Supplement to: Vilhena, Daril A., Jacob G. Foster, Martin Rosvall, Jevin D. West, James Evans, and Carl T. Bergstrom. 2014. “Finding Cultural Holes: How Structure and Culture Diverge in Networks of Schol- arly Communication.” Sociological Science 1: 221-238.

Field labels

We hand-labeled fields but relied on a standard mutual information approach to identify phrases that best distinguished each cluster. Below we list the top phrases for each of 78 fields in the JSTOR corpus, with more than 1,000 papers total and 500 papers from 1990 to 2010. The 60 fields we chose for our final sample had at least 500 papers written from 1990 to 2010, were balanced across the major domains of scholarship in JSTOR, and were selected to maximize diversity within major domains (e.g., within ecology and evolution).

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S1 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

Chosen Field Name Informative Phrases 1 Strategic management academy management, organizational, organizations, strategic manage- ment, research organizational, managers, organizational behavior, jour- nal management, harvard business school, management journal, top management, strategic, firms, organizational change, organizational structure, firm, organizational performance, international business, in- dustry, organization theory, management, industries, competitive advan- tage, management review, organizations action 2 Pollination ecology pollination, pollen, pollinators, flowers, flower, seed set, number flow- ers, pollinator, pollinated, nectar, stigmas, bees, anthers, outcrossing, floral, fruit set, pollen grains, breeding system, seed production, flow- ering, pollination ecology, selfing, ovules, number pollen, inbreeding depression, breeding systems, pollen transfer, flowers visited, flower- ing plants, stigma, pollen dispersal, inflorescence, inflorescences, nectar production, open flowers, flowers produced, inbreeding, bee, number seeds, individual flowers, floral display, flowers open, corolla, amount pollen, hermaphroditic, pollination biology, pollinator visitation, fruit seed, bumblebees, male function, flowers plants, floral traits, flowering season, visitation, experimental pollination, seeds produced, pollen pro- duction, flowers had, fruit production, pollinator behavior, pollinator visits, selfed, pollinations, pollen flow, outcrossing rate, fruit, visit flow- ers, pollen deposition, flower number, floral morphology, seeds, pollen limitation, outcrossing rates, female function, anthesis, seed, variation floral, plant reproductive, s c h, principles pollination, anther, variation pollen, grains, pollen deposited, flowers pollinated, flowering period, plants, reproductive biology, pollen donors, ipomopsis aggregata, pollen tubes, flowers plant, pollen load, flowers have, nectar pollen, plant pop- ulations, number ovules, floral biology, hummingbirds, flowering phe- nology, flower visitors, set fruit, pollen tube growth, visitors, hand- book experimental, mating system, pollination success, pollen tube, visitation rates, visiting flowers, pollinator limitation, visited flowers, flower production, flower size, dioecy, hummingbird pollination, nat- ural populations, journal botany, pollination systems, visited, flower fruit, seeds fruit, bumble bees, effects pollen, van der pijl, c h bar- rett, effect pollen, inflorescence size, pollinator activity, insect visitors, stamens, pollen removal, plant, b charlesworth, sex allocation, seed number, stigmatic, evolution dioecy, evolution floral, bagged, outcrossed, floral visitors, pollinator attraction, c e jones, fruits

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3 US constitutional law supreme court, constitutional, supreme, united states v, equal protec- tion, judicial, court has, court, constitution, courts, first amendment, statute, constitutionality, supreme court has, fourteenth amendment, judicial review, v board, constitutional law, amendment, fourteenth, unconstitutional, justices, judiciary, due process, court held, justice, clause, accompanying text, constitutionally, judges, u pa l, doctrine, v city, federal courts, chief justice, pa l rev, court did, equal protection clause, statutes, legislative, constitutional rights, jurisprudence, court had, see supra note, mich l rev, framers, text accompanying notes, le- gal, see id, legislature, constitutional right, court have, liberty, criminal, concurring, brown v board, entitled, courts have, rights, civil rights, bill rights, court found, denial, court appeals, district court, see united states, protection clause, statutory, laws, dissent, common law, va l rev, free speech, prohibition, court upheld, lower courts, state law, cit- izens, civil, legislation, dissenting, rights act, adjudication, court re- jected, violation, text accompanying note, congress, due process clause, brown v, congress has, enforce, lawyers, enforcement, see supra notes, american constitutional law, deference, duty, s ct, denied, jurisdiction, deny, separation powers, violate, united states supreme, speech, bill, provisions, litigation, constitutional interpretation, federal, citizen, fed- eral court, civil rights act, appeals, individual rights, federalist, defen- dant, legislative history, judicial power, state action, majority opinion, congress had, upheld, court concluded, language, authority, governmen- tal, court noted, plaintiffs, judgment, racial discrimination, u l rev, see infra notes, constitutionally protected, supra text accompanying, remedy, v united states, process clause, see infra note, attorney gen- eral, american constitutional, state courts, cases involving, federal gov- ernment, court decisions, attorney, pursuant, constitutional protection, law school, federal law, struck, supreme court decisions, state federal, see supra text, opinion, supreme court held, prohibit, police, permissi- ble, freedom speech, prohibited, lower court, counsel, discretion, states supreme court, jury, ucla l rev, affirmative, judge, see infra, constitu- tional provisions, board education, state court, american law, precedent, legal system, legislatures, federalism, denying, plaintiff, congressional power, uphold, power congress, exercise, enacted, court struck, refusing, public interest, defendants, fifth amendment, opinions, justify, strict scrutiny, obligation, powers, supreme court had, asserted, infra text accompanying, district, neutral principles, enactment, lawyer, hearing, article iii, harm, cornell l rev, federal judiciary, authorized, doctrinal, protection, conviction, claims, prosecution, amendments, court has been, rule law, criminal law, protections, judicial process, clauses, congress have, enforcing, crime, federal state, legislative power, protect, doctrines, legitimate, commentators have, refusal, burden, yale law, liberties, com- mentators, legitimacy, impermissible, minn l rev, congressional, funda- mental rights, scrutiny, see supra, government, case law, lower federal, substantive due process, concurring opinion, see infra text, commerce clause, court stated, convicted, statutory interpretation, power regulate, amendment rights, inquiry, legislators, remedies, wis l rev, constitu- tional adjudication, protecting, merits, substantive due, warren court, court decided, federal district, wash l rev, moral, privilege, discrimina- tion, federal statute, presumption, constitutional doctrine, court has held, consent, propriety, legal theory, amended, federal system, political, sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S3 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

appeal, ordinance, constitutional theory, warren, court recognized, chal- lenged, critical legal, political process, grounds, amendment right, state statute, judicial decisions, abuse, justification, objection, injunction, free exercise, officials, constitutional issues, senate, court refused, upholding, claim, principle, american legal, affirmative action, behalf, democracy distrust, litigants, decisionmaking, arguing, federal constitution, first amendment rights, judicially, declared, constitutional provision, mere, court relied, matters, morality, substantive, fourth amendment, burdens, procedural, lochner v new, district columbia, asserting, facts, refuse, strike, federal judges, federal constitutional, judicial role, mary l rev, intent, enact, judges have, appellate, calif l rev, proper, principles con- stitutional, political branches, protected, invalidation, court made, make law, court has never, decide, constitutional text, privacy, authorize, lower federal courts, privileges, principles, school law, deprive, least dangerous, critical legal studies, declare, discriminatory, dispute, fair, regulations, justice brennan, declaration, vote, insist, justice rehnquist, interests, justifications, speak, truth, court invalidated, ban, merely, con- strued, exercising, law has, words, compel, fairness, violating, defense, harvard law, premised, constitutional statutory 4 Portfolio theory portfolios, portfolio, asset pricing, asset pricing model, capital asset pricing, journal financial, capital asset, expected returns, stocks, ex- pected return, stock market, market portfolio, journal finance, investor, financial quantitative, excess return, stock returns, investors, market equilibrium, asset returns, monthly returns, securities, fama, capm, ex- cess returns, review financial, portfolio returns, common stocks, asset, stock prices, asset prices, risky assets, theory market, stock portfolios, riskless, returns, returns stocks, pricing model, mutual funds, portfolio selection, fama french, mutual fund, security prices, asset pricing mod- els, risk premium, theory capital, new york stock, market index, betas, financial studies, financial economics, risk return, risk assets, selection risky, portfolios capital, equilibrium conditions 5 Marketing journal consumer, journal marketing, brands, brand, consumer research, association consumer, advances consumer, marketing, consumer behav- ior, product category, marketing research, consumer, consumers, brand choice, product categories, journal advertising, professor marketing, ad- vertising, consumer decision, marketing research vol, product class, con- sumers have, consumer choice, subjects asked, product attributes, two brands, purchase, consumer research table 6 Lizard thermoregulation lizard, lizards, iguanid, body temperatures, iguanid lizard, body tem- perature, lizard species, reptiles, c gans, uta stansburiana, lizards have, species lizards, lizard sceloporus, lizard anolis, lizard uta stansburiana, lizard uta, svl, reptilia, anolis, amphibians reptiles, lizards collected, anolis lizards, iguanid lizards, thermal, thermoregulation, lizards snakes, anoline lizards, cnemidophorus tigris, desert reptiles, two lizards, lizards captured, amphibians, viviparous, sceloporus undulatus, preferred body, iguanid lizard sceloporus, e r pianka, basking, lizards had, anoles, num- ber lizards, desert lizards, sceloporus occidentalis, reproductive cycles, thermal ecology, individual lizards, sceloporus

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7 International relations international relations, international politics, international system, for- eign policy, world politics, international studies quarterly, soviet union, soviet, cold war, journal conflict, domestic political, wars, domestic politics, international conflict, peace, military, conflict resolution, the- ory international, great powers, international studies, journal peace, use force, international political, nuclear weapons, study international, peace research, diplomacy, national security, major powers, nations, in- ternational, international organization, military power, balance power, allies, international relations theory, great power, major power, interna- tional security, international affairs, correlates war, american political science, bueno de mesquita, military force, international institutions, arms control, international studies association, international organiza- tions, weapons, domestic international, world war, alliance, soviets, amer- ican foreign, nato, domestic, diplomatic, democracies, peaceful, go war, superpowers, political science, treaty, politics international, russia, esca- lation, united nations, democratic peace, actors, use military, political science review, germany, american foreign policy, outbreak, realist, mili- tary capabilities, foreign policies, governments, war peace, multilateral, de mesquita, security dilemma, theories international, troops, politics, superpower, third world, crisis, negotiations, international cooperation, j david singer, structure international, france, war change, foreign, in- ternational economic, cold, military forces, democratic states, causes war, world war ii, alliances, middle east, threats, international crises, change world, leaders, europe, department political, crises, fight 8 Phylogenetic inference evolutionary trees, phylogenetic inference, systematic biology vol, phy- logenetic trees, phylogenetic, phylogenetic analysis, character states, phylogeny, parsimony, phylogenetic methods, character state, clado- gram, phylogenetic relationships, phylogenetic systematics, homoplasy, monophyly, number characters, branch lengths, systematic zoology vol, parsimony compatibility, molecular data, outgroup, cladistic, phyloge- netic analysis using, topologies, monophyletic, molecular clock, j s far- ris, phenetic, compatibility methods, topology, character weighting, r r sokal, characters, maximum parsimony, phylogenetic tree, data phyloge- netic, d penny, cladistic analysis, tree topologies, tree topology, com- mon ancestor 9 Plant-herbivore interactions insect herbivores, phytophagous insects, host plant, herbivorous in- sects, herbivores, host plants, herbivores natural, herbivore, secondary plant, plant chemistry, plants herbivores, chemical defense, evolution host, plant resistance, variable plants, natural enemies, secondary plant metabolites, managed systems, plant apparency, natural managed, her- bivory, hosts, apparency chemical, host selection, insect, oviposition preference, secondary compounds, plant antiherbivore, insect herbivore, phytophagous, larval performance, plant quality, plant chemical, inter- action secondary, insect herbivory, larvae, defense herbivores, oviposit, plant defenses, variation host, parasitoids, leaf tannins, leaf damage, caterpillars, host use, winter moth, oviposition, r f denno, study co- evolution, insects, host preference, herbivore attack, foliage, tannins, polyphagous, host specificity, defoliation, resistance herbivores

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10 Rainforest ecology tropical rain forest, canopy gaps, tropical forests, tropical rain, tree species, rain forest, tropical forest, forest dynamics, saplings, regenera- tion, canopy trees, canopy, tropical rain forests, tropical tree, tropical trees, rain forests, forests, journal tropical, gap formation, treefall gaps, forest structure, barro colorado, basal area, tree seedlings, cm dbh, dbh, canopy gap, seedlings, rain forest tree, rain forest trees, understorey, tree species diversity, canopy tree, forest, tropical ecology, shade tol- erance, neotropical forest, natural disturbance, forest canopy, breast height, tropical tree species, light environment, n v l, forest trees, un- derstory, light environments, seedlings saplings, tropical moist, gap dy- namics, canopy openings, diameter breast, gap size, tropical, trees liv- ing, canopy species, tree mortality, tropical rainforest, neotropical rain, forest ecology, lowland tropical, tropical moist forest, neotropical rain forest, pioneer species, seedling, trees, seedling establishment, height growth, forest floor, barro colorado island, seedling survival, shade tol- erant, neotropical tree, lowland rain forest, structure tropical, gaps tree, small gaps, light availability, disturbance patch, tropical forest dy- namics, large gaps, partitioning tropical, neotropical, gap partitioning, emergent trees, floristic composition, gaps 11 Amphibial life history tadpoles, metamorphosis, frogs, amphibian, ponds, anurans, pond, tad- pole, embryos larvae, anuran embryos, staging anuran, table staging, staging anuran embryos, larvae notes, simplified table, notes identifica- tion, size metamorphosis, amphibian larvae, amphibians, salamanders, frog, salamander, amphibian populations, anuran larvae, wood frog, anuran, amphibian species, larval period, toads, larval, larval anurans, amphibian metamorphosis, anuran species, temporary ponds, larvae, metamorphose, bufo americanus, aspects amphibian, rana pipiens, rana sylvatica, complex life cycles, ambystoma, breeding ponds, larval anu- ran, rana, metamorphs, egg masses, bufo, toad, larval amphibians, am- bystoma tigrinum, metamorphosed, breeding sites, date metamorphosis, ambystoma maculatum, frogs toads, time metamorphosis, ambystoma talpoideum, pond drying, larval amphibian, salamander larvae, timing metamorphosis, larval development, amphibians reptiles, j p collins, number tadpoles, salamander ambystoma, breeding pond, effects larval, wood frogs

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12 Intertidal ecology rocky intertidal, intertidal, coral reef, rocky intertidal community, reef, barnacles, experimental marine biology, coral reefs, marine biology, reefs, experimental marine, rocky shores, coral, marine intertidal, provi- sion subsequent, reef fishes, intertidal zone, kelp, utilization space, bar- nacle, subsequent utilization, intertidal communities, wave action, sea urchins, marine, limpets, rocky intertidal communities, marine ecology progress, urchins, ecology progress series, corals, biology ecology, ben- thic marine, subtidal, new england rocky, larval settlement, coral reef fish, rocky intertidal zone, great barrier reef, england rocky intertidal, rocky shore, algae, mussels, coral reef fishes, marine algae, macroalgae, food web complexity, complexity species, web complexity, intertidal community, oceanography marine, fishes, mussel, kelp forest, algal, ses- sile, marine science, fishes coral, barnacle balanus, great barrier, inter- national coral reef, reef fish, caribbean reef, seaweeds, limpet, coralline algae, ecology rocky, dominant competitor, marine invertebrates, high intertidal, rocky, balanus glandula, intertidal algal community, low tide, marine organisms, rocky intertidal algal, sessile organisms, herbivorous fishes, intertidal community structure, caribbean coral, marine plants, low intertidal, kelp beds, institute marine, giant kelp, larval recruit- ment, newly settled, settlement recruitment, principal predator 13 Survival analysis censoring, censored data, failure time, proportional hazards, propor- tional hazards model, censored survival, failure times, censored sur- vival data, hazard function, survival data, censored, partial likelihood, models life, survival function, hazards model, failure time data, count- ing processes, survival time, large sample study, survival times, estima- tion incomplete, survival analysis, cumulative hazard, uncensored, cen- soring times, analysis censored, censored observations, censoring time, analysis failure, analysis survival, incomplete observations, nonparamet- ric estimation, cox model, life tables, counting process, random censor- ship, product limit, hazard, cox, hazard functions, model counting 14 Island biogeography island biogeography, theory island, island area, theory insular, equi- librium theory, small islands, species number, immigration extinction, canonical distribution, macarthur wilson, islands have, distribution commonness, insular biogeography, island size, species islands, larger islands, insular zoogeography, smaller islands, avifaunas, species area, land birds, large islands, archipelago, species turnover, statistics biol- ogy, experimental zoogeography, species numbers, macarthur, habitat diversity, islands, commonness, number islands, assembly species, ex- tinction rates, california channel islands, simberloff, california channel, avifauna, species turnover rates, species pool, island species, number species, nonequilibrium insular biogeography, southwest pacific, evo- lution communities, structure insular, island faunas, channel islands, islands california, insular mammalian, empty islands, nested subsets, numbers species, insular mammalian faunas, bird species

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15 Riparian ecology aquatic insects, north american benthological, stream ecosystems, j n am, h b n, american benthological society, stream ecosystem, macroin- vertebrates, woodland stream, streams, stream invertebrates, particulate organic matter, periphyton, running waters, benthic, stream, detritus, current velocity, aquatic sciences, journal fisheries, fisheries aquatic, mayfly, benthic invertebrates, stream bottom, ecology aquatic, stream insects, mountain stream, riffle, stream ecology, invertebrates, stream water, k w cummins, theoretische und angewandte, lotic, mayflies, v h resh, stream benthos, lotic ecosystems, desert stream, downstream, riffles, fine particulate organic, fisheries, archiv fur hydrobiologie, head- water streams, river continuum, b n hynes, diatoms, limnology oceanog- raphy, river continuum concept, stream channel, fur theoretische und, headwater, caddisfly, und angewandte limnologie, vereinigung fur theo- retische, s g fisher, organic matter, benthos, particulate organic, caddis- flies, verhandlungen der internationalen, upstream, laboratory streams, stream benthic, ecology running, stream bed, aquatic, der interna- tionalen vereinigung, streambed, stream communities, g w minshall, coarse particulate organic, invertebrate drift, small streams, headwa- ter stream, c e cushing, j l meyer, function stream, riparian vegeta- tion, periphyton communities, trichoptera, chironomids, sonoran desert stream, dynamics lotic, benthic macroinvertebrates, river, shredders, al- gae, stream community, nymphs, fine particulate, dissolved organic, secondary production, stoneflies, streams rivers, water temperature, aquatic insect, hyporheic, stream invertebrate, small stream, j r web- ster, invertebrate, coarse particulate, internationalen vereinigung fur, baetis, stream periphyton, j v ward, freshwater ecosystems, insects north, chironomidae, macroinvertebrate communities, r l vannote, resh d, h resh

