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G ;O*& + (+&-&( :IGQQ V0VCQ]IVJ VIVJ `Q` 1: :JR ``1H: %JRV` .1J:; >JV VC :JR JV Q:R J1 1: 10V 8 9JJV67 `V:@RQ1JQ`%6]VJR1 %`V , VI "#$ $%JR %% %.1JVV #Q :C ^+_ $Q0V`JIVJ `%JR^+_ (:`@V +%`0V7 `Q` HQ%J `1V `:0VCC1J$ HQ 6J V`J: 1QJ:C HQJ%C :J `VV ,J V`J: 1QJ:C I:`@V %`0V7 `Q` RV0VCQ]VR HQ%J `1V 6J V`J: 1QJ:C HQJ%C :J `VV VV:`H. `Q` %.1J:;G:IGQQ RV0VCQ]IVJ ]QC1H1V :JR `: V$1V 0QIV 1H `:0VCC1J$ : 1QJ:C HQJ%C :J `VV #`:1J1J$`Q` ]:` 1H1]:J ``QI jVJ7:5#.:1C:JR :JR ,JR1: `:0VCC1J$ HQ 1J =.1J: `:JC: 1QJ .HHQIIQR: 1QJ .CCQ1:JHV %_%1]IVJ w:] Q] +%G Q :C 0V`.V:R #Q :C :IGQQ V0VCQ]IVJ VIVJ `Q` 1: :JR ``1H: %JRV` .1J:; >JV VC :JR JV Q:R J1 1: 10V Contents Chapter 1 the 20th Century in Retrospect for Bamboo Trade and Prospects for the 21st Century ...... 1 1. Retrospect for Bamboo Trade in the World in the 20th Century ...... 1 1.1 Bamboo Resources ...... 1 1.2 Bamboo Utilization ...... 1 1.3 Achievements in Bamboo Research ...... 3 2. Prospects for Bamboo Trade in the 21st Century ...... 4 2.1 Enlarging the area and output of bamboo forest...... 4 2.2 Broaden Bamboo’s Use and Raise Its Increased Benefit ...... 4 3. Further Studies on Bamboo ...... 5 Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World ...... 7 1. Asia - Pacific Bamboo Region: ...... 9 1.1China ...... 10 1.2 India ...... 10 1.3 Burma ...... 11 1.4 Thailand ...... 11 1.5 Bangladesh ...... 11 1.6 Viet Nam ...... 11 1.7 Laos ...... 11 1.8 Japan...... 12 1.9 Indonesia ...... 12 1.10 Philippines ...... 12 1.11 Malaysia ...... 12 2. The American Bamboo Region ...... 12 3. The African Bamboo Region ...... 13 3.1The common tendency is making paper bamboo in countries noted for bamboo ...... 14 3.2 Bamboo-shoot processing ...... 15 3.3 Processing of bamboo-wood ...... 15 3.4 Bamboo Manufactures and Bamboo Buildings ...... 15 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China ...... 17 1. Bamboo Resources in China ...... 20 2. The production of bamboo in China ...... 21 2.1 The production of timber-used bamboo stand...... 21 2.2 Production of shoot-used bamboo stand ...... 22 2.3 Bamboo stand for paper pulp ...... 22 2.4 The development of ornamental bamboo...... 23 2.5 The development of protective bamboo stand ...... 23 3. Utilization of bamboo forest ...... 23 3.1 The bamboo used in the rural area and for agriculture ...... 23 3.2 Bamboo for handicraft ...... 23 3.3 Bamboo used for building industry ...... 23 i Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 3.4 Culm for handmade broad of bamboo ...... 24 3.5 Bamboo paper industry...... 24 3.6 The utilization of bamboo shoots after processing ...... 24 3.7 Making use of the environment in the bamboo stand ...... 24 3.8 Utilization of sheath, leaves and branches of bamboo ...... 24 4. The scientific research of bamboo in China ...... 24 4.1 On enlarging the area of bamboo forest ...... 25 4.2 On raising per unit area yield ...... 25 4.3 On the bamboo stand and its prevention and elimination ...... 25 4.4 On the classification of bamboo...... 25 4.5 On bamboo blossoming and sexual hybridization and its changes in physiology and biochemistry...... 25 4.6 On the qualities of bamboo ...... 26 4.7 On bamboo shoot production and its use ...... 26 4.8 Handmade board of bamboo ...... 26 4.9 On medicinal value and drink made from bamboo...... 26 4.10 On utilization of the ecological environment of bamboo stand...... 26 4.11 On the ecological effect of bamboo stands...... 26 4.12 On bamboo culture in China...... 26 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms ...... 29 1 The Mathematical Model of the Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms ...... 30 1.1 The relationship between the number of bamboo shoots coming out, the quality of grown bamboo and the time of their coming up...... 34 1.2. The rate of the bamboo shoots which grew into bamboo culms and the rate of deterioration of bamboo shoots in the bamboo colony...... 36 1.3. The relationship between the average diameter of new bamboo culms and the time of the coming out of the bamboo shoots...... 36 1.4. The time and speed of the coming out of the bamboo shoots for different bamboo species ...... 36 1.5. The effect of temperature on the coming out of bamboo shoots ...... 39 2. The growth model of barn boo culms ...... 40 2.1. The relationship between the height growth of bamboo shoot – culms – young culms and time. . 40 2.2 The relationship between Culm growth and the time of the coming out of bamboo shoots. .. 41 2.3. The relationship between the rate of the coming out of bamboo shoots in bamboo colony and the height growth rate...... 41 2.4. The coming out of bamboo shoots and the growing condition of bamboo culms of different species...... 42 3. The model of growth of bamboo internodes...... 43 3.1. The time of the growth of Internodes ...... 43 3.2. The process of the growth of internodes ...... 44 3.3. The absolute growth amount of ...... 45 4. The model of weight growth of bamboo culms ...... 45 4.1. The process of the coming out of bamboo shoots and the process of volume (height) growth of bamboo shoots – young culms of a bamboo colony go with the growth of the bamboo colony or the weight growth of the bamboo culms...... 45 4.2. The change in the growth of basic volume weight of bamboos ...... 46 4.3. The changes in weight growth of bamboo culms ...... 47 4.4. The change in weight growth of bamboo colony ...... 47 Chapter 5 On Bamboo Flower ...... 49 1. Bamboo is a seed plant ...... 49 ii Contents 2. The presage before flowering ...... 49 3. Generally speaking, bamboo being in flower will last 3~5 years...... 49 4. On bamboo species of Phyllostachys genus ...... 49 5. In those bamboo stands being in flower: ...... 49 6. To those whole stands being in flower and with full seeds: ...... 49 7. Measures ...... 49 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens ... 51 1 Node Distribution of Culms ...... 53 1.1. Distribution of internodal length ...... 53 1.2. Distribution of internodal circumference ...... 54 1.3. Distribution of internodal wall-thickness ...... 54 1.4. Distribution of internodal volume ...... 55 2 Structural Model of Culm Form...... 55 2.1. Variation of relative diameter of culms ...... 55 2.2. Variation of wall-thickness rate of culms...... 57 2.3. Variation of relative wall- thickness of culms ...... 58 3. Relation of Breast-height Diameter to Total Height and Clear Length of Culms ...... 60 3.1. Breast height diameter and total height of culms...... 60 3.2. Breast-height diameter and clear length of culms...... 64 4.Reaction of Brest-height Diameter to Fresh Weight of Culms and Branch-leaves ...... 64 4.1.Breast-height diameter and culm weight ...... 64 4.2. Brest-height diameter and fresh weight of branches and leaves ...... 65 4.3. Breast-height diameter, height and weight of culms ...... 67 References ...... 67 Chapter 7 Propagation and Afforestation of Bamboo ...... 69 1. Breeding bamboo seedling ...... 69 1.1. Seed breeding ...... 69 1.2. Breeding by layering of culms or nodes ...... 70 1.3. Breeding by planting-of-slip ...... 70 1.4. Breeding by layering ...... 70 1.5. Breeding by tissue cultivation ...... 71 2. Bamboo afforestation ...... 71 2.1. Offset planting ...... 71 2.2. Afforestation by stock planting ...... 71 2.3. Afforestation by bamboo seedling ...... 72 Chapter 8 A Study on the Classification of Bamboo Stands ...... 73 1 Growth classes of bamboo stands ...... 73 2. Site type and site class of bamboo stands...... 74 2.1. Site type ...... 74 2.2. Site classes of bamboo stands ...... 75 3 Management types of bamboo stands...... 76 3.1. The classification of silvicultural treatment of bamboo stands...... 76 3.2. Management type of bamboo stands ...... 77 iii Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) References ...... 78 Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest ...... 79 1. Histories and stories of bamboos used for ornament in China...... 79 2. Classifications of Ornamental Bamboo Species Applied to Gardens ...... 81 3. Propagation and Management of Ornamental Bamboo used in Gardens...... 83 3.1. Propagation of ornamental bamboo ...... 83 3.2. Management of Ornamental Bamboo Forest...... 84 4. Classification of Japanese Ornamental Bamboo Species...... 85 iv Chapter 1 the 20th Century in Retrospect for Bamboo Trade and Prospects for the 21st Century 1. Retrospect for Bamboo Trade in the World in the 20th Century 1.1 Bamboo Resources As one of the forest resources, bamboos in the world are estimated to include about 1200 species belonging to over 70 genera whose area is about 22 million hm2 and the annual bamboo-wood is about 5 – 200 t. Bamboos are mainly distributed in the tropics and the sub-tropics where bamboos often form a mixed forest with other trees. Moreover, being below the main storey, it used to receive little attention in the past years. However, after removing the overtopping trees in these two regions (the tropics and the sub-tropics), bamboo has been regenerated as secondary bamboo stand with the characteristics of fast growing, rapid propagating and easy regenerating since the 20th century. Besides, when people realize its high economical value and continually widen use, the artificial bamboo stands have been formed by planting bamboos. Both the secondary stand and the artificial stand are spreading around by means of bamboos’ powerful subter- ranean rhizomes. Most of bamboo stands are still out of cultivation and low yield with over-harvested and little attention paid to its conservation and management. By contrast, better management and more attention are paid to bamboo stands in China and Japan. 1.2 Bamboo Utilization Bamboo has been used in building houses, making bamboo watercrafts and appliances for production, living and culture entertainment, wind break and improving residential environment and using its shoots for food by people of bamboo-producing countries such as Asia, Africa, and South American since as early as the beginning of mankind’s activities. Mankind’s food, clothes, house and means of transportation have close relation with bamboo. Liyose, a famous British scholar, once said a word: “East-Asia civilization is just bamboo civilization.” There are only several large-sized bamboo species in South America where its major use is not in utilization. Bamboo utilization in Africa is far less than that in Asian countries. [1] Use in Countryside Production and People’s Daily Life: More than 70% of the annual bamboo wood produced in the world has been used for countryside buildings, agricultural production and people’s daily life and less than 30% in modern industry raw-material that of timber. [2] Use in Paper-making: The properties of bamboo wood such as long and thin fiber, good plasticity are ideal for making different kinds of high-quality paper pulp, artificial silk and glass paper. Bamboo has many advantages like fast growth, high yield, growing into full size in short time and highly renewable, therefore, it can be used sustainably. Bamboo culms generally contain higher and better fiber than many hardwoods. The annual fiber production per unit area of bamboo forest is 1 – 2 times higher than that of coniferous or hardwood forest. Bamboo fiber content is 40 – 60 %, with big density and without stripping, and its cooking quantity increases by 10 – 20 % than that of timber or grass. Now, the annual pulp is 146 million tons in the world, of which bamboo pulp is about 2 million tons. In India, among all raw-materials used in making paper, bamboo wood accounts for ⅔ of them; In Bangladesh there are 3 bamboo paper- mills; 4 bamboo paper-mills have been built in China since 1980s. Apart from being used in making paper, bamboo fiber still can be made into cellulose or nitrocellulose. Much research had been done on the techniques in saccharifying, fodderifying bamboo wood and producing active carbon in Japan Kyoto Timber Institute. 1 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) [3] Bamboo Shoot Production: Edible bamboo shoots contain sugar, protein, cellulose and a great variety of mineral nutrition elements, vitamin A, B, C, and so on; they are considered to be natural health food promoting digestion and excretion and reducing harmful substances and the occurring rate of toxic disease and bowel cancer. The people of bamboo-producing countries have the habit of eating bamboo shoots. But in the Southeast Asian countries, bamboo shoots are mainly produced as commodities. In Japan the annual bamboo shoots is 0.12 – 0.15 million tons, and its quantity increase year by year on consumption per person. For example: l.2, 2.47, 3.08 kg/person in 1955 – 1960, 1971 – 1980, 1981 – 1991 year respec- tively. [4] Bamboo Wood Processing: In spite of its clear advantages in physical and mechanical properties, the use of bamboo has been largely limited due to its size, form and fistular culm. Bamboos are mainly used in building houses, making furniture, farm tools and daily necessities in bamboo-producing countries, of which the processing techniques are simple and the quality is low. China occupies first place in the world in the varieties, scale and output of bamboo artificial boards. Bamboo plain- sawn board has been manufactured in Japan, however, production of scale hasn’t been formed. Bamboo mosaic board and laminated plywood have been manufactured in the Philippines. [5] Use in Making Bamboo Products and in Construction: China occupies the first place in the world in fine bamboo weaving, bamboo carving, bamboo handicraft articles, rattan products and bamboo articles of daily use. Bamboo is also one of the oldest and most versatile building materials with many applications in the field of construction. Those bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province and those bam- boo corridors in Taohuayuan, Hunan province impress people as being beautiful and imposing. Bamboo fine workmanship and bamboo products used in flower and tea culture are finely made in Japan. Some parks and temples are decorated with bamboo fence and bamboo doors. Bamboo fishing rod made in South Korea and bamboo musical instruments and bamboo weavings made in the countries of Southeast Asia sell well all over the world. In China, bamboo veneers (made from large, thick-walled culms) were once used to make tank attachment of military aircraft in the 1940s; bamboo woods have replaced concrete iron used in building houses in the 1950s. Now, in India and Thailand bamboo reinforced concrete is still used in construction. [6] Bamboo Introduction: Maozhu (Phyllostachys pubescens) was introduced to Japan from China in 1736. Now the area of Maozhu bamboo stands accounts for 45% of Japan’s bamboo forest total area. Many bamboo species have been introduced and planted in American South Introducing Plantation from China since the beginning of this century. Many bamboo species have been introduced to Britain, French, Ger- many, The Netherlands from Southeast – Asia. In China, the area of bamboo forest increased by O.01 million hm2 through introducing bamboo to the North from the South. [7] Bamboo Stands Play a Positive Role in Natural Environment: Since bamboos are evergreen, beautiful tall and straight, cold resistant, simple, clear and dancing in branches and leaves, they receive people’s likeness and are praised highly. In China, Mount Mogan located in Zhejiang, Mount Jinggang located in Jiangxi and Bamboo Sea of Sichuan are the best summer resorts. Many parks such as Beijing Zizhu Yuan Park, Chendu Wangjianglou Park, Guangzhou Xiaogang Park, Bamboo Species Garden in Huaan and Jianou of Fujian, Anji county and Ten Thousand Bamboo Plantation in Guanning county are all charactised with bamboo. The special important thing is that bamboo stands play a positive role in conserving soil and water and regulating and controlling the natural environment and climate. So bamboos can be planted at the upper reaches of or along the river, lake and reservoir in order to stabilize and protect bank or dyke against flooding. Good economic benefits can be derived by growing zhusun (a kind of mushroom only growing in bamboo stands, namely, Dictyophora indusiata), xianggu, Jew’s-ear and medicinal plants such as tianma (Gastrodia elata) in bamboo stands with its fine ecological environment. Bamboo stands are also suitable habitat for those precious animals such as panda and golden monkey. 2 Chapter 1 the 20th Century in Retrospect for Bamboo Trade and Prospects for the 21st Century 1.3 Achievements in Bamboo Research [1] Achievements Obtained in Production: Bamboo afforestation has been received more attention in the tropical and the subtropical regions since the beginning of the 20th century. The bamboo forest area has been enlarged one times. The artificial bamboo forests have taken the place of 1/3 of primeval bamboo forests. The output of bamboo wood has increased 1 – 2 times. Bamboo used to be mainly used in making farm tools, however, it is now widely used in construction industry, paper- making industry and bamboo-- wood processing industry. In Asia paper made from bamboo is 1.5 – 2.0 million tons every year. Bamboo shoots used to be supplied by peasant families and now it has been managed as a commodity. Special bamboo-shoot stands have been well and commercially managed. Bamboo culms have been made into various boards such as bamboo plywood, bamboo shaving board and ornamental bamboo board since the 1970s. Bamboo with its advantages takes the place of timber, for which the lack of timbers has solved. [2] In China, Japan and some bamboo-producing countries of Southeast Asia, many studies have been done on the characteristics of some major economic bamboo species in their own countries like distribution, propagation, afforestation, structure of high-yield bamboo stand and cultivation. Some measures, especially in cultivating high- yield bamboo stands have been obtained from studies on maozhu (Phyllostachys puhenscens) in China and Japan, in India, on Dendrocalamopsis oldhami in Bangladesh. In China, much research also has been done on the characteristics of its flower and fruit from which some knowledge have been obtained. Success in afforestation with its seedlings has been obtained on the basis of the necessary knowledge obtained from researches. Some new-improved varieties have been cultivated by sexual hybridization. Studies on breeding and growing bamboo seedling with its vegetative tissue have been done in Germany, Belgium and other countries. There has been a good beginning in the research on the ecological benefit, stabilization of sands and wind-proof of bamboo forests. [3] In Taxonomy: As early as the Jin Dynasty (A. D. 265 – 420) in China, a book of Bamboo Table written by Dai Kaizhi, in which there were some records about bamboo as follows: “there is a plant called as bamboo, who is neither grass nor tree, neither hardness nor softness, whose minor difference in hollow or solid and major similarity in being have nodes.” In this book he illuminated the morphological character- istics of bamboo correctly and also gave a description to the morphological characteristics, ecological habitats, distribution and the value of utilization of 61 bamboo species. In Song Dynasty (A.D. 960 –1279), a Buddhist monk called Zan Ning wrote a book of Bamboo-shoot Table, in which the morphological characteristics, ecological habitats, distribution and the value of utilization of 93 bamboo species were described in detail. In Qing Dynasty, the feature mentioned above of 110 bamboo species were described in details in the book of Guangqunfangpu, a book on plants. Natural classification of bamboo was carried out in 1753 when the binomial nomenclature was put forward by Linna, a Swedish scholar. At the beginning of the 20th century, only a few plant taxonomists have done much work on the preparative classification of several bamboo species, of which a few bamboo species and genera were described. Up to now, about 1200 bamboo species in 70 genera have been described in details for which preparative researches have been done on their ecological habitats and biology, however, there are more confusion, omissions and repetitions in many bamboo species. Studies have been done on some major economical bamboo species in structure, physical, mechanical and chemical property and fiber’s form and the technology in making paper from bamboo in China, Japan and India. With the technology obtained from research and traditional experience increasing in making plywood, particle board, flooring board, section sheet and bamboo board by joining piece together into pattern and paper, the use of bamboo has been largely widened. [5] In Literature: Over 8,000 theses on bamboo have been published in the 20th century, out of which the papers published after 1980 take 70 % or so. There are about 800 bamboo patents in China. There are many research reports on bamboo in Forestry Journals in India, Viet Nam, Japan, the Philippines and so on. 3 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 2. Prospects for Bamboo Trade in the 21st Century 2.1 Enlarging the area and output of bamboo forest [1] The area of bamboo forest in the 20th century is 2.2 million hm2 occupying 1% of that of the forests in the world: The annual output is 1.5~2.0 million tons. It is estimated that the total area of bamboo forests will be enlarged 2~3 times in the 21st century, about 55 ~ 65 million hm2, occupying 2 ~ 3% of that of forest in the world. The annual output will be increased 2.5~ 3.5 times, to about 55~65 million tons, taking 5% that of the timbers in the world. Of which there are 30, 20, 10, 1 and 1 million hm2 in area and 30, 20, 10, 1 and 1 million tons in the annual bamboo wood in Asia-pacific region; America (primarily South America, Africa, Australia and Europe respectively. About 1000 million hm2 of waste mountain and wasteland suitable for the growth of tree and many slashing, on which forest should be regenerated by the means of artificial afforestation or natural regeneration, especially bamboo forest. As a nice natural regeneration plant, bamboo can provide mankind society with more and finer bamboo products through increasing per unit area production. In order to reach the above aim, scientific cultivation should be applied to natural artificial bamboo forest on the slashing in tropical and subtropical regions. [2] Replacing Timber with Bamboo Wood with Better Quality: A sustaining development policy should be adopted in managing and utilizing forest resources in the 21st century. As one of the sustaining resources, bamboo forest is not only of economic benefit with its bamboo wood but of ecological benefit with its evergreen. Therefore, bamboo forest should be paid more attention to and be developed. Replacing timber with bamboo with better quality will be a developing tendency in the 21st century. The deficiency in timber resulted from a large number of timber having been depleted in the paper-making industry. Bamboo forest used for making paper may be built with bamboo’s fast growth, high yield, long and thin fiber in tropical and subtropical regions to solve this problem. Bamboo wood, with its better quality and the techniques obtained in making denaturation materials and plywood, will replace timber. Bamboo stand on bank or slop protection and other protection forests should be advocated for to build with its good function in stabilizing soil, protecting bank and conserving soil and water. 2.2 Broaden Bamboo’s Use and Raise Its Increased Benefit [1] In Bamboo Wood Processing Trade: Consumption in timber will reduce by machining, chemical processing and making all kinds of products with bamboo. There will be a more advancement in mechanical machining such as making bamboo pulp and paper, artificial silk and cellulose. [2] Making Full Use of the Whole Culm: In the past years, much attention was only paid to bamboo wood rather than bamboo branch, shoot, leaf, rhizome and root, however, the whole culm will be made full of use in the 21st century. There will be a development in producing articles of everyday use, handicraft articles and food with bamboo branch, shoot, leaf, rhizome and root. Growth hormone and microelement can be extracted from bamboo’s organs to satisfy people’s necessity. [3] Making Use of the Environment in the Bamboo Stands: Precious animals like panda, golden monkey and gorilla can be raised and bred in bamboo forest. Precious medicinal herbs and edible vegetables such as tianma (Gastrodia elata) and mushroom (Dictyphora indusiata, only growing in bamboo stands) can be grown in bamboo forest. Bamboo will be used in tourism, hotel and playfield in tropical region with the characteristics of cool and refreshing in bamboo stands. 4 Chapter 1 the 20th Century in Retrospect for Bamboo Trade and Prospects for the 21st Century 3. Further Studies on Bamboo [1] Making an Inventory of Bamboo Resources: In each bamboo-producing country and region, with the checking made in its distribution and the state of its utilization and development, scientific design in developing, using bamboo forest will be made according to their own specific conditions. The bamboo area will be enlarged in those regions without producing bamboo by introducing bamboo. [2] Research on the Ecological Effect and Application of Bamboo Stands: Demands on ecological benefit will go beyond that of producing bamboo wood in the 21st century. Therefore, research on bamboo forest’s ecological effect will be a key question. Tourism trade will be developed by building bamboo protection forest and scenery forest. Studies on the behavior, breeding and utilization of animal and plant, the effect of stabilizing soil and protecting against flooding/storm and conserving water of bamboo forest, on the ability of bamboo forest against natural disasters and the techniques in constructing shelter-forest, Besides, on the characteristics and law of bamboo economy. [3] Researches on Enlarging Bamboo Stand Area and Increasing per Unit Yield: Researches on the biological and ecological habit of every bamboo species have been done. Researches on the technology in selecting and breeding good bamboo species adapted to all kinds of ecological conditions and uses; recreation and cultivation of secondary bamboo forest on the slashing in the tropical region; in afforestation on wastelands suitable for the growth of bamboo under all kinds of ecological conditions; in construction and high yield structure and cultivation of bamboo forest and prevention and control of bamboo diseases and elimination of pests. [4] Studies on Widening the Use of Bamboo Forest: In order to replace timber with bamboo with better quality, further studies will be done on the properties of bamboo-wood. Studies will be also done on the technology in machining (bamboo artificial board) and chemical processing (making paper, bamboo pulp, bamboo charcoal) of bamboo-wood; in processing and the new use of bamboo shoot, branch, leaf, rhizome and root; in producing forage for livestock with bamboo’s remainder; in chemical processing of bamboo-wood; and in producing artificial silk and glass paper which the demands for natural fiber will satisfy. Breeding New-improved Bamboo Species by Taking Advantage of Bio-engineering: Various newly improved bamboos will be bred for producing timber, shoot and for viewing and admiring. Bamboo species with regular blossom and bearing fruit will be bred to produce bamboo seeds and satisfy mankind’s demands. [6] Research on Bamboo Forest Bionics: Bamboo forest, with knots in each long and thin bamboo culm, can resist the attacks of strong wind, through which the skyscraper should be followed in the structure of bamboo culm. Bamboo forest is likely to be the mode of skyscraper group in the future. The survival and development of mankind depends on the implementation of the policy of sustainable development in utilizing natural resources. Bamboos with their renewable characteristics are the best sustainable resources. So we prospect with full confidence that the bamboo will spring up energetically and bamboo trade will be a popular one and bring new and greater contributions to mankind in the 21st century. 5 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 6 Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World As one of the forest resources, bamboos are estimated to include about 1,200 species belonging to 70 genera. Bamboos are mainly distributed in the tropics and the subtropics, and a few bamboo species are distributed in Temperate Zone and Frigid Zone. Bamboo grows in tropical and subtropical zones and often forms a mixed forest with other trees. Being below the main story, it is apt to be neglected. Nevertheless after destructive cutting of forest in these two zones (the tropics and the subtropics) bamboo has been regenerated as secondary bamboo stand since it has the characteristics of fast growth, rapid propagation and easy regeneration. Besides, as bamboo is widely used and its high economical value, it is planted on the wasteland in the mountains and uncultivated land. The secondary stand and artificial stand are spreading around by means of their subterranean rhizomes. So the bamboo area on the surface of the earth is increasing year after year while the forest area is reducing. So far, it is estimated that the world’s total area of bamboo forests is about 20 million hectares. Environmental conditions for bamboo growth in the tropics are concerned with so many associated factors like latitude, altitude, temperature, sea level, soil, topography, rainfall, light, intensity and so on. Most of the bamboo species in the world naturally grow within 40 degree on either side of the equator, particularly in the area of the Tropic of Cancer and in the Tropic of Capricorn for the clump forming type of bamboo species are gregarious in two categories, namely, (i) bamboo forest in extensive areas, and (ii) in groups or colonies. Bamboos that grow together in the first category are more or less confined within 15 ~ 25 degrees of north side, especially tropical monsoon from Asia in where India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Viet Nam, etc. On the other hand, only colonies of bamboo forest occur in other Tropical America, Tropical Africa and the rest of above Tropical Asian countries including both sides of latitudes between Equator and 30 degrees. All of these tropical bamboo forests are natural pure forests or mixed with tree forests, however, bamboo forests located in the tropical rain forest are sand- wiched between Equator and 15 degrees both sides of latitude are mainly mixed with tree forest. Tropical bamboo needs much rainfall than the bamboo which grows in temperate zone because there is close relationship between growth of shoots and rainfall. Generally speaking, the best growth condition for bamboo is to be maintained for six months with 100 ~ 200 mm monthly rainfall. Of course, if there are more than 1000rnm annual rainfall and duration of rainy season is continued about six to seven months, bamboo shoots sprout two or three times a year. Geographically, bamboo distribution can be divided into three major regions in the world: 1. Asia- Pacific Bamboo Region; 2. America Bamboo Region; 3. Africa Bamboo Region (Fig. 2 – 1). Within each major region, some sub regions can be recognized on the basis of climatic differences and bamboo types. 7 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 8 Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World Bamboo has a wide range of distribution from the tropics to the temperate zones and from sea level to alpine elevations. Some species are even found in considerably high altitudes and elevations. Sasa kurilensis and Chusquea culeou occur in south Sakhalin (4 6°N) and South Argentina (47°) respectively. Certain species of Sinarunfinaria grow well at 3,400~3,500m in the Himalayan Mountains. While Neurolepis aperta forms irregular patches at 4,000m and impenetrable thickness at 5,000m in the East Andes. But most bamboo plants require warm, they are commonly distributed at low elevation in the tropic and subtropics of Asia, America, Africa and Australia where they grow either naturally in mixed forests or in plantations. Europe has no indigenous bamboo. But introduction has been made since the last century. It is estimated that the world total number of bamboo species and varieties is about 1,200 and the world total area of bamboo forests is about 20 million hectares, including bamboo forest which have formed mixed forest or alpine bamboo forest (Table 2 – 1). 1. Asia - Pacific Bamboo Region: The Asia-Pacific bamboo region is the largest one, covering Japan, Korea, the southern half of China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. Within this region, there are 800 species and varieties belonging to 45 genera and 18 million hectares of bamboo lands in total. South China and Southeast Asia form the center of bamboo distribution in the world, with the greatest number of bamboo species and the greatest proportion of bamboo forests. More than 20 species have sizable culms with good quality, which can be used in production, culture and the daily life of local people. Away from this center their frequency of occurrence decreases considerably and they appear mostly in small patches. The Asia- Pacific bamboo region can be divided into two large subregions according to the bamboo rhizome type, monopodial and sympodial. Generally monopodial bamboos are characterized by relatively strong frost- resistance; they are distributed in higher latitudes such as Japan, Korea, the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze Valley where winters are severe. Those with sympodial rhizomes occur mostly in areas between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, with major components in the bamboo center and with an eastward spread to me Pacific Islands. Accordingly, one subregion can be recognized by dominance of monopodial and the other by sympodial forms (Table 2 – 2). 9 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 1.1China Ecologically, China covers two sub regions of bamboo distribution and shows close affinity with the bamboo flora of Japan and Korea in its north and that of Southeast Asia in its south (Fig. 2 – 2). Phyllostachys, Pleioblastus, Sasa and Indocalamus are monopodial; they are commonly distributed along the Yellow River, the Yangtze Valley and also in Japan and Korea. Similarly species of Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Oxytenanthera, Pseudostachyum, Gigantochloa, Schizostachyum, etc are commonly encountered in South China and Southeast Asia where they form extensive vegetation with hardwoods spreading across the international borders. China is a part of the world’s bamboo center and has more than 500 species and varieties in 50 genera. The bamboo forest area in China is about 7 million hectares (including artificial bamboo forest and alpine bamboo forest). These bamboos are mainly distributed over our vast land in the south of latitude 40 north. It is the country with the richest bamboo flora and resources, and it has both monopodial and sympodial bamboos in roughly equal numbers. Please read “Bamboo Resources in China”, it will give you details. 1.2 India India has 113 species and varieties belonging to 19 genera. The bamboo forest area in India is about 4 million hectares. These bamboos mainly belong to the clumping type. Only in mountain area of the north, there are diffuse-form bamboos. In India, bamboo is chiefly distributed in the east such as Arunachal, Fradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Fripura and West-Bangladesh, Andamans, Madhya, Pradesh, Bastar of Pradesh and mountain areas of the south-west. The bamboo species that have been developed in India are: Drepanostachyum falcata, Thamnocalamus spathiflora, Arundinaria racemosa, Indocalamus wightianus, Bambusa anmdi- naria, B. balcooa, B. tulda, B. polymorpha, B. vulgaris, Cephalostachyum pergracile, Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. hamiltonii, D. stricyus, Gigantochloa macrostachya, Ochlandra travmicorica, O. scriptori, Oxytenanthera ritchevi, O. nigrociliata and Pseudoslachyum polymorphum, etc. The management levels of bamboo stand is not high. The increment of those bamboos stands which have wide distribution and good growth in every year is as follows: Dendrocalamus strictus is 1.95t/hm2, Bambusa tulda is 3.12t/hm2, Melocanna baccifera is 4t/hm2. The annual cut in India is about 400 X 104 t. Those bamboo stands can be divided into four types in India: [1] The pure bamboo stands: There are bamboo stands which have 125 clumps per hm2. The yield is high. The average yield is 2.52t/hm2. [2]The mixed stands dominated in bamboo: There are bamboo stands which have 50 ~125 clumps per hm2. The yield is 1. 