CERN Nine months at the European Source, Lund, Sweden

Rüdiger Schmidt With material from Mats Lindroos Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 1 CERN Why ESS? Why scattering ?

● can be applied to a range of scientific questions, in physics, chemistry, geology, biology, engineering and medicine. ● With a neutron tool kit, we can probe the structure and dynamics of materials over a wide range of length- and time-scales • life science, • soft condensed matter research, • chemistry of materials, • energy research, • magnetic and electronic phenomena, • engineering materials and geosciences, • archaeology and heritage conservation, • fundamental and particle physics.

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 2 CERN Example of using for archaeology

2012-amphore-photo Proto-Corinthian ceramic vase dated to about 700–600 B.C.

2012-amphore X-rays Radiography: ANTARES@ FRM II

Neutron Tomography: PGAA @ FRM II

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 3 CERN Neutrons are good for ……

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 4 CERN ESS has a long history……

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 5 CERN ….and requires very slow neutrons

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 6 CERN 5 MW seems to be a natural constant

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 7 CERN ESS - Bridging the neutron gap

1020

ESS

SNS J-

s -

2 PARC HFIR ILL ISIS 1015 MTR NRU NRX ZINP-P/ HFBR IPNS WNR FRM-II X-10 KENS SINQ

1010 ZINP-P CP-2

CP-1 105 Berkeley 37-inch cyclotron Steady State Sources

Effective thermal n/cm flux neutron thermal Effective 350 mCi Ra-Be source Pulsed Sources

1 Chadwick 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

(Updated from Neutron Scattering, K. Skold and D. L. Price, eds., Academic Press, 1986)

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 8 CERN ESS at Lund

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 9 CERN ESS at Lund

35 min from Kastrup

2 h from Geneva

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 10 CERN If you do not like rain, go to Lund….

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 11 CERN Moving around in Lund

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 12 CERN Moving around in Lund

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 13 CERN Recipe for a Spallation Source

● Accelerate many many many protons to 1 – 2 GeV • Proton beam power of several MW, 1.5 * 1016 protons / second ● Send the protons to a metal (tungsten) target • 1 GeV proton => about 20 Neutrons ● Slow the neutrons down to thermal energies • Watch out – do not mix meV and MeV ● Send them through (curved) guides to the experiments ● Have an experiment (instrument) to use the neutrons

Single-Crystal Diffractometer (TOPAZ)

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 14 CERN ESS Linac

352.21 MHz 704.42 MHz 2.4 m 4.5 m 3.6 m 40 m 54 m 75 m 174 m

Source LEBT RFQ MEBT DTL Spokes Medium β High β HEBT & Contingency Target

75 keV 3.6 MeV 90 MeV 220 MeV 570 MeV 2000 MeV

Energy (MeV) No. of Modules No. of Cavities βg Temp (K) Cryo Length (m)

Source 0.075 1 0 – ~300 – LEBT 0.075 – 0 – ~300 – RFQ 3.6 1 1 – ~300 – MEBT 3.6 – 3 – ~300 – DTL 90 5 5 – ~300 –

Spoke 220 13 2 (2S) × 13 0.5 βopt ~2 4.14 Medium β 570 9 4 (6C) × 9 0.67 ~2 8.28 High β 2000 21 4 (5C) × 21 0.86 ~2 8.28 HEBT 2000 – 0 – ~300 –

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 15 CERN Site Plan

~600 m Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 16 CERN

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 17 CERN A research center for Europe

Science village Scandina via

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 18 CERN ESS office buildings

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 19 CERN ESS site ….today

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 20 CERN Artist view of ESS and MAX IV ….tomorrow

MAX IV

Science village

ESS ESS Target Instruments building

ESS linac

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 21 CERN Example of a (small) target: ISIS target hall

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 22 CERN ESSS: some numbers

● Staff number at ESS: today about 200, expected to increase to 450-500 when operating ● Start of operation (first protons on target) planned for 2019 ● Projected lifetime: 40 years Not a ● Operation budget per year: 140 M€ typo ● The construction budget for ESS is 1843 M€ • Accelerator: 510 M€ • Target station: 150 M€ • Infrastructure: 520 M€ • Controls etc.: 70 M€ • N Instruments: 350 M€ • Others: administration, licencing, energy, …