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16 Membrane cell biology golgi, vesicles, golgi complex, golgi apparatus, secretory, plasma mem- brane, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory pathway, endoplasmic, endo- cytosis, endocytic, membrane proteins, membrane, vesicle, plasma, cell surface, membranes, intracellular, intracellular transport, lysosomes, pro- tein transport, endosomes, compartment, golgi membranes, membrane traffic, newly synthesized, membrane protein, recycling, secretory pro- teins, protein sorting, vesicular transport, transport vesicles, endocytic pathway, coated vesicles, clathrin, vesicular stomatitis virus, vesicular, trafficking, proteins, rockefeller university, journal cell, compartments, er golgi, tgn, vesicular stomatitis, lysosomal, golgi stack, integral mem- brane, reticulum, cytosol, cells incubated, rat liver, k simons, golgi cisternae, cisternae, exocytosis, fusion, pathway, mellman, secretion, en- dosomal, vacuolar, protein, reticulum golgi, coated pits, localization, incubated, receptor, abbreviations used, yeast, transport, cytosolic, cyto- plasmic, plasma membrane proteins, immunoprecipitated, brefeldin, bud- ding, vesicle formation, biogenesis, sorting, synaptic vesicle, organelles, antibodies, glycoproteins, j e rothman, secretory vesicles, vacuole, trans- ferrin, cells grown, g warren, cytoplasmic domain, chased, mdck cells, endosome, golgi membrane, lysosomal enzymes, cells labeled, labeling, r schekman, vesicle budding, s kornfeld, vesicular traffic, golgi trans- port, immunoprecipitation, trans golgi, early endosomes, antibody, g protein, integral membrane protein, described materials, membrane fu- sion, targeting, golgi stacks, coat proteins, basolateral, receptors, vesicle fusion, centrifugation, apical basolateral, r g w, transferrin receptor, re- vised form, exocytic, fuse, coated vesicle, organelle, rough endoplasmic, endocytic vesicles, low density lipoprotein, cells washed, subcellular fractionation, rough endoplasmic reticulum, glycosylation, cell biology, integral membrane proteins, transport secretory, received publication, transmembrane, localized, washed, internalization, membrane recycling, trends cell biol, incubation, mutant, immunoelectron microscopy, golgi region, lumen, centrifuged, synaptic vesicles, resuspended, colocaliza- tion, endocytosed, glycoprotein, late endosomes, permeabilized, secretory granules, secretory protein, trans, cell, protein secretion, lysosomal en- zyme, cytoplasmic tail, supernatant, intracellular membrane, solubilized, membrane trafficking, polarized epithelial, cytoplasm, pbs, lysosome, perinuclear, mannose, traffic, vacuoles, sorting signals, mammalian cells, labeled, small vesicles, rat, proteins destined, lysed, l orci, chase, trans- fected, gold particles, secreted, internalized, cells treated, cells, endo- cytic pathways, electron microscopy, transport proteins, saccharomyces cerevisiae, cells fixed, visualized, purified, washed three times, m g far- quhar, processed, immunofluorescence, intracellular sorting, endosomes lysosomes, membrane glycoproteins, sigma chemical, stomatitis virus g, basolateral plasma, subcellular distribution, washed three, fusion protein, plasma membranes, endocytic compartments, semliki forest, cells expressing, clathrin coat, marker, basolateral surface, canine kid- ney cells, endosomal compartment, yeast secretory, semliki forest virus, performed described, newly synthesized proteins, pellet, eluted, oligosac- charides, docking

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17 Plant systematics chloroplast dna, classification flowering, missouri botanical, nuclear ri- bosomal, missouri botanical garden, rbcl sequences, angiosperms, clade, strict consensus, nuclear ribosomal dna, pollen morphology, based rbcl, rbcl, monophyly, monophyletic, rbcl sequence, parsimonious trees, phy- logenetic relationships, j d palmer, phylogeny, sister group, plastid, cladistic analysis, chloroplast, phylogenetic analysis, rbcl sequence data, genera, quantities fresh, clades, phylogenetic analysis using, proce- dure small, phylogenetic analyses, molecular data, internal transcribed spacer, strict consensus tree, rapid dna isolation, plastid gene, system classification, rapid dna, flowering plants, molecular systematics, dna isolation procedure, angiosperm phylogeny, angiosperm, plastid gene rbcl, fresh leaf tissue, plant systematics, monophyletic group, j l doyle, engler, sister, phylogenetic, two genera, parsimony analysis, doyle, fresh leaf, integrated system, rbcl gene, internal transcribed, sequence data, families flowering, cpdna, major clades, phylogenetics seed, monotypic, based chloroplast, m w chase, j j doyle, circumscription, isolation pro- cedure, consensus tree, analysis nucleotide, tribe, systematics evolution, chloroplast dna restriction, characters, retention index, m j donoghue, d e soltis, nucleotide sequences, molecular phylogenetics, consistency index, doyle doyle, dna restriction site, missouri, wood anatomy, out- group, taxa, ribosomal dna, morphological characters, fossil history, molecular phylogeny, phylogenetic studies, paraphyletic, affinities, mor- phological data, r k jansen, using bootstrap, basal, j arnold arbor, an- giosperm evolution, cladistic analyses, asteridae, major lineages, boot- strap values, rbcl data, cladistic, dna sequences, weakly supported, form monophyletic, chromosome number, chromosome numbers, related gen- era, synapomorphy, chloroplast genome, herbarium specimens, phyloge- netic position, internal transcribed spacers, new genus, chloroplast dna variation, parsimony analyses, plant taxonomists, based nuclear, carpels, evolution classification, fossil, three genera, genus, evidence angiosperm, heuristic search, saxifragaceae sensu, systematic position, outgroups, character states, subtribe

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18 Voles voles, vole, population cycles, microtine rodents, small rodents, small mammals, microtus pennsylvanicus, microtus, vole populations, fluctuat- ing populations, microtine, m pennsylvanicus, cycles small, small mam- mal, small rodent, clethrionomys glareolus, field vole, bank vole, mi- crotus ochrogaster, populations microtus, trapping, rodent populations, bank voles, vole population, rodents, microtus agrestis, microtine cycles, m ochrogaster, ochrogaster m, meadow voles, small mammal popula- tions, changes fluctuating, microtus californicus, c j krebs, population fluctuations, small rodent populations, meadow vole, field vole micro- tus, vole microtus agrestis, prairie vole, population cycle, house mice, lemmings, peromyscus maniculatus, fluctuating vole, pennsylvanicus southern, microtus townsendii, vole cycles, microtines, live traps, mice, traps set, litters, microtine populations, microtine population, spacing behaviour, field voles, populations small, populations m, prairie voles, trapping period, population microtus, new world microtus, meadow, m agrestis, number voles, mouse populations, traps, cyclic populations, trapping periods, peromyscus, house mouse, clethrionomys, voles have, c glareolus, low phase, density microtus, increase phase, krebs et al, r h tamarin, cycles voles, henttonen et al, rodent species, rodent, vole clethrionomys, microtine rodent, vole microtus, california voles, density variations, species microtus, litter size, chitty, vole cycle, population regulation, biology new, vole clethrionomys rufocanus, cyclic, rodent dynamics, pennsylvanicus, home range, trapping session, vole densities, apodemus sylvaticus, peak densities 19 Unemployment duration unemployment, job search, unemployment, unemployed, un- employment rate, unemployed workers, wage, unemployment duration, reservation wage, worker, workers firms, layoffs, wage offer, labor mar- ket, unemployment insurance, journal labor, quits, rate unemployment, unemployment spells, wages, quit, wage offers, layoff, unemployed worker, new job, employment unemployment, worker has, firms work- ers, labour market, unemployment rates, unemployment spell, labor economics, search model, labor markets, employed workers, job offers, spells unemployment, effect unemployment, spell unemployment, unem- ployment benefits, number workers, workers do, equilibrium unemploy- ment, spells, level unemployment, reservation wages, job offer, increase unemployment, industrial labor, workers have, wage growth, young workers, jobs, higher wage, aggregate unemployment, higher wages, la- bor relations, unemployment durations, wage w, employers, unemploy- ment employment, job tenure

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20 Marital disruption divorce, journal marriage, marital disruption, marriages, marital dis- solution, remarriage, marital, marriage, marital instability, cohabita- tion, journal family, first marriage, first marriages, marriage family, children divorce, divorced, divorce rate, marry, divorce rates, married, family structure, marriage divorce, couples, marital stability, divorces, cohabiting, remarried, living arrangements, divorce remarriage, child support, effects divorce, life course, family formation, parental divorce, spouse, separation divorce, family life, fathers, marital status, marry- ing, families households, marriage rates, divorce separation, spouses, cohabitation marriage, children living, marriage has, age marriage, fam- ily issues, divorce children, mothers, family disruption, consequences divorce, single mothers, children live, cohabiting couples, likely marry, stepparent, divorce have, divorce has, marriage cohabitation, divorced parents, analysis marital, marriage have, intact families, effects mar- ital, survey families, noncustodial, divorced women, cohabit, married couples, impact divorce, stepfamilies, children divorced, single parent, population association, marital history 21 Nesting ecology nest predation, nesting success, nest success, nest predators, artificial nests, neotropical migrant, suggestions calculating, calculating nest, calculating nest success, conservation neotropical, nesting, nests, ef- fects nest, neotropical migrant landbirds, mayfield method, bird popu- lations, breeding bird, forest fragmentation, number nests, avian nest, migratory songbirds, predation artificial, migratory birds, nests found, neotropical migratory, breeding birds, nest dispersion, decline migra- tory, j faaborg, avian nest dispersion, predation rates, forest tracts, brood parasitism, nest, grassland birds, s temple, predation forest, ar- tificial nest, rates nest, nests placed, nest predation rates, nest sur- vival, success migratory, forest birds, nest sites, neotropical migratory birds, nest site, depredated, cowbird parasitism, depredation artificial, neotropical migrants, success calculated, bird communities, calculated exposure, predation nest, management neotropical, nests located, bird species, nesting success calculated, effect nest, l w gysel, regional forest fragmentation, depredation, breeding bird survey, wildlife management, successful nests, north american breeding, nesting mortality, american breeding bird, nesting birds, dispersion fledging, ground nests, analysis nesting, predation brood, birds habitat, effects forest, forest bird, song- birds, birds north, journal wildlife, nest failure, bird abundance, for- est songbirds, effect edge, fledging success, edge avian, mortality birds, ecology conservation, f r thompson, cowbirds, nests relation, avian nest predation, birds eastern, nesting habitat, nest density, duck nests, artifi- cial ground, field ornithology, nest concealment, t e martin, depredated nests, cause nest, nesting cover, density nest, nest site selection, dono- van et al, bird nests, appropriate habitat features, habitat features, studies avian, habitat edge, wood thrushes

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S12 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

22 HIV human immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency, virus, viral, immunodeficiency virus type, peripheral blood mononuclear, t cells, blood mononuclear cells, peripheral blood, hiv infection, viral replica- tion, infection, reverse transcriptase, journal infectious, infected, infected cells, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, viruses, j infect dis, infec- tious diseases, acquired immunodeficiency, retroviruses, env, t lympho- cytes, t cell, aids, mononuclear cells, patients aids, lymphocytes, aids patients, infectious, virus replication, simian immunodeficiency virus, long terminal repeat, simian immunodeficiency, virus infection, cells in- fected, allergy infectious, pbmc, viral rna, institute allergy, hiv replica- tion, allergy, disease progression, immunodeficiency virus, antiretroviral therapy, proviral dna, immunodeficiency virus infection, page charge payment, pathogenesis, page charge 23 Kernel analysis nonparametric regression, density estimation, smoothing parameter, bandwidth, smoothing, kernel, regression function, smoothness, rates convergence, spline smoothing, kernel estimators, nonparametric, kernel estimator, rate convergence, smoothing parameters, kernel density, re- gression functions, nonparametric estimation, bandwidths, kernel func- tion, bandwidth selection, annals statistics, spline, kernel estimate, smoothing splines, proof theorem, squared error, density f, kernel re- gression, nonparametric density, minimizer, smoothing spline, kernel estimates, splines, convergence nonparametric, minimax, key words, in- tegrated squared error, noisy data, kernel estimation, estimators, design points, nonparametric estimates, nonparametric curve, bandwidth h, words phrases, local polynomial, estimator, mean squared error, band- width choice, kernel k, bias variance, asymptotically optimal, mean integrated squared, local linear, convergence rates, kernel method, the- orem, function f, optimal bandwidth, kernel density estimation, spline models, bounded away, mean integrated, constant c

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S13 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

24 Cytoskeleton microtubules, microtubule, tubulin, mitotic spindle, spindle, mitotic, microtubule assembly, mitosis, spindle microtubules, anaphase, spin- dle pole, microtubules vitro, kinetochores, spindles, centrosome, spindle poles, kinetochore, centrosomes, metaphase, cytoplasmic microtubules, mitotic spindles, microtubule dynamics, g g borisy, chromosome seg- regation, spindle assembly, chromosome movement, interphase, journal cell, dynein, chromosomes, cell cycle, cytoplasmic dynein, kinesin, rocke- feller university, assembly microtubules, microtubule ends, depolymer- ization, mitotic apparatus, spindle formation, taxol, mitotic cells, cell division, motor proteins, m w kirschner, metaphase plate, microtubule polymerization, mts, brain tubulin, sea urchin, m kirschner, nuclear envelope, tubulin subunits, microtubule organization, polymerization, microtubule arrays, disassembly, microtubules have, prometaphase, mi- crotubule protein, budding yeast, centrioles, spindle pole body, cell biology, number microtubules, microtubule nucleation, interphase cells, spindle elongation, assembly vitro, dynamic instability, nocodazole, metaphase anaphase, axonal transport, centrosomal, regulation micro- tubule, bipolar spindle, assembly disassembly, individual microtubules, xenopus egg, microtubule binding, kinetochore microtubules, living cells, microtubule depolymerization, cytoskeleton, j l rosenbaum, mi- crotubules observed, poles, role microtubule, cytoplasm, microtubule function, asters, astral microtubules, axons, electron microscopy, j r mcintosh, assembly, microtubules assembled, associated microtubules, purified tubulin, microtubule growth, tubulin assembly, fission yeast, xenopus egg extracts, nucleus, vitro, microtubule organizing centers, control microtubule, brain microtubules, revised form, proteins, spindle organization, prophase, anaphase spindle, microtubule formation, cytoki- nesis, mitotic spindle assembly, ends microtubules, late anaphase, sea urchin eggs, coverslips, motors, e karsenti, immunofluorescence, tubu- lin polymerization, colchicine, motor protein, central spindle, staining, astral, axon, cytoplasmic, localization, received publication, bovine brain, anaphase onset, nucleation, centriole, protein, microtubule or- ganizing, chromosome, pericentriolar material, onset anaphase, spin- dle fibers, chromosome alignment, sister chromatids, vivo, localizes, phosphorylation 25 Executive compensation incentive contracts, executive compensation, hazard observability, opti- mal incentive, optimal contract, incentive schemes, effort level, moral hazard, ceo compensation, jensen murphy, salary bonus, hazard teams, relative performance evaluation, holmstrom, holmstrom milgrom, bonus, incentive scheme, tournaments optimum, effort levels

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S14 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

26 Forest soil ecology forest soils, atmospheric deposition, hubbard brook, leaching, forest ecosystems, throughfall, dry deposition, nitrification, watersheds, min- eral soil, hubbard, forest ecosystem, biogeochemistry, soil organic, nitro- gen saturation, soil solution, nitrate, soil organic matter, n deposition, fluxes, forest soil, forested ecosystem, northern hardwood forest, hub- bard brook experimental, forest floor, nitrogen cycling, forested water- sheds, hubbard brook ecosystem, likens et al, denitrification, nitrogen deposition, mineralization, cycling, temperate forest ecosystems, nutri- ent cycling, northern hardwood, brook experimental forest, acid depo- sition, bulk precipitation, northern forest, wet deposition, n cycling, inorganic n, leached, base cations, atmospheric inputs, n inputs, terres- trial ecosystems, organic matter, mineralization nitrification, deposition forest, forest nutrient, nitrogen transformations, saturation northern, plant uptake, forested, watershed, solution chemistry, soils, soil hori- zons, n mineralization, f h bormann, nutrient budgets, mineral, leaching losses, precipitation chemistry, nitrogen mineralization, litterfall, soil solutions, effects acid, stream water, acidic deposition, nitrogen cycle, nutrient loss, cations, northern forest ecosystems, forested ecosystems, mineral cycling, soil science society, nitrate concentrations, aber et al 27 Leaf ecology mineral nutrition, specific leaf area, specific leaf, wild plants, unit leaf, nutrition wild, leaf life, leaf longevity, use efficiency, nitrogen use effi- ciency, leaf area, leaf structure, relationships leaf, leaf mass, evergreen deciduous, reich et al, leaf nitrogen, net assimilation rate, photosyn- thetic capacity, relative growth rate, assimilation rate, relationship leaf, net assimilation, leaf life spans, leaf n, leaf life span, evergreen, sla, differing relative, ecology leaf, relationship wild, leaf traits, unit leaf area, area leaf, characteristics diverse, dry matter, leaf area ratio, leaf dry, plant functioning, evergreen species, carbon gain, nutrient use effi- ciency, photosynthetic rate, wild species differing, diverse ecosystems, leaf lifespan, species differing, range adaptive, deciduous species, rela- tion nitrogen, inherent variation, nutrient resorption, nitrogen concen- tration, economy plant, mass area, rate leaf, nitrogen use, differences leaf, senescing leaves, convergence plant, photosynthetic rates, nutrient use, nitrogen supply

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28 Daphnia daphnia, daphnia pulex, zooplankton, daphnia magna, cladocerans, cope- pods, cladocera, cladoceran, d pulex, vertical migration, zooplankton communities, species daphnia, copepod, daphnia galeata, rotifers, daph- nia species, zooplankton species, zooplankton community, zooplank- ton populations, d magna, limnology, resting eggs, pulex, food con- centration, daphnia galeata mendotae, lake water, society limnology, d galeata, reproduction daphnia, populations daphnia, rotifer, plank- tivorous fish, population daphnia, plankton, diel vertical migration, j plankton res, s dodson, daphnia magna straus, ecology zooplank- ton, daphnia longispina, daphnids, freshwater zooplankton, calanoid copepods, daphnia populations, rate daphnia, crustacean zooplankton, bosmina longirostris, calanoid, bosmina, phytoplankton, food concentra- tions, w lampert, zooplankters, chaoborus, daphnia pulicaria, migration zooplankton, rates daphnia, diel vertical, chaoborus larvae, structure zooplankton, planktonic, planktonic rotifers, lakes, cladoceran popula- tions, cyclopoid copepods, nauplii, two daphnia, daphnia population, cladoceran species, daphnia hyalina, diaptomus, composition plankton, p d n, seasonal succession, invertebrate predation, behavior daphnia, predation zooplankton, genus daphnia 29 Gender and labor occupational segregation, sex segregation, occupations, wage gap, wage differentials, earnings women, labor market, occupational, occupational sex, labor markets, journal human, occupational sex segregation, equal pay, earnings gap, gender gap, industrial labor, occupational structure, wage discrimination, differences earnings, gender wage, internal labor markets, human capital theory, urban labor, earnings differences, dif- ferentials urban, human capital, labor relations review, internal labor, labor force, differences occupational, earnings differentials, female work- ers, work experience, job, labor relations, work occupations, compara- ble worth, employers, occupational categories, statistical discrimination, wage differences, labor market discrimination, male occupations, earn- ings men, jobs, segregation sex, women men, differences men, female occupations, labor market segmentation, market discrimination, occupa- tional distribution, wage differential, job segregation, gender inequality, internal labor market, hours worked, earnings determination, gender wage gap, men women, gender segregation

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30 Avian breeding ecology great tit, nestling, brood reduction, brood size, nestlings, laying date, chicks, pied, hatching asynchrony, pied flycatcher, great tits, great tit parus, broods, first egg, clutch size, fledging, brood, tit parus ma- jor, nestling period, asynchronous hatching, breeding biology, clutch, clutches, pied flycatcher ficedula, timing breeding, great tits parus, tits parus major, flycatcher ficedula hypoleuca, nestling growth, significance clutch, size laying, fledged, altricial birds, date clutch, fledglings, last egg, laying dates, herring gull, egg laid, blue tit, clutch sizes, nest, blue tits, pied flycatchers, laying, laying sequence, arctic passerines, de- termination clutch, breeding success, factors affecting clutch, breeding blue, affecting clutch size, avian breeding, chick, hatching, regulation animal, egg formation, egg size, collared flycatcher, nests, size arctic, evolution clutch, parus major, animal numbers, tits, parus major l, herring, parental care, fledging success, chick mortality, european star- ling, house martins, breeding blue tits, territory quality, adaptations breeding, parental survival, kestrel, energetic adjustments, variation egg, adjustments avian, nestling weight, clutch completion, natural reg- ulation, onset incubation, growth nestling, reproduction birds, hatch- ing date, tarsus length, d j t, song sparrows, tree swallow, breeding birds, house martins delichon, parental quality, martins delichon ur- bica, brood sizes, birds lay, larger clutches, egg laying, size birds, egg weight, consequences brood, fledged young, nestling great, egg composi- tion, chick survival, nestling mortality, collared flycatcher ficedula, tree swallows, size breeding, ecological adaptations, number nestlings, size hatching, flycatcher ficedula albicollis, sibling competition, laying order, journal avian, egg volume, parental effort, variation clutch, nestling survival, laying period, fledge, nest failure, nestling great tits, eggs laid, egg 31 Landscape ecology habitat patches, metapopulation dynamics, fragmented landscapes, landscape structure, metapopulation, habitat fragmentation, metapopu- lations, fragmented landscape, habitat patch, landscape ecology, patch occupancy, landscapes, connectivity, metapopulation models, effects habitat, metapopulation structure, spatially explicit, metapopulation persistence, patch size, metapopulation model, model metapopula- tion, patch area, hanski, effects landscape, suitable habitat, number patches, habitat loss, occupied patches, landscapes different, practical model, conservation biology, responses habitat, landscape connectivity, patches occupied, heterogeneity biological, patch, local extinction, frag- mented, patch connectivity, effects patch, role corridors, mammals land- scapes, g merriam, loss fragmentation, proportions suitable, distance patches, landscape pattern, connectivity population, landscape, proba- bility patch, corridors, butterfly, patches, spatial structure, extinction thresholds, fragmentation birds, effects fragmentation, demographic ge- netic, butterfly melitaea cinxia

