Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, l2(3):437-M5' 1996 Copyrighi O 1996 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc'

REEVALUATION OF THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE CULICOIDES SPP.(DIPTERA: ) FROM ISRAEL AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND REVIEW OF THEIR POTENTIAL MEDICAL AND VETERINARY IMPORTANCE

YEHUDA BRAVERMAN,I NADIA MESSADDEQ,' CHANTAL LEMBLE3 AND MICHEL KREMER3

ABSTRACT. Fifty-eight Culicoides species were recorded in Israel, the Golan Heights, and Sinai. Culicoides arabiensis and C. near iranica were recorded for the first time. Culicoides kurensis was identified instead of the misidentified C. badooshensis. Of the Culicoides species that appeared as distinct species in previous publications, it is now recognized lhat C. subravas is a synonym of C. ravus, C. cubitalis is a synonym of C. kibunensis, and C. saevanicus is a synonym of C. griseidorsum.Tlte potential medical/veterinary importance of the vector species is reviewed.

INTRODUCTION tory in Prague and the collection of the Institute of Parasitology, Strasbourg (IPS). Remm (1988) years of study of Culicoides in Twenty-eight notes C. pictipennis Staeger, 1839 (a senior syn- Israel have yielded 5 faunistic lists and the de- onym of C. guttularis Kieffer, 1919) in Israel, scription of 2 new species (Callot et al. 1969; without giving an appropriate reference. This Braverman et al. 1976. 198Ic. 1983a; Kremer et species probably was taken from Bodenheimer's al. 1981, 1991). Of the 8 species first described (1937) list, in which many species are not valid. in Palestine by Austen (1921), C. puripennis and According to our view, based on the wing-spot C. tentorius cannot be recognized today, as it is pattern and other morphologic similarities, the impossible to compare the old types with exist- C. pictipennis in Israel is most probably cataneii ing species owing to their poor condition. Vim- Clastrier, 1957. Remm's (1988) list does not in- mer (1932) described 20 species from Palestine clude C. indistinctus Khalaf. 1961. C. hanae and 2 additional species of Vimmer were re- Braverman, Delecolle and K-remer, 1983, C. na- corded in Bodenheimer's (1937) list. Of these vaiae Lane, 1983, and C. orystoma Kieffer, species, 8 (C. biarcuatus, C. bodenheimeri, C. 1910, a member of tl:'e schultzei group, which flavipes, C. flavirostris, C. mystacinus, C. quad- are all present in Israel. Cornet and Brunhes rivittatus, C. quinquemaculatus, and C. simu- (1994) found morphologic types in lans) were categorized by Remm (1988) as 3 different doubtful species. Three others of Vimmer's spe- C. orystoma, sensu Arnaud, from Israel. A. L. (personal cies, (C. trivittatus, C. micromaculatus, arlLdC. Dyce communication), who examined albonotatus) could not be confirmed. The syn- the schultzei group from Israel, found it to con- sist of 4 species. onymy of C. bipunctatus and C. flavitarsis was established by Goetghebuer andl*nz (1933-34) The Culicoides fauna from other parts of the and that of C. vavrai was determined by Ed- Mediterranean has been studied by several re- wards et al. (1939). The status of an additional searchers (Clastrier 1957; Khalaf 1957; Nagaty 5 species was established by Kremer et al. and Morsy 1960; Mesghali 1963; Callot et al. (1981), and Szadziewski (1982) determined the 1964: Boorman 1974a. 1974b: K.remer et al. synonymy of 2 more species. In Bodenheimer's 1979; Dik and Dincer 1992; Dik 1993). The (1937) list, 5 species (named as C. subfasciipen- most extensive contribution was made by Boor- (1989). nrs Hoff. [should be Kieffer, l9l9], C. chiopte- man present ras Meigen, 1830, C. pumilus Schrk. [should be Up to the study, the Culicoides fawa Winnertz, 18521, C. nubeculosus Meigen, 1830, of Israel consisted of 52 species, among which and C. cantans Winn. [?, untraced in the litera- were important vector species such as C. imicola turel) could not be validated, as no specimens Kieffer, 1913, C. obsoletus Meigen, 1918, C. could be found in the Museum of Natural His- schultzei group, and C. pulicaris Linnaeus, 1758. As the prospects for regional veterinary cooperation are growing, it is important to elu- rKimron Veterinary Institute, P O. B. 12, Bet Da- cidate the taxonomic status of the various gan 50250, Israel. disease vectors. 'Institut d'Histologie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Fa- culte de Medecine, 670OO Strasbourg, France. The present study was undertaken in order to 3 Institut de Parasitologie et Pathologie Tropicale, reevaluate the taxonomic status and medical im- Universite Louis Pasteur, Faculte de Medecine, 3,rue portance of thLe Culicoides fauta of Israel and Koeberle, 670O0 Strasbourg, France. the eastern Mediterranean, with comments on