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 23 CERN ESS specific

● ESS is an emerging research laboratory with (still) very limited capacity in-house ● Collaborative projects: Work in a collaboration where the scope of the project can be set by the total capacity (distributed) of the partners ● The accelerator part of the project well suited for this as this community has a strong tradition of open collaboration (XFEL, FAIR, CERN, e.g.LINAC4, European commission framework programs such as EUCARD and TIARA, EURISOL,...) ● To keep cost down and to optimize schedule this requires that investments in required infrastructure is done at the partner with best capacity to deliver

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 24 CERN Prototyping the ESS accelerator

Søren Pape Sebastien Bousson Møller

Roger Ruber

Pierre Bosland

Anders J Johansson

CERN The National Center for Nuclear Research, Swierk Roger Barlow

Ibon Bustinduy

Santo Gammino

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 25 CERN Transition from construction to operation

ESS Operations can be divided into three distinct phases: • Initial Operations Phase (2019 – 2022, 4 years) – Includes one year of activities to produce first neutrons (2019) and three years of activities to improve accelerator performance and to commission instruments (experiments by friendly users); • Initial User Program Operations (2023 – 2025, 3 years) – Includes support necessary for reliable operations with public users and provides the basis for future cost sharing; and, • User Program Operations (Beginning in 2026 – ) – Routine operations including the completion and commissioning of the final 22 public instruments.

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 26 CERN Scope contingency for 5 MW accelerator • We plan for delivering a 5 MW accelerator • The scope contingency for the accelerator is beam power. The purchasing of power supplies and RF sources necessary to go from 2.5 to 5 MW will be scheduled discretely. These purchases will be authorized after the financial requirements for delivering 2.5 MW of beam power are secure. • Each 7 M€ reduction decrease energy by 70 MeV (=175 kW at 62.5 mA)

Scope 352.21 MHz 704.42 MHz conting 2.4 m 4.5 m 3.6 m 40 m 54 m 75 m 174 mency 100 M€ Source LEBT RFQ MEBT DTL Spokes Medium β High β HEBT & Contingency Target

CM 75 keV 3.6 MeV 90 MeV 220 MeV 570 MeV and2000 RF MeV sources

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 27 CERN

Administration & Finance EUROPEAN SPALLATION SOURCE STEERING COMMITTEE Committee L. Börjesson, CHAIR M. Scharff, Chair HOST COUNTRIES: SWEDEN AND DENMARK Science Advisory Committee A. Matic, Chair In-Kind Review Committee EUROPEAN SPALLATION SOURCE, AB BOARD M. Marazzi, Chair S. Landelius, CHAIR Technical B. Smith, VICE-CHAIR Advisory Committee R. Garoby, Chair EUROPEAN SPALLATION SOURCE (ESS) J. Yeck Conventional Facilities Advisory Committee DIRECTOR GENERAL AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER (CEO) TBD, Chair SENIOR EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT K. Hélène ADMIN ASSISTANT M. Herbst ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR OPERATIONS, ES&H and QA P. Carlsson QUALITY ASSURANCE MANAGER L. Berdén QUALITY ASSURANCE CONSULTANT G. Svensson (C) SENIOR ADVISOR C. Vettier (C)

INFRASTRUCTURE DIRECTORATE MACHINE DIRECTORATE SCIENCE DIRECTORATE PROJECT SUPPORT & ADMINISTRATION DIRECTORATE Ö. Larsson (I) F. MEZEI (I) D. Argyriou M. Tiirakari DIRECTOR DIRECTOR DIRECTOR DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR T. Welander (L), A. Weeks (A) SENIOR ADVISOR – INNOVATION J.T. Hernani DEPUTY DIRECTOR O. Kirstein SENIOR EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT K. Hélène DEPUTY DIRECTOR J. Lehander SENIOR ADVISOR S. Petersson Årsköld ADMIN ASSISTANT M. Herbst PERSONAL ASSISTANT I. Persson PERSONAL ASSISTANT E. Lagrelius (L), M. Lindberg (A) PERSONAL ASSISTANT E. Lagrelius (L), M. Lindberg (A) STEERING COMMITTEE SECRETARY M. Powell

