DOCSLIB.ORG

An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Issues in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem FINAL REPORT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Issues in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem FINAL REPORT An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Issues in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem FINAL REPORT by Amanda Hardy Research Ecologist Western Transportation Institute College of Engineering, Montana State University Bozeman, Montana 59717 In collaboration with Steve Willer & Elizabeth Roberts-Williamson Conservation Geographic Information Systems Specialists American Wildlands, Geographic Information Systems Lab 40 East Main Street, Suite 2 Bozeman, Montana 59715 A report prepared for the Greater Yellowstone Coalition 13 S. Willson, Suite 2 P.O. Box 1874 Bozeman, MT 59771 January 8, 2007 An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Interactions in the GYE Disclaimer DISCLAIMER The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Greater Yellowstone Coalition, Montana State University, or any of the agencies contacted for information summarized in this report. Alternative accessible formats of this document will be provided upon request. Persons with disabilities who need an alternative accessible format of this information, or who require some other reasonable accommodation to participate, should contact Kate Heidkamp, Communications and Information Systems Manager, Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University- Bozeman, PO Box 173910, Bozeman, MT 59717-3910, telephone number 406-994-7018, e- mail: [email protected]. To use animal-vehicle collision data obtained from the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT), the authors respectfully abide by MDT’s requirement of adherence to confidentiality interests, as follows: “By opening this data [delivered in a sealed envelope] you acknowledge that you understand that this information may be confidential under provisions of 23 U.S.C. 409. You also accept the State’s confidentiality interest. This includes responsibility for its confidentiality, including, but not limited to, protection from dissemination or release to parties known or unknown involved or contemplating litigation as well as its security in any electronic database in which it is incorporated. Section 409 states: Nothwithstanding any other provision of law, reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or data compiled or collected for the purpose of identifying, evaluating or planning the safety enhancement of potential accident sites, hazardous roadway conditions, or railway highway crossings, pursuant to Sections 130, 144, and 152 of this title or for the purpose of developing any highway safety construction improvement project which may be implemented utilizing Federal-aid highway funds shall not be subject to discovery or admitted into evidence in a Federal or State court proceeding or considered for other purposes in any action for damages arising from any occurrence at a location mentioned or addressed in such reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or data.” Montana Department of Transportation also provided this disclaimer with their 2004-2006 State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP): “While the projects and dates shown are official departmental objectives, it is important to bear in mind that this program is only tentative. Execution of this program is contingent on a number of factors, including federal and state funding availability, right- of-way acquisition, utility relocations, environmental review, surveying, and design. Complications with one or more of these factors may cause a given project to be rescheduled.” Western Transportation Institute ii An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Interactions in the GYE Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by the Greater Yellowstone Coalition. Terry Hollingsworth initiated this project in 2003 and provided supportive information during the continuation of the project. The Western Transportation Institute (WTI) at Montana State University would like to thank the American Wildlands (AWL) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Lab and Steve Willer for the production of the maps. Eric Eidswick, Elizabeth Roberts, Lauren Oechsli, and Aaron Jones of the AWL GIS Lab were helpful throughout the process of collecting and mapping the data. James Mehlos of WTI provided assistance with data management and quality control. The following individuals and organizations provided helpful information, contacts, and data essential to this report: Jaime Eidswick, WTI; Sharon Mader, Jackson Hole Wildlife Federation; Kerry Gunther, Yellowstone National Park; Steve Cain, Grand Teton National Park; Justin Naderman & Crystal Christansen, Idaho Fish and Game; Eric Verner, Lance Holmstrom, Kathy Koon, Donald Galligin, Mark McNeis, Tim Cramer, Liza Fox, Gary Vecellio, and Tony Ernest of Idaho Transportation Department; Sandra Strahl, Pierre Jomini, Tom Haneck, Sheila Ludlow, and Skip Nyberg of the Montana Department of Transportation; and Bob Bonds, Dee West, Kevin Powell, Sara Hogan, Jim Stout, and Ben Saunders of the Wyoming Department of Transportation. Western Transportation Institute iii An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Interactions in the GYE Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ vii 2. List of Figures..........................................................................................................................x 3. Introduction..............................................................................................................................1 4. Study Area...............................................................................................................................2 5. Methodology............................................................................................................................4 5.1. Animal-vehicle collision density analysis ...................................................................... 