholder consultations undertaken)  extent of change associated with the impact  rating of the significance of the impact  description of appropriate mitigation and management measures and potential effectiveness of the proposed measures  characterization of the level of uncertainty in the impact assessment  The significance of an impact is determined based on the product of the consequence of the impact and the probability of its occurrence. The consequence of an impact, in turn, is a function primarily of three impact characteristics: o magnitude o spatial scale

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o timeframe 394. Magnitude is determined from quantitative or qualitative evaluation of a number of criteria including:  sensitivity of existing or reasonably foreseeable future receptors  importance value of existing or reasonably foreseeable future receptors, described using the following: o inclusion in government policy o level of public concern o number of receptors affected o intrinsic or perceived value placed on the receiving environment by stakeholders o economic value to stakeholders  severity or degree of change to the receptor due to impact, measured qualitatively or quantitatively, and through comparison with relevant thresholds: o legal thresholds—established by law or regulation o functional thresholds—if exceeded, the impacts will disrupt the functioning of an ecosystem sufficiently to destroy resources important to the nation or biosphere irreversibly and/or irretrievably o normative thresholds—established by social norms, usually at the local or regional level and often tied to social or economic concerns o preference thresholds—preferences for individuals, groups or organizations only, as distinct from society at large o reputational thresholds—the level of risk a company is willing to take when approaching or exceeding the above thresholds 395. Spatial scale is another impact characteristic affecting impact consequence. The spatial scale of impacts can range from localized (confined to the proposed Project Site) to extensive (national or international extent). They also may vary depending on the component being considered. 396. The impact timeframe is the third principal impact characteristic defining impact consequence and relates to either its duration or its frequency (when the impact is intermittent). Impact duration can range from relatively short (less than four years) to long (beyond the life of the Project). Frequency ranges from high (more than 10 times a year) to low (less than once a year). These timeframes will need to be established for each Project based on its specific characteristics and those of the surrounding environment. 397. Once the impact consequence is described on the basis of the above impact characteristics, the probability of impact occurrence is factored in to derive the overall impact significance. The probability relates to the likelihood of the impact occurring, not the probability that the source of the impact occurs. For example, a continuous Project activity may have an unlikely probability of impact if there are no receptors within the area influenced by that activity. 398. The reversibility of each impact at the end of construction and operation are important, as these impacts may need on-going management after operation. The

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reversibility of each impact at the end of construction and operation will be noted and described alongside the three primary characteristics of magnitude, spatial scale and duration. 399. The characteristics are outlined in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1: Characteristics Used to Describe Impact

Characteristics Sub-components Terms used to describe the impact Type Positive (a benefit), negative (a cost) or neutral Nature Biophysical, social, cultural, health or economic Direct, indirect or cumulative Phase of Project Construction, operation, decommissioning or post closure Magnitude Sensitivity of receptor High, medium or low capacity to accommodate change High, medium or low conservation importance Vulnerable or threatened Rare, common, unique, endemic Importance or value of receptor High, medium or low concern to some or all stakeholders High, medium or low value to some or all stakeholders (for example, for cultural beliefs) Locally, nationally or internationally important Protected by legislation or policy Severity or degree of change to Gravity or seriousness of the change to the the receptor environment Intensity, influence, power or strength of the change Never, occasionally or always exceeds relevant thresholds Spatial scale Area affected by impact - Area or Volume covered boundaries at local and regional Distribution extents will be different for Local, regional, transboundary or global biophysical and social impacts. Timeframe Length of time over which an Short term or long term environmental impact occurs or Intermittent (what frequency) or continuous frequency of impact when Temporary or permanent intermittent Immediate effect (impact experienced immediately after causative project aspect) or delayed effect (effect of the impact is delayed for a period following the causative project aspect)

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Characteristics Sub-components Terms used to describe the impact Probability - likelihood or chance an impact will Definite (impact will occur with high likelihood occur of probability) Possible (impact may occur but could be influenced by either natural or project related factors) Unlikely (impact unlikely unless specific natural or Project related circumstances occur) Reversibility/Sustainability Potential for recovery of the endpoint from a negative impact Reversible or irreversible Sustainability for positive impacts Effectiveness of management measures (will Indication of what could occur in the absence management measures reduce impact to an of management measures acceptable level) Effectiveness of proposed measures Confidence in impact evaluation (degree of Scientific uncertainty – limited understanding certainty in the significance ascribed to the of ecosystem (or community) and processes impact) governing change Data uncertainty – restrictions introduced by incomplete or incomparable information, or by insufficient measurement techniques Policy uncertainty – unclear or disputed objectives, standards or guidelines

8.1.2 Mitigation, Management and Good Practice Measures 400. Wherever the Project is likely to result in unacceptable impact on the environment, mitigation measures are proposed (over and above the inherent design measures included in the Project description). In addition, good practice measures may be proposed however these are unlikely to change the impact significance. In the case of positive impacts, management measures are suggested to optimize the benefits to be gained. Where mitigation measures are required the impact will be rated again to show the residual impact after implementation of management controls. 401. The following mitigation hierarchy will be utilized in selecting practical mitigation measures for unacceptable impacts as follows (in order of preference):  avoid the impact wherever possible by removing the cause(s)  reduce the impact as far as possible by limiting the cause(s)  ameliorate the impact by protecting the receptor from the cause(s) of the impact  providing compensatory measures to offset the impact, particularly where an impact is of high significance and none of the above are appropriate.

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8.2 Design Aspects and Pre-Construction Phase

8.2.1 Land Use 402. The current land use in the Study Area is discussed in Section 5.2.2. Nearly two- third of the land is covered with natural or planted vegetation. The footprint of the proposed Project is about 0.6 km. Assuming that about half of it will require converting removal of vegetation, the proportion of natural habitat will reduce by about 1%. To minimize the impact of the change in land use, following mitigation measures will be used:  Removal of vegetation under the bridges will be minimized  As part of the restoration following the completion of the construction, all which is not required for the project will be planted with trees.

8.2.2 Visual Impact 403. Visual impacts are the effects on people of the changes in available views through intrusion or obstruction and whether important opportunities to enjoy views may be improved or reduced. Visual impact to nearby receptors of the Project include:  Degradation of aesthetic value of the area due to construction activities  Permanent change in visual character due to proposed Project 404. The Project Area largely consists of mountainous valleys with large trees and bushes of heights greater than 2 m. The hilly landscape greatly restricts visibility to a less than one km at receptor locations. It is likely that some hiking trails are located in the Study Area, however, this is not a popular location for hiking and trekking and other areas further east of the Batumi are the preferred location. 405. The construction phase visual impact will be local and temporary. The activities during construction that will affect the aesthetics of the area include excavation, stacking of material onto stockpiles and dumping at the waste disposal areas. Borrow pits and quarry areas are to be excavated, useful material will be stacked to stockpiles whereas waste and spoils will be dumped to waste disposal areas. Quarries and borrow areas may leave a long-term scar on the hillsides.  Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and vegetation;  Wherever possible back fill the pits that are not required;  Undertake landscaping after the completion of the activities to match in with surrounding landscape;  Reinstate vegetation; and  Consider environmentally please design for structures particualry noise walls.

8.3 Construction Phase

8.3.1 Ecology and Habitat 406. The main concerns for impacts on ecological receptors are disturbances caused by site clearance, contamination of feeding, breeding and resting habitats, poaching of wildlife and introduction of invasive species, due to a lack of regulation, by staff involved

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in Project-related activities.

Site Clearance 407. Site clearance can impact a number of ecological receptors, most importantly the ones that have limited mobility such as terrestrial flora, reptiles and amphibians. 408. One of the most significant risks is to terrestrial flora. Disturbances such as site clearance can result in the spread of invasive species as they grow more rapidly than native species under these conditions. The Project area is already highly disturbed by anthropogenic activity and is likely to contain a number of invasive species. However, Project-related activities can add to their spread. The close proximity of the Mtirala National Park, an area that is home to numerous endemic and relict plant species of Georgia, is a concern as the increase in invasive species within the Project area can be followed by their spread to the National Park which threatens the native, endemic and relict species within it. 409. There are two herpetofauna species, the Caucasian Viper and the Caucasian Salamandar, which have ranges that overlap with Batumi. The Caucasian Salamander, in particular, is at risk because it is endemic to Georgia and Turkey. Reptiles and amphibians have limited ranges and are unable to travel long distances unlike birds and mammals. As a result any individuals found within the Project area are at risk of either being killed by Project-related activities, or having suitable habitat destroyed and perishing as a result of their inability to re-locate. 410. Certain bird species may have nests in and around the Projects area. These species will lose their habitat. Even though the Project is located in a very disturbed area, certain species of conservation importance, such as the Egyptian Vulture (Endangered) live and forage near human settlements. These species are at risk from adverse impacts of construction activities, mainly habitat loss.

Pollution and Waste Generation 411. Pollution and irresponsible management of waste generated during construction activities poses a threat to surrounding flora and fauna. Pollution of water channels can have adverse impacts on fish fauna by contamination of the food chain (e.g. coastal and riverine phytoplankton) as well as destruction of potential spawning habitats. The phytoplankton in Batumi’s rivers and coastal areas is already disturbed by pollution and other anthropogenic impacts which Project-related activities can add to if proper waste management and disposal practices are not followed. 412. The ecological receptors at risk are not only those that have limited mobility but also more mobile receptors, such as migratory fish and bird fauna which pass through the Project area. 413. Pollution will result in presently suitable habitat becoming uninhabitable due to the nearby construction activities which result in noise, dust and other forms of pollution. It can also cause loss of suitable foraging and breeding sites. 414. Pollution of water bodies such as the rivers and streams in and around the Project area can result in contamination of sites that may be currently suitable habitat for feeding and breeding of migratory fish species. Some of these species spend a part of their life in the rivers, especially when they are juveniles, therefore, the water quality in this habitat is

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important for their survival and reproduction. 415. Batumi and the nearby Chorokhi Delta are important habitat for numerous bird species, many of which are of conservation importance based on the IUCN Red List. Many of them are also migratory and congregatory species. The Eastern Black Sea Flyway, which passes over Batumi, is an important migratory route for a number of waterbirds (migratory and wintering waterbirds), cranes and raptors. Pollution as a result of noise and contamination of water can affect their feeding and resting grounds.

Lack of Regulation 416. Staff involved on-site, such as workers and site managers, can engage in poaching and illegal exploitation of wildlife. This can result in the targeting of species of conservation importance including those currently under legal protection from hunting and exploitation. Staff can also introduce invasive species, such as alien plant species, which can have adverse impacts on native flora. Invasive can spread rapidly and pose a threat to the Mtirala National Park which has a number of endemic and relict plant species.

8.3.2 Noise 417. Noise is defined as a loud, undesired sound that interferes with normal human activities. If it affects the well-being of the surrounding community (environmental noise), it is considered a nuisance and normally has no direct health impacts. Exposure to very high noise levels (exceeding 85 dBA), particularly for prolonged period can cause hearing loss. This level of noise is usually encountered in the workplace around construction sites and is considered an occupational hazard. 418. In general, human sound perception is such that a change in sound level of 3 dB is just noticeable, a change of 5 dB is clearly noticeable, and an increase of 10 dB is perceived as a doubling of sound level 419. The following is a brief description of terminology used in this assessment:  Sound: A vibratory disturbance created by a vibrating object, which, when transmitted by pressure waves through a medium such as air, is capable of being detected by a receiving mechanism, such as the human ear or a microphone  Noise: Sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or otherwise undesirable  Decibel (dB): A unitless measure of sound on a logarithmic scale, which indicates the squared ratio of sound pressure amplitude to a reference sound pressure amplitude. The reference pressure is 20 micro-pascals  A-Weighted Decibel (dB(A)): An overall frequency-weighted sound level in decibels, which approximates the frequency response of the human ear. The typical human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies of the audible sound spectrum. As a consequence, when assessing potential noise impacts on people, an electronic filter is used that de-emphasizes certain frequencies in a manner corresponding to the human ear’s decreased sensitivity to low and extremely high frequencies. All of the noise levels reported in this Section are A-weighted  Equivalent Sound Level (Leq): The equivalent steady state sound or vibration level, which in a stated period of time, typically one hour, would contain the same acoustical or vibration energy.

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 Maximum Sound Level (Lmax): The greatest A-weighted sound level, within a stated time interval. When the noise consists of a small number of discrete events, Lmax is a better indicator of the disturbance to sleep and other activities. 420. The potential noise related issue during construction of the project is disturbance to surrounding communities of the Project. 421. There is no continuous major anthropogenic source of noise in the communities. Intermittent sources include farm equipment and traffic. River noise is only the continuous source present at construction sites of the Project. Noise baseline conditions at the project construction sites in the villages is reported in Section 5.2.10. 422. The noise during the construction phase greatly depends on the stage of construction work and equipment used at the site. The construction activities can be divided into the following phases:  Site clearing and preparation,  delivery of equipment and materials to the site,  excavation and tunnel construction,  piling and concrete placement,  erection of bridges, and  finishing. 423. The main sources of noise and vibration during construction of the project are as follows:  Construction machinery  Drilling activities  Haulage activities  Concrete mixing and aggregate production systems,  Vehicular movement; and  Construction Camps 424. Criteria for Determining Significance is the World Bank guidelines for noise require that the sound level in residential areas should not exceed 55 dB(A) during the day and 45 dB(A) during the night. 425. The potential sources of significant noise during the construction period include the construction machinery, generators at camps and construction related traffic. Precise prediction of noise due to construction activity at given location at a given time requires the list of all equipment that is operational at the time and the following information regarding each piece of equipment:  The maximum and minimum noise levels, measured at a reference distance from the equipment, during a work cycle  The fraction of time it operates at maximum level during a work cycle  The usage factor, i.e., the number of hours during the day when the equipment is

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operational  The distance of the equipment from the receptor  Potential noise barriers and other topographic features that attenuate the sound.  Atmospheric conditions—the wind speed and direction, humidity and barometric pressure—also affect the propagation of sound, however, for short distances the effect of these is insignificant compared to other variables. 426. The analysis presented in this Section is based on the approach recommended by Federal Highway Administration of the US Department of Transportation for assessment of construction noise. 427. Construction noise levels at the nearest receptor in the nearby village, located approximately at 500 m from the boundary of construction site, would fluctuate depending on the type, number, distance from receptor, and duration of use of various pieces of construction equipment. In this analysis, first the noise level due to each piece of equipment, which is likely to be used in the construction, is calculated. The peak noise levels of construction equipment mainly used at a typical construction site, are shown in Table 8-2. The list includes all equipment except vehicles and some minor pieces of equipment. Using this data, the expected noise level, Leq(8-hr), is calculated. The predicted noise levels are shown in Table 8-3. It shows that the highest equivalent noise level for an 8-hour shift due to a single piece of equipment at a receptor 500 m from the source will be about 52 dB(A). This is under no-mitigation conditions and assuming no attenuation due to ground features. 428. When more than one piece of equipment are working simultaneously, the noise level at the receptor will increase. Generally speaking, the noise level will increase by 3 dB(A) due to the addition of first equipment. Increase due to subsequent addition of equipment will gradually decreased from 3 dB(A). So if five equipment, each producing 52 dB(A) at the receptor, are working simultaneously, the total noise level will be about 59 dB(A). The attenuation due to topographic factors could be up to 2-3 dB(A). Good maintenance of equipment with installation of noise mufflers may also reduce the noise.

Table 8-2: Construction Equipment Noise Ranges (dB(A))

Equipment Peak Noise Typical Peak Typical Construction Phase Range at Sound Level ‘Quieted 15.2 m in a Work Equipment’ Earthworks Structures Installation Cyclea Sound Levelb

Batching plant 82-86 84 81 Y Concrete mixers 76-86 85 82 Y Cranes 70-94 83 80 Y Y Excavators 74-92 85 82 Y Tractors and trolleys 77-94 88 85 Y Y Y Water bowsers 85-93 88 85 Y Y Y Graders 72-92 85 82 Y Bulldozers 65-95 80 75 Y

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Equipment Peak Noise Typical Peak Typical Construction Phase Range at Sound Level ‘Quieted 15.2 m in a Work Equipment’ Earthworks Structures Installation Cyclea Sound Levelb

Paver 87-89 88 80 Y Pumps 68-72 76 75 Y Y Y Diesel generators 72-82 78 75 Y Y Y Vibrators 68-82 76 75 Y Y Drilling machines 82-98 90 87 Y Y Compressors 74-84 81 71 Y Dumpers 77-96 88 83 Y Y Y Road rollers 73-77 75 72 Y Sources: Noise from Construction Equipment and Operations, Building Equipment, and Home Appliances. USEPA; Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, 1971. Notes: a Where typical value is not cited in literature, mean of the peak noise range is assumed b Quieted equipment can be designed with enclosures, mufflers, or other noise-reducing features. Where data is not available, a 3 dB reduction is assumed

Table 8-3: Predicted Noise Level for Construction Equipment (dB(A))

Equipment Equivalent Noise Level in an 8-hr Shift at Receptor 250-500 m from Source Batching plant 59 Concrete mixers 59 Cranes 54 Excavators 54 Tractors and trolleys 49 Water bowsers 49 Graders 45 Bulldozers 45 Paver 45 Pumps 45 Diesel generators 43 Vibrators 43 Drilling machines 43 Compressors 43 Dumpers 43 Road rollers 43

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429. It is therefore predicted that the resultant noise levels at the receptors when the construction work is carried out at a distance of the 500 m from the receptor could be in the range 50-55 dB(A). In areas where the baseline noise level is high, say 60 dB(A), the increase will be less than 2 dB(A) and thus barely noticeable. Note that the above statement is valid if there is a continuous non-fluctuating noise source. As the noise levels of construction equipment vary considerably, the community can easily notice the variation. However, the overall noise level, Leq, is likely to be within the predicted limited. 430. In addition to inherent fluctuation in equipment, the other factors that can increase the noise levels at the community include, simultaneous operation of a very large number of equipment, equipment working in close vicinity of the dwellings, receptors located on elevated area thus eliminating attenuation due to topography, and receptor located downwind of the equipment. 431. The proposed mitigation measures include:  Equipment emitting excessive noise in comparison with other similar equipment will not be allowed to operate.  Equipment under use will be regularly maintained, tuned, and provided with mufflers to minimize noise levels.  Equipment in poor state of maintenance, particularly without effective noise control will be checked to determine if it can be improved, and replaced with less noisy equipment as soon as practicable.  Blowing of horn will be prohibited within the construction zones except under emergency conditions.  Close liaison with the community and regular monitoring of the noise levels in the community are key to successfully implementation of the above mitigation measures. Specifically, the communities will be informed of all major construction activities at least three days in advance. Noise control measures will be discussed with the community through informal and formal meetings.  A complaint registering, tracking and redressal mechanism will be implemented.  Noise levels will be monitored regularly in the community in order to take timely corrective measures, if needed.

8.3.3 Vibration 432. Ground-borne vibration is the oscillatory motion of the ground about some equilibrium position, and can be described in terms either of displacement, velocity or acceleration. Because human sensitivity to vibration typically corresponds best to the amplitude of vibration velocity within the low frequency range of most concern (roughly 5- 100 Hertz), vibration velocity is the preferred measure for evaluating ground-borne vibration from transit projects. 433. Vibration from the construction activities is a cause concern to the community. The effects of vibration varies and depends on the magnitude of the vibration source, the particular ground conditions between the source and receiver, presence of rocks or other large structures in the area. The intensity, duration, frequency and number of occurrences of a vibration all play an important role in both the annoyance levels caused and the strains

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induced in structures. 434. The effects of vibration includes annoyance, sleep disturbance, and potential damage to structures. 435. Sources of vibration includes construction equipment movement, pile driving, compaction, hammering (hydraulic or pneumatic), and operation of batching plant and generators. Vibration generated from construction activities is characteristically greater in magnitude than that generated from operational road traffic post-construction of the road. Table 8-4 provides an indication of the approximate vibration levels that may be expected for various vibration sources.

Table 8-4: Approximate Vibration Levels for Various Sources

Source: Northern Expressway Environmental Report 436. As vibration criteria for human disturbance are more stringent than vibration criteria for effects on building structural damage, compliance with the stringent limits for human exposure, would also result in compliance for structure damage criteria. However, there are several old residences in the Study Area that may be prone to damage. 437. The following procedure is proposed for addressing the vibration concerns:  Identify potential problem areas surrounding the project site. Based on the proximity to the construction corridor, the following areas on the proposed road alignment are identified as potential areas of concern: o Chainage 1.140 km o Chainage 1.560 km

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o Chainage 1.640 km o Chainage 1.720 km o Chainage 1.790 km o Chainage 7.580 km o Chainage 9.160 km  A survey will be undertaken in the identified areas to determine the pre-Project conditions of the structure that exist before construction begins. The survey will be commissioned by the Supervision Consultant and will identify any existing damage to the structures.  Vibration sensors will be installed in the construction corridor at suitable locations to monitor the level of vibration during the construction activities. A record of the ground vibration will be maintained.  Measures will be taken to minimize vibration. This may include, for example, schedule work to reduce human disturbance; locating stationary equipment away from the residences; and minimizing piling energy (reduced hammer drop distance).  The nearby residents and property owners will be notified in advance about any vibration-generating activity.  The Grievance Redress Mechanism will be used to record, investigate, and respond to any complaints. Investigation of the complaints will be undertaken by the Supervision Consultant.  If it is established that the construction activity has resulted in damage to an structure the Contractor will undertake corrective actions including repairs to the damaged structures.

