SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e1

65-3 ABBOTT, E.M.*; DIAZ, K.; SAWICKI, G.; Georgia Institute 92-5 ACHE, JM; NAMIKI, S; LEE, A; BRANSON, K; CARD, of Tech.; [email protected] GM*; HHMI Janelia Research Campus; [email protected] The theoretical contributions of morphology to the power output of Descending Control of Landing in Drosophila muscle-tendon units To survive, animals must respond to sensory cues in a During a jump, many animals enhance the power that is generated by context-specific manner. Even innate sensorimotor responses are their muscles as energy is transferred to accelerate their body's center flexible, such that an identical cue can elicit different actions in of mass. We call this phenomenon power amplification. Historically, different situations. How the brain achieves this context-dependent computational models demonstrated that tendons in-series with flexibility, or 'makes decisions,' is unclear. In the fruit fly, muscles enhance the rate of energy transfer. However, when we Drosophila melanogaster, frontal looming stimuli elicit an escape incorporated realistic muscle state properties (length-tension and takeoff if the fly is standing and a landing response if the fly is force-velocity relationships) into similar models the amount of power flying. While the neuronal basis of the escape response is relatively transferred to a load was greatly limited. Yet, we know frogs, well-known, and relies, in part, on giant-axon descending neurons, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 overcome limitations set by muscle through 1) morphological little was known about the control of landing in any species. We adaptations 2) pre-stretch of muscles and 3) catch systems that allow created a collection of 130 transgenic lines that target individual, a muscle to store energy in tendons and aponeuroses. We explored identified descending neurons. We conducted an optogenetic these strategies with a Simulink Matlab model of a Hill-type activation screen of this collection and identified two descending muscle-tendon unit with inertial and gravitational loads. In this neuron bilateral pairs whose activation drives extension of all six legs model, we swept a wide parametric space of tendon stiffnesses, with kinematics that resemble the landing response of the fly. effective mechanical advantages and pre-stretch conditions. We Genetically silencing either of these descending neuron types observed that at low mechanical advantages (EMA=0.12) there are significantly reduced landing responses elicited by frontal visual more limited combinations of tendon stiffness and body mass where looming stimuli. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we show the power of the muscle transferred to the load is enhanced. that landing descending neurons integrate visual and mechanosensory However, if the effective mechanical advantage is larger (EMA = cues and control leg extensions in a graded fashion while the fly is 0.3), there is a broader morphological space in which power flying. Critically, landing descending neuron visual responses are amplification exists. In all conditions, pre-stretching the eliminated or severely attenuated when the fly is not flying. This muscle-tendon unit increases the power transferred to the load gating occurs by separate mechanisms (neuromodulation or efference because stretching "cheats" the system by adding initial energy and copy) in the two different landing neuron types. Our findings show allowing muscle shortening onto, rather than away from the plateau that state-dependent gating of descending pathways is one of the length-tension curve. This computational approach allows us mechanism that controls the brain's access to different motor to understand the limits of the building blocks of power amplifying networks, thus enabling flexible, context-dependent action selection. systems. Furthermore, this approach could help develop guidelines for actuating wearable devices capable of augmenting human performance during accelerative movements like jumping or sprinting.

115-4 ADAMS, DS*; ZHU, R; FISH, FE; West Chester Univeristy, S2-10 ADELMAN, JS; Iowa State University; [email protected] University of Virginia, West Chester University; Linking immunological mechanisms and transmission [email protected] consequences of tolerance in a songbird host Properties and Functions of Tendons in the Peduncle of Tolerance of infection, or minimizing the fitness losses for a given Odontocetes pathogen load, should have dramatic impacts on the dynamics of Dorso-ventral oscillations of caudal flukes of cetaceans generate wildlife diseases. However, empirical studies of the mechanisms lift-based thrust that allows them to operate with a high propulsive underlying tolerance and its consequences for pathogen transmission efficiency. Flexibility of the tail flukes is an important element in this remain limited. Among animals, tolerance manifests in two principle system and the ability to rotate the flukes about the ball vertebra ways, behavioral vs. tissue-specific tolerance, with the potential to allows for changes in angle of attack and smooth bending. There are either enhance or impede transmission. Behavioral tolerance three sets of tendons that pass through the odontocete peduncle and maintains fitness-enhancing behaviors during infection, likely insert onto the caudal vertebrae. It is unknown to what extent these leading to increased contact rates and enhanced spread of directly tendons affect fluke flexibility. The purpose of this study was to transmitted pathogens. On the other hand, tissue-specific tolerance investigate direct effects of peduncle tendons on odontocete fluke reduces damage to tissues (pathology), which could hinder flexibility, deflection angle and investigate tendon elasticity. transmission of certain pathogens by limiting dissemination routes One-point bending tests were conducted on isolated harbor porpoise (e.g. diarrhea, coughing). This presentation outlines recent and (Phocoena phocoena) flukes that were immobilized at their base. ongoing research into the mechanistic causes and transmission Tension was created by the addition of weight to each tendon. consequences of tolerance in an ecologically relevant wildlife disease Tensile testing was performed on harbor porpoise and striped dolphin system: house finches infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. This (Stenella coeruleoalba) tendons using an Instron 5848 MicroTester. bacterial pathogen jumped into finches from poultry in the Histological analyses of collagen fibers were performed on the mid-1990s, causing pronounced conjunctivitis and reduced survival tendons. Flexibility of the fluke decreased and deflection angle in the new host. Using the severity of conjunctivitis as a proxy for increased as a result of tension applied to tendons indicating the fitness during experimental infections, we have found that lower possibility that these tendons play a role in controlling fluke stiffness pro-inflammatory immune signaling predicts enhanced and thrust production. The stiffness differed among tendons in the tissue-specific tolerance. These results are consistent with reduced peduncle and was overall more compliant than average mammalian inflammatory responses as proximate drivers of tolerance in this tendons. The collagen fibers that make up the three sets of tendons in system. In addition, recent experimental epidemics in captivity the cetacean peduncle were found to be longitudinally wavy, suggest that tissue-specific tolerance may have a larger impact on suggesting the ability to store elastic energy. In addition, the terminal transmission than behavioral tolerance, although prior work has ends of two tendons branched into the core of the flukes. These highlighted a key role for behavior in the transmission of this results indicated that there is potentially active control of flexibility pathogen. I discuss the implications of these findings on in odontocete flukes during locomotion. host-pathogen interactions at the ecological and evolutionary time scales.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 1 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e2

114-2 ADEOLA, FI*; LAILVAUX, SP; University of New Orleans; 97-5 AGAN, JA*; LOVERN, MB; GRINDSTAFF, JL; FOX, SF; [email protected] Oklahoma State University; [email protected] Octopamine mediates mating interactions and sexual conflict in the How Collared Lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, Hatchling Orange Bars house cricket (Achaeta domesticus) Affect Male-Male Interactions Mating interactions are rife with conflict because the evolutionary Collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris, are sexually dimorphic lizards interests of males and females seldom coincide. Intersexual conflict in which males use their sexually selected traits to defend territories modifies the opportunity, form, and intensity of sexual selection, yet against rivals and to attract females. While not novel, collared lizards the proximate factors affecting male coercive ability and female are different from other animals in that they present a sexually resistance are poorly understood. The invertebrate neurotransmitter dimorphic trait as hatchlings that is replaced by adult dimorphic traits octopamine both mediates aggression and underlies motivation to once the lizards reach sexual maturity. Hatchlings male lizards bite in male house crickets, but we currently lack an understanding of develop orange dorsolateral bars that are lost as the lizards become the influence of bite force and octopamine levels on mating sexually mature. Juvenile males are aggressive toward other juvenile Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 interactions in these animals. We manipulated octopamine through males and use these orange bars in this context. We tested how these supplementation with excess octopamine and administration of an orange bars are affecting male-male interactions by conducting octopamine antagonist, epinastine, to test the influence of behavioral trials that separated the effect of the bars from aggressive octopamine on mating success in Acheta Domesticus crickets. We behavior. Lizards either had their bars removed (masked with paint) show using formal selection analysis that bite capacity influences the or enhanced (increased area with spectrally similar paint) and outcomes of mating interactions in house crickets, and that those received either a hormone implant that increased dihydrotestosterone outcomes are further altered in crickets with manipulated octopamine levels and aggressive behavior, or a blank implant. Treatment lizards levels relative to unmanipulated controls. were placed in a neutral arena with an unaltered and size-matched stimulus male and behaviors of both lizards were scored to measure relative aggression. Trials showed that the bars and aggressive behavior are linked and that increasing one, either the bars or the aggression, will oppositely alter the outcome of male-male interactions. While lizards with increased aggression via hormone implants were significantly more aggressive in comparison to blank implanted lizards and non-implanted stimulus lizards, lizards with only enhanced orange bars were met with an increase in aggression. When the orange bars were enhanced without the associated level of aggression expected, rival males retaliated against the "cheater" male. This means that lizards police those that act outside of the bounds of their signal.

66-6 AICHELMAN, HE*; BOVE, CB; CASTILLO, KD; 104-3 AIELLO, BR*; HAMILTON, CA; KAWAHARA, AY; BOULTON, JM; KNOWLTON, AC; RIES, JB; DAVIES, SW; SPONBERG, S; Georgia Institute of Technology, Florida Museum of Boston Univ., Univ. of NC, Chapel Hill, Northeastern Univ.; Natural History; [email protected] [email protected] Big wings and agile flight: evolutionary patterns of moth Reef Zone-Specific Physiological Responses of Two Caribbean morphology and stability in Bombycoidea Corals Exposed to Multiple Global Change Stressors Moth wing and body morphology, which evolve to meet the Global change is threatening coral reefs, with rising temperature functional demands of a species, will influence both aerodynamic leading to repeat bleaching events (dysbiosis of the coral host and its capacity and agility. In the morphologically diverse moth symbiotic algae Symbiodiniaceae) and increasing pCO2 causing superfamily Bombycoidea, the sister-groups Sphingidae reductions in calcification. Global bleaching events are revealing (hawkmoths) and Saturniidae (silkmoths) are known for their highly fine-scale patterns of coral survival; however, the physiological maneuverable and erratic flight patterns, respectively. Aerodynamic phenotypes that lead to success under stress remain elusive. Here, we theory suggests that both low wing aspect ratio (AR) and wing conducted a 90-day experiment to investigate the physiological loading enhance maneuverability, while high AR wings enhance responses of two Caribbean reef-building coral species (Siderastrea aerodynamic efficiency. Interspecific variation in morphology is also siderea and Pseudodiploria strigosa) from nearshore and forereef expected to influence the inherent stability and maneuverability of an locations on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System under animal. To test these hypotheses, we quantify forewing morphology ocean warming (28, 31°C) and acidification (280-2800 µatm pCO2). and loading across Bombycoidea. Maximum likelihood ancestral Calcification, total host protein and carbohydrate, chlorophyll a state reconstruction of wing AR and loading reveal patterns of pigments, and symbiont cell density were quantified in order to divergence and convergence across the tree. With few exceptions, characterize the acclimatory responses of each coral host and their hawkmoths exhibit wings of higher AR and loading relative to symbionts to these global change stressors. Overall, forereef P. silkmoths. Based on each group's respective ability to maneuver, strigosa were more negatively affected by temperature, but not pCO2, these patterns of hawkmoth and silkmoth wing AR and loading in all aspects of physiology measured when compared to nearshore contradict the expectation. The evolution of high AR wings in the counterparts. This effect was observed at even the first timepoint, hawkmoth clade might be related to the group's ability to hover. suggesting this forereef P. strigosa population will be negatively Further, several more recent smaller transitions in wing shape and affected by long term heat events. In contrast, S. siderea did not loading indicate pairs of species facing significantly different appear to be negatively affected by heat, pCO2, or the interaction of neuromechanical challenges. These results are integrated into a wider the two stressors over the course of this experiment for any of the analysis of bombycoid flight stability as a function of wing physiological responses considered. Our future work will incorporate morphology, body inertia, and physiology in order to explore the transcriptomic comparisons of the same individuals to examine correlated evolution of neural and mechanical determinants of flight underlying molecular mechanisms driving these species and reef performance in these diverse agile organisms. zone differences.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 2 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e3

22-6 ALAASAM, VJ*; DUNCAN, R; CASAGRANDE, S; 43-7 ALBERY, GF*; KENYON, F; BECKER, DJ; NUSSEY, DH; DAVIES, S; SIDHER, A; SEYMOURE, B; SHEN, Y; ZHANG, Y; PEMBERTON, JM; University of Edinburgh Institute of OUYANG, JQ; University of Nevada, Reno, Max Planck Institute Evolutionary Biology, Moredun Research Institute, Scotland, for Ornithology, Quinnipiac University, Colorado State University; Montana State University, Bozeman, MT; [email protected] [email protected] The Landscape of Immunity in a Wild Ungulate Population Not So Cool: Cool Color-Temperature Light Disrupts Nocturnal Parasite infection in the wild is extremely spatially heterogeneous. Rest and Elevates Glucocorticoids in Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia This is well-understood at large scales, yet little is known about the guttata) way that immunity and parasitism vary at small scales and within Nighttime light pollution is quickly becoming a pervasive, global populations. Here we used a wild population of individually concern. Since the invention and proliferation of light-emitting recognised Scottish red deer (Cervus elaphus) to investigate how diodes (LED), it has become common for consumers to select from a immunity and parasitism were associated with their spatial and social range of color temperatures of light with varying spectra. Yet, the behaviour. We collected 2,000 noninvasive faecal samples from 450 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 biological impacts of these different spectra on organisms remain known individuals over the course of three years, using a thorough unclear. We tested if nighttime illumination of LEDs, at two censusing operation to examine their behaviour. We quantified commercially available color temperatures (3000K and 5000K) and mucosal antibody levels and helminth egg shedding and analysed at ecologically relevant illumination levels affected body condition, them with GLMMs using INLA, with spatially distributed random food intake, locomotor activity and glucocorticoid levels in zebra effects to quantify spatial autocorrelation. We discovered strong finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We found that individuals exposed to spatial trends across the study population, with profoundly different 5000K light had higher rates of nighttime activity (peaking after one antibody levels and parasite intensities in individuals living in week of treatment) compared to 3000K light and controls (no different areas. Spatial heterogeneity was present despite the fine nighttime light). Birds in the 5000K treatment group also had sampling scale and considerable mixing, and distributions differed increased corticosterone levels from pre-treatment levels compared to substantially for different parasites and antibodies. Our results 3000K and control groups but no changes in body condition or food confirm that immunity and parasitism can vary sharply across space, intake. Individuals that were active during the night did not and suggest that the density of conspecifics and exposure to consequently decrease daytime activity. This study adds to the secondary hosts are important in determining distributions of both growing evidence that the spectrum of artificial light at night is immunity and parasites in this system. We conclude that small-scale important, and we advocate the use of nighttime lighting with spatial variation may be affecting the disease ecology of wild animal warmer color temperatures of 3000K instead of 5000K to decrease populations, and this should be taken into account in more studies energetic costs for avian taxa. where possible.

