Summary Report on the Implementation of Water Source Development, Water Distribution System Projects and Promoting Participation in Water Management in Non-irrigated Areas

1. Background and principle

Since 2003, the Department of Water Resources has been responsible for developing, conserving and rehabilitating water sources in non-irrigated areas. The Department of Water Resources has implemented totally 17,541 water source development projects which can store approximately 2,268 MCM of water. According to the resolution of the National Water Resources Committee during the 4/2016 meeting on Wednesday 23rd November 2016, the committee stressed that all government agencies should consider local people’s needs. Water distribution system must be developed in any area where there is a potential water source to solve water problems sustainably and have enough water for production. Every government agency should adjust its budget management to develop the water distribution system in each potential water source for the highest benefit and in balance with water demand in each area. The Department of Water Resources determined a pattern for developing the water distribution system as follows: 1) A guideline for developing water distribution system in every potential public water source. The water distribution system uses solar energy and can pump up no less than 100 m3 of water per day. The water source must be able to store at least 30,000 m3 of water or covering an area of at least 1.6 hectares. Since 2003, there have been 3,482 water source development and conservation projects of the Department of Water Resources which have the potential to be developed. 2) On the project characteristics, the Department of Water Resources developed the standard of the project which can be divided into 2 sizes: 1) Solar-powered water distribution system project with installed equipment which can pump up no less than 100 m3 of water per day. Water will be pumped up to a

1 water tower and distributed to the cultivated area. It can provide water to the rainfed area during the dry season so farmers will have the continuing income. 2) Solar-powered water distribution system project which has the pumping capacity of no less than 1,800 m3 per day. The available water will be pumped up and delivered through an open canal or pipes to target areas such as tap water treatment plants or village ponds. 3) The selection criteria, the consideration on readiness, the implementation pattern and the success factors of the projects are: 1) A rehabilitated water source like a swamp which has enough water during the dry season, with at least approximately 30,000 m3 of water or a water source covering at least approximately 1.6 hectares. 2) A water source like a swamp where there is water during the whole year, with at least 30,000 MCM of water or a water source covering at least approximately 1.6 hectares. 3) The potential project should be able to support the cultivation of vegetable, economic crops, plants which use less water and plants which have short life cycle (1-3 months). It is not suitable for plants which use a lot of water such as rice or sugarcane. 4) There should be a water user organization/a farmer group who grows plants in an area of approximately 16 hectares (the agricultural plots should be near), which include all water users in that area. 5) In case of no water user organization/farmer group, the local administrative organization should sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Department of Water Resources to operate and maintain the project as well as establish a farmer group. 6) A request for support and an agreement on accepting the project should be submitted by the local administrative organization. 7) A solar-powered water distribution system with the capacity of no less than 100 m3 per day and a solar-powered water distribution system with the capacity of no less than 1,800 MCM per day

2 8) The standard design of the Department of Water Resources should be used but it is possible to adjust the design to local necessity, potential, or the type of water source. This will result in the different design and budget used such as in the plains where floods occur. 9) In case of a public place which is used for agriculture, a permission document should be issued by the competent authority. 10) Capacity building activities for the water user group should be done. Farmer group who uses water should determine the rule of water use, which is agreed by the group. The local administrative organization should be responsible for maintaining the system. The standard design of the Department of Water Resources determines that the guarantee period of solar panels should be 25 years.

2. Scope of implementation The water source development and solar-powered water distribution projects to solve the scarcity of water for consumption have the following steps for implementation: 1. Survey the area and study the feasibility for water source development project 2. Survey and create a detailed design of the water source development project and plan the construction of the water distribution system 3. Organize a meeting among stakeholders which consist of farmers, community leaders, local administrative organizations and relevant agencies to inform them about the project exchange opinions and consider the stakeholders’ problems and needs since the construction stage to find a solution and prevent conflicts in the community. 4. Establish a farmer group and select the managing committee of the water user group. The registration of members in the water user group should be voluntary. Elect members in the water user group to be the managing committee by selecting a chairperson and other positions according to the group’s regulation. 5. The water user group and the Water Resources Regional Office should plan the water distribution system together. The Water Resources Regional Office should explain the information, present a plan on the installation of pipes according to the engineering principles,

3 and create a pipe drawing in a map following the discussion with the water user group. The office should give technical or expert advice if necessary. 6. Implement the water source development project and the water distribution system under the observation and advice from the community leaders, the water user group and the local administrative organization. 7. Test the operation of the water distribution system with the community leaders and the water user group. 8. Hand over the project to the local administrative organization. The water user group should manage the water distribution system themselves with the advice from the Department of Water Resources and the local administrative organization. 9. Strengthen the capacity of the water user group by setting up the role and duty in two levels: 9.1 The role and duty of the managing committee of the water user group should be set up, including the rules and procedures on water use, the maintenance, the instructions for the members to obey the rules, regulations and procedures. The problems and obstacles from the water distribution and the maintenance of canals should be reported to relevant government agencies. The meetings between the managing committee and the members should be regularly organized to plan the water use, the maintenance of the water sources, and coordinate with relevant government agencies and the members on water management and conciliation in the water source area. 9.2 The role and duty of the members of the water user group should be set up so they will obey the rules and regulations. They should participate in maintaining and inspecting the water source and appurtenant structures. They should also provide the information and advise how to maintain the water source to the managing committee. 10. Enhance the capacity and support the water user group to participate in trainings and study visits on the maintenance of water source or other topics on water management. The public sector, the private sector and the local administrative organization should create a communication channel through the DWR4Thai or LINE application. 11. Organize capacity building activities, volunteer activities or other activities to build the harmony of the water user group through local culture and tradition on special days.