437 Jourr.r.Ar-oF THE AMERICIN Mosqurro Covrnol AssocrAT.IoN

the synonymy and variations of some recorded species.

00 A MATERIALS AND METHODS t The trapping of was carried out in var- A ious zoogeographical areas in Israel, the Golan Heights, and Sinai. Descriptions of the various RRrREeer zones were given in a previous article (Braver- 6o\b,=b\o,o\6 *i-* man et al. 1981c). The = sampling localities and x:-i!-y:t.j dates of collection of the newly recorded species 3;.qFA; --v\vEEv iX are given in Table 1. Insects were collected bv a several types of suction light traps as describei c) by Braverman et al. (1981c). o Specimens were o cleared in phenol, mounted, and dissected in a a mixture of Canada balsam and phenol (Wirth 0 * and Marston 1968). Voucher specimens of the A AI ea q.1 various species were kept at the IPS and at the :l 6\A ^ r'gl Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel. \| (.) rll Z o.F\ -l b SSua -$5 ail RESULTS b gl rr.1Z'r $ LI >l s^9bkzil Table I shows that C. arabiensis was found 8l 9l-l only in 0mHhsxs: Sinai, whereas C. near iranica was found >,1 99=!. " :u6oa only in the Golan Heights. EI ol Table 2 lists the 58 species found in Israel, .I h:$=3'-Ei.pF{E:F the Golan Heights, and Sinai; it follows the no- ol o X$ menclature of the Afrotropical and Palaearctic €€ E e3A F; U aV)o a_v - I catalogs (Wirth et al. 1980, Remm 1988) and details their medical/veterinary importance. It bs:Ft:ls also includes the 2 newly recorded species found ol ol in the present study. qiigZBqi>>EEf ET; HI Taxonomic comments: Culicoides badoosh- ol ensis has sensillae coeloconica on the l5th an- kt I tennal segment whereas they are absent in C. (.)al| kurensis (Boorman 1989). All our specimens from Israel and Morocco have the characteristics I oo of C. kurensis and there are no specimens cor- c) responding to C. badooshensis. -l oo ol (.) In the specimens determined as C. langeroni, the spermathecae are more or less elongated and (.)| (h larger than those of C. pseudolangeroni. There I are specimens showing shapes intermediate be- tween the two. Culicoides azerbajdzhanicus and C. arabien- sis are related species. ln C. azerbajdzhanicus F 00 the wings lack spots and there is no cibarial ar- F- mature, whereas C. arabiensis has very faint

wing markings and a cibarial armature of 2 or 3 6 teeth. Of the specimens studied, some are typical (.) r wing z C. arabiensi.r, that is, they show faint 6) markings, a cibarial armature, and an elongated (t) 4 3rd palpal segment, whereas some are nearer to 4 P C. azerbajdzhanicus, that is, they lack wing c) spots and a cibarial armature. The 3rd palpal R segment is short and very swollen; in some cases it is so swollen as to raise the question of ri ri whether these specimens are actually a new spe- cies. Some specimens are intermediate, with Seprslasnn1996 C u u c o to t s spp. FRoM Isneel-Easrsn N MEDnERRAIIEAN 439