4 5.2. State Transportation Improvement Programs ................................................................. 4 5.3. Corridors and Megasites................................................................................................. 5 6. Results......................................................................................................................................6 6.1. Montana Results.............................................................................................................. 9 6.1.1. Interstate 90........................................................................................................... 10 6.1.2. Interstate 15........................................................................................................... 12 6.1.3. US Highway 89, North of Interstate 90 ................................................................ 13 6.1.4. Montana Highway 86............................................................................................ 14 6.1.5. Montana Highway 287.......................................................................................... 15 6.1.6. US Highway 287/Montana Highway 87............................................................... 16 6.1.7. Montana Highway 84............................................................................................ 18 6.1.8. Montana Highway 85............................................................................................ 19 6.1.9. US Highway 191................................................................................................... 19 6.1.10. US Highway 89, South of Interstate 90 ................................................................ 21 6.1.11. Montana Highway 78............................................................................................ 22 6.1.12. US Highway 212................................................................................................... 23 6.1.13. US Highway 310................................................................................................... 24 6.1.14. Montana Highway 72............................................................................................ 24 6.2. Idaho Results................................................................................................................. 26 6.2.1. Interstate 15........................................................................................................... 26 6.2.2. US Highway 20..................................................................................................... 27 6.2.3. Idaho Highway 87................................................................................................. 28 6.2.4. Idaho Highway 33................................................................................................. 29 6.2.5. Idaho Highway 32................................................................................................. 29 6.2.6. Idaho Highway 31................................................................................................. 30 Western Transportation Institute Page iv An Assessment of Wildlife-Transportation Interactions in the GYE Table of Contents 6.2.7. US Highway 26..................................................................................................... 30 6.2.8. US Highway 89..................................................................................................... 32 6.2.9. Idaho Highway 34................................................................................................. 32 6.2.10. US Highway 30....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Watkins Creek Ranch Gallatin MT Property Name County State
    NPS Form 10-900a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section ___ Page __ SUPPLEMENTARY LISTING RECORD NRIS Reference Number: 06001180 Date Listed: 12/27/2006 Watkins Creek Ranch Gallatin MT Property Name County State N/A Multiple Name This property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places in accordance with the attached nomination documentation subject to the following exceptions, exclusions, or amendments, notwithstanding the National Park Service certification included in the nomination documentation. / Signatu^e/cof the Keeper Da&e 6f Action / U =====7I^== Amended Items in Nomination: Description: The correct Town, Range, Section notation in the first paragraph should read: Range 4 Easf. The sawed ends of the corner logs on the Isabel & Frederick Lincoln Cabin (Building #9) are not tapered, as they are on the similar Guest Duplex Cabins (#6-8), marking the slightly different form and details of the later cabin. These clarifications were confirmed with the MT SHPO office. DISTRIBUTION: National Register property file Nominating Authority (without nomination attachment) NFS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. Oct. 1990) National Park Service RECEIVED 2280 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM 3 NAT PF<N MATIAMAI OADl/ irK'k/rJ-" uco iiniruiiriL i nilM OLIIVILC 1. Name of Property historic name: Watkins Creek Ranch other name/site number: Firehole Ranch 2. Location street & number: 1207 Firehole Ranch Road not for publication: n/a vicinity: n/a city/town: West Yellowstone state: Montana code: MT county: Gallatin code: 031 zip code: 59758 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 5 of the 2020 Antelope, Deer and Elk Regulations