NEUTRON COMMUNICATIONS AND CONVENTIONAL ENVIRONMENT, INSTRUMENTS EXTERNAL RELATIONS PROJECT SUPPORT NEUTRON DIVISION FACILITIES DIVISION SAFETY & HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION DIVISION K. Hedin K. Andersen J. Brisfors (ESH) INTEGRATED A. Weeks HEAD OF DIVISION HEAD OF DIVISION DIVISION HEAD OF DIVISION HEAD OF DIVISION DIVISION CONTROL SYSTEM O. Kirstein P. Jacobsson M. Strobl L. Lavesson (C) ACCELERATOR TARGET DIVISION DIVISION HEAD OF DIVISION DEPUTY HEAD OF I. Persson HEAD OF DIVISION G. Trahern M-L. Ainalem PERSONAL ASSISTANT A. Thonäng DIVISION J. Haines R. Hall-Wilton DIVISION M. Ekdahl HEAD OF DIVISION HEAD OF DIVISION DEPUTY HEAD OF DIVISION U. Agnvik (C) M. Lindroos M. Nilsson J. Andersson U. Hammarlund (C) T. Hansson HEAD OF DIVISION P. P. Deen A. Simoes (C) TEAM ASSISTANT E. Pitcher M. Rescic (C) P. Henry M. Jakobsson F. Jörud H. Danared SYSTEM ENGINEER M. Dell Anno Boulton K. Jonsdottir DEPUTY HEAD OF DEPUTY HEAD OF A. Jackson G. Myhré (C) DIVISION TEAM ASSISTANT J. Nilsson (C) D. Skölde (C) DIVISION R. Lechner (C) E. Oksanen S. Ossowski M. Palade J. Weisend II F. Plewinski W. Schweika PARTNERS & T. McManamy (C) CS SW & SVCs M. Sharp A. Stenberg (C) DEPUTY HEAD OF INDUSTRY GROUP H. Szentes (C) ACCELERATOR GROUP N. Tsapatsaris C. Blixt S. Gysin (I) U. Gunsenheimer M. Klein-Velderman (C) PROJECTS DETECTOR H. Wacklin (A)(C) DESIGN GROUP ENERGY DIVISION ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP LEADER GROUP J. Wollberg ASSISTANT GROUP LEADER J. Molander (C) T. Parker D. McGinnis R. Hall-Wilton R. Larrea Basterra (C) GROUP LEADER HEAD OF DIVISION CHIEF ENGINEER E. Laface GROUP LEADER K. Rathsman O. Rey Orozco (C) SCIENTIFIC A. Schmidli LEGAL DIVISION F. Bergstedt (C) E. Lindström I. Aviles Santillana (C) C. Höglund B. Hedén F. Indebetou (C) K. Kanaki ACTIVITIES O. Graber-Soudry R. Bonomi (C) HEAD OF DIVISION J. Lundgren M. Conlon (C) A. Khaplanov DIVISION R. Sjöholm S. Peggs (C) CS HW & IS T. Kittelmann A. Hiess K. Svedin S. Kolya HEAD OF DIVISION S. Backman (C) N. Valverde Alonso (C) TARGET GROUP MEDIA A. Iriondo Plaza (C) D. Piso Fernandez (I) D. Pfeiffer CONTROLS B. Linnenberg COORDINATION J. Långberg A. Jansson GROUP LEADER C. Ramberg (C) SAFETY & RELIABILITY GROUP TEAM ASSISTANT GROUP MANAGER L. Coney Vacant GROUP LEADER H. Bordallo (C) GROUP LEADER C. Prabert M. Everett SUPPLY, PERSONAL ASSISTANT A. Sadeghzadeh PROTECTION S. Hall (C) T. Lindqvist (C) SYSTEMS GROUP CHOPPERS P. Schurtenberger (C) K. McFaul PROCUREMENT & C. Theroine K. Myram (C) LOGISTICS DIVISION CONSTRUCTION G. Jacobsson A. Nordt GROUP TEAM ASSISTANT GROUP LEADER I. Sutton R. Eriksson (C) A. Weeks (A) GROUP GROUP