S7-12 ALFARO, ME*; KARAN, EA; CHANG, J; WOO, LK; 113-1 ALI, RS*; WELCH, KC; Univ. of Toronto; ALFARO, Michael; UCLA; [email protected] [email protected] High Throughput Phenoscaping for Comparative Studies Plasma membrane (PM) recruitment patterns of glucose As major sections of the Tree of Life become increasingly resolved, a transporters (GLUT) 1, 2, 3, and 5 in response to feeding in the central challenge for comparative study involves the scaling of ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris. phenotypic data collection efforts. Here we explore two techniques Hummingbirds rely entirely on recently ingested carbohydrates to that enable high throughput (thousands to tens of thousands of fuel rested and exercising metabolism as well as the de novo species) data collection and analysis of 2D images. The first uses synthesis of lipids. Their flight muscle cells have the capacity for crowd-sourcing through the Amazon mechanical turk interface and rapid phosphorylation of both imported glucose and fructose. involves a web browser-based landmarking application that is Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) regulate the flux of deployed to remote workers. These workers may be paid (through the glucose and fructose across biological plasma membranes (PMs) and Amazon mechanical turk framework) or the browsing application can into active cells. We examined ruby-throated hummingbird be distributed to citizen scientists or research teams to facilitate (Archilochus colubris) flight muscle and liver for changes in GLUT parallelization of data collection. We demonstrate how this approach protein abundance and localization in response to feeding. We can be flexibly adopted to collect geometric morphometric and observed GLUT-5 protein in the flight muscle PM, supporting spatial distribution data. The second uses supervised and previous findings that suggest a unique fructose-processing capacity unsupervised machine learning to classify fish color patterns. We of hummingbird flight muscle. We also show the lack of GLUT-1 illustrate how image data may be used to train classifiers to recognize protein in hepatocytes, despite previously observed GLUT-1 fish color pattern traits at broad phylogenetic scales and explore transcript. Finally, we found that feeding increases the PM unsupervised algorithms for color pattern discovery. abundance of glucose-specific GLUT-isoforms (GLUT-1) in the flight muscle, while the liver PM increases in both glucose- and fructose-specific GLUT-proteins (GLUT-2, GLUT-3). This suggests that, while hummingbird muscle show capacity for fructose import and phosphorylation, only glucose-specific GLUT-isoforms are dynamically regulated in response to feeding. In the liver, both glucose- and fructose-specific GLUT-isoforms are dynamically regulated suggesting that the liver may predominately transport ingested fructose. This study provides further insights into how hummingbirds manage the partitioning of recently ingested glucose and fructose to optimize their daily energy needs.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 3 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e4

72-4 ALLEN, PE*; MILLER, CW; University of Florida; S3-8 ANDERSON, P. S. L. *; CROFTS, S. B.; Univ. of Illinois, [email protected] Urbana-Champaign; [email protected] Environmental and Genetic Factors Contribute to the Divergence Making an impact: Energy transmission during high-speed in Weaponry Across a Broad Landscape puncture events Animal weapons include such intriguing structures as horns on An organism's ability to control the timing and direction of energy bighorn sheep, antlers on deer, and tusks on elephants. In spite of the flow within its body is vital to maintaining proper function. But what interest these structures have attracted, we still do not know why happens when the organism transfers this energy to a target outside there is such amazing weapon diversity. Through this project we its body? Take, for example, a snake injecting venom into prey, a aimed to understand how weapon differences arise even within a sting ray stinging in self-defense or a trap-jaw ant attacking an species, to provide insight on early divergence of weapon shape and invader with its spring-powered jaws. In all three cases, the size. Patchy but widely distributed species, such as the leaf-footed organisms are attempting to puncture their targets through the bug Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae), are good candidates to transfer of energy from their bodies into the target. However, this is Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 study the processes that can lead to the diversification of animal not a straightforward procedure. Energy transferred between systems weapons. This cactus-feeding species is found in the US Southwest can be lost via deformation of the tool or target, imparting and Florida, and has known association with at least four genera and momentum to the target, and creating heat. The success or failure of 13 species of cacti through its extensive range. Adults are sexually a puncture attempt is dictated by how well the puncturing and target dimorphic, females have on average larger bodies but males have organisms control the energy flow between them. While the enlarged hind femurs used in male-male combat. Males establish puncturing organism can influence how energy is delivered to the territories on their host plants and defend them against other target, the material properties of the target dictate the target's conspecifics using their hind legs [=weapons]. Larger males are more reaction. My lab has begun to examine the influences of kinematic likely to be dominant over smaller ones when defending their and structural factors on energy transfer during dynamic puncture territories. Combining fieldwork with common garden/reciprocal events by performing high-speed experiments using both synthetic transplant experiments, we examined the variation of male weapon and biological tools and targets. Preliminary results show morphology across a broad landscape. We found both phenotypic scale-dependent trends in energy transfer between puncture tool and plasticity and evolved differences in weapon shape and size. target. For example, while increased speed allows for increased Interestingly, the divergence in weaponry is mainly due to changes in fracture in targets, there is an upper limit to this, which is partly allometric intercepts of hind femur traits (length and width) and body controlled by the relative masses of the tool and target. Experimental size, with no changes in allometric slopes. We discuss possible analyses such as this will open the door for establishing a common implications for population divergence in the context of the combat framework for examining energy transfer dynamics between behavior of this species. organismal systems across scale and phylogeny.

75-7 ANDERSON, RA*; MCBRAYER, LD; Western Washington 29-8 ANDERSON, SJ*; COWLES, DL; Walla Walla University; University, Georgia Southern University; [email protected] [email protected] Long term patterns of habitat use and prey use in a dietary Is the Eelgrass Isopod a Vector for Labyrinthula zosterae Wasting specialist Disease on Zostera marina? Many important questions in science are based on fundamental Zostera marina eelgrass, an important foundation species for many queries. A fundamental question in ecology includes understanding temperate coastal marine ecosystems in the North Pacific and North the spatial and temporal patterns displayed by organisms, and Atlantic, is nevertheless vulnerable to pathogens. In particular, the defining the processes that generate those patterns. With respect to protist Labyrinthula zosterae, which causes eelgrass wasting disease, terrestrial vertebrates, understanding the effects of habitat variation has at times swept through eelgrass populations with devastating and food availability requires a multi-year perspective, given the effects. Although L. zosterae has not recently caused widespread multi-year lifespans of vertebrates. Desert scrub locales are epidemics, it continues to be present at low but varying levels in especially conducive to investigating how annual climate variation eelgrass beds, including those in Washington State. Knowing the and prey availability affect the predator's diet, habitat selection, and factors which can affect its spread is important for management of home range size. A useful study system for such work is the eelgrass. The eelgrass isopod Pentidotea resecata is a common ant-eating specialist Desert Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma platyrhinos. inhabitant of eelgrass in Washington State, with high abundance in We studied a population in three contrasting mesohabitats—dunes, Padilla Bay. P. resecata lives and feeds on eelgrass and, as an flats and hardpan—in the Alvord Basin of southeastern Oregon, accomplished swimmer, travels from blade to blade. In this which is near the northern extent of the lizard species' geographic laboratory study we tested whether P. resecata serves as a vector for range. For 18 years, habitat use of male and female lizards was spreading wasting disease by its travel among and feeding on the investigated in early summer. Home range size and habitat use were eelgrass blades. During 12-day laboratory experiments, eelgrass quantified via radio-tracking and powder-tracking for 13 of 18 years. blades exposed only to seawater developed virtually no wasting. Annual variation in spatial patterns of prey diversity among habitats Blades placed near infected blades developed substantially more varying in shrub types and sizes were also measured and correlated to wasting lesions. Allowing the isopods to travel back and forth lizard locations and movements. The relationships elucidated will between the blades further increased the prevalence of wasting, while provide the basis for more integrative analyses of habitat use beyond the greatest incidence was produced by direct contact of infected prey availability, such as mate search, dispersal, antipredation and blades with the clean blades. These results indicate that, in thermal constraints. conjunction with other important variables, P. resecata can serve as a vector for the spread of eelgrass wasting disease.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 4 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e5

13-8 ANDRADE LOPEZ, JM*; PANI, AM; MINOR, PJ; LOWE, 62-2 ANGELINI, DR*; MOORE, JA; SIMMONS, WR; AVERILL, CJ; Stanford University, UNC; [email protected] AL; Colby College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Nervous system evolution: A molecular genetic characterization of [email protected] neural cell types in S. kowalevskii Neonicotinoid exposure alters microbial composition and host gene Hemichordates are a key deuterostome phylum for understanding the expression in the gut of the bumblebee, Bombus impatiens evolution of the chordate CNS. Their nervous system is organized Bumblebees are common and charismatic pollinators that play a around two elements; a pervasive nerve plexus concentrated critical role in the ecology of northern temperate and boreal anteriorly, and two nerve cords; one dorsal and one ventral. Despite ecosystems. However, in recent decades anthropogenic the major organizational differences between the nervous system of environmental changes, such as increased use of pesticides, the hemichordates and vertebrates, they share a well-conserved gene spread of bee-specific diseases and habitat destruction, have led to regulatory network for anterior-posterior patterning. It is still unclear declining numbers for wild bee species around the world. whether any of this conserved pattern regulates any fundamental Neonicotinoid pesticides have been a focus of efforts to understand Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 similarities in neural cell type specification. I will present data on the pollinator declines. The systemic nature of neonicotinoids or their spatiotemporal expression of neural markers, including genes derivatives mean they persist in the nectar and pollen of plants after involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and transport by in situ application where they have been found to reduce individuals' hybridization, to determine the level of regional specialization of the foraging efficiency, colony fitness, and increase susceptibility to neural plexus and nerve cords in juvenile S. kowalevskii. These data disease. Importantly, the mechanisms by which neonicotinoids affect also facilitate more direct neural comparisons with chordates. I will bumblebee immunity are not well understood. We have used also present data using a meganuclease, transposon - mediated high-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing to examine the affects of approach, to generate transgenic animals expressing GPF in a small agriculturally relevant concentrations of imidacloprid, the most subset of neurons. These experiments facilitate an analysis of the commonly used neonicotinoid, on the composition of gut microbiota identity and location of specific neural cell bodies, and also neuronal and host gene expression in the common eastern bumblebee, Bombus morphology and connectivity to better understand the structure and impatiens. We find significant gene expression changes at all doses, function of this nervous system. We have generated constructs to notably associated with immune and neural functions. High doses of label neurons using pan-neural (synapsin, elaV, Syt1) and cell type imidacloprid also significantly reduced the relative abundance of specific markers (GAT, Nurr1, TH), and an endogenous synaptic Acetobacteraceae, including Saccharibacter sp., which are known to vesicle protein, synaptotagmin, to label synapses. I will present a promote pathogen resistance in honeybees. These results suggest that preliminary analysis of these data and their impact on our neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid may lead to disease understanding of the comparative relevance of hemichordate nervous susceptibility in bees in part via altered microbial-host interactions systems to broader questions of nervous system evolution. This work and resulting dysbiosis. will give insights into the evolution of deuterostomes and the origins of the vertebrate brain, but also the evolution of bilaterian nervous systems.