4 12. Monitor and evaluate the success in the economic, social and environmental aspects by considering the improved quality of life and income to evaluate the implementation and satisfaction. Use the lessons learned and recommendations from the group to analyze and improve the work of the Department of Water Resources.

3. Monitoring and evaluation of the project The Department of Water Resources has evaluated 15 solar-powered water distribution projects, out of 751 implemented projects in 5 regions, namely the northern region, the northeastern region, the central region, the eastern region and the southern region. The randomized evaluations were conducted in the following projects: (1) Two projects in the northern region: 1) Huai Kaew Reservoir Conservation and Rehabilitation Project in Village No. 11, Ban Rom Pho Thong, Mae Faek Sub-district, San Sai District, 2) Huai Nam Koob (Wang Poon) Reservoir Project and Water Distribution System in Ban Pa Sak Village No. 15, Non Kathao Sub-district, Nakhon Thai District, . (2) Eight projects in the northeastern region: 1) Nong Luang Conservation and Rehabilitation Project with a water distribution system in Ban Nong Luang, Village No. 1, Nong Luang Sub-district, Sawang Daen Din District, 2) Nam Phan Conservation and Rehabilitation Project with a water distribution system in Sang Khom District, 3) Ban Ngiu Solar-powered Water Distribution System in Thong Thani Sub-district, Thawat Buri District, 4) Nong Khok Sabaeng Conservation and Rehabilitation Project with a solar-powered water distribution system in Ban Kam Phi, Borabue District, 5) Nong Thapkhai Wetland Conservation and Rehabilitation Project with a water distribution system in Ban Nong Thapkhai Village No. 6, Thung Wang Sub-district, Satuek District, Buri Ram Province

5 6) Ban Don Yao Noi Water Distribution Project, in Village No. 6, Wang Hin Sub-district, Non Daeng District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province 7) Roeng Mai Ngam Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, in Pra Thai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province 8) Nong Nok Chum Rehabilitation Project, in Village No. 7, Na Yia Sub- district, Na Yia District, Ubon Ratchathani Province (3) Two projects in the central region: 1) Ban Nong O Solar-powered Water Distribution System Project, in Ban Nong O Village No. 7, Wang Nam Sap Sub-district, , Province 2) Klong Phison Conservation and Rehabilitation Project with a water distribution system, in Village No. 5, Singhanat Sub-district, , Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province (4) One project in the eastern region: 1) Beung Hua Beung Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, in Village No. 2, Ya Naree Sub-district, Kabin Buri District, (5) Two projects in the southern region: 1) Klong Pru Dinna and Sub-basin Conservation and Rehabilitation Project in Phase 1 and 2, in Pru Dinna Sub-district, Klong Thom District, 2) Khuan Khao Wang Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, in Chalung Sub-district, Hat Yai District, According to the monitoring and evaluation, it is found that water source projects which the Department of Water Resources built and promoted the participation could solve water scarcity in the communities. The communities have enough water for their livelihood and agriculture and have more income. The evaluation on the participation and satisfaction is high. The results from the randomized evaluations in each region can be found in Table 1.

6 Table 1: Comparison of the performance results of Water Development with Solar-Powered Water Distribution System or Gravity Discharge Pipe Project No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application 1 Huai Kaew Water - Public - Government - Workshop - Data base - Group of 32 Lack of (1) Supporting Reservoir shortage in Hearings Sector - Disseminate of water agricultural materials, technology Conservation the area, no before - Group series of user group water users tools and and building and water proceeding to leader knowledge, - - Income equipment (2) The Rehabilitation retention the - Network Establish a Application increasing for the strength of Project in source consolidation Leader book of - Network from 10,000- maintenance executive Village No. 11, of - Community knowledge - Telephone 20,000 baht in case the committee Ban Rom development leader - Conduct a - Social per month damage of water use Thong, Mae plan of piping - Sub-district community Media from an occurs groups Feak Sub- design Administrative stage Line average and has a (3) Creating district, San Sai - Proceed to Organization - Follow up income of high cost of awareness District, Chiang construction on the 4,000 baht repair and Mai Province - Create water progress per month understanding Budget: user groups for group

7 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application 38.517 million - Set up members baht committee of Purpose of water user using water: groups For agriculture; - Formulate agronomic and rules and horticulture regulations crops - Require members to pay for water tariff 1 cubic meter /1 baht - Organize activity to strengthen the

8 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application community - Field visit site - Lesson Learned - Monitoring and Evaluation/ Satisfaction assessment 2 Huai Nam Kub Water - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 588 Lack of (1) Supporting (Wang Poon) shortage Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural materials, technology Reservoir and during before water users series of Media such water users tools and and building Water drought proceeding to - Sub-district knowledge, as Line and gathered equipment (2) The distribution season, the headman Establish a Facebook together for the strength of System in Ban flood construction - Village book of to strongly maintenance executive Pa-sak, Village occurs in - Community headman knowledge communica - Cultivation in case the committee

9 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application No. 15, Nong Ka rainy leader is - Group - Hold the te and throughout structure or of water use Tao Sub-District, season, no engaged in leader exhibition exchange the year discharge groups Nakhonthai water pipe alignment - Chairman of - Conduct a experiences - Average pipe are (3) Creating District, retention and when the agricultural community income of damaged awareness Pitsanulok source project is group stage 131,145.96 and Province completed, it - Sub-district - Follow up baht/ understanding Budget: will be handed Administrativ on the household/ for group 50.7790 million over to the e progress year or members baht public Organization approximately Purpose of - Create water and 10,900 using water: user groups government baht/month For agriculture; - Set up sector from agronomic and committee of previous horticulture water user average crops, off- groups income of season and - Formulate 4,000

10 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application rainy season rules and baht/month rice regulations - Increase - Organize water-use activity to efficiency by strengthen the expanding community the area of - Monitor and utilization to Evaluate nearby area - For social aspect, the farmers can make a living through agriculture in their own settlements