8.3.4 Air Quality 438. The ambient air quality may be affected by the Project activities during the construction phase. In this section, the impacts of construction activities on ambient air quality are discussed. 439. The sources of emission will include point sources (a single, stationary and identified source of pollution from where pollutants can be emitted into the atmosphere instantaneously and continuously). The stacks of all the generators are an example of point source. Other point sources include the batching plant. 440. An area source is a source that is distributed in space releasing x mass of pollutant per unit area of activity not having a single identified source of emission. These are small sources of air pollution which by themselves may not emit very much but, when their emissions are added together, they account for a significant portion of the total emissions. Sand and gravel are typically mined in a moist or wet condition by open pit excavation or by dredging. After mining, the materials are transported to the processing plant where the material is dried and screened and are a source of particulate matter emissions. Temporary waste disposal or storage sites are not major emission sources but unloading the waste (dumping) onto dump sites results in emissions. Dumping activity will result in particulate matter emission.

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441. Wind erosion from stockpile areas may be significant emission source. Wind erosion is a phenomenon that erodes the exposed surface, removes the soil from one point and deposits it to another point. 442. Quarry areas are the areas from which stones, rocks, sand, gravel and aggregate are excavated from ground. This include loading of excavated material from quarries to stockpiles. 443. Generally line source emissions refer to emissions from transport along a line of the road. The transport emissions include emissions from vehicles moving on roads and their exhaust emissions. As vehicle moves on the road, due to friction between vehicle’s tyre and road, the dust particles comes in suspension which causes dust (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions. Exhaust emissions include emissions attributable to engine related processes such as fuel combustion and particles that exit the tailpipe. 444. The proposed mitigation measures include:  Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and vegetation.  Prevent soil damage and erosion to reduce dust emission.  Retain as much natural vegetation as possible.  Install and maintain all vehicles and machinery with appropriate emission control equipment.  Smoke from internal combustion engines should not be visible for more than ten seconds.  Sprinkle water on all exposed surfaces, particularly those close and up-wind of the settlements.  Dust suppression with covers on loads, water sprays, covers on long-term piles of materials when there are visible dust emissions.

8.3.5 Soil and Water Quality 445. A risk to water bodies during construction are accidental spills from the equipment of oil, fuel, lubricants, and other potentially hazardous chemicals transported by road to the site or stored nearby. To minimize the risk, the following measures will be taken:  Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations  The run off from maintenance workshops will be collected by impervious channels and be passed through oil water separators (OWS) before final disposal. The sludge and oil collected at the OWS will be disposed off properly.  Separate impervious pits (with concrete walls and proper shed) will be built at camping sites for temporary handling and storage of contaminated soil and water if encountered during construction such as sludge from OWS.  All fuel storage tanks and lubricating oil drums will be kept in secondary containment impervious pits with impervious shed walls.  On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible.

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 Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment.  Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas, vehicular parkings and vehicular maintenance areas as well as at construction sites.  Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources  Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill.  The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores  Record of spills and volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained.  Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained.  Silt traps will be used to prevent contamination of river and streams.

8.3.6 Land Stability 446. The top cover of soil on the slopes around the Project facilities is mainly sand and fine clay. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, would lead to loss of soil. Excavated material collected during boring of the tunnels may be used during construction of the road. Erosion of soil can occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, muck disposal sites and quarry sites. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. Given the topography of the area, unprotected excavations on sloping grounds may lead to landslides, especially during the rainy season. Major landslides will disturb the slopes of the area and may also alter the bed of streams and rivers. 447. The proposed mitigation measures include:  Vegetation loss will be limited to demarcated construction area.  Areas such as muck disposal area, batching plant, labor camp and quarry sites after the closure shall be covered with grass and shrubs.  Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, drainage along roadsides, cross drainage and retaining walls.  Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas.

8.3.7 Greenhouse Gas Emission 448. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions resulting from road construction have been estimated to be between 0.37 and 1.07 ktCO2/km for a 13m wide road – depending on construction methods. Maintenance over the road lifetime (typically 40 years) can also be significant in terms of costs, energy consumption and GHG emissions. GHG emissions are estimated at between 26% and 67% of the total emissions from the construction phase, depending on materials and conditions of the maintenance regime.186

186 EA ETSAP - Technology Brief T14 – August 2011

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449. Using the conservative value of 1.07 k tCO2/km the 13.2 km construction of the Project road will emit an approximate total of 14,124 t CO2. 450. As the Project contains many bridges and tunnels which require a large amount of steel, Table 8-5 presents the GHG emissions due to the steel production required for the Project.

Table 8-5: GHG Emissions for Project Steel Requirements

Material Required Amount Emission factor Total

A Steel 11,695 tons 1.8 t CO2 e / ton 21,051 t CO2 e / ton A http://www.worldsteel.org/publications/position-papers/Steel-s-contribution-to-a-low-carbon-future.html 451. These two values come to an approximate total of 35,000 t CO2 e of GHG emissions during construction of the Project. This does not include emissions due to tunneling and cement required for bridge construction and tunnel lining. 452. The Project also requires clearing a number of trees. As per the EMP these will be replanted therefore there is no net negative impact expected.

8.4 Operation Phase

8.4.1 Noise 453. Noise is undesirable or unwanted sound. It can be subjective but its impacts may include annoyance, disturbance, stress, and physical and psychological damage. Sources of noise from highway traffic includes:  Engine noise mainly from exhaust, during acceleration and stopping  Friction between road surface and vehicle tire  Horns and loud music  Aerodynamic friction 454. Typical noise levels are in the Study Area are:  Country side during night — About 40 dB(A)  Country side during day — About 50 dB(A)  Quiet road — About 60 dB(A)  Busy road — 65 to 90 dB(A) 455. Characteristics of Traffic Noise [1]  The noise of one large truck such as an flat-bed 40 feet articulated truck is equal to the noise of about 9 to 10 cars  The noise of one large truck such is equal to the noise of about 32 cars [3]  Increasing the distance between the receptor and road decreases the noise by about 3 dB(A)  Doubling the traffic volume results in increase of noise by about 3 dB(A)

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 Increasing the traffic volume from 200 to 2000 results in doubling the noise [3]  Doubling the speed results in increasing the noise by about 6 dB(A)  Increase in the speed from 15 mph to 55 mph results in doubling the noise [3]  Noise exposure is also affected by the relative position of the road and the receptor as shown in Figure 8-1.

Figure 8-1: Effect of Noise levels due to Relative Position of the Roadway and Receptor 456. The propagation of noise depends on various factors such as:  Noise is generated at source and spreads spherically away from source  Intensity diminishes with distance  Losses also occur from sound energy being dissipated as sound is transferred by air particles  Bending and diffraction occurs as sound waves encounter natural and manufactured solid objects 457. To assess the impact of the proposed traffic on the surrounding communities, noise modeling was undertaken with the following objectives:  Predict the noise level due to traffic on the proposed Batumi Bypass Road on the surrounding areas, particularly on the residences located within 100 m of the proposed road.  Identify generic specifications of noise barriers to reduce the noise levels to acceptable criteria.  Identify the areas, where the noise levels are unlikely to be mitigated to acceptable noise levels using the standard mitigations methods 458. The noise model, SoundPLAN Essential Version 3.0 by Braunstein + Berndt GmbH / SoundPLAN International LLC was used. The model is capable of modeling noise levels in three-dimensions. The following are the key inputs and assumptions:  1-m resolution Ground Elevation Model was used;  Projected Traffic for 2033 was modeled;  Uniform traffic speed of 100 kph was used;

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 Volume attenuation be trees and grassland was assumed;  Each receptor was separately identified, with location, building height and number of floors,  No noise emission from the tunnels was assumed; and  Road Surface: Asphalt concrete, without gritting 459. The detailed results of the Noise model are included in Appendix 8. For the convenience of modeling the entire road was divided in to 9 segments. Each segment was modelled separately. In the 1-km zone on each side of the road, a total of 490 houses were identified. These are the potential receptors. However, those houses that are shielded by other houses in front of them were not modeled. Thus only 256 houses were modeled. These are called the receivers. 460. In addition to these 490 houses, 25 houses fell within 25 m of the edge of the road. These were not modeled as the Road Departments intends to remove all houses within 25 m of the edge of the road. These houses will be thus included in the LARP. 461. Following the modeling of “without mitigation” emission, noise walls were introduced to reduce the impacts on the receptors. The length and surface area of the walls in each segment is provided in the table. An estimated 14.5 km of noise wall of 2-4 m height will be required. The total surface area of the walls is estimated to be 57,000 m2. 462. A key mitigation measure to achieve compliance with the noise standard is to ensure that the vehicle speed on the highway does not exceed 90 kph. 463. Even after the introduction the noise wall, the noise levels for some receivers could not be mitigated due to their location with respect to the road (see Figure 8-3 for the relative positions of selected receiver. The number of such receivers is 52. The strategy for these receivers will be as follows:  Refined mitigation options will be considered. These may include higher walls (up to 6 m); wall and berm on the hill to provide better shielding; and plantation of 200 m wide avenue of trees to shield the houses.  If by any of these measures noise levels for the houses cannot be mitigated, the owners of the houses will be given the option to relocate after selling their houses. Their names will be included in the LARP.  An alternate, is that they despite the high noise want to stay in their houses. In that case, a legally binding agreement will be executed between the Roads Department and the receiver. 464. A summary of the modeling including mitigation is presented in Table 8-6.

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Figure 8-2: Relative Positions of Selected Receiver

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Table 8-6: Result of Noise Modeling

Section 1 Section 2

Segment 1 Segment1 Segment2 Segment3 Segment4 Segment5 Segment6 Segment7 Segment8 Segment9

Length of Segment (m) 521 735 785 980 1207 864 805 1493 1174 8,563 Surface Road (m) 205 260 468 400 923 534 362 433 888 4,473 Bridge (m) 316 475 316 580 284 330 443 1060 286 4,091 No of receptors 38 97 37 53 41 61 42 59 62 490 No of receivers 21 52 13 30 20 22 27 40 31 256

Structures removed, 25 m 3 7 3 2 3 – 1 5 1 25 from Edge Total Length of the Noise 951 1,420 1,033 1,181 2,008 1,400 1,639 2,550 2,343 14,525 walls (m) Total Area of Noise Walls 3,805 5,679 4,131 4,723 7,200 5,600 6,555 10,201 9,374 57,267 (m2) Houses to be relocated for 6 7 2 3 2 7 8 15 2 52 noise 465. The noise control strategy involves construction of noise barriers. In addition to absorbing and reflecting the noise, as shown in Figure 8-3, noise is "diffracted" over the barrier, thus increasing the distance it travel to the listener.

Source: FHWA, “Keeping the Noise Down, Highway Traffic Noise Barriers

Figure 8-3: How Noise Barriers Work

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Figure 8-4: Absorbing and Reflecting the Noise

8.4.2 Vibration 466. Highway traffic is not likely to have any measurable impact on the structures or on comfort. The Federal Highway Administration of the USA has determined that “All studies the highway agencies have done to assess the impact of operational traffic induced vibrations have shown that both measured and predicted vibration levels are less than any known criteria for structural damage to buildings. In fact, normal living activities (e.g., closing doors, walking across floors, operating appliances) within a building have been

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 8-25 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

shown to create greater levels of vibration than highway traffic.”

8.4.3 Air Quality 467. The air quality of the Study Area was modeled to assess the impacts of traffic on the new road.

AERMOD Modeling System 468. AERMOD provides predicted pollutant concentrations for hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly averaging periods, and complies with the USEPA’s guidelines on air quality models. The model also accounts for varying wind speeds and directions (sectors), and has the ability to model seasonal or monthly variations in emissions characteristics. It is capable of taking into account building downwash, meteorological, and surface data in its calculations. While AERMOD does not have the built-in capacity to directly process this data, it is provided with three stand-alone pre-processors to do so: BPIPPRM for building downwash, AERMET for meteorological data, and AERMAP to calculate surface characteristics. The salient features of the model are described in Table 8-7.

Table 8-7: Salient Features of AERMOD Air Dispersion Model

Model name AERMOD Modeling System Release date On April 21, 2000, the USEPA proposed that AERMOD to be adopted as the EPA's preferred regulatory model for both simple and complex terrain.187 On November 9, 2005, AERMOD was adopted by the EPA and promulgated as their preferred regulatory model, effective as of December 9, 2005.188 Current version Version 13350 Model source http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_prefrec.htm Model type Gaussian Plume Model Gaussian plume treatment in horizontal and vertical directions for stable atmospheres. Non-Gaussian treatment in vertical for unstable atmospheres Type of Source Point such as stacks (allows multiple stacks) Area such as villages Volume such as stock piles Line such as roads Source locations Urban or rural. Urban effects are scaled by population. Plume deposition Dry or wet deposition of particulates and/or gases Terrain types Simple or complex terrain Requires digital elevation model for complex terrain Building effects Includes algorithms for building downwash Meteorological Requires minimum one-year (preferably 3-year) hourly meteorological data data for the site or nearby weather station

187 Federal Register: April 21, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 78) Proposed Rule 188 Federal Register: November 9, 2006 (Volume 70, Number 216) Final Rule

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Output options Calculates averages for specified periods (for example, annual or monthly), maximum or given percentile during the specified period, and concentration at specific locations

469. The pre-processors are discussed below.  AERMET requires the user to input hourly surface observation data and twice-daily upper air sounding data. The program uses this data to develop the necessary boundary layer parameters for dispersion calculation by AERMOD.  The AERMAP’s pre-processor processes terrain data and prepares a grid of receptors to be used in the AERMOD program. Since the terrain in the vicinity is not much elevated and considered as flat, so the AERMAP was not used.  The building profile input program for PRIME algorithm (BPIPPRM) requires the user to input the physical characteristics (height, length, width etc.) of buildings and stacks in the modeled area. The program then determines the emission plume disturbance due to building downwash but this pre-processor was not used as there was not disturbance from buildings.

Model Grid 470. A polar grid receptor network was used to simulate the model. The receptor locations were plotted in 36 radial directions; beginning with 10 degrees with commanded increment of 20 degrees in a clockwise fashion up to a radius of 145 km , with an interval of 5000 m.

Meteorological Data 471. Hourly climatic data of Batumi weather station for the years 2014 and 2015 was utilized for the air quality modeling. The data was used as both these areas share similar climatic conditions. The key parameters included in the data are wind speed, wind direction, pressure, and temperature.

Traffic Analysis 472. The traffic projection for 2033 provided in the Feasibility Study was used for the prediction.

Emission Factors 473. The Updated Emission Factors of Air Pollutants from Vehicle Operations in GREETTM Using MOVES was used.

Results 474. The results of the dispersion model is shown in Table 8-7. It shows marginal increase in air pollutant concentration in the surrounding areas. 475. Figure 8-5 to Figure 8-9 provides the pollutant dispersion maps of vehicular emissions to a distance of 1 km, on both sides, from the centerline of the road.

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Figure 8-5: Predicted Incremental Annual NO2 Concentration at Segment 5

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Figure 8-6: Predicted Incremental 24-hour PM10 Concentration at Segment 5

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Figure 8-7: Predicted Incremental Annual PM10 Concentration at Segment 5

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Figure 8-8: Predicted Incremental 24-hour SO2 Concentration at Segment 5

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Figure 8-9: Predicted Incremental 24-hour NO2 Concentration at Segment 5

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8.4.4 Greenhouse Gas Emission 476. GHG emissions are calculated broadly on the methodology described in the Handbook for Estimating Transportation Greenhouse Gases for Integration into the Planning Process developed by the Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation.

477. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary GHG associated with the combustion of transportation fuels, accounting for over 95% of transportation GHG emissions based on global warming potential. CO2 is emitted in direct proportion to fuel consumption, with different emissions levels associated with different fuel types.

478. Other notable GHGs include methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which together account for two percent of transportation GHG emissions, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which comprise approximately three percent of transportation

GHG emissions. N2O and CH4 are not directly related to fuel consumption, but instead are dependent on engine operating conditions (i.e., vehicle speeds) and emissions control technologies. In addition, HFCs are emitted from vehicle air conditioners and refrigeration used in some freight shipments; these emissions do not come from the tailpipe, and depend on factors such as the age of the vehicle and how often air conditioners are used.

479. CO2 emissions from transportation can be calculated based on the amount of fuel - gasoline, diesel, and other fuels - used by motor vehicles and other transportation sources. This simple concept becomes more complex though, when trying to capture the variety of factors that affect fuel consumption, some of which are listed below:  Vehicle kilometers travelled  Fuel economy (speeds, stops/starts, idling)  Vehicle composition  Fuel type 480. The parameters used to calculate the GHG emissions due to the Project are given in Table 4-2. Traffic volume estimates for the Project road for 2023 and 2033 were used as described in Section 8.5.1.

Table 8-8: GHG Calculation Parameters during Operation

Parameter Existing Road Project Road Length 16 km 17 kmA Average Speed 60 kph 90 kph Speed Type Transient Smooth Note A: Length is of the Project road plus the possible option two of the remaining route as shown in Figure X. 481. Based on Figure 8-10 smooth driving at 90 kph has 13% less GHG emissions than transient driving at 60 kph. It should be noted that after 65 kph (40 mph) increasing speeds further increases GHG emissions.

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Source: U.S. EPA, analysis using MOVES for all light-duty vehicles for 2010.

Figure 8-10: GHG Emissions, Transient vs Smooth Driving

482. Table 8-9 presents the results. The columns showing tons of CO2 e are an average of those emitted in 2023 and 2033. The Project road emissions are reduced by 13% to account for smoother traffic flows compared to the transient traffic flow on the existing road. 483. There is a 4 t CO2 e decrease per day, 1500 t CO2 e decrease per year and a 44,000 t CO2 e decrease over 30 years. This compares favorably to the 35,000 t CO2 e required for construction as evaluated in Section 8.4.11.

Table 8-9: GHG Emission Reduction for Proposed Project

AADT Classification used CO e Tons CO2 e 2 (g/mi)A 2023 2033 Existing Project Road Road Cars 3,621 5,107 Passenger Car 395 17.2 15.9 Bus Small 1,108 1,563 Transit Bus 1,373 18.3 17.0 Middle 124 175 Transit Bus 1,373 2.1 1.9 Large 48 68 Intercity Bus 1,864 1.1 1.0 Truck Small 254 359 Light Comm. Truck 731 2.2 2.1 Middle 77 109 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 1,104 1.0 1.0 Large 130 183 Combination Long-haul Truck 2,266 3.6 3.3

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AADT Classification used CO e Tons CO2 e 2 (g/mi)A 2023 2033 Existing Project Road Road Trailer 284 401 Combination Long-haul Truck 2,266 7.8 7.2 Total 53.3 49.3 A Sample emission factors from Handbook for Estimating Transportation Greenhouse Gases for Integration into the Planning Process. CO2e emissions include running, start, and extended idle (as appropriate for each vehicle type) exhaust emissions of CO2, N2O, and CH4, each pollutant normalized according to its Global Warming Potential (GWP).

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9. Cumulative Impact Assessment

484. Cumulative impacts are those that result from the incremental impact of a project when assessed in combination with other existing and reasonably foreseeable future developments in a rationally set geographical and temporal scale. Cumulative impacts of a project are limited to those impacts only which are generally recognized as important on the basis of scientific concerns and concerns of the local communities located around the project area which can be affected by the project development and other developments in their vicinity. 485. Section D of the ADB SPS 2009, in its Subsection 6 requires analysis of impacts in the context of project’s area of influence, encompassing “areas and communities potentially affected by cumulative impacts from further planned development of the project, other sources of similar impacts in the geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other project-related developments that are realistically defined at the time the assessment is undertaken”189.

9.1 Anticipated Development in the Region 486. Other than the continuing growth and expansion of the city of Batumi in the vicinity of the Project there are currently no plans for major additional developments such as industrial zones or housing schemes that are likely to be triggered by the construction of the Project or developed otherwise along the Project alignment. Most development in Batumi is occurring along the coastline. Secondly, there are limited access locations in the Project. Nevertheless, there are several developments expected in the wider region which are described below.

Complete Adjara Bypass Road 487. The complete Adjara bypass alignment consists of the Kobuleti and Batumi bypasses and is discussed in Chapter 1. The start and end points of the Project will be connected to the complete Adjara Bypass road.