S10-2 ANGILLETTA, MJ*; LEVY, O; SEARS, MW; 105-4 ANTONIAK, GJ*; BISWAS, T; CORTES, N; SIKDAR, S; VANDENBROOKS, JM; Arizona State Univ., Tel Aviv Univ., BHANDAWAT, V; Duke University, Loyola University, George Clemson University, Midwestern University; [email protected] Mason University, George Mason University; [email protected] The Fundamental Flaws of Fundamental Niche Models Generalized Model of Locomotion Biologists have increasingly used mechanistic models to predict The movement of the body during legged locomotion can be species ranges during global change. Still, these models require modeled using simple mechanical models such as the spring-loaded assumptions about fundamental niches that severely limit their inverted pendulum (SLIP). SLIP contains a leg that compresses and current value. First, models assume that animals avoid abiotic stress relaxes during the stance phase tracking the motion of the center of through microhabitat selection but fail to consider the costs of doing mass (COM) during running. One limitation of SLIP is that it can so. Second, models ignore covariances and interactions between only model radial forces along the leg, and thus cannot overcome abiotic variables such as temperature, humidity, pH, and pO2. Given destabilizing gravitational forces. To overcome this limitation, we these assumptions, researchers will fail to anticipate novel stresses propose the angular and radial spring-loaded inverted pendulum faced by organisms in future environments. To address this problem, (ARSLIP). ARSLIP extends SLIP with a torsional spring at the we present models in which organisms must balance the benefits of leg-foot joint whose rest position is the vertical orientation of the leg. microhabitat selection with the energetic cost, predation risk, and The resultant tangential forces oppose gravity during the stance missed opportunities. These models account for interactions among phase. The goal of the study is to assess how well SLIP and ARSLIP abiotic dimensions of the fundamental niche, which ultimately model the forces and COM kinematics during the single support constrain fitness in real environments. In some cases, these models phase of walking across a range of speeds. During this phase, the predict qualitatively different responses to global change than horizontal velocity and the vertical height do not change excessively, simpler models. and the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) is a significant fraction of body weight. We used dimensionless analysis to find the gaitspace, the parameter region that falls within the biologically observed range in height, velocity, and GRF variation. SLIP could model slow walking only for a limited parameter range and only for short steps. ARSLIP can model both slower and faster steps across the parameter space. To further test how well the two models capture the walking gait, both SLIP and ARSLIP were fit to human GRF and COM data during the single support phase. While SLIP can model the M-shaped vertical GRF of human walking, SLIP struggles with the horizontal GRF, overestimating its amplitude. ARSLIP alleviates this issue by bringing the horizontal GRF in line with experimental data.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 5 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e6

S8-8 ARBOUR, Jessica H*; CURTIS, Abigail A; SANTANA, 128-3 ARIAS, AA*; AZIZI, E; University of California, Irvine; Sharlene E; University of Washington, UW/Burke Museum; [email protected] [email protected] Limb joint mechanics during incline and decline locomotion in Macroevolutionary Dynamics of Cranial and Mandible Shape in Alligator mississippiensis Bats Legged locomotion across non-level terrain poses several challenges Bats represent the one of the largest (1300+ species) and most to animals, requiring them to adjust their limb joint kinematics and ecologically diverse orders of mammals, and exhibit a remarkable kinetics to either dissipate or produce more mechanical energy. range of sensory and feeding specializations. Here, we explore the These strategies used can shed valuable insight into which muscles impacts of conflicting functional demands from both sensory and are crucial during a limb's given function (e.g. braking or dietary functions on the evolution of skull shape within the bat propulsion). Previous work has investigated the effects of slope (i.e. radiation. We generated 3D geometric morphometric datasets of the incline or decline) on the limb mechanics of various taxa, but such skull of more than 200 species representing all bat families, dietary movements in non-erect quadrupeds remains poorly understood. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 niches and types of echolocators. We used these data in a series of Here we compare the limb joint mechanics of the American alligator, phylogenetic comparative analyses to uncover the macroevolutionary a semi-erect quadruped, during locomotion across a sloped (15°) and patterns and processes shaping skull diversity across bats. These level trackway. We use high-speed videography (dorsal and lateral included: (1) comparisons of an estimated adaptive landscape (with views) and force plate ergometry on juvenile alligators walking down no a priori assumptions) of cranial and mandible shape evolution a 15° decline, up a 15° incline, and across a level trackway. We show with transitions in diet and echolocation type across bats, (2) that mechanical function remains segregated between limb pairs as quantification of patterns of skull shape disparity across the forelimbs (FLs) tend to provide more a braking function, whereas evolutionary history of bats, and (3) tests of associations between hindlimbs (HLs) more a propulsive one. Within each limb we also shifts in skull modularity skull and ecological transitions. We found assess which limb joints are involved most significantly during numerous adaptive shifts in skull shape evolution among bats; early braking in the FLs and propulsion in the HLs. Our preliminary results shifts were associated with transitions between echolocators and show that average FL braking impulse significantly increases during non-echolocators, as well as between oral and nasal emitters, while decline walking (relative to level) and HLs shift to a braking later shifts in skull shape evolution were associated with diet within function. During incline walking, FLs produce little to no propulsive Phyllostomidae. Model fitting further supported a divergence impulse while average HL propulsive impulse significantly increases between the major ecological pressures on cranium and mandible (relative to level). These results illustrate how semi-erect quadrupeds shape. Early shifts in echolocation seem to have strongly modulated like crocodilians accomplish locomotion across sloped terrain and cranial disparity and may have been associated with changes in skull indicate which limb muscles are likely to contribute to braking and modularity and lability. Conversely, shifts in skull shape may have propulsion in alligators. This work expands the range of sloped been driven by dietary opportunities within Phyllostomidae. locomotion to include semi-erect vertebrates and will serve as a Together, these results demonstrate how the varying importance of foundation for future studies investigating muscle specializations in different functional demands may impact the evolution of skull quadrupedal walkers. shape.

134-5 ASSIS, BA*; AVERY, JD; TYLAN, C; EARLEY, RL; 78-8 ASSIS, VR*; GARDNER, S; SMITH, K/M; GOMES, F/R; LANGKILDE, T; Penn State, University of Alabama; MENDONçA, M/T; University of Sao Paulo, Auburn University; [email protected] [email protected] Inheritance, Hormonal Drivers and Fitness Implications of Female Stress, Dispersal, and Immunity: Field Comparisons of the Florida Ornamentation in Fence Lizards Populations of the Cane Toad Flashy secondary sexual traits are uncommon in females of species To understand how stress and immunity in cane toads (Rhinella with traditional sex roles. Such occurrences are often attributed to marina) changes throughout the dispersal range in Florida, we female inheritance of a phenotype that is adaptive in males, although measured stress (corticosterone levels [CORT] and neutrophil some evidence suggests that females may also benefit from lymphocyte ratio [NL]) and innate immune parameters (bacterial displaying colorful signals. We investigated maternal inheritance and killing ability [BKA] and natural antibody titers [Ab]) before and fitness consequences of male-typical blue badges across three after submitting them to a restraint challenge (1h in a plastic bag). populations of eastern fence lizards, along with potential hormonal When comparing Southern and Northern populations, there were no drivers of this trait. We measured size and saturation of badges of differences in baseline CORT, NL, or Ab, but BKA was significantly mothers and their offspring, and relationships between this trait and higher in Southern populations (F1,77=16.8; p≤0.001). After concentrations of testosterone (T) and baseline corticosterone restraint, CORT (F1,67=9.3; p=0.003) and Ab (F1,66=9.8, p=0.003) (CORT). We also assessed potential costs related to honest signaling differed, with Southern populations exhibiting higher values than such as impaired immune function and growth in offspring. There Northern ones for both measures. In addition, we calculated the was a positive relationship between saturation of badges of mothers magnitudes of change for each variable and compared between the and their female offspring, but not male offspring. The same regions. After the restraint, individuals from the Southern population sex-specific relationship was observed for plasma T levels, which exhibited larger CORT response than their Northern counterparts (9 were a strong positive predictor of badge saturation in adulthood for fold vs. 3 fold change; F1,67=5.7; p=0.02). In contrast, NL decreased both sexes. CORT levels were negatively associated with badge size, in Southern toads, while increasing in Northern toads (-13% vs. indicating that physiological stress may hinder development of this +26%; F1,62=4.4; p=0.04) after the restraint challenge. Since the trait. Maternal badge size was associated positively with offspring CORT response was higher in the South, we are possibly seeing an immune function. It appears that females inherit their degree of immunosuppressive effect on leukocyte redistribution. Additionally, ornamentation from their mothers, but males may be able to develop the lower CORT response to the restraint in Northern toads, allowed high-saturated badges independent of maternal phenotype. Despite a more robust change in white blood cell dynamics (possibly a the positive relationship with T, typical costs of honest signaling and immunostimulatory effect). Southern toads exhibited both, higher androgens were not detected, and progeny of more ornamented baseline BKA and higher post restraint Ab response, when compared females may in fact be more competitive in certain contexts. Still, with Northern toads which suggests these toads might have a other costs of female ornamentation have been detected in this constitutively better surveillance system. We are exploring if there is species (e.g. reduced clutch survival), which may contribute to an energetic tradeoff between immune response and locomotion variability among females for this trait. abilities between the individuals in these populations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 6 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e7

68-7 ASTLEY, H. C.*; SIDDIQUI, H. K.; LAREDO, D.; University 14-5 AUSTIN, S.H.*; LANG, A.S.; MACMANES, M; CALISI, of Akron, Denison University, Carnegie Mellon University; R.M.; UC Davis, University of New Hampshire; [email protected] [email protected] High Hysteretic Energy Loss in Mouse Tendons What to expect, when you're expecting to become parents? Genome Tendons play a crucial role in vertebrate locomotion, functioning as to phenome changes in reproduction of rock doves (Columba livia) springs which allow elastic energy storage and release. The transition to reproduction requires major changes in the Consequently, these biological springs can function in power physiology and behavior of an organism. Research continues to amplification during accelerations, power attenuation during elucidate crucial endocrine players and pathways associated with this decelerations and recycling energy within a stride during steady, fundamental transition to reproduction yet we know less about the level running. These functions are aided by low hysteresis of the underlying genomic activity that drives these behaviors. Using the loading-unloading curve, with 90% or more of energy stored in the rock dove (Columba livia), a socially monogamous species with tendon being returned during unloading. During loading, tendons biparental care, we ask, are the genetic mechanisms that facilitate Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 initially have a low-stiffness "toe region", followed by a similar behaviors in males and females the same across sex, or do high-stiffness linear region, each mediated by different processes. To they differ? Conversely, is the genomic origin of sex-specific determine whether hysteresis varies with strain and frequency, we behaviors the same or different? We also seek to determine key genes isolated mouse Achilles tendons and subjected them to sinusoidal associated with transitions using phenotypic manipulations that test length changes while recording force. Both strain and frequency had the role the interplay between offspring cues compared with minimal effects on hysteresis, but hysteretic energy losses were biological schedule during reproduction. To address these questions, consistently high, with between 35-45% of the loaded energy being we used high-throughput sequencing to determine sex-biased lost. This high hysteretic energy loss differs tremendously from the differences in gene activity over the course of reproduction. At nine <10% loss seen in other species. Replication of methods on rubber different time points that range from non-breeding through to neonate samples showed 10% low energy loss, and there was no evidence of care, and 7 manipulations, we assessed levels of gene transcription in knot slip, fatigue or damage during the trials. In subsequent tissues critical for reproduction in vertebrates: the hypothalamus and replication experiments, ink marks on the tendon were tracked via lateral septum in the brain, the pituitary gland, and the gonads. We video, but no strain heterogeneity was observed. Similar results have found a diversity of similar and sex-biased changes in gene been published by other labs for mouse Achilles and tibialis anterior expression across reproduction and in response to manipulations. The tendons and rat tail tendons. Such large hysteretic losses may results of this large-scale study offer significant insight into the contribute to the limited use of elastic energy storage in rodents genomic mechanisms driving male and female reproductive during locomotion. behaviors, from genome to phenome.