11 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application 3 Nong Luang Low - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 72 - High cost of (1) Supporting Conservation capacity of Hearings agricultural - Conduct a Social agricultural equipment technology and water before water users community Media such water users and lack of and building Rehabilitation retention implementing - Sub-district stage as Line and gathered tools for the (2) The Project with which the project headman - Follow up Facebook together maintenance strength of water doesn’t - Community - Village on the to strongly - Water user executive distribution meet the leader is headman progress communica - Income groups or committee system water engaged in - Group - Exchange te and increasing Sub-district of water use In Ban Nong demand pipe alignment leader among the exchange from 10,000 - Administrativ groups Luang, Village results in and when the - Chairman of areas by experiences 25,000 baht e (3) Creating No.1, Nong water project is agricultural inviting per month Organization awareness Luang Sub- shortage completed, it group successful from an is unable to and district, Sawang will be handed - Sub-district agriculturists average support the understandi Din-Daeng over to the Administrativ to share their income of budget ng for group District, public e knowledge 4,000 baht members Sakhon Nakorn - Create water Organization - per month

12 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Province user groups and Recommend - Increase Budget: - Set up government appropriate water-use 34.4569 million committee of sector plant efficiency by baht water user selection to being able to Purpose of groups meet market do off-season using water: - Formulate demand cultivation For livestock rules and - For social and regulations aspect, the agriculture; which requiring farmers can agronomic and members to make a living horticulture pay for water through crops, off- tariff 50 agriculture in season and baht/month their own rainy season - Organize settlements rice activity to strengthen the

13 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application community - Monitor and Evaluate

4 Nam Phan Water - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 70 - High cost of (1) Supporting Conservation shortage for Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural equipment technology and cultivation before water users series of Media such water users and lack of and building Rehabilitation due to the implementing - Sub-district knowledge, as Line and gathered tools for the (2) The Project with area the project headman establish a Facebook together maintenance strength of water condition is - Community - Village book of to strongly - Water user executive distribution a basin leader is headman knowledge communica - Average groups or committee system landscape, engaged in - Group - Hold the te and income of Sub-district of water use Sang Khom thus to bring pipe alignment leader exhibition exchange 30-40 per Administrativ groups District, water to use and when the - Chairman of - Conduct a experiences year due to e (3) Creating Udonthani is quite project is agricultural community the Organization awareness Province difficult completed, it group stage development is unable to and

14 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Budget: will be handed - Sub-district - Follow up of eco- support the understanding 20.1266 million over to the Administrativ on the tourism budget to for group baht public e progress which can repair such members Purpose of - Create water Organization - Exchange accommodate tools and using water: user groups and among the 250,000 equipment For livestock, - Set up government areas by tourists per tourism, committee of sector inviting year agriculture; water user successful - Increase agronomic and groups agriculturists water-use horticulture - Formulate to share their efficiency so crops rules and knowledge that can regulations - support off- which requiring Recommend season members to appropriate cultivation pay for water plant - For social tariff 50 selection to aspect, the

15 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application baht/month meet market farmers can - Organize demand make a living activity to through strengthen the agriculture in community their own - Monitor and settlements evaluate 5 Ban Ngiu Solar- During - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 35 - High cost of (1) Supporting powered drought Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural equipment or technology Water season, it’s before water users series of Media such water users lack of tools and building Distribution Inadequate implementing - Sub-district knowledge, as Line and gathered for the (2) The System in water to use the project headman establish a Facebook together maintenance strength of Thong Thani for - Community - Village book of to strongly - Water user executive Sub-district, consumptio leader is headman knowledge communica - Cultivation groups or committee Thawat Buri n and during engaged in - Group - Hold the te and throughout the Sub-district of water use District, Roi-et flood pipe alignment leader exhibition exchange year and has Administrative groups

16 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Province season, and when the - Chairman of - Conduct a experiences certain market Organization (3) Creating Budget: floodwater project is agricultural community to support is unable to awareness 1.668 million has completed, it group stage - Average support the and baht inundated will be handed - Sub-district - Follow up income of budget understanding Purpose of the houses over to the Administrative on the 3,500 - 6,000 for group using water: public Organization progress baht per members For agriculture; - Create water and - Exchange month horticulture user groups government among the - Increase crops, off- - Set up sector areas by water-use season and committee of inviting efficiency by rainy season water user successful being able to rice groups agriculturists do off-season - Formulate to share their cultivation rules and knowledge - For social regulations - aspect, the - Organize Recommend farmers can

17 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application activity to appropriate make a living strengthen the plant through community selection to agriculture in - Monitor and meet market their own evaluate demand settlements and have adequate income

6 Nong Kok Low - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - 124 - High cost of (1) Supporting Sabaeng capacity of Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social households of equipment or technology Conservation water before water users series of Media such agricultural lack of tools and building and retention implementing - Sub-district knowledge, as Line and water user for the (2) The Rehabilitation which the project headman establish a Facebook groups maintenance strength of Project with doesn’t - Community - Village book of to gathered - Water user executive solar-powered meet the leader is headman knowledge communica together groups or committee

18 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application water water engaged in - Group - Hold the te and strongly Sub-district of water use distribution demand pipe alignment leader exhibition exchange - Cultivation Administrativ groups system in Ban and when the - Chairman of - Conduct a experiences throughout the e (3) Creating Kam Phi, Bora project is agricultural community year and has Organization awareness bue District, completed, it group stage certain market is unable to and Maha Sarakam will be handed - Sub-district - Follow up to support support the understanding Province over to the Administrativ on the - Income budget for group Budget: public e progress increasing of members 3.4990 million - Create water Organization - Exchange 30,000 baht user groups and among the baht/person/ Purpose of - Set up government areas by year from using water: committee of sector inviting average For livestock, water user successful income of tourism and groups agriculturists 8,500 agriculture; - Formulate to share their baht/househ horticulture rules and knowledge old/year