Adjara Solid Waste Management Project 488. A company has been established by the Autonomous Republic of Ajara to own and operate a new landfill facility. It intends to use the proceeds of a loan from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and an investment grant from the Swedish International Development Agency for a project to improve solid waste management services in Ajara through building a new sanitary landfill. The project will be the first regional landfill fully compliant with EU standards and Georgian legislation. It will establish a model structure that could be replicated for the financing of other regional waste management companies in Georgia and create new legal and institutional structures to promote economies of scale, employ new technology and install best practice management techniques. The total area of the site is 27 ha and the area planned for landfilling is 17 ha. The proposed project, which has a total estimated cost of 7 million euros and will include the following190:

189 Asian Development Bank, “ADB Policy Paper; Safeguard Policy Statement” Manila, June 2009. 190 http://www.ebrd.com/work-with-us/procurement/p-pn-141222a.html

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 Building a new sanitary landfill; and  Closures of existing landfills in Batumi and Kobuleti.

Coastal Erosion Rehabilitation. 489. A section of coastline and roadways in several of Georgia’s Black Sea towns will be soon corrected and restored. This investment will help halt coastal erosion and falling rocks in the popular summer seaside resort areas.191 490. The ADB has approved a $20 million loan to stem coastal erosion around the popular Black Sea tourist destination of Batumi192

Installation of Local Infrastructure 491. During consultations it was ascertained that there are several local infrastructure development Projects ongoing in the Study Area. These include the following: a. local road construction, repair and maintenance; b. gasification of homes; and c. connection of homes to a central water supply system.

9.2 Study Area 492. As described in the paragraph 464 cumulative impacts should be evaluated in the projects area of influence. The area of influence and rationale for selection is discussed in Chapter 4 and has been referred to as the Study Area in this report. 493. The locations of the projects discussed in Section 9.1 are shown in Figure 9-1 along with the Study Area.

191 http://agenda.ge/news/58703/eng 192 https://www.adb.org/news/adb-extends-20-million-protect-vulnerable-batumi-coastline

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Figure 9-1: Developments in the Project Vicinity

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9.3 Valued Environmental Components 494. Valued Environmental Components (VECs) are the biophysical attributes of the environment which are considered to be significant in assessing risk associated with the cumulative impacts of the Project and reasonably foreseeable developments. VECs may include wildlife habitats (such as terrestrial and fresh water ecosystems to support biodiversity); environmental processes (such as hydrological cycle and nutrient cycling); physical features (such as air, noise, water, and soil); flora and fauna (such as resident and migratory birds and medicinal plants); and social conditions (such as public health, livelihood, and access). The VECs are identified on the basis of literature review and scoping consultations. 495. The list of identified VECs along with the perception of communities on them is provided in Table 5-1. The baseline of the VECs is established in Chapter 5. Table 9-1: Land Identified VECs and their Current Status

VECs Key Status Component Physical Air The area adjacent to the Project is mostly rural with very few environment industrial units other than the southern portion. Currently the air quality in the Study Area is not compromised. Baseline conditions are discussed in Section 5.1.6. Noise Noise levels near major existing roads is beyond limits at certain times, but the remaining rural areas are fairly quiet. Baseline noise levels are discussed in Section 5.1.10. Traffic During the tourist season Batumi faces serious traffic jams that Congestion extend up till and beyond Makhinjauri which is within the Study Area. Coastal Literature review indicates that coast along northeast Turkey Geomorphology and southwest Georgia is exposed to severe coastal erosion. Social Livelihood Livelihood in the area is associated with agricultural land, fruit conditions trees and tourism. While the Project will make Batumi favorable for tourists the land acquisition will reduce fruit trees and arable land in the area. There are limited markets for selling citrus. Unemployment is quite high. Construction of the Project may increase employment opportunities for the population in the Study Area. The socioeconomic baseline can be found in Section 5.3. Access A few respondents reported access issues across the RoW.

9.4 Cumulative Impacts of the Anticipated Developments 496. As is clear in Figure 5-1 the expected developments are at a distance from the Project and no major cumulative impacts are expected on the area of influence of the current Project.

Social Conditions 497. Secondary Impacts of Land Acquisition on Livelihoods 498. The complete Adjara bypass results in a large amount of acquisition of land which

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includes the displacement of fruit and nut trees and agriculturally productive land. Table 9-2 displays the total estimated agricultural land (including fruit and nut trees) to be acquired for the construction of the Kobuleti and Batumi bypasses as per their associated LARPs. It can be observed that hazelnut, mandarin, and walnut trees are effected in larger quantities than the other categories. 499. This cumulative impact is not on individual growers but an indirect impact on businesses a step down the supply chain such as on buyers, redistributors, transporters etc a transporters, processors and resellers. These groups may see a decline in the produce available to them locally. 500. It can be observed that hazelnut, mandarin, and walnut trees are effected in larger quantities than the other categories.

Table 9-2: Total Land Acquisition for the Kobuleti and Batumi Bypass

Kobuleti Bypass Batumi Bypass Total Section 1 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Number of Productive trees Hazelnut 517 5073 5955 7440 18985 Mandarin 53 3810 2719 5787 12369 Walnut 18 1125 2363 2997 6503 Other 53 765 1864 2664 5346 Grape 19 246 712 914 1891 Plum 2 236 688 919 1845 Persimmon 22 269 431 739 1461 Lemon - 59 589 683 1331 Medlar 2 84 423 497 1006 Pear 29 210 369 325 933 Fig 15 66 243 530 854 Orange - 77 437 299 813 Apple 24 182 251 332 789 Feijoa 3 55 170 130 358 Kiwi 0 72 147 113 332

Acres of Crops Corn 27.7 20.1 0.0 0.8 48.7 Hay/Grass 2.7 36.8 - 0.2 39.7 Tea - 9.2 0.8 0.5 10.5 Vegetables 0.1 3.0 0.6 1.2 4.9 Beans - 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.8

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Physical Environment 501. The other developments are at a large distance from the Project to directly impact the noise, air quality, water quality and other physical parameters of the Study Area. 502. The construction of the Projects will required extraction of quarry materials, such as gravel, which may be extracted from the river beds in the area. The cumulative impact of this extraction can exacerbate the erosion of the coastline. 503. The multiple linked road developments discussed are likely to increase road transport especially freight. Indeed the purpose of these developments is to facilitate in Georgia becoming a transport and logistics hub that will facilitate the development of trade relations on the one hand with Central Asia and the Far East and on the other hand with Turkey and Europe. Due to the increased traffic flow there may be negative impacts on noise and air quality in the Study Area. However, the projected increase in traffic which was used in the impact assessment of the Project is expected to accommodate for most of this increase. 504. The previous landfill was to the south of the city however the new landfill is adjacent to the bypass road. This means that waste material transport is likely to use the bypass route. Maximum waste produced in Batumi is during the tourist season and peaks in August. The EIA for the project estimates that waste generated in Batumi was close to 4000 tons in August, 2007 and an annual 3% increase.193 Therefore, the waste generated is approximately 8500 tons in August, 2033 most of which is likely to use the Project road. This is not a significant increase over the projected traffic in 2033.

Batumi City 505. Batumi City, while not directly within the Study Area, sees multiple cumulative benefits of all the expected developments. The Project will divert traffic from the city which will divert traffic during the entire year and especially during the tourist season. This will improve the noise, air quality and traffic of the city. 506. The shifting of the poorly managed landfill will improve environmental conditions, such as odor and air quality in Batumi in areas near the landfill.

9.5 Recommendations for Mitigation Measure 507. The fruit and nut industry in the area should be supported. Possible enhancement measures include: a. Developing markets for fruit and nut produced in the area. A possible benefit of the bypass includes quick market access. However, in the absence of markets increased connectivity does not benefit the farmers. b. Replacement seeds and saplings of high quality should be made available to the houses within the Study Area. This is especially true for mandarin as poor quality mandarins demand a very low price and households are not motivated to continue their production. 508. As the landfill is being constructed to EU standards, so should the waste transport be maintained at the highest standards. Any trucks carrying waste from Batumi should be

193 EIA Waste amounts disposed at Batumi and Kobuleti 2007.

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properly covered and maintained accordingly.

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10. Environmental Management Plan

10.1 Overview of EMP 509. The main objective of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to identify mechanisms to implement the environmental mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 9. It is the fundamental tool that ensures that all mitigation measures are consolidated, their implementation responsibilities identified and the resources required to implement the measures are provided. Further, the EMP includes monitoring measures as a feedback mechanism on implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures. 510. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is prepared for all the identified environmental impacts during design, construction, and operation and management (O&M) stages due to implementation of various Project activities. The methodology followed for preparing the EMP consists of the following steps:  Deriving mitigation/protection measures for identified impacts,  Recommend mitigation, compensation and enhancement measures for each identified impacts and risks,  Developing a mechanism for monitoring the proposed mitigation measures,  Estimating budget requirements for implementation mitigation and monitoring measures, and  Identifying responsibilities of various agencies involved in the Project for implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures.

10.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan 511. The Environmental Mitigation Plan for the Project is presented in Table 10-1.

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Table 10-1: Design Phase Mitigation Plan

Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators Terrestrial habitat loss Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and vegetation. During detailed EPC Contractor Measures included caused by construction design in design related activities  Locate construction facilities based on a knowledge of documents the soil, slope and vegetation cover of the area to avoid disturbance to the natural environment.

Decline in abundance Prevent establishment of alien invasive species (AIS) on exposed During detailed EPC Contractor Measures included and diversity of stored soil design in design terrestrial flora and fauna documents caused by construction  Locate vehicle yards away from open soils and top soil related activities. stockyard

Maximize use of locally-sourced aggregate and borrow material During detailed EPC Contractor design

Damage to the  An agreement will be reached between the community During detailed EPC Contractor Measures included graveyard. design in design and the Roads Department to relocate the graveyard documents

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators

Deterioration of  Include appropriate traffic control measures at traffic During detailed EPC Contractor See above community safety and air design quality due to hotspots. These may include traffic signal, traffic warden construction traffic. posts, speed breakers (on the side roads) and roundabouts.  Install appropriate traffic signs on all roads  Consult Traffic Police for implementation of the above measures

Relocation of Houses for  Undertake negotiations with the owners of the house to Before Roads Department Part of LARP noise mitigation Construction Phase determine the course of action.  Refined mitigation options will be considered. These may include higher walls (up to 6 m); wall and berm on the hill to provide better shielding; and plantation of 200 m wide avenue of trees to shield the houses.  If by any of these measures noise levels for the houses cannot be mitigated, the owners of the houses will be given the option to relocate after selling their houses. Their names will be included in the LARP.  An alternate, is that they despite the high noise want to stay in their houses. In that case, a legally binding agreement will be executed between the Roads Department and the receiver.

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Table 10-2: Construction Phase Mitigation Plan

Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators

Construction Impacts  The site specific environmental management plan At start of Site Managers SSEMPs prepared construction of EPC before initiation of (SSEMP) for each site will outline areas to be cleared, construction vegetated areas to be protected or fenced, slopes to be stabilized and solid waste disposal locations.  Submit all SSEMP to Roads Department and ADB for approval.

Decline in abundance and Prevent establishment of alien invasive species (AIS) on exposed During EPC Contractor Measures included in diversity of terrestrial flora stored soil detailed design documents and fauna caused by design construction related  Locate vehicle yards away from open soils and top soil activities. stockyard  Maximize use of locally-sourced aggregate and borrow material  Minimize contact of non-local aggregate and borrow material with native soil.

Retain as much natural vegetation as possible. During EPC Contractor Measures included in detailed design documents  Minimize vegetation clearance in the design where design possible.

Terrestrial habitat loss  Train and raise awareness regarding AIS among During EPC Contractor SSEMPs prepared caused by construction construction before initiation of related activities. Project staff and contractors. construction  Prevent establishment of AIS on exposed stored soil (do not store bare soil near known sources of AIS). Visual confirmation of replantation  No non-native plant species will be introduced into the natural habitat.

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators  Retain as much natural vegetation as possible.  Prevent soil damage and erosion.  Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and vegetation.  Dispose solid waste only at designated sites.  Large flood lights should not be installed outside 50 m of the Project fence.  Lights should be directed towards Project facilities and not towards the natural habitats.  Source goods/materials locally where possible.  Replantation shall take place in all areas which are disturbed during construction. These include, for example, muck disposal area, batching plant, labor camp, and quarry sites

Decline in abundance and  Provide awareness training to staff and contractors on: Before and EPC Contractor Environmental Training diversity of terrestrial flora during Plan prevention of injury of animals; identification of likely and fauna caused by construction construction related species found on site; identifications of animal hazards Training Schedule activities. (such as venomous snakes); and what to do if dangerous animals are encountered. Evidence of trainings  Incorporate regulations for Project staff and contractors and attendance lists to avoid illegal poaching in contract documents.  Provide adequate knowledge to the workers on relevant Provision of required government regulations and punishments for illegal regulations in contract poaching. documents  Encourage personnel to report sightings of wildlife of

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators conservation importance or incidents of poaching to RD.  Project staff and contractors to report kills of large mammals particularly designated species of conservation concern.  Train and raise awareness regarding AIS among Project staff and contractors.  The Contractor shall prepare an Environmental Training Plan for all construction workers: the Plan shall address the following items:  All Contractor’s employees shall be required to comply with environmental protection procedures and they shall be able to provide evidence that they attended the training sessions detailed in the Plan;  The Plan shall educate all construction workers on the following issues but not limited to them: fire arm possession, traffic regulations, illegal logging and collection of non-timber forestry products, non- disturbance of resettlement communities, hunting and fishing restrictions, waste management, erosion control, health and safety issues, all prohibited activities, the Code of Conduct requirements and disciplinary procedures, and general information on the environment in which they will be working and living;  Establishment of penalties for those who violate the rules;  Proposed methods for conducting the training program,

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators which shall include formal training sessions, posters, data in newsletters, signs in construction and camp areas and ‘tool box’ meetings.

Ambient air quality may  Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and Before and EPC Contractor SEMP documents deteriorate during the during prepared before construction phase vegetation. construction initiation of construction  Prevent soil damage and erosion.  Retain as much natural vegetation as possible.  Sprinkle water on all exposed surfaces, particularly those close and up-wind of the settlements.  Site specific environmental management plan will be made for each construction site and must outline areas to be cleared, vegetated areas to be protected or fenced, solid waste disposal locations, and sprinkling locations. They will incorporate all appropriate measures indicated in Section 2.3 (Generic Construction Site Environmental Management Plan (CSEMP))  Indicate the limits of a clearing with highly visible markers.  Erect silt fences around perimeter of works area and/or rock check dams, sedimentation ponds, and silt traps.  Give stockpiles protective covering, e.g., revegetation, geotextiles.  For fugitive dust control, sprinkling of water on the all unsealed roads used by the project vehicles that are

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators within 200 m of any community will be done  Earthwork operation to be suspended when the wind speed exceeds 20 km/hr in areas within 500 m of any community  All stockpiles shall be adequately wetted, or covered with plastic, or provided with wind shield to reduce dust emission.  Speed limits and defensive driving policies will be strictly implemented  Road damage caused by project activities will be promptly attended to with proper road repair and maintenance work

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators

 Install and maintain all vehicles and machinery with During EPC Contractor Vehicle and equipment construction maintenance logs appropriate emission control equipment.  Smoke from internal combustion engines should not be visible for more than ten seconds.  To the extent possible, new and low emission equipment and vehicles shall be used  Batching plants and associated machinery installed for project activities will be installed with suitable pollution control arrangements  Best quality fuel and lubes shall be purchased where possible lead free oil and lubes should be used  Batching plant shall be set up considering the wind direction so that the nearby communities are not affected by the emissions from batching plant  Batching plant should be kept as near to natural sinks to minimize emissions to ambient environment  Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment will be conducted to keep emissions in check  Filters will be installed wherever available in vehicles and equipment  All stacks will be vertical and at least 3 m above ground

Construction activities may  Record location of the springs especially those in areas During EPC Contractor Flow records of be cause alterations to the construction identified springs groundwater flow patterns. proximal to where the tunnels will be closer to the ground level.

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators  Monitor flow for located springs and maintain records  Support the community in development of alternate water supply schemes  Ensure the availability of water to the communities and the access of the communities to the water resources being used by them is not adversely affected.

Discharge from construction  Provide and use spill prevention trays at refueling During EPC Contractor Emergency Spill activities can potentially Constructio Management Plan result in the contamination locations n document of soil, groundwater and  Store fuels and lubricants in covered and dyked areas, surface water. underlain with impervious lining. Visual implementation of mitigation measures  Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent

materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. Log of spills and remedial actions taken  Remove contaminated soil from the site and dispose in a manner to ensure protection of water sources  The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores  Maintain a record of spills and volume of removed contaminated soil.  Maintain a record of remedial measures taken  Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment.  Prepare emergency plan for spill management and

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators induct staff for any incident of spill.

Construction activities  Equipment emitting excessive noise in comparison with During EPC Contractor Maintenance record of resulting in unacceptable Constructio equipment other similar equipment will not be allowed to operate. increases in noise levels in n local communities  Equipment under use will be regularly maintained, Records of community tuned, and provided with mufflers to minimize noise meetings regarding levels. noise. Noise level monitoring  Equipment in poor state of maintenance, particularly in nearby communities without effective noise control will be checked to

determine if it can be improved, and replaced with less noisy equipment as soon as practicable.  Prohibit blowing horns on all access roads except under emergency conditions.  Close liaison with the community, specifically:  The communities will be informed of all major construction activities at three days in advance.  Noise control measures will be discussed with the community through informal and formal meetings.  Implement a complaint registering, tracking and redressal mechanism.  Monitor noise levels regularly in the community in order to take timely corrective measures, if needed.

Accidental release of  Fuel tanks will be appropriately marked by content and During EPC Contractor Emergency Spill solvents, oils and lubricants Constructio Management Plan can potentially result in the will be stored in dyked areas with an extra 10% of the n document storage capacity of the fuel tank. The area will be lined contamination of soil and consequent deterioration of

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators groundwater and surface with an impervious base. Visual verification of water quality. Soil conformance contamination may also  Install grease traps on the site, wherever needed, to reduce the fertility of soil prevent flow of oily water. reducing suitability for agricultural purposes.  Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.  Emergency Spill Management Plan will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill.

Land clearing, excavation,  Limit vegetation loss to demarcated construction area. During EPC Contractor tunnel boring and other Constructio construction activities may  Areas such as muck disposal area, batching plant, labor n loosen the top soil in the camp and quarry sites after the closure shall be covered Project area resulting in loss with grass and shrubs. of soil and possible acceleration of soil erosion  Adopt slope stabilization measures such as adequate and land sliding, especially vertical and horizontal drains, drainage along in the wet season. roadsides, cross drainage and retaining walls.  Monitor slope movements around excavation work areas.

Direct, indirect and induced During EPC Contractor Contractual documents  Include an assessment of the contractor’s employment at the local construction levels, resulting in increased demonstrated commitment to domestic and local Number and ratio of prosperity and wellbeing due procurement and local hiring in the tender evaluation local employees to higher and stable process. incomes of people.  Coordinate recruitment efforts related to non-skilled labor, including for non-skilled labor positions required by contractors.  Determine what is considered to be ‘fair and

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Impact Mitigation Measure When Responsibility Monitoring Indicators transparent’ in recruitment and in distribution of jobs between different community groups, in consultation with local communities and their leaders.

Impact on aesthetics may  Minimize disturbance to, or movement of, soil and During EPC Contractor get deteriorate during the construction construction phase vegetation.  Back fill to original levels.  Reshape to match in with surrounding topography.  Reinstate vegetation around construction sites.

Deterioration of community  Keep speeds slow (30 km/hr) where there is traffic During EPC Contractor safety and air quality due to construction construction traffic. exchange between roads  Make roundabouts for the congestion points.  Retain as much natural vegetation as possible to reduce the impact of smoke due to vehicles.  Designate traffic wardens at roads on the transport route to manage traffic during important hours  Construction traffic will not travel during school starting and ending hours on designated road segments in front of schools on the transport route

GHG emissions during  Ensure vehicles are maintained During EPC Contractor Vehicle inspection log Construction construction and results  Regularly inspect vehicle exhaust emissions to meet required standard for exhaust emissions

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10.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan 512. Monitoring of environmental components and mitigation measures during implementation and operation stages is a key component of the EMP to safeguard the protection of environment. The objectives of the monitoring are to:  manage environmental issues arising from construction works through closely monitoring evidence for implementation of the mitigation measures and environmental compliance; and  monitor changes in the environment during various stages of the Project life cycle with respect to baseline conditions. 513. A monitoring mechanism is developed for identified impact and includes:  location of the monitoring (near the Project activity, sensitive receptors or within the Project influence area);  means of monitoring, i.e. parameters of monitoring and methods of monitoring (visual inspection, consultations, interviews, surveys, field measurements, or sampling and analysis); and  frequency of monitoring (daily, weekly, monthly, seasonally, annually or during implementation of a particular activity). 514. Monitoring program will include regular monitoring of construction and commissioning activities for their compliance with the environmental requirements as per relevant standards, specifications and EMP. The purpose of such monitoring is to assess the performance of the undertaken mitigation measures and to immediately formulate additional mitigation measures and/or modify the existing ones aimed at meeting the environmental compliance as appropriate during construction. The monitoring program will be coupled with a series of supporting procedures, yet to be developed, covering:  sample or data collection;  sample handling, sample storage and preservation;  sample or data documentation;  quality control;  data reliability (calibration of instruments, test equipment, and software and hardware sampling);  data storage and backup, and data protection;  interpretation and reporting of results; and  verification of monitoring information by qualified and experienced external experts.