132-3 AUSTIN, MD*; FELDMANN, S; DUNLAP, AS; Univ. of 111-5 AYALI, A*; KNEBEL, D; GUERSHON, M; ARIEL, G; Tel Missouri, St. Louis; [email protected] Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Are Smart Flies Off the Menu? The Effect of Evolved Learning Israel; [email protected] Ability on Survival Under Predation Interactions Between Individual and Group Variance in Collective A large degree of individual variation in learning ability has been Behavior shown to exist in natural populations of many animals; including Animal collective behavior is a result of the intricate conflict birds, mammals and insects. Learning ability is heritable and can be between the natural variability among the individuals comprising a rapidly increased through artificial selection and experimental group, and the homogenizing effect of the group, working to generate evolution in natural and laboratory environments. This suggests that synchronization and maintain coherence. Deciphering the the observed individual variability in this trait is maintained through bi-directional interactions between individual and group properties is a balancing of the costs and benefits of enhanced cognition. essential for understanding the swarm phenomenon. Here, these Enhanced learning ability could theoretically benefit an animal by conflicting, complex interactions were studied using marching locust facilitating better retention of salient information, by increasing the nymphs under controlled laboratory settings. Novel experimental and chances of successful innovation or by allowing for increased analysis methods were applied to compare single animals, small survival under conditions of high predation. The costs of increased groups of locusts, and virtual groups composed of real, randomly learning can be developmental, operational or syndromic (e.g. shuffled and thus non-interacting, members. This unique approach learning-adept individuals could be more prone to sample dangerous revealed two types of behavioral characteristics: 1) Traits that were environments, increasing sensitivity to predation). As part of a under the homogenizing effect of the group, i.e. differing between separate experiment investigating the effect of environmental change single animals and groups, but not between group types. These traits on the evolution of learning, we evolved replicate populations of were classified as essential for the formation of the swarm and the Drosophila melanogaster that display enhanced learning ability collective behavior; and 2) Traits retaining individual heterogeneity. across a suite of contexts when compared to lab-reared controls. We These were responsible for the distinctive, group-specific behavioral conducted two experiments to test responses to predation in these characteristics, reflected in large inter-group and small intra-group populations and their controls. In the first experiment, we filmed variance (when compared to the virtual groups). Markov-chain individuals from each population type while in the presence of a models were used to identify social interaction networks within the mantis predator (Tenodera sinensis) and measured fly casualties and group, as well as to confirm the hypothesized interplay between avoidance behaviors over time. In the second experiment, we labeled variance at the individual level and the emerging group-specific individuals from each population and measured their survival after 3 behavioral properties. hours in the presence of the predator. We present data from these experiments to show the effect of learning ability on survival under predation. Our experiments add to our empirical understanding of the costs and benefits of learning ability and of the maintenance of individual variation in this trait in natural populations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 7 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e8

S4-5 AYDIN, YO; CULVER, J; TENNENBAUM, M; GOLDMAN, 95-3 AZZOLINI, JL*; DENARDO, DF; Arizona State University; DI; BHAMLA, MS*; Georgia Institute of Technology; [email protected] [email protected] Effect of Reproduction on Female Oxidative State and the Potential Dynamics of a worm blob for Vertical Transfer to Offspring Organisms across all length scales (from cells to humans) cluster and Oxidative stress physiology has historically received attention in forms large social groups for evolutionary advantages. In some cases, regards to medicine and nutrition. However, recent studies suggest aggregates exhibit and enable new functionalities: floating on water that life history strategies of aerobic organisms may be constrained (fire ants), nest-building (bees) and mobbing predators (birds). In this by tradeoffs between energetically costly activity (e.g., growth and talk, we describe new insight into aggregation behavior in worms, reproduction) and maintaining oxidative balance. Oxidative balance where hundreds of thousands of worms entangle together to form a refers to a state when antioxidant defenses are capable of neutralizing large, wet, and squishy ‘blob'. These worm blobs have emergent the negative effects of free radicals known as reactive oxygen species viscoelastic properties of the collective - they can flow through tubes, (ROS). In contrast, oxidative stress occurs when there is an Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 while bouncing off hard substrates; they can ‘sense' each other and imbalance between ROS and antioxidants, and cells accumulate merge; they can rapidly unknot and dissipate into individual units oxidative damage. Using Children's pythons (Antaresia childreni), I within a few seconds; and lastly the worm blob as a whole can break tested the hypotheses that: (1) the tradeoff between oxidative state symmetry and move across substrates in response to external and reproduction is stage dependent with stages that have greater gradients. energetic cost imposing greater oxidative stress, and (2) maternal oxidative state influences the oxidative state of her eggs. I serially measured ROS and antioxidants in the blood of 30 female A. childreni during late vitellogenesis, just prior to oviposition, and when non-reproductive. These timepoints represent peak energetic investment by the mother, the end of reproductive investment, and a non-energetically costly life history phase, respectively. I explored the potential for vertical transfer of maternal oxidative state to offspring by comparing female oxidative state to that of her eggs at oviposition and at day 39 of incubation, just prior to hatching. The results from this study will provide insight into the notion that reproduction imposes oxidative costs to both the mother and her offspring.

23-2 BABONIS, LS*; MARTINDALE, MQ; Univ of Florida, 40-8 BADE, LM*; SCHERR, MP; ANGELINI, DR; Colby College; Whitney Lab; [email protected] [email protected] Double your fun: gene duplication and the diversification of novel "What's for Dinner?" Use of high-throughput sequencing to cell types illuminate cownose ray feeding ecology and diet composition. The question of how novelty arises has lurked in the background of Cownose rays, Rhinoptera bonasus, are highly migratory evolutionary biology for decades. One common hypothesis suggests elasmobranchs native to the Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. that novel traits arise with the origin of novel genes. Support for this Cownose rays are known to feed predominantly on mollusks and ‘novel genes-novel traits' hypothesis largely comes from studies that crustaceans, but it is still unclear which species are most commonly have identified taxon-restricted genes (which lack identifiable consumed. Cownose rays are durophagous feeders, crushing their orthologs outside of the taxon of interest) as critical regulators of prey, making it difficult or impossible to identify stomach contents. novel trait identity. A clear example supporting this argument is the Fieldwork conducted from 2010 to 2013 collected gut samples from role of minicollagen, a cnidarian-specific protein, in the development cownose rays in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, and Chesapeake of the cnidocyte (stinging cell); but examples such as these are rare. Bay, Virginia (Bade 2013). Among these samples, 80% of stomach We take a different approach to this question; specifically, we contents (by mass) could not be identified by visual inspection, and examine the role of lineage-specific duplications of conserved gene in spiral valves (intestines) the total unknown tissue was 95%. Even families on the development and diversification of cnidocytes from when prey items are crushed and anatomical identification is the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Using functional and impossible, DNA in gut contents can be sequenced to establish comparative genomics and phylogenetics, we show that different connections between predators and prey. This study sequenced DNA cnidocyte types express unique assemblages of paralogs of from digestive tracts of the 33 cownose rays previously studied, as common/shared genes. Further, we provide evidence that duplication well as another 22 rays from Chesapeake Bay. The cytochrome and diversification of effector genes (rather than transcription oxidase I (COI) and 16S gene were targeted to better understand diet factors) may play a critical role in supporting the diversification of composition of cownose rays, even at different stages of digestion, cell identity. Together, our results imply that general orthology and gut microbiome composition. Targeted amplification and analysis might fail to accurately characterize the transcriptional high-throughput sequencing of barcoding genes holds the potential to environment of similar cell types and may, therefore, underestimate transform our understanding of trophic connections in communities the role of gene duplication in facilitating cell diversification. that are inaccessible and where traditional observations are costly or dangerous. A more thorough understanding of the feeding ecology of cownose rays will provide critical information for fisheries management and conservation.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 8 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e9

45-6 BADGER, MA*; COMBES, SA; Univ. of California, Davis; S4-12 BAER, A; SCHMIDT, S; MAYER, G; HARRINGTON, MJ*; [email protected] University of Kassel, Germany, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, MegaTracks: Deep learning methods enable rapid, automated Düsseldorf, Germany, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; tracking of complex motion sequences [email protected] Deep learning is a method by which complex mathematical functions Fibers on the Fly: Multiscale Mechanisms of Fiber Formation in such as artificial neural networks are trained to make accurate the Capture Slime of Onychophorans predictions using a limited set of examples. Deep learning has proven Many organisms evolved a capacity to form biopolymeric fibers wildly successful for tasks ranging from object detection to control of outside their bodies for adaptive functions such as defense, prey self-driving cars and has the potential to eliminate the need for capture, attachment and protection. In particular, the adhesive capture extensive manual video digitization, which is one of the slowest slime of velvet worms (Onychophora) is remarkable for its ability to bottlenecks in studies of animal behavior and biomechanics. rapidly form stiff fibers through mechanical drawing. Notably, fibers Motivated by the growing availability of frameworks (e.g. Keras) to formed ex vivo from extracted slime can be dissolved in water and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 more easily construct and train neural networks, we tested these new fibers can be drawn from the solution, indicating that fiber methods on the task of tracking six points on the body and wings of formation is encoded in the biomolecules that comprise the slime. freely maneuvering blue orchard bees (Osmia lignaria) as they This talk presents recent findings on the biochemical and carried mud loads during nest construction. We filmed 43 flights of physicochemical principles guiding this process. Employing a seven individuals and manually annotated 11 flapping cycles in each multiscale cross-disciplinary approach utilizing techniques from video to obtain ~10,000 training images across two camera views. biology, biochemistry, physical chemistry and materials science, we Once trained, we deployed our network on 113 trials to automatically determined that the slime is a concentrated emulsion of nanoglobules track six points in ~183,000 frames across 212 continuous flight comprised of proteins and lipids, stabilized via electrostatic segments, with a median of 32 tracked wing strokes per segment. interactions. Upon mechanical agitation, globules break apart, Neural network predictions were robust to shadows and focus blur, leading to spontaneous self-assembly and fibrillation of proteins - a and reprojection error of triangulated points (2% of wing length) was completely reversible process. Recent investigations highlight the comparable to that of manually digitized data. We examined how the importance of subtle transitions in protein structure and charge number of training examples and their allocation among individuals balance. Our findings have clear relevance for understanding the and trials affected neural network tracking performance. Finally, we evolutionary success of this adaptive prey capture behavior and for explored the effect of mud loading on the relationship between fast providing inspiration towards sustainable polymer processing. wing motions and slower body dynamics during flight maneuvers. Deep learning methods greatly improve the speed and consistency with which data are extracted from long videos and allow us to unravel processes operating at multiple timescales over complex behavioral sequences.

S4-4 BAGGE, LE*; KINSEY, ST; KIER, WM; JOHNSEN, S; Duke, 64-6 BAGHERI, H; JAYANETTI, V*; BURCH, HR; BRENNER, Univ. of NC Wilmington, Univ. of NC at Chapel Hill; CE; ARNOLD, JK; MARVI, H; Arizona State University; [email protected] [email protected] Clearly Camouflaged: Ultrastructural Modifications in A Bio-Inspired Robot for Locomotion on Dry and Wet Granular Transparent Animals Media The 'superpower' of invisibility is a reality and a necessity for many The basilisk lizard is a highly agile reptile with the ability to traverse animals that live in featureless environments like the open ocean, on vast, alternating, unstructured, and complex terrains (i.e. sand, where there is nowhere to hide. How do animals achieve invisibility? mud, and water). This makes them a great model organism for Many animals match their color patterns to their background, but this pursuing potential solutions for robotic locomotion on such terrains. strategy is limited when the background scene is dynamic. Through our animal experiments of the brown basilisk lizard on Transparency, however, allows organisms to match any background granular media, it was discovered that the animal's body velocity all the time. It is unclear how clear crustaceans with complex bodies increased as the sand's saturation level increased from 0% to 30%. To (i.e. with hard cuticles, thick muscles, and internal organs) maintain interpret the increased body velocity, the limb frequency and stride transparency across their entire body volume. Transparent crustacean length of the animal were evaluated. It was observed that while limb species that have relatively large (> 25 mm long and > 2 mm thick) frequency remained relatively consistent, the stride length increased bodies and that occupy physically different (pelagic vs. benthic reef) as the saturation increased from 0% to 30%. To systematically habitats serve as useful model organisms. Making comparisons evaluate the influence of limb frequency and stride length on body between these transparent crustaceans and closely related opaque velocity, the BasiliskBot was designed and tested upon the same crustaceans provides some of the first insights into the physical basis medium, against 0%, 15%, and 30% saturated sand. Limb frequency of transparency, from nano-scale to organismal-scale. I will discuss was adjusted by altering the motor speed, and stride length was how light scattering can be minimized both at an animal's surface and modified through the utilization of different whegs with varying internally, as well as whether transparency can be disrupted and what number of spokes. As the saturation increased from 0% to 30%, so the underlying mechanisms of this disruption are. A variety of did the stride length and stride frequency and thus the body velocity. microscopy techniques were used to investigate the ultrastructure of In addition, increasing the stride frequency and saturation resulted in transparent animals. We found multiple unique adaptations, such as decreasing the robot's cost of transport. The hierarchical concepts anti-reflective nanostructures on the exterior cuticle surfaces of observed and learnt through animal and robotic experiments can be certain crustaceans. In addition, we found adaptations for minimizing used towards designing, modeling and developing robotic systems interior light scattering, such as differences in myofibrillar diameters with the capability to traverse over complex and unstructured (i.e. differences in number of scattering interfaces) as well as terrains. differences in blood perfusion between transparent and opaque species, suggesting there may be tradeoffs to transparency.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 9 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e10

31-2 BAGHERI, H*; CUMMINGS, S; ROY, C; CASLETON, R; 107-4 BAKER, D.M.; BAKER, Dianne; University of Mary WAN, A; HU, A; BERMAN, SM; PEET, MM; AUKES, DM; HE, X Washington; [email protected] ; FISHER, RE; MARVI, H; Arizona State University, University of Redesign of an undergraduate endocrinology course to incorporate California, Los Angeles, University of Arizona College of authentic research Medicine-Phoenix; [email protected] The Department of Biological Sciences at University of Mary Octopus Suckers: Functionality and Control Washington has greatly modified our curriculum to meet the The octopus, with its soft, muscular hydrostat body and arms, is recommendations proscribed in the AAAS report, "Vision and proficient in locomotion and complex motor functions. Their Change in Undergraduate Education." Our most significant changes versatility, "infinite" degrees of freedom, and dexterity have made have been to include authentic research experiences throughout the them an inspiration for soft robotics and synthetic adhesion core curriculum and to require completion of one of several new mechanisms. Octopus suckers have been observed to be utilized for "Research Intensive" (RI) courses, each based on a different body anchoring, swift maneuvering, object examination and biological subdiscipline. The RI courses share common learning Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 manipulation, and chemo and tactile sensing. Most of these tasks objectives concerning experimental design, data analysis, and would be impossible without the sucker's main functionality, the scientific communication, but differ in content-specific objectives. I attachment mechanism. This study was designed to determine: (1) recently converted a traditional comparative endocrinology to an RI how much of the attachment mechanism depends on suction versus course, "Research in Endocrinology." After a primer on general adhesion, (2) if pull-off force varies in different arms (i.e. anterior endocrinology principles and methods, students shifted focus to more and posterior arms), and (3) how pull-off force is impacted if there is deeply examine the stress hormone axis through primary literature. no communication with the brain. While these parameters may have Students then designed, conducted, and analyzed experiments to test been qualitatively described in previous studies, they have never their hypotheses on some aspect of the stress axis or stress response, been addressed quantitatively. Experiments were conducted on ten using zebrafish as a model organism. Finally, students wrote journal Octopus bimaculoides (five female and five male). Pull-off force was article-style manuscripts and delivered oral or poster presentations of measured on intact arms, amputated arms, and amputated arms with their studies. I will discuss details of this course model, as well as punctured sucker to gain insights into sucker functionality and both the benefits and challenges of this shift in course emphasis from control mechanisms. The results of these experiments can be used to content to process. design efficient synthetic underwater attachment mechanisms. Coupled with soft robotic arms, these synthetic "suckers" can be utilized to maneuver on and through aquatic environments for exploration and environmental monitoring.