LEADER HEAD OF DIVISION M. Eneroth TARGET PHYSICS GROUP LEADER GROUP E. Nilsson M. De Silva E. Pitcher (A) CS T. Hadfield M. Åberg GROUP LEADER INFRASTRUCTURE SCIENTIFIC HUMAN RESOURCES B.O. Persson (C) L. Hedenklo GROUP PROJECTS DIVISION DIVISION M. Jakobsson D. Ene L. Fernandez (I) R. Connatser L. Petersson J. Mattsson C. Kharoua (C) HEAD OF DIVISION BEAM PHYSICS GROUP LEADER SAMPLE HEAD OF DIVISION F. Österberg GROUP J. Moberg L. Persson J-P Sievers (C) ENVIRONMENT A. Larsson (C) A. Carlekrantz E. Segerstedt H. Danared GROUP IN-KIND GROUP GROUP LEADER Å. Carlenhag (C) G. Németh (A) RüdigerK. Sjöstran dSchmidt Nine months at ESS M . Meissner (C)(I) page 28 S. Havelius K. Wennerholm GROUP LEADER R. de Prisco SYSTEMS GROUP LEADER DATA MANAGEMENT T. Nilsson S. M. Eshraqi MATERIALS ENGINEERING GROUP & SOFTWARE R. Miyamoto DIVISION CENTER DIVISION M. Munoz Y. J. Lee (A) R. Duperrier A. Ponton GROUP LEADER M. Hagen RECRUITMENT & HEAD OF DIVISION NEUTRON HEAD OF DIVISION WAREHOUSE & E. Sargsyan OPTICS GROUP RELOCATION LOGISTICS E. Noah (C) GROUP F. Javier P. Bentley P. Aulin GROUP J. Markenljung (C) GROUP LEADER A. Säfström Lanner L. Melwyn GROUP LEADER Vacant J. Waldeck J. Rude Selknes GROUP LEADER NEUTRONICS N. Cherkashyna C. Cooper-Jensen J. Kvarnhammar GROUP C. Olsson SPECIALIZED D. Di Julio L. Zanini D. Rodriguez L. Sima FINANCE DIVISION TECHNICAL GROUP LEADER N. Åsvatne INTEGRATION & M. Herder SERVICES HEAD OF DIVISION GROUP K. Batkov DESIGN SUPPORT J. Weisend II T. Schonfeldt (C) DIVISION G. Åstrand (A) GROUP LEADER A. Takibayev P. Rådahl (I) A. Halepovic (L) HEAD OF DIVISION INFORMATION L. Lindkvist ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY P. Arnold ENGINEERING S. Nilsson J. Fydrych U. Hammarlund (C) DIVISION M. Valtonen André (C) W. Hees TEAM ASSISTANT GROUP H. Björkman I. Viberg Eusepi G. Hulla FLUID SYSTEMS T. Gahl HEAD OF DIVISION F. Jensen GROUP GROUP LEADER J. Jurns J. Haines (A) C. Andreasson T. Köttig GROUP LEADER A. Sandström Å. Bejram BUDGET & P. Ladd CAD/PDM A. Berglund Dacke CONTROL GROUP G. Lanfranco P. Nilsson SUPPORT H. Hagenrud Vacant H. Spoelstra GROUP J. Kjellman GROUP LEADER E. Tanke H. Lindblad J. Lidholm (C) X. Wang GROUP LEADER S. Lind (C) J. Olander MONOLITH & A. Ehn J. Olausson GENERAL SERVICES HANDLING P. Andersson (C) P. Reinerfelt GROUP H. Norberg (C) A. Tenggren (C) DIVISION R. Linander A. Zahr (C) T. Welander (I, L) RF GROUP GROUP LEADER HEAD OF DIVISION A. Sunesson GROUP LEADER M. Dagnegård S. Gallilmore (C) SURVEY M. Göhran H. Isacsson (C) C. Darve P. Sabbagh ALIGNMENT & K. Simmons (C) C. De Almeida Martins METROLOGY L. Wijkström S. Molloy GROUP M. R. F. Jensen R. Zeng F. Rey GROUP LEADER