10.4 Specific Monitoring Plan 515. Environmental monitoring and reporting plan for the construction and operation phases are provided in Table 10-2.

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10.5 Documentation and Reporting 516. Monitoring elements of the EMP will be documented and controlled in accordance with a document control system by the Supervision Consultant (SC) and communicated to RD. Records demonstrating compliance with legal requirements and conformance with the EMP will also be maintained. RD through SC will supervise, establish, implement and maintain procedures. Documentation and record keeping controls will include:  measures to enable relevant documents and records to be readily available and identifiable (labeled, dated and properly filed), legible and protected from damage;  review, revision and approval of documents for adequacy by authorized personnel at least once a year;  establishment of the electronic document control version as the ‘authorized version’;  making current versions of relevant documents available at locations where operations essential to the effective functioning;  suitably identifying obsolete documents retained for legal and knowledge preservation purposes; and  identification and segregation of confidential and privileged information. 517. Monitoring data will be documented and analyzed to determine temporal and spatial trends and confirm compliance with relevant thresholds. Monitoring reports will be produced to meet internal and external reporting requirements. If monitoring results indicate non-conformance with stipulated thresholds or if a significant deteriorating trend is observed, it will be recorded as a non-conformance and handled by the non- conformance and incident procedure. Based on reports provided by the EPC Contractor as listed in Table 10-3, quarterly and annual reports will be reviewed by SC/RD for monitoring of the physical and social environment and shared with the ADB.

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Table 10-3: Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction and Operation

Aspect Type of monitoring Frequency of Location/s Reporting Monitoring and Report Report Monitoring Frequency implementation Preparation Receiving Responsibility Responsibility Authority Construction Phase Soil Quality Visual inspection for any oil Daily Construction area and Monthly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD, SC and and lubricant spills and drains at the report during SC, RD ADB leakages in the construction construction site construction area and presence of oil in the drains at the construction site Soil Erosion Visual inspection of soil Once a month in Construction sites, Monthly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD,SC and erosion and land sliding, dry season. Once rehabilitated areas and report during SC, RD ADB especially in the wet season a week in wet water release points construction season. Waste Disposal Inspection of waste disposal Weekly Waste disposal sites, Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD, SC and areas and channels report during SC, RD ADB construction Water Resource Record of water used and Daily Construction sites, Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and Depletion source of water supply for truck filling points and report during SC, RD ADB construction, sprinkling and water tanks at camp. construction camp Community Water Monitor flow for springs Monthly Identified springs in Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and Supplies identified as at risk from communities. report during SC, RD ADB tailrace construction. construction Fugitive Dust Air quality sampling at social As required, in Social receptors Report as EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and Emissions receptors in case any case complaints required, in SC, RD ADB complaints regarding are received case excessive particulate matter complaints in ambient air are received. are received

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Aspect Type of monitoring Frequency of Location/s Reporting Monitoring and Report Report Monitoring Frequency implementation Preparation Receiving Responsibility Responsibility Authority Vehicular and Visual checks of exhaust Monthly Construction sites and Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and Machinery Exhaust emissions from vehicles and batching plant location SC, RD ADB Emissions batching plant machinery to ensure excess pollutants are not being released Noise Nuisance Monitoring of the noise Once a month Nearest settlements or Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and levels in the nearest and when a area for which SC, RD ADB communities against the complaint is complaint is received baseline noise conditions received Traffic Random speed checks and Once a month Different location and Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and inspections and and in case different time SC, RD ADB investigations in case of complaints are complaints by community received Vibration Vibration sensors. Continuous 4-5 sensors in each Quarterly EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor RD and during location identified in the SC, RD ADB construction in EIA. the vicinity Operation Phase Noise Level Noise meters Continuous RD ADB

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10.6 Generic Construction Management Plan

Minimizing Erosion

Objective 518. To minimize the quantity of soil lost during construction due to land-clearing.

Suggested Measures  Schedule measures to avoid and reduce erosion by phasing the work program to minimize land disturbance in the planning and design stage.  Keep the areas of land cleared to a minimum, and the period of time areas remain cleared to a minimum  Base control measures to manage erosion on the vulnerability of cleared land to soil loss, paying particular attention to protecting slopes.  Mulch, roughen and seed cleared slopes and stockpiles where no works are planned for more than 28 days, with sterile grasses.  Keep vehicles to well-defined haul roads.  Rehabilitate cleared areas promptly.

10.6.1 Storm water Management

Objective 519. To minimize the generation of contaminated storm water.

Suggested Measures  Minimize the quantity of uncontaminated storm water entering cleared areas.  Establish cut-off or intercept drains to redirect storm water away from cleared areas and slopes to stable (vegetated) areas or effective treatment installations.  Reduce water velocities.

10.6.2 Sediment Controls

Objective 520. To minimize the impact of contaminated storm water on receiving waters.

Suggested Measures  Install erosion and sediment control measures, if possible before construction commences.  Identify drainage lines and install control measures to handle predicted storm water and sediment loads generated in the mini-catchment.  Design and install appropriate erosion and sediment run-off control measures

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appropriate to site conditions to handle a one-in-two-year storm event (two-year ARI with intensity of six hours), for temporary structures, and a one-in-fifty year storm event, for permanent structures.  Establish an adequate inspection, maintenance and cleaning program for sediment run-off control structures.  Ensure that contingency plans are in place for unusual storm events.  Continually assess the effectiveness of sediment control measures and make necessary improvements.

10.6.3 De-watering Work Sites

Objective 521. To ensure that de-watering operations do not result in turbid water entering natural waterways.

Suggested Measures  Treat contaminated water pumped into the storm water system or a natural waterway to remove sediment if the turbidity exceeds 30 NTU.  Ensure that the level of suspended solids in waters pumped into natural waterways never exceeds the regulatory water quality standard.  De-water by pumping water, wherever practical, on to vegetated area of sufficient width to remove suspended soil, or to sediment control devices.  Supervise all pumping and implement precautions to ensure that turbidity of pumped water is minimized.  Monitor every hour during a pumping operation the turbidity of water pumped directly to a natural waterway or a drainage system discharging to a natural waterway.

10.6.4 Dust Control

Objective 522. To ensure there is no health risk or loss of amenity due to emission of dust to the environment.

Suggested Measures  Implement a dust prevention strategy, developed at the project planning stage.  Take dust suppression measures, such as promptly watering exposed areas when visible dust is observed.  Install wind fences wherever appropriate.

10.6.5 Management of Stockpiles and Batters

Objective

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523. To manage soil stockpiles so that dust and sediment in run-off are minimized.

Suggested measures  Minimize the number of stockpiles, and the area and the time stockpiles are exposed.  Keep topsoil and under burden stockpiles separate.  Locate stockpiles away from drainage lines, at least 10 m away from natural waterways and where they will be least susceptible to wind erosion.  Ensure that stockpiles and batters are designed with slopes no greater than 2:1 (horizontal/vertical).  Stabilize stockpiles and batters that will remain bare for more than 28 days by covering with mulch or anchored fabrics or seeding with sterile grass.  Establish sediment controls around unstabilized stockpiles and batters.  Suppress dust on stockpiles and batters, as circumstances demand.

10.6.6 Noise and Vibration

Objective 524. To ensure nuisance from noise and vibration does not occur.

Suggested measures  Fit and maintain appropriate mufflers on earth-moving and other vehicles on the site.  Enclose noisy equipment.  Provide noise attenuation screens, where appropriate.  Where an activity is likely to cause a noise nuisance to nearby residents, restrict operating hours to between 7 am and 6 pm weekdays and 7 am to 1 pm Saturday, except where, for practical reasons, the activity is unavoidable.  Noise should not be above background levels inside any adjacent residence between 10 pm and 7 am.  Advise local residents when unavoidable out-of-hours work will occur.  Schedule deliveries to the site so that disruption to local amenity and traffic are minimized.  Conduct a study on the impact of ground vibration from construction activities, where these operations occur within 50 m of a building and take appropriate action.  Minimize air vibrations.

10.6.7 Waste Minimization

Objective

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525. To minimize the waste load discharged to the environment.

Suggested measures  Carry out a waste minimization assessment which examines opportunities for waste avoidance reduction, reuse and recycling.  Reduce wastes by selecting, in order of preference, avoidance, reduction, reuse and recycling.  Incorporate waste minimization targets and measures into the environmental management plan.

10.6.8 Contaminated Material and Wastes

Objective 526. To ensure that all contaminated material uncovered on a construction site are excavated and disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner.

Suggested measures  Assay material uncovered on-site prior to disposal. If the wastes include putrescible wastes, then also analyze leachate and landfill gases.  Excavate material in a manner which avoids off-site environmental problems.  Seal remaining contaminated material or wastes, where only part of the tip has been excavated, to ensure that there is no off-site effect now or in the future.  Transport odorous wastes in covered vehicles.  Dispose of contaminated material in a landfill licensed to take the type of contaminated material or wastes uncovered.

10.6.9 Air Quality

Objective 527. To ensure there is no health risk or loss of amenity due to emission of exhaust gases to the environment.

Suggested measures  Ensure that all vehicles and machinery are fitted with appropriate emission control equipment, maintained frequently and serviced to the manufacturers' specifications.  Smoke from internal combustion engines should not be visible for more than ten seconds.

10.6.10 Litter

Objective 528. To ensure that all litter is disposed of in a responsible manner, and is not released

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into the environment.

Suggested measures  Maintain a high quality of housekeeping and ensure that materials are not left where they can be washed or blown away to become litter.  Provide bins for construction workers and staff at locations where they consume food.  Conduct ongoing awareness with staff of the need to avoid littering.

10.6.11 Storing Fuels and Chemicals

Objective 529. To ensure that fuel and chemical storage is safe, and that any materials that escape do not cause environmental damage.

Suggested measures  Minimize fuels and chemicals stored onsite.  Install bunds and take other precautions to reduce the risk of spills.  Implement a contingency plan to handle spills, so that environmental damage is avoided.

10.6.12 Keeping Roads Clean

Objective 530. To ensure that roads are kept clean of soil.

Suggested measures  Install wheel washes and rumble grids at all main road crossings.  Ensure that the roads are swept at least once a day on uncontrolled road crossings when construction vehicles are travelling off the site.  Install litter traps lined with filter cloth in all side-entry pits.  Cover all loads of soil being taken off site for disposal.

10.7 Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan 531. EPC’s Contractor’s managers during the construction phase will operationalize their responsibilities described in Section 10.2 by developing Site Specific Environmental Management Plans (SSEMP). These will applied to the actual site where construction activities will occur. Ideally, the preparation of the SSEMP must occur before the contractor is given access to the project site. However, it can be prepared after the access is given but certainly before the initiation of site clearance and any major site construction or erection work. 532. All contract documents must include the requirement that SSEMPs be prepared by the contractor and reviewed by RD and OE and approved by ADB prior to

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commencement of construction activities.

10.7.1 Preparing an SSEMP 533. This section explains the following steps that should be followed while developing an SSEMP:  Definition of boundaries  Identification of environmental values and sensitive receptors of the site and its surrounds  Definition of construction activities  Assignment of environmental management measures  Preparation of site plans  Preparation of environment work plans

Definition of Boundaries 534. For megaprojects with multiple construction sites, there will be a number of SSEMPs. Generally, areas falling under the jurisdiction of a construction manager should have a separate SEMP. At a minimum the following sites should have an SSEMP prepared:  Each tunnel  Each bridge  Asphalt and batching plants  Construction camps  Quarry areas  Waste dump areas 535. Some of these sites, such as the longer bridges or tunnels may require multiple SSEMPs to cover the entire spatial extent of the development.

Identification of Sensitive Receptors 536. Once the boundaries of a site to be covered by a SSEMP have been defined, the sensitive receptors surrounding the site and the environmental values of the area need to be confirmed. 537. Areas that can be considered sensitive receptors include  Forested area  Water bodies  Communities (including schools, hospitals, homes)  Agricultural areas 538. The physical, ecological and socioeconomic baselines in Chapter 4 provide the necessary details. The information is best presented as an overlay on the detailed

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engineering drawings or maps for the project.

Construction and Associated Mitigation Activities 539. A schedule of works for the project will have been prepared during the detailed design phase. It is important to understand what the various phases of work are for each site, as different phases will include different activities and thus different environmental management requirements. In this simplified example, the construction of a bridge across a river could have the following schedule of works:  Site surveying, vegetation clearance  Site establishment  Soil stripping and earth movement  Bridge construction  Grading approaches  Surfacing  Painting and finishing structures  Landscaping and signage 540. The planning of the environmental management requirements for the bridge must ensure that the necessary environmental management activities take place at the right time. For example, the site survey should markup areas of vegetation to be removed, trees that must be saved, and the locations of any species of importance. Soil stripping will need to be accompanied by the introduction of erosion-control measures to prevent sediment from entering the river. The concrete pouring and filling of the bridge abutments will require a large number of vehicle movements, so it may be necessary to develop a traffic management plan to ensure that the vehicles don’t disrupt traffic on existing roads. If there are sensitive receptors nearby, there may be a requirement to limit working hours that will require a change in the work schedule. These measures are easy to plan for, but very hard to introduce once the project has started. This, again, emphasizes the need for effective planning of the environmental management measures. 541. Section 10.2 provides a list of required mitigation measures that must be incorporated into the relevant SSEMPs.

Site Plan 542. A site plan must cover the extent of the construction activity and should contain:  Location and nature of planned work;  Locations of sensitive receptors; and  Locations of required mitigation activities. 543. Other important features may include:  Indication of North, and scale;  Existing and planned supporting infrastructure (e.g., access roads, water supplies,

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electricity supplies, etc.);  Contours; and  Drainage systems.

Work Plan 544. The completed SSEMP provides details of all the environmental management requirements for all stages of the construction process. For individual work teams responsible for only a small part of the overall construction work, it can be hard to understand what is required for their particular work components. For example, the work team responsible for stripping soil for the construction areas are not going to be interested in the requirements for pouring concrete for footings and foundations. However, it is essential that the soil stripping team know exactly what to clear, what to leave, and where to put stockpiles of soil for later use. 545. When different work activities are required at different times or at different locations, environmental work plans can be prepared. These are similar to the work method statements often produced for major construction projects. 546.

10.8 Institutional Framework for Implementation 547. Institutions responsible for executing and monitoring the environmental aspects of this Project are:  MRDI is responsible for planning, constructing, operating and maintaining regional, national and provincial infrastructures in Georgia and RD is responsible for overall management of roads.   Environmental Division of the RD will undertake routine and random monitoring of the specific environmental management plans (EMP) addressed in this EIA.   The supervision consultants under RD are responsible for environmental monitoring and management of project implementation and to help ensure the implementation of environmental management practices at each stage of the construction.   MOEPNR will be consulted if complicated issues arise during construction and operation stages.   External Monitor will be responsible for independent monitoring and implementation of EMP, and external monitoring and evaluation  548. Contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP during construction works and Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) is primarily responsible for supervision of monitoring of the implementation of the EMMP. RD will hire ‘external monitoring consultant’ to monitor implementation and supervision of EMMP. 549. Each Contractor procured under this Project will be recommended to be a compliant of ISO 14001, 2004 Environmental Management System (EMS) certification. Further conditions of compliancy for OHSAS 18000 (2007) related Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) could also be imposed on the Contractors. Each contractor will be

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recommended to have one Environmental Specialist and one Occupational, Health and Safety (OH) Specialist, who will be working in close coordination with the environmental staff of CSC and RD. 550. CSC will be responsible to monitor all activities of all contractors procured under the Project. As several contractors will be working simultaneously for timely and speedy implementation of the project, it is important that CSC has an environmental unit to effectively supervise and monitor the environmental activities being implemented in the field. The CSC is also responsible to update or make necessary changes to the EMMP if required based on the revised designs and locations.

10.9 Institutional Strengthening and Training 551. To be provided.

10.10 Change Management 552. To be provided

10.11 Implementation Budget 553. To be provided

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11. Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism

11.1 Introduction 554. Grievance redress mechanisms (GRMs) are institutions, instruments, methods, and processes by which a resolution to a grievance is sought and provided. GRM is seen by ADB as a pre-litigation mechanism for conciliation of disagreements and addressing concerns of APs at early stages of dispute. GRM is aimed on smooth and creative resolution of disputes, minimizing time and resources waste and reputational risk to the project. The experience gained in ADB and other donor funded projects demonstrates that the efficient GRM enables to avoid time-consuming and complex legal procedures in majority cases of claims. 555. The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is an integral part of the ADB Accountability Mechanism (AM) that complements the problem solving (OSPF) and compliance review (CRP) functions of the ADB AM Policy 2012. 556. The GRM should be established and operated in compliance with the Georgian Regulations and ADB Policy requirements. 557. According to the ADB requirements, the GRM should be arranged to address the resettlement related issues (SPS 2009 – Safeguard Requirements 2: Involuntary Resettlement, Requirement 7. Grievance Redress Mechanism) and the environmental concerns of the affected communities and other stakeholders (SPS 2009 - Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment, Requirement 5. Grievance Redress Mechanism). 558. Requirement on establishing GRM is stipulated in LARFs/LARPs and EARFs/IEE/EIA. Legitimization of the GRM is ensured through approval of these documents by the Georgian Government. LARFs/LARPs and EARFs/IEEs/EIAs contain description of general principles of operation and structure of the GRM. The present guideline provides more detailed description of GR process and recommendations. 559. The grievance redress mechanism, as defined in LARFs, shall deal with the issues of land and other assets acquisition (e.g. amount of compensation, suitability of residual land plots, loss of acess roads, etc) as well as the losses and damages caused by the construction works, e.g. temporray or permanenet occupation of land by the contractor. Therefore the grievance redress mechanism shall be in place by the time of LARP preparation and intense communication with the APs and shall function until the completion of the construction. 560. The grievance redress mechanism, as defined in EARFs, shall deal with the environmental concerns raised by the affected communities and stakeholder at the stage of IEE/EIA preparation and furher during the construction stage. At the IEE/EIA stage the grievances comprise complains of more general character (complains against triggering geohazard risks, affecting flora and fauna and valuable landscapes and ecosystems, climate change or pollution, impacts on cultural heritage etc.), with more community- focused complains, like risks of damage of property, nuiscance or losses of community property etc. At the construction stage the environmental claims raised by the local communities usually prevail. However, in case of gross violation resulting in significant impacts, the claims could be raised by NGOs or other stakeholders.

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561. The environmental and/or the resettlement related grievances from affected population and stakeholders could be submitted throughout the project preparation and implementation stage. The core group of people involved in grievance resolution (IA staff, local authorities, Construction and Supervising companies, representatives of population and NGOs, etc.) are the same for both processes. There is no substantial reason to consider as a feasible scheme development of two separate GRM for LAR implementation and managing environmental issues. It is considered that the one GRM could be established as an efficient tool for addressing both – environmental and resettlement problems related to ADB financed projects. The proposed structure of GRM, process and procedures for grieavnce resoultion is described in chapters 1.4 and 1.5 of this guideline.

11.2 Georgian Regulations 562. Administrative Code of Geeorgia is the legal document defining the rules and procedures for the grievance review and resolution. 563. According to the law, the Administrative body receiving officially lodged claims is oblidged to review the claims and engage the claimant in the grievance review and resolution process, and issue final decision in that regard. 564. Clause 181. defines the content and the grievance submission forms. In particular, the grievance package should include: a) Name of the administrative body to whom the complaints are addressed; b) Name, address and contact details of the claimant; c) Name of the administrative body, who’s decisions or administrative acts are the subject of complain; d) Name of the administrative act or decision, which is subject of complain; e) Content of the claim; f) The context and facts, based on which the complaint is substantiated; g) list of attachments; 565. Clauses 194 and 198 define the rules and procedures ensuring participation of the claimants in the grievance review process. 566. According to the clause 202, the decision issued by the Administrative Body in relation with the reviewed claim has a status of individual administrative legal act. 567. The standard period given for the issuance of the decision in relation with the grievance is 1 month.

11.3 ADB Policy (SPS 2009) requirements in relation with the Grievance Redress 568. The borrower/client will establish a mechanism to receive and facilitate the resolution of affected persons’ concerns and grievances about physical and economic displacement and other project impacts, paying particular attention to the impacts on vulnerable groups. 569. The grievance redress mechanism should be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project. 570. It should address affected persons’ concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to the affected persons at no costs and without retribution. 571. The mechanism should not impede access to the country’s judicial or administrative remedies. The borrower/client will inform affected persons about the

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mechanism.