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S17 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

32 Capital structure capital structure, dividend policy, modigliani miller, optimal capital, op- timal capital structure, debt equity, debt financing, dividend, retained earnings, corporate debt, modigliani, corporate tax, cost capital, tax ad- vantage, dividends, f modigliani, financing investment, personal taxes, corporate tax rate, equity financing, bondholders, bankruptcy costs, miller modigliani, capital gains, corporate personal, amount debt, opti- mal financial, financial structure, dividend payments, cost debt, jour- nal finance, modigliani m, corporation finance, determination financial, debt, value debt, dividend payout, tax rate, use debt 33 Generalized linear models analysis using generalized, generalized estimating, data analysis using, models longitudinal, longitudinal data analysis, using generalized lin- ear, binary responses, generalized estimating equations, generalized lin- ear models, liang zeger, generalized estimating equation, liang, analysis longitudinal, generalized linear, estimating equations, binary data, ran- dom effects, correlated binary, models repeated, gee, estimating equa- tion approach, binary response, yij 34 Reproductive demography family planning, studies family, fertility decline, population develop- ment, family planning program, contraception, development review, family planning programs, fertility, total fertility, high fertility, con- traceptive use, child mortality, fertility transition, international family planning, fertility control, decline fertility, determinants fertility, demo- graphic health, planning programs, contraceptive, family size, contra- ceptive prevalence, planning program, total fertility rate, demographic transition, population council, fertility levels, births, family planning services, fertility rates, desired family size, world fertility, contraceptive methods, rural areas, national family planning, fertility family, rural, lower fertility, infant child, desired family, fertility developing, popula- tion policy, contraceptives, fertility rate, world fertility survey, number children, infant mortality, marital fertility, married women, planning services, living children, developing countries, childbearing, fertility be- havior, age marriage, fertility change, fertility declines, fertility mor- tality, fertility regulation, family limitation, couples, use contraception, birth control, bangladesh, family planning methods, levels fertility, na- tional family, health family, level fertility, contraceptive method, num- ber births, practice contraception, women reproductive, husbands, prac- tice family, contraceptive practice, reproductive age, fertility reduction, currently married women, children ever born, iud, ministry health, vil- lages, crude birth, rural women, control fertility, proportion women, child survival, population association, agency international, number liv- ing, demand children, birth rate, family planning perspectives, surviv- ing children, crude birth rate, influence fertility, low fertility, health surveys, health survey, children ever, breastfeeding, maternal child, the- ory fertility, fertility has, impact fertility, live births, currently married, demographic change, effect fertility, limit family

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S18 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

35 Time series analysis unit root, unit roots, cointegration, autoregressive time series, au- toregressive time, cointegrating, unit root tests, economic time series, macroeconomic time, economic time, cointegrating vectors, estimators autoregressive, cointegrated, p c b, root tests, dickey fuller, critical values, engle granger, autoregressive, testing unit, stock watson, in- tegrated order, deterministic trend, statistical time, limiting distribu- tion, engle, asymptotic distributions, limiting distributions, nonstation- ary time, asymptotic distribution, cointegration vectors, nonstation- ary, nonstationary time series, dickey, cointegrating vector, testing coin- tegration, series regression, macroeconomic time series, analysis coin- tegration, unit root hypothesis, stochastic trends, time series regres- sion, walks macroeconomic, time series models, unit circle, tests unit, lag length, random walks, unit root test, error correction, inference cointegrated, asymptotic theory, bulletin economics, stationary, oxford bulletin, root time, continuous mapping theorem, nelson plosser, jo- hansen, test statistics, stationarity, stationary process, vectors gaus- sian, tests cointegration, introduction statistical, integrated processes, phillips, stochastic trend, cointegration tests, cointegrated systems, mar- tingale difference 36 Computational Bayesian statistics posterior distribution, gibbs sampler, posterior distributions, gibbs, markov chain monte, chain monte carlo, bayesian statistics, prior dis- tribution, gibbs sampling, bayesian analysis, bayesian, markov chain, prior distributions, posterior density, calculating marginal, approaches calculating, bayesian inference, priors, posterior mean, mcmc, bayesian approach, marginal posterior, joint posterior, posterior, markov chains, bayes factors, posterior means, bayesian model, sampler, prior den- sity, bayes factor, bayes, posterior probability, bayesian computation, gelfand smith, exploring posterior, bayesian restoration, monte carlo methods, chains exploring, calculation posterior, hyperparameters, full conditional, uniform prior, methods using markov, conditional distribu- tions, using markov chains, carlo sampling methods, sampling methods using, markov, using gibbs, posterior probabilities, calculating marginal densities, bayesian methods, importance sampling, iterative simulation, iterative simulation using, data augmentation, posterior moments, joint posterior distribution, simulation using multiple, fast computing, monte carlo sampling, prior information, prior mean, normalizing constant, related markov chain, f m, calculations fast, gelfand, conditional poste- rior, related markov

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37 Mergers and acquisitions market corporate, tender offers, takeover, tender offer, bidder, takeovers, shareholder, corporate control, shareholders, shareholders have, bidders, tender, corporate law, fiduciary duty, hostile takeover, takeover bid, business judgment, corporation law, target shareholders, takeover bids, fiduciary duties, fiduciary, federal securities, business judgment rule, j corp l, management responding, target firm, defensive tactics, mi- nority shareholders, bids, target management, incumbent management, corporate governance, mergers, target firms, shareholders do, hostile takeovers, shareholder vote, securities exchange act, shareholder ap- proval, delaware supreme, exchange act, corporate acquisitions, stock- holders, hostile tender, merger, securities exchange, acquirer, board di- rectors, directors, delaware supreme court, cash tender, charter amend- ments, williams act, easterbrook fischel, judgment rule, frank h east- erbrook, target company, breach fiduciary, delaware law, agency costs, sell shares, corporate managers, acquisitions, securities laws, sharehold- ers receive, bid, shareholder wealth, takeover defenses, corporation pri- vate, shareholder voting, takeover activity, securities act, publicly held, act release, securities regulation, delaware courts, poison pill, v mesa petroleum, officers directors, hostile bid, public corporations, indepen- dent directors, modern corporation, outstanding shares, takeover at- tempt, proxy contest, majority shareholders, bidding, federal securities laws, poison pills, proxy contests, corp v mesa, shareholders vote, tac- tics tender, wealth effects, federalism corporate, corporate directors, role corporate, benefit shareholders, acquirers, controlling shareholder, principles corporate, successful tender, unocal corp v, insider trading, stockholder, exchange commission, directors have, issuer, delaware, di- rectors officers, publicly traded, bidder has, antitakeover, sec, american corporate, exchange act release, interests shareholders, tender shares, shareholders benefit, potential bidders, voting stock, corporate char- ters, case defensive, sec has, corporate charter, minority shareholder, corporate assets, shareholders tender 38 US party identification party identification, american voter, systems mass, nature belief, is- sue positions, political attitudes, mass publics, political information, national election studies, national election study, presidential candi- dates, presidential elections, partisanship, public opinion quarterly, elec- torate, voting behavior, electoral choice, american electorate, national election, candidate evaluation, voters, american political science, issue voting, candidate evaluations, voter, belief systems, center political, vote choice, ideology discontent, donald e, american national election, political sophistication, partisan, mass opinion, mass public, origins mass, independents, nes, political studies, changing american voter, po- litical science review, model electoral, presidential election, political knowledge, donald e stokes, nature origins, philip e, presidential, ques- tion wording, electoral behavior, election studies, political psychology, journal politics, stanley feldman, consortium political, political science, american political, elections, presidential campaigns, american national elections, parties candidates, partisan identification, dynamic simulta- neous equation, presidential campaign, democrats, model candidate, republicans, retrospective voting, election, partisans, voting american, republican, midwest political science, democratic party, public opinion

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39 Classical Greece athenian, athens, inscription, agora, fifth century, inscriptions, atheni- ans, fourth century, acropolis, attic, greek, hellenistic, athena, athenian agora, marble, stoa, dated, archon, third century, statue, school classical, inscribed, stele, second century, temple, american school, archonship, epigraphical, excavations, bronze, classical studies, vases, zeus, sixth century, sanctuary, panathenaic, attica, parthenon, stone, vase, statues, restorations, apollo, deme, late roman, roman, monument, fourth cen- tury bc, greeks, coins, prytany, altar, century christ, goddess, archons, demotic, eleusinian, agora excavations, corinth, pentelic marble, restored, festival, cult, first century, areopagus, eleusis, fifth century bc, amphora, corinthian, attested, decree, pottery, archaic, monuments, hellenistic period, terracotta, lettering, dating, pausanias, frieze, dedications, roman period, third century bc, meritt, restoration, demos, second century bc, delphi, greece, stoa attalos, archaeological institute, tomb, greek roman, decoration, byzantine, delos, demeter, gods, tholos, dionysos, drapery, two fragments, late fifth, pediment, new fragment, boule, herakles, genitive, kerameikos, letter forms, traces, excavation, nike, epigraphical museum, shrine, aphrodite, b d meritt, fragmentary, peloponnesian, patronymic, reliefs, dedication, temple apollo, broken away, two inscriptions, first century bc, sculpture, studies athens, roman times, fragment, decorated, doric, wreath, antiquities 40 Teen sexual behavior sexually active, sexual behavior, alan guttmacher, sexual activity, teenagers, intercourse, alan guttmacher institute, family planning per- spectives, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, first intercourse, journal sex, sexual experience, adolescent pregnancy, pregnancies, adolescent sexual, premarital sexual, teenage pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, contracep- tive use, sexually transmitted, adolescents, sex education, contraception, sexual attitudes, contraceptive, sexually, teenage, sexually transmitted diseases, become pregnant, had intercourse, condom use, condom, family planning, sex research, adolescent sexuality, survey family, had sexual intercourse, adolescent, birth control, adolescent sexual behavior, sexu- ally experienced, planning perspectives table, young women, planning perspectives, alan, abortions, sexual partners, sexual behaviors, had sex, condoms, coitus, women aged, contraceptives, use condoms, have sex, pregnancy prevention, sexuality, family growth, sexual contraceptive, first sexual, unintended pregnancies, contraceptive method, pregnant 41 Growth economics endogenous growth, mechanics economic, empirics economic, eco- nomic growth, empirics, physical capital, capital accumulation, gdp, capita gdp, grossman helpman, constant returns, growth models, gdp capita, endogenous growth models, increasing returns, production func- tion, growth model, neoclassical growth, capital stock, total factor productivity

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42 Waterfowl canada geese, waterfowl, geese, ducks, lesser snow geese, wintering, snow geese, lesser snow, swans, swans north, mallards, nutrient reserves, win- tering areas, goose, spring migration, breeding grounds, female lesser, goslings, female lesser snow, geese swans, c d macinnes, c d ankney, d g raveling, black ducks, canada goose, diving ducks, mallard, lesser scaup, breeding waterfowl, wintering waterfowl, canadian wildlife, geese winter, lesser snow goose, composition canada, flocks, wood ducks, re- serves reproductive, wintering grounds, snow goose, barnacle geese, per- formance female, duck, greater snow geese, female mallards, wild geese, geese special, ducks wintering, greater snow, canadian wildlife service, cycle body, management breeding, body composition, american black ducks, geese have, breeding areas, reserve dynamics, northern pintails, spring staging, fish wildl, nutrient reserve dynamics, national wildlife refuge, black brant, dabbling ducks, mississippi flyway, reference con- trol, geese nesting, e g bolen, flock, l h fredrickson, waterfowl species, fish wildlife, staging areas, pintails 43 Mental health journal health, health social, psychological distress, mental illness, life events, mental health, general psychiatry, stressful life, stressful life events, life stress, stress mental, social behavior table, social support, archives general, catherine e, psychiatric symptoms, psychiatric dis- order, physical health, status psychological, bruce p, journal psychia- try, science medicine, catherine e ross, journal epidemiology, differences mental, distress, social behavior, illness, mental disorders, roles men- tal, stress process, stressors, psychiatric disorders, community mental, bruce p dohrenwend, community psychology, structure coping, mental disease, depression scale, differences psychological, nervous mental, lev- els distress, john mirowsky, depressive symptoms, stressful, joseph t mullan, social stress, journal nervous, university journal, mirowsky ross, mental disorder, john catherine, journal psychosomatic, pearlin, jour- nal community, symptoms, psychosomatic research, coping resources, ronald c, differences depression, psychiatric, status mental, stressful events, psychological disorder, pearlin et al, health married, barbara s dohrenwend, joseph t, institute mental

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44 Polar ecology arctic alpine, arctic tundra, tundra, alpine research, tussock tundra, arc- tic plants, arctic, alaskan arctic, alpine plants, tundra plants, eriopho- rum vaginatum, tundra ecosystems, tundra vegetation, tundra plant, alaskan, arctic ecosystems, ecology arctic, alpine tundra, permafrost, tundra soils, alaskan tundra, alaskan arctic tundra, arctic alaska, tus- sock, soil temperature, high arctic, tundra plant species, response tun- dra, arctic vegetation, soil temperatures, plant growth forms, arctic soils, graminoids, active layer, alaskan tussock, alaskan tussock tundra, alpine, mosses, northern alaska, change arctic, vegetation production, oxyria digyna, alpine plant, ecophysiological perspective, betula nana, brooks range, lichens, alpine vegetation, dwarf shrubs, growing season, individualistic growth response, carex bigelowii, arctic tundra ecosys- tems, alpine species, chapin et al, toolik lake, thaw, tundra experi- mental, l c bliss, institute arctic, environmental manipulations, simu- lated environmental change, w d billings, coastal tundra, experimental observed, alpine snowbank, e vaginatum, various plant growth, arc- tic plant, fertilization various, flora alaska, responses arctic, simulated environmental, production ecology, snow cover, balance arctic, thaw depth, snowbank environment, alpine snowbank environment, alpine tundras, tundra species, alpine environments, snowmelt, growth forms, alaska neighboring, high arctic ecosystem, cassiope tetragona, eriopho- rum vaginatum l, wet sedge, wet meadow

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45 Muscle biochemistry myosin, actin filaments, actin, nonmuscle cells, actin myosin, actin fil- ament, filaments, rabbit skeletal muscle, contractile, rabbit skeletal, t d pollard, actin polymerization, microfilaments, muscle actin, heavy meromyosin, contractile proteins, dictyostelium discoideum, nonmuscle, skeletal muscle, polymerization actin, cytoplasmic actin, smooth mus- cle, muscle myosin, cytochalasin b, spudich, e d korn, myosin heavy chain, cell motility, myosin heavy, t p stossel, interaction actin, actin binding, microvilli, dictyostelium, skeletal muscle actin, tropomyosin, localization myosin, filament, organization actin, polymerization, mi- crofilament, spudich watt, d l taylor, actin monomers, skeletal muscle contraction, distribution actin, myosin filaments, chicken gizzard, stress fibers, filament bundles, muscle, regulation rabbit, brush border, journal cell, filamentous actin, microfilament bundles, complex actin, cytoskele- ton, s watt, motility, m s mooseker, actomyosin, actin concentration, intestinal epithelial, striated muscle, actin assembly, thick filaments, microvilli intestinal, actin prepared, cell locomotion, microvillus, cell movement, cell shape, dictyostelium myosin, myosin actin, k weber, localization actin, contractility, skeletal muscle myosin, intestinal ep- ithelial cells, gelsolin, muscle nonmuscle, cell biology, thin filaments, cytochalasin, intestinal brush, concentration actin, association actin, amount actin, actin purified, contractile ring, smooth muscle myosin, revised form, myosins, capping, myosin light chain, bundles actin, cy- toskeletal, effects cytochalasin, meromyosin, atpase activity, myosin ii, binding actin, rockefeller university, bind actin, fragments myosin, actin bundles, role actin, myosin light, acanthamoeba, cytoplasm, rocke- feller university press, myosin molecules, acanthamoeba castellanii, elec- tron microscopy, negatively stained, purified actin, gelation, electron microscope, amoeboid movement, h holtzer, viscosity, filaments have, polymerized actin, received publication, cell biology volume, intestinal brush border, filament polarity, phalloidin, regulation actin, myosin molecule, monomeric actin, bundles, contractile basis, presence actin, arrowhead complexes, cortical, cytoplasmic filaments, total actin, con- traction, dialyzed, cleavage furrow, heavy chain, actin associated, u lindberg, visualization actin, actin present, low ionic, actin monomer, villin, barbed, cytochalasins, actin filament bundles, proteolytic frag- ments, polymerized 46 Consumer theory permanent income, bequests, government bonds net, liquidity con- straints, consumption function, disposable income, intergenerational transfers, consumption income, bequest, propensity consume, perma- nent income hypothesis, marginal propensity, aggregate consumption, real interest rate, aggregate capital, labor income, government debt, current consumption, sensitivity consumption, current income, bequest motive, ricardian equivalence, income consumption, real interest, future income, fiscal policy, budget constraint, interest rate, net worth, income hypothesis, time preference

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S24 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

47 Frugivory frugivores, frugivorous birds, frugivory, frugivorous, ripe fruits, seed dis- persers, avian frugivores, seed dispersal systems, avian dispersers, dis- persal agents, fruit pulp, dispersers, seed dispersal, fruit species, pulp, fleshy fruits, fruit choice, ripe fruit, fruit removal, ecology coevolved, fruit consumption, fruits eaten, coevolved seed, coevolved seed disper- sal, frugivory seed, frugivores seed, frugivore, disperse seeds, fruiting, fruit selection, fruit characteristics, fruits consumed, fruiting trees, fru- givorous bird, dispersers tropical, fruit availability, seeds dispersed, fruit presentation, principles dispersal, presentation seed, fruiting plants, dis- persal seeds, dispersal higher, vande kerckhove, wild fruits, disperser, crop size, ecology seed, fruit, competition avian, tropical birds, species fruit, fruit eating, fruit size, fruit crop, fruit abundance, evolution tem- perate, avian seed dispersers, fruits, fruit crops, implications seed, cedar waxwings, coevolution animals, dispersal system, patterns fruit, evolu- tionary aspects, interaction mediterranean, mediterranean scrublands, effects fruit, constraints coevolution, dispersal birds, seed dispersal sys- tem, birds fruits, species fruits, seed predators, howe estabrook, howe vande, frugivorous species, tropical frugivorous, eat fruits, variation fruit, prunus mahaleb, defecated, seed deposition, fruits removed, fruit- ing season, quality fruits, migrant frugivorous

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S25 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