85t/hm2. [3] The thinly scattered bamboo stands: There are 10 Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World bamboo stands which have 25~50 per hm2. The average yield is low, 0.17t/hm2. [4] The fragmentary bamboo stands: There are bamboo stands which have less than 25 clumps per hm2. Their yield is very low. 1.3 Burma There are more than 90 bamboo species. The total bamboo area is 2.17 X 106hm2. In general, the management is extensive. The main bamboo species are: Melocamza baccifera, Bambusa tulda, Bambusa arundinacea, B. polymorpha, Cephalostachum pergracile, Dendrocalamus membranaceus, D. brandii, D. longispathus, D. strictus, Dinochloa and amania, Pseudostachyum compactiflorus, Melocanna baccifera. It is estimated that the bamboo wood is 1.50 X 106t in every year. 1.4 Thailand There are over 60 bamboo species in 13 genera. The bamboo area is about 8.1 X 105hm2. The main bamboo species are: Dendrocalamus asper, D. aciculare, D. membranaceus, Bambusa arundinaceae, B. blumeana, B. nana. B. tulda. Thyr- sostachys siamensis, T. oliveri, Dendrocalamus brandisii, D. membranaceus. D. strictus, Gigantochloa albociliata, G. hasskeriana, G. ligulata, Oxytenanthera nigrociliata. O. houseusii, O. albociliata, Schizostachyum aciculare, S. humilis, S. ligulata, Thyrsostachys siamensis, Cephalostachyum virgatum, etc. In 1981~1984, the annual bamboo culms are 52 million (not including bamboo culms used in the country). There are two factories manufacturing bamboo plywoods in Kanchanaburiug province and Lampoon province. In 1936, Kanchanaburi Paper factory using bamboo as raw material was established. There are 22 bamboo-shoot processing factories in Prachinburi province. In 1984, the annual bamboo-shoot production was 37.975 t. 1.5 Bangladesh There more than 30 bamboo species. The bamboo area is 6.0 X 105hm2. Among them the area of pure bamboo stands, by all sides bamboo stands is 1.0 X 105hm2, 1.0 X 105hm2 respectively. The area of the mixed stands consisting of bamboo and trees is 4.0 X 105hm2. The main bamboo species are: Melocanna baccifera (popular name: Muli, Bajail, Nali), Bambusa tulda (popular name: Mirtinga), B. arundinacea (popular name: Betua), B. arundinaceavar, B. spinosa. B. balcooa (popular name: Balkn), B. burmanica (popular name: Tarala), B. glaucescens, B. longispiculata (popular name: Talia, Toru), B. nutan (popular name: Makal), B. polymorpha (popular name: Butua, Jama, Betua), B. vulgaris (popular name: Bariala, Baria, Bashini), B. vulgarisvar. B. striata, Cephalostachyum pergracile, Dendrocalamus calostachyus, D. gigantens (popular name: Budumbans), D. hamiltonii (popular name: Penchabans), D. Longispathus (popular name: Orah. Khang, Rupai), D. membranous, D. strictus (popular name: Lathibans, Rangoonbans), Melocanna compaciflorus (popular name: Latabans, Daral), Neohouzeaua dullooa (popular name: Dolubans), Oxytenantera albociliata, O. nigrociliata (popular name: Kalibans, Kalia), Thyrostachys olivevi, etc. There are two paper factories using bamboo as raw material in Bangladesh. 1.6 Viet Nam The bamboo area is 2.3 X 105hm2 or so. Bamboo species belonging to clump is the main. There are 92 bamboo species belonging to 16 genera era. The main bamboo species are: Bambusa spinosa (popular name: Tregai), B. arundinacea (popular name: Locngoc), B. tulda (popular name: Maybong), B. blumeana, (popular name: Langa), B. procera, (popular name: Loo), B. flexmosa,(Tre Tau), B. multiplex (popular name: Trevaisod), B. ventricosa (popular name: Trucduiga), Dendrocalamus patellaris (popular name: Giang), D. membranaceas (popular name: Luong), D. latflorus (popular name: Mai), D. flagellifer (popular name: Tong), D. sericens (popular name:Maysang), Arundinaria sat (popular name Truccanceu), A. pubescens (popular name: Vaudang), P. bambusoides (popular name: Vaungot), Neohoujeaua dulloa (popular name: Nua), Ginoalamus seribrerina (popular name: Buang), Sinocalamus latiflous (popular name: Dientrug), Linganania sp (popular name: Lung). The management is generally extensive. The yield is low. 1.7 Laos In the north of Laos, the giant bamboo giant species in rain forest are: Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, D. brandisii, etc. The diameter, height of those giant bamboos is 20cm, 30m. The bamboo species distributed in poor lands is:Bambusa arundinaceae. In the north of Laos, the bamboo species distributed in lithosol 11 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) lands are: Dendrocalamus membranaceus, Oxytenanthem albociliata (popular name: Mailai), Cephalostachyum pergmcile, Thyrsostachys siamensis. The bamboo distributed 2,000 meters above sea level: Chimonobamusa quadmngularis (Chimonobambusa griffithiana). In addition: Arundinaria falcate (popular name: Maiphek), B. tulda, Cephalostachyum virgatum (popular name: Maihia), C. pergracile, dendrocalamus brandisii, D. membranaceus, etc. 1.8 Japan There are 227 bamboo species belonging 13 genera (1t has been reported there are 662 bamboo species. The total area of bamboo stands is 14. 10hm2.The diffuse-form bamboo species is the main. For example: Phyllostachys bambusoides is 42%, Phyllostachys puhescensis 40%. The total area of bamboo has been increasing since Phylloatachys pubescens was introduced from China in 1736. To the best Phyllostachys pubescens stands, the annual increment is 30~40t/hm2. 97% bamboo stands belong to private. Those private bamboo stands are managed intensively. The annual bamboo-wood is totally 20~30 X 104t. The annual bamboo-shoot is 1.5 X 105t in total appendix II). The aim of bamboo management is bamboo- shoot used stands instead of bamboo-wood used stands in the 1950s, however, in the 1970s the aim of bamboo management is sightseeing stands instead of bamboo-shoot used stands. 1.9 Indonesia There are 65 bamboo species in 9 genera. The bamboo area is about 60, 000 hm2. The chiefly economic bamboo species are: Bambusa atra, Gigantochioa atter, G. maxima, G. verticillata, Nastus elegantissimus, Schizostachyum biflorum, S. blumei, S. Longispiculatum, Oreigostachys pullei, Oxytenanthera nigrociliata, etc. 1.10 Philippines The bamboo area is more than 20,000 hm2. There are 55 bamboo species belonging to 11 gen (popular era. The chiefly economic bamboo species are: Bambusa blumeana (popular name: Kawayan tinik), B. cornuta, B. spinosa. B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus merrilianus, D. latiflarus, Dinochloa scandens, Schizostachyum lumampao, S. Lima, Gigantochloa as- pera, G. levis, etc. B. blumeana has wide distribution. The diameter and the height of G. aspera is 40cm, 30m. 1.11 Malaysia There are 50 bamboo species belonging to 10 genera. The area is 20,000hm 2. The annual bamboo woods is 21, 000t. The chiefly economic bamboo species are: Bambusa vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, D. pendulus, D. hirtellus, Dinochloa scandens, Gigantochloa scortechinii, Schizostachyum zollingeri, S. grande, Recemobambusa tessellata, Yushania yniita, etc. Besides, there are 13 bamboo species belonging to 10 genera in South Korea. The area is more than 8,000hm2. There are 44 bamboo species belonging to 7 genera in Sri Lanka. The area is 2,000hm2. The bamboo area is 2.87 X 105hm2 in Kampuchea. Bamboo species belonging to clumping-form is chief. The management is extensive. There are 26 bamboo species distributed in Papua New Guinea. Bamboos are also distributed in Bhutan, Nepal, etc. 2. The American Bamboo Region The America bamboo region consists of North and South America ranging from the eastern United States (400N) down to the southern part of Argentina (470S). There are more than 270 species and varieties in 17 genera. Except for a few species, most of them are small or even herbaceous and they do not have much economic value or a less closer relationship with production and the life activities of local people. Arundinaria is the only monopodial bamboo in the New World. Arundinaria gigantea and its three sub- species are the only indigenous bamboos in the United States where they occur scattered in mixed hardwood forests in the southeast part of the country. On the other hand, bamboo plants of sympodial type are sparsely scattered throughout extensive areas of Central and South America, a sub region of sympodial bamboos. 12 Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World 3. The African Bamboo Region The African bamboo region is a relatively small one ranging from southern Senegal (16°N) down to southern Mozambique (22°S) and across the African tropics. The bamboo flora is very poor, less than 10 species on the continent, but about 40 species and 11 genera of indigenous and introduced bamboos occur in Madagascar. Several species of Oreobambos, Oxytenanthera and Sinarundinaria (formerly misnamed as Arundinaria) are sizable bamboos and form natural pure stands or mix with hardwoods. Bambusa and Sinanmdinaria are cosmopolitan genera. Their species are found over the world wherever the environment is favorable. Bambusa vulgaris is known as a pantropical bamboo growing widely in tropical countries. In view of flora affinity, the Asia-Pacific bamboo region is closely related to the African. Bambusa, Cephalostachyum, Pseudocalamus, Ochlandra, Oxytenanthera and Schizostachyum are common genera on both continents and their nearby islands. Since bamboo plants are evergreen (only a few species shed their foliage during the dry season) and shallowly rooted, they are very sensitive to temperature and precipitation. Accordingly, heat and moisture distribution on the surface remarkably affects the geographical distribution of bamboo plants. Southeast Asia is a sink of ocean currents both from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, bringing in plentiful heat and rainfall and rainfall creating a most favorable environment for bamboo growth. A similar situation is also found in Central America and along the coastal areas facing ocean currents. Bamboo distribution is also related to topography, aspect, elevation and landscape through their local modification of heat and moisture. Furthermore, genetic make-up against frost and drought is also important factor affecting the adaptability of bamboo species and their distribution. Presumably, most bamboo plants do not grow well under climates with an annual mean temperature below 100C, a coldest monthly temperature below – 20C, or annual precipitation below 800mm. Above these lower limits, we may classify the bamboo distribution into the following three categories: (1) temperate bamboo regions with annual mean temperature 10 C ~ 150C and annual precipitation 800 ~ 1,000mm; (2) subtropical bamboo regions with annual temperature 150C ~ 200C and annual precipitation 1,000 ~ 1,500mm; (3)tropical bamboo regions with annual mean temperature 200C and annual precipita- tion above 1,500mm. In addition to the natural environment, human activities are also important in bamboo distribution. Bamboo is an important resource in Asia and closely related to production the culture and the living activities of local people. Some bamboo species have been introduced into areas where they are needed. Bambusa vulgaris, which possibly originated from Malaysia and Indonesia, now has become a cosmopolitan species widely grown in the tropics all over the world. Oxytenanthera abysinica, an indigenous species of Africa with high production and good fiber quality, has been introduced into India for the paper-making industry. Phyllostachys pubescens, a native of China, was introduced into Japan in 1738 and now has become the most important commercial bamboo there, where it covers 40% of the bamboo lands and produces 59% of culms. In North America, only Arundinaria gigantea and its subspecies are indigenous. Since the last century, American botanists and horticulturists have introduced many different bamboo species and varieties from China, Japan and other Asiatic countries. The total number of introductions has amounted to 750 of which 200 were species of Phyllostachys. They grow in bamboo gardens in Puerto Rico, Florida, Georgia and Southern Carlifornia. In Europe Phyllostachys nigra was the first bamboo introduced into England in 1827. Now there are 14 genera and 75 species, varieties and forms of cultivated bamboo in the United Kingdom which mostly came from China and Japan. The Bambuserate de Pratrance is a beautiful bamboo park with about 100 species and varieties of bamboo spreading over about 10 hectares in mysterious shades. Among them species of Phyllostachys are the most common. Some other European countries such as West Germany, Italy, Switzerland and even the Soviet Union have long introduced some hardy bamboos to plant in their appropriate favorable regions. Recently, many bamboo enthusiasts in North America, Australia and Europe have been increasingly interested in bamboo introduction and cultivation. They have established the American Bamboo Society, the European Bamboo Society and the Australian Bamboo Network for communication and popularization 13 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) of bamboo knowledge. For centuries people in Asia, Africa and Latin America are noted for bamboo use to build house, to make boat and other appliances for producing, life and culture entertainment. In a word, bamboo is widely used in food, clothing, lodging and transportation – basic necessities of life of people in the world. So, bamboo has close relationship with people. Now in the world, the bamboo forest area is about 20 million hectares and the annual bamboo wood is about 16 million tons. Among those bamboo woods, 70 % of them are used in building, agriculture production and daily necessities in the countryside, less than 30 % of them are used as raw materials in industry (Table 2 – 3). In Asian countries noted for bamboo, bamboos use is comparable with that of trees. If it is calculated by the population, the biggest bamboo consuming countries are Burma and Indonesia. The bamboo consumption in Bangladesh is equivalent to 0.7 times that of them in India. The bamboo consumption in China and Japan is very high. That is, supply fails to meet demand. There are a few big bamboo species in Latin America. The utilization of bamboo is not chief in Latin America. The utilization of bamboo in Africa is not so much as that in Asia. According to incomplete statistics in South-east Asia mainly noted for bamboo, the annual wood is more than 1. 3 million tons, among them, 30% ~ 40% of them are used in building, 15 % ~ 20 % of them are used in bamboo manufacture, 20 % ~ 25 % are used in paper pulp and 15% ~ 30 % of them are used in others. 3.1The common tendency is making paper bamboo in countries noted for bamboo It is researched according to both inside and outside the country that the fiber of bamboo is thin and long and has good plasticity from which suited for making high quality paper pulp, artificial and glassine. Because bamboo has rapid growth, high yield and grows into useful timber in a few years, so it may ceaselessly supply industrial materials. Bamboo culms generally contain higher and better fiber than many hardwood species. Producing one ton of unbleached pulp requires four tons of fresh culms. The annual fiber per area of bamboo stands is 1~2 times than that of softwoods and hardwoods. The fiber content bamboo stand is 40 % ~ 60 %. They needn’t peeling. Their density is big (0.7 – 0.8). The quantity of steamed bamboo is 10% ~ 20% more than that of wood and herb. So, bamboo is a good material for making paper. In addition, Acetic acid fiber and nitrificational fiber are made from bamboo fiber. So far, the annual paper pulp is 1.46 billion tons in the world. Out of which, bamboo pulp is 1 million tons or so. The main countries that made paper pulp from bamboo are: India, China, Bangladesh, Burma, etc. India The annual bamboo paper pulp is about 20,000 tons, 0.10~0.15 million tons, 0.4 ~ 0.5 million tons and 0.5 ~ 0.6 million in the 1930s, 1950s, 1970s and 1980s respectively. The annual bamboo- wood consumption is 2 million tons or so. There are 80 paper factories, out of which 30~35 paper factories use bamboo as raw materials. More than half of its 3.23 million tons total of culms is consumed by the paper industry (Table 2 – 4). 14 Chapter 2 the Reality of Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in the World Bangladesh There are two paper factories that used bamboo as raw materials. Their daily output is 100 tons. The artificial silk and glassine are sold to countries of the Middle East. The management of bamboo forest is not reasonable generally. Burma There are two paper factories used bamboo as materials. Thailand There are 0.7 million hectares bamboo forest. They may supply as bamboo paper materials. Africa The World Tropical Forest Technology Center has studied the fiber and papermaking properties of Bambusa vulgaris, Schrader and Oxytenanthera abyssinica which grow in Cameroon, Congo the Ivory Coast, Gabon, Madagascar and Senegal. 3.2 Bamboo-shoot processing Edible bamboo-shoot contains 2% ~ 4% sugar, 0.2% ~ 0.3% fat, 2.5% ~ 3.0% protein and 16 ~ 18 amino acids and other elements; they are considered to be nutritional vegetables. Edible bamboo-shoot is also considered to be a health-food. It can aid in digestion, promote to excrete and reduce accumulated harmful substance. But taking bamboo-shoot as commodity for production, there are some countries in South-east Asia, like China, Japan, Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippine and South Korea that must be mentioned. Japan The annual bamboo-shoot is 0.12 ~ 0.15 million tons or so. The annual bamboo-shoot per hectare is 2.6~3.37 tons. The annual bamboo-shoot consumption according to the population is: 1.2kg per person in 1955 ~1960, 2.47kg per person in 1971 ~ 1980, 3.08kg per person in 1981~1991. But the annual bamboo- shoot consumption is about 0.3 million tons of which 50%~ 60% delete is imported from China, Thailand. In the 1970s, they have invested funds to establish bamboo-shoot factories in The Philippines for bamboo- shoot supplying to Japan. (Table 2-5) Thailand Apart from the bamboo-shoots supplying to the demand of Thailand’s people, they are exported to Japan. The annual exported bamboo-shoot is more than 7,000 tons. 3.3 Processing of bamboo-wood Any country noted for bamboo is mostly short of timber. Bamboo wood is chiefly used in buildings, furniture and daily necessities. These productions are also simply processed and their quality is not excellent. Although bamboo wood has excellent physical and mechanical characteristics, its size, shape and hollow inside limit its use. In Japan, the yields of bamboo forest and bamboo wood industries are decreasing day after day. The reason is that the area of bamboo stand is decreasing and the lack of bamboo materials. The Japanese have manufactured bamboo plain sawn board, however, production of scale hasn’t been formed. In The Philippines, they have produced bamboo mosaic board and bamboo laminate and obtained patent. In India and Thailand, bamboo concrete is still in use. In some countries noted for bamboo in Latin America and Africa, bamboo experts of China and Japan have been invited to give directions for bamboo yielding, processing and utilization. 3.4 Bamboo Manufactures and Bamboo Buildings In any country producing bamboo, there are their tradiational bamboo manufactures and buildings. The properties of bamboo culms such as straightness, lightness, strength, hardness, fiber content, flexibility and easy workability are ideal for different technological purposes. In China, there are bamboo weavings, bamboo carvings, bamboo mats, bamboo handicraft articles and bamboo daily necessities. China has a long history in making exquisite bamboo wares, is ahead of other countries. Besides, there are many bamboo 15 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) buildings, like bamboo bridge, bamboo fence, bamboo pavilion, etc., populared with people of the world. For example, a three-storied bamboo pavilion in Yiyang county, Hunan; a three-storied bamboo building in Sweden and a bamboo bridge which is named the first bamboo bridge in Europe in Germany designed by Yunan Architectural Design Institute. In Japan, a five-li bamboo corridor in Taoyuan county, Hunan; there are fine bamboo workmanship, exquisite bamboo articles which are used in flower arts and tea culture. In addition, most fences and doors of parks are ornamented with bamboo. In Korea, there is bamboo fishing rod. In some countries of Southeast Asia, there are bamboo musical instruments and bamboo weavings which have a best sell all over the world. In The Philippines in 1818, there is a Catholic father, who made a bamboo organ which consists of 950 bamboo culms. Of course, the preservation from decay, the insect protection and the cracking protection for these products still need further study. Notes: yield of bamboo wood is calculated according to : one bundle = 35kg. [1] In this table, the weight of bamboo-shoot imports and exports have been converted into fresh weight per kilogram dried bamboo-soot is converted into 20 kilogram fresh bamboo-shoot per one kilogram bamboo-shoot can is converted into 2.5 kilogram fresh bamboo-shoot. [2]The bamboo area in 1957 is the largest (l6.8406hm2). During 1957~1992, the area reduced by 0.52% every year. [3]The yield of bamboo wood in 1965 is the highest (385.380t). During 1965~1992, the yielding of wood reduced by 1.55% every year. The average yield of per unit area is 2.07~2.72t/hm2. [4]During 1955~1991, the yield of bamboo increases by O.86 % every year. The average yield of per is 2.6~3.37t/hm2. [5]The average annual bamboo-shoot consumption of per person is: 1.20kg fresh bamboo shoots in 1950~1960; 1.35kg fresh bamboo shoots in 1961~1970; 2.47kg fresh bamboo shoot in 1971~1980; 3.08kg fresh bamboo shoot in 1981~1991. 16 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China With economic development of human society, the primeval forests on the surface of the Earth have been deteriorated, especially in the tropical and subtropical zones, where the forest cover is rapidly reduced, water and soil loss is increasing with each passing day, climate becomes abnormal and air gets polluted. The living environment of human beings has been seriously threatened. How to preserve forests on earth, how to reforest in the tropical and subtropical zones have become common concern of all mankind. Bamboo grows in tropical and subtropical zones and often forms a mixed forest with other trees. Being below the main storey it is apt to be neglected. Nevertheless after destructive cutting of forest in these two zones bamboo has been regenerated as secondary bamboo stand since it has the characteristics of growing fast, propagating with rapidity and easy regenerating. Besides, as bamboo is widely used and is of high economical value, it is planted on the wasteland in the mountains, uncultivated land and some open spaces behind or in front of houses, thus artificial bamboo stand is formed. The secondary stand and artificial stand are spreading around by means of their subterranean shoots. So the bamboo area on the surface of the earth is increasing year after year. Take China for example, before 1950, pure bamboo area was about 1,650,000 hectares, while in 1980 it came up to 3,410,000 hectares. In the last thirty years bamboo forest area has increased by 2.45% annually. In terms of this speed, by now the pure bamboo forest area in China would have been 4 million hectares. In addition to this, there are about 3 million hectares of bamboo forest which have formed mixed forest or alpine bamboo forest. Pandas live right in the alpine bamboo forest. In some countries in the tropical and subtropical zones, more or less, the forest area is reduced while the bamboo forest is extending. However in some other places bamboo forest is not reasonably made use of, as the destruction of bamboo forests can be found. With the extending of the bamboo forest area on the surface of the earth bamboo is playing a more and more important role in people’s life. How to develop the production of bamboo forest and raise its yield has become a remarkable problem in forestry production of the world. In the 17th Session of IUFRO held in Japan in 1981, for the first time a group in charge of production and utilization of bamboo was formed under IUFRO. It is obviously right to do so. China has a long history in the production and uses of bamboo. Since 1949 the Chinese gov- ernment has laid enough emphasis on the production and uses of bamboo, including its sales, etc, and has developed into a new trade – Chinese bamboo trade. Bamboo Association of China (CBA) was established in 1984. CBA is a nationwide unofficial organization of science and technology. It has its branches in the provinces which are noted for bamboo production. CBA, by now, consists of more than 5,000 members, including 8 honorary members from Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Thailand and the Philippines. In 1992, CBA was renamed Chinese Bamboo Industry Association and was directly led by Forestry Ministry. Approved by the Chinese government, for the first time a bamboo research institute-the Bamboo Research Institute of Nanjing Forestry University (NFUBRO was established. The institute consists of such research offices as bamboo forest culture, utilization of bamboo forest, popularization of technology, including an editing and publishing office. Besides the institute has a culm processing laboratory, a bamboo experimental station and an administration office under it. In ten provinces of south China 24 fixed experimental stations have been set up. The institute is made up of more than sixty researchers-including full-time and part-time research workers, six of them are professors, the fifteen of them associate professors. The institute has edited and published two periodicals “Bamboo Research” and “Bamboo Information”. NFUBRI takes on research tasks both form the government and non-government units and has been in correspondence with the workers in the bamboo area in over 20 countries. CBA and NFUBRI are ready to cooperate with bamboo researchers and staff in all countries. 17 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 18 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China 19 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 1. Bamboo Resources in China 1. Bamboo species and their distribution China lies in the east of Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific. It occupies an area of more than 10 million square kilometers. China has a varied topography, which consists of plains, hills and mountains and its climate contains those of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Zones, Temperate Zone and Frigid Zone. It has rich resources in bamboo including clump bamboo of sympodial type fit for tropical regions and diffuse-form bamboo of monopodial type fit for subtropical regions, and intermediate-form bamboo of polypodial type and clump of sympodial type which are highly cold- resistant fit for the regions on the high elevation and at high latitude. According to incomplete statistics, in China there are 50 genera of bamboo consisting of over 500 species. These bamboos are distributed over our vast land-in the south of 400 northern latitude. Among 30 provinces (municipalities or minority regions) 24 of them are distributed with bamboo (Table 3–1, 3–2). As climate, soil and topography are varied and biological characteristics are different the distribution of bamboo in China is obviously zoned and regional. Roughly there are four regions. (1) Yellow River-Yangtze River bamboo area. It is located between 300 and 400 of North latitude with average temperature annually 120C to 170C; the average temperature in January is 20C to 40C. Annual rainfall is 600 to 1200 mm. The main genera of bamboo in this area are: Arudinaria, Fargesia; Phyllostachys, leioblastus. (2) Yangtze River-Nanling Range bamboo area. It is located between 25° to 300 of north latitude, the average temperature annually is 150C to 200C the average temperature in January is 40C to 80. The annual precipitation is 1,000 to 2,000 mm. It is China’s largest bamboo area, which is the richest in bamboo resources. Among other bamboo forest the area of Phyllostachys, and Pubescens forest occupies 2,400,000 hectares. In this area the main genera of bamboo are: Brachystachyum, Indosasa, Indocalamus, Phyllostachys, Pleioblastus. 20 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China (3) South China bamboo area. It is located between lotto 250C of north latitude. The average temperature annually is 200C to 220C. The average temperature in January is above 80C. The annual precipitation is 1,200 to 2,000 mm or more. It tops the rest of the bamboo areas for its numerous species of Chinese bamboo. The main genera are: Acidosasa, Bambusa, Chimonobambusa, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Indosasa, Lingnania, Melocalamus, Melocanna, Oxytenanthera, Psudosasa, Schizostachyum, Thyrsostachys. (4) Alpine bamboo area of Southwest of China. It is located in the high mountainous ranges of west China, with an elevation of 1,000 to 3,000 meters. The average temperature of a year is 80C to 120C and the average temperature in January is –60C to 00C. The annual precipitation is 800 to 1,000 mm or more. This area is of primeval bamboo forest where precious animals like panda, golden monkey are living. The main genera of bamboo here are: Chimonobambusa, Fargesia, Qeongzhuea, Yushania. For hundreds of years different bamboo species have been introduced from one place to another, especially during the 1960s and 1970s. South bamboo species were transplanted to the North. Nearly 40,000 hectares of bamboo forest has been newly cultivated in the Yellow River Valley. Moreover in the last decades China has introduced some varieties of bamboo from some Southeast Asian countries and Japan, so that China has been enriched with more bamboo resources (Table 3 – 3). 2. The production of bamboo in China 2.1 The production of timber-used bamboo stand. China now has an area of 7 million hectares of bamboo forest; 4 million hectares is pure bamboo forest, 3 million hectares of them is primeval mixed bamboo forest and alpine bamboo forest. Out of the 4 million hectares of pure bamboo forest 2,800,000 hectares is Phyllostachys pubescens, occupying 70%. Annual allowable cut of bamboo is approximately 10 million tons, about 5 million tons of which is commercial culm. Artificial pure bamboo stand can be divided into three classes according to the management level: The first class of bamboo forest: Soil-conditioning and fertilizing and properly cutting so as to keep the reasonable structure for its high yield. This class of bamboo forest occupies approximately 400,000 hectares, 10% of the total area of the pure bamboo stand. Each year each hectare produces 7 to 10 tons of bamboo culms, some of the stands with small area and high yield can reach 35 tons per hectare annually. The second class of bamboo stand: Get rid of the bushes in the bamboo stand and weed it, conduct proper felling and keep there a reasonable structure of the stand. This kind of bamboo stand occupies approximately 2,000,000 hectares of the area, 50% of the total area of the pure bamboo stand. It produces 3.5 to 7 tons of bamboo culms per hectare annually. The third class of bamboo stand: Usually this class of stand is not systematically and scientifically managed or is not properly treated, or it is felled too much. It occupies approximately 1,600,000 hectares of the area, 40% of the total area of the pure bamboo stand. It produces 3.5 tons of bamboo culms per hectare annually. China’s task of bamboo production is to raise the third class of bamboo stand to the second class and the second class to the first class. If the plan should be carried out, China’s yield capacity of bamboo culm would be three or four times as much as it is now. 21 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 2.2 Production of shoot-used bamboo stand Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys praecox, Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys ridenscens, Phyllostachys dulis, Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys nuda, Phyllostachys viridis, Chimonobambusa utilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Dendrocalamus oldhami, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Bambusa rigida, Lingnania venchousis. est boo of the bamboo shoots can’t grow in shoot The other kind of bamboo stand specializes in producing bamboo shoots therefore it is named shoot-used bamboo stand, which should be carefully cultivated, its soil needs to be loosened and fertilized every year. In some places the bamboo stands are irrigated in dry season. Management of the stand requires fine work especially in digging out bamboo shoots. The shoot-used stand usually produces 10 to 20 tons per hectare a year, and some of the high-yield stands 30 to 35 tons per hectare yearly. Nowadays China has 4 million hectares of the bamboo stand producing shoots. Among them are some stands specializing in producing shoots occupy 100,000 hectares, 500,000 to a million tons of bamboo shoots produced all over the country every year are for commercial use besides those required by the mountainous people for food (Table 3 – 4). 2.3 Bamboo stand for paper pulp It is more than 1,700 years since China has made bamboo into paper. However in the past as paper was made by hand, its quality was poor with low efficiency in production. In these last thirty years China has set up a dozen of paper mills using bamboo as raw material; every year about a million tons of bamboo is used for paper making. In recent years China has been building three bamboo paper factories with the output of 100,000 tons of paper. Main Bamboo Species for paper pulp are as follows: Pyllostachys pubescens, Pyllostachys makinoi, Bambusa pervariablis, Bambusa sinospinosa, Bambusa rigida, Bambusa textilis, Lingnania chungii, Sinocanamus affinis, Sinocanamus farinosus, Sinocanamus oldhami. The management levels of bamboo stand for paper pulp are various with different places. Those with efficient management each hectare of bamboo may produce 5 tons yearly of paper or paper pulp. Those with soil-conditioning management may produce one to three tons of paper or paper pulp. Chinese traditional handmade paper can only be made from young bamboo. Felling young bamboo in the bamboo stand will do great harm to the bamboo. But now paper produced by machines is made from old bamboo having grown for three or four years, so that we can keep a balanced structure of the stand. Only in this way can the paper-making material be supplied steadily. 22 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China 2.4 The development of ornamental bamboo Chinese people like bamboo very much for it keeps green all the year round, remains unyielding in winter and stands tall and lofty, yet keeps modest. Chinese often take bamboo as a standard image, after which they conduct themselves in society. That is why people like to plant bamboo around the house, in the garden and park. There are more than two decades of bamboo parks and bamboo gardens in the whole country. Horticulture lovers make bamboo into potted landscape. Moreover some scenery spots have been built in bamboo forests, which have attracted a great number of visitors and tourists. 