    WYOMING GAME AND FISH COMMISSION Antelope, 2020 Deer and Elk Hunting Regulations Don't forget your conservation stamp Hunters and anglers must purchase a conservation stamp to hunt and fish in Wyoming. (See page 6) See page 18 for more information. wgfd.wyo.gov Wyoming Hunting Regulations | 1 CONTENTS Access on Lands Enrolled in the Department’s Walk-in Areas Elk or Hunter Management Areas .................................................... 4 Hunt area map ............................................................................. 46 Access Yes Program .......................................................................... 4 Hunting seasons .......................................................................... 47 Age Restrictions ................................................................................. 4 Characteristics ............................................................................. 47 Antelope Special archery seasons.............................................................. 57 Hunt area map ..............................................................................12 Disabled hunter season extension.............................................. 57 Hunting seasons ...........................................................................13 Elk Special Management Permit ................................................. 57 Characteristics ..............................................................................13 Youth elk hunters........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alteration Petrology in the Potosi Mining District Tobacco Root Mountains Montana
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1975 Alteration petrology in the Potosi Mining District Tobacco Root Mountains Montana Michael James Burnside The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Burnside, Michael James, "Alteration petrology in the Potosi Mining District Tobacco Root Mountains Montana" (1975). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7724. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7724 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALTERATION PETROLOGY IN THE POTOSI MINING DISTRICT, TOBACCO ROOT MOUNTAINS, MONTANA by Michael Burnside B.A., University of Montana, 1970 Presented in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1975 Approved by: Chairman, Board o£/Examiners DeapC^ Graduate-^^hool ' Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP38525 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • View Draft Regulation
    Chapter 5, Antelope Hunting Seasons At the time of this filing, the 2020 antelope harvest information is not yet available to the Department. Individual hunt area regular hunting season dates, special archery hunting season dates, hunt area limitations, license types and license quotas may be modified after harvest data has been evaluated. Any additional proposed changes to regular hunting season dates, special archery hunting season dates, hunt area limitations, numbers of limited quota licenses, license types, hunt area boundaries or modifications to other hunting provisions shall be made available for public comment on the Department website. An updated draft of 2021antelope hunting season proposals will also be posted to the Department website during the later portion of the public comment period. Section 4, edits have been proposed to further clarify antelope hunting season provisions for persons who qualify for and are in possession of hunting season extension permits. During the 2020 hunting season, special archery season information was repositioned within this regulation and caused some confusion among hunting season extension permit holders. The edited language in this Section is meant to clarify when a hunting season extension permit is valid. Please scroll down to view the regulation or click the down arrow for the next page. Draft 1-25-2021.2 CHAPTER 5 ANTELOPE HUNTING SEASONS Section 1. Authority. This regulation is promulgated by authority of Wyoming Statutes § 23-1-302, § 23-1-703 and § 23-2-104. Section 2. Regular Hunting Seasons. Hunt areas, season dates and limitations. Special Archery Regular Hunt License Dates Season Dates Area Type Opens Closes Opens Closes Quota Limitations 1 1 Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing and Evaluation of Recovered Traction Sanding Material Fhwa/Mt-13-003/8213
    TESTING AND EVALUATION OF RECOVERED TRACTION SANDING MATERIAL FHWA/MT-13-003/8213 Final Report prepared for THE STATE OF MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION in cooperation with THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION April 2013 prepared by Robert Mokwa, PE Andrew Foster Western Transportation Institute Montana State University - Bozeman RESEARCH PROGRAMS You are free to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work; make derivative works; make commercial use of the work under the condition that you give the original author and sponsor credit. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the sponsor. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Testing and Evaluation of Recovered Traction Sanding Material Project Report Prepared by Dr. Robert Mokwa, P.E. Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department and Andrew Foster Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department of the Western Transportation Institute College of Engineering Montana State University – Bozeman for the State of Montana Department of Transportation Research Programs in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration April 2013 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Access No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-MT/13-003/8213 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Testing and Evaluation of Recovered Traction Sanding April 2013 Material 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report Code Robert Mokwa and Andrew Foster 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.