48 Mycorrhizal biology mycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizal, mycorrhizal infection, va mycorrhizal, mycorrhizas, hyphae, mycorrhizal fungus, mycorrhizal plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, fungi, mycorrhiza, va mycor- rhizal fungi, mycorrhizae, root length, mycorrhizal roots, fungi rapid, british mycological, assessment infection, staining parasitic, spores, my- corrhizal colonization, fungus, glomus mosseae, external hyphae, roots staining, root colonization, clearing roots, arbuscular, am fungi, proce- dures clearing, arbuscules, glomus, inoculum, improved procedures, vesic- ulararbuscular mycorrhizal, rapid assessment, arbuscular mycorrhizas, mycorrhizal fungus glomus, colonization roots, infection roots, fungal, percentage root, mycorrhizal associations, root system, mycorrhizal symbiosis, mycorrhizal root, endomycorrhizal fungi, nonmycorrhizal, plant roots, symbiosis, vam fungi, hyphal, pot cultures, g mosseae, mycelium, endogonaceae, am fungal, spore, root systems, mycorrhizal nonmycorrhizal, british mycological society, soil biology, nonmycorrhizal plants, vam, mycorrhiza plant, fungal species, va mycorrhizas, plant growth responses, effects mycorrhizal, phosphorus, mycorrhizal inocu- lum, glomus intraradices, vesicular arbuscular, fungi associated, mycor- rhizal hyphae, root length colonized, mycorrhiza formation, trifolium subterraneum, endophyte, va mycorrhiza, growth mycorrhizal, arbus- cular mycorrhizal fungus, inoculated, pot, mycorrhizal infections, va mycorrhizae, length colonized, spores g, roots mycorrhizal, stained try- pan, mycorrhizal fungi associated, arbuscular mycorrhiza, rhizosphere, infected root, fungal hyphae, length root, hyphal growth, vesicularar- buscular mycorrhizal fungi, inoculation, gigaspora margarita, wet siev- ing, fungi soil, total root length, species mycorrhizal, plant soil, pot culture, phosphorus nutrition, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal, plants inoculated, trypan blue, external mycelium, response mycorrhizal, new phytologist, root segments, roots colonized, mycorrhizal research, length infected, root length infected, total root, pots, spores glomus, phos- phate, root samples, cleared stained, endogone, plants grown, vesicu- lararbuscular mycorrhiza, plant growth, p uptake, mycorrhizal status, mycorrhizal association, va mycorrhizal infection, inoculum potential, p concentration, biology biochemistry, fungi plant, mycorrhizae plant, g intraradices, development endomycorrhizal, spores mycorrhizal, ec- tomycorrhizal, endomycorrhizal, glomus species, growth responses, ef- fect mycorrhizal, am fungus, glomus fasciculatum, symbionts, endogone spores, spore germination, mycorrhizal development, plants harvested, mycorrhizal inoculation, endomycorrhizae, phosphorus uptake, evalua- tion techniques, root infection, endomycorrhizal root, trifolium subter- raneum l, endophytes, fungal colonization, hyphae soil, spore numbers, arbuscular mycorrhizae, mycorrhizal fungal, fungal structures, develop- ment mycorrhizal, p content, plants mycorrhizal, mycorrhizal endogone species, inoculated glomus, endogone mycorrhiza, extraradical, principles mycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal, host plant, mycorrhizal en- dogone, sieving decanting, arbuscule, mycorrhizal dependency, roots, colonized roots, plant root, fungal symbiont, diversity arbuscular, ex- tracted soil, onion roots, endomycorrhizal root systems, roots washed, number spores, cortical cells, mycorrhiza natural, fungi have, ectomy- corrhizal fungi, inoculated plants, extraradical hyphae, roots infected, gives objective, roots cleared, plant fungal, fungus glomus intraradices, endogone species extracted, d s hayman, plants colonized, colonized root, va mycorrhizal fungus, gigaspora margarita becker, uptake myc- sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.comorrhizal, S26 plant nutrition, extraradical mycelium, June 2014 | Volume root 1 surface, infected roots, mycorrhizal formation, field soil Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

49 Biological invasions biological invasions, plant invasions, invasive species, invasions, invasive, native species, invasive plants, ecology biological, alien species, exotic species, ecology invasions, introduced species, alien plants, invaders, plant invasion, invasions north, invasion success, invader, invasibility, in- vasions animals, exotic plant species, native plant, biological invasion, exotic plants, invasive plant, exotic, invading species, nonindigenous species, exotic plant, america hawaii, concept invasibility, global per- spective, alien plant, species introduced, invasion alien, native alien, native range, native plants, native plant diversity, native exotic, inva- sive plant species, plant species invade 50 Mass extinction paleontological society, phanerozoic, mass extinctions, mass extinction, stratigraphic, paleozoic, ordovician, fossil record, cambrian, fossil, ge- ologic time, history life, origination extinction, stratigraphic ranges, brachiopods, journal paleontology, geological society, treatise inverte- brate, origination, model phanerozoic, taxonomic diversity, d m raup, phanerozoic marine, paleontology, silurian, early paleozoic, bivalves, t j m, marine fossil record, mesozoic, extinctions, geologic, higher taxa, trilobites, permian, faunas, phanerozoic taxonomic, late ordovician, ma- rine fossil, extinction events, department geological, phanerozoic diver- sity, extinction event, paleoecology, cenozoic, phanerozoic taxonomic diversity, cretaceous, standing diversity, america abstracts, j w valen- tine, fossils, d jablonski, devonian, d h erwin, sepkoski, j j sepkoski, geologic time scale, paleontological, extinction rates, fossil benthic, fos- sil marine, raup, kinetic model, origination rates, paleontologists, ex- tinction rate, interactions recent, middle ordovician, m raup, s j gould, phanerozoic time, recent fossil, invertebrate paleontology, marine di- versity, speciation extinction, earth history, facies, upper ordovician, fossil taxa, million years, patterns evolution, originations, stratigraphic record, stratigraphy, millions years, late cretaceous, paleobiology, trias- sic, compendium fossil, late cambrian, america special paper, economic paleontologists, harland et al, marine invertebrate, rates origination, america special, raup sepkoski, early cambrian, n l gilinsky, extinction, articulate brachiopods, abstracts programs, jurassic, geological time, stratigraphic range, late permian, late paleozoic, harland et, fossil as- semblages, north american paleontological, cambrian ordovician, middle devonian, patterns taxonomic, number genera, brachiopod, stratigraphic distribution, evolution extinction

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51 Mitochondrial genetics mtdna, mitochondrial dna, haplotypes, j c avise, mitochondrial, mito- chondrial dna evolution, mtdna haplotypes, r m zink, sequence diver- gence, animal mitochondrial, mitochondrial dna variation, mtdna varia- tion, avise et al, haplotype, animal mitochondrial dna, c wilson, mtdna sequence, dna evolution, cytochrome b, genetic distances, mitochondrial dna sequence, genetics systematics, genetic divergence, bridge popu- lation, dna bridge, mitochondrial dna bridge, analysis mtdna, control region, mitochondrial genome, mtdna data, restriction endonucleases, variation mitochondrial, genetic distance, molecular evolutionary genet- ics, phylogeography, analysis mitochondrial, n c saunders, dna varia- tion, mtdna sequences, phylogeographic patterns, nucleotide diversity, patterns mitochondrial, species concepts, patterns mtdna, evolution an- imal, mitochondrial dna differentiation, mitochondrial dna sequences, population genetics, mtdna lineages, mtdna haplotype, mtdna diver- gence, human mitochondrial, terms restriction, evolutionary genetics, studying genetic variation, dna differentiation, molecular evolution, re- striction endonuclease, human mitochondrial dna, mtdnas, speciation process 52 Tort law strict liability, negligence, contributory negligence, negligent, tort li- ability, tort, tort law, liability rules, accident costs, tort system, li- ability insurance, accidents, held liable, law torts, products liability, personal injury, damages, torts, liability rule, injuries, injurer, costs accidents, liability negligence, liability, injured, negligence strict, liable, due care, product liability, accident, accident law, imposing liability, liability tort, comparative negligence, liability based, accident victims, injuries caused, liability imposed, fault, strictly liable, journal legal, rea- sonable care, liability system, liability fault, negligence rule, plaintiff, automobile accidents, res ipsa, personal injuries, theory strict, impose liability, pain suffering, injury, standard care, insurer, absolute liabil- ity, liability has, contributory, defendant, medical malpractice, liability cases, level care, liability only, defective products, law negligence, in- jurers, liable only, accident prevention, automobile accident, injured person, modern tort, defense contributory, negligence standard, liability law, imposition liability, insurers 53 Turtles turtles, turtle, painted turtles, chrysemys picta, carapace, slider, cara- pace length, freshwater turtles, plastron, painted turtle, plastron length, species turtles, turtle species, m harless, turtles have, chelydra ser- pentina, common snapping, harless h, r w barbour, snapping turtles, turtle populations, hatchlings, tortoises, aquatic turtles, hatchling tur- tles, sea turtles, slider turtle, turtles collected, turtles captured, snap- ping turtle, h morlock, j m legler, marginal scutes, female turtles, hatchling, turtle eggs, turtles had, c picta, number turtles, scutes, sea turtle, j l greene, sternotherus odoratus, snapping, pseudemys scripta, desert tortoise, green turtle, pseudemys scripta troostii, turtle chryse- mys picta, painted, j w gibbons, handbook turtles, marking turtles, r j brooks, neotropical slider, loggerhead sea

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S28 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

54 Social movements social movements, social movement, resource mobilization, social move- ment organizations, social protest, movement organizations, mobiliza- tion revolution, mobilization social, mayer n, frontiers social, develop- ment black, movement participation, mayer n zald, social movement theory, activists, strategy social, protest, social movement research, col- lective action, mobilization, collective behavior, civil rights movement, political opportunities, resource mobilization theory, richard cloward, political opportunity, cycles protest, morris carol, mobilization theory, partial theory, mccarthy zald, new social movements, social movement organization, conflict social, robert d benford, carol mcclurg, john d mccarthy, movement organization, theory collective, rights movement, international social movement, piven cloward, dynamics social, collec- tive violence, political opportunity structure, zald john, riots, black insurgency, n zald, perspectives social, grievances, protest activity, so- cial conflict, frames cycles, political protest, mayer zald, movement participants 55 Accounting accounting research, accounting review, journal accounting, accounting research vol, institute professional, accounting economics, accounting review vol, financial statements, financial reporting, earnings share, fi- nancial accounting, earnings announcement, earnings forecasts, earnings announcements, accounting income, accounting earnings, quarterly earn- ings, reported earnings, forecasts earnings, financial statement, financial accounting standards, professional accounting, earnings forecast, annual earnings, contemporary accounting research, disclosures, extraordinary items, accounting standards board, information content, unexpected earnings, sfas, sample firms, statement financial, accounting standards, evaluation accounting, printed usa, compustat, workshop participants, accounting principles, accounting information, earnings management, analyst forecasts, forecast errors, research accounting, disclosure, ac- counting numbers, accounting methods, accruals, changes accounting, institute certified, accounting literature, analyst forecast, earnings, ac- tual earnings, fasb, eps, ball brown, market reaction, earnings announce- ment date, american accounting association, net income, certified pub- lic, income statement, forecasts, incremental information content, future earnings, financial analysts, annual earnings announcements, fiscal year, content annual, generally accepted accounting, earnings forecast errors, earnings changes

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56 Congressional elections congressional elections, house elections, incumbency, incumbents, in- cumbency advantage, legislative studies quarterly, seats, choice con- gressional, reelection, elections, previous election, campaign spend- ing, challengers, open seats, senate elections, competition congres- sional, general election, house incumbents, house members, samuel ker- nell, congressional candidates, advantage incumbency, republican in- cumbents, house races, electoral, incumbent, incumbents have, congres- sional districts, decline competition, effects campaign, state legislative elections, journal politics, jacobson kernell, democratic incumbents, elec- tion outcomes, midterm congressional, incumbency congressional, elec- tion year, election results, election, politics congressional, effect incum- bency, democrats, house seats, challenger quality, congressional election, voters, number seats, districts, challenger, vote received, house can- didates, congressional quarterly weekly, incumbents challengers, redis- tricting, american politics quarterly, republicans, open seat, vote share, house representatives, parties congressional, strategy choice, incumbents running, congressional quarterly press, electoral success, quality chal- lengers, vanishing marginals, seats votes, midterm, american political science, legislative elections, congressional, midterm congressional elec- tions, presidential vote, money congressional, partisan, republican can- didates, relationship seats, congressional vote, democratic candidates, senate races, state legislative, jacobson, republican, democratic repub- lican, incumbent running, constituency service, election years, seeking reelection, spending house, challenger spending, electoral advantage, political science review, campaign expenditures, congressional district, congressional quarterly, votes, dodd bruce, margin victory, higher of- fice, republican incumbent, midterm elections, running reelection, party control, major party

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S30 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

57 Plant pathogens disease resistance, hypersensitive response, plant disease resistance, pseudomonas syringae, defense responses, systemic acquired resistance, pseudomonas syringae pv, hypersensitive, plant disease, salicylic acid, systemic acquired, pathogen, tobacco mosaic, tobacco mosaic virus, ara- bidopsis, plant defense responses, defense response, transgenic plants, resistance response, plant defense, oxidative burst, avirulent, elicitor, arabidopsis thaliana, plant cell, disease resistance genes, pathogen in- fection, p syringae, resistance arabidopsis, acquired resistance, aviru- lence gene, cell death, resistance tobacco, programmed cell death, re- sistance genes, r genes, hypersensitive cell death, pathogen attack, re- sistance gene, elicitors, society plant, response tobacco, reactive oxy- gen, avirulence, gel blot analysis, tomato, tobacco, hypersensitive re- action, disease resistance gene, signal transduction, tobacco plants, pr proteins, ethylene, transgenic tobacco, pathogens, defense genes, oxy- gen species, r gene, inoculation, days inoculation, tobacco leaves, fungal pathogen, salicylic, plant cells, bacterial pathogen, pr genes, pr gene ex- pression, transgenic, rna gel blot, defense gene, reactive oxygen species, necrotic lesions, signal transduction pathway, response pathogen, ac- tive oxygen species, pr gene, peronospora parasitica, p syringae pv, cladosporium fulvum, activation defense, oxidative, total rna, leaves inoculated, inoculated leaves, plants inoculated, enhanced resistance, powdery mildew, arabidopsis mutant, induction systemic, disease symp- toms, programmed cell, disease resistance response, role salicylic, in- filtrated, virulent, trends plant sci, plant physiologists, plant defense response, mosaic virus, bacterial pathogens, plant hypersensitive, plants expressing, syringae pv tomato, active oxygen, bacterial, cauliflower mosaic virus, transgenic tobacco plants, pto, avirulence genes, resis- tance plants, hypersensitive cell, tobacco viral, rna gel, inoculated, gene expression, resistance p, signal transduction pathways, fungal, lev- els sa, confers resistance, fungal elicitor, phytophthora infestans, j d g, infected leaves, thaliana, sa accumulation, pathogen pseudomonas syringae, resistance pseudomonas, pathogen recognition, arabidopsis plants, cauliflower mosaic, systemic resistance, induce systemic

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58 Option pricing pricing options, call option, option pricing, options corporate, option prices, call options, rational option, black scholes, contingent claims, ex- ercise price, option price, structure interest, corporate liabilities, term structure, european call, underlying stock, valuation options, put op- tion, time maturity, put options, underlying asset, maturities, brennan schwartz, partial differential equation, stochastic differential, american options, strike price, hull white, option pricing model, european call option, stochastic volatility, contingent claim, early exercise, maturity date, european options, partial differential, options alternative, call put, volatilities, bond prices, option pricing models, rational option pric- ing, pricing, alternative stochastic, maturity t, cox ross, option val- ues, volatility, call price, bond price, option valuation, american call, stochastic differential equation, put call, american option, american put, implied volatility, options stochastic, expiration date, european op- tion, pricing contingent, option contracts, time expiration, blackscholes, implied volatilities, discount bond, equilibrium characterization, price time, expiration, interest rate, pricing interest, yield curve, european put, arbitrage, short rate, hedging, brownian motion, bond pricing, geometric brownian motion, option value, pricing corporate, pricing formula, futures options, stochastic volatility models, term structure models, derivative securities, interest rate process, instantaneous vari- ance, interest rates 59 Consumer behavior translog, demand equations, demand systems, demand system, elas- ticities, elasticities substitution, demand functions, price elasticities, share equations, total expenditure, almost ideal demand, linear expen- diture, budget shares, flexible functional, system demand, demand anal- ysis, engel curves, ideal demand system, consumer demand, deaton, income elasticities, flexible functional forms, systems demand, linear expenditure system, cost function, budget share, separability, input prices, slutsky, deaton muellbauer, generalized leontief, weakly separa- ble, demand elasticities, expenditure system, berndt, agricultural eco- nomics association, partial elasticities, homogeneous degree, american agricultural economics, weak separability, derived demand, translog cost function, translog cost, commodity groups, elasticities demand, share equation, indirect utility function, indirect utility, translog func- tion, translog model, pollak wales, linear homogeneity, price income, elasticity estimates, degree zero, factor demand, almost ideal, prices income, expenditure elasticities, substitution elasticities, elasticity sub- stitution, cost shares, m fuss, homogeneity symmetry, homothetic, fron- tiers quantitative, engel, complete system, symmetry restrictions, price index, functional forms, cost share, berndt christensen, elasticity

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60 Mathematics education mathematics education, research mathematics, american educational re- search, teaching learning, learning mathematics, american educational, council teachers, teachers mathematics, instructional, educational stud- ies, learners, mathematics teaching, teaching mathematics, journal re- search, school mathematics, learner, learning teaching, teacher, class- rooms, classroom, problem solving, review educational, cognitive sci- ence, handbook research, mathematical knowledge, science education, students learn, teachers, psychology mathematics, educational research, students use, instruction, journal educational, how students, students had, mathematical problem solving, situated cognition, mathematics, mathematics instruction, mathematics learning, research science, help students, curriculum, learning environments, mathematical thinking, conceptual understanding, science mathematics, mathematics science, standards school, students do, curriculum evaluation, students have, teaching, mathematical concepts, mathematical problem, teacher edu- cation, studies mathematics, students did, elementary school, concep- tual change, student learning, students develop, constructivist, eval- uation standards, students work, teachers students, students engage, students used, research teaching, mathematical ideas, students make, students asked, instructional design, classroom practice, science teach- ing, students worked, culture learning, thinking learning, how teachers, d grouws, learning environment, asked students, students need 61 Salt marsh ecology salt marshes, salt marsh, spartina alterniflora, marshes, marsh, spartina, alterniflora, s alterniflora, salinity, new england salt, salt, marsh sur- face, england salt marsh, high marsh, tidal, salt marsh vegetation, marsh vegetation, tidal marshes, salt marsh plants, spartina alterni- flora loisel, marsh plants, spartina patens, soil salinity, georgia salt, low marsh, halophytes, georgia salt marsh, marsh sediments, north car- olina salt, coastal salt, estuary, growth spartina, coastal marshes, marsh soils, salinities, ecology halophytes, s patens, salt marsh plant, plant zonation, tidal inundation, distichlis spicata, effects salinity, alterni- flora north, tidal marsh, salt marsh ecosystem, j m teal, salt deserts, marshes salt, coastal salt marshes, r j reimold, salt marsh sediments, salt tolerance, juncus roemerianus, salicornia, marsh species, sulfate reduction, e d seneca, salt marsh grass, carolina salt marsh, forms spartina, sediment, coastal wetlands, estuarine, tidal water, reimold w, pore water, effect salinity, salt marsh species, tides, valiela et al, tidal range, salicornia europaea, coastal marine, coastal marsh, sulfide, high salinity, j reimold, estuarine coastal, height forms, spartina alterniflora marsh, water salinity