2.5 The development of protective bamboo stand Bamboo has a strong subterranean shoots and rhizome system, which is capable of conserving water and soil and strengthening the riverbank, so in some parts of China where there is water loss and soil erosion, or where the banks of rivers, lakes and reservoirs are easy to be washed away, bamboo is planted to protect them from water loss and soil erosion. In so doing a good result has been achieved. Take Dayin river, Yunnan province for example, a project to protect its bank with stones had failed, and later to succeed by planting bamboo on the bank instead. As it is known to all, in China the water quality of Yangtze River is better than that of Yellow River. One of the important reasons for this is that the upper reach of Yangtze River and the source of its branches are covered with al pine bamboo forests. The Chinese government considers it an important measure to conserve water through afforestation including bamboo afforestation. 3. Utilization of bamboo forest 3.1 The bamboo used in the rural area and for agriculture , - . / y – 0 ~ , / 3.2 Bamboo for handicraft Bamboo ware by handicraft has a long history in China. Bamboo can be made into various articles with different designs and fine craftsmanship, such as figures and animal image woven with bamboo skin, wind and stringed instruments, hat and carpet woven with bamboo sheath and figures carved on the bamboo stock. The Chinese handicraft production relies mainly on skillful hands. Now machines have done the peeling of bamboo skin and weaving. Besides meeting the need in domestic market China’s bamboo ware is exported to decades of foreign countries. 3.3 Bamboo used for building industry / provement of the living conditions of the people most houses are built with bricks and tiles instead, so the bamboo for that use has greatly reduced. Nevertheless quite a lot of bamboo is used as scaffolding and scaffold board for architecture in towns and cities. In the 1950s we once made use of bamboo into bamboo concrete. Later with the development of iron and steel 23 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) industry steel-concrete structure is more reasonable than bamboo-concrete structure in price and more durable. That is why bamboo concrete is no longer used. Nonetheless in the mountainous regions where there are no transport facilities bamboo concrete is still of use in building cottage by farmers. 3.4 Culm for handmade broad of bamboo Handmade board of bamboo consists of bamboo plywood, bamboo-woven plywood, bamboo fiber board, bamboo chip board, culm shavings board denatured culm etc. In recent years bamboo artificial board has been developing rapidly. There are more than two hundred bamboo handmade board factories of medium size and small size, which can produce several dozens of types of bamboo artificial board. Bamboo wearable. Bamboo plywood is fit for making into the deck plate of an automobile or the form panel in architecture. 3.5 Bamboo paper industry Paper made from bamboo in China has a long history but a slow development. It is in the last thirty years that bamboo paper made by machines has been able to develop rapidly. Now in the whole country there are over a dozen of paper mills using bamboo as raw material. The recent years the government has paid enough attention to make paper from bamboo. Three new paper s of bamboo material have up, their annual output is 100,000 tons of paper. 3.6 The utilization of bamboo shoots after processing China is rich in the resources of bamboo shoot. In the past bamboo shoots were only processed to make into dried shoots. These last few years canned shoots industry has developed rapidly; more than a hundred canned bamboo shoots factories have been set up. The annual output of the canned shoots is over 100,000 tons, which sells in markers both at home and abroad. 3.7 Making use of the environment in the bamboo stand In recent years edible fungi, medicinal herbs and flowers have been cultivated in the natural environment of the bamboo forest. The economic benefits of these side products surpassed by far that of bamboo production. 3.8 Utilization of sheath, leaves and branches of bamboo Bamboo sheath can be used as wrapping, paper-making material and be woven into carpet. Bamboo leaf consists of rich protein and 17 varieties of amino acids. Bamboo leaf can be used as feed and bamboo protein can be extracted from it as food for mankind. Bamboo branch is a good material for making the broom. 4. The scientific research of bamboo in China China has a contingent of bamboo research workers made up of several hundreds of senior and medium technicians. They are working respectivel in colleges, research institutions and production units of different provinces which are notable for bamboo production. Research workers are engaged in their research concerning bamboo production in terms of the needs of local people as well as the government. Besides NFUBRI, a national institution of bamboo, bamboo research offices are set under some forestry research institutions and forestry colleges; Some bamboo institutions are also set in certain regions. There are about a dozen of bamboo research institutions (or research 24 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China offices) in the country. China has edited and published three periodicals specialized in bamboo. They issue altogether more than a hundred papers and research report every year. And every year national academic conferences on bamboo research are held once or twice, technical training class is open once or twice. Nanjing Forestry University is in charge of bringing up research students of doctorate’s degree and master’s degree and master’s degree on bamboo forest ecology. China’s main achievements on bamboo research in these last thirty yeas and more areas are as follows: 4.1 On enlarging the area of bamboo forest The biological and ecological characteristics of leading bamboo afforestation have been made so to suit bamboo species to local conditions. We have studied the technique of seed breeding of Phyllostachys, pubescens as well as the methods of slip for clump, and the seedling propagation of secondary branches so that the cost of afforestation is greatly reduced. More than a hundred of bamboo varieties have been transplanted interchangeably for experiments on a nation-wide scale. In the 1970s “bamboo transplantation from South to North” was greatly carried out, bamboo has been newly afforested in the Yellow River Valley. 4.2 On raising per unit area yield On the basis of experience summarized by the broad masses of people, we have conducted a fixed-position trial on high yield structure and yield measures so that the breeding technique of high yield measures so that the breeding technique of high yield has been studied of bamboo forest growing out Chinese leading bamboo species. NFUBRI has put forward a theory on high yield structure of bamboo stand and made a mathematical model for high yield structure of Phyllostachys pubescens stand. Now it has been made possible that the technical design of breeding of Phyllostachy pubescens stand, yield anticipation with use of computer, and financial result can be calculated. 4.3 On the bamboo stand and its prevention and elimination We have made study of principle laws governing the growth and development of plant diseases and pests as well as preventive measures against them in the bamboo stand. Serious bamboo diseases and pests have mainly been controlled. Bamboo culm and bamboo articles have been effectively prevented from being rotten and bored. 4.4 On the classification of bamboo Chinese bamboo has been systematically classified and more than a hundred new species have been found. The vegetative and propagating organs have been systematically studied through morphological phytotomy. 4.5 On bamboo blossoming and sexual hybridization and its changes in physiology and biochemistry. Since bamboo blossoms we have conducted breeding by means of sexual hybridization, and bred and selected some fine hybrid to be cultivated and introduced into bamboo production. We also made study of bamboo rejuvenation in its florescence and put forward some technical measures to make bamboo blossom and rejuvenate. 25 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 4.6 On the qualities of bamboo We have made the test of the culm of Chinese leading bamboo species on their qualities of physics, mechanics and chemistry, so as to provide the scientific grounds for the mechanical processing of culm and chemical processing and use. We have made analysis of 50 to 60 species of Chinese bamboo used for paper making to find out how much cellulose and wood-cellulose are contained on them. We have calculated calorific values, when burning, of over 60 species of Chinese bamboo. 4.7 On bamboo shoot production and its use We have analyzed the nutrition of Chinese leading bamboo shoots and made experiment on how to cultivate shoot-used bamboo stand with high yield. We have mastered techniques of cul- / bamboo shoot with high yield as well as its processing and keening. 4.8 Handmade board of bamboo We have made study of productive technology of plywood and fiber board and shavings board of bamboo so that the technical problems have been solved in setting up the factory of handmade board of bamboo. 4.9 On medicinal value and drink made from bamboo 4.10 On utilization of the ecological environment of bamboo stand. We have studied hydrological effect, the effect of water and soil conservation and the effect of beautifying the environment. Bamboo trade in China is under a favorable situation and rapid development. This should be attributed to the attention paid by the Chinese government and its support for the bamboo trade as well as to hard work devoted by workers of the bamboo circle. The Chinese workers of bamboo trade attach great importance to the successful results and experience of colleagues from various countries in the world. 4.11 On the ecological effect of bamboo stands. 4.12 On bamboo culture in China. We would like to share our experience with all the developing countries without any preserve. May the bamboo trade all over the world be successful and flourishing so as to bring benefit to mankind. 26 Chapter 3 the Production and Utilization of Bamboo Forest in China 27 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms The growth of plants is the basis of their shape and formation. For a long time, botanists have paid attention to the studies on the phenomenon of the growth of plants and have given some definitions to the growth of plants: the growth of plants is the increment of their weight, reproduction of protoplasm, the proliferation of cells, and the permanent increment of their volume, etc. In the 19th century J. Sachs made a survey of the growth of plants. The curve he made to show the relationship between the volume and the time of growth was a curve of “s” type. The growth of bamboo shoot-culms includes the number of in- dividual increase in a bamboo colony and the growth of organs such as culms, branches, leaves, rhizomes, roots and shoots. The growth of both a bamboo colony and an individual bamboo finds its expression in the increase of volume (such as the number of individuals, length, thickness) and the increase of weight. In 1958 and 1965, the author made a survey of the growth of the height and weight of culms of Phyllostachys pubescens. The result showed that the relationship between the height of culms of Phyllostachys pubescens (H) and time (t) was expressed in a curve of “S” type: the relationship between the weight of culms (W) and logarithmic value (Lnt) could also be expressed in a curve of “S” type. We can call the growth of height and thickness the growth of culms (the growth of volume); and we can call the increment of the weight of dry substance of bamboo shoot-culms the growth of material, that is, the growth of weight. The proliferation of cells and the reproduction of protoplasm is the basis of volume growth and weight growth. Generally speaking, the growth of culms of bamboo shoot-culms (volume growth), can be obviously seen, which takes a shorter time; whilst the growth of material (weight growth) can’t be obviously seen, which takes a longer time. The process of volume growth of bamboo shoot-culms goes together with the in- crement of weight. When volume growth stops the weight growth is still going on. This article is written on the basis of the analysis and summary of the data surveyed on the growth of 33 varieties of bamboo shoot- culms. The data of the growth of Phyllostachys pubescens is the result of the survey of the number of bamboo shoots and the growth of bamboo shoot in Yixing (l981, 1982), Xiashu (1960, 1961) of Jiangsu Province, Moganshan (1981) of Zhejiang Province, altogether 34 standard plots, with total area which amounts to 26, 667m2. The data of the of growth of other varieties is the result of the survey of bamboo shoot-culms in the experimental plot for the introduction of fine varieties in this college. In addition to this, we also made use of the growth data of 12 varieties in Red Flag Forestry Center, Anji County, Zhejiang Province for our reference. In order to know the effect of the weather on the growth of bamboo shoot-culms, we made analysis of humidity, temperature, precipitation during their growing period (Table 4–1). The number of bamboo shoots in bamboo colony was surveyed once every 5 the first at 8 a.m.; the second at 6 p.m. The survey of the length growth of Phyllostachys pubescens between bamboo joints was marked with numbers from bottom upwards. The length growth was measured one by one 1~2 times a day. The weight growth is the result of the measurement of basic total volume of samples of bamboo culms of bamboo shoots – – young bamboo of different period of growth. 29 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 1 The Mathematical Model of the Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms There is growth of both volume and weight for bamboo shoot-culm colony (bamboo grove) and the various organs (culms, branches, leaves, rhizomes, roots and shoot) of each individual. The relationship between the growth of volume and weight and time can be expressed by the “slow – quick – slow” process, 30 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms which is a curve of “S” type (Fig. 4 – 1, Fig. 4 – 2). The curve expressing the growth of both volume and weight is very similar to that of an automatic catalytic reaction. During the catalyst reaction the products can catalyze the formation of themselves, so the increasing speed of the slope of the first part of the curve is the index, then, the more basic material available, the more products formed. But a period of time after that, the basic material becomes limited, products thus can’t be formed very quickly. In the end the basic material is used up, the growing rate is reduced to zero. The process of the growth of bamboo shoot-culms is very similar to the automatic catalytic reaction. The growth of bamboo shoot-culms takes the material stored inside them as the base, which is called the basic material (S). When the growth started, the number of new cells, protoplasm and growth element increase, the absorption of supplementary material (m) outside the bamboo shoot-culms also increases and the amount of growth (G) increase, too. After a period of time, the basic material becomes less, the rate of growth slows down gradually. At last, when the basic material is used up, the growth itself stops accordingly. From this we can see the relationship between the dG growth rate of bamboo shoot-culms ( ), basic material (s) and the amount of growth (G) is direct dt proportion. Reaction Reaction speed G dG S G ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-1) M kSG dG In formula (4 – 1): S – basic material, G – amount of growth, K – constant, growth rate, m – dt supplementary material absorbed externally during the growth period. Suppose m and s enter the plant in certain proportion and form the amount of growth (G). Suppose r is the constant of the proportion, then: M=rs………………………………………………(4-2) At any time, the growth amount of the plant (G) is equal to basic material for growing (s) plus supplementary material absorbed externally (m) at the moment. That is:G=S+M ……………(4-3) In formula (4 – 2), m = rs, replace m in formula (4 – 3) with rs, then: G = S + rs = (1+ r)s S = G/(1+ r) (4 – 4) At any time, basic material (S) is equal to the maximum growth amount (Gmax) minus the growth amount formed (G) at that moment. That is: S = (Gmax – G)/(1 + r) ...... (4 – 5) Replace Sin formula (4 – 1) with (Gmax – G)/(1+ r) in formula (4 – 5) then: dG KG(G G) /(1 r) dt max dG [K /(1 r)]G(G G) ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ1 dt ma x 2 Because in formula (4 – 6) K and (r ?) are constants, let’s suppose: b = K/(1+ r) then formula (4 – 6) will be: dG bG(G G) ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ dt ma x Ă1 02 Formula 7 is a differential equation, so: 31 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) OO dG / G(Gmax G) bdt OO O dG / G dG /(Gmax G) bGmaxdt Ln[G/(Gmax-G)]-LnG=bGmaxt ħ G/(Gmax-C)=Gexp(bGmaxt) Ĩ When t ; 0ˈG ; Go Let both sides of equation go the limit, then: C=Go/(Gmax-Go) ħ G/(Gmax/-G)=[G0/(Gmax-Go)]exp(bGmaxt)G =[GoGmax/(Gmax-Go)]exp(bGmaxt) [(G G ) /(G G )]exp(bG t) G= o max max o max ħ [1 [Go / Gmax Go )]exp(bGmaxt)] 343max5 6713max 302530 8 1 3max 2ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ˄ ,˅ If the growth amount is expressed by relative value (RG), that is, when Gmax => 1, then RG = [1+ ((1 – Go)/Go)exp(–bt)]–1 ……………………… (4 – 9) Let: a=Ln[(Gmax-Go)Go]=Ln[]1-Go)/Go] –1 Then: RG = [1+exp(a – bt)] ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ˄4-10˅ The relative growth rate means the rate of the relative growth amount changing with the time of growth. It can be worked out according to formula (4 – 10). RGR = (dRG/dt) = bexp (a – bt)/[1 + exp (a – bt)]2 ……………………….(4 – 11) The time of growth of bamboo shoot-culms (Tg) means the time from the beginning to the end of the growth. Suppose the time of the beginning of growth is to, the growth amount at the moment Go, the time of the end of growth tm and the growth amount at the moment Gmax, then the growth period will be: Tg=tm-toĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-12) -1 Let: Go=[1+exp(a-bto)] 32 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms Then: to=[a-Ln(1/Go)-1]bĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-13) -1 Let: Gmax=[1+exp(a-btm)] Then: Tm=[a-Ln((1/Gmax)-1)]/bĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-14) Replace to and tm in formula (12) with (Formula) in formula (13) and (Formula) in formula (14), Tg=tm-to=[a-Ln(1/Gmax)-1]]-[a-Ln((1/Go)-1)]/b Tg=[Ln((1/Gmax)-1)+Ln((1/Go)-1)]/bĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-15) Half-period of the growth of bamboo of shoot-culms (th) means half of the growth time needed for bamboo shoot-culms to grow to their maximum growth amount. -1 Let: G=Gmax/2=1+exp(a-bth) Then: th=a/bĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-16) Growth Model of Bamboo Colony The coming up of the bamboo shoots, the growing of bamboo culms, the branching and leafing out, the speeding of rhizomes, the budding and rooting in the bamboo colony result in greater number of bamboo individuals, the volume and weight. This phenomenon is called the growth of bamboo colony. 33 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 1.1 The relationship between the number of bamboo shoots coming out, the quality of grown bamboo and the time of their coming up. In 1958 and 1965 the author divided the time the bamboo shoots’ coming out in a bamboo colony into three periods. The number of the coming out of the bamboo shoots is small in the early period, great in the middle period and small again in the late period. The data from research work (Table 4 – 2) shows that the number of coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony is the function of the time of the coming out of bamboo shoots, and can be expressed by formulas (4 – 10) and (4 -11). The way to calculate parameter a and parameter b in formula (4 – 10) and (4 – 11) is: According to formula (4 -10) RGN (1 exp(a bt))1 (1/ RGN) 1 exp(a bt) (1/ RGN) 1 exp(a bt) Ln[(1/ RGN) 1] a bt ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ 1 602 RGN G / Gmax Ln[(1/ RGN ) 1] Ln[(Gmax / G) 1], Re place Ln[(1/ RGN ) 1]with Ln[(Gmax / G) 1], then Ln[(Gmax / G) 1] a bt Let : Ln[(Gmax / G) 1] y Then: y = a – bt is a linear equation. Using the method of least squares work out a, b parameters with the grand total of bamboo shoots in Table 3 – 2 (actual value gained from the survey): In the years of 1981: a 4.123 b 0.315 In the years of 1982: A=4.32 b=-0.309 So,let a Ln[(Gmax G0 ) /G0 ] Ln[(1 G0 )/G0 ] The number of bamboo shoots in each bamboo colony or the growth amount of each bamboo shoot-culm, finally will reach a set value, that is, the maximum growth amount (Gmax). If it is expressed by the relative growth at the beginning, which has something to do with the time when the survey begins. For the convenience of comparison, we take the number of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony (that is the growth amount), which reaches 0. 01 of the total amount of bamboo shoots as the growth amount at the beginning. That is: G0 0.01Gmax Then: a Ln[(G G ) / G ] Ln[(G 0.01G ) / 0.01G ] max 0 0 max max max a 4.5951 4.6 In this article, parameter a in all model equations is expressed by a = 4.6. We express “value a” worked out with actual value gained in survey by 4.6, which only adjusts the time when the growth begins (to), and does not effect the change of growth rate. That is because: 34 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms to = {a – Ln[(1/Go) – l]}/b to = (a – 4.6) /b ( 4 – 18) Replace a and b in formula (4 – 18) with the figures worked out with the actual – measured values. If to = 0, then the formula shows that the time when the survey begins is in accordance with the beginning time in theory; if to is a negative figure, then the day when the survey begins is later than the day when the bamboo shoots begin to come out in theory. The number of days when the survey begins should be shifted to an earlier date by to (days). If to is a positive figure, then the day when the survey begins is earlier than the day when bamboo shoots begin to come out in theory. The number of days when the survey begins should be postponed to a later date by to (days). For example, in 1981, the date when the survey began in phyllostachys pubescens colony in Yixing was March 20th, (Table 4 – 2). We worked out that a=4. 213, b= –0.315 according to the actual date. Put the above fig- ures into formula (18) : to= (4.213 – 4.6)/0.315: = 1.2 (days). So, the date when the bamboos began to come out in theory should be 1. 2 days earlier than March 20th, that is, March 19th was the date when the bamboo shoots in the bamboo colony began to come out in theory. After the adjustment of value a the relationship between the number of the coming out of the bamboo shoots and the time in Phyllostachys puhescens colony at Yixing Forest Center in Jiangsu in 1981 and 1982 is as follows: (Bamboo shoots began to come out on Mar.19th, 1981}) RGN (81) = [1 +exp(4. 6 – 0.315t] – 1 ...... (4 – 9) (Bamboo shoots began to come out on Mar. 19th, 1982) RGN(82)= [1+exp(4.6 – n0.309t)] – 1 ...... (4 – 20) Work out the time the bamboo shoots began to come out (to), the time when the bamboo shoots ceased to come out (to) and the semi-cycle (tg) of the coming out of the bamboo shoots in the Phyllostachys pubescens colony according to the formula of (4 – 13), (4 – 14) and (4 – 16). The results are shown in Table 4 – 13. The Beginning and Ceasing of the Coming Out of Bamboo Shoots, the Semi-cycle and the period of time of the Coming Out of Bamboo Shoots in Phyllostachys pubescens Colony in Yixing Forest Center, Jiangsu Province. From Table 3 we can see in the Phyllostachys pubescens colony in Yixing Forest Center, the beginning time of the coming out bamboo shoots is usually on Mar. 19. the ceasing time Apr. 19, the period of time of the corning out of bamboo shoots is around 30 days, and the semi-cycle is on Apr. 4, that is around Pure Brightness (Apr. 5) 35 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 1.2. The rate of the bamboo shoots which grew into bamboo culms and the rate of deterioration of bamboo shoots in the bamboo colony. In the Phyllostachys pubescens colony part of the bamboo shoots grow into new bamboo culms; the rest deteriorate which is called deterioration of bamboo shoots. The percentage of the totality of bamboo shoots which can grow into bamboo culms is called the survival rate of bamboo shoots. The percentage of the totality of bamboo shoots which deteriorate is called the rate of deterioration of bamboo shoots. The survival rate of bamboo shoots which come out at different period of time is various. Generally speaking the survival rate of the bamboo shoots coming out in the early period is high and the rate of deterioration low while the survival rate of the bamboo shoots coming out in the late period is low and the rate of deterioration high (Fig. 4 – 3, Fig. 4 – 4). RGNR = 0.312exp(4. 6 – 0.312t) RGN = [Hexp(4. 6 – 0.312)] – 1[1+ exp (4.6 – 0.312t ] – 2 According to the data in Table 4 – 3, the relationship between the survival rate (RV) of bamboo shoots and the time of their coming out (t) in Phyllostachys pubescens colony in Yixing Forest Center, Jiangsu Province: In the year of 1981: PV (81) = 48 – 1.5t ………………………….. (4 – 21) In the year of 1982: PV (82) = 45 – 12t …………………………... (4 – 22) 1.3. The relationship between the average diameter of new bamboo culms and the time of the coming out of the bamboo shoots Fig. 4 – 3. The relationship between the coming out and the survival of bamboo-shoots of Phyllostachys pubescens colony and time 1.4. The time and speed of the coming out of the bamboo shoots for different bamboo species During the time from 1980 to 1982 we surveyed the time and rate of the coming out of bamboo shoots of 35 different species (Table 4 – 4).The surveyed area of each species was 35m2. The relationship between the relative growing number (RGN) of the coming out of bamboo shoots, the rate of the coming out of bamboo shoots (RGNR) and time of each bamboo colony different bamboo species: – 1 RGN = [1 +exp(a1 – b1t)] ………………………….. (4 – 24) 36 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms – 2 RGNR = b1exp (a1 – b1t)[1 + exp(a1 – b1t)] ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-25) Generally speaking, for bamboo shoots coming out in the early period, they have greater average diameter when they grow up, while for bamboo shoots coming out in the late period, they have smaller diameter when they grow up. The relationship between the average diameter (D) and the time (t) of the coming out of bamboo shoots: In the year of 1981: t D81 = 8.6 – 0.05 …………………………………………….. (4 – 23) Fig. 4 – 4. The percentage of the grand total of bamboo shoots and the shoots which grow into bamboo culms in Phyllostachys pubescens Work out a and b, using the method of least squares with actual – measured value of each bamboo species according to formulas (4 – 24) and (4 – 25). The parameters are listed in Table 4 – 4. For the convenience of comparison let a1 = 4.6. Work out the beginning time (to) or the coming out of the bamboo shoots of each bamboo species, the ceasing time (tm) the period of time of coming out of bamboo shoots (TG) and semi-cycle (th). etc. according to formulas (4 – 13), (4 – 14), (4 – 15) and (4 – 16).16). (see Table 4 – 4). The number of coming out of bamboo shoots and their rate of bamboo colonies of each bamboo species can be worked out by using the parameter b1 and parameter a1=4.6 according to Table 4 – 4, in formulas (4 – 24) and (4 – 25). 37 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Table 4 – 4 The Relative Growing Number of the Coming Out of Bamboo Shoots of Different – 1 Bamboo Species Colonies [RGN = (1 +exp(4.6 – b1t)) ] and the parameters b1 and b2 of the Relative – 1 Height Growth RGH = [1 +exp(4.6 – b2t) ] For example, the relative growing number of the coming out of bamboo shoots (RGN) and their rate (RGNR) in Arundinaria amabilis bamboo colony are as follows: RGN=[1+exp(4.6-0.2417t)] –1 93:9 = O. ; 60 8 1 – O.; 60 2 16 7 8 1 – 38 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms ; 60 2 )–2. 1.5. The effect of temperature on the coming out of bamboo shoots In spring, with the increase in temperature, the bamboo shoots emerge from the underground, grow slowly and become larger in size gradually. During this period, the growth rate is rather slow. With the continuous increase in temperature, the growth rate quickens. The bamboo shoots come out of the earth one after another. With different bamboo species, the time of coming out of their shoots is different. The bamboo species whose shoots can grow under comparatively low temperature have their shoots come out earlier, while those whose shoots need higher temperature for their growth have their shoots come out later. For the convenience of comparison, we take the average temperature of the 10 days before the beginning of the coming out of bamboo shoots as the required temperature for species that can be catalogued into three according to the required temperature and the seasons in which their bamboo shoots come out early spring bamboo, spring bamboo and summer – autumn bamboo. (Table 4 – 5). 39 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) (1) Early spring bamboo type: The temperature required for the coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony is below 10 0C. In Nanjing area, before late March, bamboo shoots in the bamboo colony begin to come out. Among the bamboo species there are: Indocalamus barbatus, Aiundinaria fargesji. Phyllostachys Ph. pubescens f. grammica. (2) Spring bamboo type: The temperature required for the coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony is 10 0C ~160C. In Nanjing area from early April to early May, bamboo shoots in the bamboo colony begin to come out. Among the bamboo species there are: Ph. bissetii, Ph. nuda, Ph. spectabilis. Ph. rubela, Ph. augusta, Sinobamutsa laeta, Ph. nigra, Ph. vivax, Ph. eyeri, Ph. glauca (1), Ph. glauca (2), Ph. nigra var. henonis, Ph. glauca f. Yunzhu, Brachystachyum densflorwn, Indosada patans, Ph. bambusoides f. tanakae, Indosasa crassiflora. (3) Summer – Autumn bamboo type: The temperature required for the coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony is above 16 0C. In Nanjing area from the middle of May to late October, bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony begin to come out. Among the bamboo species there are: Ph. decora, Arundinaiia amabilis, Ph. Vividis, houzeauana, Ph. bambusoides var. Youngji. Bamboo colonies of different bamboo species require different temperature for their shoot to come out. That’s one of the biological characteristics of bamboo shoot-culms, and the result of their adaptation to environments over a long period. Generally speaking, bamboo species originated in the northern area require a comparatively low temperature for the coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony, and their shoots come out at an earlier date. Those originated in the southern area require a comparatively high temperature for the coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony, and their shoots come out at a later date. For example, Arundinaria fargesii is originated in Zhengba, Shanxi Province (l,500~2,400m, above sea level), after its being introduced to Nanjing area, begin to shoot on March 1st. Arundinaria amabilis originated in Guangning County, Guangdong Province, after its being introduced to Nanjing area, begins to shoot on May 5th. For bamboo shoot-culms of the same species, the coming out of their bamboo shoots can be earlier or later because of their different distribution. Those distributed in the northern area, where temperature is comparatively low, have their shoots coming out late. For example, Taian Ph. glanca originated in Taian County Shangdong Province, after begging introduced to Nanjing, have their shoots come out on April 14th, while Zhejiang Ph. glanca, originated in Anji county, after being introduced to Nanjing, have their shoots come out on April 23rd. It must be pointed out that the coming out of bamboo shoots in bamboo colony is affected not only by the temperature but also by environmental factors such as rainfall etc. However, in the seasons for the bamboo shoots to come out, if its moisture content is insufficient the coming out of bamboo shoots will be delayed even if the temperature meets the requirement. 2. The growth model of barn boo culms 2.1. The relationship between the height growth of bamboo shoot – culms – young culms and time. The height growth of bamboo shoots – young culms is an important component of volume growth of bamboo shoot-culms. The relationship between the amount of height growth (H) of bamboo shoots and time (t) can be expressed in the pattern “slow – quick – slow” that is, a curve of “S” type. We once divided the process of the height growth of Phyllostachys pubescens shoots – young bamboo into four stages: the early stage, the rising stage, the prime stage and the final stage. The relationship between the relative height growth amount of bamboo shoots – young culms (RGH), growth rate (RGHR) and time (t): RGH = [1+exp(a2 – b2t)] – 1 ……………………………….. (4 – 26) -2 RGHR=b2exp(a2-b2t)[1+exp(a2-b2t)] ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-27) Work out a2 and b2, using the method of least squares with actual – measured value of each bamboo species according to formulas (4 – 26) and (4 – 27). The parameters are listed in Table 4 – 4. For the convenience of comparison, let a2 = 4.6. 40 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms Work out the beginning time of the coming out of the bamboo shoots of each bamboo species, the ceasing time, the period of the time of the coming out bamboo shoots semi-cycle, etc. according to formulas (4 – 13), (4 – 14), (4 – 15) and (4 – 16). (See Table 4 – 4). The relationship between the relative height growth amount of bamboo shoots – young culms of each bamboo species and time and the rate of height growth can be worked out by using parameter b2 and parameter a2 = 4.6 according to table 4 – 4, in formulas (4 – 26) and (4 – 27). For example, the relative, height growth amount (RGH) and height growth speed (RGHR) of Arundinaria are as follows: amabilis RGH = [1 +exp(4. 6-0. 210t)] – 1 RGHR = 0.210exp(4. 6 – 0.210t)[1+exp(4.6 – 0.210t] – 2 2.2 The relationship between Culm growth and the time of the coming out of bamboo shoots. The value of parameter b2 of the height growth of bamboo shoots – young culms of various bamboo species listed in Table 4 – 4, is not stable. The value of b2 of the same bamboo species is variable in different year under different weather conditions. Generally speaking, the lower the temperature, the slower the growth, the smaller the value of parameter b2; on the other hand, the higher the temperature, the greater the value of parameter b2. For, the same bamboo species in the same year and the same colony, bamboo culm of early – date shoots grow slowly because of the low temperature and the value of b2 is smaller; on the other hand, bamboo culms of late – date shoots grow fast because of the high temperature, and the value of b2 is greater. For example, in the height growth equation of Phyllostachys pubscens shoots – young th culms which came out of the earth on March 25 , b2 equals 0.21; in the height growth equation of th Phyllostachys pubescens shoots – young which came out of the earth on April 5 b2 equals 0.23; in the height growth equation of Phyllostachys pubescens shoots – young culms which came out of the earth on th April 15 be (b2) equals 0.25. From this we can see, in the height growth equations, the value of parameter b2 for the bamboo shoot – young culms of early date is smaller than that for the bamboo shoot – young culms of late date. That is to say, the longer the growth period, the slower the growth rate. If we take March 20th as the fifth day after the beginning of the coming out of barn booboo shoots, then April 5th will be the fifteenth day after the coming out the shoots, and April 15th will be the 25th day after that. Suppose the days of the coming out of bamboo shoots are expressed by Da, then the relationship between b2 and Da will be Table (4 – 6). b2 = 0.2 +0.002 + Da ……………………………………. (4 – 28) If we use the value b2 in formulas (4 – 26) and (4 – 27), we can express the relationship between the relative value of height growth (RGH) of Phylloatachys pubescens shoot – young culm coming out of the earth at different time and the height growth rate (RGHR) and the number of the coming out of bamboo shoots (Da) and growth time (T): Table 4 – 6 The Relationship between the Number of Days of the Coming Out of Bamboo Shoots in a bamboo Colony and Parameter b2 The number of days of shooting 5(March 25) 15(Apr.5) 25(Apri.15) b2 0.21 0.23 0.25 RGH = [1 +expC4. 