    [Show full text]
  • Montana Travel Corridors:The Driving Routes of Nonresident Visitors Based on Overnight Location and State Entry Point
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research 1-1-2013 Montana Travel Corridors:The Driving Routes of Nonresident Visitors based on Overnight Location and State Entry Point Christine Oschell The University of Montana-Missoula Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/itrr_pubs Part of the Leisure Studies Commons, Recreation, Parks and Tourism Administration Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Oschell, Christine, "Montana Travel Corridors:The Driving Routes of Nonresident Visitors based on Overnight Location and State Entry Point" (2013). Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications. 94. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/itrr_pubs/94 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Montana Travel Corridors: The Driving Routes of Nonresident Visitors based on Overnight Location and State Entry Point Research Report 2013-12 Prepared by: Christine Oschell, Ph.D. Institute for Tourism & Recreation Research College of Forestry and Conservation The University of Montana Missoula, MT 59812
    [Show full text]
  • Montana Forest Insect and Disease Conditions and Program Highlights
    R1-16-17 03/20/2016 Forest Service Northern Region Montata Department of Natural Resources and Conservation Forestry Division In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Navigation on the Yellowstone River
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1950 History of navigation on the Yellowstone River John Gordon MacDonald The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation MacDonald, John Gordon, "History of navigation on the Yellowstone River" (1950). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2565. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2565 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HISTORY of NAVIGATION ON THE YELLOWoTGriE RIVER by John G, ^acUonald______ Ë.À., Jamestown College, 1937 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Mas­ ter of Arts. Montana State University 1950 Approved: Q cxajJL 0. Chaiinmaban of Board of Examiners auaue ocnool UMI Number: EP36086 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Ois8<irtatk>n PuUishing UMI EP36086 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheatland Statement of Infrastructure Deficiency
    Statement Of Infrastructure Deficiency in the Industrial and Commercial area Of the Wheatland Census Designated Place (CDP) Broadwater County Figure 1. Wheatland Area of Broadwater County Wheatland Targeted Economic Development District Introduction TEDD Draft property Boundary On October 8th of 2018, the Montana Business Assistance Connection, on behalf of Broadwater 22 County entered into a contract with Community 7a Development Services of Montana to assist the 8a County in the proposed creation of a Targeted 9a Economic Development District (TEDD) in the Wheatland industrial and commercial area of the County. The first step in establishing a TEDD is to conduct a review of infrastructure deficiencies within the area proposed for inclusion in a TEDD. 21 6a The documentation of such deficiencies, within a 2a 3a 4a municipality (defined as a county, city or town or 1a consolidated city-county government), in accordance with state law, provides the necessary 8 20 foundation upon which a local government may 7 5a establish a TEDD to foster secondary, value-adding 6 19 5 4 18 economic development. 2 3 9 1 10 12 14 16 11 13 15 The Wheatland industrial and commercial area, 17 13a comprised of nearly 1,000 acres, is generally 12a 10a 11a 15a located along US Highway 287, just north of the 14a Interstate 90 – Highway 287 intersection (Figure 2). It includes the Wheat Montana Bakery and the proposed site of Bridger Brewing, both value- Figure 2 Wheatland Industrial and Commercial Area (draft adding businesses. The creation of a TEDD will map – red lines (does not include orange lines)) enable Broadwater County to encourage the retention, expansion and recruitment of these enterprises, as well as complimentary and compatible value-adding businesses, which will contribute to the overall economic well-being of the County.