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62 Extracellular matrix fibronectin, extracellular matrix, integrin, cell adhesion, integrins, ad- hesion, e ruoslahti, cell attachment, fibronectin receptor, laminin, col- lagen, extracellular, cell spreading, plasma fibronectin, focal adhesion, vitronectin, cell migration, adhesion receptors, focal adhesions, adhesion fibronectin, family cell, endothelial cells, cells fibronectin, integrin recep- tors, extracellular matrix proteins, adherent cells, integrin subunit, fib- rinogen, cell surface receptors, integrin subunits, basement membrane, adhesive, integrin family, focal contacts, tyrosine phosphorylation, hu- man plasma, adhesion spreading, focal adhesion kinase, human plasma fibronectin, k m yamada, human fibronectin, matrix proteins, cell sur- face, cell surface glycoprotein, attachment spreading, receptors, vit- ronectin receptor, laminin receptor, platelets, ecm, integrin receptor, m d pierschbacher, ligand, fibroblasts, k burridge, receptor, c buck, wells coated, f horwitz, domain fibronectin, laminin fibronectin, signaling cell, r o hynes, basement membranes, integrin function, adhesion extracellu- lar, cell binding, cell adhesion receptors, adhesion migration, binding fibronectin, adhesion assays, vinculin, ligand binding, integrin signaling, ligands, extracellular matrices, adhesions, site fibronectin, platelet, rgd, talin, adhesion cells, endothelial cell, mab, coated, fibronectin laminin, collagen type, cellular adhesion, attached cells, surface glycoprotein, pbs, extracellular matrix components, adhesion receptor, integrin acti- vation, attachment cells, type iv collagen, type collagen, dishes coated, extracellular matrix molecules, cytoskeleton, promote cell, m e hem- ler, surface receptors, rockefeller university, interaction fibronectin, fi- bronectin vitronectin, attachment fibronectin, human endothelial cells, matrix components, affinity chromatography, binding site, monoclonal antibodies, cells attached, integrin expression, journal cell, receptor laminin, platelet membrane glycoprotein, fragment fibronectin, cells adhere, glycoprotein properties, melanoma cells, fak, cell surface recep- tor, activity fibronectin, receptors extracellular, von willebrand factor, monoclonal antibody, r timpl, von willebrand, inhibition cell, collagen fibronectin, adhesion molecules, fibronectin cell, r l juliano, growth fac- tors, plates coated, leukocyte adhesion, cell adhesion molecules, plated, leukocyte, adhesion human, adhesion plaques, t springer, identifica- tion isolation, antibodies, cell attachment activity, adhesion kinase, fi- bronectin purified, fibronectin binding, cells plated, binding soluble, cytoplasmic domain, role cell, attachment activity, tyrosine kinases, fi- bronectin receptors, tyrosine kinase, signal transduction, fibronectin col- lagen, adhesion collagen, nonadherent cells, rgd sequence, ecm proteins, fibronectin human, sonnenberg, normal transformed, peptide, endothe- lial, focal contact, cells detached, antibody, coated fibronectin, stress fibers, v quaranta, adhesion sites, described materials, mabs, fibronectin has, adhesive properties, regulation cell, allowed adhere, jolla cancer research, abbreviations used, immunoprecipitated

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63 Radiation mutagenesis rights reproduction, cells irradiated, irradiation, form reserved, irradi- ated, dose rate, ionizing radiation, chinese hamster cells, x rays, radi- ation damage, radiosensitivity, cell survival, irradiated cells, radiation response, dose, radiation research, cell killing, potentially lethal dam- age, time irradiation, lethal damage, hamster cells, potentially lethal, survival curve, surviving fraction, doses, survival curves, ionizing ra- diations, repair potentially, chromosome aberrations, chinese hamster, radiation sensitivity, m m elkind, m elkind, immediately irradiation, ra- diation biology, rbe, inc rights, radiation dose, sublethal damage, mam- malian cells, radiobiology, x irradiation, repair sublethal, irradiations, radiation, repair, chromosomal aberrations, radiation research society, unirradiated, cells irradiation, radiosensitive, cells exposed, y rays, mam- malian cells grown, damage repair, radiations, cultured mammalian, postirradiation, plating efficiency, cell cycle, heavy ions, unirradiated cells, low doses, dna synthesis, cultured mammalian cells, dose rates, rejoining, linear energy transfer, response mammalian, rays, repair pro- cesses, radiation effects, chromosome damage, relative biological effec- tiveness, dna damage, s phase, synchronized chinese hamster, repair dna, human cells, extrapolation number, mitotic delay, neutrons, frac- tion cells, elkind h, synchronized chinese, absorbed dose, repair radi- ation, division delay, lethal radiation damage, charged particles, aber- rations induced, strand breaks, function dose, t terasima, terasima l, energy deposition, cells vitro, dosimetry, damage induced, irradiation cells, grown culture, survival cells, relative biological, potentially lethal radiation, plateau phase, high let, effects ionizing, radiation research societyintroduction, biological effectiveness, surviving fractions, doses x, chromosome breaks, prior irradiation, doses radiation, division cycle, heavy ion, effect radiation, radiotherapy, total dose, dna repair, radiore- sistant, exponentially growing, mammalian cell, tumor cells, aberrations, surviving cells, m kellerer, survival level, effects radiation, cells repair, radiation therapy, repaired, cultures irradiated, kellerer h, densely ion- izing, damage surviving, cell population, low dose, inhibition dna, dual radiation action, radiation doses, gamma rays, dual radiation, alpha particles, fast neutrons, deoxyribonucleic acid, hela cells, ionization, cellular radiation, cell survival curves, department radiation, induced ionizing, survival levels, phillips l, surviving chinese hamster, surviv- ing chinese, times irradiation, doubling time, w k sinclair, beam, late s, radiation quality, curves cells, damage mammalian, plating, dose delivered, lesions, radiation action, number cells, dose radiation, rad, sublethal, dna strand breaks, colony formation, lethal damage repair, cells culture, repair process, aberrations human, radiobiology cultured, potentially lethal lesions, k sinclair, rate dna, cell progression, radia- tions living, lethal lesions, ionizing, sinclair r, responses hela, repair kinetics, higher doses, premature chromosome condensation, radiation survival, h irradiation, survival curves obtained, cellular radiosensitiv- ity, linear energy, ataxia telangiectasia, ascites tumor cells, induction chromosome, pld repair, elkind g, f q h, dose range, irradiated cell, re- pair mammalian, dicentrics, breaks induced, r phillips, repair pld, cells s, energy deposited, sublethal potentially, generation cycle, radioresis- tance, curves obtained, accelerated heavy ions, w c dewey, radiations different, rads, rbe values, radiosensitivity mammalian, postirradiation incubation sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S35 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

64 Congressional voting roll call, roll calls, congressional voting, legislative studies quarterly, roll call votes, party leaders, committee assignments, congresses, house representatives, roll call voting, party leadership, majority party, democrats, committee system, legislative behavior, republicans, call votes, house members, party voting, congressmen committees, rules committee, congressional quarterly, southern democrats, committees, legislator, house senate, standing committees, votes, congressional party, congressmen, howard rosenthal, minority party, committee assignment, party members, senators, committee members, legislative process, amer- ican political science, midwest journal, voting patterns, constituency characteristics, legislative voting, ways means, journal politics, poole rosenthal, party government, congressional, roll, electoral connection, democrats republicans, voting behavior, house democrats, cox mccub- bins, house committees, legislators, postreform, dodd bruce, congres- sional parties, influence congress, appropriations, constituency, lawrence c dodd, parties leaders, voting records, c dodd, members congress, ap- propriations committee, bills, mathew d, voting, partisan, americans democratic, legislative organization, postreform house, number roll, democratic caucus, party cohesion, senate, northern democrats, congres- sional behavior, mathew d mccubbins, congressman, political science review, democratic members, leadership congress, party loyalty, commit- tee assignment process, model legislative, democratic action, legislative roll call, conservative coalition, republican, final passage, congressional committees, committees congress 65 Private international law conflict laws, foreign law, domicile, choice law, private international law, domiciled, full faith, faith credit, private international, lex, own law, credit clause, situs, lex loci, lex fori, apply own, apply law, logical legal, domicil, local law, proper law, domiciliary, legal bases, sister state, foreign state, forum state, foreign court, contract made, renvoi, conflicts law, law applicable, restatement conflict, new york court, place con- tracting, personal jurisdiction, law conflict, forum, service process, law govern, forum law, application foreign, applicable law, forum has, col l rev, cause action, conflicts rules, forum non conveniens, law applied, forum non, interstate international, law governing, place performance, personam, jurisdiction, action brought, plaintiff, defendant, foreign judg- ments, de droit international, conflicts laws, york court, decedent, sued, place injury, applying law 66 Bats bat, bats, roost, insectivorous bats, myotis lucifugus, species bats, roosts, big brown, eptesicus fuscus, myotis, roosting, bats have, bats captured, echolocation, number bats, brown bats, study bats, big brown bat, big brown bats, bat species, m lucifugus, maternity colonies, vespertilionid bats, brown bat, cave, echolocation calls, m b fenton, w h davis, ecol- ogy bats, r m r, caves, bats america, bats had, species myotis, t h kunz, bat activity, bats found, journal mammalogy, maternity colony, bats have been, young bats, individual bats, bats collected, roost sites, bats observed, lucifugus, m r barclay, mist nets, hibernating bats, roost- ing ecology, tadarida brasiliensis, roosting foraging, bats did, bats use, bats taken, bats present, bats flying, vespertilionid, behavioral meth- ods, flight bats, maternity roosts, numbers bats, e fuscus, mammalogy vol sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S36 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

67 Sociology of religions study religion, review religious, religious research, scientific study, church attendance, sociology religion, denominations, churches, religious commitment, religiosity, religious participation, religion, denomination, church, church membership, religious, rodney stark, religious beliefs, denominational, religious involvement, congregations, church members, american religion, catholics, protestants, protestant, attend church, re- ligious groups, religious change, religious affiliation, journalfor scien- tific, religious behavior, church participation, protestant denominations, religion has, secularization, religious services, religious organizations, religious belief, congregation, levels religious, mainline, effects religious, new religious, religious life, church growth, religions, rutgers university press, theory religion, religious institutions, clergy, american religious, religiously, catholic, attendance, conservative protestant, god, bible, wade clark, evangelical, religious preference, mainline protestant, study re- ligious, nature religious, conservative protestants, differences religious, conservative churches, relationship religious, measures religious, religion table, effect religious, organized religion, psychology religion, theology, protestantism, christian, religious group, religious activity, frequency church, william mckinney, religious factor, catholic church, churching, attendance religious, religion society, theological, finke stark, religious activities, sociologists religion, catholicism, religious experience, religion america, baptists, measure religious, denominational affiliation, pat- terns religious, influence religious, religious identity, religious traditions, protestant churches, stark bainbridge, relationship religion, christian- ity, religion have, david roozen, consequences religious, level religious, understanding church growth, role religion, charles y, united church, religious economy, church america, roof mckinney, religious movements, model religious, secular, religious socialization, liberal protestant, reli- gious market, southern baptist, beliefs practices, congregational, sacred canopy 68 Snakes snakes, snake, snake species, snakes captured, snakes collected, species snakes, snakes have, garter, garter snakes, s s novak, snake populations, number snakes, female snakes, common garter, adult snakes, snakes found, snakes had, male snakes, thamnophis sirtalis, water snakes, cro- talus viridis, r seigel, individual snakes, vipera berus, garter snake, rattlesnakes, australian elapid, male combat, small snakes, australian elapid snakes, water snake, thamnophis, colubrid snakes

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69 Bears black bears, black bear, grizzly bears, cubs, grizzly bear, bear popula- tion, bear populations, grizzly, brown bears, bear research, bear habi- tat, bears have, bears captured, brown bear, conference bear, yellow- stone, female bears, black bear population, bears had, number bears, grizzly bear population, females cubs, bears northeastern, bear man- agement, yellowstone grizzly, bears killed, black bear populations, yel- lowstone national, female black bears, individual bears, grizzlies, griz- zly bear habitat, denning, bears yellowstone, cub, bears did, bears, dens, polar bears, bears have been, yellowstone national park, bears used, yellowstone grizzly bear, bear ecology, male bears, den, bear use, captured bears, yellowstone grizzly bears, bear hunting, north- eastern minnesota, bears observed, american black bears, bear habitat use, craighead et al, m r pelton, interagency grizzly bear, first premo- lar, berry crop, biology management, cub survival, cementum annuli, adult bears, premolar tooth sections, bear activity, bears north, bears using, female black, female grizzly bears, ecology black, mast berry, fe- male black bear, yellowstone ecosystem, first premolar tooth, american black bear, den emergence, bear density, supply kinship, grizzly bear populations, effects mast, large mammal populations, female grizzly, northwestern montana, grizzly bear study, yearlings, research manage- ment, berry crop failures, glacier national, winter dens, fish game, griz- zly black, bears first, cementum layers, den sites, mountains national park, bears located, smoky mountains national, brown bear popula- tion, bear mortality, aging black bears, black bear habitat, bear behav- ior, bear cubs, bears found, grizzly bear management, denning ecology, american black, bears humans, jonkel cowan, denned, movements black, bears known, bears do, bears moved, success black, bears feeding, mct, bears cementum, northern interior grizzly, bears idaho, young bears, denning period, large mammal, dynamics black, black bear ecology, hunters, used bears, grizzly bear recovery, management grizzly, crop failures, kinship social, dynamics large, bears southwestern, male black bears, foot snares, bear distribution, management bears, bear popula- tion dynamics, marked bears, black bear workshop, age determination, garbage dumps, bears monitored, northern interior

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70 Mayan studies maya, classic maya, classic period, late classic, archaeology, maya low- lands, ancient maya, lowland maya, de antropologia e, ceramics, ameri- can archaeology, mesoamerica, archaeological, society american, teoti- huacan, settlement patterns, nacional de antropologia, early classic, obsidian, field archaeology, mesoamerican, valley mexico, postclassic, maya area, antropologia e historia, maya civilization, aztec, middle american, handbook middle, tikal, ceramic, preclassic, middle ameri- can research, archaeological record, peabody museum, late preclassic, excavations, prehistory, archaeological research, prehistoric, settlement pattern, peten, museum archaeology, archaeological data, pottery, ar- chaeologists, archaeological investigations, spanish conquest, late post- classic, basin mexico, olmec, late classic period, archaeological evidence, central mexico, carnegie institution, journal field, copan, peabody, com- plex societies, latin american antiquity, instituto nacional de, southern maya, yucatan, middle preclassic, central mexican, terminal classic, civ- ilization, archaeology ethnology, belize, valley oaxaca, early postclassic, excavation, archaeological sites, valley, maya archaeology, aztecs, bureau american, highland, prehistoric settlement patterns, highlands, maya sites, prehistoric settlement, late formative, guatemala, prehispanic, ar- chaeological method, sherds, school american, ceremonial, anthropology, classic maya civilization, r e w, department anthropology, new mexico press, guatemalan, maya site, classic postclassic, burials, late classic maya, postclassic period, middle formative, plaza, mayan, craft special- ization, american anthropological, de las cosas, las cosas de, gordon r, conquest, southwestern journal, new world archaeological, journal anthropological, monte alban, northern belize, ceramic production, de cultura maya, cultural ecology, settlements, maya society, estudios de cultura, maya settlement patterns, early mesoamerican, journal anthro- pology, southern maya lowlands, cultural evolution, teotihuacan valley, sabloff, oaxaca, chiefdoms, early classic period, j e s, center archaeo- logical, ceramic sequence, formative period, maya community, instituto, archaeological study, ancient, publications anthropology, belize valley, ceremonial center, excavated, anthropological research, lowlands, maya settlement, altar de, chichen itza, monumental architecture, new mex- ico, instituto nacional, mounds, surface collections, gordon r willey, late terminal, archaeologist, ruins, prehispanic settlement patterns, ethnohis- toric, ceremonial centers, university oklahoma, origins maya, anthropo- logical archaeology, radiocarbon dates, subsistence, northern yucatan, early formative, texcoco, foundation anthropological, material culture, advances archaeological, lowland maya settlement, j eric s, exchange systems, highland guatemala, san lorenzo

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71 Childhood development society research, research child, child development, preschool, early childhood, child outcomes, child behavior, home environment, early intervention, child psychology, parenting, home observation, children families, behavior problems, developmental outcomes, cognitive devel- opment, socioemotional development, home environments, infant de- velopment, social competence, development children, handbook child, parenting practices, young children, early childhood research, parent- ing behavior, monographs, observation measurement, early childhood programs, journal child, preschool years, inc rights, outcomes children, biennial meeting, infants, child family, peabody picture vocabulary, preschool children, school readiness, maternal employment, preschool programs, hardship black, toddlers, language development, child de- velopment table, quality child, effects early, school achievement, early childhood intervention, mothers children, peabody picture, child adoles- cent, effects maternal, intervention programs, maternal education, fam- ily child, economic hardship, effects child, early child, disadvantaged children, parent education, home visits, mothers had, infant behavior, early child care, head start, applied developmental, bayley, mothers, early education, early cognitive, children mothers, abnormal child, bay- ley scales, child care, mothers reported, family processes, child care research, children risk, school performance, preschoolers, early school, early childhood education, child characteristics, scales infant, home visit, social development, care research network, early childhood de- velopment, parenting behaviors, iq scores, black families, parent child 72 Spiders spiders, spider, journal arachnology, spider species, webs, spiders col- lected, orb, silk, wolf spider, wolf spiders, spiders have, egg sacs, spi- derlings, species spiders, arachnology table, number spiders, egg sac, prey capture, biology spiders, orb web, spiders found, spider webs, spi- der fauna, orb webs, spider size, arachnology, web building, spiders had, wolf, spider community, spiders connecticut, web construction, fe- male spiders, adult spiders, chelicerae, web, spider populations, nephila clavipes, american spiders, spider communities, cephalothorax, spin- nerets, lycosids, lycosid, spiders used, ecophysiology spiders, distribution spiders, orb weavers

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73 Chloroplast biology chloroplasts, thylakoid, photosystem, photosystem ii, thylakoid mem- branes, thylakoid membrane, chlamydomonas reinhardtii, thylakoids, chloroplast, photosynthetic electron, psii, c reinhardtii, reaction cen- ter, isolated chloroplasts, photosynthetic electron transport, chlamy- domonas, electron transport, spinach, spinach chloroplasts, chloroplast proteins, chloroplast membranes, plastids, intact chloroplasts, large subunit, reinhardtii, green alga chlamydomonas, reaction centers, pho- tosystem ii reaction, chloroplast protein, plastoquinone, chloroplasts isolated, photosynthetic, psba, electron flow, chloroplast development, chloroplast membrane, stroma, chlorophyll, ii reaction center, higher plant, mutants chlamydomonas, electron transfer, psii reaction, pho- tosystems, chloroplast gene expression, thylakoid membrane proteins, electron transport chain, stromal, chl, biochim biophys acta, small sub- unit, mutant chlamydomonas, chloroplast envelope, psi, protein photo- system, chloroplast genes, regulation chloroplast, chloroplast ribosomes, pea chloroplasts, plastid, higher plant chloroplasts, psii reaction center, ribulose bisphosphate 74 Topology homotopy, cohomology, homomorphism, homotopy groups, isomor- phism, commutative, spectral sequence, homotopic, commutative di- agram, mathematical society volume, homotopy type, exact sequence, steenrod, american mathematical, induces isomorphism, hopf, isomor- phic, american mathematical society, homotopy equivalence, generator, isomorphisms, homomorphisms, abelian, space x, direct sum, genera- tors, abelian group, fibration, homotopy classes, identity map, functor, natural map, cohomology groups, commutes, induced map, homotopy class, steenrod algebra, mod, map f, stable homotopy, homology groups, naturality, let x, simplicial, homotopy theory, topological, epimorphism, finitely generated, classifying space, spectral sequences, induces map, s eilenberg, fibre, simply connected, mod p, topological space, prime p, mathematics subject classification, map induced, group g, abelian groups, homeomorphism, algebras, tensor product, homeomorphic, sub- complex, map x, same homotopy, commutativity, hurewicz, cohomology class, base point, define map, odd prime, hopf invariant, polynomial algebra, let e, tensor, torsion, prove theorem, manifolds, homology co- homology, short exact, homotopy group, monomorphism, let g, inclu- sion map, subalgebra, algebraic topology, injective, hopf algebra, ho- motopy equivalent, x e, loop space, homology theory, same homotopy type, thom, direct summand, algebra, has homotopy, completes proof, short exact sequence, consider diagram, exists map, automorphism, in- tegers, let k, classes maps, natural isomorphism, contractible, cohomol- ogy group, mathematics vol, j h c, exact sequences, ideal generated, direct limit, homomorphism induced, classifying spaces, bockstein, quo- tient, free abelian, cocycle, vector space, cohomology theory, adams spectral sequence, functors, cohomology ring, theorem, cyclic group, induces homomorphism, exterior algebra, lie group, main theorem, map g, lemma, topological spaces, annals mathematics