11.4 Grievance Redress Process 572. At the LARP/EIA preparation stage, during the consultation meetings and negotiations the APs shall be fully informed of the grievance redress mechanism, its functions, procedures, contact persons and rules of making complaints. This will be ensured through oral information and booklets distributed during the information campaign. 573. Grievance resolution is viewed as a two-stage process, first involving local resources (site-and project specific structures/units) for the grievance resolution and only in case of failure engaging top management and entire capacity of the central offices of IA/PIUs. 574. Grievance redress procedures of Stage 1 represent an informal tool of dispute resolution allowing the APs and the project implementation team to resolve the disagreement without any formal procedures, procrastination and impediments. The international experience of LAR/Environmental Mnagement shows that such informal grievance redress mechanism helps to solve most of the complaints without formal procedures (i.e. without using the procedures specified in the Administrative Code or litigation). This mechanism enables unimpeded implementation of the Project and timely satisfaction of complaints. 575. Care will always be taken to prevent grievances rather than going through official procedures of Stage 2. The achivement of this goal can be ensured through careful planning and preparation of IEE/EIA and LARP, active participation of APs, effective consultations, proper communication and coordination among local communities, IAs and local authorities. 576. In case of failure of the grievance resolution attempts at the stage 1, the process of grievance review and resolution enters Stage 2. Stage 2 is a process formalized in accordance with the Administrative Code of Georgia. The claimant submits official claim in a written form to the IA and the IA as an administrative body is conducting the grievance review and response process following requirements of the law, regarding time frames, involvement of claimant, etc. The stage 2 process may require involvement of different departments and specialists of the IA, its consultants, local authorities and other stakeholders. 577. If the grievance is not resolved at the stage 2 GR process, the claimant has right and possibility to apply to court and the GRM helps the claimant to prepare application package.

11.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism 578. The present chapter specifies the procedures of establishing Grievance Reddress Mechanism (GRM) and its structure and composition. The Safeguard Units of the IA has important role for establishing the GRM. 579. The GRM consists of temporary, project-specific units established at the municipal level in project affected municipalities and regular system established at IA. Grievance Reddress Committee (GRCE) established at municipal level as a project-specific instrument, which is functional only for the period of the project implementation.

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Grievance Redress Commission (GRCN) is formed as permanently functional informal structure within the IA to ensure grievance review, resolution and record.

11.6 Grievance Redress Commission in IAs 580. Grievance Redress Commission (GRCN) is formed by the order of the Head of IA as a permanently functional informal structure, engaging personnel of IA from all departments having regard to the environmental and LAR issues and complaint resolution. This includes top management, Environmental and Social Safeguards Units, Legal Departments, PR department and other relevant departments (depending on specific structure of the IA). The GRCN is involved at the Stage 2 of grievance resolution process. The Order shall also state that if necessary representative of local authorities, NGOs, auditors, representatives of APs and any other persons or entities can be engaged in a work of GRCN. For the GRCN the following composition is proposed (Table 11-1):

Table 11-1: GRCN Composition

i. Top management of IA/PIU Member ii. Head of Environmental and Social Safeguards Units Member iii. Legal Departments of IA/PIU Member iv. PR department of IA/PIU Member v. Other relevant departments (depending on specific structure of the IA). Member

11.6.1 Project Specific Grievance Redress Committees at Municipal Level 581. A Grievance Redress Committee (GRCE) is an informal, project-specific grievance redress mechanism, established to administer the grievances at Stage 1. This informal body will be established at community level in each affected Municipality. The representative of Rayon Gamgebeli in the Muncipality will be a Chairman of the GRCE. The IA/PIU representative(s) of Environmental and Resettlement Unit in GRCE (Convener, Contact Person(s)) shall coordinate the GRCE formation. The Contact Person will then be responsible for the coordination of GRC activities and organizing meetings. In addition, GRCE shall comprise representative of Sakrebulo (Secretary), representatives of APs, women APs (if any), and appropriate local NGOs to allow voices of the affected communities to be heard and ensure a participatory decision-making process. 582. GRCEs will be established at the community level (office of the official Representative of the Gamgebeli in the Municipality and the Head of the Municipal Sakrebulo194). Establishment of GRCE will be formalized by the protocol of the first meeting with the reference on LARFs/EARFs, as a part of binding agreement of the Government and ADB. For the GRCE following composition is proposed (Table 11-2):

Table 11-2: GRCE composition

i. Representative(s) of Environmmental and Resettlement Convener; Contact Safeguards Unit of IA/PIU Person(s) ii. Representative of Sakrebulo Member

194 Sakrebulo is a elected local authority (local parliament) and the Representative of the Gamgebeli in the Municipality is an executive authority.

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iii. Representative of Rayon Gamgebeli in the concerned Chairman Muncipality (village/municipality level) iv. Representative of APs Member v. Representative of NGO Member vi. Representative of Civil Works Contractor Member vii. Environmental and Resettlement/Social Specialists of Member Supervision Consultant

583. Representative(s) of the Environmental and Resettlement Unit of IA/PIU (Conviner/Contact Person) is coordinating the work of the Commettee and at the same time he is nominated as a contact person for collecting the grievances and handling grievance log. The local authorities at the municipal level, civil works Contractor, Supervising Company (Engineer), as well as IPs (through informal meetings) are informed about the contact person and his contact details are available in offices of all mentioned stakeholders. The ToR for the members of GRCE is given in Appendix 9. 584. The APs should be informed about the available GRM. This could be achieved through implementing information campaigns, distributing brochures (e.g. Communication Plan), and forms for the grievance for APs (see Appendix 9). Keeping all focal points up- to-date & maintaining regular communication with them, allowing multiple entry points for complaints, Introducing forms for ease of reporting complaints.

11.7 Grievance Redress Procedures 585. Stage 1 – informal review of the AP’s complaint (whether written or oral) 586. Grievance Collection and registration. The representative(s) of Environmental and Resettlement Unit of IA/PIU (Contact Person) is a person responsible for collecting the grievances received from different entry points and for recording them. Through the information campaign conducted at the early stages of the project development, the APs will be informed that grievances should be addressed directly to the Contact Person. However, despite any efficient information campaigns, it is expected that some portion of grievances will be addressed to the local authorities at the Municipal or Regional level, to the Construction Contractor and Supervising Company (Engineer). All these stakeholders will arrange entry points and recording systems for grievances and will readdress the grievances to the Contact Person. Further, the Contact Person will register the grievances and will coordinate the grievance resolution process, engaging the required members of GRCE. 587. Step 1: Informal negotiations 588. Representative of IA (Contact Person) will review the grievance, and based on that will:  define the list of members of the GRCE and specialists required to address the grievance  agree with the claimant the date and site for the informal meeting  conduct meetings, site visits and negotiations with the AP with participation of relevant members of the GRCE

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 will document all site-visits, meetings and discussions with the involved parties (minnutes of meetings, photos, etc.) 589. In case of amicable resolution of the dispute, a Protocol of Agreement (Protocol 1: Action Plan) is prepared by the Contact Person describing agreed actions, dates, other conditions (See Appendix 9). The protocol is signed by the claimant and Contact Person. The Action Plan should define:  clear timeline for each action,  parties responsible for undertaking and completing each action, budget 590. After implementation of the agreed action another protocol is prepared by the Contact Person (Protocol of Grievance Closure), which confirms the fact that the parties have finally resolved the dispute (Appendix 9). The protocol will be signed by Contact Person as a representative of GRCE and by the claimant. 591. Step 2.: Formal Review of the Grievance by GRCE: 592. In case if informal negotiations conducted as step 1 of the stage 1 process fails to resolve the issue, the official procedure of the grievance review by the GRCE is triggered. 593. The Contact Person (Representative(s) of Environmmental and Resettlement Safeguards Unit of IA/PIU) assists the claimant to prepare the official written claim addressed to the GRCE and supplements this by his information notes. 594. The written claim will contain the following information:  Name and contact details of the claimant  Date of submitting claim  The brief description of the essense of claim  Documents prepared (photos, maps, other documents) confirming the information presented in a claim 595. The Contact Person will notify IA/PIU and all members of the GRCE regarding the need of execution of the formal GRCE procedure. The Contact Person will agree the date of formal meeting with the chairman and Secretary of the GRCE and inform the claimant and all members of the GRCE regarding the meeting site and date. The meeting should be held not later than 2 weeks after the notification issued by the Contact Person. The Contact Person will distribute the claim supplementary documents among the GRCE members. 596. The GRCE will engage all required specialist in reviewing the claim and, in case of need, will invite them on a planned meeting. During 1 week after the meeting the GRCE will issue its Conclusion and the Contact Person will inform the caimant about the decision. 597. In case of amicable resolution of the dispute, a Protocol of Agreement is prepared by the Contact Person describing agreed actions, dates, other conditions. The protocol is signed by the claimant and Chairman of the GRCE. 598. After implementation of the agreed action the Protocol of Grievance Closure is prepared by the Contact Person. The protocol will be signed by the Chairman of GRCE and by the claimant.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 11-6 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

599. In case if informal negotiations conducted as stage 1 process fails to resolve the issue, the grievance resolution by GRCE at the local level is considered as not sufficient and the claim resolution process by GRCN at the central level is triggered. 600. The Contact Person (Representative of IA) assists the claimant to prepare the official written claim addressed to the GRCE and supplements this by his information notes. 601. The written claim will contain following information:  Name and contact details of the claimant  Date of submitting claim  The brief description of the essense of claim  Documents prepared (photos, maps, other documents) confirming the information presented in a claim 602. Stage 2 – Official Review of the Grievances by GRCN 603. Stage 2 process is triggered by notice from the Contact Person sent to the GRCN with the attached claim and the supplementary package of documents prepared with the assistance of the Contact Person. 604. The notice send by the Contact Person contains brief description of the grievance review and resolution attempts made at the stage 1, including explanation of the reasons of diesagreement and attachements (minnutes of meetings, protocols, photos etc.). 605. Upon receiving the grievance and supplementary documents, the secretary of the GRCN will register the claim in a grievance log and initiate the formal grievance review and resolution process in accordance with the requirements of the Administrative Code. The GRCN members will discuss the issue and engage relevant departments and specialist of the IA, in order to find solutions for the grievance resolution. In case of need the specialists from other governmental institutions or expert groups could be also engaged. 606. Not later than 2 weeks from receiving the claim, the GRCN will conduct a formal hearing participation of the claimant at a date fixed by the GRCN member secretary. On the date of hearing, the aggrieved AP will appear before the GRCN at the IA office for consideration of grievance. The member secretary will note down the statements of the complainant and document all details of the claim, proposed solutions and final agreement. 607. In case of amicable resolution of the dispute, a Protocol of Agreement (protocol 1) is prepared by the Secretary of GRCN, describing agreed actions, deadlines and other conditions. The protocol is signed by the claimant and Chairman of the GRCN. 608. After implementation of the agreed action the Protocol of Grievance Closure is prepared by the Secretary of GRCN. The protocol will be signed by the Chairman of GRCE and by the claimant. 609. If the IA/PIU decision fails to satisfy the aggrieved APs, they can pursue further action by submitting their case to the appropriate court of law (Rayon Court). GRCN (secretary) will help the claimant to prepare the documents for submission to the Rayon (municipal) court.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 11-7 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

610. Brief description of all stages of Grievance Resolution Process are given in the Table 11-3 below.

Table 11-3: Grievance Resolution Process

Steps Action level Process Stage 1 Step 1: The complaint is informally reviewed by the GRCE Contact Person (GRCE Informal – Representative of Environmental and Resettlement Unit of IA/PIU, Level) negotiations which takes all necessary measures to resolve the dispute amicably. with Aps At this stage, Contact Person engages in discussions with AP only those members of the GRCE, who have direct relation to the issue. Step 2: If the oral grievance is not solved during the negotiations, the GRCE Formal will assist the aggrieved APs to formally lodge the grievances to the negotiations GRCE. with APs The aggrieved APs shall submit their complaints to the GRCE within GRCE level 1 week after completion of the negotiations at the village level or resolution of later, as he wishes. The aggrieved AP shall produce documents grievance supporting his/her claim. The GRCE Contact Person will review the complaint and prepare a Case File for GRCE hearing and resolution. A formal hearing will be held with the GRCE at a date fixed by the GRCE Contact Person. On the date of hearing, the aggrieved AP will appear before the GRCE at the Municipality office for consideration of grievance. The member secretary will note down the statements of the complainant and document all details of the claim. The decisions from majority of the members will be considered final from the GRCE at Stage 1 and will be issued by the Contact Person/Convenor and signed by other members of the GRCE. The case record will be updated and the decision will be communicated to the complainant AP. After implementation of the agreed action the Protocol of Grievance Closure is prepared by the Contact Person. The protocol will be signed by the Chairman of GRCE and by the claimant. Stage 2 Step 3 If any aggrieved AP is unsatisfied with the GRCE decision, the next Decision from option will be to lodge grievances to the IA/PIU at the national level. central IA/PIU GRCE should assist the plaintiff in lodging an official compalint to GRCN GRCN (the plaintiff should be informed of his/her rights and obligations, rules and procedures of making a complaint, format of complaint, terms of complaint submission, etc). The aggrieved AP shall produce documents supporting his/her claim, in accordance with the legal requirements (Administrative Code of Georgia). The GRCN of the IA shall review the complaint in compliance with the procedures specified in the Administrative Code of Georgia. If needed, a formal hearing will be held with the GRCN at a date fixed by the GRCN member secretary. On the date of hearing, the aggrieved AP will appear before the GRCN at the IA office for consideration of grievance. The Contact pperson will note down the statements of the complainant and document all details of the claim. The plaintiff shall be informed of the decision. Stage 3 Step 4 If the IA/PIU decision fails to satisfy the aggrieved APs, they can Court decision pursue further action by submitting their case to the appropriate court of law (Rayon Court).

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 11-8 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Steps Action level Process The aggrieved AP can take a legal action not only about the amount of compensation but also any other issues, e.g. occupation of their land by the contractor without their consent, damage or loss of their property, restrictions on the use of land/assets, etc.

11.8 Grievance Log 611. The Grievance Logs will be developed at both – GRCE and GRCN levels.

11.8.1 Grievance Log in GRCE 612. The GRCE is a project specific structure established at the municipal level and functional for the period of project life. Accordingly, the GRCE Grievance Logs will be developed and maintained at the Municipal level (See Appendix 9). 613. The Grievance Logs will be developed and managed by the IA/PIU representative at site (Convenor of the GRCE/Contact Person) and will be kept at site (in the IA/PIU office or Engineer’s office). 614. The records in Grievance logs include the following information:  Name and contact details of the claimant  Date of receiving claim  Form of claim – (oral or written)  To whom the claim has been addressed initially (entry point)  The brief description of the essence of claim  the stages, dates and participants of negotiations with the AP with GRCE (stage 1)  Minnutes of meetings  Final decision of the GRCE (in case of the dispute is resolved, the decision is about closure of the issue. In case if the dispute remains unresolved, the decision is about passing to the stage 2 of the grievance redress process)  Date of decision of GRCE  Documents prepared by AP with the help of GRCE for passing to GRCN 615. The copies of the records/documents may be also kept in the municipal office.

11.8.2 Grievance Log in GRCN 616. Grievance Redress Commission (GRCN) is formed by the order of the Head of IA/PIU as a permanently functional informal structure within the IA/PIU, to handle the stage 2 process of the grievance resolution. The GRCN is linked with the GRCE through the IA/PIU representatives, who are nominated as Contact Persons and at the same time as coordinators/conveners at the GRCE level.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 11-9 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

617. The Convener and Secretary of the GRCE will ensure that properly prepared grievance package is lodget by the complainant to the GRCN. Related records are made in a Complaint Log of GRCE, as described in paragraph 1.6.1. 618. The registration of the complaints passing stage 2 process, will be executed by GRCN. The entire package of complaints will be kept in archaives and appropriate records will be made in a Complaints Log, providing chronologically structured information regarding the grievance resolution. 619. The records in Grievance Logs include the following information:  Name and contact details of the claimant  Date of receiving claim  Form of claim – (oral or written)  To Whom the claim has been delivered to GRCN (directly or from GRCE, after failure of the stage 1 GR process)  The brief description of the essence of claim  The stages, dates and participants of negotiations with the AP with GRCN (stage 2)  Min utes of meetings  Final decision of the GRCN (in case of the dispute is resolved, the decision is about closure of the issue. In case if the dispute remains unresolved, the decision is about passing to the stage 2 of the grievance redress process)  Date of decision of GRCN  Documents prepared by AP with the help of GRCN to sent to court. 1.7 Afterword 620. The guidelines presented above should not be perceived as a very strict and obligatory scheme and certain variations are accepted. However, there are several basic principles, which should be regarded and ensured through the developed GRM. 621. Efficient Grievance Redress Mechanism should be: 622. Hierarchically organized  The lower level component of GRM should be project –specific and organized at the local level in those municipalities, where the project is being implemented (municipalities; local branches or offices of IA/PIU, etc.)  The higher level component of GRM should be arranged at the level of central office of IA/PIU and should be permanently functional. 623. Scaled to risks & adverse impacts and spatial coverage of the project  Allowing for multiple entry points for high risk projects and/or projects to be implemented at different locations. The multiple entry points

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 11-10 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

comprise different entities, as: municipal authorities, IAs/PIUs, Construction Contractor, Supervising Company (Engineer), etc.  Assigning focal persons at each entry point  Documenting complaints, queries, requests, etc (e.g. complaint log)  Delivering training for GRM & focal points, developing advisory notes or ToR for GRCE/GRCN members  Leveraging technical expertise to make balanced and fair decisions regarding complaints 624. Readily accessible to APs  accessible to APs with no costs & without retribution  efficient and understandable to the affected parties  transparent & impartial  culturally appropriate, sensitive to gender & vulnerable groups  Engaging CSOs, Office of Ombudsman, special facilitators etc  Including representative of APs (complainant) to the Grievance Review Group  Documenting grievance review & resolution process

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Guidance Notes Grievance Redress Mechanism D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 11-11 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

12. Conclusions

625. The proposed Project, the Batumi Bypass Road Construction, was evaluated in this report. The proposed design and construction activities were assessed against the laws of Georgia, and ADB’s safeguard policies. Mitigation and management measures were recommended and made part of the project design. 626. Environmentally, the most important aspect of the project is the noise to be generated during project operation. Noise modeling was undertaken to predict the impact, and identify mitigation measures. Socially, the most important aspect is resettlement. A resettlement action plan has been prepared separately to undertake the resettlement in a fair and open manner and to minimize social or economic impacts.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Conclusions D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 12-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 1: TOR EIA UPDATE BATUMI BYPASS-9 MAY 2016

See following pages.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 1 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 1-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Terms of Reference for updating of the Batumi Bypass Environmental Impact Assessment Report

1. Background: The Government of Georgia (GOG) intends to carry out construction of Batumi Bypass under ADB financing. The section represents a two-lane road with a total length of 12km. The Detail Design for the mentioned road section was prepared in 2011-2012 through the ADB financing. As of today, the preparatory activities for implementation of the project are underway. 2. Objectives of the assignment is the update EIA prepared during the Detail Design stage in accordance but not limited to the scope of the services listed below: 3. Scope of Services The broad activities that need to be conducted for the EIA are listed below, and the specific detailed outline of Environmental Assessment report is also presented. The consultant will review, revise and update the existing EIA for the project with the assistance of experts in the area of environmental assessment, noise and vibration modeling, GIS and social impact assessment etc.

 Perform a scoping exercise and gap analysis to see how the present EIA differs from the required EIA format of ADB, according to ADB SPS 2009. The EIA is to follow pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards1 such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. (WB EHS guidelines);  Update, revise and supplement the information on the project description as per the detailed design. This should include specific information on the number, location and design of the fly-overs and bridges. This should be supplemented with maps that show the location in relation to the back ground environment of the area, all information should be adequately cross referenced;  Study the relevant baseline information including: biodiversity, noise, air quality and water quality; conduct baseline surveys for each parameter to establish ambient environmental conditions in the area. Conduct noise, vibration and air dispersion modelling using the traffic projections for the project to establish likely environmental impacts in the area;  Perform an impacts analysis for the construction and operation stages of the project and propose mitigation measures to minimize and/or remove the impacts;

1 These standards contain performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable and applicable to projects. When host country regulations differ from these levels and measures, more whichever is more stringent will be followed. If less stringent levels or measures are appropriate in view of specific project circumstances, a full justification is to be provided.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

 Assess environmental impacts of the operation and its ancillary activities also discuss cumulative environmental impacts;  Perform a clear analysis of project alternatives such that the environmentally most feasible option emerges as the selected alignment;  Develop an environmental sensitivity mapping of the area using the baseline data collected; include data on noise, vibration, social indicators, water and soil;.  Perform a risk based environmental impact analysis of the likely impacts of the operation based on the findings and results of the noise and air emissions modeling, biodiversity baseline and other sensitive environmental parameters along the alignment;  Propose state of the art mitigation measures to minimize, mitigate or altogether remove these impacts;  As part of the EIA prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) including the use of appropriate mitigation technologies, an environmental monitoring plan with monitoring indicators, and institutional arrangements and responsibilities (including cost estimates and training);  Conduct an institutional environmental capacity review with regards to the EAs implementation capacity with regards to Environmental safeguards. Prepare a capacity development program to deal with each of the identified capacity gaps.  Conduct meaningful public consultation with communities and relevant stakeholders in the area of influence of the project at least twice during the environmental assessment process, once at the planning stage and once when the detailed design is available for sharing with all stakeholders. Consult all local and national level stakeholders, including Community based organization and national and international NGOs actively working in the area;  Ensure, and provide evidence that the findings and concerns of the communities have been addressed in the EIA report;  The EIA report that should include an EMP and environmental monitoring plan as required by ADB’s safeguards policy statement 2009;  Ensure that the EIA contains an environmental management cost, i.e., the cost for implementing the EMP in the field;  The EIA and its EMP should contain the requirement for the preparation of a site specific EMP by the contractor (using a risk based approach) to ensure that the mitigation measures are customized to the needs of the various aspects of the operation and the alignment;  The EIA should contain maps and figures to explain the details and all supporting data and studies performed as part of the EIA should be duly annexed;  Prepare a Grievance Redress Mechanism that is operational for the project, including community representation along the entire alignment of the road.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

OUTLINE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT (SPS 2009) This outline is part of the Safeguard Requirements for Environment. The EIA for each of the power plants must contain the following major elements. The substantive aspects of this outline will guide the preparation of environmental impact assessment reports, although not necessarily in the order shown. A. Executive Summary This section describes concisely the critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions.

B. Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework This section discusses the national and local legal and institutional framework within which the environmental assessment is carried out. It also identifies project-relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party. C. Description of the Project This section describes the proposed project; its major components; and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any associated facility required by and for the project (for example, access roads, power plants, water supply, quarries and borrow pits, and spoil disposal). It normally includes drawings and maps showing the project’s layout and components, the project site, and the project's area of influence. D. Description of the Environment (Baseline Data) This section describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions within the study area. It also looks at current and proposed development activities within the project's area of influence, including those not directly connected to the project. It indicates the accuracy, reliability, and sources of the data. E. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures This section predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative direct and indirect impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including occupational health and safety, community health and safety, vulnerable groups and gender issues, and impacts on livelihoods through environmental media), and physical cultural resources in the project's area of influence, in quantitative terms to the extent possible; identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated; explores opportunities for enhancement; identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions and specifies topics that do not require further attention; and examines global, transboundary, and cumulative impacts. F. Analysis of Alternatives This section examines alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation—including the no project alternative—in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. It also states the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and, justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement. G. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

This section: (i) describes the process undertaken during project design and preparation for engaging stakeholders, including information disclosure and consultation with affected people and other stakeholders; (ii) summarizes comments and concerns received from affected people and other stakeholders and how these comments have been addressed in project design and mitigation measures, with special attention paid to the needs and concerns of vulnerable groups, including women, the poor, and Indigenous Peoples; and (iii) describes the planned information disclosure measures (including the type of information to be disseminated and the method of dissemination) and the process for carrying out consultation with affected people and facilitating their participation during project implementation.

H. Grievance Redress Mechanism This section describes the grievance redress framework (both informal and formal channels), setting out the time frame and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance. I. Environmental Management Plan This section deals with the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts (in that order of priority). It may include multiple management plans and actions. It includes the following key components (with the level of detail commensurate with the project’s impacts and risks): (i) Mitigation: (a) identifies and summarizes anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts and risks; (b) describes each mitigation measure with technical details, including the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (for instance, continuously or in the event of contingencies), together with designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures, as appropriate; and (c) provides links to any other mitigation plans (for example, for involuntary resettlement, Indigenous Peoples, or emergency response) required for the project. (ii) Monitoring: (a) describes monitoring measures with technical details, including parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions; and

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

(b) describes monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and document the progress and results of mitigation. (iii) Implementation arrangements: (a) specifies the implementation schedule showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation; (b) describes institutional or organizational arrangements, namely, who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures, which may include one or more of the following additional topics to strengthen environmental management capability: technical assistance programs, training programs, procurement of equipment and supplies related to environmental management and monitoring, and organizational changes; and (c) estimates capital and recurrent costs and describes sources of funds for implementing the environmental management plan. (iv) Performance indicators: describes the desired outcomes as measurable events to the extent possible, such as performance indicators, targets, or acceptance criteria that can be tracked over defined time periods. J. Conclusion and Recommendation This section provides the conclusions drawn from the assessment and provides recommendations.

4. Contract Duration and Reporting Obligation

The Duration of the Contract is 2 months:

Reporting Obligation of the Consultant is as follows:

1. Draft Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report the Report will be submitted at the end of 1 month after commencement of the service and will include EIA report prepared based on the requirements underlined under the Scope of Services of the ToR. 2. Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report will be submitted within 1 week period after obtaining comments from the employer and shall incorporate all revisions deemed necessary arising from comments received from the Road Department following discussions and agreements in the course of evaluating the draft report and will be submitted to the Client for approval and disclosure. Note: all reports shall be submitted in English and Georgian Language. 5. Qualification and experience:

The EIA Consultant shall be a qualified Environmental specialist with at least 5 years working experience. The successful candidate should have:  An advanced degree in Environmental Studies (or relevant) from an accredited educational institution;

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

 Proven practical experience in Environmental monitoring, reporting and stakeholder consultation (include names and contact information of previous clients).  Knowledge and practical experience In preparation of EIA reports;  Familiar with IFI financed projects;  Good knowledge of written and spoken English language; Selection criteria:

Selection will be done according to the recruitment of individual consultant selection method provided in Guidelines on The Use of Consultants by Asian Development Bank and Its Borrowers (available at http://www.adb.org/documents/guidelines-use-consultants-asian- development-bank-and-its-borrowers), and the following criteria and weights: 1. 20% General Qualification. 2. 70% Assignment-related Experience. 3. 10% Regional Experience

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 2: APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND NORMS

Georgian Standards for Ambient Air Quality

Substance Maximum permissible concentration (MAC) mg/m3/average time Nitrogen dioxide 0.085/30 minutes 0.04/24 hours Sulphur dioxide 0.5/ 30 minutes 0.05/24 hours Carbon Oxide 5.0/30 minutes 3.0/24 hours Inorganic dust 0.3

Quality Norms for Water The values of Maximum Admissible Concentrations of the harmful substances in surface and groundwater are provided in the Environmental Quality Norms approved by the Order #297N (16.08.2001) of the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Protection (as amended by the Order No 38/n of the same Ministry of 24.02.2003). The admissible level of pollutants in surface and groundwater is given in tables below:

Surface Water

No Description Maximum Permissible Concentration 1. pH 6.5-8.5 2. Diluted oxygen, mg/l 4 – 6 3. Hydrocarbonates, mg/l 4. TDS, mg/l 5. Total nitrogen, N, mg/l 6. Total phosphate, mg/l 7. Chlorides, mg/l 350 8. Oil products, mg/l 0.3 9. Zinc (Zn2+) 1g/kg 10. Lead (Pb total) 23,0 11. Chrome (Cr6+) 32,0 12. Cadmium (Cd, total) 6,0

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 2 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 2-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Groundwater

No Description Coordinates Maximum Permissible Concentration 1. TDS, mg/l 2. Sulphates, mg/l 250 3. Chlorides, mg/l 250 4. Hydrocarbonates, mg/l 5. Sodium, mg/l 200 6. Calcium, mg/l 140 7. Magnesium, mg/l 85 8. Total coliforms, in 250 ml Inadmissible

Noise standards: Admissible noise standards of IFC and Georgian national standards for the residential area are similar.

IF standard: Noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented in table below or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off site.

One hour Laeq (dBA) Receptor Daytime Nighttime 07:00 – 22:00 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; institutional; educational 55 45 Industrial; commercial 70 70

The standards about the noise are allowed according to the Decree # 297/N of Georgian Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Affairs about ”affirmation the norms over the qualitative norms of the environment” issued on August 16, 2001. There are defined as the admissible norms of noise as the maximum of the admissible norms for several zones of the territories. For the residential areas the standard requirements for noise are as followed:

Time The average allowed size of The maximum allowed norms of noise (DCB) noise (DCB) 7am – 11 pm 55 70 11pm 7am 45 60 –

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 2 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 2-2 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 3: AIR QUALITY SAMPLING RESULTS

1. This appendix contains the laboratory analysis reports for the following parameters 2. This appendix contains the laboratory analysis reports for the following parameters:

 NOX and NO2 in diffusion tubes

 SO2 in diffusion tubes

 O3 in diffusion tubes

 NO2 in rapid analysis monitors

 SO2 in rapid analysis monitors

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 3 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 3-1

(A division of Gradko International Ltd.) 2187 St. Martins House, 77 Wales Street Winchester, Hampshire SO23 0RH tel.: 01962 860331 fax: 01962 841339 e-mail:[email protected]

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN DIFFUSION TUBES BY U.V.SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

REPORT NUMBER K06466R

BOOKING REFERENCE No K06466

DESPATCH NOTE No SOR 32394

CUSTOMER Hagler Bailly Pakistan Ltd 39, Street 3, E7 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan DATE SAMPLES RECEIVED 19/10/2016

Exposure Data NO2 NOX NO NO2 NOX NO TOTAL TOTAL + 3 3 3 + NO2 Tube Number NOx Date On Date Off Time (hr.) ppb * ppb * ppb * µµµg/m * µµµ g/m * µµµ g/m * µµµ G NO2 µµµ G NOx

793991 A1 - Oil Terminal 793998 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 336.58 5.48 13.19 7.70 10.51 25.26 14.76 0.26 0.62 793990 A2 - Batumi 793997 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 335.42 21.05 34.32 13.27 40.32 65.76 25.43 0.98 1.60 793989 A3 - Long Bridge 793996 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 333.95 6.71 6.34 12.85 12.15 0.31 0.30 793987 A4 - Reference 793994 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 332.67 6.04 11.12 5.07 11.58 21.30 9.72 0.28 0.52 793988 A5 -Interchange 793995 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 332.18 18.85 30.96 12.11 36.12 59.31 23.20 0.87 1.43

The Diffusion Tubes have been tested within the scope of Gradko International Ltd. Laboratory Quality Procedures calculations and assessments involving the exposure procedures and periods provided by the client are not within the scope of our UKAS accreditation. Those results obtained using exposure data shall be indicated by an asterisk. Any queries concerning the data in this report should be directed to the Laboratory Manager Gradko International Ltd. This report is not to be reproduced, except in full, without the written permission of Gradko International Ltd. Form LQF32c Issue 6 – February 2015 Report number K06466R Page 1 of 2

(A division of Gradko International Ltd.) 2187 St. Martins House, 77 Wales Street Winchester, Hampshire SO23 0RH tel.: 01962 860331 fax: 01962 841339 e-mail:[email protected]

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT Lab Blanks 336.58 0.19 0.20 0.00 0.37 0.38 0.01 0.009 0.009

Comment: Results are not blank subtracted

Where nitric oxide (NO) results have not been calculated result for NOx was lower than result for NO2 +NO results are derived by subtracting NO2 from NOx. Results have been corrected to a temperature of 293K (20C) Overall M.O.U. 7.3% +/- Limit of Detection 0.071ug NOx, 0.017ug NO2 on tube Tube Preparation: 20%TEA/Water Analysed on UVS04 Camspec M550

Analyst Name Charlotte Grove

Date of Analysis 20/10/2016 Date of Report 26/10/2016

Analysis carried out in accordance with documented in-house Laboratory Method GLM7

The Diffusion Tubes have been tested within the scope of Gradko International Ltd. Laboratory Quality Procedures calculations and assessments involving the exposure procedures and periods provided by the client are not within the scope of our UKAS accreditation. Those results obtained using exposure data shall be indicated by an asterisk. Any queries concerning the data in this report should be directed to the Laboratory Manager Gradko International Ltd. This report is not to be reproduced, except in full, without the written permission of Gradko International Ltd. Form LQF32c Issue 6 – February 2015 Report number K06466R Page 2 of 2

(A division of Gradko International Ltd.) 2187 St. Martins House, 77 Wales Street Winchester, Hampshire SO23 0RH tel.: 01962 860331 fax: 01962 841339 e-mail:[email protected]

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN DIFFUSION TUBES BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY

REPORT NUMBER K06468R BOOKING IN REFERENCE No K06468 DESPATCH NOTE No 32394

CUSTOMER Hagler Bailly Pakistan Ltd 39, Street 3, E7 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan DATE SAMPLES RECEIVED 19/10/2016 Sample Date Date Exposure µg S µg S - SO SO 2 2 Location Number Exposed Finished Hours Total Blank µg/m3* ppb*

A0- TBILSI 794001 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 337.25 <0.03 <0.01 <1.37 <0.51 A1- OIL TERMINAL 794007 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 336.58 <0.03 <0.01 <1.37 <0.52 A2- BATUMI 794006 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 335.42 <0.03 <0.01 <1.38 <0.52 A3- LONG BRIDGE 794004 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 333.95 <0.03 <0.01 <1.39 <0.52 A3A- SHORT BRIDGE 794005 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 333.95 <0.03 <0.01 <1.39 <0.52 A4- REFERENCE 794002 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 332.67 <0.03 <0.01 <1.39 <0.52 A5- INTERCHANGE 794003 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 332.18 <0.03 <0.01 <1.39 <0.52

Laboratory Blank 0.01

Comment: Results are blank subtracted Results reported as <0.03µg S are below the reporting limit.

Overall M.U. ±6.0% Reporting Limit 0.03µg S

Analysed on Dionex ICS3000 ICU5 Analyst Name Katya Paldamova

Date of Analysis 20/10/2016 Date of Report 21/10/2016

Analysis has been carried out in accordance with in-house method GLM1

The Diffusion Tubes have been tested within the scope of Gradko International Ltd. Laboratory Quality Procedures calculations and assessments involving the exposure procedures and periods provided by the client are not within the scope of our UKAS accreditation. Those results obtained using exposure data shall be indicated by an asterisk (*). Any queries concerning the data in this report should be directed to the Laboratory Manager Gradko International Ltd. This report is not to be reproduced, except in full, without the written permission of Gradko International Ltd. Form LQF32b Issue 7 – Oct 2016 Report Number K06468R Page 1 of 1

(A division of Gradko International Ltd.) 2187 St. Martins House, 77 Wales Street Winchester, Hampshire SO23 0RH tel.: 01962 860331 fax: 01962 841339 e-mail:[email protected]

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN DIFFUSION TUBES BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY

REPORT NUMBER K06475R BOOKING IN REFERENCE No K06475 DESPATCH NOTE No 32394 CUSTOMER Hagler Bailly Pakistan Ltd 39, Street 3, E7 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan DATE SAMPLES RECEIVED 19/10/2016 µg µg - Sample Date Date Exposure on O O Blank 3 3 Tube Location Number Exposed Finished Hours Total µg/m3* ppb*

A1- OIL TERMINAL 794012 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 336.58 0.26 0.25 43.21 21.60 A2- BATUMI 794011 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 335.42 0.24 0.23 40.13 20.07 A3- LONG BRIDGE 794010 30/09/2016 14/10/2016 333.95 0.17 0.16 27.74 13.87

Laboratory Blank 0.01

Comment: Results are blank subtracted

Overall M.U. ±10.0% Reporting Limit 0.096µg O3

Analysed on Dionex ICS3000 ICU5 Analyst Name Katya Paldamova

Date of Analysis 20/10/2016 Date of Report 21/10/2016

Analysis has been carried out in accordance with in-house method GLM 2

The Diffusion Tubes have been tested within the scope of Gradko International Ltd. Laboratory Quality Procedures calculations and assessments involving the exposure procedures and periods provided by the client are not within the scope of our UKAS accreditation. Those results obtained using exposure data shall be indicated by an asterisk (*). Any queries concerning the data in this report should be directed to the Laboratory Manager Gradko International Ltd. This report is not to be reproduced, except in full, without the written permission of Gradko International Ltd. Form LQF32b Issue 7 – Oct 2016 Report Number K06475R Page 1 of 1

(A division of Gradko International Ltd.) 2187 St. Martins House, 77 Wales Street Winchester, Hampshire SO23 0RH tel.: 01962 860331 fax: 01962 841339 e-mail:[email protected]

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN RAPID ANALYSIS MONITORS BY U.V.SPECTROPHOTOMETRY REPORT NUMBER K06471R BOOKING IN REFERENCE No K06471 DESPATCH NOTE No 32394

CUSTOMER Hagler Bailly Pakistan Ltd Attn: Shahid Mehmood 39, Street 3, E7 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan DATE SAMPLES RECEIVED 19/10/2016

Exposure Sample Data Temp. G NO2 Time g/m3 Location Number Date On Date Off (hr.) Deg C on RAM * ppb *

A1- OIL TERMINAL 794018 14/10/2016 15/10/2016 19.20 20.0 0.49 14.92 7.79 A2- INTERCHANGE 794017 14/10/2016 15/10/2016 17.72 20.0 0.70 23.01 12.01

Laboratory Blank 19.20 20.0 0.01 0.00 0.00

Comment: Results are not blank subtracted If temperatures are not supplied results are calculated assuming a temperature of 293 K (20°) Limit of Detection 0.035gNO2 Analysed on UVS04 Preparation : 20% TEA / Water Camspec M550 Analyst Name Blazej Fiser

Date of Analysis 25/10/2016 Date of Report 25/10/2016

Analysis carried out in accordance with documented in-house Laboratory Method GLM7

The Diffusion Tubes have been tested within the scope of Gradko International Ltd. Laboratory Quality Procedures calculations and assessments involving the exposure procedures and periods provided by the client are not within the scope of our UKAS accreditation. Those results obtained using exposure data shall be indicated by an asterisk (*). Any queries concerning the data in this report should be directed to the Laboratory Manager Gradko International Ltd. This report is not to be reproduced, except in full, without the written permission of Gradko International Ltd. Form LQF32b Issue 7 – Oct 2016 Report Number K06471R Page 1 of 1

(A division of Gradko International Ltd.) 2187 St. Martins House, 77 Wales Street Winchester, Hampshire SO23 0RH tel.: 01962 860331 fax: 01962 841339 e-mail:[email protected]

LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN RAPID AIR MONITORS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY

REPORT NUMBER K06473R BOOKING IN REFERENCE No K06473 DESPATCH NOTE No 32394 CUSTOMER Hagler Bailly Pakistan Ltd 39, Street 3, E7 Islamabad 44000 Pakistan DATE SAMPLES RECEIVED 19/10/2016

Sample Date Date Exposure Temp. µgSO2 µgSO2 on SO2 SO2 Location Number Exposed Finished hours °C on RAM RAM-Blank µµµg/m3 * ppb *

A1- OIL TERMINAL 794015 14/10/2016 15/10/2016 19.20 20.00 <0.53 <0.13 <4.45 <1.67 A2- INTERCHANGE 794014 14/10/2016 15/10/2016 17.72 20.00 <0.53 <0.13 <4.83 <1.81

Laboratory Blank 0.40

Comment: Results are blank subtracted If temperatures are not supplied results are calculated assuming a temperature of 293 K (20°) Results reported as <0.053µg SO2 on RAM are below the reporting limit.