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wing markings but without a cibarial armature. of these insects (DuToit 1944, Braverman et al. Culicoidcs arabiensis might be confused with C. l98lb, Blackburn et al. 1985). This information tbilisicus, whose sensillae are incorrectlv drawn should be interpreted cautiously, as C. imicola by Glukhova (1989), but are correctly iiff"."n- is thought to be a complex of several species tiated in the text. (Wirth and Dyce 1985) and it is not ceftai; from Culicoides iranica (Navai l97l) is certainlv which member of the complex the isolations present. but the specimens are morphologically were made. Culicoides obsoletus, which is less quite variable. Some resemble the orieinal de- common than C. imicola in our area, is a sus- scription in most of their characteriiics, but pected vector of bluetongue; the virus has been their wings are more intensely marked with light isolated from these insects in Cyprus (Mellor spots. Other specimens show varying degrees of and Pitzolis 1979). Three viruses were isolated deviation from the original description. This from C. oxystoma, a common species in the species needs to be redescribed. Mediterranean area: Akabane, Kagoshima, and Of the list of species in Table 2 the following, Issyk-kul (Kurogi et al. 1987, 1989; Menova et which in previous publications (Braverman et al. al. 1989). In a later study, Jusa et al. (1994) de- 1976, Braverman et al. l98la) were recorded as termined that the Kagoshima and Chuzan virus- separate species, are synonyms. Culicoides sub- es are actually an orbivirus named Kasba. Cul- ravus is a synonym of C. ravus (Boorman 1979), icoides oxystoma has been infected with blue- C. cubitalis is a synonym of C. kibunensis (Ed- tongue virus in the laboratory (Mellor l99O), wards 1939), and C. saevanicus is a synonym of and it is a suspected field vector of this virus C. griseidorsum. According to the rule of pre- (Walker l9TT,Braverman et al. l98lb) and of cedence the name mentioned 2nd (the species bovine ephemeral fever (Boorman 1989). Culi- described at the earlier date) in each of the coides newsteadi, C. pulicaris, and C. punctatus above pairs should prevail. were found in our area, in close association with livestock; they are known to bite both cattle and horses and, therefore, have a potential to DISCUSSION trans- mit pathogens to these . Of the bird feed- Exotic pathogens such as Kasba virus, report- ers, C. circumscriptus is considered to rank 2nd ed to be isolated or transmitted in other zoogeo- in importance as a vector of Akiba caulleryi in graphic areas by Culicoides spp. existing in the Japan (Morii and Kitaoka 1968). In Israel, C. Middle East, could be imported via animals to distinctipennis was found to be a relatively fre- this area. It is, therefore, important to detail the quent feeder in poultry and turkey runs (Brav- full list of potential pathogens associated with erman et al. 1977) and, therefore, has a potential Mediterranean species (Table 2). to transmit avian pathogens. Of the species listed in Table 2, the following may be considered as mammal feeders on the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS basis of their feeding records or their sensillae coeloconica distribution: C. derisor, C. fagineus, We are obliged to M. Cornet for examining C. fascipennis, C. imicola, C. kingi, C. montan- the C. schultzel group and confirming the finding us, C. newsteadi, C. obsoletus, C. orystoma of C. kingi. (schultaei group), C. pulicaris, C. punctatus, C. (Braverman puncticollis, and C. shaklawensis et REFERENCES CITED al. 1971, 1981a; Braverman and Hulley 1979). These species might be associated with vectored Anderson. G. S.. P Belton and N. Kleider. 1997. Cul- icoides obsolerrzs(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)as a mammal diseases. The following species are causal agent of Culicoides hypersensitivity (sweet known or suspected to be bird feeders: C. be- itch) in British Columbia.J. Med. Entomol.28:685- gueti, C. brunnicans, C. cataneii, C. circum- 693. scriptus, C. geigelensis, C. griseidorsum, C. har- Austen, E. E. 1921. A contribution to knowledge of anti, C. indistinctus, C. kibunensis, C. leucostic- the blood-suckingdiptera of Palestineother than Ta- tus, C. maritimus, C. odiatus, C. odibilis, C. banidae.Bull. Entomol.R.es. l2:lO7-124. pseudopallidas, and C. univittatus (Kitaoka and Blackburn,N. K., L. Searleand R. J. Phelps. 1985. Morii 1964; Braverman et al. 1977, 1981a; Viruses isolated from Culicoides (Diptera: Cerato- farm, Braverman and Hulley 1979). These species pogonidae) caught at the veterinary research Mazowe, Zimbabwe. J. Entomol. Soc. South. Afr. might be associated with vectored bird diseases. 48:331-336. prov- Of the mammal feeders, C. imicola, is a Bodenheimer,S. 1937. Prodromus fauna Palestinae. en and most important vector of bluetongue and Mem. Inst.Egypte 33:18O-181. African horse sickness, and a suspected vector Boorman, J. 1974a. Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopo- of Akabane and bovine ephemeral fever in our gonidae) from Cyprus. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. Ser. En- area; these viruses have been isolated from pools tomol. Med. Parasitol.12:7-13. 443 SsPTErugpn1996 CuLtcotDES sPP. FRoM Isnerl-Easrem MsorreRRll{EAN