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75 Medical outcomes medical outcomes study, medical outcomes, health status, health sta- tus measures, functional status, medical care volume, health status measure, sickness impact, qual life res, j clin epidemiol, quality life, measurement health, life patients, physical functioning, life research, general health, primary care, framework item, sickness impact profile, et al medical, item selection, measure health, status measures, health states, health serv res, new england medical 76 Environmental toxicology environ health perspect, environmental health perspectives, polychlori- nated biphenyls, pcbs, toxicol appl pharmacol, estrogenic, dioxins, estro- gen receptor, estrogen, environ contam toxicol, toxicol environ health, j toxicol environ, estrogens, pcb, estrogenic activity, exposure poly- chlorinated, polychlorinated biphenyl, tcdd, human exposure, pcb con- geners, environmental chemicals, endocrine disruptors, body burden, en- vironmental health, arch environ contam, exposure pcbs, arch environ health, estradiol, estrogenic effects, ddt, crit rev toxicol, declare have, biphenyls, estrogen receptors, dioxin, adipose tissue, authors declare, human breast, prenatal exposure, human health, j steroid biochem, en- vironmental estrogens, environmental contaminants, sci total environ, competing financial interests, environ toxicol chem, related compounds, organochlorine, endocrine disruption, levels pcbs, organochlorine pes- ticides, utero, competing financial, breast milk, environ sci technol, organochlorine compounds, j ind med, human milk, aryl hydrocarbon, fundam appl toxicol, pcb exposure, blood levels, occupationally ex- posed, estrogenicity, contaminants, pcb levels, health effects, organochlo- rines, pesticides, exposed polychlorinated, bull environ contam, utero exposure, polychlorinated, bisphenol, dibenzofurans, serum levels, health perspectives articles, environmental exposure, developmental effects, hu- man breast cancer, dioxins related, chemicals, thyroid hormone, toxi- col ind health, workers exposed, xenoestrogens, estrogenic chemicals, perinatal exposure, am j ind, rats exposed, chlorinated, pcdfs, ah re- ceptor, risk assessment, institute environmental, have competing, en- docrine, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, wildlife humans, alterations sex- ual, biochem mol biol, steroid biochem mol, occup environ med, female rats, humans wildlife, male rats, human health effects, j natl cancer, am j epidemiol, dde, levels organochlorine, natl cancer inst, postna- tal exposure, breast cancer cells, occupational exposure, rats, hormone concentrations, toxic equivalency factors, sperm counts, exposed pcbs, pcbs have, pcb concentrations, estrogenic compounds, substances dis- ease, sexual functional, body burdens

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77 Sociology education teaching sociology, introductory sociology, instructor, sociology courses, semester, instructors, professor sociology, undergraduate sociology, soci- ological concepts, sociological imagination, sociology course, students have, introductory course, sociology students, courses, undergraduate, undergraduate education, ask students, sociology majors, classroom, so- ciology departments, faculty members, students write, critical thinking, course material, help students, class discussion, students learn, course content, teaching, students see, give students, sociology curriculum, en- courage students, introductory sociology courses, sociology, active learn- ing, address correspondence, introductory sociology course, introductory courses, students take, introductory, introduction sociology, students do, college classroom, students think, student, sociology classes, sociologists, teaching resources center, student evaluations, majors, sociology major, college teaching, sociological knowledge, sociology department 78 Art education art education, studies art, art educators, national art education, visual arts, teaching art, art education association, art teachers, works art, work art, journal issues, artists, art history, art criticism, artist, aes- thetic, aesthetic education, national art, aesthetics, arts, art teacher, study art, art curriculum, professor art, journal aesthetic, history art, art instruction, art art, field art, research art, aesthetic experience, arts education, artistic, education art, educators, painting, contemporary art, making art, issues research, art has, approach art, research national art, art educators have, theory art, nature art, art education copyright, education copyright, art forms, visual art, school art, art work, art programs, curriculum, learning art, art education has, understanding art, art appreciation, aesthetics art, studio, knowledge art, art teach- ing, approaches art, art educator, art experience, visual, art works, art program, artwork, artworks, getty center, fine arts, research national, paintings, art objects, art students, how art, art object, criticism art, art have, students art, teach art, creative mental, teachers, art classes, use art, teacher, role art, art classroom, curriculum development, phi- losophy art, art activities, development art

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Test of asymmetry between behavioral but the former is the convention in some jour- and biological fields nals and among British biogeographers. However, we found that the choice of language model is If behavioral fields i have a larger cultural hole to largely based on preference. Differences in pars- biology fields j than vice versa, then Cij < Cji ing methodology, so long as they are reasonable, on average. We identified 893 of 899 pairs of contribute little toward the jargon barrier mea- fields that satisfied this inequality. If the proba- sure. bility that this inequality holds for each pair is 50 Full list of stop words: a, aboard, about, percent, then the probability of observing 893 or above, absent, accordingly, across, after, against, −258 more is roughly 10 (binomial sign test). How- ahead, albeit, all, along, alongside, although, also, ever, this test is not sufficient because the pairs amid, amidst, among, amongst, an, and, another, of fields are not independent from one another– anti, any, anybody, anyone, anything, around, each behavioral field, for example, contributes are, as, aside, astraddle, astride, at, bar, barring, 31 pairings toward the 899 total. To circumvent be, because, before, behind, below, beneath, be- this, we could sample a biological field without side, besides, between, beyond, both, but, by, replacement and match it to a behavioral science can, certain, circa, concerning, consequently, con- field, producing 29 pairs that are independent. sidering, could, dare, despite, down, does, during, This process could be repeated many times to each, either, enough, every, everybody, everyone, produce a distribution of probabilities that the everything , except, excepting, excluding, failing, data were generated under the null hypothesis (50 few, fewer, following, for, from, given, he, hence, percent chance to observe the inequality). How- her, hers, herself, him, himself, his, however, i, ever, because only six pairs of fields violated the is, if, in, including, inside, into, it, its, itself, less, inequality (presuming worst-case that those six like, little, loads, lots, many, may, me, might, come from distinct fields), then at the extreme, mine, minus, more, most, much, must, my, my- 23 of 29 pairs would uphold the inequality. A self, near, neither, nevertheless, no, not, nobody, binomial sign test reveals that this extreme is none, nor, nothing, notwithstanding, of, off, on, also significant with a probability of 0.0005.A once, one, onto, or, other, ought, our, ours, our- sign test that corrects for the nonindependence selves, out, outside, over, part, past, pending, between pairs of fields would therefore produce a per, plus, regarding, respecting, round, save, sav- 100 percent rejection of the null hypothesis. ing, several, shall, she, should, since, so, some, somebody, someone, something, such, than, that, Stop word list and trigram data the, their, theirs, them, themselves, then, thence, therefore, these, they, this, tho, those, though, Trigram counts for each paper in the corpus were through, throughout, thru, thus, till, to, toward, generated by JSTOR using an optical character towards, under, underneath, unless, unlike, until, recognition (OCR) algorithm applied to electroni- unto, up, upon, us, versus, via, wanting, we, what, cally scanned scientific papers. Trigrams preserve whatever, whenever, whichever, where, whereas, the structure of most phrases (see discussion in wherever, whether, which, when, without, would, the “Data and Methods” section of the main text). yet, you, will, were, with, within, your, while, Because the number of raw trigrams is extremely whilst, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, large, we removed a word in each trigram if it yours, yourself, yourselves. matched a stop word in our list (shown follow- ing). This process generates “reduced" trigrams, which we also included in our analysis. For ex- Distance data ample, “the markov chain" and “markov chain Data used for analysis (shortest path and jar- and" were reduced to “markov chain." Phrases gon matrices) are available in the Dryad data were intentionally not stemmed, so that equiv- repository. alent phrases, when used in different contexts and tenses, nevertheless contribute to the jargon calculations. For example, “biogeographical unit" and “biogeographic unit" are the same concept,

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Decay plots for all fields The full list of decay plots for each of the 60 fields we studied in JSTOR is given in Figures 1-15.

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social movements marital disruption

social movements marital disruption 0.9 0.9

Childhoodmental development health teen sexual behavior reproductive demography gender and labor sociology of religions US constitutional law

international relations 0.7 sociology of religions

0.7 strategic management social movements consumer theory unemployment gender and labor reproductive demography US constitutional law maritalmergers disruption and acquisitionssociology educationmathematics education congressional elections strategicgrowth economicsmanagementmarketing growth mentaleconomics healthChildhood development marketingteen sexual behavior art education internationalsociology relations education mathematics education unemployment medical outcomes executive compensation executive compensationmergerscongressional and acquisitions elections consumer theory portfolio theory survival analysis art education portfolio theory generalized linear models environmental toxicology medical outcomes computational bayesian statistics time series analysis option pricing biologicalmass invasions extinction bears landscape ecology timecomputational series analysis bayesian statisticslandscape ecology option pricing massbears extinction generalized linear models intertidal ecology environmental toxicology volesbiological invasions phylogeneticamphibial inference life history kernel analysis avian breedingamphibiallizardintertidal thermoregulation ecology life historyecology HIV survival analysis rainforestfrugivorymitochondrial ecologyvoles genetics nesting ecologyplant−herbivorephylogeneticwaterfowlfrugivorypollination inferenceinteractions ecology kernel analysisplant−herbivorenestinglizard ecologypollination thermoregulation interactionsdaphnia ecologybats rainforestdaphnia ecology turtlesbats avianriparianforest breedingleaf soilecologywaterfowl ecologyecology ecologyplantturtles systematics mitochondrial genetics HIV leaf forestecology soilriparian ecology ecology mycorrhizal biology plant systematics cytoskeleton mycorrhizal biology plant pathogens cytoskeleton membrane cell biology plant pathogens extracellular matrix membraneextracellular cell biologymatrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

reproductive demography teen sexual behavior

reproductive demography teen sexual behavior 0.9 0.9

maritalreproductive disruption demography

teen sexual behavior Childhood development marital disruption 0.7 mental health 0.7 gendermental and health labor Childhood development sociology of religions socialsociology movements of religions gender and labor growth economics US constitutional law social movementsUS constitutional law strategicconsumerunemployment management theoryinternational relations marketing marketing strategic management medical outcomes mathematics education unemployment sociology education sociology education consumer theory mathematics education mergers and acquisitions international relations executive compensationcongressional electionsmedical outcomes growth economics environmental toxicology environmental toxicology art education generalized linear executivemodelsmergerscongressional compensationand acquisitions elections generalized linear modelsportfolio theory survival analysis art education survivalcomputational analysis bayesian statistics biological invasionsbears computational bayesian statisticsportfolio theory time series analysislandscape ecology bears volesmassintertidal extinction ecology HIV amphibial life history biological invasions kernelnestingavian analysis optionbreeding ecologyrainforest pricinglizardphylogenetic ecologyfrugivory thermoregulation ecology inference landscapelizard ecology volesthermoregulation plant−herbivoremitochondrialpollinationwaterfowldaphnia geneticsecology interactionsturtles HIV avianintertidal breedingamphibial ecology ecology life history forest soil ecologybats nestingwaterfowl ecologymass extinctionfrugivoryturtles leafriparian ecology ecology time serieskernel analysisoption analysisplant−herbivorepollination pricingrainforestphylogenetic ecology ecology interactionsdaphnia inferencebats plant systematics mitochondrial genetics mycorrhizal biology forestleaf ripariansoil ecology ecology ecology mycorrhizalplant systematics biology cytoskeleton plant pathogens cytoskeleton membrane cell biology plant pathogens membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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mental health congressional elections

mental health congressional elections 0.9 0.9

Childhood development marital disruption

sociology of religions teen sexual behavior 0.7 gender and labor 0.7 reproductive demography USsocial constitutional movements law international relations social movements medical outcomes mergers and acquisitions strategic managementmarketing strategic management gendergrowth andsociology economics labor of religions unemployment executive compensation consumersociology UStheory constitutional education law unemploymentmaritalconsumer disruption theoryreproductive demography marketing internationalmathematics relations education teen sexual behavior executivegrowth compensation congressionaleconomics elections Childhood developmentmathematics education portfolio theorymental health sociology education generalized linear models mergers and acquisitions environmental toxicology computational bayesian statistics survival analysis portfolio theory art education time series analysis option pricing generalized linear models art education computational bayesian statistics medical outcomes mass extinction bears bears landscape ecologybiological invasions landscapebiological ecologyintertidal invasions ecology avian breedingamphibialmasslizardvoles extinctionecology life thermoregulation history survival analysis phylogeneticintertidal inference ecology environmental toxicology time serieskernel analysis analysisoptionplant−herbivorenesting pricingrainforest ecologyfrugivory ecologyinteractionsHIV kernel analysis nesting ecologyamphibialvoles life history pollinationphylogeneticwaterfowl ecology daphniainferenceturtles pollinationavianplant−herbivorerainforest breedingwaterfowllizardfrugivory ecology thermoregulation ecology daphniainteractions leaf ecologyriparian ecologybats mitochondrialforest soil ecology turtlesgenetics mitochondrial geneticsforest soil ecology riparianplantleaf ecologysystematics ecology bats HIV plant systematicsmycorrhizal biology mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton plant pathogenscytoskeleton plant pathogens membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

international relations US constitutional law

international relations US constitutional law 0.9 0.9

mergers and acquisitions social movements social movements US constitutional law international relations 0.7 0.7 strategic management growth economicsmergers and acquisitions sociology of religions strategic management sociologyreproductive of religions demography congressionalgender elections and labor congressional elections marital disruptionreproductivemathematics demographysociology education education gender and labor growthteen economics sexual behavior executive compensation mathematics education executive compensation unemploymentmarketingmarital disruption unemployment marketing art education consumer theory sociology education Childhood development Childhoodmental health developmentteen sexual behavior consumer mentaltheory health portfolio theory art education portfolio theory time series optionanalysis pricing biological invasions medical outcomes computational bayesian statisticsmedicalmass outcomes extinction bears optiontime computationalseries pricing analysis bayesian statistics landscape ecology biologicalmass invasions extinctionbears generalized linear models intertidal ecologyphylogeneticenvironmental inference toxicology generalized linear models amphibial life history landscape ecologyphylogenetic inferenceenvironmental toxicology mitochondrialvoles genetics intertidal ecology survival analysiskernel analysis rainforestfrugivorydaphnia ecology survivalkernel analysis analysismitochondrialamphibial genetics life history plant−herbivorepollinationnestingavianforestlizard breedingecology ecologyleaf soilinteractions thermoregulation ecology ecologyplant ecology systematics bats riparian ecologywaterfowlturtles rainforestfrugivorynestingvoleslizard thermoregulation ecologyecologyplant systematicsdaphnia avianforestplant−herbivore breeding soilpollination ecology ecology interactionsecologywaterfowlturtlesbats HIV leaf ecologyriparianHIV ecology mycorrhizal biology plant pathogens mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton cytoskeleton plant pathogens membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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Childhood development medical outcomes

Childhood development medical outcomes 0.9 0.9

marital disruption

mental health teen sexual behavior 0.7 0.7 reproductive demography gendersociology and labor of religions mental health

socialmathematics movements education Childhood development strategic management marketing medical outcomesUS constitutional law teen sexual behavior sociology education consumerunemployment theory marketing reproductive demography growth economics strategicsociology managementmarital of religions disruption international relations art education generalized linear models executive compensation gender and labor generalized linear modelsmergerscongressional and acquisitionsenvironmental elections toxicology mathematics education survival analysissocial movements environmental toxicology computationalexecutiveconsumer compensationunemployment bayesian theory statistics survivalcomputational analysis bayesianportfolio statistics theory USinternational constitutional relations lawsociology education mergersgrowth andcongressional acquisitions economics elections landscape ecologybiological invasionsbears HIV art education lizardintertidalvolesamphibial thermoregulation ecologymass life historyextinction portfolio theory time serieskernel aviananalysis analysisoption breedingphylogenetic nestingpricingplant−herbivore ecologypollination ecologyfrugivory inference interactions ecology HIV kernel analysis bears rainforest ecologywaterfowldaphniaturtles bats landscapephylogenetic ecologybiological inference invasions mitochondrialriparianleafforest genetics ecologyecology soil ecology nestingintertidalamphibiallizard massecology frugivory ecologythermoregulation life extinction historyvoles time seriesoption analysis pricingavianrainforest breeding ecologyripariandaphniaturtles ecology ecology plant systematics plant−herbivoremitochondrialleafpollination ecology interactions genetics ecologywaterfowl mycorrhizal biology forest soil ecologybats plant systematicsmycorrhizal biology plantcytoskeleton pathogens plantcytoskeleton pathogens extracellularmembrane matrix cell biology membraneextracellular cell biology matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociology of religions gender and labor

sociology of religions gender and labor 0.9 0.9

unemployment

marital disruption social movements mental health

0.7 reproductive demography 0.7 strategic managementsocial movements Childhood development marital disruption sociology of religions reproductiveUS constitutional demography law executive compensationgrowth economicsconsumer theory mental health teen sexual behavior gender andChildhood labor teen development sexual behavior US constitutional law international relations strategic management mergers and acquisitionsinternational relations congressionalmarketing elections marketingsociology education sociology education growth economics mathematics education portfolio theory mathematics education congressionalmergers and elections acquisitions unemployment art education consumer theory medical outcomes executive compensation medical outcomes time series analysis survivalgeneralizedcomputational analysis linear bayesian models statistics art education portfolio theory option pricing environmental toxicology kernel analysis biological invasionsbears generalized linear models landscape ecologymass extinction computational bayesian statistics massbiological extinction invasions intertidal ecology time seriesoption analysis landscapepricing ecology environmentalbears toxicology phylogeneticlizardfrugivory rainforestthermoregulation inference ecology survival analysis intertidal ecology nestingavianpollination breedingamphibial ecologyvoleswaterfowl ecology ecology life history amphibialvolesphylogenetic life history inference plant−herbivoremitochondrialleafdaphnia interactions genetics ecologyturtles nesting ecologymitochondrial genetics bats kernel analysis avianplant−herbivore breedingpollinationrainforestlizardfrugivory thermoregulation ecology ecology interactionsecologydaphnia bats forest soilriparian ecology ecologyHIV forestleafriparian soil ecologywaterfowl ecology ecologyturtles plant systematics plant systematicsHIV mycorrhizal biology mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton plant pathogenscytoskeleton plantmembrane pathogens cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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sociology education art education

sociology education art education 0.9 0.9

mathematics education 0.7 0.7 mathematics education art education US constitutional law social movements strategic management sociology education US constitutional law sociology of religions Childhood development gender and labor social movements maritalreproductive disruptioninternationalteen demographymarketing sexual relations behavior mental health strategic management marketingsociology of religions mergers and acquisitions Childhood development international relations reproductive demography executivegrowthcongressional unemploymentcompensation economics elections gender and labormarital disruption mental health mergersteen andsexual acquisitions behavior consumer theorymedical outcomes growth economics executivecongressional compensation elections computational bayesianportfolio theorystatistics unemployment generalized linear models medical outcomes consumer theory survival analysisoptionmass pricing extinction bearsenvironmental toxicology time serieslandscape analysisbiological ecology invasions computationalmass bayesianextinctionportfolio statistics theory kernelphylogenetic analysisintertidal ecology inference amphibialvoles life history generalizedlandscapeintertidal phylogeneticlinear ecologybiological ecology modelsoption inference invasions pricingbears environmental toxicology mitochondrialnestingfrugivorylizard ecology thermoregulation genetics bats survival analysistime series analysis plant−herbivoreavianpollinationrainforest breedingdaphnia ecologyecology plantinteractions ecology systematicsturtles amphibial lifekernel history analysis forestriparianleaf soilwaterfowl ecology ecology ecology mitochondrialplant geneticsfrugivory systematicsvolesdaphnia plant−herbivorenestingrainforestlizard ecology ecology thermoregulation interactionsturtles bats HIV avian pollinationbreedingleafriparianforest ecologyecology ecology soil ecology ecology mycorrhizal biology HIV cytoskeleton waterfowl cytoskeleton plant pathogens mycorrhizal plantbiology pathogens membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

mathematics education computational bayesian statistics

mathematics education computational bayesian statistics 0.9 0.9

generalized linear models kernel analysis survival analysis art education

sociology education 0.7 time series analysis 0.7 strategic management US constitutional law option pricing Childhoodsocial movements developmentmarketing portfolio theory international relations marketing sociology of religionsreproductive demography unemployment gender andmarital labor disruptionteen sexual behavior phylogenetic inferencegrowth economics mergers and mentalacquisitions health executivegrowth compensation economics consumerexecutive compensationtheory congressionalunemployment elections landscape ecology computational bayesianmedicalconsumer outcomesstatistics theory strategicmass management extinction gender and laborinternational relations generalized linearportfolio modelsmass theoryextinction congressionalreproductivemergers elections demography and acquisitions marital disruption landscapeoption ecology pricing mitochondrialrainforestintertidalChildhood ecology genetics ecology developmentsocial movements mathematics education survival analysisintertidalkernel analysis ecologyphylogenetic inference mentalvoles health daphnia time series biologicalanalysis invasionsenvironmentalbears toxicology biologicalplant−herbivorepollination invasions ecologysociology interactionsmedical of religions outcomes amphibial life history nesting ecologyamphibialbears life history teen sexual behavior voleslizarddaphnia thermoregulation lizard thermoregulation plant−herbivorerainforestmitochondrial ecologyfrugivory interactionsgenetics plant leafsystematics ecologyriparian ecology aviannesting breeding leafecology pollinationriparianecology ecologyplant ecologysystematics ecology bats avian breedingwaterfowlforest ecology soilturtles ecologyenvironmentalUS constitutional toxicology law forest soil ecologyturtles frugivory HIV bats waterfowl HIV mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton sociology education mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton art education plant pathogens plant pathogens membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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generalized linear models kernel analysis