19 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application and regulations - - Increase agronomic - Organize Recommend water-use crops, off- activity to appropriate efficiency by season and strengthen the plant being able to rainy season community selection to do off-season rice - Monitor and meet market cultivation evaluate demand - For social aspect, the farmers can make a living through agriculture in their own settlements with better income and

20 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application quality of life 7 Nong Thapkhai Increase - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 76 Due to Agriculturists Wetland sources of Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural surrounding are engaged in Conservation water before water users series of Media such water users areas of the the and budget and implementing - Community knowledge, as Line and gathered project are implementatio Rehabilitation prevent the project leader establish a Facebook together wide areas so n by join with Project with a drought - Community - Sub-district book of to strongly it’s unable to the Sub-district solar-powered problems leader is Administrativ knowledge communica - Cultivation manage the Administrative water engaged in e - Hold the te and throughout the water Organization distribution pipe alignment Organization exhibition exchange year and has resources to and system in Ban and when the and - Conduct a experiences certain market cover all collaborate Nong Thapkhai, project is government community to support areas. So, it’s with Village No.6, completed, it sector stage - Income necessary to Department of Thung Wang will be handed - Follow up increasing of have 1 more Water Sub-district, over to the on the 42,000 construction Resources on Satuek District, public progress baht/person/ project of water

21 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Buri Ram - Create water - Exchange year from water resources Province user groups among the average distribution management Budget: - Set up areas by income of system due at the project 1.4751 million committee of inviting 15,000 to unable to level in the baht water user successful baht/househ allocate aspects of Purpose of groups agriculturists old/year water to water supply using water: - Formulate to share their - Increasing reach and For agriculture; rules and knowledge water-use agricultural maintenance. horticulture regulations - efficiency by area since Thus, the crops and rainy - Require Recommend being able to the existing farmers and season rice members to appropriate cultivate off– pipe is only Sub-district pay for water plant season crops 1,200 meters Administrative tariff 1 cubic selection to which requires in length Organization meter/1 baht meet market water of 100 can have - Organize demand cubic meters sense of activity to per day belonging

22 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application strengthen the - For social which leads to community aspect, the efficient and - Monitor and farmers can effective water evaluate make a living allocation and through maintenance. agriculture in Finally, it will their own effect on the settlements increasing of with better agricultural income and productivities. quality of life 8 Ban Don Yao Ban Dod - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 73 N/A Agriculturists Noi Water Yao Noi is Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural are engaged in Distribution the water before water users series of Media such water users the Project in source for implementing - Community knowledge, as Line and gathered implementatio Village No.6, consumptio the project leader establish a Facebook together n by join with

23 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Wang Hin Sub- n and - Community - Sub-district book of to strongly the Sub-district district, Non agriculture leader is Administrativ knowledge communica - Cultivation Administrative Daeng District, as well as engaged in e - Hold the te and throughout the Organization Nakhon to produce pipe alignment Organization exhibition exchange year and has and Ratchasrima water and when the and - Conduct a experiences certain market collaborate Province supply for project is government community to support with Budget: people in completed, it sector stage - Income Department of 1.4751 million Wang hin will be handed - Follow up increasing of Water baht sub-district. over to the on the 10,000- Resources on Purpose of But people public progress 20,000 baht water using water: are - Create water - Exchange from resources For livestock, inconvenien user groups among the previous management agriculture; ces to use - Set up areas by average at the project horticulture such water committee of inviting income of level in the crops and rainy for water user successful 4,000 baht aspects of season rice consumptio groups agriculturists - Increase water supply

24 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application n and - Formulate to share their water-use and agriculture rules and knowledge efficiency and maintenance. in their regulations - reduce water Thus, the households - Require Recommend shortage farmers and members to appropriate problem Sub-district pay for water plant - For social Administrative tariff 100 selection to aspect, the Organization baht/month meet market farmers can can have - Organize demand make a living sense of activity to through belonging strengthen the agriculture in which leads to community their own efficient and - Monitor and settlements effective water evaluate with better allocation and income and maintenance. quality of life Finally, it will

25 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application effect on the increasing of agricultural productivities. 9 Roeng Mai Low - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 70 N/A Agriculturists Ngam capacity of Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural are engaged in Conservation water before water users series of Media such water users the and retention implementing - Community knowledge, as Line and gathered implementatio Rehabilitation which meet the project leader establish a Facebook together n by join with Project the water - Community - Sub-district book of to strongly the Sub- (detention demand, leader is Administrativ knowledge communica - Planting district. area) in Ban encounter engaged in e - Hold the te and homegrown Administrative Kok Lam, water pipe alignment Organization exhibition exchange vegetables Organization Village No.7, shortage and when the and - Conduct a experiences throughout the and Thung Sa Wai problems project is government community year and has collaborate Sub-district, completed, it sector stage certain market with

26 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Pra Tai District, will be handed - Follow up to support Department of Nakhon over to the on the - Income Water Ratchasrima public progress increasing of Resources on Province - Create water - Exchange 15,000 baht water Budget: user groups among the from resources 18 million baht - Set up areas by previous management Purpose of committee of inviting average at the project using water: water user successful income of level in the For livestock, groups agriculturists 4,000 baht aspects of agriculture; - Formulate to share their - Increase water supply horticulture rules and knowledge water-use and crops and rainy regulations - efficiency, maintenance. season rice - Install meter Recommend reduce water Thus, the system 1 cubic appropriate shortage farmers and meter/4 baht plant problem and Sub-district - Organize selection to can support Administrative