6 – 0.2+0. 002Da)t] – 1 RGH = [(0.2 + 0.002Da)exp(4.6 – (0.2 – 0. 002Da) t) ]/[ (1 +exp (4. 6 – (0. 2 + 0. 2Da)t)2 2.3. The relationship between the rate of the coming out of bamboo shoots in bamboo colony and the height growth rate. From the formulas (4 – 24), (4 – 25) ,and (4 – 26) , (4 – 27) we can see the rate of the coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony (dRGN/dt) and height growth rate (dRGH/dt) are the function of b1 41 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) and b2. That is: dRGN (b ) ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-29) dt 1 dRGH (b ) ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(4-30) dt 2 Therefore, the relationship between the rate of the coming out of bamboo shoots in bamboo colony and the rate of height growth can be expressed by the relationship between parameter b1 and b2. The data in Table 4 – 5 indicates that b1 is in proportion to b2, that is, the value of b2 increases with the increase of the parameter bl. The lineal regression of b1 and b2 of different bamboo species is as follows: 0.75 b2 = 0.74b1 ………………………………………. (4 – 31) 1.333 b2 = 1.49b2 ……………………………………… (4 – 32) From formula (4 – 3) we can see the rate of the coming out the bamboo shoots is in proportion to the height growth rate. That is, the greater the rate of the coming out of the bamboo shoots, the greater the height growth rate. Conversely the smaller the rate of the coming out of the bamboo shoots, the smaller the height growth speed (rate). According to the relationship between parameter b1 and parameter b2 formula (4 – 31) or formula (4 – 32), as long as we know either parameter b1 or parameter b2 we can estimate the other parameter. Therefore we can work out the results of formulas (4 – 24), (4 – 25) and formulas (4 – 26), (4 – 27), as long as we know either parameter b1 or parameter b2. For example, if the parameter b1 of the rate of the coining out of the bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony is known, the parameter b2 of the height growth 0.74 rate of bamboo shoots – young bamboos can be reckoned, then b2 = 0.74b1 . If the parameter b2 of the height growth rate of the bamboo shoots – young bamboos is known, the parameter b1 of the rate of the 1.333 coming out of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony can be reckoned, then b1=1.494b2 . 2.4. The coming out of bamboo shoots and the growing condition of bamboo culms of different species. The parameter b1 and parameter b2 can be regarded as the indication of the rate of the coming out of the bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony (b1) and the rate of bamboo shoots – young culms b2. Therefore, according to the values of parameter b1, and parameter b2 in Table 6, bamboo types can be divided into: bamboo type of slow growth speed (rate), (b1, b2) < O.2; bamboo type of medium growth speed, O. 2 < (b1, b2) < O. 3; bamboo type of quick growth speed, (b1, b2) < 0.3. Among bamboo type of slow growth rate, there are bamboo species of Indocalamus and Sinobambusa; among bamboo type of medium growth rate, there are bamboo species of Arundinaria; among bamboo type of quick growth rate, there are bamboo species of Phylloslachys and Brahystachyum. The growth rate of some bamboo species of slow – growth – speed type, medium – growth –rate type and quick – - growth –rate type will be shown clearly by using Fig. 4 – 5. 42 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms 3. The model of growth of bamboo internodes. When the sprouts on the rhizomes develop into bamboo shoots, nodes and internodes are formed. Each internode has its own division tissue. During the process of the growth of bamboo shoots – young culms, new cells are derived from each division tissue of internodes and form new tissues. The growth of internodes of bamboo culms the derivation and development of the cells in the internode. The growth of internodes of bamboo culms develops from the bottom gradually upwards. For the convenience of calculation. We marked 1, 2, 3 ... n, from bottom to top, on each internode of a bamboo shoot – young culms, and measure the growth amount of the internode twice a day: 6 a.m. and 6 p.m, And the result showed the commencing and ceasing time of the growth of each internode is not the same. The pattern of the growth rate of the internodes is also “slow – quick – slow”. Therefore, it is proper to express the pattern with formulas (4 – 10) and (4 – 11). – 1 RGD= [1+exp(ao – bot) ] 3.1. The time of the growth of Internodes The result of survey showed that the relationship between the commencing time (to), ceasing time (tm) of each internode from bottom to top of Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo shoots – young culms and the time of the growth of internodes (Tg) and the node position (n.) To = 0.76n ………………………………………. (4 – 33) Tm = 12.56 + 0.59n ……………………………... (4 – 34) Tg = tm – to = 12.56 – 0.08 ……………………... (4 – 35) Fig. 4 – 5 The Change of the Growth Rate of Three Bamboo Types 43 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Bamboo type of quick – growth speed; II. Bamboo type of medium – growth speed III. Bamboo type of slow –growth speed; From formulas (4 33), (4 – 34) and (4 – 35), we learn, for bamboo shoots – young culms, every 0.67 day (about 16 hours) there is a node beginning to grow. The growth time of the first internode is 12.48 days (about 300 Hours). The from the bottom upwards, with each node increased, the duration of growth of internode will be 0.08 days less (about 1.92 hours). 3.2. The process of the growth of internodes According to the data obtained in Yixing, the relationship between the growth amount of internodes of Phyllostachys pubescens and the time can be expressed with formulas (4 – 10) and (4 – 11). Parameter ao and parameter bo in the formulas have been worked out according to each internode and are listed in Table 44 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms 4 – 5. From Table 4 – 5, we can see parameters ao and bo increased with the increment of each node position (n). The relationship between them is: a = 3.62+0. 76n ...... (4 – 36) b = 0.33+0. 012n ...... (4 – 37) at= 3.62+0.76N bt = 0.33+0. 012N Put the values of parameters a and b into formulas (4 – 10) and (4 – 11), we can get the model equation of the relative growth amount (RGD) and the relative growth rate (RGDR) of each internode of each Phyllostachys puhescens. RGD = [1+exp(3.62+0.76n-(0. 33+0.012n)t] – 1 ……………… (4 – 38) RGDG = (0.33+0.012n)exp[3.62+76n – (0.33+0.012n)t]/[1 +exp(3. 62+0. 76n – (0.33+0.012n)t]2 ………………………. (4 – 39) 3.3. The absolute growth amount of internodes of Phyllostachys pubescens Formula (4 – 34) is the equation for the calculation of the relative growth amount of internodes of Phyllostachys pubescens. In order to calculate the absolute growth amount of each internode, the absolute height of each bamboo culm is needed. The absolute growth amount of each internode can be worked out by multiplying the absolute height and the relative growth amount of each internode (RGD). According to our survey the distribution equation of the height of the internodes of Phyllostachys pubescens is: h (n) = 0.1D0.5513[exp – 2 ((n/15.8D0.9933) – 1)]2 ………………….. (4 – 40) In the equation h (n) is the height of the internode of the nth. node (Cm) D is e diameter (Cm), n is the number marked on the node. According to formulas (34), (35) and 4 – 36) the accumulated amount of absolute growth (GDR)and growth rate (dGDh/dt) of each internode (n) of bamboo shoot – young culms: GDh=h(n)RGD=0.1D0.5513exp(-2((n/15.8D0.2933)-1)]2/1+exp[3.62+0.73n-(0.33+0.012n)t]ĂĂ(4-41) dGDhdt=h(n)RGDR=0.1D0.5513exp(-2((n/15.8D0.2933)-1))2 h(0.33+0.012n)exp[3.62+0.76n-(0.33+0.012n)t]/[1+exp(3.62+0.76n-(0.33+0.012n)t]2ĂĂ(4-42) According to formulas (4 – 41), (4 – 42), we can work out the absolute growth and growth rate of Phyllostachys pubescens of the diameter (D) at any time (t) in the growth period and any internode (n). When D = 10Cm. the changes with time of the relative growth amount (A), relative growth rate (B) and the absolute growth amount are expressed in Fig. 4 – 6). 4. The model of weight growth of bamboo culms 4.1. The process of the coming out of bamboo shoots and the process of volume (height) growth of bamboo shoots – young culms of a bamboo colony go with the growth of the bamboo colony or the weight growth of the bamboo culms. After the ceasing of volume growth bamboo culms, the weight growth still goes on until their natural death. The weight growth of bamboo culms take the increase of the bamboo individuals in a bamboo colony, the volume growth of the bamboo culm and the growth of volume weight in a bamboo colony as its basis. If “RGV” stands for the relative value of the volume growth of bamboo culms; “RGVW” stands for relative value of volume weight of a bamboo colony, “RGN” stands for relative volume of the coming onto of bamboo shoots in a bamboo colony, then the relative value (RGW) of the weight growth of bamboo culms is: RGW = RGV. RGVW …………………………… (4 – 43) 45 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) The relative value of weight growth of a bamboo colony (RGTW) is: RGTW = RGV. RGVW. RGV ……………………… (4 – 44) < – Phyllostachys pubescens RGD= 0+exp[3. 62+0.76n – 00. 33+0.012n)t]} – 1 RGDR = (0.33 + 0.012n)exp[3.62 + 0.76n – (0.33 + 0.012n)t]}2 (A – the process of the growth of the internodes B – the speed of the growth of the internodes C – growth amount of the internodes) 0.5513 0.2933 –1 2 3= 5 4 1 293=94 6= 8 >– ; 1 56 ,= 2 ? x{(0.33+0.012n)exp[3.62+0.76n–(0.33+0.012n)t]}/{l+exp[3.62+0.76n–(0.33 +0.012n)t]}2 (D=10cm) 4.2. The change in the growth of basic volume weight of bamboos 46 Chapter 4 Studies on Growth of Bamboo Shoot-culms The data in Table 4 – 10 shows the change of basic volume weight of Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys glauca with the time of growth. If we express basic volume weight with ordinate and express the logarithmic value of the time of growth with abscissa, the diagram will be curves of “S” type which are related with each other. Therefore the relationship between the relative value of the basic volume weight of bamboos (RGVW) and the logarithmic value of the time of growth (Lnt) is as follows: RGVW = [l+exp(A – BLnt)] – 1 …………………………. (4 – 45) RGVWR = Bexp (A – BLnt)[1+exp(A – bLnt)] – 2 ……… (4 – 46) According to the data in Table 4 – 9, using the regression of (4 – 45), (4 – 46), the parameters of the relationship between basic volume weight and the time of growth of Phyllostachys pubescens can be worked out: A = 7.0558, B = – 1.3854, The equation of the relationship between the relative value of basic volume weight of Phyllostachys pubescens and the time of grow can be formed by putting the parameters A, B of Phyllostachys pubescens into formulas (4 – 45) , (4 – 46). RGVW = [1 + exp (7.0558 – l.385Lnt)] – 1 ………………… (4 – 47) RGVWR = 1.3854exp (7.0558 – l.3854Lnt)[1+exp(7.0558 – 1. 385Lnt) – 2……. (4 – 48) 4.3. The changes in weight growth of bamboo culms The volume growth and height growth of bamboo culms are going on simultaneously. When the weight growth stops, the volume growth stops too. Therefore the relative value of the volume growth (RGV) of bamboo culms is close to their relative value of height growth (RGH). So formula (4 – 43) can be approxi- mately expressed with the following equation: 93@ 4 RGH. RGVW ………………………….. (4 – D2 Put RGH in formula (4 – 26) and RGVW in formula (4 – 45) in formula (47), then: – 1 RGW = (l+exp(a2 – b2t) – 1 (1+exp)A – BLnt) ] …………………. (4 – 50) Formula (4 – 48) is the growth model of the relative value of bamboo weight. For any bamboo species, if parameters a2 , b2, A, B are worked out and put into formula (4 – 48) we can express the relationship between relative value of the weight of bamboo culms of this species and time of growth. For example: The relationship between the relative value of the weight of Phyllostachys pubescens culms and time is as follows: a1 = a2=4.6, b1 = 0.312, b2 = 0.23 4.4. The change in weight growth of bamboo colony According to the reasons mentioned above, RGV can be replaced by RGH in formula (4 – 44). Then, the relative value of weight of bamboo colony (RGTW) will be: RGTW=RGH. RGVW. RGN ………………………… (4 – 51) 47 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Put RGH in formula (26), RGVW in formula (45) and RGN in formula (4 – 10) into formula (4-52), then: – 1 – 1 – 1 RGHW= [1 +exp (a1 – b1t)] [1+exp(a2+b2t) ] [l +exp(A – BLnt) (53) ……… (4 – 52) Formula (4 – 53) is the growth model of the relative value of weight in the bamboo colony, for any bamboo species, if parameters a1, b1, A, B are worked out and put into formula (4 – 53) we can express the relationship between the relative value of the weight of bamboo culms of this species and time of growth. For example: The relationship between the relative value of the weight of Phyllostachys pubescens colony and time is as follows: RGTW = [1 +exp(4.6 – O.23t)] – 1[1+ exp(7.056 – 1.385Lnt) ] – 1[1 +exp(4.6 – 0.312t)] – 1ĂĂ(4-53) From formulas (4 – 49) and (4 – 52) we can see when bamboo shoots are coming out and bamboo culms are growing in the bamboo colony, the value of RGN and RGH in this formula changes with the time of growth; when the coming out of the bamboo shoots and the height growth in a bamboo colony stop (t > 60 days), RGH and RGN in the formula tend to be 1. Then the growth of the relative value of weight of bamboo culms can mainly be expressed by the change in the growth of the relative value of basic volume weight of bamboos (RGVW). Therefore, the growth of the relative value of weight of bamboos and of bamboos and of bamboo colony can be directly expressed with the growth of relative value of basic volume weight of bamboos. So formulas (4 – 49) and (4 – 52) can be simplified as formula (4 – 54): RGW = [l+exp(A – BLnt)] – 1 ……………………………(4 – 54) For example, the relationship between the relative value for weight of Phyllostachys pubescens and time of growth is as follows: RGW = [1+exp(7.056 – 1.385Lnt) – 1 ………………………….. (4 – 55) Main Reference Documents [1]The Cultivation of Bamboo Culms by Bamboo Research Office of Nanjing. Technological College of Forest Products Agriculture Publishing House, 1974 [2] The Cultivation of Bamboo Culms by Zhou Fangchun and others Higher Education Press, 1959 [3]The Characteristics of Growth of Certain Species of Phyllostachys pubescens Family During the carried in “Science and Technology of Subtropical Forests”, 1979 [4]The Research of the structure of Culm Shape of Phyllostachys pubescens carried in the Journal of Nanjing Technological College of Forest Products (1), 16 – 69, by Zhou Fangchun.1981 [5]”Mathematics Handbook” by the compilers of “Mathematics Handbook” People’s Education Press, 19796. Problems on Modern Biophysics, translated by Lo Ning Science Press 1979 [6] Problems on Modern Biophysics translated by Lo Ning Science Press, 1979. [7]F. B. Salisbury and C. Ross: PLANT PHYSTOLOGY Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1969. [8]E. C. Pielou; An introduction to mathematical ecology wiley- Interscience .1969. [9]J. Maynard Smith; Models in ecology 1975. Cambridge University Press. London. New York [10]Roderick Hunt: Plant growth analysis Edward Arnold, London 1978. [11]G. W. Snedecor: Statistical methods the Iowa State College Press, 1959. [12]Robert G. D. Steel and James H. Torrie: Principles and Procedures of Statistics McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. 1960 [13]David Machin, 1976, Biomathematics: An Introduction 48 Chapter 5 On Bamboo Flower Chapter 5 On Bamboo Flower 1. Bamboo is a seed plant So its flowering and yielding seeds is its inevitable phenomenon. Any bamboo species has this natural property. But they have different flowering periods. Generally speaking, the flowering period is 50 ~ 60 years, some bamboo species can reach more than 100 years. 2. The presage before flowering (1) Bamboo shoots reduce obviously or even stop shooting in the preceding year before f1owering; (2) Short and small abnormal leaves and spikelets appear on the branches sprouted in the winter of the previous year, these spikelets begin to flower in the spring (March – April) of the next year when it begins shooting. If some new shoots sprout, they will blossom when they grow into new bamboos. 3. Generally speaking, bamboo being in flower will last 3~5 years. Bamboo will keep on blossoming during this stage. 4. On bamboo species of Phyllostachys genus (Ph. fleuosa, Ph. albovariegata, Ph. aecox, etc.), there are two possibilities on their growth: (1) All bamboos in the whole stand have been dead. Its flowering distinguishing feature is: All bamboos in the whole stand are in flower. Their seeds are full. (2) Part of the bamboos in the stand has been dead. Its flowering distinguishing feature is: Part of the bamboos are in flower, their seeds are full; those bamboos that have flowered have been dead, those bamboos that haven’t flowered will still be able to renew to a new bamboo stand. 5. In those bamboo stands being in flower: Some new thin bamboos sprout from rhizome still can grow and flower. These thin new bamboos are called renewing bamboos, they should be protected. New bamboos sprout from the base of the renewing bamboos, new rhizomes will sprout from the base of these new bamboos. Then, those bamboos grow from these new rhizomes will stop flowering and recover a new bamboo stand gradually. This is called asexual renewal. 6. To those whole stands being in flower and with full seeds: Their seeds should be gathered immediately. Sow them immediately after seed gathering to cultivate seedlings. Plant these seedlings to renew, this is called sexual renewal. 7. Measures (1) Cut away the whole flowered bamboo; (2) Only prune off those flowered branches, keep those branches that have not flowered; (3) Loosen soil, dig up those old rhizomes; (4) Apply nitrogenous fertilizer; 49 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) (5) Protect those renewing bamboo. Fargesia genus chiefly distributed in the high mountain of the south-west in China is the chief bamboo foods of Panda. It enormously flowered in 1980 and threatened the survival of Panda. The seed of Fargesia sp. fell down to the ground and germinated very easily and grew into new bamboo. Now all flowered bamboo stands have been completely renewed. 50 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens Based on 3567 culms from 13 districts located in China and Japan, fourteen mathematical models have been worked out by statistical procedures. They are 1. The distribution of internode length of culms H N h ( )EXP 2[ 1]2 1.25N N H N N H( p) ( )O EXP 2[ 1]2 dN 1.25N 1 N 2. The distribution of internode circumference of culms: N L A(1 ) 2N 3. The distribution of internode wall- thickness of culms N Z B(1 2N) 4. The distribution of internode volume of culms HB N B N V ( )(1 )2 (A )2 EXP 2[( ) 1]2 1.25N 2N 2 N HB B N N N V ( )(A )O (1 )2 EXP 2[( ) 1]dN 1.25N 2 1 2N N 5. The structural model of the relative diameter of culms (D%) 3 D%= 122[1 – (0.lHx) ] – 18.5Hx(l – 0. 1Hx 6. The structural model of the relative wall thickness of culms (Z%) 2 3 Z% = 107.5 – 10.52Hx + 0.295Hx – 0.0118Hx . 7. The structural model of relative fresh weight of culms (W%) 3 W%= 27Hx – 2.5Hx+0.08Hx 8. The relationship between the culm breast-height diameter (D) and the culm length (H) which is dependent on the annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall (R): 51 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) R R (1022328.6 )10 4 H = (0.1t + 0.0216 – 1.1) D t t 9. The relationship between the breast-height diameter (D) and the fresh weight (W) which also depends on the annual mean temperature (t), D (insert formula) 10. The relationship between the breast-height diameter (D) and the clear length (Hcl) which is dependent on the annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall (R) 2 –6 HcI = (0.667Rt * 10 + 0.433)D – 1 11. The relationship between the breast-height diameter (D) and the total fresh weight of branches with leaves (Wbl) which also result from the annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall (R) 2 R 5 Wb1= [0.188 10 0.5]D 1.6 t 12. The relationship between the diameter (D) at breast-height and the diameter (Dx) at any height: 2 3 2 Dx = (l09.4 – 9.5Hx+0.14H – 0.028Hx ) D/(81.14+2.85D – 0.085D ) 13. The relationship between the breast-height diameter (D) and the wall thickness (Zx) at any height 2 3 Zx = (007.5 – 10.52Hx+0.296Hx – 0.0118Hx )D(2.14D+81.44) (0.72 – 1.85Rt10–5+0.086D) 14. The relationship between the breast-height diameter (D), the length (H) and the total fresh weight (W) in connection with the influence of annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall (R) R R R W [(2t 8) /(100t 20 920)]HD(150825 564.8t 98.6 )10 5 t t t An attempt is made to analyse the structure of culmform of Phyllostachys pubescens including diameter, height, wall thickness and weight with special reference to the climatic conditions. Phyllostachys pubescens is the most important timber bamboo in China and naturally distributed in the region between 23°~33°N and 104°~122°E with an elevation of less than 1,200 metres. In this region annual mean temperature varied from 120C to 220C and annual precipitation from 800mm to 52 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens 2,200 mm. During the period of 1958~1980, we investigated 3,298 culms of 244 plots from 13 districts located in China and coupled with the data of 289 culms from Japanese literature as listed in Table 6 – 1. 1 Node Distribution of Culms Nodes of individual culms of Phyllostachys pubescens vary greatly. Generally, a large culm may have 80~90 nodes, while a small one only have 50 nodes. The position of nodes is indicated by 1, 2, 3…N from the base to the top of a culm. The length, circumference and wall-thickness of individual internodes can be diagrammed accordingly to show a general pattern of their distribution (Fig. 6 – 1). 1.1. Distribution of internodal length As seen from Fig. 6 – 1, the internodal length usually reaches its maximum around the central nodal position and then gradually decreases toward both ends in a more or less symmetrical form. Thus, the distribution of internodal length can be expressed by the following equation, 1 (X X )2 y ( 2 )EXP ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ˄6-1˅ c 2 2 In equation (6 – 1), y indicates the length rate (p) of individual internodes, x the number of individual nodal position N, X the average number of nodal position N calculated according to equation (6 – 2) () the standard deviation of average nodal position calculated according equation (6 – 3). NN N BBNh / hĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-2) 11 NN 2 BBh(N aN) / h ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-3) 11 1 (N N)2 h( p) EXP ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-4) 2 2 2 On the basis of equation (6 – 4), we select five culms of different size and calculate N, () of distribution of their internodal length (Table 6 – 2). Table 6 – 2 Distribution of intermodal length As indicated in Table 6 – 2, the average node position (N) is located between the longest internode (N) and the central node (Nc) as generally expressed in N1 ≤ N≤Nc. For the practical purpose, N should be taken from 0 ~ 50 only. Thus, N of equation (4) can be calculated by N = (N1 – Nc)/2 …………………….. (6 – 5) From Table 6 – 2, the deviation coefficient of five sampled culms varies between 0.46 and 0.49. Such a difference is so small that can it) be neglected. Thus, an assumed constant = 0.5 is used in the practical calculation. The equation (6 – 4) can be written as follows: 1 (N N) 2 1 N h( p) ( )EXP EXP 2( 1) 2 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ 0.5N 2 2(0.5N) 2 1.25N N 1 2 53 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Equation (6) is an expression of the internodal length rate of culms and can be used to calculate the actual length (h) of individual internodes by multiplying the internodal length rate by the total height (H) of the culm. Consequently the distribution of internodal length of the culm also can be calculated accordingly. H N h h( p)* H ( )EXP[2( 1)2 ] ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ 1.25N N 1 02 N H N H( p) O ( )EXP 2[( 1]2 dN ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ 1 1.25N N 1 ,2 1.2. Distribution of internodal circumference The internodes of bamboo culms are generally cylindrical. Their girth is their circumference (L). The relationship between internodal circumference and two internodal diameter is L = d. The intermodal circumference decreases acrosspetally and is also related to the node position as expressed by N L A(1 )ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ 2N 1 D2 A is the circumference of the basal internodes and can be expressed by the average circumference of 1~5 internodes, i.e. A= the given node position; N the mean node position; either of them should be taken as a unit for the practical purpose. 1.3. Distribution of internodal wall-thickness The wall-thickness of individual internodes decreases acrosspetally and is related to the node position as expressed by N Z B(1 ) ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-10) 2N B is the wall-thickness of the basal mternodes and can be expressed by the average wallthickness of 1 ~ 5 internodes, i.e. 1 B B Z. 5 54 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens 1.4. Distribution of internodal volume On the basis of length (h), circumference (L) and wall-thickness (Z) of an internode, its volume (V) can be calculated, i.e. V = h.Z.L If L1 is the outer circumference of the internode, L, the inner circumference, D1 the outer diameter, and Do the inner diameter, then (L L ) L o ; L D ; L D ;D D Z 2 1 1 o 0 0 1 ( ) Z Z L 2 and L ( )(D D Z) D ( ) L 1 1 1 1 (D1 D0 ) 2 2 2 Z thus V. hZ (L ) ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-11) 1 2 If h from (6 – 7), L from (9) and Z from (10) are given to (6 – 11), we obtain H N N N B N V ( )EXP 2[( 1]2 XB(1 )[A(1 ) ( )(1 )] 1.25N N 2N 2N 2 2N H N N B 2 N V ( )EXP 2[( 1]2 [AB(1 )2 ( )(1 ) 2 ] 1.25N N 2N 2 2N HB N B 2 N ( )(1 ) 2 (A )(1 ) 2 ] 1.25N 2N 2 2N ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-12) Equation (6 – 12) is the distribution of internodal volume of culms and equation (13) is the accumulative distribution of internodal volume of culms. The number 1, 2, 3, ... N of (5 – 13) should be unit for practical calculation. N N HB B N N N V OOVdN ( )( A )(1 )2 EXP 2( )2 EXP 2( 1)2 dN 1 1 1.15N 2 2N N N HB N N N ( )( A )BO (1 )2 EXP 2( 1)2 dN 1.25N 2 1 2N N ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-13) 2 Structural Model of Culm Form The culms of Phyllostachys pubescens display a general model of their structural form, though they vary greatly in diameter, height and wall-thickness. 2.1. Variation of relative diameter of culms A culm can be divided into 10 parts which are called the relative height and can be numbered by 0, 1, 2, … 9 from the base to the top. The ratio of a given diameter (D%) to that (D) at 1/10 height is the relative diameter D% as expressed by Dx/D0.1 X 100%. As indicated in Table 6 – 3 the relative diameter at a same relative height of culms is very similar regardless of their location, stand condition and size. In general, with 1/10 increase in relative height of culms upward, the relative diameter decreases about 10% (Fig. 6 – 3). 55 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) In order to simulate the relationship between D% and Hx, the theoretical value, standard deviation () and correlation coefficient (r) can be calculated according to equation (6 – 14) and (as) listed in Table 6 – 3. 3 D% = 122[1 – 0.1Hx) ] – 18.5Hx(1 – 0.1Hx) ...... (6 – 14) In polynomial simulation of D% and Hx, the more the nomials, the smaller standard deviation. But for general practice, a cubic curvilinear regression is enough. According to equation (6 – 14), a relative diameter and then an actual diameter at any relative height can be calculated. The ratio of the breast-height diameter (D) to D0.1 with increase in diameter at breast-height, and the relation is 56 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens D 81.14 2.85D 0.085D2 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-15) D0.1 From (6 – 15) D D ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-16) 0.1 (81.14 2.85D 0.085D2 ) then multiplying (6 – 14) by (6 – 16) 3 2 Dx = [122[1 – (0.1Hx) ] – 18.5Hx(1 – 0.1Hx)]/(81.14 + 2.85D – 0.85D ) ...... (6 – 17) If D and Hx are known, Dx can be calculated from (6 – 17). 2.2. Variation of wall-thickness rate of culms The percentage of wall-thickness in outer diameter of culms, known as wall-thickness rate, is closely related to their size and parts. As seen in Fig. 6 – 4, the wall-thickness rate decreases with increase in the breast-height diameter. In individual culms, the wall-thickness rate is always greater in their lower and upper parts than that in the middle. The wall-thickness rate of culms varies considerably in different districts (Table 6 – 4). In general, the warm, humid climate promotes the height growth of culms, while the low temperature and low humidity favors the increase of the culm wall-thickness. In an area, the bigger diameter of culms, the thicker culm wall-thickness. The relationship between breast-height diameter (D) and wall-thickness (Z) at breast-height is: Z = a + bD ……………………………. (6 – 18) According to equation (18), the following formulas can be derived. Taimaoshan, (121 culms): Z = 0.07 + 0.092D ………………… (6 – 19) Table 6 – 4 Wall-thickness rate of relative height of culms (Z/D) Tienmnshan (82 culms): Z = 0.25 + 0.086D …………………….. (6 – 20) Funxing (109 culms): Z = 0.27 + 0.84D ……………………… (6 – 21) Yixing (55 culms): Z = 0.33 + 0.86D ……………………… (6 – 22) 57 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) In the formulas mentioned above, b is relatively stable and can be estimated to br 0.086, while a varies considerably in different areas and is related to the annual mean temperature (t) and annual precipitation (R): a = 0.72 – 1.85 Rt10– 5 …. (6 – 23) Thus, the relationship between Z and D in different districts can be obtained by substituting 0.72 – 1.85Rt X 10 and 0.086 for a, b in equation (6 – 19) respectively. Z = 0.72 – 1.85 Rt10 –5+ 0.086D . …………….. 1 – ; 2 2.3. Variation of relative wall- thickness of culms The ratio of a given wall-thickness (Zx) to the wall-thickness at 1/10 height (Z0.1) is known as relative wall-thickness (Z%) and can be expressed by: Z x Z % 100% Z 0.1 As seen in Table 6 – 2, the relative wall thickness at a relative height of culms is very similar regardless of their provenance, stand condition and size. On the basis of 251 culms from five districts, the relationship between relative wall-thickness (Z%) and relative height (Hx) of culms can (be) calculated by the least square fitting, 2 3 Z% = 107.5 – 10.52Hx + 0.296Hx – 0.118Hx …………………. (6 – 25) According to (6 – 25), a relative wall-thickness and an actual wall-thickness at any relative height of a culm can be calculated if its wall-thickness at a given relative height is known. The relative wall- thickness at breast-height [(Z/Z0.1) 100%] increases with increase in diameter at breast-height. Their relationship is: Z ( )100% 2.14D 81.44 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-26) Z 0.1 Z Z ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-27) 0.1 (2.14D 81.44) From (6 – 24): (0.72 1.85Rt10 5 0.086D) Z ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-28) 0.1 (2.14D 81.44) Z x Z Z % Z x ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-29) Z 0.1 Z0.1 Then Z% from (6 – 25) and Z0.1 from (28), –5 2 3 Zx = (0.72–1.85Rt10 +0.86D) (107.5–10.52Hx+0.295Hx –0.0118Hx )/(2.14D+ 81.44) …………………… (6 – 30) Consequently, the wall-thickness at different relative height of different culms from different areas can be calculated, if t, R and d values are given. 58 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens Fig. 6 – 5 Weight percent of relative sections of culms Structural Model of Fresh Weight of Culms As indicated in table 6 – 6, the section at the same relative height of culms have similar percentage of the total weight (Fig. 6 – 5). The relationship between relative height (Hx) and relative weight (W%) can be obtained by least square fitting, 2 3 W% = 27Hx – 2.5Hx + 0.08Hx …………………… (6 – 31) According to (6 – 31), the relative weight or actual weight of culm sections at any relative 59 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 3. Relation of Breast-height Diameter to Total Height and Clear Length of Culms 3.1. Breast height diameter and total height of culms A. In order to determine the correlation of breast- height diameter (D) and total length (H) of culms, data collected from Damaoshan, Shimen and Yixing are fitted by least square into H = a+bD, H = a +Db, and H = a + bD + cD2, Damaoshan (575culmshm) H = 2.4574 + 1.1665D …………… (6 – 32) H = 2.775D0.7179 ………………...... (6 – 33) H = 0.2002 + 1.7694D – 0.038D2 …….. (6 – 34) Shimen (53 culms): H = 3.9042 + 0.9662D ………………. (6 – 35) H = 2.469D0.7416 …………………... (6 – 36) H = 1.3109 + 1.4551D – 0.0218D2 …… (6 – 37) Yixing (300 culms): H = 2.4574 + 1.1665D ………………… (6 – 38) H = 2.289D0.7905 …………………….. (6 – 39) H = 0.2002 + 1.7694D – 0.038D2 …… (6 – 40) 60 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens 61 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Then, we calculate their standard deviation ( ). The quadri- curve is the best with least error and height correlation, the power function the next, and the straight line the last. But for the (delete) practical purpose, the power function equation is desirable, because it has two parameters and results in much less error than the straight line, though slightly greater than the quadri- curve. According to H = aDb, we calculate a, b of regression equation for breast-height diameter and total height of culms from 13 locations and their correlation coefficient (r) as listed in table 6 – 7. B. Climatic factors and height culms In Table 6 – 7, a0 and b0 vary with annual mean temperature (t) and precipitation (R). Their relationship is R ao = 0.1t + 0.216 – 1.1 …………………………………. (6 – 41) t R 4 6 ;;E – ;, ………………………………... (6 – ;2 t Then from H = a0Dbo, we obtain 62 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens R H = [0.1t + (0.0.216 ) – 1.1] D(1.0223 – 0.00286 R) …………………… (6 – 43) t In the total annual mean temperature and rainfall of an area are given to formulas (42), at and bt can be calculated (Table 6 – 7) and the correlation coefficient (r) obtained shows that formulas 43 is feasible. Fig. 6 – 6 Breast-height diameter and height of culms C. Stand density and height of culms Stand density (N) influences the culm height (H). The relationship is H = 0.8549N0.1745D0.78 …… (6 – 44) Apparently, a denser stand always promotes height growth of culms, and a lower stand density results in a smaller height of culms. Table 6 – 7 shows that the density of bamboo stands in 12 locations (except Kyoto, Japan) is about 200 culms per mu, i.e. N =200/mu, which can be recognized as a standard, the stand parameter K 1, N and be calculated, (0.8459N 0.1745D 0.78 ) K 0.3967 N 0.1745 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ N (0.8459 2000.1745D 0.78 ) 1 2 D. Breast-height diameter and total height of culms in different climate and different stand density. In studying the relationship between breast-height diameter and total height of culms, it is necessary to consider the influence from the climatic conditions (t, R). Such an influence can be expressed in a mathematical model by (6 – 43) X (6 – 45), R R (1.02230.00286 ) H 0.3967N 0.1745 (0.1t 0.0216 1.1)D t t R 4 R (1.0223 0.00286 )10 H (3967t 857 43637)10 5 N 0.1745D t ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ1 t 63 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 2 3.2. Breast-height diameter and clear length of culms A. The correlation of breast-height diameter and clear length of culms is a straight line (Fig. 6 – 8) Ic1 = a' + b'D …………………….. (6 – 02 Based on the data collected from 12 locations, a' and b' can calculated and listed in Table 6 – 7. B. Climatic factors and clear length of culms From Table 6 – 7, a' values, except –4.36 for Shimen, are about –1, is related to the annual mean temperature and precipitation, b' = O.66Rt2. Giving a' and b' values to (6 – 47) we obtain 2 6 H cl (0.667Rt 10 0.433)D 1ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-48) According to (6 – 48), a' and b' of these locations are given. Results obtained from such an equation is only slightly different as compared with the actual values. C. Stand density and clear length of culms In an area, the denser the stand, the longer the clear length of culms. Their relationship is 0.4668 Hc1 = 0.0398N …………………… (6 – 49) As seen in Table 6 – 7, the stand density of 12 districts is about 200 culms per mu. We take N = 200 culms/mu as a standard stand, i.e. KN = 1, and calculate KN as follows: 0.4668 0.4668 0.4668 K N (0.0398N D) /(0.0398 200 D 0.0843N ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-50) D. Breast-height diameter and clear length of culms in different climate and stand density. The mathematical model for breast-height diameter and clear length of culms can be constructed in relation to the climatic conditions: 0.4668 2 6 H cl 0.0843N (0.667Rt 10 0.433)D 1 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-51) (562Rt 210 10 365 10 4 )N 0.4668D 1 As expressed in (6 – 51), the greater the stand density, the larger the breast-height diameter and the longer is the clear length of culms. This fact indicates that with fair increase in the density of bamboo stands, not only the culm production increases, but the quality of culms is greatly improved. 