generalized linear models kernel analysis 0.9 0.9

computational bayesian statistics survival analysis computationalsurvival bayesian analysis statistics

generalized linear models kernel analysis time series analysis

0.7 option pricing 0.7

time series analysis portfolio theory option pricing unemploymentportfoliomarketing theory unemployment consumergrowth theory economics consumer theory executive compensation growthgender economicsreproductive and labor demography executive compensationmarketing landscapestrategic ecologymaritalmental managementdisruption health Childhood developmentmedicalphylogenetic outcomes inference phylogenetic inference congressional electionsteen sexual behavior landscape ecology massinternational extinction relations gendermass andextinction labor mergers and socialacquisitionssociology movements of religions congressionalstrategicmergers management electionsand acquisitions nesting ecology intertidalamphibialrainforest ecology life ecologyvoles history internationalreproductive relations demography plant−herbivorepollinationbiological ecology invasionsinteractionsdaphnia maritalintertidal disruption ecology bearsenvironmental toxicologymathematics education voles daphnia avianmitochondrial breedingwaterfowl ecology genetics rainforest ecology mathematics education lizardleaf ecology thermoregulation sociologysocialmental movements ofhealth religions riparianHIVturtlesforest ecology soil ecology biologicalplant−herbivoreleafamphibial invasions ecologypollinationmitochondrialChildhood interactions life history ecology development genetics frugivory nesting ecologybears teenmedical sexual outcomes behavior bats lizardavianriparian thermoregulationbreeding ecology ecology frugivorywaterfowlforest soil ecologyUS constitutional law plant mycorrhizalsystematicsUS constitutional biology law plant systematicsturtlesbats sociology education environmentalHIV toxicology mycorrhizal biology sociology education art education cytoskeleton art education plant pathogenscytoskeleton plant pathogens membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

survival analysis time series analysis

survival analysis time series analysis 0.9 0.9

generalized linear models portfolio theory computational bayesian statistics kernel analysis option pricing consumer theory growth economics 0.7 0.7 kernel analysisunemployment computational bayesian statistics

generalized linear models executivesurvival compensation analysis time seriesunemployment analysis option pricing portfolio theory marketing consumer theory mergers and acquisitionsgenderinternational and labor relations marketing strategic management executivegrowth compensation economics congressional elections reproductive demography reproductive demography marital disruption gender and labor marital disruption mental health strategic managementphylogenetic inference socialmass movements extinctionphylogenetic inference landscape ecologymergerscongressional andteen acquisitions sexualinternational electionsbehaviormedical relations outcomes landscapesociologymental ecology ofhealth religions mass extinction Childhood development social movementsChildhood development volesintertidalteen ecologysexual behavior nesting ecology rainforestsociologyintertidalvoles ecology of ecology religions rainforest ecologydaphnia mathematics education bears amphibialdaphnia life history biological invasions plant−herbivorebiologicalpollination invasionsenvironmental interactions ecologyHIV toxicology mathematics education US constitutionalmitochondrialamphibialmedicalpollinationplant−herbivoreleaf life outcomes lawecologyhistory geneticsecology interactions avian waterfowlbreeding ecologyleafmitochondrial ecology genetics nesting ecologybears riparianforest soil ecology ecology frugivory lizard thermoregulation lizardavian thermoregulation breeding ecology turtles waterfowlfrugivory turtles riparian ecologyforestbats soil ecologyUS constitutional law plant systematicsenvironmentalbats sociology toxicology education plant systematics sociology education mycorrhizal biologyHIV art education mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton cytoskeleton art education plant pathogens plant pathogens membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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strategic management portfolio theory

strategic management portfolio theory 0.9 0.9

option pricing

mergers and acquisitions executive compensationconsumer theory

0.7 growth economics mergers and acquisitions unemployment executive compensation time series analysis

0.7 socialgender movements andmarketing labor international relations strategic management

growth economicssociologyUS of constitutional religionsmathematics law education unemployment marketing reproductive demography gender and labor Childhoodmental health development portfolio theorymarital disruption international relations consumercongressional theorysociology elections education teen sexual behavior computational bayesian statisticscongressionalmarital elections disruptionreproductive demography option pricing art education socialsociology movements of religions kernel analysis mental health medical outcomes generalized linear models Childhood development survival USanalysis constitutional law teen sexual behavior computationaltime series analysisbayesian statistics mathematics education masslandscape extinctionbiological ecology invasions landscape ecology intertidal ecology bears mass intertidalextinction ecology generalized linear models environmental toxicology medical outcomesbiological invasions survival analysis amphibialphylogenetic life history inference phylogenetic inference daphnia sociology education kernelnesting analysis ecologydaphniarainforestvolesfrugivory ecology amphibialrainforest voleslife ecology history plant−herbivorepollinationlizardmitochondrialforestleaf ecology thermoregulation ecology interactionssoil ecology genetics plant−herbivoreavianpollination breedingleafbearsforest ecologyinteractions ecology ecology soil ecology avianriparian breeding ecology waterfowlecologybatsturtles nestingriparianlizardmitochondrial ecology frugivorythermoregulation ecologywaterfowl genetics plant systematics environmentalturtles toxicology art education mycorrhizalHIV biology bats plant systematicsmycorrhizal biology HIV plant pathogenscytoskeleton membrane cell biology plant pathogenscytoskeleton membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

marketing unemployment

marketing unemployment 0.9 0.9

gender and labor executive compensation growthconsumer economics theory

0.7 mergers and acquisitions strategic management portfoliomarital theory disruption 0.7 strategic management reproductive demography social movements time series optionanalysis pricinginternationalmental relationshealth marketing Childhood development congressionalsociology elections of religions executive compensation mathematics education teen sexual behavior mergers andsocial acquisitions internationalmovements relations US constitutional law gender andreproductivemental laborsociology healthChildhood demography of religions development unemploymentportfolio theorymarital disruptionUS constitutionalteen sexual behaviorlaw consumergrowth economics congressionaltheory elections computational bayesian statistics mathematics education sociology education survival analysisgeneralizedkernel linear analysis models computational bayesian statistics medical outcomes art education sociology education option pricing medical outcomes generalized linear models landscapemass ecology extinction time series analysis biologicalintertidal invasions ecology survival analysis landscapemass ecology extinction environmental toxicology kernel analysisintertidalbiological ecology invasionsbears phylogeneticdaphniabears inference art education phylogeneticamphibial inference life history environmental toxicology avianrainforest breedingpollinationamphibial ecologyvoles ecology ecology life history plant−herbivore interactionsvolesdaphnia plant−herbivorelizardfrugivory thermoregulation leafinteractions ecology nestingrainforest pollinationecologyfrugivory lizardecology ecology thermoregulation nesting ecologymitochondrialriparianwaterfowlforest ecology genetics soil ecology avianleaf breedingecologyriparian ecologyecology bats turtles bats mitochondrialforestwaterfowl geneticssoil ecologyturtles HIV plant systematics plantmycorrhizal systematics biology mycorrhizal biologyHIV plant pathogenscytoskeleton plant pathogenscytoskeleton membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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executive compensation mergers and acquisitions

executive compensation mergers and acquisitions 0.9 0.9

mergers and acquisitions

executive compensation

strategicunemployment management portfolio theory strategic management portfolio theory 0.7 0.7 growth economics consumer theory US constitutional law gender and labor option pricing unemployment international relations marketing optionconsumer pricing growth theory economics international relations socialgender movements and labor congressionalsocial movements elections marketing US constitutionalmarital law disruptionreproductive demography sociology of religions congressional elections sociology of religions time series analysis maritalreproductive disruption demography Childhoodmental development health mathematics education teen sexual behavior mathematics education computational bayesian statistics mentalteenChildhood health sexual behaviordevelopmentsociology education sociology education time series analysis kernel analysis art education generalizedsurvival analysis linear models medical outcomes landscapebiological ecology invasions computational bayesian statistics intertidalmass extinctionecology art education bears medical outcomesbiological invasionsbears amphibialdaphnia life history landscapeintertidal ecologymass extinction ecology nestingrainforestphylogeneticavianpollination ecology ecologybreedingvoles ecology inference ecology environmental toxicology generalized linear models kernel analysis plant−herbivoreforestfrugivorywaterfowllizard leafsoil thermoregulation ecologyecology interactions survival analysis phylogenetic inference environmental toxicology riparianmitochondrial ecology turtlesgeneticsbats nestingrainforestavianamphibialfrugivory ecology breeding ecologyvoles lifedaphnia ecologyhistory mitochondriallizardplant−herbivorepollination thermoregulationforest ecology geneticswaterfowl soilinteractions ecology turtles bats plant systematicsHIV leaf ecology mycorrhizal biology riparian ecologyplant systematicsHIV mycorrhizal biology plant pathogenscytoskeleton plant pathogens cytoskeleton membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

growth economics consumer theory

growth economics consumer theory 0.9 0.9

growth economics consumer theory unemployment unemployment portfolio theory

executive compensation executive compensation

portfolio theory 0.7

0.7 international relations strategicmergers managementgender and and acquisitions labor mergers and acquisitions reproductive demography gender and labor time series analysis time series analysisoption pricing marital disruption reproductive demography social movements strategic management option pricingmarital disruption international relations sociology of religions congressionalmarketing elections congressional electionsUS constitutional law sociologymental ofhealth religions marketing Childhoodsocial movements development US constitutional law Childhoodmental healthdevelopment teen sexual behavior teen sexual behavior mathematics education computational bayesian statistics computational bayesian statistics mathematics education kernel analysis generalizedsurvivalkernel linear analysis analysismodels generalized linear models biological invasionssociology education medical outcomes survival analysis landscapemass ecologyextinctionintertidal ecology sociology education medical outcomes landscapeintertidalmass ecology ecology extinction rainforestamphibial forestecology soil lifedaphnia ecologybears history art education biological invasions voles leafenvironmental ecology toxicology volesamphibialbearsdaphnia life historyenvironmental toxicology avian breedingphylogeneticplant−herbivoreriparianpollination ecologyecology inference interactions ecology avian breedingrainforestphylogeneticforest ecologyecology soil inference ecology art education nesting ecologyfrugivorylizard thermoregulation nestingplant−herbivore ecologypollinationfrugivoryleaf ecology ecology interactions mitochondrialwaterfowl geneticsturtles lizard thermoregulationriparianwaterfowl ecology bats mitochondrialturtles geneticsbats plant systematicsHIV mycorrhizal biology HIV plant systematicsmycorrhizal biology plant pathogenscytoskeleton plant pathogenscytoskeleton membrane cell biology membrane cell biology extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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option pricing pollination ecology

option pricing pollination ecology 0.9 0.9

portfolio theory 0.7 0.7 executive compensation consumer theory time series analysis mergers and acquisitions unemployment growth economics plant−herbivore interactions

frugivory biological invasions strategiccomputational management bayesian statistics kernel analysis marketing landscape ecology generalizedsurvival linear modelsanalysis plant intertidalsystematics ecology gender and laborinternational relations rainforest ecologyleaf ecology congressional elections amphibiallizard life thermoregulation historymycorrhizaldaphnia biology marital disruption reproductive demography mitochondrial geneticsvoles social movements phylogenetic inference turtles sociology of religions avian breedingmassriparian ecology extinction ecology bats US constitutionallandscape mentallaw ecology masshealth extinctionmathematics education nesting ecology Childhoodphylogenetic developmentteen inference sexual behavior waterfowl bears intertidal ecology daphnia forest soil ecology plant pathogens biologicalmedical invasions outcomesvoles pollinationamphibialrainforest ecologylife ecology history avianplant−herbivore breedingmitochondrialnesting ecologyecology interactions geneticsleafbearsforest sociologyecology soil ecology education reproductive demographyenvironmental toxicology lizard thermoregulationwaterfowl computational bayesian statistics turtlesriparianfrugivory ecology environmental toxicology art education strategicmarketing managementsocial movements mathematics education plant systematics bats generalized linear models cytoskeletongendergrowth and economics labor HIV maritalunemploymentChildhood disruptionmentalinternational sociologydevelopment healthteen of relationssexual religions behavior mycorrhizal biology cytoskeleton membraneexecutiveportfolioHIV mergers cellcompensationconsumer theory biology and theoryacquisitionsUS constitutional law survivalkernel analysis analysis congressional elections plant pathogens medical outcomes sociology education art education membrane cell biology time series analysisoption pricing extracellular matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

lizard thermoregulation plant−herbivore interactions

lizard thermoregulation plant−herbivore interactions 0.9 0.9 0.7 turtles 0.7

amphibial life history pollination ecology intertidal ecologybiological invasions avian breeding ecology leaf ecology voles daphnia rainforestamphibial ecology life history intertidalfrugivory ecology bats frugivorydaphnia plant−herbivore interactions landscape ecology mycorrhizal biology landscapepollination ecology ecologywaterfowl riparian ecologyvoles nesting ecologyriparian ecology biological invasions lizard thermoregulation mitochondrialrainforestleaf ecology genetics ecology bears forest soil ecology phylogenetic inference avian breeding ecologyturtles mass extinction nesting ecology mass extinction waterfowlbats environmental toxicology phylogeneticmitochondrial inferenceplant genetics pathogens plant systematics bears forest soil ecologymycorrhizal biology plant systematics environmental toxicology reproductive demography mathematics education strategicreproductive management demography computational bayesian statisticsmarketingstrategic managementsocial movements marketingsocial movements mathematics education generalized linear models Childhoodgender development and mentallaborteen health sexual behavior generalizedcomputational linear models bayesian statistics HIVgenderChildhood andmentalinternational labor healthdevelopment relations maritalgrowth disruption economicssociology of internationalreligions relations cytoskeletongrowthunemploymentsociology economics of religions plant pathogenscytoskeletonunemploymentHIV US constitutional law membraneexecutivemergersmarital compensation cellconsumer anddisruption biology acquisitions theoryteenUS sexual constitutional behavior law survival analysis executiveportfoliomergers compensation theoryconsumer and acquisitions theory survival analysiskernel analysis portfolio theory kernel analysis congressionalmedical elections outcomes sociology education congressional elections membrane cell biology art education extracellular optionmatrix pricingmedical outcomessociology education art education time series analysisoption pricingextracellular matrix time series analysis 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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rainforest ecology amphibial life history

rainforest ecology amphibial life history 0.9 0.9 0.7

leaf ecology 0.7 biological invasions frugivory forest soil ecology daphnia plant−herbivore interactions intertidal ecology landscape ecology lizard thermoregulationturtles intertidalpollination ecology ecology riparian ecology mycorrhizal biology landscape ecology riparian ecology plant−herbivore interactions nesting ecology biological invasions amphibial life history voles avian breeding ecology voles nestingpollinationfrugivory ecology ecology bats rainforest ecologywaterfowl lizard thermoregulation bats daphnia bearsturtles mass extinction massleaf extinction ecology bears plant systematics mitochondrialforest genetics soil ecology environmental toxicology mitochondrialavian breeding genetics ecologywaterfowl mycorrhizal biology phylogenetic inference phylogenetic inference

environmentalreproductive demography toxicology plant systematics reproductive demography computational bayesian statistics strategic managementsocial movements strategic management mathematics education generalized linear models plant pathogensgrowth economics mathematics education marketingsocial movements executivemarketing compensationinternationalgender and laborrelations generalizedcomputational linear bayesian models statistics growthChildhoodgender economicsmental and internationaldevelopment labor health relations kernel analysis unemploymentChildhoodsociology development of religions plant pathogensmaritalunemployment disruptionsociology ofteen religions sexual behavior portfoliomarital theory disruptionmergersconsumer mental and theory health acquisitionsUS constitutional law executivemergersconsumercytoskeleton compensationHIV and theoryacquisitionsUS constitutional law survival analysis congressionalcytoskeletonHIV elections teen sexual behavior survivalkernel analysis analysis portfoliocongressional theory elections membrane cell biology membrane cell biology time series analysis option pricing sociology education art education optionextracellular pricingmedical matrix outcomes sociology education art education medicalextracellular outcomes matrix time series analysis 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

intertidal ecology riparian ecology

intertidal ecology riparian ecology 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

forest soil ecology intertidal ecology daphnia riparianbiological ecology invasions amphibial life history amphibial life history biological invasionsdaphnia landscape ecology plant−herbivore interactions rainforest ecology mass extinction rainforest ecology landscape ecology leaf ecology frugivorylizard thermoregulationvoles plant−herbivore interactions pollination ecologyturtles forestleafnesting ecologysoil ecology waterfowl frugivory turtles lizard thermoregulationwaterfowlmycorrhizal biology avian breeding ecology massnestingvoles extinction ecology mycorrhizal biologybearsbats pollination ecology bats mitochondrial genetics avian breeding ecology bears phylogenetic inference environmental toxicology mitochondrial genetics environmental toxicology plant systematics phylogenetic plantinference systematics strategic managementreproductivesocial movementsdemography marketing internationalmathematics relations education strategic management computational bayesianplant statistics pathogens growthgender economicssociology and laborof religions computational bayesianplant statistics pathogensmarketingreproductive demographymathematics education generalized linear models unemploymentmaritalChildhoodmental disruption health development generalized linear models growthgender economics socialandinternational labor movements relations executivemergers compensation and acquisitionscytoskeletonteenUS constitutionalsexual behavior law Childhoodsociologyunemploymentmental development of health religionscytoskeleton kernel analysis portfolioconsumer theoryHIV theory kernel analysis executiveportfoliomergers compensation theoryconsumermarital and HIVacquisitions membranedisruption theory cell biology survival analysis membranecongressional cell biologyelections congressionalUS constitutional electionsteen sexual law behavior optionextracellular pricing matrix sociology education art education survival analysis option extracellularpricing matrix time series analysis medical outcomes time series analysis medical outcomes sociology education art education 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