Overall M.U. ±7.8% at 20µgm-3 (1 to 4 week exposure) Reporting Limit 0.53µg SO2 on RAM

Analysed on Dionex ICS3000 ICU5 Analyst Name Katya Paldamova

Date of Analysis 20/10/2016 Date of Report 21/10/2016

Analysis has been carried out in accordance with in-house method GLM1

The Diffusion Tubes have been tested within the scope of Gradko International Ltd. Laboratory Quality Procedures calculations and assessments involving the exposure procedures and periods provided by the client are not within the scope of our UKAS accreditation. Those results obtained using exposure data shall be indicated by an asterisk (*). Any queries concerning the data in this report should be directed to the Laboratory Manager Gradko International Ltd. This report is not to be reproduced, except in full, without the written permission of Gradko International Ltd. Form LQF32b Issue 7 – Oct 2016 Report Number K06473R Page 1 of 1

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 4: WATER AND SOIL QUALITY SAMPLING RESULTS

1. This appendix contains the following laboratory analysis reports:  General water parameters and soil parameters  Metals in water

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 4 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 4-1

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING

ATMOSPHERIC AIR, WATER and SOIL ANALYSIS LABORATORY 8th Floor – David Agmashenebeli ave. 150, Tbilisi, Georgia O112

- Test report – #122-2016

1 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

Registered sample number: #1230-#1235 (Surface water); #1236-#1241 (Soil)

Number of Parties to the Protocol: 11

Name of customer: Private person – Hasan Buhar; Private #423015-607857-1

Address of customer: Pakistan, Islamabad, ave. #21 F8/2

Tel.: (+99532) 599 18-17-53

Identification of samples by the applicant: #W01-#W06 (Surface water); #S01-#S06 (Soil) Description and identification of the sample (matrix): Surface water and soil

Identification of the used method: Ion-Chromatography, spectrophotometer, titrimetric, ICP-OES, Microwave Extraction Systems-MILESTONE and BERGOF, Weight method, mobile apparatus The date of receipt of the sample: 05.10.2016

The date of examination: 05.10.2016 – 21.10.2016

Date of issue: 24.10.2016

2 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1230 (2) Adjara Region

Surface water - W02 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPC Methods Parameters 1 Turbulence NTU 0.14 Photometric 2 Total suspended solid mg/l 4.4 ISO 11923:2007

3 Hardness mgeqv./l 0.72 ISO 6059-84 4 BOD5 mg/l 0.64 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 COD mg/l 1.96 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 Sulphate mg/l 2.098 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 Chloride mg/l 1.983 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 Alkalinity mg/l 48.0 Titrimetric

9 Sodium mg/l 2.5 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 Calcium mg/l 9.83 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 Potassium mg/l 0.5470 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS mg/l 31.0 1000 Weight membrane filtration 13 3 10 000 Total coliforms in 1 dm method membrane filtration 14 3 8 000 5000 E-coli in 1 dm method membrane filtration 15 3 N/D Fecal streptococci in 1 dm method

3 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1231 (3) Adjara Region

Surface water - W03 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPC Methods Parameters 1 Turbulence NTU 0.14 Photometric 2 Total suspended solid mg/l 3.8 ISO 11923:2007

3 Hardness mgeqv./l 0.64 ISO 6059-84 4 BOD5 mg/l 0.93 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 COD mg/l 1.76 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 Sulphate mg/l 1.521 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 Chloride mg/l 1.514 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 Alkalinity mg/l 46.0 Titrimetric

9 Sodium mg/l 2.0 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 Calcium mg/l 8.49 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 Potassium mg/l 0.5034 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS mg/l 31.0 1000 Weight membrane filtration 13 3 12 000 Total coliforms in 1 dm method membrane filtration 14 3 8 000 5000 E-coli in 1 dm method membrane filtration 15 3 N/D Fecal streptococci in 1 dm method

4 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1232 (4) Adjara Region

Surface water - W04 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPC Methods Parameters 1 Turbulence NTU 0.59 Photometric 2 Total suspended solid mg/l 3.0 ISO 11923:2007

3 Hardness mgeqv./l 1.48 ISO 6059-84 4 BOD5 mg/l 1.23 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 COD mg/l 2.35 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 Sulphate mg/l 3.750 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 Chloride mg/l 3.420 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 Alkalinity mg/l 104.0 Titrimetric

9 Sodium mg/l 7.5 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 Calcium mg/l 15.93 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 Potassium mg/l 0.8808 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS mg/l 96.0 1000 Weight membrane filtration 13 3 9 000 Total coliforms in 1 dm method membrane filtration 14 3 7 000 5000 E-coli in 1 dm method membrane filtration 15 3 N/D Fecal streptococci in 1 dm method

5 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1233 (5) Adjara Region

Surface water - W05 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPC Methods Parameters 1 Turbulence NTU 0.09 Photometric 2 Total suspended solid mg/l 6.2 ISO 11923:2007

3 Hardness mgeqv./l 2.2 ISO 6059-84 4 BOD5 mg/l 0.79 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 COD mg/l 3.92 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 Sulphate mg/l 7.081 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 Chloride mg/l 5.428 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 Alkalinity mg/l 132.0 Titrimetric

9 Sodium mg/l 9.5 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 Calcium mg/l 26.08 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 Potassium mg/l 0.8646 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS mg/l 199.0 1000 Weight membrane filtration 13 3 N/D Total coliforms in 1 dm method membrane filtration 14 3 N/D 5000 E-coli in 1 dm method membrane filtration 15 3 N/D Fecal streptococci in 1 dm method

6 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1234 (6) Adjara Region

Surface water - W06 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPC Methods Parameters 1 Turbulence NTU 0.68 Photometric 2 Total suspended solid mg/l 5.4 ISO 11923:2007

3 Hardness mgeqv./l 1.30 ISO 6059-84 4 BOD5 mg/l 0.68 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 COD mg/l 2.94 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 Sulphate mg/l 4.125 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 Chloride mg/l 3.286 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 Alkalinity mg/l 88.0 Titrimetric

9 Sodium mg/l 7.0 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 Calcium mg/l 16.31 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 Potassium mg/l 0.8598 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS mg/l 143.0 1000 Weight membrane filtration 13 3 13 000 Total coliforms in 1 dm method membrane filtration 14 3 10 000 5000 E-coli in 1 dm method membrane filtration 15 3 N/D Fecal streptococci in 1 dm method

7 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1235 (1) Adjara Region

Surface water - W01 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPC Methods Parameters 1 Turbulence NTU 0.31 Photometric 2 Total suspended solid mg/l 4.8 ISO 11923:2007

3 Hardness mgeqv./l 0.74 ISO 6059-84 4 BOD5 mg/l 0.79 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 COD mg/l 2.74 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 Sulphate mg/l 1.496 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 Chloride mg/l 4.449 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 Alkalinity mg/l 42.0 Titrimetric

9 Sodium mg/l 8.0 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 Calcium mg/l 8.73 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 Potassium mg/l 1.4990 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS mg/l 50.0 1000 Weight membrane filtration 13 3 N/D Total coliforms in 1 dm method membrane filtration 14 3 N/D 5000 E-coli in 1 dm method membrane filtration 15 3 N/D Fecal streptococci in 1 dm method

8 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

Identification # of samples by pH TPH Cu Ni Zn Co Cr Pb As Mo Mn K Al B Ba Cd Se Hg Fe the applicant

g/kg mg/kg g/kg mg/kg g/kg % 123 5.78 2.96 72.59 17.02 395.98 60.57 33.04 20.02 5.01 22.53 515.12 559.67 14.71 129.15 65.58 2.00 8.51 �<0,9 2.61 6 S01

123 6.81 2.26 63.63 34.07 279.56 <2.51 <1.50 591.68 64.13 7 S02 42.59 32.06 18.04 388.28 15.75 96.19 1.50 25.05 <0,9 2.81

123 6.01 2.62 55.56 32.53 439.44 15.02 5.01 599.10 33.03 8 S03 36.54 27.53 13.01 222.72 11.96 80.08 0.50 25.53 <0,9 2.06

123 4.40 2.22 40.51 11.50 118.02 29.01 64.51 1.50 5.00 8.00 456.09 384.08 15.15 21.50 1.50 16.50 <0,9 2.50 9 S04 36.51

124 4.28 2.46 76.12 23.54 134.72 22.54 113.7 0.50 2.00 7.01 741.19 713.14 24.62 31.55 61.60 0.50 68.61 <0,9 2.25 0 S05

124 7.03 4.02 82.62 13.02 410.12 13.52 32.05 3.00 12.02 5.01 481.22 386.58 9.61 2.00 118.68 0.50 5.51 <0,9 2.25 1 S06

MPC 3 4 23 5 6 6 2 700 3

ISO Weig Methods 10523 ht me- ISO 11885:2007 :2010 thod 9 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