Boorman, J. 1974b. Notes on some Culicoides col- tacking the birds in the forests of Prikamje. Parazi- lected by Austen and Khalaf. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. tologiya 9:197-2C[.. [In Russian, English summary.] Comp. 49:615. Callot, J., M. Kremer and Y. Braverman. 1969. Note Boorman, J. 1979. Notes on some Culicoides (Dip- sur des Culicoides recoltes en Israel. Bull. Soc. tera, Ceratopogonidae) from East Africa, including Pathol. Exot. 62:l 18-123. a new species. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 114:67--'7o. Callot, J., M. Kremer, J. A. Rioux and B' Juminer. Boorman, J. 1988. Taxonomic problems, Culicoides 1964. Contribution a I'etude des Culicoides (Dip' of southwest Asia, in particular of the Arabian pen- tera, Ceratopogonidae) de Tunisie. Arch. Inst. Pas- insula, pp. 271-283. In.' M. W. Service (ed.). Bio- teur Ttrnis 4l:357 -364. systematics of haematophagous insects. Clarendon Clastrieg I. 1957. Notes sur les Ceratopogonides. Press, Oxford. Il-Quelques Culicoides d'Algerie a ailes tachetees. 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Rec. 20:63-64. transmission trials with Nyabira virus in Aedes ae- Dik, B. 1993. Adana icel ve Antalya yorelerinde bu- gypti (Dipterc, Culicidae) and two species of Call- lunan Culicoides Latreille, 1908 (Diptera: Cerato- coides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Zimbabwe Vet. pogonidae) turterinin tesbiti. Turk. Vet. Hek. Derg. I. 12:13-17. 5:48-55. [In Tlrkish.] Braverman. Y.. J. Boorman and M. Kremer. 1976. Dik. B. and S. Dincer. 1992. Studies on Culicoides Faunistic list of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogoni- (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species around Konya dae) from Israel. Cah. O.R.S.T,O.M. Ser. Entomol. (Turkey). J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 16:199-215. [In Turk- Med. Parasitol. 14:179-185. ish.l Braverman, Y., P. E L. Boreham and R. Galun. 1971. DuToit, R. M. 1944. The transmission of bluetongue The origin of blood meals of female Culicoides pal- and horse sickness by Culicoides. Onderstepoort J. lidipennis trapped in a sheepfold in Israel. J. Med. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 79:7-16. 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Heleidae mosquitoes and biting midges in Israel. Sci. (Ceratopogonidae). A. Die Imagines, 1933, 1934, Appl.2:157-161. pp. 1-48, 49-94. In: E. Lindner (ed.). Die Fliegen Braverman, Y., P H L. Boreham, R. Galun and,M.Ziv. der palaearktischen Region, l3a, 1933 (Lieferung 1917. T\e origin of blood meals of biting midges 77), l3a, 1934 (Lieferung 78). Stuttgart. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and mosquitoes (Dip- Gutsevich, A. V. 1973. Bloodsucking midges (Cera- tera: Culicidae) trapped in turkey runs in Israel. topogonidae). 3, part 5: insects, Diptera. Fauna Rhod. J. Agric. Res. 15:l0l-1o4. SSSR. Academy of Sciences, SSSR, Leningrad. [In Braverman, Y., J. C. Delecolle, K. Frish. M. Rubina Russian.l and M. Kremer. 1981c. New records of Culicoides Gutsevich, A. V. and A. I. Vigovskii. 1960. Isolation species (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) from Golan of a neurotropic virus from midges Culicoides. Vopr. Heights, Israel and Sinai peninsula. Isr. J. Entomol. Virusol. 5:657-659. [In Russian.] 15:13-20. 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NEWJERSEY MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION,Inc. trr&rrtarrrrt ard SaQ,pa*ecg 77/a4qr/ti Qor4t/nl Sa'uelq? For AnnualMeeting Proceedings andMembership Information, contact: Secretary,NJMCA MosquitoResearch & Control 1997ANNUAL MEETING POBox 231 February 25-28,1997 New Brunswick,NJ 08903 Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, NJ (908) 932-9437 0 AMCA 2000Meeting Site http:i/www-ric.rutgers.edu/-lreed/njmca.htm