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membrane cell biology plant systematics

membrane cell biology plant systematics 0.9 0.9

cytoskeleton 0.7 0.7 extracellular matrix phylogenetic inference

plant pathogens

mitochondrial genetics HIV pollination ecology mass extinction plant−herbivore interactions environmental toxicology mycorrhizal biology biological invasions frugivoryleaf ecologymycorrhizaldaphnia biology lizard thermoregulation rainforest ecology intertidal ecology bats phylogenetic inference amphibialplant pathogenslife history plant systematicsplant−herbivore interactions daphnia landscape ecology turtles mitochondrial genetics intertidalleaf ecologyforestriparian soil ecology ecology riparian ecology masspollinationlizardamphibial extinction thermoregulation ecology life history nestingvolesforest ecology soil ecology biologicalfrugivory invasionsturtles computational bayesian statisticswaterfowl bears environmental toxicology rainforestavian breeding ecology ecology avian breeding ecologycytoskeleton strategic management voles membrane cellHIV biology reproductivesocial movements demographymathematics education computational bayesianlandscape statistics ecology bats mathematics education marketing international relations generalized waterfowllinear models bearsstrategic managementsocial movementsmarketing generalized linear models growthgender economicsChildhood sociologyand labor developmentUS of constitutionalreligions law nesting ecology Childhoodmentalreproductive developmenthealthinternational demography relations extracellular matrixkernel analysis maritalunemploymentmergers disruptionmental and acquisitions health teen sexual behavior art education survival analysis kernel analysis growthunemployment gendereconomicsmergers and and USlabor acquisitions constitutional law survival analysis executiveportfoliocongressional theorycompensation electionsconsumer theory sociology education portfolioexecutivemarital theoryteen disruption compensation sexualconsumermedicalsociology behavior theory outcomes of religions time seriesoption analysis pricing time series analysisoptioncongressional pricing elections sociology education art education medical outcomes 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

voles nesting ecology

voles nesting ecology 0.9 0.9 0.7

0.7 landscape ecology

landscape ecology

avian breedingwaterfowl ecology avian breedingnesting ecology ecology voles intertidallizard thermoregulation ecologyamphibial life history frugivory turtles bears biologicalamphibial invasions life history bats plant−herbivore interactionsfrugivorywaterfowlturtles bears daphnia bats rainforest ecology biological invasions intertidal ecology pollinationriparianrainforest ecology ecology ecology lizard thermoregulation plant−herbivoremitochondrialpollinationriparian interactions ecology geneticsecology mitochondrial genetics forest soil ecology leaf ecology daphnia mass extinction leaf ecology forest soil ecology mass extinction mycorrhizal biology environmental toxicology mycorrhizal biology phylogenetic inference reproductive demography phylogenetic inference environmental toxicology social movements plant systematics generalized linear models strategic management reproductive demography computationalplant systematics bayesian statistics maritalgrowthmental disruptionmarketinggender economicsinternational health and labor relationsmathematics education computational bayesian statistics marketingsocial movements unemploymentChildhoodconsumersociologyteen development theory sexual of religionsbehavior generalized linear models strategicmarital management disruption mathematics education growthunemployment economicsChildhoodmentalgenderinternationalsociology healthdevelopment andteen oflabor relations religions sexual behavior survival analysiskernel analysis executiveportfolio compensation theory US constitutional law executiveconsumer compensationmergers theory and acquisitions plant pathogenscongressionalmergers andHIV elections acquisitions survival analysis kernel analysis portfolio theorycongressional electionsUS constitutional law cytoskeletonmedical outcomes time series analysisoption pricing sociology education art education plantoption pathogens pricingHIVmedical outcomes sociology education art education membrane cell biology time series analysis cytoskeleton extracellular matrix membraneextracellular cell biology matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S55 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

HIV cytoskeleton

HIV cytoskeleton 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 membrane cell biology

extracellular matrix

plant pathogens extracellular matrix membrane cell biology environmental toxicology plant pathogens cytoskeleton HIV environmental toxicology mycorrhizal biology survival analysis generalized linear models phylogenetic inference phylogenetic inference mycorrhizalmedicaldaphnia biology outcomes plant systematics daphnia computationalmitochondrial bayesian geneticsplant−herbivore statistics amphibial interactions life history plant−herbivoreintertidal interactions ecology biologicalintertidal mentalinvasions ecologyreproductive healthteen sexual demography behavior mitochondrial geneticspollinationmassamphibialleaf ecologyextinction ecology life history pollinationlizardvoles ecology thermoregulationturtles lizard thermoregulationriparian ecology plant systematicsmassfrugivory extinctionleaf ecologyriparianforest soil ecology ecology mathematics education rainforestbiologicalfrugivory ecologyforest invasions soilturtles ecology landscapeavian ecologyrainforest breedingmaritalstrategic ecologyChildhood disruption management developmentsocialmarketing movements computationalavian breeding landscapebayesian ecology statistics ecology bats kernel analysis bears sociologyUSinternational batsconstitutional of religions relations law voles mathematics education nestinggrowth ecologywaterfowl economicsunemploymentgender and labor bearsstrategicwaterfowl managementmarketingsocial movements mergers and acquisitionsconsumer theory generalizednesting linear ecology models reproductiveinternational demographyUS constitutional relations law executiveportfolio compensation theory sociology education survival analysiskernel analysis genderChildhoodmentalgrowth andmergersunemployment health economics developmentlabor andsociology acquisitions of religions congressional elections maritalexecutive disruptionportfolio consumercompensationteen theory sexual theory behavior time series analysisoption pricing art education time series analysisoptioncongressional pricingmedical elections outcomes sociology education art education 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

forest soil ecology leaf ecology

forest soil ecology leaf ecology 0.9 0.9

rainforest ecology 0.7 0.7 riparian ecology plant−herbivore interactions biologicalforest soil invasions ecology leaf ecology mycorrhizal biology rainforest ecology biological invasions

pollinationriparian ecology ecology mycorrhizal biology intertidalfrugivory ecology

intertidal ecology amphibial life history plant−herbivore interactions landscape ecologyamphibial life history landscape ecology daphnia frugivory daphnia lizard thermoregulationvoles nesting ecology plant systematics turtles pollination ecology bears turtles nestingmass extinction ecology waterfowl voles waterfowlbats avian breeding ecology bats masslizard extinctionthermoregulation bears avian breeding ecology environmental toxicology mitochondrial genetics plant pathogens mitochondrial genetics phylogenetic inference plant systematics environmental toxicology phylogenetic inference computational bayesianplant statistics pathogens reproductive demography computational bayesian statistics strategic managementreproductive demographymathematics education growth economicsinternational relationsmathematics education generalized linear models marketinggrowth economics generalized linear models strategic managementsocial marketingmovements kernel analysis unemploymentgendersocialinternational and movements labor relations kernel analysis executive compensationgender and labor membraneexecutivecytoskeleton cell consumercompensation biologyChildhoodsociology theory development of religions mergersconsumerunemploymentUSmembranesociology andconstitutional theory mentalChildhoodacquisitionsHIVcytoskeleton of cell healthreligions law biologydevelopment portfoliomarital theorymergersmental disruption HIVand health acquisitionsteen sexual behavior portfoliomaritalcongressional disruption theory electionsteen sexual behavior survival analysis US constitutional law survival analysistime series analysisoption extracellularpricing matrix time series analysiscongressionaloption pricing elections medical outcomessociology education art education extracellular matrixmedical outcomes sociology education art education 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S56 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

avian breeding ecology landscape ecology

avian breeding ecology landscape ecology 0.9 0.9

waterfowl 0.7

nesting ecology 0.7 nesting ecology

voles biological invasions lizard thermoregulationturtles voles intertidal ecologyamphibial life history amphibial life history rainforest frugivoryecology

daphnia riparianpollination ecology ecologybears landscapefrugivory ecology plant−herbivore interactions bats plant−herbivoreintertidal ecology interactions lizard thermoregulationturtles massmitochondrial extinctiondaphnia genetics pollination ecology bats avian breedingwaterfowl ecology leaf ecologyforest soil ecology riparianbiological ecology invasionsbears mitochondrialrainforest ecologygenetics environmental toxicology phylogeneticmycorrhizal inference biology leaf ecology mass extinction computational bayesianplant statistics systematics phylogenetic inference strategic managementreproductive demography forest soil ecology reproductive demography marketingsocial movements mathematics education mycorrhizal biology growthenvironmentalinternational economics relations toxicology generalized linear models gender andsociology labor of religions generalized linear models maritalmental Childhooddisruptionmarketing health development mathematics education maritalunemployment disruption strategic managementgendergrowthteensocial andeconomics sexual labormovements behavior kernel analysis executiveconsumer compensationChildhoodmental theory healthUS development constitutionalteen sexual law behavior computationalplant systematics bayesian statisticsunemploymentconsumerinternational theorysociology relations of religions portfoliomergers theory and acquisitions executiveportfoliomergers compensationtheory and acquisitionsUS constitutional law survival analysis optioncongressional pricing elections survival analysis congressional elections plant pathogens HIV cytoskeleton sociology education art education kernel analysis plant pathogens HIVcytoskeletonmedical outcomes time series analysis medical outcomes sociology education art education time series analysisoption pricing membrane cell biology membraneextracellular cell biology matrix extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

waterfowl frugivory

waterfowl frugivory 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

avian breeding ecology rainforest ecology nesting ecology pollination ecology

landscapebiological ecology invasions plant−herbivore interactions voles turtles amphibialbears life history intertidal ecology bats lizard thermoregulationfrugivory voles landscapeintertidal ecology ecology bats nestinglizardleaf thermoregulationecology ecology amphibial life history daphnia turtlesbears biological invasions riparianwaterfowl ecology plant−herbivoremitochondrial interactionsriparian genetics ecology avian breedingdaphnia ecology mycorrhizal biology forest soil ecology pollinationrainforest ecology ecology plantmitochondrial systematics genetics mass extinction leaf ecologyforest soil ecology phylogenetic inference mass extinction environmental toxicology phylogenetic inference mycorrhizal biology environmental toxicology reproductive demography reproductive demography marketingsocial movements plant pathogens socialmarketing movements mathematics education generalizedcomputational linear models bayesianplant statistics systematics strategicmaritalChildhoodgender managementgrowth mentaldisruption and development economicshealth laborinternational relationsmathematics education computational bayesian statistics strategic management international relations unemploymentteenconsumersociology sexual theorybehavior of religions generalized linear models growthsociology economics of religionsUS constitutional law survival analysis executiveportfoliomergers compensation theory and acquisitions US constitutional law executivemergers maritalgendercompensationChildhood and disruptionand acquisitions labordevelopment congressional electionsmedical outcomes unemploymentHIVconsumermentalteencytoskeleton sexual health theory behavior kernel analysis plant pathogens HIV sociology education congressionalportfoliomembrane theory elections cell biology sociology education art education time series analysis option pricing cytoskeleton art education survival analysis kernel analysis membrane cell biology option pricingextracellular medicalmatrix outcomes extracellular matrix time series analysis 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S57 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

mycorrhizal biology biological invasions

mycorrhizal biology biological invasions 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

rainforest ecology landscape ecology leaf ecology intertidalleaf ecologyecology plant−herbivore frugivoryinteractions pollination ecology biologicalplant−herbivorerainforestforest invasions ecologysoil ecology interactions amphibialriparian life history ecology forest soilnesting ecologymycorrhizal ecology biology daphnia voles pollination ecology mass extinction mitochondrial genetics intertidal ecology plantriparian pathogens ecology lizard thermoregulationbearsturtles waterfowl bats frugivory plant systematics amphibial lifedaphnia history avian breeding ecology landscape ecology phylogenetic inference plant systematics voleslizard thermoregulationturtles phylogenetic inference reproductiveenvironmental demography toxicology mass extinction waterfowlmembrane cell biology environmental toxicology strategic managementsocial movements mitochondrialnesting ecologygenetics batscytoskeleton international relations avian breeding ecology bears growth economicsmarketinggender and labor mathematics education computational bayesianplant statistics pathogens Childhoodsociology development of religions US constitutional law HIV generalized linear models executiveunemploymentmergers compensationmaritalmental and disruption healthacquisitionsteen sexual behavior consumer theory computational bayesianextracellular statisticsstrategic matrixreproductive management demography mathematics education portfolio theoryHIV sociology education art education generalized linear models marketinggrowth economicssocial movements survivalkernel analysis analysis congressional elections Childhoodinternationalgender anddevelopment laborrelations medicalcytoskeleton outcomes kernel analysisexecutiveunemployment maritalcompensationmergersmentalsociology disruption and health acquisitions ofUS religions constitutional law option pricingmembrane cell biology survival analysis portfolio theoryconsumer teen theory sexual behavior time series analysis time series analysiscongressionaloption pricing electionsmedicalsociology outcomes education art education extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

mass extinction mitochondrial genetics

mass extinction mitochondrial genetics 0.9 0.9 0.7 phylogenetic inference 0.7

plant systematics

phylogenetic inference mass extinction daphnia intertidal ecology mitochondrial genetics plant−herbivorepollination ecology interactions plant systematics biological invasions biological invasionsdaphnia lizard thermoregulation landscape ecology landscapeamphibialintertidal ecology life ecology history bats plant−herbivoreamphibialrainforest lizardlife interactions ecology history thermoregulation pollination ecology frugivory turtles frugivoryleafriparian ecology ecology voles waterfowl bears voles turtles bats nesting ecology nesting ecologyforest soil ecology rainforest leafecology ecologyriparian ecologymycorrhizal biology mycorrhizalbears biology avian breeding ecology avian breeding ecologywaterfowl strategic management computational bayesian statistics reproductivesocialinternational movements demographymathematics relations education growth economicsenvironmentalmarketing toxicology plant pathogens environmental toxicology genderunemployment andsociology labor of religions computational bayesian statisticsforest soil ecologyHIV generalized linear models portfolioexecutivemergers theoryconsumer compensationandChildhood acquisitions maritaltheory developmentmentalUS disruption constitutional health law kernel survivalanalysis analysisplant pathogenscongressionaloption pricing elections teen sexual behavior strategic managementreproductive demography time series analysis HIV cytoskeleton internationalsocial movements relationsmathematics education cytoskeleton sociology education art education generalized linear models growthmarketing economicsgendersociology and labor of religions medical outcomes membrane cell biology Childhoodunemploymentmaritalmental disruption developmentUS health constitutionalteen law sexual behavior survivalkernel analysis analysis executiveportfoliomergers compensationtheory andconsumer acquisitions theory membrane cell biology extracellular matrix congressional elections extracellular matrix time series analysisoption pricing medical outcomes sociology education art education 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S58 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

turtles plant pathogens

turtles plant pathogens 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 lizard thermoregulation

amphibial life history

membrane cell biology

avian breeding ecology cytoskeleton daphniawaterfowl nesting ecology mycorrhizal biology intertidalvoles ecology extracellular matrix landscape ecology bats plant−herbivorefrugivoryriparian interactions ecology plant−herbivore interactions pollinationbiological ecology bearsinvasions HIV rainforestmitochondrial ecology genetics environmental toxicology environmental toxicology leaf ecology phylogeneticmass extinction inferenceforest soil ecology leaf ecology phylogenetic inference plant systematicspollination ecology daphnia mycorrhizal biology biological invasionsintertidal ecology mitochondrial geneticsamphibialforest life soil history ecology plant systematics frugivoryrainforest ecologyriparian ecology reproductive demography masslizard extinction thermoregulation turtles marketing mathematics education voles generalizedcomputational linear models bayesian statisticsstrategic managementsocial movementsmental health landscapecomputational ecologyavian breeding bayesian ecology statistics maritalChildhoodgender disruption development andteen labor sexual behavior bats plant pathogensgrowth economicssociologycytoskeletoninternational of religions relationsUS constitutional law waterfowl bears strategic socialmanagement movements mathematics education unemployment HIV nestinggeneralized ecology linear models Childhoodreproductivemarketinginternational development demography relations survival analysiskernel analysis portfolioexecutive mergerstheoryconsumer compensation and theory acquisitions sociology education survival analysis growth economicsmentalUS health constitutional law congressionalmedical elections outcomes art education kernel analysis executivemergers gendercompensationunemployment and acquisitionsandsociologyteen labor sexual of behaviorreligions membraneextracellular cell biology matrix maritalportfolioconsumer disruption theorymedical theory outcomes sociology education art education time series analysisoption pricing time series analysisoptioncongressional pricing elections 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

extracellular matrix bats

extracellular matrix bats 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 membrane cell biology

cytoskeleton

plant pathogens frugivory HIV

landscape ecology volesnestinglizard ecologythermoregulation environmental toxicology bears pollinationamphibial ecologylife historyturtles intertidal waterfowlecology rainforest biologicalecology invasions avian breeding ecologymitochondrialplant−herbivore genetics interactions daphniariparian ecology phylogenetic inferencemass extinction mycorrhizal biology leaf ecologyforest soil ecology phylogenetic inference daphnia plant systematicsmycorrhizal biology plant−herbivoreintertidal interactions ecology environmental toxicology plant systematics amphibialleaf ecology liferiparian history ecology reproductivesocial demography movements mathematics education mitochondrial genetics pollinationmasslizard extinction ecology thermoregulationforest soil ecology marketing biologicalrainforestfrugivory invasionsecologyturtles computational bayesian statisticsstrategic management US constitutional law avian breeding ecologyvoles generalized linear models growthmaritalgender economicsChildhoodinternationalsociologymental disruption teenand healthdevelopment laborsexual of relations religions behavior computationallandscape bayesian ecology statistics bats mathematics education executiveunemployment compensation sociology education generalized linear modelswaterfowlbearsstrategic managementsocial movementsmarketing plantconsumermergers pathogens and theoryHIV acquisitions art education survival analysisnesting ecology Childhoodmental developmentreproductive health internationaldemography relations survivalkernel analysis analysis portfolio theory congressionalmedicalcytoskeleton outcomes elections kernel analysisgrowthmaritalunemployment economics disruptiongendermergers andUS andteenlaborsociology constitutional acquisitions sexual of behavior religions law portfolioexecutiveconsumer congressionaltheorymedical compensation theory outcomes elections optionmembrane pricing cell biology time series analysis option pricing sociology education art education time series analysis extracellular matrix 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S59 June 2014 | Volume 1 Vilhena, Foster, Rosvall, West, Evans, and Bergstrom Finding Cultural Holes

bears environmental toxicology

bears environmental toxicology 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

landscape ecology

voles waterfowl nesting ecology turtlesbats frugivory amphibialintertidal life ecology history lizard mitochondrialthermoregulationbiological invasions genetics rainforest ecology avian breeding ecologyriparian ecology amphibial life history plant−herbivorepollination interactionsforestdaphnia ecology soil ecology HIV leaf ecology environmentalreproductive toxicology demography daphnia mass extinction intertidalturtleslizard ecology thermoregulationmental health phylogenetic inference social movements generalizedplant−herbivoreavian linear Childhoodbreeding modelsvoles interactions ecology developmentreproductiveteen sexual demography behavior genderstrategic and management internationallabor relations biologicalplantforestfrugivory pathogensriparian soil invasionsbears ecology ecology mycorrhizalmarital biologygrowth disruptionmarketing economicsteenmentalChildhood sexualsociology health behavior development of religions US constitutionalmathematics law education survival analysis membraneextracellular waterfowlcellcytoskeleton biology matrix mycorrhizal biology computational bayesianplant statistics systematics unemployment computationallandscapepollination bayesian ecology statisticsecology socialbats movementsmarketingmedical outcomes executivemergersconsumer compensation and theory acquisitions phylogeneticmitochondrialmassrainforest inference extinction genetics ecologyleafmarital ecology strategicdisruption managementUS constitutionalmathematics law education generalized linear models congressional elections nesting ecologygender and laborinternationalsociology relations of religions portfolio theory medical outcomessociology education art education growth economics survival analysiskernel analysis plant systematicsunemploymentmergersconsumer and acquisitions theory plantoptionHIV pathogens pricing kernel analysis executive compensation sociology education time series analysis cytoskeleton portfoliocongressional theory elections art education membrane cell biology extracellular matrix time series analysis option pricing 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

daphnia phylogenetic inference

daphnia phylogenetic inference 0.9 0.9 0.7

0.7 mitochondrialplant geneticssystematics amphibial life history intertidal ecology riparian ecology mass extinction

plant−herbivore interactions lizard thermoregulation biological invasions landscape ecologyturtles pollinationvoles ecology plant−herbivore interactions avian breeding ecologywaterfowl pollination ecology daphnia frugivoryrainforestmassleaf extinction ecologyecology lizard thermoregulation mitochondrialnestingforest ecologysoil ecology geneticsbats mycorrhizalbears biology environmental toxicology intertidalbiological ecology invasions phylogenetic inference amphibialcomputational lifelandscape history ecologybayesianbats statistics frugivoryleaf ecologymycorrhizal biology rainforest ecologyturtles plant systematics voles nestinggeneralized ecologyplantriparian linear pathogens ecologybears models strategicenvironmentalmarketing management toxicology plant pathogensstrategic managementreproductive demography avian breeding ecologywaterfowl mathematics education computational bayesian statistics marketing cytoskeletonsocial movementsmathematics education survivalkernel analysis analysisHIV growthreproductive economicssocial demography movementsinternational relations generalized linear models growth economicsHIV international relations forest soil ecologyportfoliocytoskeleton theory genderunemployment and labor marital genderdisruptionunemploymentmentalChildhood and health labor development time series analysisexecutiveChildhoodoptionmergers compensation pricing developmentmaritalandconsumersociology acquisitions disruption theory of religions kernel analysis membranemergersconsumersociology cell and biology acquisitions teen theoryof religions sexualUS constitutional behavior law mental healthteen sexualUS constitutional behavior law survival analysis executiveportfolio compensationextracellular theory matrix membrane cell biologycongressional elections congressional elections medical outcomes sociology education time series analysis option pricingmedical outcomessociology education art education extracellular matrix art education 0.5 0.5 Efficiency of communication Efficiency of communication 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2

Relative shortest path Relative shortest path

sociological science | www.sociologicalscience.com S60 June 2014 | Volume 1