27 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application activity to meet market off-season Organization strengthen the demand cultivation can have community - For social sense of - Monitor and aspect, the belonging evaluate farmers can which leads to make a living efficient and through effective water agriculture in allocation and their own maintenance. settlements Finally, it will with better effect on the income and increasing of quality of life agricultural productivities. 10 Nong Nok Low - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of N/A (1) Supporting Chum capacity of Hearings agricultural - Social agricultural technology

28 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Rehabilitation water before water users Disseminatio Media such water users and Project in retention implementing - Group n and as Line and gathered building village No. 7, which the project leader participation Facebook together (2) Strength of Na Yia Sub- doesn’t - Community - Chairman of promotion to strongly executive district, Na Yia meet the leader is agricultural - Prepare communica - Cultivate committee District, Ubon water engaged in group information te and throughout of water Ratchathani demand pipe - Sub-district to exchange the year and use groups Province especially alignment Administrativ disseminate experiences has certain (3) Creating Budget: during dry and when the e knowledge market to awareness 4.5620 million season the project is Organization and raise support and baht water is completed, it and awareness - Increasing understandi Purpose of completely will be government - Establish a income at ng for group using water: dried up handed over sector book of the average members For agriculture; to the public knowledge of 100,000 horticulture - Create water on river baht/year crops user groups basin - Increasing

29 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application - Set up managemen water-use committee of t efficiency by water user - Hold the being able to groups exhibition cultivate off– - Formulate - Public season crops rules and hearing which regulations (community requires - Organize stage) water of 100 activity to - Bringing cubic meters strengthen group of per day the water users - For social community to aspect, the - Monitor and participate farmers can evaluate in activities make a living of National through River agriculture in

30 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Conservatio their own n Day settlements - Bringing with better agricultural income and products to quality of life be sold at the event - Follow up on the progress continuousl y 11 Ban Nong O People - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 10 N/A (1) Supporting Solar-powered living in Hearings agricultural - Social agricultural technology Water such area before water users Disseminatio Media such water users and Distribution wish to implementing - Group n and as Line and gathered building System Project receive the project leader participation Facebook together (2) Strength of

31 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application in Ban Nong O, support of 1 - Community - Chairman of promotion to strongly executive Village No.7, solar- leader is agricultural - Prepare communica - Cultivation committee Wang Nam Sap powered engaged in group information te and throughout of water Sub-district, Si water pipe - Sub-district to exchange the year and use groups Prachan distribution alignment Administrativ disseminate experiences has certain (3) Creating District, project with and when the e knowledge market to awareness Suphan Buri the scale of project is Organization and raise support and Province 100 cubic completed, it and awareness - Average understanding Budget: meter/day will be government - Establish a income for group 1.5440 million handed over sector book of increasing of members baht to the public knowledge 100,000 Purpose of - Create water on river baht/year using water: user groups basin - Increasing For agriculture, - Set up managemen water-use horticulture committee of t efficiency by and agronomic water user - Hold the being able to

32 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application crops groups exhibition cultivate off– - Formulate - Public season crops rules and hearing which regulations (community requires - Require stage) water use of members to - Bringing 100 cubic pay for water group of meters per tariff 50 water users day baht/month to - For social - Organize participate aspect, the activity to in activities farmers can strengthen of National make a living the River through community Conservatio agriculture in - Monitor and n Day their own evaluate - Bringing settlements

33 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application agricultural with better products to income and be sold at quality of life the event - Follow up on the progress continuousl y 12 Klong Phison Water flows - Public - Group of - Workshop - Database - 13 N/A (1) Strength of Conservation throughout Hearings agricultural - of water households executive and the year but before water users Dissemination user groups of committee Rehabilitation the area is implementing - Group and - Telephone agricultural of water use Project with a at a higher the project - - leader participation networks water user groups water landscape Community - Chairman of promotion - groups (2) Creating distribution and far leader is agricultural - Prepare Communica gathered awareness system in from water engaged in group information to tion together and

34 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Village No.5, source. So, pipe - Sub-district disseminate strongly understandi Sighanat Sub- people alignment Administrativ knowledge - Cultivation ng of the district, Lat Bua cannot and when the e and raise throughout group Luang District, access to project is Organization awareness the year and members Phra Nakhon Si water. completed, it and - Establish a has certain Ayutthaya will be government book of market to Province handed over sector knowledge on support Budget: to the public river basin - Increasing 1.739 million - Create water management income of baht user groups - Hold the 5,000-10,000 Purpose of - Set up exhibition baht/month using water: committee of - Public - For social For agriculture; water user hearing aspect, the horticulture groups (community farmers can and agronomic - Formulate stage) make a living crops and off- rules and - Bringing through

35 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application season rice regulations group of agriculture in - Organize water users to their own activity to participate in settlements strengthen activities of with better the National River income and community Conservation quality of life - Require Day members to - Bringing pay for water agricultural tariff as per products to the amount be sold at the used at the event rate of - Follow up on 20/50/100 the progress baht/unit/mo continuously nth

36 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application - Monitor and evaluate 13 Bueng Bua People - Public - Group of - Workshop - Use the - Group of 84 Construction (1) Supporting Bueng have to Hearings agricultural - Disseminate Social agricultural of small scale technology Conservation spend a lot before water users series of Media such water users of reinforced and building and of money implementing - Community knowledge, as Line and gathered concrete (2) Strength Rehabilitation for bringing the project leader Establish a Facebook together weirs but still and harmony Project in water to - Community - Chairman of book of to strongly not cover all of executive Village No. 2, Ya use in their leader is agricultural knowledge communica - Cultivation the risky committee of Naree Sub- own engaged in group - Hold the te and throughout areas water use district, Kabin agricultural pipe - Sub-district exhibition exchange the year and groups Buri District, areas, alignment Administrativ - Conduct a experiences has certain (3) Planning to Prachinburi therefore and when the e community market to create the Province the water project is Organization stage support awareness Budget: source in completed, it and - Follow up - Increasing and 1.89 million such area will be government on the income of understandin