BEAM ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION SUPPORT & GROUP A. Jansson SERVICES GROUP LEADER GROUP P. Rådahl (I) C. Böhme GROUP LEADER B. Cheymol ( A ) Acting I. Dolenc Kittelmann G. Aprigliano H. Hassanzadegan N. Elias ( I ) Interim M. Jarosz J. Persson ( C ) Contracted Staff E. Lundh ( L ) Leave C. Roose Magnus Andersson (C) T. Shea Mikael Andersson(C) L. Tchelidze C-J Hårdh (C) C. Thomas D. Lundgren (C) M. Puls(C)

N. De La Cour (C) A. Lundgren (C)

T. Gårdman (C) ______R. Peterson (C) J. Yeck October 4, 2013

DESIGN INTEGRATION GROUP Z. Lazic (I) GROUP LEADER

H. Hahn R. Jongeling (C) A. Nilsson (C) CERN My involvement

1. Introduction...... 3 2. Architecture of the Machine Protection System ...... 5 I. Main Objectives ...... 5 ● Learning about sc II. Response Time for MPS to Stop Beam Operation ...... 6 III. Principles of the Beam Interlock System ...... 8 high intensity proton IV. Partitioning of the Beam Interlock System ...... 8 linacs 3. Interlocking of ESS Systems Related to MPS ...... 9 I. Warm LINAC ...... 10 ● Machine Protection Proton Source ...... 10 (..organised a PLC Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) ...... 10 Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) ...... 11 workshop) Drift Tube LINAC (DTL) ...... 13 II. Superconducting LINAC...... 14 ● Planning III. RF System ...... 14 IV. Beam Instrumentation ...... 16 ● Controls systems Beam Loss Monitoring System ...... 17 Beam Current Monitoring System ...... 17 ● … and many activities Faraday Cups ...... 19 Wire Scanners ...... 19 not related to ESS V. Vacuum System ...... 19 VI. Cryo Modules ...... 20 Frequency tuning ...... 20 Interlocking ...... 20 Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS VII. Target Station Systems ...... page 29 21 VIII. Magnets and Power Supplies ...... 22 Dipole magnets with water cooling ...... 23 Dogleg Dipole Magnets ...... 23 Interlocking of Magnets from the Raster Magnet System ...... 23 Powering Interlock System ...... 24 IX. Collimators ...... 25 4. Beam Interlock System and Accelerator Operation ...... 25 I. Machine Protection and the Timing System ...... 25 II. General Remarks ...... 26 III. Operational Modes ...... 27 Machine Mode ...... 27 Beam Mode ...... 27 5. Beam Interlock System Architecture and Logic for the Beam Interlock Controllers ...... 27 I. Master Level 1 ...... 29 II. Master Level 2 ...... 31 III. Slave MEBT ...... 33 IV. Slave DTL ...... 34 V. Slave Spokes and Medium Beta I ...... 35 VI. Slave Medium Beta 2 and High Beta ...... 36 VII. Slave Dump Line ...... 37 VIII. Slave Target Line ...... 38 6. List of Stakeholders ...... 39 7. Works Cited ...... 39

CERN Some of my impressions

● Exciting new project in the accelerator world • Together, ESS and MAXlab will become one of the major accelerator research centres in Europe ● Working methods very different from CERN • Very formal definition of requirements….. • Structure of technical discussions not obvious… • Very little collaboration between the two labs • Surprisingly little activities related to protection of personnel yet…. ● Many challenges • Building up a lab from scratch on a green field • Working with outside partners to deliver most systems • Building up a base with qualified personnel ● Collaboration in some areas can be of interest for both labs, ESS and CERN • Interlock and protection systems • Superconducting RF • Others (beam losses, BLMs, diamond detectors, ….)

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 30 CERN

Slide from Mats Lindroos

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 31 CERN Project Review November 2013

- The first ESS annual review took place at LUND the 12th-14th November 2013 - Present : ESS project team, 33 members of the review team organized in 7 subcommittees and 7 observers (see next slide for details)

First impressions: - The review committee congratulates the ESS team and its management for the quality of the material and presentations submitted to the reviewers

- The ESS is now a real project from all points of view, well shaped and well organized. ESS is now managing to the established baseline.

- A big effort was made in the last 10 months to build up an organization structure with names and clear responsibilities attached to it

- The management of the project is strong, well determined, motivated and success oriented. The ESS overall schedule foresees first protons on target in December 2019. The cost cap has been fixed to 1.843 B€ (year 2013).

- ESS will start real construction work in June 2014 (ground break)

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 32 CERN Plan A and other plans…

• Schedule Priority – Facility construction complete at the end of 2022 with 5 MW capability installed; • Operations Linked to Construction Progress – Initial operations in 2019 (production of 1st neutrons) and facility operations in 2023 (instruments available for the user program); • Scope Contingency - Explicit scope contingency integrated into the accelerator plans (scope that can be delayed if necessary); • Instrument Program – Technically limited schedule, leverage construction investment, plan for additional investment; • Conventional facilities costs above the cost report value covered outside the cap by the host countries or new partners;

Rüdiger Schmidt Nine months at ESS page 33