4.Reaction of Brest-height Diameter to Fresh Weight of Culms and Branch-leaves 4.1.Breast-height diameter and culm weight A. The fresh weight of culms is correlated to the breast-height, that is the greater the diameter, the heavier the weight (Fig. 6 – 7). According to equations of W = a + bD, w = cDd and W = a + bD =cD2, we calculate the data collected from Daimaoshan, Shimen and Yixing as follows. Daimaoshan (575 culms): W = 5.1193D – 25.809 ……………………….. (6 – 52) W = 0.1566D2.1745 …………………………… (6 – 53) W = 0.2706D2 – 0.7074D + 14.4193 ………… (6 – 54) 64 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens Shimen (53 culms): W = 6.2079D – 37.957 ………………… (6 – 55) @ 4 D D=2.3638……………………. (6 – 2 W = 0.4468D2 – 3.7074D + 14.4193 ………. (6 – 57) Yixing (300 culms): W = 3.8493D – 15.6926 …………………. (6 – 58) W = 0.1527D2.1756 ……………………… (6 – 59) W = 0.2825D2 – 0.6312D + 1.0815 ……… (6 – 60) The standard deviations obtained show that the quadric curve is the best with the least error, the power function the next, and the straight line the last. But for practical purpose, W = cDd is desirable. It has only two parameters and results in much less error than the straight line, though slightly greater than the quadric curve. According to W = cDd, we calculate c, d for breast-height diameter and total weight of culms of 13 locations and correlation (r) as listed in Table 6 – 7 and Appendix. B. As indicated in Table 6 – 8, the parameter c increases with increase in annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall index (R/t). Their relationship is: R R c 0.0163 0.00208t 0.000901 (163 20.8t 9.01 )10 4 ĂĂĂĂĂĂ t t 1 62 But the parameter d decreases with increase in annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall index (R/t). Their relationship is: R R 5 d 2.53055 0.005648t 0.001874 (253005 564.8 187.4 )10 ĂĂ(6-62) t t From (6 – 61) and (6 – 62), the relationship of culm weight (w) to annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall index (R/t) can be obtained. R 5 R (253055 564.8t 187.4 )10 W (163 20.8t 9.01 )10 4 D t ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-63) t Accordingly on the basis of t and R/t, ct, dt and r can be calculated and listed in Table 6 – 7. As indicated in r values, the difference is not significant. Consequently (6 – 63) is feasible to calculate the relationship of breast-height diameter to culm weight in connection with the climatic factors (t, R). 4.2. Brest-height diameter and fresh weight of branches and leaves A. In general, weight of branches is relatively stable, but the weight of leaves varies considerably with season and leaf age. Thus the weight of branches and leaves appear to change greatly in accordance with seasons, leaf age and on or off year. Apparently the weight of branches and leaves increases with increase in breast-height diameter of culms. The relationship is expressed by: Wb1 = c' + d'D N N 1d'2 – 0 B. Climatic factors and branch-leaf weight of culms As indicated in Table 6 – 7c is about –1.6 in average, d' is related to t and R and can be written as 65 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) follows: 2 R d' 0.188X10 5 0.5 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ t 1 2 Fig. 6 – 7 Breast-height diameter and weight of culms If c', d' values are given to (6 – 64), the relationship of branch-leaf weight of to annual mean temperature and rainfall index (R/t) can be obtained. 2 R W (0.188X10 5 0.5)D 1.6 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ bl t 1 2 C. Stand density and branch-leaf weight Generally, the greater the density, the smaller the branch-leaf weight of individual culms. Their relationship is: 0.403 1.25 Wbl 2.5998N D ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-67) In Table 6 – 7, the stand density in 12 locations is about 200 culms per mu. We use N=200 culms/mu as a standard density to calculate KN, 0.4030 1.25 (2.5998N D 0.4030 K 6.759N ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ(6-68) N (2.5998 200 0.4030D1.25 ) D. Under different climatic conditions a mathematical model can be constructed to express the relationship between breast-height diameter and branch-leaf weight in different stand density. 2 R W 6.759N 0.4030 (0.188X10 5 0.5)D 1.6 bl t 2 R W (1.2707 X10 5 3.3795)N 0.4030D 1.6 ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ1 bl t 66 Chapter 6 the Structure of Culm Structure of Culm Form of Phyllostachys pubescens D2 4.3. Breast-height diameter, height and weight of culms The weight of culms always increases with increase in their breast-height diameter and height. If the culms are same in diameter at breast-height, their weight increases proportionally with their height. In the case of same height, however, the increase of culm weight is not proportional to the breast-height diameter, but follows a power function curve. Thus their relationship can be expressed by: W eD f H ĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂĂ Ă1 0 2 From W = cDd and W = cDb, e, f can be calculated. f d b W eD H,W cD , H aD W eD f H cD d ,eD f XaD b cD d eD f cD d / aD b cD (d b) / a e c / a, f d c a 0.1t 0.0216R / t 1.1,b 1.0223 0.00286R / t, c 0.0163 0.00208t 0.000901R / t d 2.53055 0.005648t 0.0001874 R / t e (0.0163 0.00208 0.000901R / t) /(0.1t 0.0216R / t 1.1) (2t R / t 8) /(100t 20R / t 920(6 71) f (2.53055 0.005648t 0.001874R / t) (1.0223 0.00286R / t) ĂĂĂĂ(6-72) (150825 564.8t 98.6R / t)10 5 Giving e, f values to W = eDfH, we obtain the relationship of culm weight to breast-height diameter (D) and height (H) with reference to annual mean temperature (t) and rainfall index (R/t): 5 W [(2t R / t 8) /(100t 20R / t 920)]HD (150825 564.8t 98.6R / t)10 ĂĂĂĂĂĂ1 0E2 Accordingly giving t and R/t of different districts to (6 – 73), e, f of their theoretical regression equation can be calculated and listed as in Table 6 – 7. From the standard deviation and standard error between the theoretical value and actual value, the difference is not significant generally. Thus, the (6 – 73) is feasible to express the relationship of culm weight to breast-height diameter and height in connection with the influence of annual mean temperature and precipitation. References 1. Beilin Mathematices Section. Mathematical Statistic Press, 1961 Darwen, C. Origin of Species. Science Press, 1859 3. Lic. C.K., Probability and Mathematical Statistics. People’s Press, 1963 4. Nanlin Bamboo Laboratory, Silviculture of Bamboos. Agri. Press, 1974. 5. Snedecor, G.W., Statistical Methods. Iowa State Col. 1959 6. Tang, C.D., Applied Mathematics of Statistics. Lishen Statusics Press, 1953 7. Ueda, K. Studies on the Physiology of Bamboos. Kyoto Univ. Press, 1960 67 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 8. Yao, Z. S. Principles of Climatology. Science Press. 1959 9. Zhan. C. R., Calculation of measurements. Science Press, 1965 10. Zhou. F. C. Biology and stand types of Phyllostachys pubescens. Unpublished thesis, 1965 Appendix: Relationship of Breast-height diameter to Fresh Weight on Types I of Bamboo stand Reation (Relationship) of Breast-height diameter to Fresh weight on Types II, III of Bamboo stand 68 Chapter 7 Propagation and Afforestation of Bamboo Chapter 7 Propagation and Afforestation of Bamboo 1. Breeding bamboo seedling When bamboo is afforested in an area, offset planting method can be used. However, bamboo afforesting in a large area must be conducted by planting bamboo seedlings when they are bred up to the standard. The ways of breeding bamboo seedlings in China are as follows: 1.1. Seed breeding Bamboo seeds are able to germinate, so they can be cultivated into seedlings. Bamboo seeds when they are ripe, can germinate as long as they are sown under appropriate temperature, moisture and air, since they have no after ripening. In the tropical zone, where the contrast between rainy seasons and dry seasons is remarkable, it is best to sow bamboo seeds when a rainy season is just beginning, while in the subtropical zone or temperate zone spring is the best season for bamboo seeds to sow. Bamboo seeds can be sown in a green house at anytime of the year. The time between the collecting and sowing of the bamboo seeds is a stage for store. This stage generally should not be too long, otherwise it is apt to germinate. Most of the seeds which are cryopsis-shaped or nut-shaped need to be stored in dry and low-temperature place; a few of them which are berry-fruit-shaped need to dressed with moist sand and kept in cold storage. Before the bamboo seeds are put in store they must be disinfected with insecticide and germicide so as to protect the seeds from being eaten by pests or becoming rotten and going bad. The plot for growing bamboo seedlings from seeds requires good drainage, convenient irrigation, loose and fertile and acid soil, which needs to be carefully ploughed and leveled, and formed into seedbeds in rectangle 1.2m. to 1.5m broad; at the same time ditches for drainage should be cut ready. Before being sown the bamboo seeds should be examined on their quality and tested whether they germinate. The quantity of bamboo seeds for sowing is decided according to the results of the examination and the test mentioned above. Small-sized seeds are fit for broadcasting, the medium- sized and large- sized are fit for drilling or dibbling. After sowing, the seeds are to be covered with the soil 2~3 times as the thick as the diameter of the seed. Then let the seedbeds be covered with hay so as to keep the soil moist. After germination of the seeds, the hay covering the seeded is to be taken away without delay while a shed is to be put up to protect young seedlings from the burning sunlight. Young seedling management: (1) Weed the seedbed; (2) Water the seedbed to keep its soil moist; (3) Condition the soil to prevent it from being fixed and tight; (4) Apply manure to make the soil fertile and help the bamboo seedlings grow; (5) Prevent and eliminate plant diseases and pests to guarantee healthy growth of the seedlings. 69 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Generally, in the growing season of a year, bamboo seedlings tiller 4 to 6 times. The young seedlings are growing thicker and thicker with each tillering and they crowd together and form a “bamboo clump” or “seedling cluster”. Yearly “seedling cluster” of the running type and intermediate type is very similar to clump of cluster type. But only after the growth for a year, when rhizome of seedling cluster of the running type intermediate type come up out of land, will the feature of the diffuse or intermediate bamboo seedlings gradually present. In tropical zone yearly bamboo seedlings can be used for afforestation. In the subtropical and temperate zones some varieties of bamboo seedlings should be bred for two years before they can be used for afforestation. 1.2. Breeding by layering of culms or nodes This method is fit for clump seedling of the sympodial type. Such bamboo species as Bambusa, Dendrocalamas, Sinocalamus, Lingnania, Schizostachyum etc. can be bred by this method. The rainy season or spring is the best time for seedling breeding by these two methods. Selection of breeding material: Breeding material is selected from those bamboo culms having grown for two or three years, well-cultivated and healthily-developed, and without insect pest and plant diseases. Cut down the selected bamboo culms, get rid of their tops and branches, and reserve the bud on the first one or two nodes of the base of the branches as well as those on the culm. The culm can be used as the material for layering of culms when it is cut off 2/3 deeper of its diameter with a saw on either side of the neighboring nodes. In some places the sawn culms are soaked in water. After water enters bamboo internodes, the cut is to be sealed with clay. Thus the internodes full of water inside is used as breeding material. The selection of the breeding plot, preparation for the land and seedbed demand the same requirements as those in bamboo propagation from seeds. Vertical ditches are cut on the seedbed with the span of 0.3m to 0.4m. Then lay the breeding material at the bottom of the ditch, cover it with soil from 3 to 6mm, level the seedbed, cover it with a layer of hay so as to keep the soil moist. In one week or two weeks young seedlings will be growing out of the shoots on the internode of the buried culm. The management of seedlings is the same as that of seed breeding. Young seedlings tiller 4 to 6 times a year. Tillering shoots are getting larger and larger and forming altogether a seedlings cluster. Breeding by layering of internodes means selecting proper culms for breeding, cutting each one node or two nodes off before burying them respectively into the soil for breeding. The rest of the process of management is as exactly the same as that of layering of culms method used for breeding. 1.3. Breeding by planting-of-slip Most of the varieties of bamboo which are fit for breeding by layering-of-node method can be bred by planting of slip. The golden time for breeding by planting of slip is rainy seasons or spring, 10 to 20 days before bamboo shoots. Internodes applied in the layering-of-internode method can be used as slips for planting; and the secondary branches growing out of the branch on the base culms or young culms growing from seeds can also be used as slips. A few of the branches and leaves may be reserved on the slips. The selection of the breeding plot, preparation for the land and seedbed demand the same requirements as those for bamboo breeding from seeds. When a slip is planted in the seedbed, the node and the base of its secondary branch should be inserted into soil, leaving only a few of its branches and leaves exposed. Water the slip as soon as it is planted, to keep the soil moist, and spray water on the exposed bamboo leaves so as to prevent then from being drying and withering. A shed is needed over the seedbed. Breeding in this way young seedlings will come up approximately in 5 to10 days. Each year young seedlings seedling is able to tiller 5 to 7 times, growing into bamboo culm used for afforestation. 1.4. Breeding by layering This breeding method is basically the same as the layering-of-culm method. The chief difference between them is that in this method the bamboo culm for breeding are not to be cut off from bamboo 70 Chapter 7 Propagation and Afforestation of Bamboo clump, but to be cut half at the culm. Prune away some of the branches with a part of them reserved, then bend down, bury it in soil, leaving a part of branches and leaves exposed out of the land. In about 2 or 3 months the bud on the base of the secondary branch from the nodes will be growing into seedlings. After undergoing tillering for several times they will form seedling cluster themselves, used for afforestation. There are many ways to breed bamboo, nevertheless the basic principles governing the methods are mainly alike. Therefore no further breeding method is to be introduced here. 1.5. Breeding by tissue cultivation In adopting this method, culture media should be prepared and applied in the laboratory. A bamboo seedling is bred out of monocotyledon in the tube then transplant it into soil and further cultivate into seedling cluster, which can be used as material for afforestation. However this method requires careful work and expensive equipment, it is not yet adopted in production. 2. Bamboo afforestation When bamboo is afforested choice of area and selection of seeds should be completed. In China afforestation usually involves a large area and natural conditions are complicated, and bamboo species are numerous with different characteristics in nature, so any blind selection of area or seeds will lead to failure in afforestation. There have been a lot of experiences, both positive and negative, concerning this in the last thirty years. Now there are divisions of region for bamboo afforestation in different parts of our country and afforestation work is under guidance. The locality for bamboo afforestation generally requires warm weather, fertile and acid land with good drainage. Bamboo is not fit to afforest in saline and alkaline soil, or low- lying land, or heavy- clayey soil or very stony soil. Spring or autumn is the best season for bamboo afforestation. It is best, in the place where rainy season is remarkable, to afforest at the beginning of the rainy season. Chief methods of afforestation of Chinese bamboo 2.1. Offset planting Offset planting means to afforest by selection of healthy-cultivated, normally-developed culms having grown for 2 or 3 years without pest and plant diseases and by transplantation of the “mother culm” together with their rhizomes. When rooting out and transplanting mother bamboo, its rhizomes and root system should be reserved, but the bamboo top is to be cut off with 5 or 6 branches and their leaves reserved. Keep as much soil around the rhizomes and root system as much as possible so as to protect the shoots and root ball of the mother bamboo. To achieve this mother bamboo should be wrapped in straw bag or plastic bag and kept humid. Density of plantation is managed according to what variety it is. For example, Phyllostachys pubescens, 300 to 450 seedlings per hectare; Bambusa textilis, 750 to 900 seedlings per hectare. When planting mother culm, soil should be filled firmly without leaving any big holes in it. When plant hole is filled, the soil should stick out of the ground and preparation should be made for drainage. If bamboo is planted in dry weather, it should be watered without delay so as to prevent mother bamboo from being withered because of shortage of water. 2.2. Afforestation by stock planting This method is fit for bamboo seedlings of sympodial type, such as Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Sinocalamus, Lingnanea etc. Select mother culm in terms of requirements needed in offset planting. Root out the stock of the mother bamboo with a bit of root reserved. Keep the culm about a metre long with its top cut off. 71 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) This kind of culm with its base culms can be used for afforestation. This method is similar to that of afforestation by offset planting. 2.3. Afforestation by bamboo seedling When seedling cluster is used for afforestation, it is called afforestation by bamboo seedling whether the seedling cluster is produced by seedling shoots, or by layering of culm, layering of node, transplanting or by cuttage layering. Bamboo seedling afforestation demands the same technical conditions as offset planting. Afforesting bamboo in this way results. in more seedlings, lower cost and higher survival rate and it is fit for afforesting on a large scale, therefore it is widely applied throughout China. References [l][2]Zhou Fangchun, 1982, An Analysis of high yield stands of Phyllostachys pubescens. Bamboo Research, Vol. 1 [3][4]Zhou Fangchun, 1981. Studies on Culms Form of Phyllostachys pubescens. J. of Nanjing Forestry Univ. No (1) [5]Zhou Fangchun, 1965. Biology and Forest Type of Phyllostachys pubescens, Graduation Press. Beijing. [7][8][9][10][11][13] Zhou et al. Fangchun, 1986. A Technical Report on High Yield of Bamboo Stands. Bamboo Research, Vol. 5 (3). [6]Bamboo Research Team, 1959, Breeding of Phyllostachys Pubescens. Advanced Education Press, Beijing. [12] Zhou Fangchun, 1981, Measurement on Calorific Value of 104 Bamboo Species and Tree Woods. J. of Nanjing Forestry Univ. No (3). [14] [15] Zhou Fangchun, 1982, The Relation between Leaf Area Index and Production of Bamboo Stands, Bamboo Research, Vol 1(2). Zhou Fangchun, 1982, Effects of Climate on the Production of Bamboo Stands, Bamboo Research. Vol. 1 (2). 72 Chapter 8 A Study on the Classification of Bamboo Stands Chapter 8 A Study on the Classification of Bamboo Stands Bamboos are widely distributed in China. Owing to the complexity of habitats and the great variety of bamboo management, any attempt to extend an area’s experiences without specification would bring about undesirable consequence. It is important to test the technique extension and the stand prescription on the basis of bamboo stand which are classified according to their natural and historical conditions. To recognize a bamboo stand, some questions are naturally raised. How the bamboos grow? What about habitat appears to be? What the state of management is? These questions must be answered as far as the classification of bamboo stands is concerned. At first, it is necessary to understand bamboo growth by measuring the size of culms and the production of stand, then to recognize the site quality, the topographical features and soil properties is needed in relation to the bamboo growth, and finally the state of management should be learnt from the silvicultural treatments and their effects on stands at present and in the past. 1 Growth classes of bamboo stands Average stand at breast height can be used to evaluate the bamboo stand growth. The better the bamboo stand grows, the larger the average stand diameter is. Hence, on the basis of average stand diameter we grouped bamboo stands into five growth classes (G) (Table 9 – 1). Class 1-stands with an average diameter above 12 cm; Class 2-stands with average diameter 10~12 cm; Class 3-stands with average diameter 8~1 0 cm; Class 4-stands with average diameter 6~8 cm; Class 5- stands with average diameter less than 6 cm. Table 9 – 2 shows the average height and weight of individual culms in different growth classes. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Professor Wenyue Hsiung under whose direction this study was made to fulfill the requirement for graduate work. If the growth class of culms is determined separately in a stand according to their age class (two years for each age class), it is known as growth class of age. The growth structure of a bamboo stand consists of the growth classes and the total weight of individual age classes. There are altogether 12 principal growth structural types of bamboo stands. Table 9 – 1 Growth class and average diameter 73 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) The average weight of individual culms can be estimated according to following equation. W = 0.1547(15 – 2G) Where G is the growth class. In order to simplify the calculation, we listed the values of average weight of individual culms (W) in Table 9 – 3, they were computed for each growth class. If the growth class (G) is known, the average weight of individualculms (W) can be obtained from Table 9 – 3. Then the culm weight of the stand can be estimated from W = NXW Where N is the density of stand. For example, if a bamboo stand is of growth class 3 with a density of 1,800 culms/hm2, the culm weight per hectare thereby can be estimated from W 1,800 X 18.4 = 33.12(t/hm2) By the similar process, if the growth class of age and the number of culms in this age class are known, the culm weight of this age class can also be estimated. 2. Site type and site class of bamboo stands 2.1. Site type The combination of ecological factors as climate, topography, soil and biota is called the habitat (site) of bamboo stands with alike site condition are considered to be of same site type, within a climatic region, the topography-soil conditions are the main factors affecting on bamboo growth. The topography-soil conditions can be grouped into 12 types (Table 9 – 4). Humus rich loam is black and sometimes dark brown in colour, rich in organic matter, loose, well structured, well drained with better aeration and less gravel content. Soils of this group are most favorable to bamboo growth. They occur in the valley, piedmont, the middle and upper parts of low hills. Moderate humus loam is yellow or red in colour, loosely textured, well drained, with 74 Chapter 8 A Study on the Classification of Bamboo Stands good aeration, less gravel content and thin-layered A-horizon. The bamboo growth is about average. Soils of this kind occur in the middle and lower parts of low hills. Clay pan soil is yellow or red, heavy clay, poorly textured, easy to be water-logged, with heavy clay and very thin A-horizon, and unfavorable to bamboo growth. They mainly occur in tableland. Gravel soils are characterized by having a large proportion of gravels and distributed along valleys and on piedmont with satisfactory water condition and fertile alluvial soil in the gaps of gravels. The growth of bamboo is about average. But on the hill-top they are shallow, droughty and sterile, and the bamboo growth is very poor. In order to understand the relation between topography and the growth class, we investigated 182 sample plots and estimated the relative frequency of each growth class on various topographies. The valley-land is best for the bamboo growth due to its deep and fertile soil, satisfactory water condition and less wind destruction. Along the valley, growth class I and II may amount to 70 %. On hill ridge where soils are shallow, sterile and droughty and bamboos are easy to be uprooted by wind, the relative frequency of growth class IV and V is up to 73%. Both the soil and microclimatic conditions of slopes are less favorable than those in valley, but much better than those on hill-top to bamboo growth. Accordingly, the bamboo growth on slope is intermediate. Since the site type is constituted of topography-soil type and the microclimates, it can be named by heading the topography-soil type with its locality, such as “Yexing shallow-humus rich loam.” 2.2. Site classes of bamboo stands The growth of bamboos and the production of bamboo stands vary with different site types. We grouped the 12 different site types into 5 site classes according to their favorableness to bamboo growth. They indicate the potential productivity of bamboo stands (Table 9 – 6). Site class I: “Deep-humus rich loam” in valley, most favorable to bamboo growth average stand diameter 10~12 cm, bamboo of growth class I. 75 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) Site class II: “Medium deep-humus rich loam” on tableland, “medium deep-humus moderate loam” on slops, “deep-clay pan soil” and “deep-gravel soil” in valley, favorable to bamboo growth, average stand diameter 10~12 cm, bamboo of growth class II. Site class III: Including “shallow-humus moderate loam” on tableland, “medium deep-humus moderate loam” on slops, “deep-clay pan soil” and “deep-gravel soil” in valley, favorable to bamboo growth, average stand diameter 8~10 cm, bamboo of growth class III. Site class IV: “Shallow-humus moderate loam” on ridge, “medium deep clay pan soil” and “medium deep-gravel soil” on slopes, less favorable to bamboo growth, average stand diameter 6~ 8 cm. Bamboos of growth class IV. Site class V: “Shallow-clay pan soil” and “Shallow-gravel soil” on tableland, unfavorable to bamboo growth, average stand diameter less than 6 cm, bamboos of growth class V. In general, site class can be used to predicate the potential productivity of bamboo stands. But the actual increment results from both the site quality and the management activity. Therefore, only under similar management conditions the growth of bamboo stand can truly indicate the quality of site. 3 Management types of bamboo stands 3.1. The classification of silvicultural treatment of bamboo stands. For a long time Chinese peasants have accumulated much silvicultural experiences specially dealing with the management of bamboo stands. They are commonly known as weeding, soil con- ditioning, organic matter mulching, fertilization, shoot-culm protection, pest and disease controlling, rational cutting and water soil conservation, etc. These treatments are aimed to regulate and improve the bamboo-environment relationship in order to promote the production of bamboo stands. Based on the intensity of management, silvicultural treatments of bamboo stands, can be grouped into three grades and eight sub-grades (Table 9 – 7). Grade I includes all the treatments needed to improve the productive conditions of bamboo stands such as weeding, soil conditioning, organic mulching, fertilization, water and soil conservation. Besides, shoot and culm protection, disease and pest control and rational cutting should be taken into consideration. Grade II includes the treatments operated to suppress the undergrowth or ground cover. Except soil conditioning and fertilization, all treatments are same to those in grade I. Grade III is of extensive management in which only selective cutting is practiced to adjust the composition, density and age of bamboo stand. 76 Chapter 8 A Study on the Classification of Bamboo Stands These grades mentioned above are general categories arranged for silvicultural treatments. With increase in the intensity of management each grade may have additional treatments. All the grades are interrelated. Good results can be expected if intensive measures are taken on the basis of extensive management, for example, in addition to weeding soil conditioning always brings about desirable production of bamboo stands. The intensive management differs from the management. Obviously the intensive management means the intensity of management that does not necessarily yield agreeable economic results. While the rational management may be less intensive, but could bring about desirable consequences. As results of rational management, the production and quality of culms can be improved correspondingly and yield more economic benefits. Therefore, any silvicultural practice should be based on economic consideration. 3.2. Management type of bamboo stands A management type of bamboo stands can be realized by applying a series of silviculural treatments repeatedly to a number of bamboo stands long period. If this series of treatments is replaced or modified, the management type could change from one to the other. But such a change usually takes 6 ~ 8 years to become stabilized. For example, if the treatments of grade I are continually practiced in a stand for more than 6 years, this stand could fully exert the correspondent productivity and thus can be grouped into management type I The major features of management types are described as following: Type I: Bamboo stands of this type are commonly located in valley-land and lower moderate slope with rich humus loam or moderate humus loam soils of site classes I, II, III, and are continually practiced with intensive measures of grade I. Accordingly the stands are pure, moderately dense and highly productive. The culms are uniformly large-sized and relatively even-spaced. Generally, this management system is often practiced in areas, with convenient transportation, urgent needs of bamboos and abundant labour supply. Type II: Bamboo stands located in areas with convenient transportation and sufficient labour are selected and continually treated with measures of grade II, the site quality varies greatly with site classes I ~ V. The stands are pure, occasionally mixed with other tree species, moderately dense and productive. Ground cover exists. Type III: Bamboo stands of this management type are either distributed in remote mountains where transportation is poor and labour supply is short or located in areas where transportation is convenient, but bamboo supply is short. In the former case, bamboo stands remain in natural condition, no silvicultural treatments are practiced but regular cuttings, the stands are often mixed with other tree species and under-growth. In the latter case, over- cutting is the most important factor causing the deterioration of stands, undergrowth is luxuriant, the stand density is low, culms are small. The site quality varies greatly with site classes I~V and their production is changeable accordingly. The determination of bamboo stand type A bamboo stand type is a group of bamboo stands with same management type, same site class and same growth class and can be expressed by three numerals. The first indicates the management 77 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) type, the second the site class and the third the growth class of bamboo. For example, the “234 bamboo stand” shows that this bamboo stand belongs to management type II, site class III, and growth class IV. Theoretically a site class should correspond to a growth class, the better site quality, the better bamboo growth. If the growth class of a stand is higher than its site class (for example “132 bamboo stand”), this stand is rationally managed. On the contrary, if the growth class is lower than its site class (for example “234 bamboo stand”), the management of this stand is undesirable. Obviously its potential productivity is not fully exerted. It should be pointed out that the management type, site class and growth class are closely related to each other. They are the three aspects of bamboo stands. Site class is the material basis of production; management type indicates the silvicultural activities and the growth of bamboo stand is influenced by site quality and management activities. Growth class, therefore, can be used for evaluating site and management qualities. Bamboo stand types and the management activities The yield and quality of bamboo stands are linked with their type. As shown in Table 9 – 3, the higher the growth class, the larger the average diameter and the heavier the average culm weight, accordingly a higher yield can be expected. In higher site class, however, the culm size increases, the volume weight decreases and the mechanical properties become degraded consequently. Apparently the stand prescription must be based on the stand type. In China, the total area of Phyllostachys pubescens stands is about 2.3 million hectares of which 70 % ~75% of are of management type III. For promoting bamboo production, attention should be paid to the bamboo stand of management type III. On the basis of their habitat and growth, the bamboo stands can be properly treated with appropriate silvicultural measures and gradually be transferred to the management type II. The unit production will increase greatly. References Fong, C.W. et al. 1959. Research methods of artificial forest types. Forestry Monograph No. 4, Science Press. Hsiung. W.Y. et al, 1959. High productive bamboo stands in Shimen, Zhejiang. Saanghai Science-Technology Press. Li, C.H. et al. 1959: Artificial stands of Cunninghamial anceolata and their types. Forestry Monograph No. 4, Science Press. Sukachev, B. H. 1958. Research methods of forest types, Forestry Press. Zhou, F.C. et al. 1959. Silvicultural management of bamboo stands. High Education Press. Hec Tepo B. B. T. 1958. 