    [Show full text]
  • Bighorn River Basin, Wyoming
    Environmental and Recreational Water Use Analysis for the Wind – Bighorn River Basin, Wyoming Wind – Bighorn River Basin Plan Update Prepared for: Wyoming Water Development Commission 6920 Yellowstone Rd Cheyenne, Wyoming 82009 Prepared by: Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. 415 W. 17th St., Suite 200 Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001 September 7, 2017 Draft Pre-Decisional Document - Privileged and Confidential - Not For Distribution Wind – Bighorn River Basin Plan Update EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2010, the Wyoming Water Development Commission (WWDC) requested a study to develop more robust and consistent methods for defining environmental and recreational (E&R) water uses for the River Basin Planning program. The study outlined that recreational and environmental uses needed to be identified and mapped, in a way that would assess their interactions with traditional water uses throughout the state of Wyoming. Harvey Economics completed the study in 2012, with a report and handbook being produced to identify a consistent viewpoint and accounting process for E&R water demands and to help guide river basin planning efforts in moving forward. The methods developed in the handbook were implemented on the Wind-Bighorn River Basin (Basin), and the results of the Basin plan update are provided in this report. In addition to the handbook guidelines, Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. coordinated with the WWDC to further the analysis through the development of three models: 1) protection, 2) environmental, and 3) recreation. The Basin is located in central and northwestern Wyoming. Approximately 80% of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is included in the Basin. Elevations in the Basin are variable as the Wind River and Bighorn Mountains funnel water from alpine areas to lower river corridors.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunting Season Comes to a Close [email protected] Walk Or Ride Bicycles to School
    LIFESTYLE - Historic barn takes a journey OUTPOST EVENTS CALENDAR For up-to-date local events Page C1 & C4 THE MADISON VALLEY, RUBY VALLEY AND SURROUNDING AREAS st Publishing Weekly Newspaper. Established 1873 75¢ | Volume 141, Issue 5 www.madisoniannews.com Thursday, November 29, 2012 Accident claims life of Dillon man near Twin Ben Coulter of the semi truck from Alberta, The Madisonian Canada was not injured in the [email protected] accident. The Montana Highway Pa- A Dillon man was killed trol conducted an investigation early Friday morning on MT at the scene, and it appears that Highway 41 south of Twin alcohol was not a factor. Madi- Bridges when the pickup truck son County Undersheriff Roger he was riding passenger in was Thompson said while the driver struck by a semi tractor-trailer. of the pickup truck was wear- 70-year-old David Kendall ing his seatbelt, a preliminary was pronounced dead on the review of the scene indicated scene after the crash occurred. that Kendall was not. Kendall and the driver of the “The final investigation four-door Ford pickup truck will determine that or not,” said were traveling north bound on Thompson. Highway 41 shortly after 6a m. Thompson added that stud- when they began to make a left ies show seatbelts save lives by turn into a pull out. The semi preventing people from being truck was attempting to pass thrown from their vehicles dur- the pickup from behind in an ing an accident. open passing zone and struck “There are so many people the pickup, forcing the vehicle in Montana who die because off the road.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sacagawea Mystique: Her Age, Name, Role and Final Destiny Columbia Magazine, Fall 1999: Vol
    History Commentary - The Sacagawea Mystique: Her Age, Name, Role and Final Destiny Columbia Magazine, Fall 1999: Vol. 13, No. 3 By Irving W. Anderson EDITOR'S NOTE The United States Mint has announced the design for a new dollar coin bearing a conceptual likeness of Sacagawea on the front and the American eagle on the back. It will replace and be about the same size as the current Susan B. Anthony dollar but will be colored gold and have an edge distinct from the quarter. Irving W. Anderson has provided this biographical essay on Sacagawea, the Shoshoni Indian woman member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, as background information prefacing the issuance of the new dollar. THE RECORD OF the 1804-06 "Corps of Volunteers on an Expedition of North Western Discovery" (the title Lewis and Clark used) is our nation's "living history" legacy of documented exploration across our fledgling republic's pristine western frontier. It is a story written in inspired spelling and with an urgent sense of purpose by ordinary people who accomplished extraordinary deeds. Unfortunately, much 20th-century secondary literature has created lasting though inaccurate versions of expedition events and the roles of its members. Among the most divergent of these are contributions to the exploring enterprise made by its Shoshoni Indian woman member, Sacagawea, and her destiny afterward. The intent of this text is to correct America's popular but erroneous public image of Sacagawea by relating excerpts of her actual life story as recorded in the writings of her contemporaries, people who actually knew her, two centuries ago.
    [Show full text]