92-4 BALEBAIL, S*; RAJA, S.K.; SANE, S.P.; National Centre for 39-5 BALENGER, S.L.; Univ. of Mississippi; Biological Sciences, TIFR; [email protected] [email protected] Landing behavior on vertical vs. inverted substrates by flies Costs associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of Landing maneuvers in flies may be decomposed into a sequence of Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) modular behaviors such as body deceleration, extension of legs, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a respiratory pathogen that body rotations to ensure that the body is parallel to the landing induces swelling of the conjunctival mucous membrane lining the substrate during touchdown. The variability in the conduct of landing eye in domestic poultry and wild finches. Although experimental maneuvers makes it difficult to identify the general rules that govern infection studies generally focuse on conjunctivitis as the primary this behavior. Previous studies have relied on tethered preparations to physical symptom of interest, wild bird surveys suggest that many study landing behaviors, but tethering constrains some behavioral additional avian species function as carriers and potential reservoirs modules to operate in an open feedback control loop while others for MG spread. Due to a lack of obvious conjunctivitis symptoms, remain in closed-loop, causing experimental artefacts. On the other however, infection costs to these hosts have as of yet been largely hand, freely flying insects are hard to precisely control causing unstudied. In 2017, 40% of wild-caught adult Eastern Bluebirds behavioral variability that is difficult to control. We elicited landing (Sialia sialis) in a Mississippi population tested positive for behaviors in houseflies (Musca Domestica) on vertical or inverted MG-specific Abs. To determine whether infection with MG is costly horizontal substrates, which could be captured accurately using to this host species, I infected wild-caught, captive Eastern Bluebirds multiple high-speed video cameras. Our experiments show that flies with a strain of MG cultured from a wild House Finch (Haemorhous land in a smooth and controlled manner if they satisfy specific mexicanus). Importantly, while no animals developed conjunctivitis criteria. Flies landing on the vertical surface and those landing symptoms over the course of the experiment, 12% of infected birds smoothly on the inverted surface initiated deceleration at fixed died before the experiment was complete. Following inoculation, distances from the substrate, in direct proportion to the component of 56% of birds seroconverted within 13 days, and MG was re-cultured flight velocity normal to the landing surface. The ratio of distance to from 25% of infected birds. In general, infection resulted in perpendicular velocity at the onset of deceleration was conserved, splenomegaly and significant weight loss. Infected birds that despite large differences in the mechanics of the vertical vs. inverted seroconverted were in better body condition and had higher levels of landings. Flies extended their legs independently of distance from the circulating corticosterone than those that did not seroconvert. Results landing surface, and the component of approach velocity normal to strongly suggest that Eastern Bluebirds are not only common MG the surface, regardless of the orientation of the landing substrate. hosts in the wild, but that they suffer physiological and survival costs Together, our results suggest that the visual initiation of deceleration in response to infection with this common natural pathogen. is robust to orientation of the landing surface.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 10 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e11

138-3 BALIGA, VB*; SZABO, I; ALTSHULER, DL; University of S7-8 BALIGA, VB*; MEHTA, RS; University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver; [email protected] Vancouver, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz; [email protected] Range of motion in the avian wing reflects evolutionary Macroevolutionary insights from independent origins of cleaning specialization for different flight behaviors behavior around the world: synthesizing morphology, ecology and Birds can actively change the shape of their wings, an ability termed biogeographic patterns "wing morphing", which allows for manipulation of mechanical Members of an ecological guild may be expected to show forces and moments. Birds also exhibit substantial differences in morphological convergence, as similar functional demands may exert wing skeletal morphology, but it is unknown how these anatomical similar selective pressures on phenotypes. Nature is rife with differences affect the range of motion in the wing or whether such examples, however, where taxa may instead exhibit ‘incomplete' patterns are driven by specializations for flight, allometric scaling, or convergence or even divergence. Incorporating additional factors phylogenetic history. We performed a functional anatomical study of such as competitive displacement from other guild members or range of motion using cadavers of 61 species representing 20 avian variation in ecological specialization itself may therefore be Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 orders. Through a multi-camera setup, we recorded for each species necessary to gain a more complete understanding of the factors that the capability of three types of motion at skeletal joints: 1) extension constrain or promote diversity. Cleaning, a behavior in which species or flexion, 2) elevation or depression (bending), and 3) pronation or remove and consume ectoparasites from ‘clientele', has been shown supination (twisting). For all taxa, the range of motion of the wing is to exhibit variation in specialization and has evolved in a variety of highly position-dependent with reduced freedom of movement as the marine habitats around the globe. We use the evolution of cleaning wing is extended. Traditional ‘static' morphometrics, including wing behavior in clades within five marine fish families, Labridae, shape at full extension, show high phylogenetic signal and poor Gobiidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, and Embiotocidae, to associations with flight behaviors or body mass. Range of motion determine the extent to which both specialization in this tropic data, however, show flight- and body mass-specific patterns along strategy and biogeographic overlap has affected phenotypic with relatively low phylogenetic signal. In particular, species that are evolution. Here, we use a comparative geometric morphometric more prone to gliding, soaring, and/or swimming underwater with framework to showcase patterns of convergence and divergence in their wings show more drastic constraints to range of motion. body shape and size across non-cleaning and cleaning members Collectively, our data demonstrate that avian wing morphing within these five clades. Focusing chiefly on two regions, the capability has a dynamic evolutionary history that shows stronger Indo-Pacific and the Caribbean, we find that the highly specialized, concordance with flight style and body mass than does a more obligate cleaning evolves early, shows highly convergent traditional view of wing shape. morphological patterns, and is restricted to species of small body size. Facultative cleaning is a relatively younger behavior that shows a much more varied pattern, especially in geographic regions where obligate cleaning is already present.

23-6 BARNETT, AA*; NAKAMURA, T; EXTAVOUR, CE; 57-3 BARRETO CORONA, G*; DEBIASSE, M; RYAN, J; DeSales University, Harvard University; [email protected] DAVIDSON, B; Swarthmore College, Whitney Marine Station, Hox Genes Limit Germ Cell Formation in the Short Germ Insect UFL; [email protected] Gryllus bimaculatus. The acquisition of self-sterility in a hermaphroditic tunicate Hox genes are conserved transcription factor-encoding genes that Tunicates, more specifically ascidians, offer an opportunity to specify the body regions of bilaterally symmetrical animals. In the investigate the mechanisms underlying adaptation. Two closely cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, a member of the hemimetabolous insect related ascidians, Corella inflata and Corella willmeriana allow us to group Orthoptera, the induction of a subset of mesodermal cells to specifically explore evolutionary changes in reproductive strategies. form the primordial germ cells (PGCs) is restricted to the second Ascidians are usually hermaphroditic and self-infertile. Strikingly, C. through the fourth abdominal segments (A2-A4). In numerous insect willmeriana appears to have conserved this ancestral trait, while C. species, the Hox genes Sex-combs reduced (Scr), Antennapedia inflata has acquired the ability to self-fertilize. There exists a known (Antp), Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and abdominal-A (abd-A) jointly mechanism for self-sterility in Ciona Robusta that involves two pairs regulate the identities of middle and posterior body segments, of hyper-variable allorecognition proteins - s-Themis and v-Themis suggesting that these genes may restrict PGC formation to specific that are associated with the sperm and vitelline coat respectively. abdominal segments in Gryllus. Here we show that all of these Hox Here we show that these genes are present in both Corellid genes, either individually or in segment-specific combinations, transcriptomes but the acquisition of self-fertility in C. inflata is restrict PGC formation. Our data provides evidence for a segmental associated with paralog loss and potential degeneration. We Hox code used to regulate the placement of PGC formation, performed alignments between the C. Robusta Themis genes and reminiscent of the segmental Hox codes used in other arthropod orthologs from the Correlid transcriptomes. We found that C. groups to establish other aspects of segmental identity. These data willmeriana may possess an extra v-Themis paralog whereas C. also provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for this ancient inflata may have lost one. Additionally, we found a substantially group of genes in restricting PGC development in any animal studied lower level of sequence conservation in the C. inflata orthologs. The thus far. apparent conservation of self-sterility genes in C. inflata suggests that the Themis genes are pleiotropic. We have begun long-read sequencing of Correlid genomic DNA to improve genome assembly and confirm our Themis ortholog predictions. We expect that our findings will provide insights into the evolution of hyper-variable genes in association with loss of traits involving allorecognition.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 11 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e12

89-4 BARTS, N*; HENPITA, C; GREENWAY, R; ARNDT, S; 105-1 BASU, CK*; RICHARDS, CT; Royal Veterinary College; SHAW, J; TOBLER, M; Kansas State University, Oklahoma State [email protected] University, University of Cambridge, Oklahoma State University ; Modelling the effect of long axis rotation on hindlimb moment [email protected] arms in the red-legged running frog Kassina maculata Genetic, biochemical, and physiological adaptation in fish Frogs exhibit a varied suite of locomotor behaviours. Intrinsic to this inhabiting sulfide-rich environments repertoire is the property of selected joints to rotate with three A fundamental goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the degrees of freedom. In the hip joint, this is reflected by the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype, providing insights into musculature surrounding the acetabulum. Hip muscles acting in the physiological, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms underlying flexion-extension and adduction-abduction planes are well-known adaptation. Exploring how changes across levels of biological contributors to locomotor behaviours, such as jumping. Long axis organization ultimately lead to phenotypes observed in nature rotation (LAR) of the femur is less frequently studied, in part due to benefits from studying organisms that experience environmental the challenges associated with measuring LAR in-vivo. We have Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 conditions with predictable consequences on physiological function. performed a kinematic simulation to assess the effect of LAR on Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a natural toxicant that inhibits aerobic muscle function during jumping, using empirical data gathered from ATP production by binding to cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in the Kassina maculata (the red-legged running frog) and a mitochondrial respiratory chain and is regulated by the musculoskeletal model implemented in the physics engine MuJoCo. sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) pathway. We used multiple We imposed a ± 20° LAR onto the femur of K. maculata during a population pairs of Poecilia mexicana in habiting sulfidic and static point in the early, mid and late stance phase of a jump. The non-sulfidic habitats to show that genes encoding toxicity targets and three-dimensional moment arms of hip muscles were measured detoxification pathways are under positive selection and across this range of LAR, and are presented in the context of differentially expressed. In addition, we explored the influence of anatomical reference planes. We found that the imposition of LAR hydrogen sulfide on enzymatic function of COX, other mitochondrial switched the function of the obturator externus, gluteus maximus, respiratory complexes, and SQR, and how changes in the iliacus externus, and iliolumbaris muscles. These muscles are functionality of these enzymes influence mitochondrial physiology. generally of low power, with a mean PCSA of 2.7 mm2 (compared Specifically, we quantified variation in enzymatic activity in the with the more powerful knee extensor muscles), so the functional mitochondrial complexes and key detoxification genes and relate significance of moment arm sensitivity to LAR requires further changes in enzymatic function to mitochondrial performance in the investigation. We speculate that these muscles may shift their presence and absence of H2S. Preliminary results provide evidence functions if the degree of LAR changes during locomotor behaviours. for selection on Complex I and IV in sulfide-tolerant populations of Because of their low force capacity, we expect them to play an P. mexicana, that concentrations of H2S within mitochondria important role in modulating power produced by larger muscles. We increase more quickly in sulfide-intolerant populations exposed to will test our model's predictions by measuring LAR in jumping frogs H2S, and that mitochondrial performance deteriorates more quickly using xray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM). in sulfide-intolerant populations exposed to H2S.