78 Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest 1. Histories and stories of bamboos used for ornament in China. As early as Zhou Dynasty in China, in the book of “Mu Emperor”, there are records about bamboo like “the son of heaven goes on an expedition west; arrive at the beside of deep pond, along which there are trees called bamboo forest”. In the book of “Making Good Omissions”, there are such records about bamboo such as First Emperor of Qin Dynasty (Qin Shi Huang) collect a large amount of treasures in the whole country and obtain “Bamboo of Yun-Gang”. It is obvious that Qin Shi Huang planted Bamboo of YunGang regarded as a jewel of the great value in palace, Yianyang city. In Han Dynasty bamboo palace was established in Royal Sweet Spring Water Palace. Millions of arrows were made of bamboo cut in Zhan Garden, which was demanded by CouXun, a minister. In Liangxiao Prince’s area which has a circumference of 300 li in the east is called as Tu Garden where there are many bamboos. “Supervisive Department of Bamboo” was established in Western Han Dynasty. In Wei and Jin Dynasties there are seven men called as “bamboo forest 7 virtuous persons”. They love bamboo; respect bamboo; entertain and gather among bamboo forest; implied their feelings in bamboos. In the book of Luoyang Jialan Notes” there are records about bamboo planted in the private garden of high officials such as “needless to say peaches and plums green in summer; bamboo, cypress and Chinese ilex green in winter. In Jing Ming Temple there are bamboos and pines along the side of roads and steps; In Yong Ming Temple there are slender bamboos, stroking pine and eave; In Northern Wei, there are bamboos in the yard of Gaoyang Prince. The records about bamboo are as followes: “allow no person to his bamboo forest and fish pool so that fragrant grasses amass and rare trees gather together with each other and shield off sunlight”. In the book of “Stories of All Palace” there are records about bamboo. The Second Emperor of Liang Dynasty built flower grad en in which establish bamboo garden in the west of Jiangling. In Tang Dynasty, there is a famous, natural landscape garden among which was established a bamboorium along the river, which lying at the south foot of Mount Zhonnan and designed and built personally by Wangwei who was a great poet. Dupu, an eminent poet in Tang Dynasty, has the habit of planting some bamboo around his house. When Bai Juyi was an official in Jianzhou county, he ornament his yard with bamboo. There is a poem to prove it. In Song Dynasty, there was a Buddhist monk. He wrote a book of “Bamboo-shoot Table”. Mount Shou and Mount Ken engineered by Zhaoji, an Emperor of the Song Dynasty, is a representative of mountains – and –waters garden among which there are many bamboo sceneries. Huizong Emperor wrote a book of “Mount Ken Notes”, in which there are such descriptions as “there 79 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) are countless bamboos in the north shielding off sunlight”. There are decades of sceneries noted for bamboo named after bamboo in the book of “Loyang Famous Garden”. GuiRen Garden was noted for collecting and planting all kinds of ornamental plants, among which there were several thousand mu bamboos; In Song Dynasty ruled by Shenzong Emperor, Miao Shou, a minister, whose private garden was described as follows: there are ten thousand bamboos whose diameter is 2 ~ 3 cm, look like rafter. There are many beautiful bamboos in Sima Guang’s Garden whose beautiful scene was composed of bamboos completely and whose scenery areas were divided by bamboo and natural scenery only. There are some written records/documents to prove it. The description is as follows: There are so many beautiful bamboos in the garden that it is a pleasant place keeping from hot and humid in summer. There are some records about bamboo in the book of “Wujia Garden Notes” written by Zhoumi, which describe 34 private gardens in Wuxing county, among which the most attractive scenery is Yeshi Garden noted for bamboo. Description about it is as follows: there is a most famous and attractive garden in the east of Wuxing county. Ye Mengde once described bamboo in the book of “Keeping From Sunstroke”, in which the written accounts/records/documents are as follows: bamboo are planted wherever there is a room. In Song Dynasty, the artistic conception of plum orchid bamboo chrysanthemum – 4 gentlemen and pine bamboo plum – 3 durable plants of winter was taking shape. In South Dynasty, there are many bamboos in Xin Qiji’s Yard. The written accounts are as follows: thinning hedge to protect bamboo and avoid obstructing the pleasant sight of plum. Autumn chrysanthemum may be imagined as meal, spring orchid makes itself respected. The description written by Lin Jingxi is as follows: there are various of plums grow with tall trees and bamboos, with the above 3 plants being called durable plants of winter. In Ming Dynasty, there are sceneries of bamboo in 36 Gardens of Jinling written by Wang Shilu of which there are many bamboos in Xuda’s Gardens. For example, in West Gardens there are ten thousands of slender bamboos. In Ten thousands (Thousands) Bamboo Gardens there are over 2 ~ 3 hectares. In Tong Chun Garden there are thousands of bamboos outside a fountain below the pavilion. Sound sent out when spring water in-swept sounds like music”. Besides, there are large numbers of sceneries made of bamboo in many gardens. For example, Zhuozheng Garden in Suzhou city, Jichang Garden in Wuxi city, Yu Garden in Shanghai city and other private gardens like Xieshang Garden, in which the compound of bamboo and brimstone, pavilion, water, is a marvelous creation excelling nature. In Beijing Gardens bamboo was also used to form into scenery. QuShui Garden was noted for bamboo. In the book of Scenery in Emperor’s Palace Notes written by LiuTong there are records about bamboos. The description about the bamboo in Wofu Temple is as follows: bamboos cover the south bank of river. At the end of Ming Dynasty, an artistic conception about garden was summarized in the book of Garden’s Design written by Jicheng like “creating quiet place among bamboo forest”. In Qing Dynasty, the famous gardens noted for bamboo are as follows: Ge Garden in 80 Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest Yangzhou city, Shui Garden and Jiezi Garden in Nanjing city, Liu Garden and Lion Garden in Suzhou city. No matter how the garden was designed with bamboo as main scene, scenery area divided by bamboo, bamboo path, or mixed grove with other plants, bamboo’s elegant appearance took on before the eyes of every visitors. The description about the bamboo in Bamboo Plantation established in Qinghui Garden in Shunde county, Guangdong province, one of the famous gardens in the south of Mount Nanling-Back written on the front door is as follows: Bamboo’s music can be heard when wind blows. Zheng Banqiao described bamboo in the book of “Bamboo Stone” in which he set a high value on the artistic conception appeared from those scene built by bamboo. 2. Classifications of Ornamental Bamboo Species Applied to Gardens 1. Classified according to its form. According to rhizome, please see “bamboo rhizome type”. 2. According to bamboo’s size. (1) Big bamboo species: P. pubescens, L. chungii, S. affinis, S. oldhami, B. textilis, P. glauca, B. textilis, B. vulgaris cv vitata, P. pubescens f. bicotor, S. farinosus. (2) Medium-sized bamboo species: Psu. amabilis, B. multiplex var. lutea, B. textilis, P. heterocycla cv. Luteosu Icat, P. spectabilis, P. bambusoides f. tanakae, P. glauca f. youzhu, P. nigra, Pl. gramineus f. monstarispirali, Q. tumidinoda, S. tootsik. (3) Small-sized bamboo species: B. multiplex var nana, S. chiangshanensis, S. pygmaea, S. fortune, B. vulgaris f. waminii, S. auricoma, S. veitchii, S. chinensis, I. latiflorus, S. japoneca, P. japoneca var. tsutsumiana, S. sinica. 3. According to culm. (1) According to the stem’s form: Pl. gramineus f. monstarispirali, B. vulgaris cv. wamin, B. vulgaris f. waminii, Q. tumidinoda, P. pubescens var. heterocycls, S. japoneca, Pl. oedogonatus, Pl. aedogonatus. (2) According to stem’s colour: [1] Purple: P. nigra, C. neopurpurea, Q. tumidinoda, S. fastuosa; [2]Yellow: P. bambusoides var. sulphurea, P. aureosulcata f. aureocaulis, P. bambusoides, P. sulphurea, P. sulphurea; [3] White: L. chungi, D. pulverulentus, S. farinosus; [4] Green: There are yellow stripes on internode or in furrow. P. aureosculata, S. oldhami P. bambusoides f. mixta, P. bamb. var. castilloni; [5] Yellow: There are green stripes on internode or in furrow: S. affinis, f. flavidorivens, B. vulgaris cv. vitata, P. spectabilis, P. pubescens, P. bambusoides var. castillon, P. sulphurea, P. vivax f. aureocaulis, P. vivax, S. affinis; [6] There are other colorful stripes or mottled spots on the stem. P. bambusoides f. tanakae, P. glauca f. youzhu, P. nuda f. localis, B. textilis, B. pervariabilis, P. rubella. 81 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) 4. According to bamboo leaf (1) According to the form of leaf, broad leaf: I. herklotsii, S. sinica; (2) Long and narrow leaf: Pl. gramineus. (3) Leaf’s color [1] Green leaf with white stripe: C. marmorea, S. fortune, S. argenteostriatus f. albo – st, H. tranquillans f. shiroshima, Pl. chino f. angustifolius; [2] There are other colorful stripes on the leaf, for example, P. bambusodes, S. auricoma, S. veitchii. 5. According to gardens’ use (1) Large tracts of land of bamboo forest: big bamboo such as P. pubescens, P. glauca, P. bambusoides, P. amabilis, P. pubescens, L. chungii, S. affinis, S. oldhami, B. textilis, B. textilis, B. pervariabilis, B. sinospinosa, L. chungii, D. latiflorus. (2) Piece planting, ornamenting: medium-sized or big bamboo species, especially those of striking culm or leaf. (3) Green fence: The best is clumping-form bamboo or inter-grown bamboo. (4) Used in ground cover, slope protection and edging like Sa. Argenteostriatus f. albo – st, In. herklotsii, S. fortune, S. chinensis, Sa. longiligulata, S. chiangshanensis, Sasa pygmaea, S. aurieoma, S. japoneca, P. bambusoides, etc. (5) Single-bamboo planting: The best is clumping bamboo. For example: B. multiplex var. lutea, B. glaueeseens alphonsokarri, B. multiplex var. nana, B. vulgaris f. waminii, S. affinis, B. textilis, B. textilis, S. affinis f. flavidorivens etc. (6) Bamboo species used in potted landscape: The best is small-sized, medium- sized bamboo with striking culm or leaf such as B. vulgaris f. waminii, B. multiplex var. nana, S. fortunei, S. aurieoma, C. quadrangularis, Q. tumidinoda, Pl. aedogonatus, Q. tumidinoda, P. heterocycla cv. Luteosu leat, P. spectabilis, Pl. gramineus f. monstarispirali, P. bambusoides f. tanakae, P. nigra, S. chinensis, S. chiangshanensis, S. pygmaea, S. japoneca, H. tranquillans f. shiroshima, etc. (7) Used in barrier scenery: the best is dense-growing like P. amabilis, Pl. amarus, B. multiplex var. lutea, B. glaueescens f. alphonsokarri, S. japoneca, Pl. amarus var. pendolifolius. 6. Bamboo species used in gardens for ornament: According to property, limitation and form, gardens are classified as bamboo forest, special bamboo plantation, flower garden, potted landscape and bamboo building, etc. (1) Bamboo forest: This is a sort of large tracts of land’s bamboo afforestation, like bamboo mountain, bamboo sloping, bamboo forest round the reservoir. (2) Special bamboo plantation: There are chiefly three types such as Bamboo Park, bamboo garden and private bamboo plantation. (3) Flower garden: bamboos make the chief section of scenery. Disposing forms have several kinds: [l] Creating all kinds of bamboo forest landscape with bamboos prior to other trees; [2] Bamboo, gardens building, road scenery, landscape and rock constitute group scenery. (4) Potted landscape: potted landscape requires short and small bamboo species. 82 Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest methods of stunting bamboo are: shelling sheath, coped with medicine, culturing in poor soil, trolling water and fertility, seeding, stunted with rhizome reproducing. (5) Bamboo building: Bamboo was used in building by the ancient as far back as the New Stone Age. Bamboo building in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was called as “dry hurdle”. In Northern Song Dynasty, there was a book called “Construction standard”, of which there was a section concerned with bamboo used in construction including bamboo’s function and technical standard in the process of construction. “Yellow hillock bamboo building” has been well-known up to now. The “bamboo buildings” built by the Dai nationality and Jingpo nationality people living in the south of Yunnan, China are of distinctive national features very much. Because of striking stem and color and lustre different from other building materials, bamboo has (a) special lasting appeal. In recent years, a new upsurge in bamboo construction conforming to good taste like bamboo pavilion, bamboo house and bamboo porch is in the making. Three durable plants of winter – pine, bamboo, plum; plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum – 4 gentleman, this kind at mixed plant is a characteristic of Chinese gardens. 3. Propagation and Management of Ornamental Bamboo used in Gardens. 3.1. Propagation of ornamental bamboo classified as two types: sexual multiplication and vegetative propagation. The main reproduction methods suitable for scattered bamboo are planting bamboo individually, planting bamboo rhizome, planting culm section or bamboo stock. One of the effective means is to solve less enough mother bamboo sources and to enlarge forest areas, which is economical and quick. There are two main reproduction methods for clumping-form bamboo afforestation: planting bamboo individually and covering up stem. The latter includes three types: covering layer, culm-length and node. The method for covering node includes three types: flat, slanting and vertical covering. Of these the survival rate of slanting covering is the highest. In general, to grow seedlings with two internodes, flat covering should be adopted; while to grow seedlings with one internode, slanting or vertical covering should be adopted. Because inter-grown bamboo has bamboo stock and rhizome, its character of growth and propagation is between that of scattering and clumping bamboo. Therefore, to inter-grown bamboo, the reproduction methods of clumping and scattering bamboo can be adopted. The best season for transplanting bamboo should be 1~2 months before the coming out of its shoot. In fact, the best season depends on three factors: the time and period of bamboo- shoot coming out, winter resistance and climate. In the south of the Changjiang River area of China, for P. genus (P. pubescens, P. praecox, P. glauca, etc), transplanting should be between January and February; for Pl. genus, Sinobambusa genus, transplanting should be between February and March; for clumping-form bamboo, transplanting should be between March and May; for Chimonobambusa 83 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) genus transplanting should be between May and June. Adopting 1~3-year-old rhizome and 1~2-year- old mother culm bamboo used for transplanting is the best. The volume of planting pit should be 1.5 times larger than that of mother bamboo’s original soil and roots. Cover planting soil on the bottom of pit. About 10cm thickness soil on bottom stock. Lay 1~ 2cm thickness straw on the covering soil after having finished planting. Water 1~2 times a day within two weeks after having been planted. 3.2. Management of Ornamental Bamboo Forest. (1) Inter-till and weeding: to large land of bamboo amenity forests, inter-till and weeding should be carried on 1 ~ 2 times per year, moreover, the two above should be carried out simultaneously. Inter- till should be carried on between June and July; the depth is 8 – 10cm. The ventilating of soil porosity will be increased and the evaporating of soil moisture will be prevented. Keep those weeds after having been weeded out in the forest and decay them into manure. (2) Fertilize and earth up: because the distribution of bamboo subterranean stem is shallow, earthing up should be carried out immediately after weeding, which make those weeds having been weeded out decay and will be good for being absorbed by bamboo. If manure is not enough, bamboo will be in unhealthy growth. In order to keep many healthy and strong bamboos in flower garden every year, nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and silicon fertilizer should be carried out, especially organic fertilizer. (3) Irrigate and drain flooded fields: bamboo favors mild climate, much less bamboo-shoot; so “bamboo shoots after a spring rain” is generally accepted. For bamboo on low-lying land which is easily flooded in rainy season, draining should be carried out in time lest bamboo rhizome will be de- cayed. (4) Pruning: the best is keeping bamboo’s natural figure; avoid pruning as much as possible; so that the sight of her inartificial appearance will be enjoyed by people. But in actual application, pruning is necessary. For example, for those bamboos around the garden road obstructing traffic, pruning is necessary. For those bamboos being of striking stem which should be kept appear through cutting away branches against stem within 1m over-ground, in order for their striking appearance/outlook can be enjoyed easily, the suitable season for pruning should be between June and July. (5) Intermediate cutting: the time, intensity and other steps depend on its purpose (repair scenery, obscure, wind-proof and others), felling age, species and the space between two stems. [1] the suitable period for intermediate cutting: if bamboo culm is to be used, should be carried out during the period of dormancy when nutrient and moisture flow is slow and low (i.e. December – January in next year); if bamboo stem is not to be used, intermediate cutting should be carried out after bamboo-shoot grow to young bamboo; 84 Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest [2] intermediate cutting intensity: according to purpose, bamboo species’ feature. For obscuring, wind-proof purpose, intensity should be kept higher; for scenery purpose, intensity should be kept lower. Intermediate cut 5~6 -year-old bamboos in order to form into dense bamboo bunch, however, the bright green color of culm will disappear with aging; so, those bamboo culms fading away should be intermediate cut in time without consideration of bamboo age for holding on to bamboo’s feature, especially those bamboos without feature and expressive force (e. g. deformity, color, brindled). 4. Classification of Japanese Ornamental Bamboo Species. In the book of “Japan Horticultural Bamboo Species” written by Hata Okamura, Yukio Tanaka 1986, horticultural bamboo species was classified into 4 kinds. 1. Bamboo species being of certain height and suitable for growing easily with other trees are as follows: (1) bamboo species being of over 5m height and suitable for planting on the sides of the avenue or all around of the tall buildings and great mansions are as follows: B. vulgaris, P. pubescens, P. heterocycla f. bicotor, P. pubescens var. heterocycla, etc. (2) bamboo species being of 3 ~ 4m height and suitable for planting in corners and all around of big flower garden like: B. glaucescens f. alphonsokarr, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, Pl. hindsii, Pl. graminrus, and so on. (3) bamboo species being of 2 ~ 4m height and suitable for planting in middle- sized flower garden mixed with other trees such as P. aurea f. holochrysa, P. aurea f. flavescens – inversa, P. aurea, P. nigra, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, T. quadrangularis, T. qu f. suow, etc. (4) bamboo species being of 2 ~ 3m height and suitable for planting in flower garden for or- namenting like: B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. glaucescens f. albostrata, B. glaucescens f. elegans, S. nitida, P. aurea f. albo-variegata, P. nigra, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, P. bamb. f. holochrysa, T. quadrangularis, T. quadrangularia, T. qu, f. suow, S. tootsik, S. tootsik f. albopstriata, S. japoneca, Ps. jap. var. tsutsumiana, S. japoneca, and the like. (5) bamboo species being of 1.5 ~ 2m height and suitable for planting with main trees in small- sized flower garden are: P. aurea f. holochrysa, P. aurea f. flavescens – inversa, P. aurea, P. nigra, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, P. bamb. f. holochrysa, and what not. (6) bamboo species being of 1.5 ~ 2m height and suitable for planting in small- sized flower garden acting as secondary sprinkle are as follows: B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. gla. f. albostrata, B. gla. f. solida, Si. nitida, C. marmoreal, T. quadrangularis, T. qu 85 Cultivation of Bamboo (Ċ) f. suow, S. tootsik, S. tootsik f. albopstriata, S. japoneca, Ps. jap. var. tsutsumiana, S. japoneca, etc. (7) bamboo species being of 1.5~3m height and suitable for planting at outer-ring as natural hedgerow are: S. tootsik, Pl. hindsii, etc. (8) bamboo species being of 1.5~2m height and suitable for planting at outer-ring as naturally ornamental green hedgerow like: B. glaucescens var. elegans, P. bambusoides, P. bamb. f. kasirodake, P. aurea, S. kumasasa, etc. (9) bamboo species being of 0.5~1m height and suitable for internal hedgerow such as: B. glaucenscens f. solida, C. marmoreal, and the like. (10) bamboo species being of 1.5~2m height and suitable for planting in the corners of residential areas are as follows: S. tootsik, S. to. f. albopstriata, S. japoneca, etc. 2. the bamboo species suitable for ground coverings and ring – shaped oasis under arbores are as follows: (11) Bamboo species being of 0.7 ~1m height, large – leaf, used for cultivation: for example, S. megalophylla f. nobilis, S. asahinae, S. kurilensis f. shiroakeebono, S. kur. f. kiakebono, I. herklotsii, and so on. (12) bamboo species being of 0.3~0.5m height, medium-sized leaf, used for cultivation: Pl. argenteo – striatus f. aureo – striata, and the like. (13) bamboo species being of 0.3m height, small – leaf, used for cultivation: S. kumasasa, Pl. fortune, Pl. viridistriatus, Pl. chino f. murakamianus, Pl. distichus, Sa. Kongosensis var. gracillin, and what not. 3. the bamboo species suitable for making harmony with ground surface, embellishing rockery or other tall bamboos are as follows: (14) bamboo species being of 0.7~1m height, large – leaf, used for cultivation: S. megallophylla f. nobilis, Sa. asahinae, S. kurilensis f. chabonkoshima, etc. 4. the bamboo species suitable for pot planting are as follows: (17) bamboo species being of 1.5 ~ 2m height, suitable for planting in over 40cm – diameter pot by 3 ~ 5 individuals, for instance, B. vulgaris, P. heterocyela f. bicotor, P. pubescens var. heterocycla, and so on. (18) bamboo species being of 1. 5 ~ 2m high, suitable for planting in over 40cm – diameter pot by 5~7 individuals, for example, P. nigra, P. aurea, P. bambusoides f. holochrysa, T. quadrangularis, S. tootsik, S. to. f. albopstriata, etc. 86 Chapter 9 on the Cultivation of Ornamental Bamboo Forest (19) bamboo species being of 1.5m height, suitable for planting in over 40cm – diameter pot by 5~10 individuals, such as B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. glau. f. albostrata, B. glaucescens f. albovariegat, H. tranquillans f. shiroshima, Pl. chino f. angustifolius, P. japoneca var. tsutsumiana, S. japoneca, S. japoneca, etc. (20) bamboo species being of suitable to plant through thick growing individuals are as follows: S. nitida, B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. glau. f. alphansokarr, and the like. (21) bamboo species being of 0.5~lm height, suitable for planting in 30cm – diameter pot by 5 ~ 10 individuals, against exterior wall are as follows: S. nitida, B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. glaucescens f. elegans, B. vulgaris f. waminii, C. marmorea, P. aurea, etc. (22) bamboo species suitable for planting in less than 20cm – diameter pot, used for indoor decoration like S. kumasasa, Pl. distichus, Pl. chino f. murakamianus, S. glabra f. alba-striata, Sa. glabra f. albo – striata, and so on. (23) bamboo species suitable to plant in 30cm – diameter circular, rectangle, shallow pot, for example, P. nigra, P. humilis, P. aurea , Pl. fortune, C. marmorea, T. quadrangularis, S. japoneca, etc. (24) bamboo species suitable to plant in less than 30cm-diameter. shallow pot bamboo are as follows: P . allrea,P. humilis,P. aurea f. albo-variegata,P. nigra, Pl. fortwlei, C. marmorea, T. quadrangll- laris,PI. distiehus,S. japoneea,and what not. (25) bamboo species being of be suit to plant in flower garden, all around of rockery, beside of the path like Pl. fortunei, P. owa, f. pygmaea, S. glabra, etc. 87 Contents ! " ! #$ % & ' ' ( ) ' ' ' '* +" + " + , &- ' + % . #$ $ ' / ' 0*1 " 2 #2 /& $ 2 $ $ 3 $ 4 ! $# 5 ' $ +" $ 2 $ ) $ !#$ /& $ $ 3($ 4 $ " $ ' '6 ,$3 &$4 ' + $$ ' 2*$ $ ' #$ + -7$ 2 /& $3 &$ 4 2 $3 4 2 $ 2 $3 ($ 4 ' $ -7$ 2" $3 &$4 6 $ $3 ($ 4 ! $ 5 5" $ 5 $ 5 $ 5 $$3 4 5 # 3#4 5 /& $3 ($ 4 5 $3 ($+4 $3 ($24 $3 &$ 4 ' $ +" $ 2 $$ $ #3 ($ 0 '4 $3($ +4 !) $ 5#$ " ' 8 ' $ 1 + $ + $ 2 ' +*9 / . # , ' : ' ; . . ' $ # ' ' ' " , ' <( ' ( ' ' $ $' $' $' / 1 $% '' '' '' '' '* % '' ' * '' ' '' +/ " , " '' +( $ '2 ( $'2 $ $ ' = $ ( $ '! '! ; & +5 / ( $ +5 2( + , + / + $ + ;$ 1 + ' + ( +' +' $ $ +' $ +' 6 ,$ ++ " $ +2 : $ + '% $;- $+! + ($2 % 2 % 2 2 !- 2 , 2 - 2 - 2' - 2' - 22 8 2 82 2 ' $ $ & ' $& - $ ' $& $ $ + 2 # ˈ $ > ! 2 # ! 2 $ ! 2 > ! " , > ! " , > $ ! ? $ ! % , ! ", ! 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($ 4 , $ ( #-& A - , $ & $ & , , 2.2.2 Basic tissues ($ $ , , ($ , $ $ . 5+5K , . $, > , & . # -$ # 5 +5M , . $ . & $ , '5M 55M. & ) . $ +5K. . 5K $ 9 ' 8 ?3ĉ4 & $ .& & $# . , $ $$ . #$ 2.2.3 Fiber $ $ . $.& . # , . 3($'.($+4)& , $ $ ($'( $ ($+( & $ & $ & $ $ 3 5!'4 . 3 !24 . 3 4 3 ' 5M4 3 'M M4 / & ( $3M4 ( &3M4 '5 5 ' ! 5 55 '5 ' 5 5 ! 5 ' ' " 55 !5 ' 5 ' 5 %, $ !2 55' ' ' + ) . $ & $ & & $ . 5M . 5 ! M !+55M , $ && 2M 9 3($24 ($2 $ /$B , $ > ' 9,( +) = B F 1 $ ' 9,( +) 2.2.4 Vessel , - - . & - ) , $ 55 .55M ) & ' 55M ;& , . $ & & $ # , & $ , 5 K . + K , . ' K , & && & . $ & , $ $ $ < $ & $ #& , $ < & . $ & . & $ . ,$ , )< 9 . , & $ 2 8 ?3ĉ4 % # & .& , $ &&. $ $ 2.3 Characteristics of Bamboo Structure 8 , E NN # = $& ˈ< & - $, . , .& &$ , 6& . $ & . , . G& . $ & 3 Physical properties of bamboo timber 3.1 Density 3.1.1 Definition of Density # & $ , . & & . # . . . - . %$ . - ) . *1 3*4G & $ , - %. $E & . & " J <& $E <, G ( " J <& $E <, G % - " J - <& $E - <, G % - " J - <& $E - < , & $ . $ . $ $ 3.1.2 Factors Influence Bamboo Density .$ . . $ & ($ ) ! 8 ?3ĉ4 Position in the culm 9 & $ 3($ 4) . $ - 3($!4. , - , & Age , , $ $ & G& , . , &$ 2& & ) $ + ' . $ $ & , $ $ &$$ . # $$ Conditions of bamboo stand ) $ . . & . . $$ . , G . ;& , . $ & & . . , $ 3($ 4 1 . . . & 5 & . $ $ / & , %, $ "35$E 4 5'! 5'!2 5+5 5+5 5+5 ">A3@E4 2 !+ 5 @ B J G"J G">AJ , Species , $ $ $ $ & & & & && 3.2 Moisture content 3.2.1 Water in Bamboo & $ & & $ & $ 6 . $ 9 . , &B % & B$& & G & B6 & G ( & B6 , G Fiber Saturation Point (FSP) of Bamboo 6 $ . & & , $ . & & $ & . ( 3( 4. ( ( $ ( 5K %. . ( ( 9 . &. & + K !+'K 8 ?3ĉ4 3.2.2 Factors Influence Moisture Content & $ . $ ) $ . & . $ $ ( 9 . 'K $ -$ 3 - 4.! K 3& 4. K 3 , 4.22K 39 , 4 $ 3 !4 ! , 3K4 5E E E E E 'E +E 2E E !E 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 !2 22 2 25 ++ + '+ ' ' ' 5 ' + 2 @ BJ & & . 9 . +K2 K & . 5 K . 5' 'K -&& 25 K . ++' K .+5 K $'! K & $ , 25K. $ 'K., $ , 5 55K 3.3 Coefficient of Shrinkage 3.3.1 Shrinkage of Bamboo ) #$ & $ $ $ & $. # ., . $, & #$ & . # 3($ 54 #$ 9 $ #34. #$ 3#4 3 A B 4 S 55 K A S K W @ B B #$ $ G B% ? G CB" #$ G 6B6 3.3.2 Factors Influencing Coefficient of Shrinkage % $ $F8, . 9 #$ - & $ . , $ #$ . A #$ . $ 8, #$ & + & 6 &'K. #$ , $ 6 .& , 'K., $ #$ , #$ $ #$ $ & . $ . , . , #$ - & 8 ?3ĉ4 $ $ $ #$ .2 'K &- - . +K - - . ' K 9- - A #$ < $ ), $ , 5 K3 $ - &4 #$ & , , & 1 . #$ $ & , > . & & , & $ $ #$ & 3$ #4 3.4 Absorption of water 6 , & , " & $ , , $ & @ . $ & . & , ;& , . && ($ & & , $ , . $ $ , =# &.& $ $ & 4 Mechanical properties of bamboo timber 4.1 Mechanical properties of bamboo timber . & $ $ . G . & $ $ . .$ 5& $ & &. $ 5K $ &% $ $ ' 5 $ . $ , + . 5+ 5 . $ $ & $. $& $ 4.2 Factors Influence Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Timber 4.2.1 Structure of Bamboo $ $ $ 'K & - & $ $ & $ , , 9 & $ $ 5 $ ' 8 ?3ĉ4 4.2.2 Moisture Content =# &.& & .& $ $ > . $$$ & & , & ($ $. --$ $. $ $. $ $ & & 6 , $.$ $ $, # & &. , , . #$ & ;& , . $ , % . $ 4.2.3 Position of culm $ , & ) $ . $ & . & & % # $& $ & $ , $ & $ . $ & 23 4 , 'K 5K + 2 8 ?3ĉ4 ($ $. $ $ $ &$ $ , / & $ & & 34 ) ' + ) ! 5 2 22 2 ! '5 > 5 ! ! 5+ +' @ B A : ' +@ & # $ $ & 3 4 / & $ 34 ) > ) > ) @ '2 22! ' 555 5+5 ! @- 2 + ! ! - 2 @ B " A , , . . , , . $. $ $. . --$ - $ $ - 4.2.4 Harvest Season # *9 B , & & . & . $ ! 8 ?3ĉ4 .$ $ $ > . $ , $ & $ & 4.2.5 Age of bamboo / $ $ . ? &. , . $ $ % $ & $ &$ & $ &. . 9- - $- - ? $ , . - - - - . , & $&. $$ 9 $ & $ & $ 6 $ . . $ $ $ $$ 1 . & $ $ &1 4.2.6 Site condition : . . $$ . &. & $;& , . $ $ & . $ $ $ ) , . . . $$ ) . $ &. & 5 4.2.7 Bamboo species $, & , # ' 22 2'' !! 5 ' ! ! >/ + !5 - - + ! 5 @ B . . " . A 5 Chemical properties of bamboo 5.1 Chemical compositions , , & . $ . . $ & . $ . . - $. 5K . ., .. .$ . . & . $ 8 ?3ĉ4 &% &. 9 & # " . G . , G . . ! & 5.1.1 Cellulose # $- "-$ ( 3+; 5>'4 & & . )$ . 5ˁ̚+5ˁ.$ &ˉ 25ˁ̚ 5ˁˈ!ˉ 'ˁ̚ 'ˁˈ" ˉ ˁ̚'ˁ & $ & $ . & $ &( 9 . 2'K $.++K - - .' K - - , . . ) ? . & 5.1.2 Hemi-cellulose ; - # & & ? 9 $ ; - & . $ & $ - KR'K)$ & $ : .$ & .& . . . !K & . +'K ! K K : ) F 5.1.3 Lignin =$ 9 $B + R+'K. $ !R+ K. 9 $ +R K $ +R K)$ &$$. 9 . . K & . '+5K $ & . # $ ) ) #. - $ &$$. $ : . 9 . , . ) , 9 < $ < $ $ & 9 . $ $ , $.$ & $ 5.1.4 Extractions 9 # , & .& . . ? K 9 : . 9 'R'K & & .$ . # . $ G 'R 'K & & & 9 G 'R!K G R K K 9 $ . . - . $. & 9 % ? - & , $ 9 9 , $&$$ ). '+5K .K $ .5K 5K&9.5K +5K . 5K 'K %$&. >'.C>. >) . & & ! 8 ?3ĉ4 5.2 Effect of Chemical Constituent on Physical and Mechanical Properties : . , $ $ $ . - $ $ . $ 9 , $ ; $ , 9 $ . $ - & $ #$ .$ . $ $& & && 5.2.1 Cellulose " $ 1 G $ $ . $ $. . #$ & $.$. $. 5.2.2 Hemi-cellulose / ,$ $ - . $ & $ 5.2.3 Lignin ) $, 9 $ & & & & #$ - $ & $$ $ 5.2.4 Extractions *9 9 . & , $ - & , ;$ 9 $ ;$ ;$ - $ 6 Defects and Countermeasure 6.1 Defects of Bamboo Timber $ & $ . - . $ $ 9 @ & , . - & , & . & 1 * $ . , : . R & .& $ & $. , & $ $ ;& , ., $>/. & $ . 6.2 Preservation and Mildew-proof of Bamboo $ & ) $ # , , &- % $ $ $ , &B $ & 9 . &. # % B 9 . , $ 6.3 Moisture Absorption, Cracking and Bending . #$. $ & , $ References @ B: ! -! & : 7 $ & & $ #$ 55 .3 4B 5R S ($ , ? TU F$B ( ) . !!!. R . 2 R+ 6$ 6 F % $ 7 555. !3 4B+R ' V V $ % , - 9&7 55 . 34B'5R' ' Chapter 2 Processes &Equipments for Bamboo Daily Products & < $ G & ! 5. . 7%#$& $ & $ # < $ $ $, $ $ . &$ ? - ?B3 4 #343 4 # & $, . 1 & #$ 1 Bamboo Chopstick /& $ $ $ $ $ " $ $) $#$ #3$ 4B /& $N $N $3''4N $N" $N $N $N) $N#$ 1.1 Raw bamboo cutting B $ 3 + 4 , . & B B: B$ & G$ B$ G$ B & $ # , $ # B , 2#. R+ $. '. 2 , = $ #, #. $ & # 5R2. &$ # & $ , $# $ $3 # 4# 3 4 / & $3 4/ $ $# B 9 34B '5 2 8 ?3ĉ4 3 E4B 55 & 3#&4B52' ? 3 $Y&Y $434B! 9'5 9! @ & $ 3#$4B'5 1.2 Splitting ($ / $ B & $ G $ $ , $ # ) $ & # $ 1 . $ # , $ 1 - ? +9+ ' # $ 9 2.$ & . $ $ 1 - #) . # 3($ 4 / $ $ $ $ , ' F B & 3#&4B ? 3 $9&9 $434B '592559 525 @ 6 $3#$4B 5 3 E4B'5R+5 0*1 " 1.3 Sharpening round (partial edge) *# . $& ? 1 6 # $&$ / $ $ B & 3#&4B52' ? 3 $9&9 $434B'559 559+55 ($ / $ # @ 6 $3#$4B 5 3 E4B 5 ! 8 ?3ĉ4 1.4 Sharpening spiky $ $ # $ # 3 ($ 4 #3# 4. # $ F '5.555 ($ $ / $ $ ' $ 3 $4 +=# $2" , $ $ B 3 E4B'5R 5 & 3#&4B52' ? 3 $9&9 $434B '5592 59!!5 @ 6 $3#$4B 2 $# B#3# 4 $ $. & # & $ $ . & , & 5 0*1 " 1.5 Bleaching $ , $ 0 & $$ B@ ;>. 2KR 5K.!KR K $ $ B# # $ & . $B ; $B # & & . &;> 5 , ? $ 559'59'5&+5.555 $ 3$ 4B & . # 3# 4 ;> $ 3 $ 4 & $ & . $, ;> BF ) . > $B @ >2 @ >2& .# R K&& # 3# 4 3 $ 4 & ;>DŽ $ ,$ & 9 $ & ;> G& , $ $ 1.6 Drying " $ B # B 5 ć G B " $ $$ $ 5ć. & 5R K. & #3# 4 1.7 Polishing $ $ #. 3 ($'4 5.555 # $ # , 8 ?3ĉ4 / / $ 1.8 Inspecting & # / 1 B .. . $ 1 $ 1 ($' / $ $ 1.9 Packing ) 2 Bamboo Mat 0*1 $ $ B /& $N $ 3, 4 N $ 3 ? 4N $N $N" $N N6 ,$N $ $N*$ $N) -#$ 2.1 Raw cutting /&B, <$ &$ # , '.' & . /& . $ &3 & 5 # , 4 = $ 1 B . 5 $ $ $ $ 3, 43($+4 0*1 " ($+ $ / $ 0 # 0 $ 1 # 3 # 4 $ ? 1 $ > & . & & ) . ? F $ = & , 3($24 )& . &. ## , . & & $G 1 $ F # @ $ # & . $ & ( ,$ 6N $ CN $ ) , N $ ' B ( $ 3E4B+2R!2' & 3#&4B9 ? 3= $969; $434B 5592'9! 5 & $3#$4B 55 2.2 Shaping bamboo mat slice (Fig.8) $ $ $ , $. $ $ $# < 1 $ $$ $ & $ . $ & , & $3 $ $ $ . # 4 " ,$& ( $ $ B 8 ?3ĉ4 ( $ 3E4B25R 5 & 3#&4B5. 5. ? 3= $969; $434B 5!9 559 '5 & $3#$4˖'55 2.3 Bleaching $ $ B @ ;>. 2R 5K. 5K $ . $B 0*1 " & & . &;> ;> . & ) . - ?. . $$# $$ 5 3 R #$E4 2.4 Drying $ # . & # . / 1 & $B 5ć . ' $ $ $ 5ć. 5R K. & ) $ / 1 B $ # & , . 1 & ,$ 2.5 Weaving (drawing) 6 , . 25 3 $ 4 / : % $ $ ") , $*/ $ B 3E4B5 2R5 & 3#&4B52'.5 ! ? 3= $969; $434B 9' '9 2' & $3#$4B '55 2.6 Pressing and coating $ $( #3 $$ 4. $&& #& $ $ $ $ 5'R5 . ; $ $ 5ć. $ 'R 2.7 Edge sealing &$ ' 8 ?3ĉ4 2.8 Packing / 1 #$ B $ &, . $ $ . * 3 $$ 4 ($!6 ,$ + 0*1 " '5.555/ , 553 9 $ & $ & 4 $ R' 3, 555E4 $ 3 4. ' 3 $. . # 4. & , '5.555/ 9 55. & & # 3 Bamboo Mah-Jong Mat /& $N $N $N $N $N& $ $N $N $N $N $N $$3 4 3.1 Raw bamboo cutting (see drawing 1) , + B $ & #.& $ 3 4. # $ 3.2 Splitting (usually done by hand) $ $ &$ 9$ $ $ 3.3 Stripping # - - . & # $ ? ? @ B2.+.''. . $$ - $# $ . & . $ $. $$ ($ 5 $ $ 2 8 ?3ĉ4 $ $ ' $ $ 3& .9 4 3.4 Small cutting (see Fig. 11) 3.5 Punching bamboo parts into Mah-Jong pieces. &, $ $ $ G & $ $ $ , & $ .& $# , $ ($ $& &$ ( $ '/ 3.7 Drilling (see drawing) " & ? 3 '4 $ 1 . . $ $ $ $ ? 3.8 Wet grinding (see Fig 13) $ & $ $ & $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $. $ $ $ R' . & $ & & $ $& 0*1 " ) .$ $ $ - $ .# $ $ 1 & " $ : ' $ & +> $ $ 2 $ ( $ , / 6 $ $ ! 8 ?3ĉ4 3.9 Bleaching $ B '95'95' 3.10 Drying 8 # . $ & . $ # R 5K 3.11 Polishing $ . #$ G & $ $ B+R $ 1 $ . $ . 3.12 Selecting . $ . $ Z . $ 3.13 Stringing (by hand) 8 @ $ $ % 9 55 3$ 4 255 3 4 ? '9 !' $ % '5.555/, & -7$ . $ 55R'53 9 $ $$& # 4 4 Bamboo Stakes (Toothpicks) #B /& $N $N $N $N $N" $-) $N $N: $N) $-#$ 4.1 Raw cutting (see Fig. 1) / 1 B, + . 1 . # . 1 $. $ 5 & # , 5 0*1 " 4.2 Stripping (see Fig. 6) @ 1 & . . $ 1 & 1 $ . 4.3 Selecting (see Fig. 7) # 1 R 1 # @ #$ $ #B # & .# & . & 4.4 Slicing (see drawing 8) $ &$ $ 1 4.5 Bleaching # & $ , $ )$ , .& , & 1 & B 9 $ $ B@ ;> 3 2R 5K4 . & B 4 $ B # ;> & $ 5 4 B # ;> 5 & $ . , & , 4.6 Drying " . 5KR K 5ć 4.7 Basic material cutting and grinding for the toothpicks (see Fig. 14&15) # $ . $ $ -$ $ R +' $#3 $ $ $ 8 ?3ĉ4 &$ 6 #$ # 6 $ $ $ $ $ $ B 6 #$ $B 5R2 5 =$ 3 4B5 2 & B ' > ? 3 $9&9 $434B!'59 559! ' 0*1 " & $3#$4B 55 4.8 Sharpening (Fig. 16) ($ + $ # A ( $ $ $ $ $ B 3 E4B'5R+' 34B 'R $34B+' & 3#&4B52' > ? 3 $9&9 $434B '9 + !!5 & $3#$4B' $ $ 3& $ $ 4 > 5.555 $ $# $, 8 ?3ĉ4 4.9 Inspecting ) & $ # G $ $ 1 @ 1 $# #% #$ $ 4.10 packing #$ Chapter 3 Status and Prospect of Small and Daily Bamboo Products & .&, 5$ , '55 # . $ & . & [C$\ $ , 5 $. , < . & , $ ? 9 . & $ & . . . & . , ), $$ $ . ) & # 9$ ; 0 6 $ . = -7 F , . $ . #. . , . 55.!5K 9 7. / C ; ) @ S F$ , % $ $ .)< # $ , $ 9 1 Uses of small and daily bamboo products , & . & , B . .. . & .# .# & & $ 7 7 $ . $ , & $. $ . $ #$ ) & . 7 555. ' # / C $ % * & , $ , ' 8 ?3ĉ4 2 Technology and related equipments $ ) # $ 9 . B . #$. $. $ . . &$. $. $. $ , . - $. $. $. & $ ? 1 1 $ , , . $& $.&, $. & . ' ) ! 5. & . & # . , $. $ $ . & & , & $ $ & , & , . ! 5. 1 & 7. $ - . # . # . # B . , - . . . ? " $ $ . &$ 1 # & . . , & < 7 & & . & & $ F , ( 9 . $$ & & ( F , !! 9 5 8 " $ , ? ? 1 9 & . &< $ 3 Prospect of daily bamboo products in China is bright 6 , < ,$ , . , & & #. . . $ $ .