37 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application baht cannot be handed over sector progress 5,000-10,000 g among Purpose of used at its to the public - Exchange baht/month group using water: maximum - Create water among the - For economic members For agriculture; efficiency user groups areas by aspect, the (4) Awareness horticulture - Set up inviting farmers have of make a and agronomic committee of successful income from living through crops water user agriculturist distributing sustainable groups s to share plants and economy - Formulate knowledge vegetables philosophy rules and and such as regulations recommen ginger, - Organize d galangal, activity to appropriate climbing strengthen plant wattle, the selection vetiver grass community to meet and etc.

38 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application - Require market Previously, members to demand their average pay for water income per tariff as per day is at 80 the amount baht/plot used at the but after the rate of construction 20/50/100 of solar- baht/unit/mo powered nth water - Monitor and distribution evaluate system, they gain more income than 120 baht/plot

39 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application which is calculated at 3,600 baht/month/ plot. Once it's operated completely 84 plots, the member of water users in Village No.2 Yan Naree Sub- district will have income at 3,628,800

40 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application baht/year - Increase water-use efficiency by being able to do off- season cultivation which requires water use of 70 cubic meters/day - For social aspect, the farmers can

41 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application make a living through agriculture in their own settlements with better income and quality of life 14 Klong Pru Dinna During - Public - Group of - Exchange - Use the - 392 - Strength of and Sub-basin drought Hearings agricultural among the Social households the integration Conservation season, it's before water users areas by Media such of of water users and unable to implementing - Community inviting as Line and agricultural to manage Rehabilitation retain water the project leader successful Facebook water user water Project in Phase causing - Create water - Chairman of agriculturists to groups resources 1 and 2, in Pru residents user groups agricultural to share their communica gathered efficiently and Dinna Sub- and - Set up group knowledge te and together encourage

42 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application district, Klong government committee of - Sub-district - exchange strongly everyone to Thom District, agencies in water user Administrativ Recommend experiences - For economic preserve more Krabi Province the area groups e appropriate aspect, the of natural Budget: encounter - Formulate Organization plant farmers have resources and 15 million baht water rules and and selection to more income convey to the Purpose of shortage regulations government meet market from short- children for using water: problem for - Organize sector demand term preservation, For agriculture; consumptio activity to cultivation of conservation horticulture n and strengthen crops such as and and agronomic agriculture the homegrown restoration of crops continuousl community vegetables; the forest, y - Monitor and papaya, yard watersheds or evaluate long bean, public water lemongrass, sources that chili, lemon shared-use and etc. benefit under

43 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application which can be the cultivated formulated throughout rules and the year and regulation. have certain Therefore, it market to results in the support harmony of these people in the productivities area. - Increase water-use efficiency by being able to do off- season cultivation

44 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application and be the place for recreation and tourism purpose - For social aspect, the farmers can make a living through agriculture in their own settlements with better income and quality of life

45 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application 15 Khuan Khao During - Public - Group of - - - The amount - - Integration Wang drought Hearings agricultural of among Conservation season, it's before water users agricultural Ministry of and unable to implementing - Community land not less Natural Rehabilitation retain water the project leader than 200 rai, Resources and Project in causing (still under - Sub-district supporting Environment, Chulung Sub- residents process) Administrativ water supply Department of district, Hat Yai and - Create water e for the Forestry and District, Songkla government user groups Organization village to Water Province agencies in - Set up and receive Resources Budget: the area committee of government benefit not Regional 8.45 million encounter water user sector less than 175 Office 8 baht water groups people - Strength of Purpose of shortage - Formulate - Government people, Sub- using water: problem for rules and agencies in district For public consumption, regulations the area Administrative

46 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application consumption, agriculture, - Organize such as Organization government plant activity to Forest and agencies and nursery and strengthen Prevention government provide forest fire the and sector support to prevention community Reservation plant nursery of nearby - Monitor and Unit (Khuan centers and area as well evaluate Khaowang), forest fire as it's Bureau of prevention in unable to Forest the area provide Resource moisture for Management reforestation (13), Song continuously Khla Plant Nursery Center and Forest

47 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application Conservation and Rehabilitatio n Project of Song Khla Lake Watershed (Green Village) in Song Khla province are using water for consumption , plant nursery, and

48 No Project Problem Work Participatory Creation of Knowledge Achievement Problems/ Key Success . procedure movement knowledge and Obstacles Factors sharing innovation development and application forest fire prevention in nearby areas and provide moisture for reforestation

49 4. Evaluation Results of Participation and Satisfaction Part 1: General Information about Respondents Table 2: Number and Percentage of General Information about Respondents General Information Sample

Number Percentage

Gender Male 440 54.9 Female 361 45.1 Total 801 100 Age Under 20 3 0.4 20-30 13 1.6 31-40 55 6.9 41-50 276 34.5 Over 50 454 56.7

Total 801 100 Education High school 630 78.7 Associate 39 4.9 Bachelor 95 11.9 Higher than bachelor 37 4.6 Total 801 100 Water uses for Consumption 732 91.4 Agriculture Farm plant 401 50.2 Garden plant 543 68 In-season rice cultivation 393 49.2 Off-season rice cultivation 285 35.7 Industry 35 4.4 Livestock 359 44.8