S12-6 BAUER, AM; Villanova University; S4-9 BAUM, D*; KNöTEL, D; DEAN, M N; Zuse Institute Berlin [email protected] (ZIB), Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Germany; Gecko Adhesion in Space and Time: A Phylogenetic Perspective on [email protected] the Scansorial Success Story Shape models for image segmentation and geometric analysis of An evolutionary perspective on gecko adhesion was previously biological structures hampered by a lack of an explicit phylogeny for the group and of When we look at images and search for certain objects in them, like robust comparative methods to study trait evolution, an cats or trees, our brain makes use of mental images that we have of underappreciation for the taxonomic and structural diversity of those objects. The better we know the objects, the clearer our mental geckos, and a dearth of fossil evidence bearing directly on the origin images, the easier it is to spot the objects. Mental representations are of the scansorial apparatus. With a multigene dataset as the basis for one of the reasons our visual system is often better at image a comprehensive gekkotan phylogeny and the recognition that geckos processing tasks than even very advanced image analysis tools. Here, comprise perhaps the most species-rich group of squamates, we will discuss approaches for teaching such representations to model-based methods have recently been employed to estimate the computers to facilitate automated 3D image analysis of very large number of unique derivations of the adhesive system and its role in numbers of objects from tomographic (microCT, ET) data, drawing lineage diversification. However, a lack of resolution in parts of the on examples from projects on quantifying subcellular structures, tree and differences in assumptions and analytical approaches has led tessellated cartilage, corals and others. One approach uses rather to differing conclusions. Evidence points to a single basal origin of general information —"the object is roundish" or "flat"— which is the spinulate Oberhäutchen, which is a necessary precursor for the then incorporated into the image analysis process. The second subsequent elaboration of a functional adhesive mechanism in approach describes the object more explicitly, for example, by using geckos, but multiple gains and losses of the fully manifested a geometric shape model derived from several objects of the same scansors. Both time-calibrated trees and recently discovered amber kind and represented by the mean shape of these objects together fossils that preserve gecko toepads suggest that a fully-functional with their possible variations. This approach is particularly suitable adhesive apparatus was not only present, but represented by diverse when the object's shape is rather conserved, which is usually true for architectures by the mid-Cretaceous. Genomic approaches hold the anatomical structures. A third approach, less addressed here, is to use promise of both further resolving gekkotan relationships and deep neural networks to identify shapes. This can give remarkable identifying the underpinnings of structural elaborations of gecko results but requires large amounts of training data. We will also keratins. Further characterization and phylogenetically-informed present how shape models used in approach 2 can be applied to study analyses of the other components of the adhesive system (muscles, how structures and materials change in evolution. Of particular tendons, blood sinuses, etc.) will also permit a more comprehensive interest are shape models that are generative in the sense that they reconstruction of the evolutionary pathway(s) by which geckos have can generate new objects rather than only reproducing input data. achieved their structural and taxonomic diversity. One utility of this could be the reconstruction of fossil data that is only partially preserved.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 12 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e13

47-5 BAZARINI, SN*; CROOK, RJ; San Francisco State Univ.; 51-4 BEATTY, AE*; SCHWARTZ, TS; Auburn University; [email protected] [email protected] Effects of Ethinyl Estradiol on Injury-Induced Plasticity in Quantifying gene expression of top regulators of the Insulin and Euprymna scolopes Insulin-like Signaling Network in the brown anole across tissues It is widely accepted that estrogens affect the development of chronic and developmental stages. pain, but the mechanism is not well understood. Pain studies The Insulin and Insulin-like Signaling (IIS) network regulates involving mammals are complicated by estrogen's role in cyclical cellular processes including pre- and post-natal growth, cellular fertility, and there is little research on animal models that lack development, wound healing, reproduction, and longevity. Recent estrogen cycles. The cephalopod Euprymna scolopes is a promising work at the sequence level has demonstrated that the IIS network has model for such studies. Its nervous system is large and complex, and been rapidly evolving in reptiles relative to mammals, raising cephalopods express estrogen receptors in brain areas involved in questions about how the transcriptional regulation of the IIS network cognition, long-term memory and sensory processing. E. scolopes may have also evolved. Here we compare the expression of the top Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 demonstrates both short- and long-term sensitization after injury, and regulators of the IIS network —IGF hormones (IGF1, IGF2), IGF as a coastal marine organism, is vulnerable to increasing levels of binding proteins (IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, IGFBP5) and estrogenic pollutants in surface waters. To determine the effects of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) — in a lizard to what is known in rodents. estrogen exposure coupled with injury on the nervous system of the IGFBPs regulate the circulation of IGF hormones, facilitating squid, I will expose groups to either no, chronic, or acute doses of tissue-specific binding of these hormones to their receptors, ethinyl estradiol (EE2) in tank water and compare neuroanatomy, activating the network. Despite their importance on the physiology of behavior and neural excitability among the treatments. Half the squid vertebrates, the specific functions of each IGFBP and each IGF in each group will receive a tissue injury at 14 days post hatching. hormone is relatively unknown in reptiles. To address this, we first The chronically exposed squid will be reared in water containing a assay the presence of expression of IGFBPs, the IGF hormones, and low dose of EE2 throughout life, replicating the effect of chronic IGF1R across tissues and ages (embryo to adulthood). In adults, both environmental exposures. The acutely exposed group will receive a IGF1 and IGF2 are expressed in all tissues, but the ratio of IGF1 to single higher pulse of EE2 added to water prior to injury, mimicking IGF2 changes significantly with age. IGFBP3-IGFBP5 are expressed the interaction of an estrogen peak co-incident with inflammation. I ubiquitously across tissue in adults, but IGFBP2 is not expressed in hypothesize that estrogen exposure heightens behavioral and neural the heart and IGFBP1 is only expressed in the liver. Second, we sensitization after injury. However, preliminary data suggests that develop and employ a multiplex qPCR assay for absolute estrogen-exposed squid show reduced responses to injury. This work quantification of IGF1, IGF2, and the IGF1R gene expression in will increase our understanding of conserved mechanisms of liver, brain, skeletal muscle, and gonadal tissue at 7 ages, estrogen/injury interactions and will improve knowledge of emphasizing early life stages. We will contrast these results to eco-systems effects of environmental estrogens. patterns found in mammals. The data collected in this study is essential for future studies of the IIS network in reptiles, as well as understanding the relative roles of IGF1 and IGF2 in development of the Anolis lizard.

51-5 BEBUS, SE*; JONES, BC; ANDERSON, RC; Univ of S2-5 BECKER, DJ*; ARGIBAY, HG; BOTTO, G; Memphis, TN, Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, Florida Atlantic ESCALERA-ZAMUDIO, M; GREENWOOD, AD; Univ, Davie; [email protected] ROJAS-ANAYA, E; LAVERGNE, A; DE THOISY, B; CZIRJáK, Development of the Corticosterone Stress Response Among GÁ; PLOWRIGHT, RK; ALTIZER, S; STREICKER, DG; Montana Passerine Nestlings State University, Universidad de Buenos Aires, University of Oxford, When homeostasis is disrupted, vertebrates respond by activating the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Instituto Nacional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which leads to the de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Institut Pasteur release of glucocorticoids (GC). GCs, including corticosterone de la Guyane, University of Georgia, University of Glasgow; (CORT, the main avian GC), are steroid hormones that serve a [email protected] crucial role in the response to and recovery from stress. The Quantifying and interpreting spatial autocorrelation in leukocyte development of the CORT response can depend on the life history profiles in a widespread Neotropical bat species strategy of a species. For instance, the developmental hypothesis Why are some populations more or less susceptible to disease? predicts that altricial young have a dampened CORT response, Populations may experience greater stress and impaired immunity at because nest-bound young likely do not benefit from the escape and their geographic range limits and in areas subject to abiotic or biotic post-escape actions of CORT. However, there is a lack of stressors. Identifying environmental correlates of immunity could comparative studies that assess possible variation in CORT response help to anticipate disease risks, but achieving this goal has been among altricial species with different life history strategies. We limited by a lack of studies measuring immunity across the range of compared the development of the CORT response in a brood parasite broadly distributed species. We present a case study for landscape passerine, the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), and five immunology where we analyze leukocyte profiles from 39 colonies non-parasitic passerines to determine if the magnitude and of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) throughout the Neotropics. development of the stress response differs. We quantified baseline Leukocyte profiles showed high spatial variation, with proportions of and stress-induced CORT levels from blood samples collected neutrophils and lymphocytes varying up to six-fold. Leukocyte throughout the nestling period. The magnitude and development of profiles were spatially autocorrelated at small and vary large the stress response of cowbirds was similar to those of eastern distances, suggesting that local environment and biogeography can phoebes (Sayornis phoebe), hooded warblers (Setophaga citrina), both influence constitutive immunity. Vampire bats from relatively red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and song sparrows colder, drier, and more seasonal habitats (characteristic of the (Melospiza melodia). Surprisingly, the CORT response of gray northern and southern range limits) had relatively more neutrophils, catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) was significantly lower throughout monocytes, and basophils than bats sampled at core and tropical the nestling phase. Overall, our results support previous findings that regions. Our findings suggest colonies at the edge of their range may passerine nestlings have a dampened CORT response that develops experience stressful conditions that predict investment in cellular with age. We did not find evidence that the development of the HPA innate immunity and inflammation response. We outline how axis in a brood parasite species differed from most non-parasitic applying a similar landscape perspective to immunology in other passerines. However, the especially low CORT responsiveness of species could help predict emerging disease risks. catbird nestlings raises new questions about their development and possible life history strategies.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 13 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e14

S2-1 BECKER, DJ*; SCHOENLE, LA; DOWNS, CJ; MARTIN, 28-4 BEDGOOD, SA*; BRACKEN, MES; Univ. of California, LB; Montana State University, Hamilton College, University of Irvine; [email protected] South Florida; [email protected] Sea Anemone Diet Affects Algal Symbiont Photochemical The scale of sickness: how immune variation across space and Efficiency species affects infectious disease dynamics The stability of nutrient exchange in a mutualistic symbiosis is highly Biology, relative to physics and much of chemistry, lacks strict dependent on the availability of resources to both partners. Thus, organizing principles. Whereas physicists can predict with exquisite depending on resource availability, some conditions could be accuracy how far a ball will fly when thrown, biologists lack the favorable for symbiosis while others could inhibit symbiosis or even mathematical and conceptual framework to make precise predictions. result in a break-down in the interaction. Symbiotic sea anemones on Conversely, biologists have become extremely adept at collecting California rocky shores obtain nitrogen and some carbon from prey massive and often complex datasets, even from a variety of that they capture. Some of the nitrogen from prey is translocated to non-model organisms living in diverse habitats. Our goal for this algal symbionts living within the sea anemone tissue. Unlike some Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 symposium is to lay a foundation for describing the general tropical symbioses with algal symbionts, nitrogen is plentiful and is principles that explain the relationships between variation in immune frequently excreted as waste if it is not used by the symbionts. In defenses and the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. This exchange, the algal symbionts translocate fixed carbon to their host goal is derived from the perplexing observation that hosts and anemone. Algal symbionts are therefore highly advantageous when parasites vary so much their propensities to resist and infect each prey is scarce but may not be as useful when prey, and therefore other, respectively. What are the principles that determine whether a dietary carbon, is plentiful. To test this hypothesis, we designed an in host is infected by one or many parasites, whether a single or many situ experiment where the diet of two closely related sea anemones, hosts transmits parasites to other susceptibles, and whether a parasite Anthopleura sola and A. xanthogrammica, was manipulated by either kills or keeps its host alive upon infection? These questions are adding or removing prey daily for three weeks. Algal symbiont fundamental, yet we have only recently taken the multidisciplinary condition was measured using a pulse-amplitude modulated and multi-scale approach necessary to develop principles for fluorometer and by taking tissue samples to quantify symbiont host-parasite interactions, as some recent work shows. In this density and chlorophyll a concentrations. Even though both species symposium, we hope to challenge participants and attendees to interact with the same symbiont genotype, they responded to the conceive scientific approaches that connect individual-, landscape-, treatments differently. Symbionts within A. xanthogrammica or species-level variation in immune defense to their increased their photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) when prey were eco-evolutionary and epidemiological outcomes. supplemented as compared to a control, whereas symbionts within A. sola did not change photochemical efficiency in any treatment. This suggests that A. xanthogrammica may be able to take advantage of an increase in prey availability and pass on benefits to its symbionts, whereas A. sola cannot.