& ) . $$ G + " & 7. / C . : % 9 , '5 8 " # F , . $ # $ & . $ 9 ) . 55 # . $ 5 V ( . $ $#$ & 1 $ '5 V 4 The magnitude of the domestic bamboo manufacturers S F$. ( F. ; . 7$9. ; . % . , 55 & $ , V & '5 & ? $ 9 $ & $ V 9 '5 8 " $ , & & & B & . $ 1 F ( 9 .& !!- !!'. 93 555 4 & # 7 & 2 8 " # 8 "% !!'. 8 " 8 " 9 , '58 " !!- !!' '58 " & . 1 , . $ , , & 9 B $$ 1 , & $ 1 6 . & B $ . $ 1 . , & $. $ & 9 . % $ , . ) , 7 && , $ $ 7 !!+. $ 1 && & & $ 6 # , 9 % & $ . $ ) . 2 8 ?3ĉ4 & & 8 " $ && 9 & & & 5 Social and economic benefit. , , $ $ $ . $ , , ( . $ $ , . $ , . < % & $ , . $ # 9 . & & , 255.555 V . $ , $ # 9 . 9 V ( . , , $ , . . &. ,$ $ , (. , $ $ 5- 5K , # & $ , > $ 9 . !! . 9 & 5 V . '+ V 9 V 6 Experience and recommendations , & , , , =#$# & $ . 9 , &B ( . , # & $ & $ # , $ F , 6 $ , # . , # $ , & - -, , . , & , 5# >, !5K , 9 . $ 9 & . 1 > 1 $ % # & $ . $ " . $ 1 , $ ( . & / . $ $ & , $ ? 1 # $ # ? , . , # . # $ & .#$ & $ 7. C .; .) & F , > $ $. $ [ \ [ ?\ [ \ B 8 $ $G8 $ 1 $G 8 $ $ G 8 $ [> ?\ ? # $ , $ , # > $$ B $ $ , $ . $, $ $? , 9$ $ ( . $, $ $ . $, $ , . # $ $ & # $ . $ . $ $ . ?$ , . $ , $ # ) , F $, , , . $ & , $ & ! Chapter 4 Recent Situation of Bamboo Curtain Production, Market and Prospective in china 1 General situation of bamboo curtain % $ # . ? 7. 8 % & $ ;& , . $ & . , $. , & $ 7 & # $ $ . $ 7 9 , $ & ,$. & , . ,$) !'5 !+5% .& $ # . . $ 6 , . # & 9 2 History, output, scales of factories and the economic benefits ) $ $ . $ $ # 3 4 ) . & & , .& & # . !!5 & >, . $ . $& 55 & 8 . 8 . , . 8 , $ , , & , . $ & . & , F 9 . & ) & , 8 . 55-'55 & . 555- 555 & # & , ' 8 ?3ĉ4 & , 9 $ & . $ . # , . $ ) . , $ 1 $. & , 3 Prospect of domestic and foreign markets # )& . # % # . $ & # , & # # ) , $ - 3 4. & $ & ' Chapter 5 China Bamboo Mat $ $ & & $ . S;*7)%@:ǃ(87)%@ǃ7)%@:I) ;8@%@ , ) . # . 9 %ǃ* ǃ@ % $ 1 Development of China Bamboo Mat . & $ & & 6 , $ .$ $ ! 5 &, . . F$ ǃ $ ? 2. Bamboo Mat’s Feature 2.1 Technical Feature $ , . 1 . $ & . 1 ,$ $ ?. . ,$$ 3 4 $ 1 & 1 ( > %,$ ,$ $ ? 1 5K ;$ ǃ & ǃ $ 1 !5K =&ǃ$ ǃ $ ǃ ' 8 ?3ĉ4 2.2 Products feature : , & ,$ $ . $,$ $ $ 6$, .<, ) , $ . 3 Technological Processing of Bamboo Mat : . $ & #$ $. $. $. $. $. E ?. $. $. & ,$. #$#$ 3.1 Bamboo selecting $ . $ , %$ . +!K G< #$( 9 $ & . $ #& ? 3.2 Manufacturing $ $ & $ $ " $% $ 1 . $ & ,$ $" & $ . .# ' $E E ? # G & ? & # $ + " $ . # & - . $& - $ 2 $# 1 6 ,$&, $ 1 ! #$#$ B & ,$G , $ G $ .G & $ ' 3.3 Matters Requiring Attention &# # $ ? , . . $ 1 , 4 Products and Structure 4.1 Series Products % . , . 9 . . F$ . . & , & . , $ . $ ?&, & 4.2 Structure. % $ & & ,$. # . #. # #), , 5 Economic and Social Benefits Analysis 5.1 Economic Benefits , $ , % & 9 $ &$ > . & $ & $. ,$ , , & , ? , . < 5.2 Social Benefits. $ &$ & ) $ 5K , . $ & $ # # ,$ $ .& ,. , $ ) F $ < # , 6 Research and Development Direction of Bamboo Mat > $ , $ . . , 1 . , , & $ % . , ? 1 . '' 8 ?3ĉ4 . 9 $ & , . & [ ] ] \ . , . < % .$ # 8 @) " , > $?& $, 9$ . $ $ , .)< # & ) #$ & & #& '+ Chapter 6 Bamboo Flooring 1 Properties of Bamboo Flooring $. & , & &$. $. $- $. $. $. $. $. $ $. $. 1 $ . , % $ . , & . ? $, $ , ? & $ $.$ - . $ . 1 , . , . & < $ .$ # ) , ? $ $ & # $ G # $ ? $ . & '2 8 ?3ĉ4 , $ & ($ 2 Processing Technology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he Latest Progress of Bamboo Flooring ? # , $ $ . & - % . . . . -& $- -& & , , - ( 8, 3.1 Bamboo Composite floor & , & B> $ $ . '! 8 ?3ĉ4 $ F -& , , # $ -$ &$& > - - . . , # & $ ., & % $- -& G $, $ . $&, -$ &$&& # $ 9 . 91 . $ $ $- -& S=!' 2 '2 %$ # . & $ 9 . & ? 3.2 Hollow bamboo floor ; & .#$ 1 $ & & $ 1 F $ # $ B F. $ F -F; & & $ , < . $ = $ F# $ , & % -F. & 9 $. & .& $ $ 9 ; & , . ,$ $ $ -? ; & . 3.3 Reconstituted Bamboo Flooring 8 #$ . $ , & , & F & $. # $& $&1 +5 Chapter 7 Bamboo Floor-A Perfect Combination of Science- Technology and the Nature V . = % F , . ?$ $ . ) 25 / V . & , +55.555 5K , 9 : . ( . 8 . . ) . 7 & , : ) . $ $ $ : " = , . $ # 9 V 1 Macro environment < , % , ? , . , $ $ , & & & $. $ . . $ & % # & , - $ ) $ , , , $ , &$ --- $ & $ &$ # .$ $ $ . $ $ & . . $ . . $ & & . , $ &$ , $ $ $ $& 6 $ , . V . = & ? # $ & $ & ? ,$ & $ 6 $ $ . $[ \ 9 5K & 5 [ , \ + 8 ?3ĉ4 2 Resources $ & V . = % 1 ; $ & & , ,$ $ # , $ 9 . , $ B #$ . $ $ . . ) & & . # & .& $1 #& . # $ . . .& $ .$,$ $ $ % , . , , 1 $ [ \ 3 Management # . $ , 6 1 $ $ # $ $ & F *9 & # . & $ . $ , *, [F \$ 6 # F $ & F & # & # 6 [$ \ 4 High standard of technical requirement [# 0 $ . , .# $ , - , \ &F , # $6 , . , & $ - $ # '. . !. 6 # .# $ + ( -% - $ @ $ .& , $ & ) & . . , ) & < , 1 . , $ , $ , . . . . - . & - . 9 $ & * $ * . $$ , $ [V \ &55 , . $ $ , . $ . $ $-1 [V \ .$ . . . . . G & & 1 - ) 7 : $ $ 1 # $ 1 : $ = B . ! # ) ' # # "$ [ ,$&,$ \*, #& S $1 , ) # # & . # $ , & ˈ #&& . $ . , B . # $ & . & # , $ 1 V #&& , , : $ = F B[)$ & & , & $ 1 @ V%8 , & , $ ˈ & && \ V%8 , --- - $ & . #$ F 5 Selection and maintenance for bamboo floor B + 8 ?3ĉ4 $-1 . # $ & . & # . , $1 V #&& , , B, # . , & $ # & ( & , $ $ + Chapter 8 Bamboo Concrete Form . . $ 5 R& .& ,$ . $. $$ - $.# ) . & $ $ , -- 1 Properties & &.$? ?$ $) &($ 2 Processing Technology $ &B 2.1 Bamboo Strips Processing . & $ . $ $ . $ . $ . $ . $ 6 $ . $ , $ $ ., 3 $ 4. ? 3 4 ? 1 $ # , $ +' 8 ?3ĉ4 $ 5R '5. & !5R 55 6 &$. # $ $ & $ # , $ $ $ . $ . &$ 55 $ & & & ,$ 5R5. & ,$ 5R ' & % . , & $ && ., $ ? $ , # . & # & $ . & . &* $, . & ,$. $1 $ & & 1 , . & & ,$ . $ , & & # & & $ & & ? . $ & 1 ) , $ & 1 # 1 # 8$ & . 1 1 $ # 1 & $ ; $ # & .$$ $ $. , # $ 1 # 1 -# $ & # & . # $ # ) ,# . & ,$ $. & , # $ $ $ 1 $ $ $ = $ & ? & $ 5R5) . & ., , . ? # R ') $ # . # 'R5 ) $ . $ ) , 1 $ . $ , , # ? . 5+R52. , 1 $ & , 2.2 Bamboo Curtain and Mat Weaving & 5R5 . & $ ) # . F & && [$ \% . ++ ( & . . ) & . , , ? &, & $ B $ && ,$ & .+5R 5 $ $> . ? $ & & ,$ $ & . 55R 5 $ $ 9 , & , ? ) . , & , < 1 . &, & &, & 5'R52# $ < & . $- $. F 1 &, & $ & , ? & ,$ [ \ [&\ & ,$.& , [ & \.[ &&&\ ? & , .#$ $ # & 5 , $ , $ & & ,$ 5R '% & ,$. $ , $ $ 2.3 Bamboo Curtain and Mat Drying , , #$ . $$ 6 , , $ & $$ 1 & . & , & & & & $ & & $ $& & .& $ $ $ & & , & $ $& $& & & $& " $ $ $ & , & , % $$ $. $ .& & , $. & $ $ & , $ 8 , $ . $ $ +2 8 ?3ĉ4 .& , , $ $ $ . , $ . & " $ $ $. F $ $ ) & ,$ . 1 # 1 & &. &# #$ . $- 1 #- $ $ ? " $ & , $$ ) $. > . & , # & 1 #- & $ $ # & & , & ). $ , $ $ @& $ 1 $ $ $ $ & . $ &F $ $ $1 2.4 Glue Spreading $ . # & % 1 & ? ? $ -$ , $& # $ $ ? , 1 .$ $ . $ & - $ $ - & .& 5R 5$E $ $ $ . #$ $ $ , $ $ , $ $$ $ . & - ) $ $ $ $ ? $ $ % . 1 $ $ $ . , $ $ 1 $% $ .$ $ , $ . . $ . 9. $ $ $ . $ # $ 9 $ $ " $ , $ R $ $ $ & , B & +5R 5ćG 5R 55ćG $ 55R 5ć $ + ( $ $ $ $. $ . $ $ , ? $ , $ 1 . $& +R 5 , $ , ? $ % $. $ $ 5KR+5K & $ $ , ? & 'KR5K % . $ 3& 5KR5K4 .. , . # $ $$ $ $ $ 2.5 Assembling and Hot-pressing % $ $ $ . $ $. & & $ . &. # ) $.# & & B $ . $ , & ,$ . ? . $ & # ) $ $ $ $& . $ $ ) $. & 1 # . & 9 G 1 ? ? < & < $- . $ & , . $ $) # & $ .& 1 # ) $ . & - . - $ . - #$ & - 9 & $ . $1 $ G . $ & $ # . $ $ $ B $ .$ $ - $ . $ & 6 $ $ . $ . & - > $ $ $ , &$ $ . & # # " - $ &$ B , & $ $ & $ . $$ % +! 8 ?3ĉ4 $.$ $ $ $& # & $ $ & -$ & # $ & - . & - - $ $ , - $ # # $ , $ $ $. $ ( 9 . $$ 5R 5#. # , 55 $ # $ $ $ $ . - $. $ - $ & $. , $ - $ R '. 9 'R5. 5 ; $ $ ) $. $ . & . $ & & $ . #$ $ & 1 $ 1 . $ [ \ $..& . $ '5ć. $ 1 & % .& $ . ,& $$ 5R '5ć $ , & &. $ , . $ @ 9 - , , .$ & $ & $ 6 $ '5ć. # ) $. $ & . 'KR'K.& $ $ & $8 $ . & . & . $ $ $ $ $& $ $ & $ , 1 , $ . $ .& 25 ( & . $ $ 1 " & # . $ & &. & ) $. F $ 1 . .& / $ $ $ 2.6 Product Finishing ) $ $. $ $. $$ $. $ 9 $- $ ) ? ? . $- $ # . $ ? *$ $ $$ . & & % &$.& $ .& $ $ & - . $ 3 Application and Problems 3.1 Application % &# & # & . , & . -$ $ $-$ -$ - & 5 < .& , $ - . & $ , & & # 9 , # F F$> 1 . % . . V$ $ $. $$ $ & %F 5 & $ ?. " , $ $ , , - $ 3.2 Problems Z 1 , $ $ . #$ $ ) $ 1 , , ) $ . & - $ , 9 . , 2 8 ?3ĉ4 # % & #& . & F , & . & . $, 1 .<& 9 6 , . & $ $ $ 9 , G & . $ @ $ . . & $ . 2 Chapter 9 Bamboo-based Panels - # $ # #$ $ & ,$ $ &.$ . $. , $ & &&. $ $. 9 . - $-? # . . , . . & .$ $ $ . $ , . - & $? .$ $ . $ - .? F $ $ . $ $ ) 9 ? , 9 1 Characteristics of Bamboo =# &. $ . $ $ #. . &&. $ $. $ 9 .$ $ < & 3 4* ., $ $ $ . , &, , . . $. & . , 1 . . $ . 34 .& . & .$ $$ ) & . # # & $ . , 3 4&$ , . $ 2 & & & # . $ $ $ 2 3 48 , - , , . . #$ . .$ $ . .& $ ? $, 3 4" 2 8 ?3ĉ4 " , , & , #$ . $ . & $ 6< #. ,$ )$ . $ 5B &. 5B ( . . , & G $ $ ? 3'4 # . . $ &.& . $.$& '+5K. $ K. 5 +5K. &9 5 5K. , # . & $ $ . $ . , 3+4;$ $- $ & & . #, $$ . #< $ && $. $- # . &. $ #. , $ $ $ - ( % . $ . $ F $ ? % $ $ & ,$. & . $. . 9 ? 2 Properties of bamboo-based panel ( . & , $ . . . ,$ & ,$. @& - - , &- . &&- &B $&. . ? G ;$ $. $ . $ - G ? $ F $ $ G / ,G , G $$ , 1 2 - 2.1 Physical properties of bamboo-based panel & , ) F & # - ) &B MH M 5 H Y 55 M 5 ;B% 3K4G ;B & $ 3$4G >B" & $ 3$4 % . & 5K &. K " " & $ , . &$ B W V B 3$E 4G 6B & $ 3$4G AB , 3 4G " #$ & $ 3K4 h h H h ;B #$ & $ 3K4G B $ & 34G B $ & 34 $ &; . $ & & $ 2.2 Mechanical properties of bamboo-based panel $ $B>/ ) < $ . &B 2' 8 ?3ĉ4 4 P 4 L Mor 4 b 4 h >/B $34G B $& $3@4G =B" 34G B &34G ;B # 34 : $ $E $ ) 9 $ $ . $ P A B B $ $ $34G B9 $ #$& $ 3@4G %B & 34G B $ 34 ) 9 ) $ & # & ) &B A T b 4 h B) 9 37E4G %B $ 374G B &G ;B $34 B>* ) $ . B 4 4 P L MOE f 4 b 4 h >*B 34G =B" 34G 2+ - B &34G ;B # 34G P f B% , $- $ , & 3 Structure Principles of Bamboo-based Panels & , ) .$ . $ - > . & 1 $ $ ?% $ $, $ . ,$ &$ ( &. # . . & 3($4 & . & 9 $ $$ , $ ) &. $ $ ? ) . ? F 1 $ $ $ 22 8 ?3ĉ4 $& $ . & $ , &. $ - $ $ . $ & $ 1 ? $ & 8 . & . $ $ . 9 9 $ $ .& .& & , .& & , . # & $ $ )& & 1 $ , ( . & - . & 3 !!!4 4 Component Unit and Classification 4.1 Component Unit &# $ $. $ . $). - 3($ 4 $ $ & & $ $ % . $5 < , . - +5- 5 & , 5-25# & # . &- & &$ 5- 5&& , $ $ . & , $ # & , 3& 5-5.# 5 -54 - . $ ., $ - . . - 4.2 Classification ) , . $ $ , ) $ 2 - $ - . $ $ & , 4.2.1 Bamboo Plywood & $ $ , $ 9 # & & 3 , 4 B 3 4 & R # &, . , & $ R' > & $ #& #$$ $ & ,.& # . $ $ $. # $ & ,$ $ & ? - @ 9 1 ;& , . , ? ) & . & , & $ , & 3 $@ 4). 1 & . ; S F$ , , . 5.555R 5.555 34 &3 #- &4 ( . # &. & & ,$ , . & . &, 6 . & & #- & , , $ # E % # - & # $ " $ $. & $ 1 . . , 5 % # . $ >/ 1 $ 55.& >/ & . & "$ $ # & 2! 8 ?3ĉ4 , $# & # .& , 1 . , ? # S F$.7$9. ˈ; ; , & 5.555R 5.555 3 4 & % $ & ,$. # &, & & $ & , 3 $ #$4. $ & 6 $& ,$, . $.$ $ $. - #$. , $ &" 1 . # # . $ , . & 3 4 &3 & 4 3 # $ 4 # 3 # & $ 4 & - " . 3 - 4 - $ $ - & ,$ & $ $ & & $B $. $ #$. $. $ $ > 1 1 , , ? ; .; . 7$9. S F$ 7$ , . : $ . # & F 55.555 4.2.2 Bamboo Particleboard 3 4 ) & $ ? . & . , , - . . & $ % $. & 9 , B , . $$$ $ ? 5 - $ ? ) . & & # $ 1 3 4 , & & $ , ? & $ ? & , $ .$ 3>/4 & $ $ ) . , 1 ? 34/ ) . 3 1 , 4 , 3 4 $ & $ . E , $ / , & & E , $ 4.2.3 Bamboo-based composite % $ $- . 1 , +' . # & $ . & , . +R 5K 1 & % $ & ? ? . & $ $ $ , $ $ $ , ' & $$ ! 5.& $ . $ $, # - > .& . F 9 G . $ 1 > $ $ 1 . F . . $ $ . -& . , , 8 ?3ĉ4 3 4-& , -& . $ . & # # , ;, $ $ $ 1 . $ & '. >/L 5. >/L 555 3@ & $ >/4 34-& & # # & , & 5R ' # & & $ & $ $ 6 . $ -$ $ & & 3 4-& & & ) & $-& & 1 $ . & 9 & 3 4 # # . $ $ $. , 9 9 & ;$ $ $ .-& & &&9 # # .& $ # % , $ - $ $ $ &$ . $ . 5 Processing Technology of Bamboo plywood 5.1 Processing with Soften-flatten Technology 5.1.1 Flow chart $ && - $ &B ė $ ė ,$ $ ,$ ė& $ ė $ $ ė $ $ ė $ & ė $ $ - $ ė $ $ ė &$ $ ė $ $ $ ė - $ ė $ ė $ & $$ ė $ $ - $ $ &9 & 1 , $ &&$ $ # .& $ 5.1.2 Material preparation , & , ! $ 3 $. 4 & . & & $ . # & $ & $ & , B $ . $ $ $ $ $ ' ) . 1 # .& $ G 9 . $ ? $ , . ' . $$ .& $ & . $ $ . $ .! 5 % $$ & . $ , . $ & &$1 , 1 $& && . . $ 1 & . . 9 $ . ? . & .&& 1 & $ $ & 1 ) $ &$ . $ , 9 $ & $ . $ && &$ , . $ & " . , & $ 5.1.3 Processing of bamboo strips $ $ $. ,$ . $. $. $ . $ $ $ ) $ $ $ $ ? 1 ) $. $ $ $ $ $ $ & # $ $ % . # ' $. $. ? . $ . & . $ $ . ,$ $ $ $ 8 ?3ĉ4 / ,$ $ $1 $ $. , $ #> # .&& $ # $ , $ . & $ $ . $1 , ). $ & 1 $ $ . $ / ,$ # # & . $ $ $ $ . , 1 $ # . $$$ $ 1 $. $ . $ & 6 $ . 9 $ $ & $. $ , # & . & . $ & $6 $ . $ , , $$$ $ $ # #$ & 25R 5ć R 1 . & & " $ . & 9 & < - - . $ & 5R '5ć. && ( $ ) - $ & 6 $ - - $ $ $ &$ $ $ $ & , , $ $ ).& $ $ . $# & $ . 1 #& $ # $ $ " $ - $ $ & % $ . 'KR'5K( # $ $. 1 8 , & , . K 1 K " < # $ , #$ $ $. & , ) # $ &. , $$ $ 5.1.4 Assembling & hot pressing : $ % & ) 5R 5 # $ $ 1 - $ 55R '5$E $ .& 9& KR K & #$ #$ $ .?$ 1 ? $ $. $ $ % $ )$ $ , $ # & 1 $ $ $ # & # $ & # # ''KR25K$ # , # , , , #, 1 $ $ & . & & $ $. $ , & &$ - $ ) , 1 &. $ . , , $ & $ . - $ - # & % . $ $ , - $$ $ , $ , .&# - $ & 9& #$ , . & - $ 5 R 5% $ $ . - $ $ $ . !5R 5 % &. $ . ;- $$ $ ' 8 ?3ĉ4 ) $. - & $ $ & ( . , & # & 8 . $ $ $ $ $) $& , $ $ & $ $ $ 1 $ ) $ 1 $ ) $ ) $ . & $ $ . & , #$ $ % $ . , $ 9 ( . . .& $ & . . , & & # $ $ & , $ % &. 9$ $ .& $ $ . , ) $ . # , $ . $ & $ . , & . & $ , : ., & ). , $$$ $$ % . - , # $ $ . &. . $ , % $ . & $ $ $ . $ & & , $ . , # $ $ & , $& , . ) & . 55ć . & 9 $ $ 6 $ . 9 & & , $ & $& , $ & G & $, 2'R '5 . & $ $ , . & $, & & & + - 9 . $ & ) $ .& $ . , & 1 # . , & & , & 9 & , . & . , $ #& $ & 1 , & 9 . & & & : . $ $ ( . 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" $ $ $ . $ $ $ ) $. , & 9 , $ $ & $ . $ & > . . $ $ & . $ $ . 2 8 ?3ĉ4 & - & % $ # . $ 5.1.5 Finishing 6 &# $ . $ % . $ $ , , $ $ $. & & & & - $ , $ &$ $ 1 $ & , &$ #.& $ $$ G , 1 . $ 5.2 Processing with planing technology # , & # B ė $ $ ė $ $ $ 0 $3 - . - . - $ 4 $ $ ė , ė$ ė ė $ ė $E - - $ 3 $ $E$ ,$4 & $ ,$ ė $ ė$ ė$ $ ė#$$ė $ $ $ 1 $ , 9 - #$. & , $ .& $ $ $ 1 3 $ "; 4 ) , , ? &3 'R5K4.& $& $ $ , . 55 $ & , , 5 6 Bamboo particleboard - $ & % $ $. $ . $- $ $ & # $ , ?@& . & % . & . $ $ , .# , & $ ) - . & $ $ $ $ $ - $ ( . & $ $ . . & $ $ . - $ &# & & ) .$ , . & , $ , & . & - &. & # % S=! 5252 ) .F , > , & $ ? $ , & 9 7 MarketˈChallenges and Opportunities 7.1 Market ,$ $$ . .$ $ $ . 9 . - , & , . . $. . &. . 7.1.1 Structural Material - & # . . $. . $$ &. $ .$$ ) . & & , ) #. . 9 &$. &$ , $ , , & $. # . &( 9 . # & $ #. #.9&$ &$ '. '.'525 , .& $ & . # '.. 5 ' , && . & ,$ & . & . , '5 # , $ & . 5 & 9 &$ ! 8 ?3ĉ4 &$ & 9 55555 -&, 9&$ / " , 9-&$ . 9 '555 -& # & & & &% & # $ ?$ & &G & , & 1 . >* -&. , *$ $ / @F$( 8, . &, )# $ $ . $.$ $. % . , .555.555*8 . 55.555 )$ % $ $ # . $ $& $ . $ & & & && , !+5 ! 5 !!5. , - , & ,$ $ ? $ ) . , - @& - # % 9 55 , & , '55555+55555 7.1.2 Decorative Material & &. ,$ $$ .& . $ , $ , # $ & $. , $. $ # . 55 $. & . 5 $ 9 & $. 1 & $ 1 !!5 " $ , . 1 $, , . 1 # ) & $ # ) , $ !5 - !!! .555.555 . & +5K-25K & 9 7 * ) $& 5 55 = = # $ -? &# ), # $$ # , . , $ & G 9 $ 7.2 Challenges ) . . . , $$G - & & $ .& , &$ B 3 4 , . #$ # # & & $ $ $& , & $ & $ . &E & . . & $ .&E &, . & $ , , 34=& B 9 $$ % . $ & , , & , $ 3 4* $ , $ & F 9 &$, & , , 9 . & , 9 $ 9 , 9 3A%4 2K. & & 5K. . 9 $ A% &$ 5R K . & , , $ . , 9 $ ,, . $ , , $ & 9 ! 8 ?3ĉ4 7.3 Opportunities 8 &. &- , . & 3"(4 # & . 8 % $ , $ $ , $ . 1 1 . $$ $ ) . < 6 > $? 36>4. # . . & $ ) 9.& & $ , - . & & , , , . . $, & & , ,$ $ . 1 . # $. 6 ,$ . $ . 6 . &$ , - B 7.2.1 Rich resources and available conditions for sustainable development / ,$ , ) , , 9 ) $ . $ , & , $ #$ 6 . , & 7.2.2 Select or develop those products with advantages in resources, technology and marketing channels as the mainstream products of an enterprise $ , $- &,$ $ &- & , & $ . 1 # ( - & , . . 6 ,$ $. # & & & . 1 . $ 1 # & .& . $ $ 7.2.3 Technology and equipment should be at a nationally advanced level and product quality reaches the standards of similar domestic products % &- $ # , $ , . . # & - $ . $ . $ $ ! - 7.2.4 An adequate investment intensity and corresponding technology and equipment % $& $ &- . $ , $- , & &- . 1 & & > & $ . 1 & 1 $ ? $ 1 . $ 1 - ;& , . $ . &. , 1 $ & .555R'.555 . $ ) ? $ 1 . 1 $. & $. 3$ & 4# $3$ $ 4.& 1 , & / R+ > . & 1 . $ & $ , . 1 & , "( 1 $ $. .$ , 1 $ $ . $ . 1 , & / R' & +5.555 8 Development Orientation 8.1 Development Orientation of Technology ) , $ & & &B . $ , G . & 9 ? $ - . 9$ [ -- \ 9 $ , & & [-\ G$- $ , $ & &- [;- [ & & $- & . $-$ # . - $ & $ 8.2 Mechanization and Continuous Processing $ - - . $ .& ,$ .& ,$.& ! 5 9 $ $ $ .# $ . $ . $ & ,$ . - & ,$ . & ,$ . & - - 6 , , . $ - ? & , % , - . 9$ ! 8 ?3ĉ4 &- . , ? > .& , $ . & $ $. & , 8.3 Modification of Adhesive @& - . # , $ ( % - , . . $ , , . & , < 9 1 $ - , $ $ .& 1 $ 3 '^'ć4 $ 3 & 554 - , $ & )& .& $ $ & $ % - , < & # & ( 9 . $ , . $ , & - , , - $ & # 8.4 Diversification of bamboo materials @& . - $ 6 $ $. $ $ . $ $ . . & . - $ [ $ &\ $ $ & ,$ $ $ G# & $ , ( 9 . $ . $ # &, 5R5 . $ $. $ &, ) . &- $ $ $ $ , S F$( 8, . ? $ . , # - $ $ & , 1 . 1 5R - / - $ , $ - , 9 , , $ $ ) - $ & $#$ `` $ &\ 9$& % & , 9 ! - 1 .- , #$$ & , 9 8.5 Trend of green industry $ . - ,$ & , & ( - . & , . , - , , % . , & & - . 9 . & # $ & % .& $ # - . & . # . & . 6 $ , . ,$& $, $ , , $ . - & , . . ,$ .$ $ & & $ , - , , - & # - $ Reference 7)%@: -9 . S;%@: Z- $. 7)%@: - 55 > . . # - 7 ( / . 34B ' - '+ S/ F . S .S$7 55 $ ),, - S$ $$ 55 " , S / F . V V 55 $ - F$B $ ; S / F $ , , & $ !' Chapter 10 Process and Properties of Bamboo Charcoal $ & $ $ ? $ 1 Classification of Bamboo Charcoal $ ? &B % $ B . . & G % $ $ B & $ . $ . F $ . . -# $ . ,$ . ?$ . -&, G % $ ? B &- . - $- G % $ B - " Term Definition # & : : & " & & ? . . & !2 8 ?3ĉ4 Term Definition # $ # ., $ & $ . # $ $ $ $ ; ?&, ; ?&, , # =&- ?$ 0'55ć - ?$ +55R 55 ć ;$- ?$ 1 55ć * / ˘5 d @ / 15 d 2 Process of Bamboo Charcoal ($ # /& 6 & " . - ? . ? . # " 5 2.1 Raw material selection " B .$ . - - &$ &$ ! B $ . , +- - $ B , & ? $ ) . & - - $ &$ & & 2.2 Pyrolysis facilities ($ # . ; $ ˗ . - - $ ˗ '.+- ? ˗2 $ ˗ -6 ## 3, ? ) , ## 3 4 " $ 3, ? 4 , # 2.3 Process of Carbonization !! 8 ?3ĉ4 (, ? Name Temperature Main characteristics Outputs / " . " $ , . $ 6 R '5ć " . > > - ? ǃ ǃ '5R2' . ć . $$ 9 . = $ ? 2'R '5 1 ć . $ $ # " . 9 =1 '5R'55 ć $ $ 9 . $ ;$R+5 1 ć $ $ ネ⚁ᕫ⥛˄ˁ˅ ᳔㒜⚁࣪⏽ᑺ˄ć˅ ($ / & ?$ 55 / / && B$ : : $ & & $ && $" $ & & $ & $ ) $ ? ? B $ . & ; B $ . & $ B $ . & B $ .$ 3 Properties of Bamboo Charcoal 3.1 Elements in Bamboo Charcoal * B . $ .9 $ 9 ? 6 9 ?. . $ 9 $ . $ . 9 $ , & * ? Carbonization Charcoal type C H O N temperature 55 +!5 +! ! 5 '55 ' + ! 5 255 22 5! + 5'' !55 ' ' 5 ! 5+! 555 ' 5' 5+ '55 2'!! 52 ! 5+5 3/ 4 " '55 +! 5'2 + 55 # - ' 5'+ + 55+ 5 8 ?3ĉ4 3.2 Chemical components of bamboo charcoal . , % / , $ . & $ 34. # 3C4. 3 4. 3% 4. $ 3$4. ) 3( 4. 3@4 $ & ? % , & A & , $>.>3 9 . 9 4. . $ & $ '5ŀ , $ & ? $ . >.>. . $ & , ? # . $ , (9 (9 $ , ).& &B (9 ˄˅J 55-3%]A4 %NN .K˗ ANN, .K (9 9 1 & < $ , (9 , & ? & , . 9 , $. & 9 $ $ , ,$ 1 3.3 Bamboo charcoal’s density 1 , & #$" #$ & $ , , . $ 5 m m PB Vේ V䱭 Vᄨ Vⳳ ˖ & $3$4 A˖ < , 3 4 A˖A < 3 4 A˖, 3 4 A˖ <, 3 4 ネ⚁ܙ฿ᆚᑺ˄JPO˅ ᳔㒜⚁࣪⏽ᑺ˄ć˅ ($ / & ? ˄˅ & $ , , . $ <, , & / ˄˅ / .˄˅ $ & $ , , . 9 , <, , & / & I- 3.4 Ph value of bamboo charcoal , $ ? 5 8 ?3ĉ4 < ? $ $ $ & +55ć +55ć .& 0+55ć &$& ˚+55ć # . $ ? . $ # & . . , &$ $ , < , & . # . . $ 3C4. 3@4 , 3.5 Humidity absorption & 255ć 555ć 8 , !'K. K 6 & '55ć +55ć , .& +K K , 3.6 Electronic resistivity < , & ? 6 ? 255ć. , , . ' 5f 5- g&, $ , 6 , 255ć. < , && , ($' & ? , 5 3.7 Specific Surface Area of Charcoal 6 ? 255ć. $ ' E$.& &3˘'55ć4. ? . . 6 ? $˄˚ 55ć˅ˈ $ $ . & 555ć. , 3.8 Microstructure 3.9 The far infrared ray feature ) & &, $ 52+ 52+R 555)) , 352+- ')4. 3 '-'+)4. 3 - )4 3 '- 555)4 F . .& &, - ) $ . $ & .&$ $. $ * 3 4( . ( , $ & #. $ $ 8 <$, . 9 , 34 N ) 1 & & ,$ $ , . . # & . . , / / ' + 2 $ 5!5 5!5 5! 5!5 5!5 5!5 5! 5!5 Z ? 5!5 5!5 5!5 5!5 5! 5!5 5!5 5! ( F 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5' 8 ?3ĉ4 @ B $ & &, $˗˄ -'˅) $ ˗ ')˗ !'5)ˈ' 5+)˗+ 5)˗2 ')˗ ˄ -'˅) $ ($+()/ *, ($2/ & , &, $ 5+ ($ $ ? , 3.10 Negative Ion Functions % 9 9 $ . $ . 9 ) . $ ;& , . # 3 , . , . , . 4. $ # $ . $ & ? & & $, . & $, , $ & $, 9 $ >;j / 6 .$ . $, 6 & . & ? $, %& & 9 . & ? ( 1 $, & & $, # . $, [, \% $ . $, 1 $, . 3 4>k , ) , $ 34@ $, $ . $$ 52 8 ?3ĉ4 3 4 9 . $ .. . ) & 3 4 . & 25 $, $ . $, 5 Chapter 11 The Application of Bamboo Charcoal, Bamboo Active Charcoal and Bamboo Vinegar Liquor in Production ( $ $ .& $ $ ,. $ $ . 0 > =$9$.S F$ , .)< # # # & . , . ?. $ $ & . , , $ . & < , %, & = $9$. S F$ , . 6 ; $&.$9$ .S F$ , ., $ , .555 1 6 , $ , $ & , # .& - , # & S=5 '! 2I , 555 6 . . . 3& ` , < &$ 4 & , & & 3 & , 4 *1 & , $ & $ $ , $ . $ - $ $ , %& #&., , ) ,, & ? . $ . .. , 6 $ & , < 9 , $ $ . & &, , #$ $ # , & , , $ 9 , &$ , B . . . & $ $- # % - , $ , ` , < $ $- $ & 6 , $ , $ & , 5 !' % $ $ , . ? #. ? 5K. 5! 8 ?3ĉ4 +5K $ ` , < 5K ` , < 5K- $ . , '55` , <& 55 # , .&< .$ , % . , . , $ . $ ` , < , , $$ # $ $ , @& )< # , . , , $ ) $ . $ . $ <, )$ ) . & , #< - . $ , $ $ ,. $ , $ , & - , & , ,$ < $# % . . $ $ $ ) & ,$. ) , . $ , . & . $ &, $ $ , & B $ $ , 9 $ $ $ ) $ & ) & . &$ $ #$. ? ?$ , 1 $ $ # < $ , , . 5 ') $- $ $- , , V.=7 $ . 7 # , $ < / , $ $ , $ $ ) , 9 , & 5K , $ $ ) , $ $ , $ , % , < . 5 % .%, A $ =1 9 , - , G , $ ,$ $ < & $- $ . , & 9 / #$& $ , $ - < )< 3 5K4. $. . ) $ . <$ &$ ) # . & # % . $ ( $%, B *$$- ,$# B , , $& ,& 55ć - 555ć. 9 -9 $ % - , , , . , % . ,$ & $ & $ % $ B& #$ % $ , & #$ @&)< # $ $ $ =%, $ & 1 Processing steps B ( < $ . & 1 & $ #$. 1 $ $ : #$. $ $ $ . $. $ $ , $ & ) . F < $? 1 1 ) $. & 9 . < & '5ć( 5ć. $ 6 '5ć. $ ) . , & $ 1 8 ?3ĉ4 & . $ & $ $ # / $ . $ $ 1 & ) . $ . $ # & , - , $ & & , B & , 3 4 > . , & & $6 & < $ $ $ 2 Processing Technology $ $ , &$- &&& , & 5 '% $ & S F$ % ( @ / 3 Production Formula , &B , . 9 && ,$, , , $ - , & $ $8 & $ . *9 , , $ $ , $ & & . , $ . ; , , $ & , $ . $ $ ; , & ) , , & $ & , $ B # , . $ ?.& , , $ . $ & @ / , & 5 !' , , $ , $ & , B) .& , & < .< 6>. , $ $ . < % .%, A $ =1 & , . & , . $ $ $ $, . & 8 . , & . , , . , $ & . $ &, '55 ., $ & < 6< .& , .S F$< $ < > & 9& $ ) . , ., , $ . < 6 & $# ,$ , .$ $ $ & . , , $ . $ , , -$ -$ ,$ . $ . & $. $ . . , $ ,. , 6 & ?$ ? . , , $ , . , & & , , % $ .<, ;$? . ) $ , . & & F & , $ $ , . ;$ ) & , && $, 4 Technology Flow Chart 4.1. Flow Chart for Producing Bamboo Charcoal: $ $ $ #$ $ $ 8 ?3ĉ4 4.2 Flow Chart for Producing Bamboo Active Charcoal ( Physical Method): /& $ ,$ $ $ $ $ 4.3 Flow Chart for Producing Bamboo Active Charcoal (Chemical Method) /& #$ $ $ $ ,$ $ $ $ #$ 4.4 Flow Chart for Producing Bamboo Vinegar Liquor: $ $ &$ , $ , 9$ $ $ , $ , $ Chapter 12 Processing and Utilization of Bamboo Vinegar 1 General Introduction /&, $ 1 $ , ?$ $ $ & & 1 $ & , $ + , $ 1.1 Classification of bamboo vinegar ) -# , $ - , $ $ 1 -# , $ # & # 1 1.2 Components of bamboo vinegar 6 B 5K-!5K > $˖ +K.. . & 9 ; 9 ? ˖ . - .- 9 ..+- 9 #. - 9 # 9 ? C lm .- % ˖ . ., % B : . . =˖ .- . > B . . ' 8 ?3ĉ4 2 Bamboo vinegar processing 2.1 Bamboo vinegar production methods /& , $ 1 $ , & ?$ $ $ . & , $ , & $ B # & & 1 &, $ 2.1.1 Traditional kiln technique , $ & - $ # & - # & .& & , $ .# -' , , $ 5K 1 & -# , $ B /& $ $ - $ ė $# # $ $ ė, $ $ # # 1 B . %,$ B $, $ ",$ B & $ 2.1.2 Machine-burning technique ) 1 & ? 1 $ ? . $ # . , - - # ? -$$ ? , $ & , & 1 & % & ? ) , &, $ $ , 5K - , $ 1 &B + $8 ?A $ *9$ $ ?$ :1 / , $ /&, $ , B , %,$ B $ $ $1 ",$ B , , $ 1 1 " , $ 1 ) 9 ( # ( ; -' - " ˄$E ˅ , 55 , 5 $K -' '- ˄K˅ -' , 25 $ & & $ 5ˉ55 55ˉ 5 2.2 Bamboo Vinegar Extraction /&, $ 9 $ . & 9 $ & ? 2 8 ?3ĉ4 $ ( & & 1 , $ , $ $ = $ B &, $ . -+" $ $ . & 9 ., $ .& , $ , $ $, $ ,$ # $ ($ # $ , B 9 $ & , & $ . . , $ & &-. $ . 1 , G , . , 9 ? . 1 . 2.3 Bamboo vinegar distillation " # $ , $ : & . $ . . 9 , $ $ 6 $ & 9 , & . ,$ , . $ 1 . $ , $ , $ $8 ?A $ ($@ % " " , ) 9" A $ ) 9@ , $ &. . % ˁ 1' $E 55'̚ 55 ;, ̚ / ˄ 9˅ 5̚'5 " , ˁ 05 ! 8 ?3ĉ4 3 Bamboo Vinegar Standard @& . < , S F$ ( S$?$ $ . =3S(S 4 &S F$( / ) 3S( /)4 #$ & & ( ) /@ & # 3)@%/4 . 55+. S(S S( /) , $ & &B ƹ 1 1 B % B γ/ , $ > $ &. 1 & $ γ, $ # > $ &. 1 & $ γ" , $ =$ &. 1 & $ 9 9 , $ / , $ " ) , $ # , $ % '5- 55 5-'5 1' ˁ " 5 5 5'5 55' 5 5 55' 55 $E ̚ ̚ ̚ ;, ̚ ̚ 5 ̚ / +5̚ 5 5̚+5 5̚'5 05ˁ 0 5ˁ 05 ˁ 5 $8 ?A $ 4 Applications of Bamboo Vinegar , $ - , $ . , $ &B ƹ( - F ƹ; $ ƹ%$ ƹ" - ƹ> 4.1 Health-care food 6 $ - . , $ - . -# $ $ ( & , $ $ -$ >", .& , , $ #$ / , $ % , $ ., 5 $C..@ , 5 $ % , $ $ & < , $ . 1 . - F , 5 , $ 9 &, $ , < ., . , $ . , # # . , . . , $ , , , 4.2 Hygiene , $ 55K & - % # . , $ # , % ## % ? # ., $ , # . $ # # 8 ?3ĉ4 4.3 Agriculture use - $ ? ( ? 9 , ( ? 9 , ( ? 9 , $ ( ? 9 , & % , 9 & . 5-'5K , '5K 9 & ? . 5K ? , 5K-'5K " , , ) , 1 , $ ) , & &, $ 6 , $ 1 55= NN ;S 55= 5 ;S 55= 5 ! ;S 55= +5 25;S ( . & , $ # & % , ? & , $ . & .1 # . ? & , ) , , > $ ,$ 9 $ , > $ . , > $ , > $ . & & , ,$ , .9 & $ ? ? , ? A $ & , $ , # . .& < , & , $ $8 ?A $ %- , $ ? . $, A $ & $ ) $ & # $ . * , B 6 ., $ , . . .. ) , $$ 4.4 Daily-used ware , $ # . # 6 # , $ , -' - 5 , $ & # #.& . ,$$ .# $ $# # $, $ & & 3 5-'5 4$ # . ? # 6 , $ # , $ $ , , 1 % , $ & & F # $ ).&&$& ., $ 4.5 Others , $ , , ( .& 5'K- K, $ # # . , $$1 1 , $ & , Chapter 13 Bamboo Shoots’ Utilization and Industry in China 1 Outline of China’s Bamboo Shoot Industry 1.1 Kinds of Bamboo Shoots and Nutrients ) !$ .'55 .& . . " . 9 , . . . 9 ." ." , ." .", ." . " ." ." .:$ .: ,.$ $ $ % , - . . ) & # 5 # !5K& ., K . 2 & . = .: % $. $ , $ $ . . . # C & ? , *9 & . = ) .= . .7 . .A , & .;.& . . - - . . , . $ $ ,. # . . = # . . . < $ & , . $ $ 'K.55'K. 5+K̚ K , 5 # . S. . ( . $. @. . . . . & [ = * \ & . & , 5 . , , , & $ &) 9 $ $ 9 F $ , $ ) 7 $ 9 , ' 8 ?3ĉ4 ) , # , $ $ . &.$ . 1.2 Booming of Bamboo Shoot Industry ( !25 ! 5. & 5K . ., .F . . 9 $ @$. S F$ , $ $ , & $ ? & 9. 9 , - - . # 6 $ , $ . , 9 . & < ,$ $ , . $$. # & $ , $ * ! 5 & , , / V , $ & $, , $ $ . , ,. ,$ &- . &$- ( 9 V S F$ , & 2'E. '̚. E & . E % $ % ( ./. !! ' . , / 2 V . & 8 " '55 9 . < 5̚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omprehensive Utilization of Bamboo Shoot %& , S F$. $ $ % & K. 5K % 5& $& '. & . $ & $ 9 ) .$ . , , . & . , , & $# > . # & . 1 . $ $ &$ % $ . . . $ . . . ( .S., $ $ &B 3 4> G 2 8 ?3ĉ4 3%4# $ $1 ?$G 34 # & $ $ #$. $ $. $ $. G 34*9 G 3"4 $ , , $ 9 1 ?$ $ , 34) . & , .& ;$? $ 9 [ \ ) , $ , # 3 4 -#$$ $. $$& 9 - & & - , -#$ 8$ G. , ?% # [( @ \. . & ,$ . $ $ . ,$9 ,$ # , . $ . & $ & - 5.) F # & . # . . $ $ 6< . , & .&$$ $ . & & .$ & $( 9 ." $ $ . & - $&$. $ $$ & 5, $ > . $ & ) 1 # , # ? , 55 & . . & . 3 Main Methods of Preservation of Bamboo Shoot 1 F , $ , &B( .# $ G . , $ 9 , $ >, 5K < & $ . & % ) 9. F &-& $ , $ <8 ?) - - $. #$. $. $. . , F $. .& < % . ., . $ , , $ . $. , $. 1 . &9 $. $ ,. 1 # ?$ A ?$ & # ) & , , ?$ 1 . $ . 1 9 , .& . $ . , . $ $ & &-& $ . 9 % $ . , ,$ $ . $ $. & - $. . 9 . . $ . $ 6 1 # $ , 6 & . & #.1 $ & . ? , . . & F $ F $ . . $ .& && $ , 9 $ 9 $ & 8 9 9 $ . & 9? 9 & . &$ $ 9 $ 1 +; 5+]+>ė+>]+;>]+2 C 8 9 $ 3 9 $ &K4. 9 $ ) . . . 9 . $ 9 $ 1 +; >+ė;'>;]>] C " $ $. $. & & , $ . $ . & 1 & , % $ #$ & & $ . $ % & . & . . ? , . # # $ ! 8 ?3ĉ4 $. . , . &- > & . $ @&. , E 9 E#&-& , & 3.1 The Method for Preservation of the Fresh Bamboo Shoot 3 4 $ )7. & . & 'ć & +K $ .& . $ , $ $ & / V 34 ? , & . $ $ ' K ' K $ ) $ & 3 4% $) $ $& % $ 7 .& . # 3 4( ,6*$ ,. 3'48 @ >' ,, # $& ,, $ ., . . &;& , . ,, @ >' . & $ $ ,, , $ ) . $ . & 3+4 $ & $ ( . & F , , & . & # $ 'K $ .& $ & $' 2 324 % #&-& # $ & ) ,, @ > ? & & -#$$$ &$ ,, $.& 3 4% - , & ,$ $ $. & ,, . . $ $ &B 5 <8 ?) $ --- $ 3 $ . 4---%$ & ---) $& . $ $ ---%$ # @ ,, $ # ---- $ ---A $---- $ $---- $ # . - . $ 3.2 Preservation of Boiled Shoot 3 4 #&-& #$ ) . # . &B $ --- $---- $ $ F ---) $ F & &--- $ F & & --- $ 6 . ;, # & $ 34 # , $ &B $ --- $---) $ ' K 3@ 4 $ & & , $ $ #$. & & & , $& , , , , & % # $&# & & & 6 ;A $ & '. # $ ( $. ' #$ & & . $$ # 3 46 $&#$$ &B $--- $ --- $ ---/$---- $--- $ & --- $--- $ $ *E* *E>? 9 2 & $ $ '5 '55 $---A $---- ?$--- $ $ ,$ , 3 4 , ,, $ , ( / ) . % ( . $ & % 8 ?3ĉ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rocessing of Dried Bamboo Shoot 4.1 Tianmu (Small-Sized) Dried Shoots ) %F=< .S F$ , & ) $ &B / ,$ N& $$N $N$ & N$ N#$ N $N $ $ N $N, $ & N $ ' N&$ N#$ - N#$ D#$ N $ N$ $N#$ , $.$ . . 4.2 Big-sized Dried Shoot $ B / ,$ N $ & & $ & N#$ $ - # $ & F N $. #$ N $1 ?$ & $ $ + --- $---#$ $N $---#$ " , , , B 3 4 $ $. $ $G 34 $, $&.&1 ? . G 8 ?3ĉ4 3 4% - $ #$G B , $ 9 . < . .% 9 4.3 Dried Mar Shoot (Dried Sliced Shoot) $ B $ ---$ --- $ ----#$ # - ----- $ --- $ 5 ---- $ #$---$ $---#$ & & 5 Shoot Products of Fine processing 5.1 Braised Shoot Can , &#B [=$ \. . ["? \. *1 B ' . $ . ? $ ?$. - 5.2 Soft-packaging Flavoured Shoot -#$$ $ * E> - 3 . . & 4) . $ & 5ŀ '5 ŀ 1 B . - . $ ?$ , $ $ B $ ---- $ ---/$---6 $$ --- $--- $---- ?$--- #$ ) &, . $& . & . , $ 1 5.3 Fine Instantly-pulling Shoot Can $ B $ ---$---/$ & & ---6 $$ --- $ - ----%$ & ----#$ ---#$ ----6 $$---%$ ---- $---/$--- ?$--- $ ---- $ <8 ?) *1 B - -- . $ . ? ?$3 9 % . 1 & $ $ . $ 4 $ - # ( $ . & . , . , , #)& . & & . $ Reference Z . [ $ 8 ? \. *9 # " , ( % \. ( $; .7 !! S S$?$. ( @ . $ $; .7 !! %% &" $ " $E 55$ % @+ 6' , , -& %% ,, % 2+ 5 ! 5! E 7;/ 2 55! 5 2+ */ 5 5 5 5 2 :)8 5 !! :=V 5 5 5 %=% ! + 25 5 ! 5+ A%= + ++2 525 5 5 * 5 5 5' 5 !+ 5 + )=* ' 5 52 5 =*8 !5 5 5+' !+' ' 8 ?3ĉ4 " $E 55$ % @+ 6' , , -& %% ,, V/ 5 5 ' 5+' 5' ;* 5' ' 5 + ' 5' ;) 5+' 5 5 +2' =V 5 52 5 5! 5 '! %/: ! 5' E 52' + Chapter 14 Research & Development of Extract of Bamboo Leaves (EBL) = , , $[Natural plants can be used both as food and drug” ; ./ !! . $ , 9 & % 1Effective Components in Ebl -$ , . , $ . . 0 2 Functionality of Ebl971 ķ) 9 , $$& #, 9 $ 3%>/4 , 9 ĸ) -$$.-$ 1 - Ĺ) & : , ;"=- 9 :#$ 3*$2+ 4 ĺ % , $ - . $ -, .& Ļ) . ,$ $. $ , 9 S -=. F ļ)$ $ ) , $ 0 $ 1 2 8 ?3ĉ4 * !2 *>-5 , ( R Ko'5Ko!'K ) 38(. @(. />4 $ %E > *9 E , ;= 3 Expand Application Fields ( $$ $ B , $ .6 .; 3 4G = 9 B . ( , 3 94. ( , . . ,, 4 Strengthen Basic Research :E="=- & $ G , 9G# $ 3 4 * 9 9 9 9 / 0" , *9 = , 3*=4 *=!2 9 9 9 9 2p. & & ? $ $ $ . *=!2 $ . '' 'K. *=!2 9 9 9 9 2p. & & ? $ $ $ & .*=!2 $ .'' 'K. $ . + 2 K , $ 5'-5$E . , 9 9 $ 9, *=!2 $ $3q55 4 34 % - * & , ="=-9 %$ $ ="= & = J="= & ]3, 4 J="= & ]39, 4 J="= & ] 5$E * J="= & ]'$E * 'J="= & ]'5$E * +J="= & ] 55$E * 2J="= & ] 5$E ; J="= & ]5$E A !J="= & ] 5*"% 3 4 * "@% $ %%;- 9 , 9 $ . 9 . / "@% * , , $ 9 - "@% #$ ) 1 ! 8 ?3ĉ4 . 9 $E , $ 3q555 4 "@%$ 9 ;$ $ "@% #$ , & $E 9& , =* 5 $E ǂ K 5 * . 5$E 2'^5'YYY * .5$E ^'!YYY 9.5'$E + ^+ YYY 9.$E !+^+YYY 5 Contents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hapter 1 Landscape Ecology Contributions to Forestry and Forest Management in China: Progresses and Research Needs 1 Introduction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hina’s forestry and forest management 2.1 History of forestry and its mission $ C # % % % # % C* % # # # # , % % E % # # " % C* " %= $* % C # % C % C % C % 1 > C # * > C " # % * % # 4.K !///0 /K -.-FC --(J C!//)G , # # -.-C # % > == = # C % ## Phase I: = -2/ # -(/ "# # = 7 * # > # > % > # # # % C # # * # " ! 1 # * 1 < C # * C# 5 # C # = 1 # 1 Phase II: 0 % # -(/ --/C # % C # 7 1 , + % C " # * E % * % * # * # " # 1 * # 5 ; C # ## # C 1 ## C 1 # * C % % C # 7 # 6 % * # # C # * # % * %C% % C * Phase III: = % --/ * "# % * = # % # ; # # C 8% = # # C # # % !//& 3 + % C* # # # % # % C 7 * # * # C* # # # > C # 5 # % C F GC % # F GC , # # 3 @ # 0 6 7 6 F, GC ' , + % F,+ GC ;# % % + % C 0 + % F 0+ G C # # C # # % % C C # # 2.2 National Programs of Forestry Initiatives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helterbelt Program Areal Extent Program Target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ey Issues for Forest Management in China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hallenges and emerging global issues in forestry 3.1 Coping with uncertainties under climate change # F0 C!//(J C !//)G % ## # # # C C * % , ## # % # # * %F C --)J C!///GC* F C # 5G % F7 C !//&J ? C !//2J ; C !//(G C ) ## * # # * C* * * %# * F C -))J ## * C -)-J ##C --4J, C!//)G 7 > # F C! # # 1 1 # !//) , G 7 # C# # ## # % % ## * % ## 3.2 Developing desicion suport systems for SFM 7 # # % F: ?C!///GC* # # * 1 % 7 H * # I *#*# % * # ## % # # 5 * C C 5 6 % # # # 7 # 5 * 1 1 7 * # * 1 +,," % = # # FL ' C !//4JL C!//)G 9 > ,97F C!//)GC* # 1 # , 3.3 Managing forest ecosystems cross multiple scales 7 # # C * C % % ; # C # % # # C # * % 1# # # C C# C E C* C % F+ C --)G 7 # C, % ## C C C % C ## CC # C C % # , F$ C!//.G 4 Contributions of landscape ecology to forest management and conservation 5 # % ## % # # C* # 1 % F7 C!// G 7 # % % *# # # % % # C 1 C 1 >## * % # 7 # % # % # # C* # % # % # - ,1 #0 % > > # 4.1 Ecological restoration # % # * # FC !//(G C # # ## 7 # % C C C = # # C 1 # # F C!//)G # ## F G C # = # # # # F % C --.J 0 C --(J 3 C --)J , C !///G C ## % # E # % # # F'% 3C!//2G C * # # % % 5 # F C!//&J' C !//.G 6 C *C C8 F!//&G # # # F!// G > #* C# % C % E 8 ? F!//!G = # # 8 ' F!//.G % * % ## # #+> " $* % C * # # # # 6 4.2 Biodiversity conservation # * % * > C > 4C.) #% C # / # * C % &/C/// #% * (C/// C 5 * F? C!//!G $* % C% # F % G -2/ -)/ #% * # 0% C # 7C % % # FG C* C C C # F;C --!J9 C !//(G 5 # 5 % # % F 5 --(G 0% % * % / # %% # % % C = % C # # 5 # % % F C --2G 7 * 5# % % ># > C F!///G F!//&G # % ; % C F!// G > # ; % % # # > # * % 3 % 5 * # # # % # # % % % 4.3 Forest eco-hydrology C # % % # @ # # C * % ## # C C # # F C !///G 7 * # * # # * # ## # # % $* % C * * B% % C# % 7 # * F C!//.J, C !//2J C !//4G , * % # # C *## #* * FL C!//.J C!//4G ## ## % F7G #* F C!//4JL C!//.J C!//4C!//)G 9= # % = #* 1 F C!//.J C!//4G C 1 # % % E * 1 C C #* 9= # # % # # C ## # F C C *% C * G # % # 6 % C 1 > # 7 3 # +@ F = +## # @ >G % %* % % # -)!1!//&C ./K 7 E ## F, C !//)G , * F C * EC ,1 #0 G ## # 5 Research needs for forest landscape management 5.1 Long-term forest ecosystem monitoring 1 # # , $ E C * C % 5 * # ## # # # % % F, ##C!//2G ># 7 # 1 F8$8G#> # 1 # * % = # # C 1 E # , # 5.2 Cross-scale and multiple-purpose forest management 5 % # # 5 * 5# F C#*# C * G FL C !//!G 7 # C # > % C C % C 5 * % % = 7 % % 6 % C# # % +,,Q 1 1# 6 % C % % C* C E C % 5.3 Landscape decision support systems # ## ## # F$ ##C ---J , ##C !//2C !//)G % * # % +,,Q $* % C * % C +,," # % F C!//4G 7 # C # % * # # E # # # 6 % C # ## ## # 8$8 5.4 Fragile forest ecosystem management and protection 7 # # # # 7 % # # % * C # C % # % 1 % * J ! # 1 % # J # * % * # % # = * # % F C --&J3 0 C --)J C!///J C !// G 7 # C % C # # # # # C % # C# C % % # 5.5 Adaptive forest management 3 C # % * % C C * # FM C --(G 3 C > % F CC % G% # # # # 5 # % # 5 * * * # % # % # % # # # ## # , % # % % C # # 3% # # 6 % C % % C % * C % % C E C # % # ## % C C C # ## # > C # % 5 % # % % C * 5 # # # 3% # * > 1 7C % #% # E 9 # # % # C %% 6 5 # % # * 6 Concluding remarks % % !/ * # # % C % % % C % ## % # # # 9 > # % # # 5 # 7 1 # # # > # "# $* % C & ,1 #0 " # ## * # # # E * %C* # % ## % # % 7 #C * # # = # % # # # 8% > # C % # % # # # 3% # , % # C # C % % C # # 3 5 # % # # 6 % C * 6 % # # C% % C * C # * # , > C# C C C # # 1 % % C # % % # % C C # C C C# * ## 7 % # # # C 1 % C 1 # C % ## % % C 1 % C % # 6 % 7 E % # 15 * % # * F C * > 1 G # , Acknowledgements 7 *5 > 5+ $ # , , C <,+3 , % # % 7 # 5 * # " , F &/2-/&)&GC # F !//)/.// G # , 7 F !//403+/&3/.G . References 3 + A 0 ++ F --)G + 1 # # # R* % # 3 # , -2 .)&-1 .)!2 3 LCQ C+%LC+ ,C3 C8 L 8 3F --)G = F G0% 6 < . F&1.G!(&1!)& 0 ,,C , 0 F --(G 5 2& )R&!& 0 C$ $,C$DC D + F!//(G< 3 + , % # % * !.2F&G./(1. - +'C?M ? F --.G # 1 C# C # % C$ C F G +C0L M$F!///G *# % % 1 #; % L # 2F!G 4.1 4-F G D+F!//(G # 3# * 2&2 R&2& D+C7 @C3 0C8 6 3 C$C$ LC 3 7 5 'F!//)G # # % S 2F G2&R4. + @$CL 3C ,C C3 C +C$ LC C 3C LC , ## +C ,* LC ,5 0L ; 0 F!// G # 0, 2 F-G(!&1(&. + $F --)G3 % * # ; F.G-1 2 F G += A 3 + F --!G 3 # % 6 % # <,+3 , % C ; C C9 4917 1/.&1-! 0A ?DF!//)G ## , C 0 6 LD F!///G % 3 , !.F2G2 &12 (F G L3C+ C3 8 C0 # C0 8C , C ,C 7C+ 8C 8 $'C $ 5*5 L$C $* 7C $* 3C ' 5 LC # C = L3C 9C 5 , ' F!//2G 8 E # , &/-2(/R2(. L3C %,C$C ;C +F!///G % % * 3 /F4G 4!/1 4&! 77F --2G # % C <' 8 ;0C M $C 'C L?C ? D7C ; M F!//&G 3 % # 3, !&F G4.1(&F G 2 ,1 #0 8 L A ? DM F!//!G , # # 8 # 3 , !!F !G!/! 1!/!-F G $ $,A ##+LF ---G, > ## # )/) 1-- $ ?: F!//.G 3 # 1 > # * ; (F2G-1 !F G % F GF!//(G !//(7 , 0, # 5 L 3C0 5 ; ,F!//!G, C ## C #% ,% &4F G&-&1.// L $C , C, ,C3 ,:C?8DC DC; LMCD$C 7 MLF!//.G7 # #% L # , &/F2G(.&1(4& L ?$F GF!//)G # # $ C0 6 F G L 80 A ' F!//4G % # 5 * # # 1 C # # # F C @ LC C F GG ((1 )/ < 8$A C, ' *++C 3C C+ C T+C8 ,C C+ 0 F!///G + % # # 7 (4.)!1.-& ' $C M?CD $;C; M8 M LF!//.G8 # # # 5 # +> " 3, !.F-G )4&1 )(/F G '% 7$A3'F!//2G ## , #L3A F G # # C!)21!-) OP 7 A 5 9 F!//&G 3 # C # $ 5 , < L # &&F&G2//12/) ;C$ $,C0 C+ C$D ; M8F!//)G # # * !2..!/1.!) C , C ? D+C L; ; F!//)G 5 1 # 4 5# F # == C F GG , , U0 0 @ ;C8 L C , , ,F!//4G 1 # 6 % C #0 F.G.221.4! DC8 L , F!//.G 6 = # * 1 L # 0 6 < % F , G./F4G ( -1 (!&F G $C D D: $ F!//&G , % * &, L # , 3 < % F , G !.F&G ()1) F G L8C C9 ?DC3 CD L ? $F!// G 7 #; % # , !-!-)1 / 4 , C8:, ; 0F --)G # # % 3, )F2G.()1.)&F G , A DF --&G ## # L # < % ! F!G -1!.F G , C M F --)G7 ## # C /(21)4 D$C3 ,:C+ ?C C; ?C? ,F!//4G## #% # # # * $ 3 @ * $ , , + & /! 1 /.