50 General Information Sample

Number Percentage

Tourism 105 13.1 Total 801

Part 2: Participation, Knowledge-building Process, Communication and Technology Application Table 3: Opinion Survey Results on Participation, Knowledge-building Process, Communication and Technology Application Issues Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 1. You participated in the 223 364 163 45 6 801 3.940 255.8 High meeting to acknowledge operation and problems of water management in your respective area. 2. You participated in 172 407 177 39 6 801 3.874 237.9 High identification of management problems in your respective area. 3. You participated in 170 376 183 58 14 801 3.787 247.8 High decision-making process to set rules, regulations and manage water in your respective area. 4. You participated in 171 416 177 26 11 801 3.886 246.5 High

51 Issues Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 supporting and promoting water user group in community to set rules together. 5. Government agency 184 369 199 38 11 801 3.845 248.3 High supported knowledge sharing process in the community. 6. Government agency 151 358 224 44 24 801 3.709 254.7 High provided water data every year and water uses efficiency guidelines to your respective community. 7. Government agency 157 372 223 37 12 801 3.780 238.8 High provided cultivation plan to increase efficiency of water uses and supply adequate water. 8. You participated in 130 369 219 68 15 801 3.663 231.8 High water data analytic to set rules and terms of water uses in community. 9. Each year, you 152 325 236 78 10 801 3.663 229.3 High participated in water data analytics to jointly set cultivation plan in the community. 10. Your community 125 289 181 138 68 801 3.331 303.3 Moderate created a Line group as

52 Issues Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 a communication channel for community and representatives from government agency. 11. Government agency 110 334 241 92 24 801 3.517 235.6 High applied technology and innovation to manage water in community. 12. You agreed that there 137 379 200 64 21 801 3.683 245.7 High are sufficient water supply for your need. 13. You agreed that people 181 399 181 34 6 801 3.893 241.2 High in the area participated in water conservation.

14. You participated in 117 394 230 43 17 801 3.688 231.6 High evaluation of water management in the area. 15. You participated in 135 390 206 60 10 801 3.724 227.1 High monitoring and solving water problems. 16. You agreed that the 186 437 148 26 4 801 3.968 243.0 High establishment of fund for water management is important for the project achievement. 17. You agreed that public 161 360 222 48 10 801 3.767 236.2 High sector launch marketing campaign for agricultural products

53 Issues Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 delivery.

Part 3: Community Cultural Factors Table 4: Opinion Survey Results on Community Cultural Factors Questions Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 1. Virtuous Leadership of Community Leader 1.1 People could rely on 218 432 139 8 4 801 4.064 257.0 High community leader. 1.2 Community leader was 205 431 151 11 3 801 4.029 249.4 High a respectful and reliable person. 1.3 Community leader 221 413 154 10 3 801 4.047 255.8 High made sacrifice. 1.4 Community leader was 204 431 155 9 2 801 4.031 247.4 High an honest person. 1.5 Community leader was 218 427 147 7 2 801 4.064 253.6 High a responsible person.

2. Ability of Community Leader 2.1 Community leader had 228 428 134 11 - 801 4.090 255.1 High decision-making skill. 2.2 Community leader 225 418 146 11 1 801 4.067 254.7 High paid attention to problem solving. 2.3 Community leader 202 429 148 20 2 801 4.010 246.3 High encouraged people to jointly analyze and solve problems. 2.4 Community leader 233 418 136 14 - 801 4.086 256.8 High

54 Questions Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 was an open-minded person and listen to their people. 3. Awareness of Community Members 3.1 Community members 220 457 115 9 - 801 4.109 253.0 High loved their homeland. 3.2 Community members 227 453 113 7 1 801 4.121 257.6 High are proud of their homeland. 3.3 Community members 254 421 116 7 3 801 4.144 270.7 High had sense of belonging to water resources in their homeland. 3.4 Community members 228 409 150 10 4 801 4.057 260.2 High collectively were aware of impact. 4. Attention of Community Members 4.1 Community members 172 431 185 11 2 801 3.949 231.9 High had an interest in catching up community’s news. 4.2 Community members 172 461 153 12 3 801 3.983 235.4 High understood the importance of community’s activity. 4.3 Community members 199 429 157 10 6 801 4.005 251.3 High did activities together. 4.4 Community members 175 449 163 14 - 801 3.980 231.0 High expressed their opinions for community’s benefit. 4.5 Community members 180 457 151 10 3 801 4.000 239.1 High

55 Questions Very High Neutral Low Very Total Mean SD Evaluation High Low Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 are always ready to participate in activities. 5. Community Strengths 5.1 People in community 217 433 143 7 1 801 4.071 251.9 High lived together in unity. 5.2 There was a discussion 228 417 141 12 3 801 4.067 259.1 High to solve problems in community. 5.3 Community members 195 430 161 12 3 801 4.001 244.7 High were responsible to their duties. 5.4 Village committees 209 443 131 16 2 801 4.050 250.4 High were strong. 5.5 Community members 193 413 174 15 6 801 3.964 247.7 High strictly followed the rules and regulations.

Part 4: Achievements of Community Water Management in 4 Dimensions (1) Dimension of Water Volume (2) Dimension of Water Uses Efficiency (3) Social Dimension (4) Economic Dimension Table 5: Number and Percentage of Achievements of Water Sources Development/Water Distribution System Projects by Government Agency in parallel with the Establishment of Water User Networks and the Marketing Campaign for Agricultural Product Delivery Issues Sample Number Percentage 1) Dimension of water volume Water was sufficient for the 654 83.2 need.

2) Dimension of Water uses Number of crop cycles 694 86.6

56 Issues Sample Number Percentage efficiency increased. 3) Social dimension People’s income was enough to 701 87.5 live in their homeland. Migration rate was decreased. 606 75.7 It maintained family institution 547 68.3 in community. Etc. - - 4) Economic dimension People made 706 88.1 more income.