101-4 BEDWELL, H*; DIXON, G; BAY, L; MATZ, M; The 92-8 BEHBAHANI, AH*; MELIS, JM; DICKSON, WB; University of Texas at Austin, Australian Institute of Marine Science; DICKINSON, MH; Caltech; [email protected] [email protected] Fruit flies must overcome inertial torques to modulate wing pitch Mitochondrial variation as a source of adaptive genetic variation to Flying fruit flies must control all six degrees of body motion via heat stress in corals subtle changes in wing kinematics. Several studies indicate that Reef-building corals are under strong selection for higher thermal changes in wing pitch, which largely determine the angle of attack, tolerance as increasingly frequent thermal stress events are causing are particularly important for controlling body yaw. In addition, prior worldwide die-offs. Until recently, the mitochondrial (mt) genome research suggests that flies might regulate wing pitch via a passive has been overlooked as a source of adaptive genetic variation. mechanism in which they only adjust the torsional stiffness about the Current studies suggest mt genomes can maintain non-neutral long axis of the wing. During each stroke, the wing then rotates polymorphisms under strong selection, and these polymorphisms can under inertial and aerodynamic torque to adopt the correct angle of be linked to variation in host fitness. Most of the previous literature attack. However, this model does not preclude the possibility that has focused on thermal tolerance associated with the coral's flies also actively rotate their wings through the action of the wing symbiotic algae. However, a recent study revealed Acropora hinge and steering muscles. The goal of our study was to develop a millepora larval thermal tolerance depends on maternal background, general model of wing rotation to gain insight into the relative suggesting mt variation might play an important role in coral thermal contributions of active and passive mechanisms. Using realistic tolerance. Four adult colonies from two locations in the Great Barrier morphometric and kinematic values from the literature, we derived Reef (GBR) were cross-fertilized, and their larvae were scored for an equation of motion for the pitch axis of the wing. We solved for thermal tolerance. Maternal effects accounted for 66% of the total the time history of wing pitch and compared it to the actual pattern variation (87%) in thermal tolerance. In addition, larvae of parents generated by a fly, using kinematics collected from free flight from the warmer location had significantly higher thermal tolerance sequences. We performed a sensitivity analysis on various than larvae of parents from the cooler location. Analysis of gene parameters and found that the solution depends quite strongly on the expression revealed heat-tolerant larvae up-regulate nuclear-encoded location of the center of pressure, the mass distribution of the wing, mt membrane components, along with oxidoreductase activity, which and the level of smoothing applied to the positional data. For data was suggested to contribute to the high maternal effect. Beyond that from free flight, in which the mid-stroke angle of attack is relatively experiment, this potentially key aspect of coral thermal tolerance constant at ~45°, we found that the center of pressure is quite close to remains unexplored. Currently, there are two known mitochondrial the axis of rotation and the aerodynamic torque is smaller than haplotypes in A. millepora, which are both found at high frequencies inertial torque. Based on the relationship between the required torque in populations spanning the GBR. Experiments are being conducted and the wing pitch angle, our results suggest that flies must exert to determine whether haplotype frequencies correspond to local some active control over wing pitch to achieve their remarkable thermal regimes and how mt variation impacts adult thermal aerial agility. tolerance.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 14 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e15

16-5 BELNAP, S.C.*; LICKLITER, R.; Florida International 24-7 BELOTT, CJ*; MENZE, MA; Univ. of Louisville, Kentucky; University, Miami; [email protected] [email protected] Incubation Temperature Influences Fall Frequency In Bobwhite Membraneless Organelles in Desiccation Tolerance: A New Phase Quail Neonates in Physiology Maternal influences on offspring occur not only during egg Our understanding of protein liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS; formation, but also during prenatal development in both birds and ‘membraneless organelles') and its importance in a wide range of mammals. During incubation, avian hens provide key elements biological phenomena is rapidly growing. Unexpectedly, protein essential for normal embryonic development, including temperature LLPS may also play a role in the desiccation- and osmotic-stress regulation. Previous work indicates developing avian embryos are tolerance of encysted Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp) embryos. sensitive to small fluctuations in temperature and respond to AfrLEA6 is an intrinsically disordered protein in Artemia that shares fever-like temperatures with increased prenatal activity. Here, we homology with seed maturation proteins (SMPs) found in some plant examined the influence of maternally regulated prenatal temperature seeds. SMPs have been linked to the duration in which a seed Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 on postnatal motor coordination in bobwhite quail. Starting on remains viable in the dried state. Therefore, it was hypothesized that embryonic day 5 (of 23), randomly assigned quail embryos AfrLEA6 may play a role in sustained tolerance to water stress. This experienced 4 days of low (36.9°C), normal/control (37.5°C), or high hypothesis was tested by ectopically expressing AfrLEA6 in (38.1°C) temperature. Growth parameters of weight and desiccation-sensitive Drosophila melanogaster (Kc167) cells and tarsometatarsus bone length were collected prior to testing. Motor exposing these cells to water stress. AfrLEA6 was found to increase coordination was measured at 24 hours after hatching during a video both desiccation and osmotic-stress tolerance of Kc167 cells. recorded ambulation task. Videos were analyzed for gait patterns, Furthermore, confocal microscopy was used to image LLPS of including fall frequency, stride length, and base of support (BOS). AfrLEA6 in vivo. Staining cells with Nile Red, a lipophilic dye, Results revealed no differences in growth parameters between suggested that AfrLEA6 causes the cytosol to interact with Nile Red temperature conditions. However, hatchlings in the low and high like an aqueous-organic cosolvent mixture. Altered solvent properties temperature conditions fell significantly more often compared to may decrease the thermodynamic stability of unfolded proteins and controls. Further, hatchlings in the low and high conditions showed reduce native protein conformational mobility yielding cytosolic more variability in their BOS, and low condition hatchlings showed wide stabilization of native proteins. Altogether, these data support more variability in their stride length, suggesting a decline in motor the hypothesis that AfrLEA6 plays a role during water loss and control. These findings suggest optimal prenatal temperature indicates that AfrLEA6 significantly impacts the physicochemical promotes the development of a more coordinated motor system. The properties of the cytosol. (Supported by NSF IOS-1659970.) processes contributing to this link are currently under investigation. [NSF grant BCS 1525371]

32-4 BEMIS, K.E.*; HILTON, E.J.; Virginia Institute of Marine 102-1 BENOWITZ-FREDERICKS, ZM*; CAINE, PB; MALISCH, Science; [email protected] JL; EDWARDS, KM; FARMER, JL; HAUSSMANN, MF; HATCH, Tooth development and replacement in Longnose Lancetfish, SA; Bucknell Univ., St. Mary's of Maryland, Inst. Seabird Research Alepisaurus ferox (Teleostei: Aulopiformes: Alepisauridae) & Cons.; [email protected] The Longnose Lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox, feeds on hyperiid Acute Administration of Exogenous Corticosterone in Seabird amphipods, pelagic polychaete worms, mesopelagic fishes, and Chicks Rapidly Mobilizes Lipids but not Glucose cephalopods using a heterodont dentition that includes exceptionally In developing birds, costs of elevated glucocorticoids have been large, fangs. We used dry skeletons, histology, and microcomputed repeatedly demonstrated while benefits - reallocation of endogenous tomography (CT) scanning to study a series of 40 specimens of A. resources - are often assumed. Although mobilization of glucose in ferox from the western North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans to response to elevated glucocorticoids occurs in mammals, some describe its dentition and tooth replacement. The smallest teeth in the studies suggest that in birds, lipid rather than glucose mobilization oral jaws are found on the premaxilla. These teeth are conical in may be the primary resource reallocation pathway. However, most of shape and uniform along the length of the premaxilla, whereas the the evidence about relationships between glucocorticoids and glucose other bones of the oral jaws have heterodont dentitions. The palatine in birds is either conducted in captivity or correlational, based on and dentary both have elongate, laterally compressed fangs and a concurrent increases in corticosterone (cort) and glucose during series of sharp triangular teeth that are slightly recurved. In addition, capture-and-handling protocols. We tested the hypothesis that in the dentary also has anterior symphysial teeth, tall conical teeth, and free-living birds, cort has a larger effect on the acute mobilization of a series of small, laterally compressed teeth. Despite differences in lipid-based energy substrates than on glucose. We administered a sizes and shapes of teeth all are replaced extraosseously. Teeth single oral dose of cort in oil to black-legged kittiwake (Rissa develop horizontally in the oral epithelium on the lingual surface of tridactyla) chicks; total handling time averaged 20 sec. We collected dentigerous bones. The developing teeth rotate into place and blood 15, 30, or 60 min after cort administration and compared subsequently ankylose to the bone. Functional teeth ankylose to the circulating glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol in cort-treated bone through a ring of ossification that forms at the base of each chicks to those in oil-only controls and unhandled controls. At 30 tooth on the lingual side of the bone. This is the first study to min, both groups of handled chicks had elevated glucose compared to document extraosseous horizontal replacement of large fangs in unhandled controls, but cort and oil treatments did not differ.. teleosts, although large fangs are rotated extraosseously in snakes. Triglycerides were not responsive to treatments, however, cholesterol We compare this mode of tooth replacement to intraosseous was elevated in cort chicks 15 min after administration, suggesting horizontal fang rotation found in the scombroid Trichiurus lepturus non-genomic effects of corticosterone on cholesterol mobilization. that has convergently evolved this mechanism to accommodate the Disentangling the roles of catecholamines and glucocorticoids will presence of large fangs. require additional experimental manipulations and attention to very short time scales.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 15 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e16

15-2 BENSON, BE*; CASTILLO, KD; BAUMANN, JH; 66-4 BENTLEY, BP*; MITCHELL, NJ; WHITING, SD; University AICHELMAN, HE; STANIZZI, DA; DAVIES, SW; Boston of Western Australia, Perth, Aus, Department of Biodiversity, University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Aus; [email protected] [email protected] Increased Diel Thermal Variability Promotes Growth and End of the line? Nesting phenology shifts unable to mitigate Symbiosis in a Reef-Building Coral adverse impacts of climate change on winter nesting sea turtles Increasing sea surface temperatures precipitated by rising Understanding how climate change will affect sea turtle nesting atmospheric carbon dioxide pose the greatest threat to coral reefs, as beaches is a fundamental consideration for threat abatement and prolonged thermal stress causes coral bleaching—the breakdown of species recovery plans. Increasing ambient temperatures are expected the symbiotic relationship between the coral host and its algae to lead to increased embryonic mortality and wide-scale rookery (Symbiodiniaceae). Predictions of the likelihood and extent of feminization for all sea turtle species, threatening population bleaching have typically considered the duration and magnitude of persistence. These effects will vary between species and populations Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 elevated temperatures relative to a locally defined threshold. as a consequence of existing environmental heterogeneity, regional However, recent work suggests that heterogeneity in coral bleaching differences in the magnitude of climate change, and patterns may be better explained by the degree of diel temperature population-specific thermal thresholds. We employ a mechanistic variation typical on a given reef. Here, we conducted a 50-day modelling approach to assess the impacts of climate change on common garden experiment to assess the influence of low, moderate, embryonic mortality and sex ratios at four flatback (Natator and high (2, 3, and 4 °C, respectively) diel temperature variation on depressus) and two green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtle rookeries. The the growth and performance of the thermally tolerant, reef-building model provides an overview of rookery outputs over a broad coral Siderastrea siderea. Corals were sourced from six sites spatial-scale at typical nest depths, using temporally robust differing in thermal regime, light availability, and reef zone in Bocas interpolated climate surfaces. We show that climate change will have del Toro, Panama. We found that corals from more thermally the greatest impact on winter nesting populations of N. depressus in variable sites calcified at higher rates when compared to those from the tropical north of Western Australia. These rookeries are most less variable sites, regardless of experimental treatment, suggesting susceptible as sand temperatures at nesting depths are generally that a history of exposure to large and frequent fluctuations in warmer than other rookeries, and their current nesting phenology temperature enhances coral growth. Overall, corals subjected to does not allow for temporal shifts in nesting to a cooler period of the moderate (3 °C) diel temperature variation had the highest symbiont year. In contrast, summer nesting populations of both N. depressus densities and corals in the high variability treatment (4 °C) had the and C. mydas appear to be less at risk from increasing ambient highest growth rates, suggesting that short term exposure to diel temperatures, due in part to their slightly higher thermal thresholds temperature variation may also facilitate enhanced growth and and because they can alter their nesting phenology to avoid symbiosis. Our data support the hypothesis that diel thermal variation suboptimal temperatures. Taken together, our findings demonstrate on the coral's native reef may play a central role in susceptibility to the need for population-specific models to guide the most appropriate thermal stress. conservation strategy.