Adjara Region - Soil

10 / 12

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

Adjara Region - Soil

Identification of

# samples by the Ca Mg Na NO3 PO4 applicant

mg/kg 123 6 S01 45.82 15.60 13.00 184.55 0.764

123 S02 18.22 6.62 9.00 13.28 0.122 7

123

8 S03 18.48 4.36 5.00 6.39 0.302

123 9 S04 16.80 3.66 4.00 14.99 0.190

124 0 S05 23.20 7.70 7.00 2.46 0.694

124 1 S06 44.24 11.26 11.00 0.35 0.782

Methods ISO 9964-3:2010 ISO 6058:2008 ISO 10304-1:2007

11 / 12

~~~~- -- ~ ~ ~- ~-~ - /

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.2ov.2e QMA 6

Note: Testresults may be disputedwithin 14days from the dateof receiptof the Protocol.

Executors:

G.Kuchava II 'f7f");1.J

M.ChigitashviliJjJ~

M.Khvedeliani ~ b~Q~

M.Mikava ij (~Jv~

N.Korchilava G~ I'">~ l.jI.-q..J N.Vasadze\i"~

Head of laboratory: J5 Elina Bakradze

)-..1

11 / 11 The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING

ATMOSPHERIC AIR, WATER and SOIL ANALYSIS LABORATORY 8th Floor – David Agmashenebeli ave. 150, Tbilisi, Georgia O112

Accreditation Certificate GAC -TL - 0094 Registration date 23 December, 2014 Valid until 23 December, 2018

- Test report – #122a-2016

1 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

Registered sample number: #1230-#1235

Number of Parties to the Protocol: 9

Name of customer: Private person – Hasan Buhar; Private #423015-607857-1

Address of customer: Pakistan, Islamabad, ave. #21 F8/2

Tel.: (+99532) 599 18-17-53

Identification of samples by the applicant: #W01 - # W06 Description and identification of the sample (matrix): Surface water Identification of the used method: ICP-OES

The date of receipt of the sample: 05.10.2016

The date of examination: 05.10.2016 – 21.10.2016 Date of issue: 24.10.2016

2 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1230 (2) Adjara Region

Surface water - W02 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPS Methods Parameters pH 7.52 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 1 2 Iron - Fe 0.0269 0.3 3 Zinc - Zn 0.0066 1.0 4 Cadmium - Cd 0.0002 0.001 5 Cupper - Cu 0.0011 1.0 6 Nickel-Ni 0.0016 0.1 7 Arsenic - As 0.0033 0.05 8 Lead - Pb 0.0024 0.03

9 Chrome - Cr mg/l 0.0041 0.5 ISO 11885:2007 10 Manganese-Mn 0.0068 0.1 11 Mercury <0.0002 0.0005 12 Aluminum - Al 0.0189 0.5 13 Antimony - Sb 0.0130 0.05 14 Barium - Ba 0.0058 0.1 15 Boron - B 0.0483 0.5 16 Selenium - Se <0.00006 0.01

3 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1231 (3) Adjara Region

Surface water - W03 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPS Methods Parameters pH 7.69 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 1 2 Iron - Fe 0.0323 0.3 3 Zinc - Zn 0.0115 1.0 4 Cadmium - Cd 0.0003 0.001 5 Cupper - Cu 0.0011 1.0 6 Nickel-Ni 0.0014 0.1 7 Arsenic - As 0.0008 0.05 8 Lead - Pb 0.0030 0.03

9 Chrome - Cr mg/l 0.0044 0.5 ISO 11885:2007 10 Manganese-Mn 0.0024 0.1 11 Mercury <0.0002 0.0005 12 Aluminum - Al 0.0226 0.5 13 Antimony - Sb 0.0075 0.05 14 Barium - Ba 0.0055 0.1 15 Boron - B 0.0109 0.5 16 Selenium - Se <0.0006 0.01

4 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1232 (4) Adjara Region

Surface water - W04 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPS Methods Parameters pH 7.61 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 1 2 Iron - Fe 0.0974 0.3 3 Zinc - Zn 0.0062 1.0 4 Cadmium - Cd 0.0001 0.001 5 Cupper - Cu 0.0024 1.0 6 Nickel-Ni 0.0001 0.1 7 Arsenic - As 0.0037 0.05 8 Lead - Pb 0.0016 0.03

9 Chrome - Cr mg/l 0.0031 0.5 ISO 11885:2007 10 Manganese-Mn 0.0026 0.1 11 Mercury <0.0001 0.0005 12 Aluminum - Al 0.0694 0.5 13 Antimony - Sb 0.0005 0.05 14 Barium - Ba 0.0041 0.1 15 Boron - B 0.0028 0.5 16 Selenium - Se 0.0009 0.01

5 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1233 (5) Adjara Region

Surface water - W05 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPS Methods Parameters pH 7.41 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 1 2 Iron - Fe 0.0137 0.3 3 Zinc - Zn 0.0100 1.0 4 Cadmium - Cd 0.0003 0.001 5 Cupper - Cu 0.0017 1.0 6 Nickel-Ni 0.0015 0.1 7 Arsenic - As 0.0023 0.05 8 Lead - Pb 0.0046 0.03

9 Chrome - Cr mg/l 0.0095 0.5 ISO 11885:2007 10 Manganese-Mn 0.0016 0.1 11 Mercury <0.0003 0.0005 12 Aluminum - Al 0.0057 0.5 13 Antimony - Sb 0.0041 0.05 14 Barium - Ba 0.0009 0.1 15 Boron - B 0.0004 0.5 16 Selenium - Se <0.0003 0.01

6 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1234 (6) Adjara Region

Surface water - W06 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPS Methods Parameters pH 7.64 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 1 2 Iron - Fe 0.1054 0.3 3 Zinc - Zn 0.0090 1.0 4 Cadmium - Cd 0.0002 0.001 5 Cupper - Cu 0.0025 1.0 6 Nickel-Ni 0.0005 0.1 7 Arsenic - As 0.0039 0.05 8 Lead - Pb 0.0032 0.03

9 Chrome - Cr mg/l 0.0047 0.5 ISO 11885:2007 10 Manganese-Mn 0.0031 0.1 11 Mercury <0.0002 0.0005 12 Aluminum - Al 0.0758 0.5 13 Antimony - Sb 0.0073 0.05 14 Barium - Ba 0.0044 0.1 15 Boron - B 0.0035 0.5 16 Selenium - Se 0.0069 0.01

7 / 9

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.gov.ge QMA 6

#1235 (1) Adjara Region

Surface water - W01 BPG

# Measured Unit Results MPS Methods Parameters pH 7.68 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 1 2 Iron - Fe 0.0881 0.3 3 Zinc - Zn 0.0082 1.0 4 Cadmium - Cd 0.0002 0.001 5 Cupper - Cu 0.0006 1.0 6 Nickel-Ni 0.0002 0.1 7 Arsenic - As 0.0018 0.05 8 Lead - Pb 0.0050 0.03

9 Chrome - Cr mg/l 0.0055 0.5 ISO 11885:2007 10 Manganese-Mn 0.0047 0.1 11 Mercury <0.0003 0.0005 12 Aluminum - Al 0.0477 0.5 13 Antimony - Sb 0.0004 0.05 14 Barium - Ba 0.0201 0.1 15 Boron - B 0.0064 0.5 16 Selenium - Se <0.0006 0.01

8 / 9

~-

The National Environmental Agency The Department of the Environmental Pollution Monitoring

The Atmospheric air, water and soil Analyses laboratory www.nea.!!ov.!!e QMA 6

Note: Testresults may be disputed within 14days from the date of receiptof theProtocol.

Executors:

G .Kuchava J ' 5"7 ~J ..I

S.Khmiadashvili6 ..~ ~

M.Chigitashvilid.~~

Headof laboratory: i Elina Bakradze

;11 9/9

, www.nea.gov.ge 6

,

me-8 – 150, , 112

- – #122-2016

1/11

, www.nea.gov.ge 6

#122-2016

: #1230-#1235 ( ); #1236-#1241 ()

: 11 : - ; #423015-607857-1

: , . , .#21, F8/2 .: (+99532) 599 18-17-53

: #W01-#W06 ( ); # S01-#S06 ()

(, ): /: -, , , ICP- OES, -MILESTONE BERGOF, ,

CR: 05.10.2016

: 05.10.2016 – 21.10.2016

: 24.10.2016

2/11

, www.nea.gov.ge 6

#1230 (2) - W02 BPG

# 1 NTU 0.14 () 2 / 4.4 ISO 11923:2007 3 ./ 0.72 ISO 6059-84

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#1231 (3) - W03 BPG

# 1 NTU 0.14 () 2 / 3.8 ISO 11923:2007 3 ./ 0.64 ISO 6059-84

4 5 / 0.93 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 / 1.76 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 / 1.521 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 / 1.514 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 / 46.0 9 / 2.0 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 / 8.49 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 / 0.5034 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS / 31.0 1000 - 13 1 3- 12 000 - 14 E.Coli 1 3- 8 000 5000 - 15 1 3-

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#1232 (4) - W04 BPG

# 1 NTU 0.59 () 2 / 3.0 ISO 11923:2007 3 ./ 1.48 ISO 6059-84

4 5 / 1.23 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 / 2.35 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 / 3.750 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 / 3.420 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 / 104.0 9 / 7.5 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 / 15.93 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 / 0.8808 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS / 96.0 1000 - 13 1 3- 9 000 - 14 E.Coli 1 3- 7 000 5000 - 15 1 3-

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#1233 (5) - W05 BPG

# 1 NTU 0.09 () 2 / 6.2 ISO 11923:2007 3 ./ 2.2 ISO 6059-84

4 5 / 0.79 6.0 ISO 5815-1:2010 5 / 3.92 30.0 ISO 6060:2010 6 / 7.081 500 ISO 10304-1:2007 7 / 5.428 350 ISO 10304-1:2007 8 / 132.0 9 / 9.5 200 ISO 9964-3:2010 10 / 26.08 180 ISO 6058:2008 11 / 0.8646 ISO 11885:2007 12 TDS / 199.0 1000 - 13 1 3- - 14 E.Coli 1 3- 5000 - 15 1 3-

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#1234 (6) - W06 BPG

# 1 NTU 0.68 () 2 / 5.4 ISO 11923:2007 3 ./ 1.30 ISO 6059-84

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#1235 (1) - W01 BPG

# 1 NTU 0.31 () 2 / 4.8 ISO 11923:2007 3 ./ 0.74 ISO 6059-84

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- # pH TPH Cu Zn Co Cr Pb Mn Ni As Mo K Al B Ba Cd Se Hg Fe / mg/kg / mg/kg % 1236 S01 5.78 2.96 72.59 17.02 395.98 60.57 33.04 20.02 5.01 22.53 515.12 559.67 14.71 129.15 65.58 2.00 8.51 �<0,9/ 2.61

1237 S02 6.81 2.26 63.63 34.07 279.56 42.59 32.06 <2.51 <1.50 18.04 591.68 388.28 15.75 64.13 96.19 1.50 25.05 <0,9 2.81

1238 S03 6.01 2.62 55.56 32.53 439.44 36.54 27.53 15.02 5.01 13.01 599.10 222.72 11.96 33.03 80.08 0.50 25.53 <0,9 2.06

1239 S04 4.40 2.22 40.51 11.50 118.02 29.01 64.51 1.50 5.00 8.00 456.09 384.08 15.15 21.50 36.51 1.50 16.50 <0,9 2.50

1240 S05 4.28 2.46 76.12 23.54 134.72 22.54 113.7 0.50 2.00 7.01 741.19 713.14 24.62 31.55 61.60 0.50 68.61 <0,9 2.25

1241 S06 7.03 4.02 82.62 13.02 410.12 13.52 32.05 3.00 12.02 5.01 481.22 386.58 9.61 2.00 118.68 0.50 5.51 <0,9 2.25

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# Ca Mg Na NO3 PO4 / 123 6 S01 45.82 15.60 13.00 184.55 0.764

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123 9 S04 16.80 3.66 4.00 14.99 0.190

124 0 S05 23.20 7.70 7.00 2.46 0.694

124 1 S06 44.24 11.26 11.00 0.35 0.782

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#1231 (3) - W03 BPG

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10 0.0024 0.1 11 <0.0002 0.0005 12 0.0226 0.5 13 0.0075 0.05 14 0.0055 0.1 15 0.0109 0.5 16 <0.0006 0.01

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#1232 (4) - W04 BPG

# MPC 1 pH 7.61 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 2 0.0974 0.3 3 0.0062 1.0 4 0.0001 0.001 5 0.0024 1.0 6 0.0001 0.1 7 0.0037 0.05 8 0.0016 0.03 / 9 0.0031 0.5 ISO 11885:2007

10 0.0026 0.1 11 <0.0001 0.0005 12 0.0694 0.5 13 0.0005 0.05 14 0.0041 0.1 15 0.0028 0.5 16 0.0009 0.01

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#1233 (5) - W05 BPG

# MPC 1 pH 7.41 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 2 0.0137 0.3 3 0.0100 1.0 4 0.0003 0.001 5 0.0017 1.0 6 0.0015 0.1 7 0.0023 0.05 8 0.0046 0.03 / 9 0.0095 0.5 ISO 11885:2007

10 0.0016 0.1 11 <0.0003 0.0005 12 0.0057 0.5 13 0.0041 0.05 14 0.0009 0.1 15 0.0004 0.5 16 <0.0003 0.01

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#1234 (6) - W06 BPG

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10 0.0031 0.1 11 <0.0002 0.0005 12 0.0758 0.5 13 0.0073 0.05 14 0.0044 0.1 15 0.0035 0.5 16 0.0069 0.01

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#1235 (1) - W01 BPG

# MPC 1 pH 7.68 6.5-8.5 ISO 10523:2010 2 0.0881 0.3 3 0.0082 1.0 4 0.0002 0.001 5 0.0006 1.0 6 0.0002 0.1 7 0.0018 0.05 8 0.0050 0.03 / 9 0.0055 0.1 ISO 11885:2007

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i Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 5: CONSULTATION ATTENDANCE LIST

See following pages.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 5 D6V01BPG: 10/30/16 5-1 22 - 10 - 2016 11 - 30 am Makhinjauri X 22 - 10 - 2016 02 - 30 pm Kapreshumi

X 23 - 10 - 2016 11 : 30 am Makhlivauri

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 6: BACKGROUND INFORMATION DOCUMENT (ENGLISH-GEORGIAN)

See following pages.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 6 D6V01BPG: 10/30/16 6-1 Background Information Document on baTumis SemovliTi gzis proeqtis the Environmental Impact Assessment of garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Batumi Bypass Construction Project angariSis mokle mimoxilva

The 121-kilometer (km) Senaki-Poti-Sarpi Road 121 kilometriani arsebuli senaki- (S-2) along the Western coast of Georgia is a key foTi-sarfi (s-2) saavtomobilo gza highway and international transit route in warmoadgens ZiriTad Georgia. It is connected to the major Black Sea avtomagistrals da saerTaSoriso ports of Georgia and a number of holiday resorts. satranzito derefans saqarTveloSi. The road runs through heavily built up tourist avtomagistrali akavSirebs and residential areas including the coastal town saqarTvelos ZiriTad sazRvao of Batumi. To ease the pressure on the roads portebsa da sakurorto zonebs da within the town, the Government of Georgia gadis mWidrod dasaxlebul intends to construct a bypass to Batumi on S-2 punqtebSi, maT Soris q. baTumSi. (the “Project”). The Project will be financed by qalaqSi sacobebis gansatvirTad the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the saqarTvelos mTavrobas dagegmili Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). aqvs aaSenos baTumis SemovliTi gza. proeqti dafinansdeba aziis The Roads Department, Ministry of Regional ganviTarebis bankis (agb) da aziis Development and Infrastructure of Georgia (RD) is executing the Project. The RD has hired the infrastruqturis sainvesticio services of the Hagler Bailly Pakistan(Private) bankis (ais) mier. proeqti Limited to update the environmental impact gnaxorcieldeba saqarTvelos assessment (EIA) of the proposed Project regionaluri ganviTarebis da prepared earlier. infrastruqturis saministros sagzao departamentis mier. As part of the EIA process, consultations are sagzao departamentma garemoze undertaken with the stakeholders of the Project zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis to seek input on the planned project activities to gansaaxleblad daiqirava increase positive project outcomes and avoid or saerTaSoriso kompania “HaglerBailly effectively mitigate negative Project impacts. Pakistan”. This document has been prepared for informed garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis consultations with the stakeholders. angariSi iTvaliswinebs The consultations are an on-going activity and dainteresebul mxareebTan will continue throughout the life of the Project. Sexvedaras, proeqtis aRweras, The information provided in this document is dagegmili RonisZiebebis mimoxilvas subject to changes as further information on proeqtis dadebiTi zemoqmedebis some aspects of the Project becomes available or gasazrdelad da uaryyofiTi the Project is modified as a result of the EIA mxareebis asacileblad an process. Sesarbileblad. proeqtis mimoxilva The total length of the proposed road is about 13 momzadebulia dainteresebul km. Key features of the Bypass include mxareebTan konsultaciebis construction of 5 tunnels, 15 bridges and 4 gasamrTad. interchange. The alignment of the road is shown konsultaciebi warmoadgens in the attached map. grZelvadian process da gaimarTeba periodulad, proeqtis The EIA will cover all aspects of the potential ganxorcielebisas. mimoxilvaSi impacts of the Project including, but not limited warmodgenili proeqtis detalebi to, noise, vibration, air quality, water quality, SesaZlebelia Seicvalos garemoze ecology, and socioeconomic impacts during zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis construction and operation of the Project moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

HaglerBaillyPakistan Background Information Document Z6BD1HUP: 05/10/16 1 saproeqto monakveTis sigrZea 13 km. da moicavs 5 gvirabs, 15 xids da 4 gzagamtars. SemovliTi gzis ganlageba naCvenebia TandarTul rukaze. gzS-s angariSi moicavs yvela potenciur zemoqmedebas, gamowveuls proeqtis ganxorcielebisas, maT Soris: xmauri, vibracia, atmosferuli haeris da wylis resursebis dabinZureba, ekologia da socio- ekonomikuri zemoqmedeba.

For more information on the EIA contact

For Project Proponents: For EIA Consultants: Gia Sophadze Hidayat Hasan, Head of Environmental Division of Environmental Hagler Bailly Pakistan and Resettlement Department, Road Department, Block 1, Commercial Area, Street 21 Ministry of Regional Development and F8/2 Islamabad Infrastructure, Georgia Tel: +995 599 00 16 76, +92 51 285 7200-07 Tel. (995)599939209 Fax: +92 51 285 7208-09 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

HaglerBaillyPakistan Background Information Document Z6BD1HUP: 05/10/16 2 Exhibit 1: Layout of the Project

HaglerBaillyPakistan Background Information Document Z6BD1HUP: 05/10/16 3 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 7: PUBLIC CONSULTATION LOG

See following pages.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 7 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 7-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Directorate of Environmental Resources Consultation: Scoping Consultation Date: Oct 11, 2016 Time: 11:00 Meeting Venue: Directorate Environmental Resources, Batumi Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: Jamal Nakashitza (JN), Deputy N/A Director, Directorate Environmental Resources Conducted by: Hidayat Hasan (HH) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian, English Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, PT briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities, and shared the project location map and information on the development. At the end of the information session, PT invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action.

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 1 During and post construction activities he has no JN responsibility to monitor construction activities. 2 Monitoring is responsibility of monitoring unit which is JN under the central Ministry of Environment. 3 Their responsibility includes, among others, approval of JN documents submitted by companies as per legislative requirements. 4 Presented a book on Adjara climate change strategy to JN assist with the EIA preparation.

Additional Comments: No additional comments.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Batumi Shota Rustaveli University, Biodiversity Department Consultation: Scoping Consultation Date: Oct 11, 2016 Time: 13:00 Meeting Venue: Directorate Environmental Resources, Batumi Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: David (DA), Head of Biodiversity N/A Department Conducted by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian, English Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, PT briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities, and shared the project location map and information on the development. At the end of the information session, PT invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action.

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 1 During the 1990s a study had been conducted along the DA right of way and no naturally occurring highly protected species were found. Some were found but they have been planted by land owners. 2 The individual who was involved in this study was called DA to double check the above information. 3 Also confirmed that there were no critical habitats for DA birds or animals in the Study Area.

Additional Comments: No additional comments.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Batumi Botanical Garden Consultation: Scoping Consultation Date: Oct 10, 2016 Time: 11:00 Meeting Venue: Batumi Botanical Garden Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: Tamaz Darchidze (TD), Director, N/A Batumi Botanical Garden Conducted by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian, English Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, PT briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities. At the end of the information session, PT invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action.

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 1 He was not aware of any studies that have been TD conducted along the RoW to be able to advise on the possible impacts of the Project.

Additional Comments: No additional comments.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Institutional Consultation Workshop Consultation: Scoping Consultation Date: Oct 13, 2016 Time: 14:00 Meeting Venue: Era Palace, Batumi Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: Merab Kidzinidze (MK), Head of Mayor N/A Administration, Batumi City Hall Paata Dumbadze (PT), Director of N/A Batumi public transport Nugzar Papunidze (NP), N/A Batumi MoE representative Gia Sophadze (GS), RD N/A environmentalist Zviad Khalvashi (ZK), Khelvachauri N/A Municipality Conducted by: Hidayat Hasan (HH), Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian, English Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, HH briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities with the aid of a PowerPoint presentation. At the end of the information session, HH invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action. The Background Information Document was also distributed to all participants.

No. Issues, Concerns and By Response Provided Suggestions 1 Is the design of the bypass already MK We have final draft version of design, but it approved and is it final version? could be changed according EIA`s requirements Gonio and Kviarti the final segment is not confirmed 2 How will construction of bypass PD This survey are included in EIA with reduce traffic in Batumi? perspective of 20 years

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

No. Issues, Concerns and By Response Provided Suggestions 3 There are a lot of unknown NP Before commencement of any excavation underground oil pipelines in Ajara. activities the Contractor will conduct During implementation of survey of construction corridor using metal construction activities pipelines detector could be damaged and oil will pollute soil and water?

4 How useful will be modeling of noise GS Vibration modeling cannot show exactly, and vibration in case of conflict which houses will be affected during between PIU and owners of houses, construction and exploitation phases of the damaged during construction of Project. Modeling of vibration will indicate bypass? What will show noise houses, which definitely will be affected modeling and gray zone – houses, which are located in potentially risk area. Before commencement of construction activities, preconstruction survey of all houses, located in the risk zone should be conducted. Noise modeling will show, at which houses, located near RoW, noise level during construction and exploitation of bypass exceeds permissible level. Based on modeling results such houses will be included in RAP, or noise protective walls will be installed between the RoW and houses 5 What is the width of construction ZK In general width of the Row is 50m, but corridor and will it be same on all based on the results of modeling it could sections of the bypass? be increased in some sections

6 what is the deadline for the Project PD Approximately 3 -4 years after commencement. 7 Do you have baseline information NP We have measured air quality (CO, NOx, regarding air, soil and water quality SO2 and PM) along the RoW and at the in the RoW and in Batumi? existing Batumi bypass, also 6 samples of water and 6 of soil have been collected and passed to the environmental agency for complex testing. Testing results will be included in EIA report.

8 weather stations in Batumi, will MK Thanked him for this share link for data 9 compare current quality of air in NP Yes the EIA will contain this information. Batumi will what is project to be after Additional Comments: No additional comments.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Makhinjauri and surrounding communities Consultation: Feedback Consultation Date: Oct 22, 2016 Time: 11:00 Meeting Venue: Makhinjauri, Khelvachauri District Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: Attendance list attached at the end of the appendix Conducted by: Hidayat Hasan (HH), Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, HH briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities. At the end of the information session, HH invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action. The Background Information Document was also distributed to all participants.

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 1 M. Gurgenidze thinks, that noise level Medea Modeling of air emissions and and air emissions will disturb her in Gurgenidze noise level is part of EIA. exploitation phase of the Project Relevant mitigation measures will be considered in EIA; people, who’s houses are located in red (most affected) zone will be resettled if mitigation measures will not reduce negative impacts 2 2 M. Gurgenidze wanted to sell 400 m Medea This issue should be discussed land plot, located in close proximity to the Gurgenidze with resettlement team bypass. After construction of the road price of the land will be reduced. Who will compensate losses 3 What will be noise and vibration levels in Tamar EIA report will be submitted to the houses; what is the depth of piles Nakashidze MoE and published on 30 of November. All necessary data will be provided in the report

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 4 Part of the land plot is located in the Amiran This issue should be discussed RoW. Will the RD buy the remaining part Gogiberidze with resettlement team of the land plot 5 Distance between house and the portal of Haidar RD/the Contractor will conduct the tunnel is 9 m. Mr. Chijavadze thinks, Chijavadze preconstruction survey of all that his house will be damaged in result houses, located in risk zone; in of increased vibration case of increasing of cracks in the walls, houses will be repaired/purchased by the RD 6 Family cemetery is located directly in the Merab This issue should be discussed RoW. Mr. Chijavadze wants to replace Chijavadze with resettlement team; the cemetery to the empty land plot, located Consultant will recommend RD near his house to comply with the request of Mr. Chijavadze 7 The house is located in 10 meters from Khatuna Director of Batumi RD promised the RoW. Is it possible to live in the Khibaia to purchase the house immediate vicinity from the road

Additional Comments: No additional comments.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Kapreshumi and surrounding communities Consultation: Feedback Consultation Date: Oct 22, 2016 Time: 14:30 Meeting Venue: Kapreshumi, Khelvachauri District Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: Attendance list attached at the end of the appendix Conducted by: Hidayat Hasan (HH), Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, HH briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities. At the end of the information session, HH invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action. The Background Information Document was also distributed to all participants.

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 1 His house is located in 32 meters from Emer Dolidze Modeling of noise and air RoW. Air emission and noise will be emissions will show affected increased after construction of bypass areas. Relevant mitigation measures will be implemented 2 Bypass cut access road. After Emer Dolidze RD will provide access to all land construction of bypass Mr. Dolidze will plots or purchase them not have access to the house 3 Was modeling of noise and vibration Nodar Our company is responsible for included in EIA for Kobuleti bypass? Lortkipanidze Batumi bypass EIA and did not work for Kobuleti project 4 Who will be responsible for assessment Hasan RD/the Contractor will conduct of condition of houses, located near Gogoberidze preconstruction survey of all RoW? houses, located in risk zone; in case of increasing of cracks in the walls, houses will be repaired/purchased by the RD

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 5 What will be noise level in the houses Khava Modeling of air emissions and after construction of bypass? Tebidze noise level is part of EIA. Relevant mitigation measures will be considered in EIA; people, who’s houses are located in red (most affected) zone will be resettled if mitigation measures will not reduce negative impacts 6 House is located in 50 m from bypass. Jemal Modeling of vibration level is part Can vibration damage his house? Vanadze of EIA. Relevant mitigation measures will be considered in EIA; people, who’s houses are located in red (most affected) zone will be resettled if mitigation measures will not reduce negative impacts

Additional Comments: No additional comments.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Consultation Log for Batumi Bypass Project Record of the Consultation Meeting

Stakeholder/s: Makhlivauri and surrounding communities Consultation: Feedback Consultation Date: Oct 23, 2016 Time: 11:30 Meeting Venue: Makhlivauri, Khelvachauri District Attended by and Name Contact Number contact details: Attendance list attached at the end of the appendix Conducted by: Hidayat Hasan (HH), Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Recorded by: Paata Tchankotadze (PT) Reviewed by: Hassan Bukhari Language: Georgian Preamble: The meeting started with the introduction of the participants and the HBP representative. After the introduction, HH briefed the objective of the stakeholder consultation and gave a description of the EIA study and related activities. At the end of the information session, HH invited the participant to share his views, concerns, and suggestions related to the development activities, which have been documented below. The participants were assured that their concerns would be communicated to the Project proponent for their consideration and action. The Background Information Document was also distributed to all participants.

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 1 Roads between villages will be cut by Ioseb RD will provide alternative bypass. Will RD provide alternative Tsulukidze access to all villages and houses access 2 What kind of measures will be Ioseb Modeling of vibration level is part implemented for houses, affected by Tsulukidze of EIA. Relevant mitigation vibration? measures will be considered in EIA; people, who’s houses are located in red (most affected) zone will be resettled if mitigation measures will not reduce negative impacts 3 How RD assess prices of trees? Ioseb Medgar Tchelidze: resettlement Tsulukidze team use data of Statistic Department

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

No. Issues, Concerns and Suggestions By Response Provided 4 Old houses, located near RoW could Murman RD/the Contractor will conduct be damaged during construction and Avjishvili preconstruction survey of all operation phases of the project. How houses, located in risk zone; in RD will compensate looses? case of increasing of cracks in the walls, houses will be repaired/purchased by the RD 5 Will existing Makhvilauri internal road Roman No be blocked? Varshanidze

Additional Comments: The consultation team was thanked for providing the community with useful information.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 8: NOISE MODELING

See following pages.

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 8 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 8-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Segment 1

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

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Segment 2

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Segment 3

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Segment 4

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Segment 5

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

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Segment 6

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

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Segment 7

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

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Segment 8

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

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Segment 9

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

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Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Appendix 9: ANNEXURES TO GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

Form for the Grievance (for APs)

Name, Last name Contact Information Mail: Please indicate the postal address: Please indicate the ______preferable means of ______communication (Mail, Telephone: ______Telephone, E-mail) E-mail:______The language desirable Georgian for the communication English Russian Describe the What is the complaint about? What is the claim? When it happened, grievance/claim: what is the problem result?

Date of Negotiation: Resolution of Negotiation:

In your opinion how this claim should be resolved?

Signature: ______Date: ______

Hagler Bailly Pakistan Appendix 9 D6V01BPG: 10/31/16 9-1 Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Annex 2: Form for the Protocol 1 – Action Plan We, the claimant ------and the (name of entity) ------IA for the project ------financed by ADB, agree hereby on following actions aimed on mitigation of imacts claimed in a grievance submitted to IA on (date).

# Agreed Responsible Agreed Date Status of implementation Actions entity (fully/partially/no)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Claimant: Name, passport #, contact details Date: ______Signature: ______

IA/PIU: Name, Official address, name of representative signing Action Plan Date: ______Signature: ______

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Form for the Protocol 2 – Grievance Closure Act We, the claimant ------and the (name of entity) ------IA for the project ------financed by ADB, agree hereby that all actions specified in the Action Plan have been implemented to the satisfaction of all parties and the claimant has no more claims or grievances in relation with the IA. The claim is closed.

Claimant: Name, passport #, contact details Date: ______Signature: ______

IA: Name, Official address, name of representative signing Action Plan Date: ______Signature: ______

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

ToR for the members of GRM Representative of IA/PIU in GRCE (Contact Person) After a complaint is received by the Contact Person (CC) from any established entry points, the CC will: (i) screen the complaint for eligibility and, if found eligible, register it in the complaints log; (ii) contact the complainant(s), ascertain the facts/gather missing details, and draft a note with his/her understanding of the complaint; (iii) define the list of members of the GRCE or specialists to be engaged in the grievance resolution process (step 1) or arrange meeting with entire GRCE (step 2). Arrange and lead the meetings with the AP and ensure that minutes of the meeting are prepared and shared with all relevant parties; (iv) ensure the administrative and organizational support for GRG members; (v) develop and agree the Action Plan for the grievance resolution in consultation with the claimant AP and engaged members of GRCE (vi) develop Protocol of Agreement after the implementation of the Action Plan and sign the protocol as a counterpart of the AP; (vii) Assist the claimant AP to prepare a grievance submittal package for the GRCN, in case if the grievance resolution process at the GRCE level fails, and to deliver it to GRCN. (viii) Communicate with the GRCN: pass to GRCN grievance log records and brief notes on closure of the issue, in case of success. In case of failure of grievance resolution at the stage 1, pass the explanatory note with the supplementary grievance package prepared together with the AP to GRCN for the stage 2 process.

Representatives of the APs

At least one representative of the APs from the affected community should participate in the GRCE meetings. The specific tasks of the AP representative(s) includes: (i) participate in all grievance redress meetings; (ii) provide relevant information related to the submitted complaints; (iii) provide other GRCE members as relevant with a position note to be reflected in the final meeting report. Consultant (Construction Supervision or Design and Supervision Consultant) Once a complaint if lodged with the GRM, the Consultant is to undertake the following tasks: (i) Register the grievance in a grievance log for his entry point. Direct the complaint to the Contact Person (representative of IA) (ii) participate in all grievance meetings, provide expert opinions and participate in the investigation, as necessary; (iii) provide other GRCE members as relevant with a position note to be reflected in the final meeting report.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Independent party (Office of Ombudsman of CSO)

After the registration of the complaint with the GRM, the copy of the complaint should be sent to the Independent Party (Office of Ombudsman or designated CSO) on the same day. The Independent Party is tasked with the following responsibilities: (i) monitor complaint handling process, ensure that review process is transparent, objective and complies with the policy principles set for by the SPS 2009. (ii) provide recommendations and intervene in the complaint handling process if the process is viewed as biased or breaching the policy principles laid out in the SPS 2009; (iii) advise the complainant(s) on their rights and entitlements, as necessary; (iv) participate in all GRCE meetings and site visits; (v) prepare a position memo at the end of the meeting(s) and forward it to the members of the GRCE. Technical Expert(s) In case the case proves to be complex and requires a technical expertise for the GRCE/GRCN to be able to judge the substantive merit of the complaint, the CC or chairman of the GRCN engages a qualified technical expert from the authorized state agency or certified private entities. The technical expert is specifically expected to: (i) conduct a due diligence, relevant tests or an investigation; (ii) prepare a short report based on the results of the examination completed; (iii) recommend if further or additional legal opinion or expertise is needed to judge on the substance of the case.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Batumi Bypass Construction Project

Information to be reflected in the Grievance Log

The Grievance log could be developed as an Excel sheet or in other format. Information to be reflected in the log is as folows:

Information about Complainant

Name Passport number Official address Contact details Status (AP; community member; NGO; lawyer; etc.)

Information about Complaint

Registration date Entry Point Format of the grievance: letter, phone call, email, verbal complaint, suggestion box, other Type of raised issue (environmental; Involuntary Resettlement; other Summary description of the claim List of attached documents

Grievance Review and Resolution

Implemented actions aimed on the grievance review and study (site visits; meetings; studies by experts etc.) Development of the Action Plan (yes/no). In case of “yes” – reference to the document/file Implementation of the Action Plan (yes/no). In case of “yes” – reference to the document/file Grievance Closure (yes/no). In case of “yes” – reference to the document/file

Sample of the Grievance Log

Log Date/ Location Complainant/ Details of Investigation/ Resolution Ref/ No Date of Contact Complaint Mitigation Status1 Action

1 Open or Closed (if closed include date)