& D$C LC3 ,:C0M$C +CM?C; ?, , F!//)G # * * $ % C L #$ F&2&G& .1&! F!///G % # # L # &/F /G 4&!1 4.2 'DC M 08 M 8$ F!// G # > # % L # -F G4 14.F G D$C +C 0L , F!//&G 3 # * 5 # % ## % # # ; % < 4&F.G! &1!!& LC 1, $ 0 * ,L F!//)G 8 7 , B # # # 8= , #3 < # 9 = ? C , , ? :$ F --(G 7 # # $ C0 6 F G 3 F3G F!//2G $ ; 10 , 7 ˈ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hapter 2 Impacts of Climate Change on Forests in China and Adaptation Strategies 1 Introduction 7 % % 9! //% 1 % &(-% !//2C * * !///1!//2 --/C # % # ### C % F C !//(G 7 # 9! * % Y # 7 # / (./ )ć % // C* % 1 # F C !//(G !/ % 2 /K% 1 # C &K % % # 6 # * )ć . /ć ! // 7 6 * # ! !/ C * #* # # F C!// !// G 6 % # % # # % # # C # # % % * 7 # # C C E # E # *# 5C* # # # C %% 9 # E # # ## * % C * % * , ## # 9! *% 5 ## # *C % # 2 Projected changes in climate in China + // C #* C* # ## * 7 ## F G 5 ./" # )/"JF!G -2/" * % * * * JF&G * # // * C* # --- -2!J F.G * )/" ./" C ! ,1 #0 6 * C # 7 # C* % C* C C * F+ C !// G 3 # <' $ * C 6 * 3 # // ; % 5 3# 5 C ># # % ## # # < 8$8 C 6 % # > 2/ C * C # !/--C D = % % 5 # C* ( 2K , C . 4K M D C ! 2K * # 7 7 # 6 * % # 1. )K . &KC * /K * * C2K /K * # C2K C 6 !/2/ / 2ćZ /ć * C 5 * 6 #M 6 # D = % 3 Impacts of climate changes on forests in China 7 C 6 # # *5 # 1 # #* % > 6 # % C * * % * % # 5 % * # 6 * # F 2/1.//5G > // C$ F --!G # % % % #(8 C # % * % * 2// 5 7 # * > C % * > 7 # 6 # # 7 # * # * * 1 # * > # # # 7 6 # * 1 # * # 7 * 0 % ##% 8F8+ C8 ,,C 3 C9, G 7 6 #' " # * #C # 7 # *% * / / 4 C * % * / & / 2 7 # 7 # * & .K F !G 7 $! * 9! / 2K / K !/&/C % C #' C # # K9! #/ 2K9! C #' * ! KC* .. -K# # # K9! F8C C --)JMC C!// G * -K * # * !KF & .G 7 # %## # % # #% 8 F8+ C 8 ,,C 3 C 9, 4 Adaptation strategies of forestry to climate change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cknowledgements 7 * 6 6 9 D , # , # F &/2-/&)& &/ !2/&4GC , # 7 ' 6 F !//403+/&3/.G 6 , F 8!//!0 2/.G References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ig 1. # # Fig 2. # # Larix gmelini Pinus koraiensis !4 # 3 , Fig 3. # # Fig, 4 # # Pinus tabulaeformis Cunninghamia lanceolata 2 Fig, 5. # # % K !K .K 2K 4K 41(K (1)K [ /K !( Chapter 3 Review and Prospect of China’s Bamboo Industry 1 The Reviews of Past China’s bamboo industry 1.1The Development Processes and Phases of China’s Bamboo Industry Natural Development and Primitive Utilization Stage # = * 7 2///14/// * % C*% % 0 % CM C , 3 ? 6 0* # *C 5C * , + C # $ + C # 5 L + 3 % * % ; + , H0$ I* # # 0C$ % : + C* # H C * # % 2/// C # * % C C C C *5 C IC # 6 % # Orderly Development and General Usage Stage , # # " # -.-C % # * ## # C " % 0 * # # # H , I # C -2! 3 % # % * E 5 ## % % # + % #0 , L C -24 3 # * L % -4! 3 # # ! 1 * % B * # 0 6 LC -)! 9 C % % # C # C # # C* % #C J > % % # * C % * * 1 5 High-speed Development and Extensively Used Stage. , -/"C " * 1 5 # # 5 % C 0 # $ = -- C * # % % # * C H1 % C 1C % % C > J # = C 5 # #C % I 8 C # !- ,1 #0 " ## C " % C # # # > # * *1 % J # > % % C# # # C# # J# # > 7 # C% * # " = * * J = C # # = = C # = % C # 5 1 = = C# > % % C# C # *1 % 1 % 7 * # ## * /1 * B % H 07* IC / # % # * % J * % 0 F0 G $ = -)-C " 3 F0 3G 0 6 --&C H 1#% IC H 1#% I 5 6 % ## C # H 1#% I 5 6 C # 0 * 5 F 03 G * E 0 6 C 0 % = % * --(C % # " % % >C % % % C* " C % #% % # # * % % " % % C % 1 ; L # H % C I 7 # *% C* 5 # # # C #C # % * C 7 5 * C* * 5 *C% 6 # 5 5 " C A + C C % C = 16 % # 1.2 Achievements of China’s Bamboo Industry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Ž ,C * !4/* # --)C # $ # 8 C * % .// # C # " 0 ## 5 * # % # 5 7 % * 6 # C # C ** #J % # 5# 3 C# % C E * * , # % * 9% C & % C\3 * C% C # # * # 5 " 7 6 # 7 5# # C ## % % 3 C >C % !/K# C " % % 3 " % # " J C * 5 7 % # "0 && ,1 #0 0 # % E # # C % % % C % C % % # C % # C # 0C*# % C % C C C ## % % * C % % C % # # H **IC H **IC % #H # IC H # * # * I 7 % * # " * C " C# > ; * 5 ^ 7 # % % F % % * % % = GJ * C * * ## ## = " % * # 5 1 * "5 2. Guidelines for Bamboo Industry Development 9 # # C #* 5 C5 % C*1 % 5 C H 1 IC % # C % 5 * % C C C* C * % 2.1 Tasks and Targets of Bamboo Industry Development # # % * H7* 5 I # 9 ; C "E C = % 7 % * % % , ; > % C 5 1 5 % * > 7 5 5 % = 3G 7 % # C C 1 C 1C # #% 0G 7 % 5 = F % " C 15 C "# G > *1 G3 # F % " G &. % * # "0 2.2. Main Measures of Bamboo Industry Development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hapter 4 China’s Bamboo Development and Establishment of Recycling Economy 7C % !2/ C 2/ C !/ * C *C 2// C&- . )& # C B&# * % V0 ' V C > " C > C C C % # * # 5 % % = = C *C # C * % % % # * 1 C * % % # % " * # % C > C # 7 % # !//2% <,_) 0 # % * * 5 E # # # 0 # 5 # # E % C = "# % % % *C % * 1 An Outline of China’s Bamboo Industry 1.1 Bamboo Development Phrases and Stages 9# / # 1 # * H C #% 2/// C # * 1 % C C C C *5 C IC # 6 % # 6 # + , # # " # -.-C % # * ## # C " % C % % # C # C # # C * % #C J > % % # * C % * * 1 5 &- ,1 #0 ( V # 23 # , , -/"C " * 1 5 # # 5 % C 0 # $ = -- C * # % % # * C H1 % C 1C % % C > J # = C 5 # #C % I 8 C # " ## C " % C # # # > # * *1 % J # > % % C# # # C# # J# # > 7 # C% * " = * * J = C # # = = C# = % C# 5 1 = = C # > % % C# C# *1 % 1 % 7 * # ## * 2 Great Achievement in Bamboo Development 2.1 Bamboo Forest Area Increases Quickly and Its Quality has been Much Raised. 0 & % " #, 7 % &/ *# % /C/// C 1 3 C # 44 * #% ) * 6 # # ".) C # 7 H1 I % 6 C ? 6 L >"# 4 H 1#% I C * 4/K # * 0 C % "% # / 0# # # 7 % % # &)* (/"* -/C % % # (- / 2 0 C > # # J = 7 1 =C06=C'= * H I % % 1 " C% C > = 2.2 Overall Development of Bamboo Resources Cultivation and Quality 3% % # ><,+!!C2// 0 # # # # % % * 1## C * % ./ "0+ % # 2.3 Great Achievements in Scientific and Technical Research and Its Wide Application /% 2// % % 1 % # % = # #% % # % % # * 1 1 % 3 (2 % # 7 <,+ (2 % & % <,+.2/ # 0 0 . )& B&4 7 <,+4 B & % < <,+ !2/ & % 2.4 Continuous Upgrading in Bamboo Processing and Comprehensive Utilization T # # " # C % # = C E % C % ˈ % # ˈ > ˈ * 1 # # % 5 2.5 There are over 1000 kinds of bamboo products which is classified into 10 product series # / # 0 F# C C C # C 5# G . ,1 #0 0 # 1 # C, 0 0# !# / # Bamboo furniture (dismantled) .! "0+ % # &# / # 0 1 % . # / # 0 C % F > # 2# / # 0 C% C% # C 1 C * G .& ,1 #0 4# / # 0 > #% (# / # 0# C# ) # / # 01 * .. "0+ % # -# / # E # % /# / # Bamboo arts and handicrafts 2.6 Expansion of Domestic and International Market 5 % # L C , ' <,3 7 > % > <,+)// <,+ // 7 5 > # 5 # .2 ,1 #0 2.7 More Benefits Brought by the Rapid Growth of Bamboo Industry 3 * C % !//& * % &/ C *## 3 > % <,+)// C** 1 % 75 ? 6 % # > C % * & C # # # % ? 6 % "# B)# "C % > % B& + E C % * * C % C % C 6 C # C % C C% # % % 0 C > # 0 5 C * L5 * # # C # # 3 Bamboo Industry Innovation and Establishment of Recycling Economy , % # " 9 % # " 1 1# C H % % C IC * E # # # 1 % 3 # # " # C 5 = # L = I % , # Q I 7 = % # C % C * C % # % % & % & ! % & & % & ., % & 2 % & 4 & ( " & ) % .4 "0+ % # 3# % # C % # % 5 , , % * # # % % % # .( Chapter 5 The 60 year development road of Three Rural Development in new China 7 4/ % # # # * 3# # &/ # > C &/ # # # C Q % 5 % % * 6 # 7 # C * # Q # % 7 % # * "4/ % # > % % C # > C * ## * C 1 The Historic Changes in the 60 years’ Development of Three Rural in New China 7 % % % # > * # % % #1 # * # !7 % % # # 1 5 Q % % % # # % # &7 # % # 1 # # # 7 % C E # Q % # .3 % # 1 > % # C % * % Q % % # 27 % # #1 % # C C Q % # # 47 * % # # % * * % % # * " % % * * 5 # ( 7 # # % # 5 # * % * 1## # % * ## # .- ,1 #0 )7 % # 5* %= % Q % %= # -7 1 % % # # #* 8 1 = % % * 5 # / 7 % E # % # 1 * # * 7 % E # * % * # % * # 2 The Basic Experience in the 60 years’ Three Rural Development in New China / > = #* ! 7 " % J ! ! * % ! & 1 % J ! . % # J ! 2 % % J ! 4 % * J ! ( % *% J ! ) % * J ! -+ % J ! /+ % * 3 Profound Enlightenment in the 60 years’ Three Rural Development in New China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he New Challenges of the Three Rural Development in New Era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rasp the New Opportunities of Three Rural Development in the New Era. 7 * # % * 2. 7 4/ % # 7 + % * 2 * # # % 7 # % % # % C Q 7 , # , % % # > % 2 ! Q 5# 5 C # 5 # % # % # % * # 2 & * # * = = * % C 1 # * # = * 2 . **# % * 5 # * 7* % # * * * # C * 2 2 Q % # C % # * % % % * % 2 4 Q % # % > C # # 1 * % #% % # % 2 ( # # # % = * C * # # 2 ) Q % # C 5 # 1 > C # % # * * 2 -7 * # 5 * C E # C **% # 5 * *% 2 / 7 " # % 4/ # % % ** #% % > 7 % # % % % % * ## % * 6 New measures of scientific implementation of three rural development in the new era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hapter 6 Systematic Analysis on Quick Development of Bamboo Industry in Zhejiang Province - A Case Study for Successful Development Approach of China’s Booming Bamboo Industry 0 # * C % C * C % C * * = #! 1 # C E # C # 5 "% C 1 % % 5 * H' # 0I # > % C 2// C &- # 2 C B& # * C % F?$3 8 M C!//&G 3# .1 5 ## C " * # % C > C # !//4C " % % <,_4 * > % # <,_4// ˄L 3 8? ˈ!//!˗L 3 8? ˈ!//4˅ 0* * 3C3# C 3 # C* !2/ C 2/ C # ( 0 % > * 7 % % # 2 C # ! * 5 # % = C * % 4// # 4! * 7 % C # > C > 5 * " # > # % % C " % C # * # # " 7 #? 6 % C 5 1 # % > % # # # % # 1 Outline of Bamboo Industry Development in Zhejiang Province ? 6 % * = # % H # * 5 ** "C 5 "J#* 5 * " C 5 ? 6 " IC * %% #? 6 ? 6 # #/ () C *FPhyllostachys pubescensG# / 4 C B4# "# C % #<,_! & !//4C B&# "F GC * <,_&// # > .)&) C *. 4 ,1 #0 % % # % <,_ & C ( % <,_4 2 ? 6 % % &///% # / 0 % E5 > # -)- !//.C !! 2KC - ( K . ( K # 2 % C 5 . )KC!2 &!K .2 &!KC % F !G 7 C % F &G 0 # # ? 6 C &. % % # % <,_ ! ) C * 3 6 " % <,_4. F ; 6 C?$<D 6 C 9<D C!//.G 8% Zhejiang 8% 23% 11% Fujian Sichuan Zhejiang Hunan Jiangxi 19% 31% Others 0 % ### % %DPERR$UHDKD 0RVREDPERRSROH\LHOGPLOOLRQSFV !:5 ## # -)-!//. ? 6 4! , 3 :5+ % #0 ? 6 % 13 ,# , #+ % 3 # "0 0 tertiary-industry 6% primary industry 29% primary industry secondary industry tertiary-industry secondary industry 65% & # % #<,+! & !//4 ? 6 2 Main Analysis on Quick Development of Bamboo Industry in Zhejiang 5 * * # 5 #? 6 2.1 Quick Progress and Updating of Bamboo Technology Provides a Strong Back-up for Bamboo Industry Development ? 6 % # C , # 3C 0 C? 6 3 # C? 6 7 A + % F A +G # C # % # # ? 6 % 7 * # #* % % 5 % % E # # # # # C % # *1 *1 # # C 1 C 1% % # # C * # = C 1 % # H IFPhyllostachys praecoxG C * = # <,_ (( /// C 1 % # &5 #F C * G CE % ## A+# * * * C# % # * 5 5 * # # % 7 # # C # 5 C * 5 C * C 1#1 1 E5 # H0 ? IC * ! C #* % 5 5 = # # * # * C #1 % * % * C 1 % % 0 4& ,1 #0 % C C % C = C # # # F # C * # C # # GC% C *C FE C GC C % 5 C % C # # C % #%1 % 1 C 6 # 6 # C * ? 6 % 6 *? 6 " % #C 5 # 7 # C% % # * EC % #% 1 E #C % % # * # 3 C * # 2.2 Various Governmental Supports Promotes Orderly and Harmonious Development of Bamboo Sector %#!/ 2 , # $! 8% % % # & % E -(/ -)/C # C # # # % $ , F$ ,GC* # " * C 5 # # * *# C # 5 *# * * * % * C # 3 C % --/C &1= H,= # # IC H,= # #1 IC H,= # I * % C * # # " # % % # * 1 % # # # 7 # CE E## % % !//4C " % # 1 # # C# # 9# C # C # * # *# % * %$ ,C * # * * * # # C C #> # % C # C * # % % # % 7 # # , 5 #> # # # 1 # % # % > !// C > # 4K1 4 KC ## # # / 2 0BD 4. , 3 :5+ % #0 ? 6 % 13 ,# , #+ % 3 # "0 0 C # # # # C * 5 # % # C # % % # # 1% +## % # % # # C # = % % # * % > *1 *1% > C "% # > > # # C H " % C > # IC 2K# * C !K# # 5 % # % C % % 1 , $!/ 23 $!* , !, *$!) / - % RD F --4Z!///GC # * 5 ? 6 % % # & 6 # C F C ` 2G#1 C # # C # % #*1 # / % D F!// Z!//2GC % # # * # 6 # % C # % > * % C * ; % 5 # % * 5 % 5 B % % % # C * # # 7 # C C % E # # % % # # * H0, I ? 6 % % # : V; $! 2 / ) ) * 23 V / + 1 * * 5 1 * # ## * 1 C # C 5 % ## # # ## % % 1 H 1 IC # #% # % # C C C C > # % * ? 6 42 ,1 #0 2.3 Good bamboo Management Models between Bamboo Cultivation and Processing and Sale to Ensure Balanced Development 3 C ? 6 % 0 3 * 2 C * C# C C * C (/ * 2C)&. C 2! % * 4C .2 ? 6 % % C ! 5 # = # H+ 1 U % U # IC H 5 U # IC ? 6 0 5 ./!H IC 4!C///# C % # H % U # IJ H+ 1 U # IC + E 0 * # 1# # # C* !!C///# C % 2C///# C % C % % # #2&C/// % ? 6 % F;3 8, C!//. G 3 % C # C # # # C * * C % # * 3 1 # # * % # % # * #? 6 % 0 3 2.4 Special Scio-economic and Humanitarian Advantages and Conditions # # - % $!23 " C ? 6 # % % C 5 & > % * 5% % * % * C % % * .C !, * J # ? 6 5 & 3 E # # # # > C % > 5 % % # * 23 / #V / ' + $!/ ? 6 C C # 5 # % H > 1 % 1 % # > 3# &1 ## C * # ? 6 * B > C > % 5 & # H > I* ? 6 7 % > C 5 # C * % H#5IC % 2/K# % 8+ 44 , 3 :5+ % #0 ? 6 % 13 ,# , #+ % 3 # "0 0 FD+ C?$<D6 !//4G 7 # ? 6 * # % % # ? 6 //K % C* # 6 1% 1# C # % 3% # H > IC % 5 * * > * C * > J * C E5 # % * % C <,3C 2.5 Quick Expansion of International and Domestic Bamboo Market Stimulates and Drives Bamboo Industry Development ! C 5 # > % E5C !/// 9% -/K## ? 6 # > 5 * #!/K 5 > E E % 1 9% )/K# # > <,3C References L 3 8 ? !//! 0 ; , 7 $ C 14 L 3 8? !//4 , ! , # ., # 0 3 6 % ;3 8, C!//. 7 + % % % #0 L #0 C!&F G 1- ; 6 C ?$< D 6 C 9< D !//. , # 0 + % ? 6 , , # > L # 0 C!&F G /1 4 D+ C?$<D6 !//47 > #03 #? 6 % % L #0 C!2F&G&(1.& ?$3 8 M !//& + % # 0 ; ; C 4F G!41&/ 4) Chapter 7 Bamboo and Rattan Products Coding System and Import & Export Data Analysis , 03 0F 0G# !///C* % % % ; 5 A > # #< 97 3+, * #* $, ./ /0 # F0309G ./ !/ # F 373 G ./ -/@ C # F9@ 7G .4/ / # F 37G .4/ !/C C% F 37G .4/ - % F 37G .4/! /05 * 5C*5 * 5 #% F0,';'G -./ 2/, # C C1 F,37G -./&)/ # C F< G # * 1 % 2 F G 7 ; > ,#0 A # --!1!//4 F_ ///G Year Value Year Value Year Value --! C-4(C))( --( !C&& C)&. !//! !C)-)C/!& --& C)) C&)- --) !C/4/C - !//& &C!./C(4! --. !C&&4C(!& --- !C&/4C&.( !//. &C4-(C ) --2 !C4. C 2/ !/// !C)()C )) !//2 &C-(&C&)( --4 !C2. C-/4 !// !C(!4C -& !//4 .C!4 C.). 7 < 97 3+ % #0A *_.C ! > % # 0A * _.C!4 !//4 7 > % # !//4 ! (K 4- ,1 #0 * # --! #* C * 1 % #0A F G 8 ; 7 3 #0 + /D F_ ///G 6 5 # 0A !//4* <,3CL C8 C C<'C C, C C0 F !G 8 !6 # 0A !//4F_ ///G 3 < C C8 C, C0 F !G* 6 > # > * # !//4 7 !6 > #0A !//4 Main Exporters for B&R Export Value in 2006 ($1000) C(.)C!/ (/ 0 , A> +3 Main Exporters for B&R Export Value in 2006 ($1000) .&!C)&& .!/C)-) @ !/(C!)4 4.C!!2 8 ! C-/& , ! C&.. <,3 C)&- 0 )(C))! )(C.- ; % F &G# # $ = + , 8 & ; > @ # 0 0 5* % C * 5 * # 0A C # C5 * 5 # ; # 39C 779C % 1 3 C ; 9 = % 03 . *$, # 0A !//& 7 * #* ( ,1 #0 !//2- 1@ C0 ../! /1 *C C0 ../-! 1; 1 # C# .. ! /1 *C0 .4/ ! 1CA C# .4/ !!1CA C# .4/ -!1 C C# .4/ -&1 C C# .4/! 105 * 5 C# .4/! !105 * 5 C# .(/4&/19 C# .)!&4 13 # C0 -./ 2 1, #A -./&) 1 #A # C 03 % > C# C C1 C * 3 * ## % !//( 7 * % # C % > % # ; % % 03 " * * > C % ##C * , 03 = # % R * 1 # * # % % C % % ; ## A > * 03 # % * (! Chapter 8 Bamboo Research in China 1 Brief History # * 7 * % #2///14/// % 0 % CM C # , 3 ? 6 0* # *C 5 , + C # $ + C # 15 L + % # * > C % C % L + C 51110 * * F3+ !421& 4GC * 4 B% # * C % E C&.#*% # 0" # # 5 -!/" -&/"C * % # " * *& Stage 1 # -!/ -.-F # # # " # G % * * " # C # C C % Stage 2,*1 % # -.- -(/ * * *C # C > % % E # % C # C % E C C # C 1 * # B # FPhyllostachys pubescesG D * % @ *= Stage 3$1 % -(/" # * 5C * # % 1 % % 1 % 5 6 C % > % # % C = C % 1 C 1 % # C 1 % #Phyllostachys praecox # C 1% C > C % C # > # % 1 *C = C 1 C * % 6 % * A+ % F + GC< + % F< + GC * # # #* # B J 3 % J # (& ,1 #0 2 Research Capacities/Institutions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cientific Research Achievements 3.1 On China’s Bamboo Classification and Flora 7 % 1 ## -&/" # C # C % # * # 1 C % % 7 # = , -))C* &( 2 2 C * % % -))C (2 ,1 #0 ## ,# C = .- 2// C C % ## --.C 0 * % + % % # * # #% 1% # % * 5 C # % = % * C * % #* ? 6 3 600 8 * ( C &// C6 ? =00 8 % 4/ C &2/ C 0 0 8 ## * 6 < % C,* C #? 6 C8 , % C8 > 3.2 China’s Bamboo Forest Division " # % . * . 1 7 F G,1 # F!G # FG 1 FG 1 F&G> # F.G,# FG, 1 FG,* 1 3.3 On Expansion of Bamboo Forest Area 0 # % C ## * % 3 # ## C #Phyllostacys pubescensC 1 C 1 C 1 C 0 % % // ; # 1 H07 # , I # 5 C * ## D * % % C * * 3.4 Pests Control % % !)/ % 4// C * !// % C # C C 7C )/ 0 % 5 C (4 %DPERR5HVHDUFKLQ&KLQD 3.5 On Basic Researches on Bamboo Physiology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, and Ecology , -)/"C # C * ## C #* C C 1 ##1 C C 1 C = C % * # % % 9 C % #& C #H #3 >I 9 C #6 * * # C # 33C83& 303 "##1 1 9 C Phyllostachys pubescen F C C 'C C ,C C C C ? C C ) FC C CC C@C3C7GC C #* = C %* * # ## 5 1 3 % // #C# % C E #% % # C % C C 15 1 # && C ( C % C > 0C C* 3.6 On Some Basic Physic-mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo Timber + # 1 6 # C # C 1 C # 2/14/ # C # % % (/ 3.7 On Integrate Research on Harvest-Yield Cultivation Techniques 3 # E C C C = 1 C 1 C 1 C % C # ## C C C C C # = C C C 1 C # C # *C # # 1 % * # 0% & Stage 1 *1 % -2/"J Stage 2$ % 1 % -(/"J Stage 3:01 C1 # % # -)/ ,# #*1 % % 1 % E C " % , # C % 1 # # /K # # C 1 &/KC 6 # C # C*1 C # (( ,1 #0 % % # !! 21&/ BC ! # % C 2 B ! # 1 C C % C C #C % 1 # !/ B ! &/ BC! # C 4 BC! & B ! # C # C/// // % 1 % # 1 *Phyllostachys praecox C C % * #C *C #% * C5 * , %C C % 3 C% # ? 6 # > # * <,+ 2C///B C 5 *# % C % >1# *## 3.8 On Breeding and Hybrid 0 !/ C # 0 # # #* C C C C = # * % 1 C 1E # C C 3 # = > * C C C # = C C C # 0 % . ( C E C . C Dedrocalamopsis oldhamii, Dedrocalamus brandistii, Bambusa pervariabilis x Dedrocalamus latiflorusC C # * *C# C 1# C C 1 C C C 5 # % # C % -/KC (/K % C -& &K 5C # #* ,# C % * % % * #44/ ! % # #* % C + # C 0 % > + # * * # >* % * #% E% E % C C C # + # C # # 3.9 On Bamboo Timber ProcessiQJ # % C 1% # # " # = C % % % C 5 * % 7 #* FG01 C # % () %DPERR5HVHDUFKLQ&KLQD 3 # # # # # # # % / C C % C F 5 # * 5 GC C # 1# 3 ## #C C C % % # # C = 1 C F0C C0 GC 0 0 C 0 ; 0 C 0 F = GC 0 % F0 1 % C G C C # C 0# C0* # C C% C FG0# % # C # #5C C 5 1 C # C% ## # 3.10 On Bamboo Shoot Processing 3 % % C C#C% C C C (# C C C %%>C > C + C + # C + % C + C 0C * C* C*#C # C C % #% # % C C , F/ /2)1! 42BG *# * 1 C 1 C % * 6 # # C > C > # # # , -)/C > % # C #% C % C # 5 C 7 5 C % > C C% % % *# FG0 % % C, % 5 *1* ## % C* C # 0 -(/"C ## % # # % C C# > C@5 C< 1 = C *1 C,# % C C ## % C C* % C # C # C # C % C C # C -)/"C * C * * 5# C ## % C C # C % 5 C>1# %% # % # (- ,1 #0 %% # # C 5 * > * FG% #5 %% # % #% * # 5 C 5 % C C C C C* # C % 3.11 On Bamboo Chemical Utilization Outlets 3 * = C 1 C % C & > #> C 1 C 1 # 1# # # % # C # # 0 # > 7 # # # C 5 2 C * % # ##% C % * * Gingbo biloba # 7 % * 1> C 1 C ## C % * # #C % C C C ,# C #!// #% B ? 6 C * 5 @ 16 06 % E #% % C C 6 * C C % C % 6 #% C FG !//!CH8 0# 7 F807GI* % # ## # # * * # * # % 0 # F G # JF!G $* F&G 36 # C# # *F G * * * 5 H%I F!G E5 * 1 C 1 C 1 * * 5 # # # # ## C # C * C 5C C C F&G > C C 51 #C 1# C # C1 C * F.G * 1 C #> C* 1 C* C # * C F2G 5 # % 3.12 On Bamboo Processing Machine , " # # 1 * -(-C # % # 7* # C 5 % # # % * C * )/ %DPERR5HVHDUFKLQ&KLQD % *E # # //C * % !// # %% * C # C 1*% C 5B5CB C 3.13 On Bamboo as a Food for Panda 0 5 % / .( %% C C # C % #* %%C #* 3.14 On Bamboo Socio-economy * 5C# C % C *& % FG "1 J FG0 5 C FG # ## C 5 C C 5 4 Recommendations for Future Bamboo Research and Development 4.1 Some Principles to Focus on a Outlining Research and Development Strategies 7 16 % C A+ 3% > # % # C % # % C 0 % # # 1 # % C # # J * C1 #C # % C 5 * % C% % C C , # C1% > 3 # C C # % 1 4.2 Proposed Research Priorities 7 #* # " % * !/ /C* *1 % # #& C * # # ! C # )// C !. C # & ! C % <,+!-/ C > % <,)// C % > F G0 ) ,1 #0 FG % % C #* # % C* # # % 6 # C * # 8 , # # > FG 1 # 3 C # % # # FG # 8 ## % C 5 * F!G01% > = 1% * C C * C* % # C C > , # C # * % * 1## C # #3 6 ? = 0 0 8 # C # 8 # C # D C % # C > = 6 #2//1 % * C // # C % C # 7 # C * % C C # C * C EC C , F&G 1% ## % # * 5 # % C % 5 Phyllostachys pubescens. Ph. praecox, Dendrocalamus Istiflorus*% % C % * % # C * C # F.G % , ## % 1 E #* 111111, # J 111111 ## J 1111119 F2G #1 # )! %DPERR5HVHDUFKLQ&KLQD $1 1 # # % % E #* 11111% # C % E #1 1 # 11111+ # *J 111110# = , % # 1 % # # C 1 % # 1 1 # C * % 11111 7 E # % # > *1 J 111113 E # 1 %# % C 11111 <= # # E # 1 % # % C 0 E # 0 = * # C % C % F4G> = # F(G # > 7 > # # 1 # ,* C* % // Fargesia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utline of Zhejiang’s Bamboo Development 1.1 Bamboo Forest C ? 6 % # )//C/// C * # # # 4&/C/// (/C/// % 3 % 2 * % & &//.C 4(C///C )) &K# ? 6 "# 3 * # C3 6 # #44(C/// B /# ? 6 " 3 6 # 2/C/// " # 2)C/// C * # F >G &2&C/// C > # # .2/C///C///D * # % !/C/// * 3 6 C " C E C CL6 CD C?6 C C+ E C: D C, 1.2 Bamboo Products and Bamboo Processing Industry C ? 6 % .)C///C/// # .)C///C/// % 7 !C2(! # ? 6 % &C/// )( ,1 #0 > # C C 1 #C #C *C # C # C C # C 15 &//C///&#*C!C2//C///&#C C.//C/// # /C!// # 1.3 Bamboo Industrial Economy 7 # 0 ? 6 % .(2 D C C *4)& D C4 )/2 D C/ -(2 D % # &!KC2 -KC) 2K % 2. The Characteristics of the Development of Bamboo Industry 2.1 Upgrade of Bamboo Status ; > #% # % C # 0 #3 C # # ? 6 % !. B " % // 7 #? 6 # -)-!//! D -)- --. --- !//! 2/ -) 4! .2 (. (2 )/ // F7 G # 4 .4 - ! .& & ( F$ G )) %RRPLQJ%DPERR,QGXVWU\LQ=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFH 2.2 Management System’s Innovation and the Continuous Enhancement of Industry’s Organizational Development. 7 *# 5 # C 3 # E # % *1 1 C % C H I ## 5 C # " % C *1 !/C/// ? 6 > C B& # # " # 3 6 # 7 # " !//&% 0&./C///C///D C !2K# F 02&4!G# 9 # " / # > C 0 . C2// D F ` 2G 2.3 New Products Coming out, Processing Scale Expanding, and Processing Technology Enhancing C # C # C #% 1 C C C 1* # C % C 5 C * C % C * / 2 # # > 1 9 C 5 ? 6 ? 6 C > % % <,+ !//C///C/// 9 C # * ? 6 % 2.4 To Fit the Tendency of Internationalization, Profession, Socialization, More and More Organizations Are Been Explored 9 H U # % U # I ?6"8 D0A; # % * 5 # # ? 6 % 111 ?6 8 0 C 7 4! C* # ?6C C,> C * % E C C C # 1 * = C C C > ## # C 7 H 5 U # I ./! # !&C&// # ? 6 % 7 H 1 U# F GI + E 0 * C *#> # " 1 C * 2C/// * # C // 2&C&// " % 0 C # 5 H # % U # IC )- ,1 #0 3 Main Measures Taken 3.1 Strengthening the Construction of Bamboo Plantation Demonstration and Increasing the Bamboo Recourses + H- #% IC ? 6 % 6 C * * 44 ( # 1 C44 ( # # C 44 (#* # 1 3 % # % 6 + H / #% IC ? 6 % ## % # " % # % # 0 # = * % # # C* % % " % # > % % 3.2 Supporting the Dragon-Headed Enterprises and Promoting the Development of Bamboo Timber and Bamboo Shoot’s Processing + 1 5 5 # # 5 C C % C > # C % *J % % J " % J # # * C % # " 5 C C C # # # C % # " = % C % # % # " ) C += # # C ? 6 , # C 8 # C * % 5 1 % ? 6 % 3 * # > C % * % * 0 % C* # = # > % C* # > C E % C % % C 5 % C > # # % ## 75 ? 6 7 0 C # > C # # &(C !2C/// C&4 1 # C * # !2//C # 0&2/D 3.3 More attention has been paid to the construction of association and professional economy cooperation organization standard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roecoxC8 - Chapter 10 Forestry Economy Development in Zhejiang Province ? 6 % # 7 /4K# C * # = % ? 6 % #.4 .( 7 8+ ? 6 *<,_.22&˄<,_ (// ˅ !//( 3 # # " * <,_!&. F<,_ &.4 G <,_-&4F<,_.4/ GC % ? 6 -/ C*2 7 # # (/ .K# # % 4/ 2K 1 Overview of Forest Resources in Zhejiang Province ## % 7 * % #* ķ# # 2 (222 -)& 4 4(-( !//.C # / ( 4K˗ĸ# # & (!.( -)&2 )..! !//.C # ! 4)!K˗Ĺ# % # // !.2& & -)& -& )!-& & !//.C # & )-4K˗ĺ# % # &- 4K -)&4/ 2K !//.C # ! /&2)K˗ * # * ? 6 % % 7 ## % % % D ? 6 L 6 -)- ! -) .& & (4 2/ 4 --. & -! 2/ ) . /! . ) --- 4 22 2. . . 2 4/ 2! # /!2 /!. / ) /!/ ˖BB # # B/// *B > # F#* G 7 * # % ? 6 L 6 -& ,1 #0 7 ! ## % % ˄K˅ D ? 6 L 6 -)- / ( / 4& / 24 ]] --. / ) / 42 / 4- --- / 4/ / )) / () / )! 7 !* # ? 6 % 7 & ## % % % F!B ǃ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he Development of Forestry Industry in Zhejiang Province 2.1 The Status of Forestry Industry in Zhejiang Province 7 % ## ? 6 % !//(* - ./. 0C* # % 7 -/ ? 6 C *C . # % C 4 # % ! 2/K# " # 5 C3 6 # # ? 6 % ## = 8 7 # # -2 ,1 #0 8 !7 # # 8 !* C* % # # 7 % C* % # # % 7 C* % ## 2.2 The Characteristics of Forestry Industry in Zhejiang Province 8 .7 ## 7 ## # * % -4 )RUHVWU\(FRQRP\'HYHORSPHQWLQ=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFH ĸ7 % #* 7 # % # # # # J7 % # # % 1 # # 3 Overview of Bamboo Industry in Zhejiang Province % # * C ; ? 6 % # 7 % # *!& !//(ˈ* &/K # % DŽ0 ? 6 ˈ C*# 7 # "% ? 6 # B4 B&# C % 7 #% H0 I 3 6 C C+ E C CD # # # % # 3.1 The Primary Bamboo Industry 7 % ## ? 6 ( )& !/ C* # 4K /K# C % 7 % # ? 6 % # 0, 7 8 7 2# 0, 7 8 F0,78G ? 6 % ! Core area demonstration radiation area area 3 6 0,78 &!/ !/// 444( , 0,78 !)/ .// &&&& ,> 0,78 // &&& &&&& 0,78 )( )2& !&&& D 0,78 )/ 44( !/// ##0,78#* ˖ķ % # ˗ĸ # " # # ˗Ĺ, 1## DŽ 3.2 The Secondary Industrial Sector 7 # 1 # .)&)C E # & (C#* E ## # (&K# 7 % ? 6 5 ./K# 4/K# -( ,1 #0 # % 3 C # > # &// # > % 3.3 The Tertiary Industrial Sector 0# + % 7 % # * /// 4 The Development of Non-timber Forest Product and Increasing Farmer’s Income in Rural areas: Lin’an as Case Study ? 6 % % 7 0 % C ? 6 % % # C % 7 # C # * > # 4.1 Fact of Lin’an County " * #? 6 % 7 & !4 )5!C * )4 .K 7 2!4 . ## # 0))2! ) 2- 0C % 4.2 Forest Resource and Forestry Industry in Lin’an 7 # % * # 2 / D -)- . (2& !//( 7 * # 2& D ))2!D C *# * # .K.2K % * # . -K -)-( 22K !//(C % # # * # .C)4/C///&)C&//C///& 7 % * # !4 !&- C # 1 # * # -K!(K 4.3 Development Non-timber Forest Products( NTFPs) in Lin’an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h --4 --( --) --- !/// !// !//! !//& !//. !//2 !//4 1XPEHURIWRXULVWV h " 5 --(1!//( * C % # # C * 1 C * -- ,1 #0 * # # ˄ -).1!//&˅ * % # * # # 7 4+ % , , + % # /!&-/ !/ . -(- 2.--4 !/ # &//& / (-/ / &-4 !/ 7 ( > ; 1 )/)FaaG #F;G , F!1 G /// !/ !/ 1 )/)FaaG # , F!1 G /// F G !/ !/ aa # / / % F!1 G 5 The Driving Force of Forestry Economy in Zhejiang Province: Tenure Rreform C / % * % # * F # 2(K# # G % # > ## # ķ # -2/J ĸ 1 -2/JĹ 1 % A " # -2/ -(/JĺH = I -)/F$ ,G 3# C % 5 6 ? 6 % C % # -2K # # C * 6 F44KG L % F)4KG 7 # 7 # #* 5.1 The forestry “three stabilizations” period 7 # -) ? 6 # 5 C * ? 6 % > 7 # # # (4K # % # -)4 // )RUHVWU\(FRQRP\'HYHORSPHQWLQ=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFH 5.2 The marketing period of forest-land use right 7 # ## 1 # --/" # ## 1 * % = # % 5.3 The New Reforms of forestland tenure 7 * # !//&C? 6 C6 CL > * * # F G # * # ƺ %= # % # > # 1 1# , # E # 7 # % # % * ƺ@ ## 7 # # # ## C % ## C ˗ ˗ ƺ % # % # ƺ 7 % 5 * # >˗6 F!G7 # * # 7 ## # * # %= # % # ? 6 ] > 2/ !/22 , # %= # % 7 6 # % 7 6 % %= # % # L >6 # ? 6 # 6 5 # * # 5 # ## / &KDSWHU*RYHUQPHQWV5ROHLQWKH%DPERR,QGXVWU\RI$QML &RXQW\ 1. The General Situation 3 6 C H0 # IC * # ? 6 C(/5 $ =C !&/5 , 3 6 % # C))4E 5 C(/K# * F 2// GC!/ # /K# * # 7 # .2/C/// ; 1 C % ##3 6 C.//C 2ćC 8+ # C4//<,+C* % % 1 % ? 6 # C 3 6 = * # # 0*% .C(// * * # 3 6 * # * -) # C # % (/KJ #FP. herterocycla # ()K !!K# G 0C 3 6 # 4 # .& 7 5 / & C % # () C !/ C % 0& 2 D F!//!GC 5 # 1 * % --4 # C %C * # C3 6 *##* #H7 0 # IC * 5 #3## C # 7 C #0 + % 7 # % ## % # % C% 2 Cultivation of the Bamboo Resources 2.1 Political Attention from the Higher Administration as an Opportunity # % # # % % 5 # * % # 3 % % C # % % 3 6 % 3 C % C % 53 6 ## * 7 * * # /& ,1 #0 % % # # > C + 8 # % + # 3 6# 7 + # $10 #0+ 0 = )//8 57* #3 6 3 % = # C % # % * > C # # C # % E = % 1 # * 2.2 Appropriate Planning and Orientating Policies from the County Government 111, -)/C # 1 % % C C 7 :5 0 % C7 + % # 0 3 6 C 7 ; 0 , + % #3 6 C % 111 --&C #HFEC #GI > % 4 C 0./ D ** # # C * % C E 22C/// 1 1 *% !&4C/// * * % 111 * (Phyllostachys heterocycla var pubescensGC R ?D FP. praecox or P. propinqua) # # 1 % # 0 ---C / & 1 * % 3 6 2.3 Stabilization of the Bamboo Land Tenure Relationship 7 CH C ## I 3 -)&C # # % C * % $ 8 F 1% G% * #!/ C** # # $* % C C*# C # ## # C % # # # 7 C E5 > # &/ C * 7% # # *% * ## % 2.4 Technological Service, Training, Extension and Research --17 0 ## % % # # * C # C # # F C # = C GC # F*1 1 G /. *RYHUQPHQWV5ROHLQWKH%DPERR,QGXVWU\RI$QML&RXQW\ 1117 7 % * # # * * # 7 C # 7 + 0 F % % CG * * % # # # # C# -2/ 7 % # # % #3 6 111 3 % C % C C C C % 5 3 # C ? 6 C 6 < % C ? 6 3 % # # 3 6 # B % % % * C ## % # % % # * # 3 Value Addition by Bamboo Processing # 3 6% E5 = % * > # % -(- 3 6 # # > L C 5 * 7 !/ # C C# # 3 3 6 6 # # 1117 % # 5C * * % 6 # % % ; # % % C # * # H * 5I 1 # % " 11117 % % H1 I 0 E F 5 # GC 0% F 1 * C# % G 4 Bamboo Tourism: the Invisible Value of Bamboo 0 # # 3 65 # % 0 # = --/ 7 % #* % #H 1? 6 IC * * % % 3 6 C 7 C # 5C C # % * % %% C C #5 # #C % # # % # /2 ,1 #0 5 Conclusion and the Future * C # > 5 # B * C # # -)/ # %# 7 1# % C 1 % C 5 % C 5 C ## % H I 7 > # 3 6C * = C 5 ;79 * # 3 6 % * * * #H I# % C > C E % C 5 # "* /4 Chapter 12 Bamboo Industry in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province in China + E #? 6 % C 7 5 0 # C * /ǂ.4"Z !/ǂ.!"C &/ǂ!4"Z&/ǂ.!" 7 -.( E 5 # C 2. (2 5 1* !- (25 1C * # .//E 5 #.!/C/// ! * 7 C #./K C2/K# /K* C* #7 *# % 1 Brief Introduction of Bamboo Industry in Deqing 3 # # C * !//C///# # -)/ 3 C # # * > % E %**C * #FPhyllostachys pubescensG C 1= * & C C2 / -C!(4 % C # 5 # # % E # * C # * * * % 0 ) 2 D % -)4C# C % * 04(-D C** ! !K* % # * # * C # % "% # , -)/C* # # C # * % 3 C # 9 C# " * 5 5 C % * # * + E 8% # * # % # # % # # C * #* % 0 C % 1X7 > % # * * # * 3 C % 6 # % 7 C C % * % C* C # % # C # #C 5 C % ; " ## C % 5 0 % # C # # % % 3 C * /( ,1 #0 # // * # # ? 6 % 2 Current Status of the Bamboo Industry in the County C % # C* # !//C/// -)4&//C/// !//& # # )C2//C///D C.//C///C///D 2.1 Primary Section of Bamboo Industry --- Bamboo Resource development # C % * % E * % 3 # 1 E > * 5% $1 E % # C 1 E # = * C % # % 1 * J #1= C 1 E C % * # % J # # Phyllostachys praecoxC % 1 E % * % # * C # 1 E %% # % &1. E 7 # 1 C #C # = C % > C #Ph. praecox # !2/ 5B C/// 5BC C > !C2//5B C # # -//5 &25B % * C///5 .//5B % * , * % E % # * % E X % * # * " X % % (1 1 "C % * # % C % E 1 % % * C* 1 E Ph. praecoxC 1= % )2K # * % , # C # # C* C * # 15 C C % C C = 7 # Ph. pubescensF GCPh. glauca, Ph. augusta, Ph. iridencens, Pleioblastus amarusC C # . ) #1= )C&// 3 /) %DPERR,QGXVWU\LQ'HTLQJ&RXQW\=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFHLQ&KLQD C % Ph. praecoxC * C * #Ph. praecox (2C/// C /C/// * C/// 7 # 15 )C-// 3 !//!C % # # C C 0&!/ D C !! -K# 2.2 The Secondary Section of Bamboo Industry ---- Processing section of bamboo products 7 % % # 0 1 # C * *1E ** # C % 1 *% E % C # * % = 9 C ## 5 # C * * % 1* % 1* C% < *C 4/ C ( % .//5 # C# C C#C C #C C * ) # )C/// # # 1= !&C/// # C * # 44 (KC -4 .K !&/K# * % , # C ) 1 * C # #* Shoot processing: & *./ 0D ##> C * )C/// # % % 04/ D Timber processing ! * 0 )/ D # #> C* ) # % % !!/ 0D Handicrafts making & * 0./ D # #> C * !C/// # 1= % % 2/ 0D 3 !//!C % # # C C * 0 )4/ D C 4 .K# C *5 # > # . <, # > 2.3 The Tertiary Section of Bamboo Industry --- Bamboo market, sale and bamboo cultural activity 7 # # 5 C % F G 5 /- ,1 #0 7 5 # * # 3 5 * E !/ # * # ;5 0 ; , , C * 5 # ? 6 % 7 5 #!/ C* !2K# % C* #* 0!&/ D , 7* # C 5 * ) C * # 2C/// * 0 )/ D # #* % C % 5 * # 5 F!G # 7 # C % 5 #% # ,# C2// %*&C/// % %% # C* 0&// D F&G0 7 * 15 * # % # X "C + E 3 C * 1% *C C C C # ,# C !//C/// 0(/ D % 3 !//!C # # C C 0!!/ D C 2 (K# 3 Evaluation of The Bamboo Industry 8 % C 3.1 Bamboo Industry Has Become a Backbone of the Rural Economy in Mountainous Areas in the County F G0 6 C# # .2K# # 7 % # ,# C.!C/// * 5 C * &2C/// * 5 % # C!C/// 5 C 2C/// C* (- !K# &2K# * 3 C # F!G0 % % 7 * # % < *C % C !) 7* C * !. / %DPERR,QGXVWU\LQ'HTLQJ&RXQW\=KHMLDQJ3URYLQFHLQ&KLQD * % 0 &!/ D C* )4 .K# 3.2 Bamboo industry brings great income for the farmers # 6 # # 3 C # % % % # # % 0 # * % , 7* C# > C *.. 2KC* % , # C * % # C * # 4.K # * C * # 0 /C///D C)// 3 > 7* C* % &// # .)/ C% # 0 /C///D # Chapter 13 The Bamboo Industry of Lin’an County: Problems in bamboo shoot processing and utilization and the solutions 1 Overview of the bamboo industry in Lin’an county " 7 C * ? 6 % )b2 a1 -b2-a !-b24a1&/b!4a 7 # & !45! # 2//C/// * # % # ( &KC # !4/C///C#* # 5 2!C/// 7 H0$ # I 7 # # -))* 0.C --D , -)/C C# H I1% C FPhyllostachys heterocycala var. pubescensG C * 6 % # H I 7 " # # !-C///2!C/// 3 C # *# !C/// )/C/// C 1 # * # !C/// )/C/// C 1 % # !/ D 42/ D 0 # # " * H IC # % % 1.1 Bamboo Resources of Lin’an County 7 4& " 3 # * 1.1.1 Moso Bamboo 7 ## " !/C///C *./ . * C /C/// # # 7 * C * .C///#1 1.1.2 Vegetable Bamboo H@ I # Phyllostachys praecox Ph. prominers @ # " .C/// C * C # # 7 # % (4C2./ ; > % # 1 1 # Phyllostachys praecox, % !(/ D C .4 2 B % )!2C/// D B --(C % # 4C2// # " # * % /C/// D C * (/ % 2/C/// D . //C/// D & ,1 #0 1.1.3 Shoot Bamboo H, I # 1 P. nuda, P. iridescens, P. yiamuensis and P. acuta. 7 % # 2C/// C % # 4// % % C 3 (C&)/ C* C(&) # 1.2 Development of Bamboo Processing " C &/C///# C4/K#* * 7 % .41 # % // # 7 # * 2/) / C C C C 5 1* C 5C 5 * C 5C ## 7 # * * 2//C///! 3 // % 2 . !#0 1.3 Development of Markets for Bamboo Products --/C 5 # * 8 $ * # C * % 2C/// C # C 5 *+ # , C$ 17 0, 5 * C # > 5 1.4 Establishment of Service Networks " % # # # % * % * 5 , % % " C % % &- * 7 0 , 0 , + % % 3 # % * 7 % * 5 % % % C * 1 C 1 2 Bamboo Shoot Processing and Utilization 2.1 An analysis of the Current Situation 0 " # F GC % 2.1.1 Boiled Shoots * # # Ph.vivax 3 Phyllostachys praecox# C # $* % C * * #P.praecox * . D B5C # " * # 7 # # * . 7KH%DPERR,QGXVWU\RI/LQDQ&RXQW\ 3UREOHPVLQEDPERRVKRRWSURFHVVLQJDQG XWLOL]DWLRQDQGWKHVROXWLRQV -(- -)/ C & # F5 * 6 G* > # # > % #<,_44C4// 7 # #* * 6 = 0 -))C * -# " C " 7 # # 2C!! 44 C # > <,_ 4 -24 0 --)C # .4# C 4-/C/// F ! 2// G 3 C 2.4C/// * * 2!C/// Ph.vivax 7 > % -C/// C # > # <,_ .2 C * * # 3 C * # --)C)/K# * " # 6 L > % ; > #% * " C# # Ph.vivax % 3# % --.C ? # 7* # # D * # " C * # Ph.vivax 7 # # #15 # #% * 0 * E 11 C * * % C " * % 8 % C # # # . --.!4 --) 7 # !!/C/// C % # #> # D --..& D --) 7 # C&// --. C(&/ --)C 2! 2 D # # C!! .C()& # Ph.vivax C # ( 2 D * % # # C % % / # 7 * 5 5 C # 5 C * % 2 ! # 7 F# G * # 5 #* * #% * 5 % = = E > 5 7 # % ? % # # # * C 5 # 5 11 7 % # C # # * % ## # 5 11 * %% > 7 # # ## % E 2 ,1 #0 2.1.2 Dried Bamboo Shoots X7 " # " 1 5 # Phyllostachys nuea, P. iridescens, P, yiamuensis P.acuta. 3 Annals of Lin’an County, 7 * #% # , ? L6 7 7 % 7 # * = FThe Economic Herald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reserved Bamboo Shoots % # 7 #* 3# C % % C > * # 5# * 5 0 # # C * # 7 * # % # # * * --(C% !// #* % " 7 # % #* # = # * 3# C % # 1 5 3 5C * E# % 2.2 Experiences in the Development of Bamboo Shoot Processing Industry F G 15 7 # # % # 5 # % C# # % # C "8% # " # # * # # 7 = " % 1 > C * 5 C * 1 0 C # % # % 06 # # C " * 44/ # # --4C * # 0 # C # 7 % # 3 1 5 ## 7 % C % # # H = C 5 ## C# C 5 % IC # H C # * C > 5 I 7 * #H= C C = I* # * # % C ## * F!G, #3 #0, % # 7 3 #0 , # % # * C 3 #* # H = % IC % # ( ,1 #0 7 % C 3 % 5 * C % * % C % % # * C 3 % 1 % #* > 9## J # % J $ 5 J J = % % J 9 = # % #* 5 # 7 % % * C 3 * " C* < E * # 7 % % # " F&G75 5 C5 C % # E 7 # # " C* # % # 7 % C % # 5 C % % , --!C * ? D C C + # 0 + % # " C % * E < *C % ! * C *(% # * --. # * * , # , 7 3* # + % * "8% # " --2C * H " 7 * # I H % : I C 8 # # H IC * ? 6 % H I 7 E # % C 3 % > # 7 , % 0 $ + % # # # # # , # % % * + # ? 6 < % ? 6 3 #3 , C % > # # % % 0 5 C " C #$ = L E C 1 C %15 , % # E " 7 8 C ,5 C # $ = 1E C * % * 0> F --- 0 ) 7KH%DPERR,QGXVWU\RI/LQDQ&RXQW\ 3UREOHPVLQEDPERRVKRRWSURFHVVLQJDQG XWLOL]DWLRQDQGWKHVROXWLRQV %GC * H+ I --- 3 > 2.3 Current Problems in the Bamboo Shoot Processing Industry 1 C 1 " C E 3 C. !// % 9* C*= C # #* E # ##C 7 * * C # E# E 7 # # #5 + % # 5 1 # E C % C C 6 #C % # # % C > * 5 , % # *5 C % " 1 --2D # 9* 5 # 5 C E # 5 > # D # % # C.// -)& (4C/// C 2/1# 3 #C % % 7 # " 5 L C$ = , C > L 7 1= 5 C # E # 3 C C 1 E # # 7 # C > * # % # * 5 1 * C --)C# *# # % C # % #* C % 1 5 E C # 3 Main Considerations for Developing Shoot Processing Industry 3.1 Strategic Objectives * F > 2 E G # # % 2 D !/ / 0!//2C > #% * C - ,1 #0 % % # / D # C * % # * !// D 0 !/ /C > 6 % # % # 0 .// D * % 1 # 3.2 Major Measures Required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hapter 14 Bamboo Sector Development Policy and its Implementation in Anji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`/ .)D B / ) 0 D B ( D B / /2 + / !. / /- , D B 214 D B D B # 2/5 !>4K / 2 + `e. 01 A 2/5 !>4K / 2 3 ; 2/5 !>4K 0 2/5 4>4K 9 2/5 4>4K / /&D B 0 3= !4 %DPERR6HFWRU'HYHORSPHQW3ROLF\DQGLWV,PSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ$QML 7 Ċ0 E # # 7> 5 7 FD G FD G / /! // A 2/5 / /2 // 0 / //2 / 2 0 2/5 / /! / 2 F!G7 # ? 6 % * > * # # # C 1# C C # C % 2/5 % # 2 # * # # C % 2/ 5 % # 4 7 C C C C 5C # * C % 2/5 % # 2 7 ##C C C C C # # # #C % 2/5 % # / 7 5C 5C C *C 7 #* % * ! % # # ķ0 * % # / * !/ ĸ 16 * % # / * 2 Ĺ0# * % # 4* 2 # 0 !/ **#. 2 #!// % # 2 **#. 2 #&// % # / **#. 2 #.// % # !( ,1 #0 0 . # * # !. #!./ % 0 &//5 % # // , # ** #/ !2 * # 4 25 ! 7 # "# )K & * * > F&G % # # # # 0 % C % * # % * % # % .1 # % # # > 1 ># )/K# . "% * # " > 7 # * % * % * > C!/K* % 5 # % C )/K * % # * 2K # )/K * % # 2K # )/K * # # # * " # 7 > * % * % "# C# 3 Forest Law # C # # ## # ## 5 # * " # C * # C C C # # C 7 1 # C# * ## ## C# .# * -)2 "# E ## # 7 # * = > C * > > % Forest Law 7 # C# * " % " # C # ##C 5 ##C 5 * % C # % # !)