Table 6: Satisfaction Survey Results on Government Agency’s Performance with Community Participation Questions Very Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Total Mean SD Evaluation Satisfied Dissatisfied Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 1. How satisfied 335 357 100 7 2 801 4.268 303.0 High were you with water sources construction projects from public sector? 2. How satisfied 237 433 121 8 2 801 4.117 263.3 High were you with the notification, public relations and knowledge dissemination from public sector.

57 Questions Very Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Total Mean SD Evaluation Satisfied Dissatisfied Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 3. How satisfied 212 444 132 7 6 801 4.060 258.1 High were you with technical support such as water volume from public sector to set rules of water uses. 4. How satisfied 274 400 118 8 1 801 4.171 277.4 High were you with water sources development projects from public sector which aim to solve water scarcity or mitigate flood in agricultural area. 5. How satisfied 227 412 149 12 1 801 4.064 256.2 High were you with income- generating measures for agricultural products and also damage reduction measures caused from

58 Questions Very Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Total Mean SD Evaluation Satisfied Dissatisfied Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 drought and flood? 6. How satisfied 235 409 144 11 2 801 4.079 261.4 High were you with the performance of local administrations in supporting community? 7. How satisfied 251 412 126 11 1 801 4.125 267.4 High were you with overall performance of government sector?

59 7. Conclusions The community water management by developing water sources and water distribution systems through the participatory mechanism is a successful development model for supplying water for agriculture and livelihood during the whole year to increase household income, create enough and stable income, reduce the migration to urban communities and improve the quality of life. The implementation of the projects focuses on uniting the people to manage limited water resource based on local context so they could do agriculture during the whole year and share surplus water to nearby areas. The projects have resulted in the participatory mechanism among the public sector, the private sector and the people through sharing of opinions, joint decision, joint monitoring and evaluation. The projects have created the sustainability by enhancing the people’s knowledge on water quantity and water use rates, farm planning, water use account, and maintenance of the system. The projects have been developed to be community knowledge centers and promoted marketing. The projects have enabled people to have stable jobs and income, reduced migration to urban communities, solved water scarcity sustainably and reduced the cost of farm electricity due to water pumping into the agricultural plots by using low- cost solar energy. The projects are in line with the Sustainable Development Goal 6 to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, and Target 6.4 to increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity by 2030. The projects are also in line with the 20-year National Strategy and the National Reform Plan on area-based water management. In addition, this pattern can reduce the miscommunication between the people and the government agencies. The people can have access to the information for local water management, forecasting and preparation for possible events. There is the joint water use planning between the people and the public sector to have enough water for their needs. The projects could solve water problems in water scarce areas for local communities. They created the participatory mechanism among the public sector, the private sector and the people, knowledge sharing, supported the budget and helped the people in water scarce areas to have continuing and sustainable water for agriculture with efficiency and effectiveness according to the objectives. The projects have created channels for disseminating the information, so water

60 user groups can have the easy and inclusive access to the information such as the LINE application. Officers were assigned to take care of their areas and communicate with the local people to establish the cooperation. The results in each dimension are: Economic dimension: it is found that water user groups have better income from the average income of 4,000 baht/month to 10,000-30,000 baht/month. If a project is developed to be a tourist site or complete agro-tourism, the income will increase as much as before. Social dimension: the development of community water management system also creates stable jobs and income for local people. The member of families who are in the working age could stay in their community. It is found that no less than 50% of water user groups in the project areas, who are women and part of them are the elderly, can do agriculture to earn some income for their families. This causes the security in family institution. They have more and enough income for their livelihood. There is enough water to serve their need and the migration to urban communities has reduced. Parents can take care of their children, which strengthens family institution. Increasing efficiency dimension: the agricultural cycle can be increased because there is enough water. Environmental dimension: the project uses the solar power, which is an environmentally-friendly source of energy. It also reduces the use of oil for pumping water into agricultural plots, reduces the production of carbon dioxide, conserves the environment and especially reduces water use by promoting technologies among farmers such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. 8. Recommendations 1. It is recommended to evaluate the project by collecting the data to assess the success of the project according to the objectives. The evaluation should include a topic on the participation and should have clear indicators such as: 1) The percentage of households benefiting from the solar-powered water distribution systems 2) The percentage of achievement in building the capacity of water user groups

61 3) The level of increased income compared with before implementing the project 4) The achievement of water management to be sufficient for the need in the project areas 2. It is recommended to focus on the participation of the water user groups to manage water resource by themselves. The roles of the water user committees are: (1) preparation for water use in every season/period, (2) monitoring and supporting water use for agriculture in each season/production cycle, (3) the organization of an annual meeting to inform activities during the past year and formulate an action plan of the following year, and (4) implementing the planned steps and preparation for water use for production in each season. 3. The public sector should support accurate information, namely local water demand, water use for agriculture, water use for consumption, water use for livestock, local water use and transmission system, and the water account of community (Water situation monitoring table). 4. The public sector should design a water source development project by considering the landscape architecture to develop the area into a tourist site and an area for relaxation to create the income from tourism in the community. 5. It is recommended to apply lessons learned and the King’s Philosophy for sustainable development under the principle “Understanding, access and development” to the projects, which led to the success of sustainable development. The participation of local communities also showed their problems and led to the solution of the problems according to local need. Proactive management has allowed a government agency to be aware of real problems. Teamwork is also an important organizational culture as well as the Pracharat or public-private partnership, which led to the highest achievement of an organization. The projects also included the reduction of the design and construction cost and created the collaboration with relevant agencies on research and development to increase the efficiency of solar panels and how to reuse them. The successful results could be implemented in other areas in the country to increase the income of mostly poor households in non-irrigated areas to

62 be more than 32,000 baht/year in no less than 85,600 households. This covers 646 sub-districts in 70 provinces or 1.472 million hectares.

63