108-5 BENTZ, AB*; RUSCH, DB; ROSVALL, KA; Indiana 116-5 BERGMANN, PJ*; BERRY, D; Clark University; University; [email protected] [email protected] Seasonal Shifts in Neural Gene Expression in a Territorial Female Effects of head shape on granular substrate penetration Songbird performance in fossorial lizards Seasonally breeding animals commonly display peak aggression Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are a morphologically and early in the breeding season during periods of social instability, with ecologically diverse clade, and within it fossoriality has evolved declining aggression during later parental stages. Decades of research multiple times independently and defines the ecology of hundreds of suggest that seasonal changes in systemic testosterone (T) levels may species. Most of these species use their heads as the primary organ influence this behavioral pattern in males, but it is unclear if similar for penetrating the substrate. Nevertheless, little is known about what mechanisms apply to females. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) characteristics make an animal proficient at penetrating granular are an emerging model organism for understanding female substrates with their heads, and no large-scale evolutionary aggression because females fiercely compete for limited nesting functional morphological studies have been undertaken. Here we cavities. Aggression in these females is partly mediated by T, and T characterize head shape variation in 152 species of fossorial lizards levels decline sharply in later breeding stages (i.e., during along three fundamental axes of head shape: diameter, slope/taper, incubation), when elevated T can reduce maternal care. Nevertheless, and pointiness. We then construct 28 mechanical models spanning females retain the ability for robust aggression during incubation, the evolved variation, but manipulating these three measures suggesting a seasonal shift in the mechanisms regulating aggression. independently, and drive these models into a variety of granular glass Here, we begin to address this issue using RNA-seq to explore bead and natural rock substrates using a linear actuator, while seasonal patterns of gene expression in the female brain. We found measuring penetration force. Evolutionary correlation analysis shows hundreds of genes that were differentially expressed between weak negative relationships between pointiness and the other two territory establishment and incubation in the medial amygdala and measures, and a weak positive relationship between diameter and hypothalamus. During territory establishment, we found greater slope, but none of these are significant, likely showing that different expression of steroid-related genes, such as 5alpha-reductase, which fossorial animals use different strategies. Our mechanical model converts T to the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone, whereas experiments show that the force needed to penetrate the substrate incubating females had greater expression of genes involved in decreases in finer particles, and for narrower heads that have a nonapeptide-related signaling. These findings are consistent with a shallower slope. Pointiness has the smallest effect, but this effect seasonal shift in mechanisms of aggression, a view that is further increases in natural rock substrates and for wider heads, situations supported by gene network analyses. Collectively, these data where substrate jamming may be considerable. In these cases, highlight important gene regulatory mechanisms that may underlie pointier heads lead to lower penetration forces. Interactions among behavioral plasticity in females, while also accommodating their main effects were much larger in rock substrates than bead maternal roles. substrates, indicating a more complex behavior in natural substrates.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 16 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e17

90-7 BERK, SA*; BREUNER, C; University of Montana; 17-1 BERNSTEIN, JM*; CRAWFORD, CH; WAINWRIGHT, DK; [email protected] RUANE, S; FLAMMANG, BE; Rutgers University-Newark, New Resource availabiility, CORT, and fitness in the mountain bluebird Jersey Institute of Technology, Harvard University; (Sialia currucoides) [email protected] Researchers have long been interested in relationships between the Snake Scale Keels: A Three-dimensional Investigation of Function corticosterone (CORT) stress response and fitness. The Keels are raised structures or ridges that are found on the scales of CORT-fitness hypothesis predicts that increased environmental many squamate taxa. Morphological examinations have noted keels challenge leads to elevated baseline CORT and therefore decreased in species descriptions for centuries, and it is well known that there is fitness. In contrast, the CORT-trade-off hypothesis predicts that variation in keel structure and number across different squamate CORT mediates the trade-off between survival and reproduction, and lineages adapted to different environments, especially taxa associated is therefore positively associated with survival and negatively with swimming and semiaquatic habitats. Although the presence of associated with reproductive success. Finally, the CORT-adaptation these keels is well documented, the functionality of keels remains Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 hypothesis predicts that CORT increases reproductive success poorly known for the majority of squamates. In this study we assess through higher energy expenditure towards reproductive behaviors the functionality of scale keels in snakes using flow visualization such as foraging or incubation. All three of these hypotheses rely on methods. We first microCT scanned 15 snakes with smooth and varying levels of association between resource availability, CORT keeled scales from different habitats (e.g., terrestrial, aquatic) and 3D levels, individual behavior, and fitness. Previous studies have printed the CT scans. The 3D models were then placed in a flow tank examined individual links, such as between resource availability and for volumetric particle image velocimetry analysis (3D PIV). The CORT, or CORT and behavior, but we lack complete datasets that results of these analyses suggest that keels accelerate water flow examine all possible components to support or refute each around scales and may help to reduce drag. Three dimensional hypothesis. Here, we present three years of data on a wild population surface topologies were visualized using Gelsight and show a of mountain bluebirds. We will explore associations between diversity of overall surface microstructure and keel structure in territory quality, body condition, CORT levels, and reproductive snakes that live in different habitats. Future research will examine the success to determine the relationship between CORT and fitness. We microstructure of keeled and smooth scales in terrestrial and aquatic hope that by measuring all components necessary to evaluate the taxa to better understand the functionality of keels on reptiles in predictions of the various CORT-fitness hypotheses, we can shed non-aquatic environments. This project represents the first study that light on complex associations between CORT and fitness. investigates the function of keels and expands our knowledge on the evolutionary adaptations of squamates.

69-2 BETZ, O*; HEETHOFF, M; GARAMSZEGI, LZ; KOERNER, 59-5 BHANDAWAT, V*; TAO, L; OZARKAR, S; Duke University; L; University of Tübingen, Germany, Technical University of [email protected] Darmstadt, Germany, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Spain, Transformation from Sensation to Action in the Drosophila Frau; [email protected] Olfactory System The beetles with the protrusible tongue: Integration of form, To understand how odors affect a fly's locomotion, as well as the role function, and ecology in the predatory rove beetles Stenus spp. of various olfactory neurons, we made two innovations: 1) we The rove beetle genus Stenus has experienced a tremendous created an arena in which a fly's locomotion could be studied under radiation, comprising > 3000 species widely distributed throughout precisely controlled stimulus condition. 2) we created a generative the world. Its evolutionary success can be partly attributed to specific model for a fly's locomotion. We discovered that a fly's locomotion morphological features, two of which will be in the focus of this can be decomposed into discrete units, called locomotor features. contribution: (1) the labium, or lower lip, is modified into a Odors affect locomotion by altering the fraction of time that a fly prey-capture apparatus that can be rapidly protruded a long distance spends performing each locomotor feature. The effect of odors on out of the body to stick onto elusive and quick-moving prey such as locomotor features is modular: each odor activates multiple olfactory springtails; (2) proceeding from a phylogenetically antecedent neurons, and a different (but overlapping) subset of neurons affects condition with slender tarsi, the tarsi of most species are widened and each locomotor feature. We also investigated the role of two brain distinctly bilobed. Based on studies on the functional morphology regions, the mushroom body (MB) and lateral horn (LH) in odor and ultrastructure of these two organs, comparative experiments on modulation of locomotion. Based on preliminary experiments, we their performance capacity were carried out to elucidate their hypothesize that: 1) LH mediates sensorimotor transformation adaptive value. The direct relationship between morphology, linking the presence of a particular odor to a particular locomotor behavior and performance was studied by using phylogenetic parameter, 2) MB combines the ongoing sensory experience with generalized least squares and a molecular phylogeny generated from current demands and stimulus history to modulate locomotion. We mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I partial sequences. The present preliminary evidence that supports this hypothesis: These prey-capture success of the labium compared to that of the mandibles evidences come from experiments in which we activated and suggest that the specialized labial apparatus of Stenus beetles inactivated small populations of MBONs and LHONs to assess their provides an ecological advantage in that it permits these predators, in effect on behavior. Another line of evidence come from recording spite of the limited reaction ability and agility of many Stenus from MBONs and LHONs to evaluate how they encode sensory species, to catch prey that are capable of sudden and rapid escape input and motor output. Our findings have significance beyond behaviour. Interspecific differences in the adhesive forces generated olfaction. Our finding of modularity underlying complex behavior during the predatory attack entail significant differences in the has important implications for how complex behaviors are executed prey-capture success. In terms of the tarsi, the main selective by the brain. Moreover, locomotor features describe how behavior is demands driving their widening in several lineages have probably organized over 10-300 steps. To our knowledge, this is the only come from their firm attachment to smooth plant surfaces. quantitative description of the control of locomotion on this relatively long timescale.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 17 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e18

93-6 BHANDAWAT, V; Duke University, Visa; [email protected] 46-6 BIERBAUM, E/L*; BEACHY, C/K; DIAZ, R/E; Southeastern Principles underlying control of multi-jointed limb Louisiana University; [email protected] Multi-jointed limbs allow an animal to tune its motor output finely, Unexpected Mesopodial and Digit Number Skeletal Variation in but controlling the many degrees of freedom resulting from the Elongated and Limb Reduced Amphiuma Salamanders multi-jointed limbs is a well-recognized challenge. A central question Tetrapods primarily present a pentadactyl plan. However, limb/digit in motor control is how the nervous system transforms larger reductions can correlate with trunk elongated or miniaturized body behavioral goals into the complex computations necessary for the plans. The typical pattern of digit appearance in amniotes and moment-by-moment control of multi-jointed limbs. Here we employ anurans is posterior to anterior (5 to 1), with digit loss occurring in a genetics, in-vivo electrophysiology, and quantitative analysis of leg reverse anterior to posterior direction (1 to 5). Only in salamanders kinematics and biomechanics to determine the respective does the pattern of digit appearance differ, following an anterior to contribution of circuits in the brain, the thoracic ganglia, sensory posterior (1 to 5) direction. Within extant salamanders, the Family feedback and biomechanical properties of the limb to the generation Amphiumidae presents a unique system to study the evolution and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 of limb movements. By manipulating central control and sensory development of limbs due to their very elongated body as well as feedback under diverse preparations, we come to four conclusions having reduced limb length and digit number in a graded fashion regarding the control of leg movements in Drosophila. First, without within the genus: Amphiuma tridactylum (Three-toed), A. means sensory feedback from the environment, inter-leg coordination is (Two-toed), and A. pholeter ("One-toed"). Ancestrally, salamanders disrupted. Second, in contrast to inter-leg coordination, many aspects have lost digit 5 in the forelimb, yet retain the pentadactyl pattern in of intra-leg coordination remain intact. In particular, the hind limb. Ancestrally in the genus Amphiuma, the forelimb has retraction-protraction (RP) and extension-flexion (EF) are flexibly lost digit 4 while the hindlimb has lost digits 5 and 4 with subsequent coordinated by central circuits such that a vast majority of movement reduction within the genus toward a total of 3, 2 and "1" digits per epochs can be classified into a small number of discrete autopodium. Our preliminary data show variation in digit number movement-types. Third, maintaining this structured movement within each species, and has led us to examine mesopodial skeletal requires descending inputs from the brain. Fourth, feedback from the variation to provide insight on which digits were lost. Ultimately, the environment seems critical for eliciting levation-depression mesopodial skeleton should provide support for the homology of the movements which in turn structure movement into alternating stance retained digits. Our results for A. tridactylum show an increase in and swing phases. We use this framework to underpin the role of carpal/tarsal skeletal variation and loss of distal carpal and tarsal 3, descending neurons (DNs) from two different parts of the brain in which also lacks digit 3 and is thus convergent with A. means. In shaping motor output by recording from them while measuring leg addition, A. pholeter was found to consistently present two digits kinematics. In sum, there is a division of labor between feedforward bound in syndactyly rather than the previously assumed one digit. and feedback which represents an elegant solution to the "degrees of freedom" problem.

74-7 BIGMAN, JS*; PARDO, SA; PRINZING, TS; WEGNER, NC; 125-4 BIGMAN, JS; PRINZING, TS*; WONG, S; VANDERWAL, DULVY, NK; Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser W; DULVY, NK; Simon Fraser University; [email protected] University, Burnaby, BC Canada, Department of Biology, Dalhousie Elasmobranch metabolic rate in an ecological and evolutionary University, Halifax, NS, Canada, Southwest Fisheries Science context Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, USA; Metabolic rate is a fundamental physiological trait that governs [email protected] resource uptake and allocation, and is well known to vary with body Ecological lifestyles and the scaling of shark gill surface area mass and ecological lifestyle traits across species. However, previous Fish gill surface area varies across species and with respect to studies have only qualitatively examined these relationships in one or ecological lifestyles. The majority of previous studies only a few species, most of which have been teleost fishes. Here, we qualitatively describe gill surface area in relation to ecology and quantitatively examined the relationship of metabolic rate and focus primarily on teleosts. Here, we quantitatively examined the specific ecological lifestyle traits in a phylogenetic comparative relationship of gill surface area with respect to specific ecological framework. We examined how the relationship of metabolic rate and lifestyle traits in elasmobranchs, which offer an independent body mass varied across the ecological lifestyle traits of habitat type, evaluation of observed patterns in teleosts. As gill surface area activity level, and maximum body size in 26 elasmobranch species. increases ontogenetically with body mass, examination of how gill We focussed on elasmobranchs because the large variation of surface area varies with ecological lifestyle traits must be assessed in ecological lifestyles among species of this group presents an ideal the context of its allometry (scaling). Thus, we examined how the study system. Because metabolic rate increases ontogenetically with relationship of gill surface area and body mass across 11 shark body mass, we also assessed the relationship between metabolic rate species from the literature and one species for which we made and ecological lifestyle in an allometric (scaling) context. Our results measurements, the Gray Smoothhound Mustelus californicus, varied showed that metabolic rate for a given body mass varied across with three ecological lifestyle traits: activity level, habitat, and species and ecological lifestyle traits, while the rate at which maximum body size. Relative gill surface at 5,000g ranged from metabolic rate increased with body mass remained consistent. This 4,724.98 to 35,694.39 cm2 and varied across species and the suggests that while metabolic rate for a given body mass is greater in ecological lifestyle traits examined. Specifically, larger-bodied, larger, active, and oceanic species compared to smaller, less-active active, oceanic species had greater relative gill surface area than and coastal species, the rate at which metabolic rate increases smaller-bodied, less active, coastal species. In contrast, the rate at ontogenetically may be driven less by ecology and more by shared which gill surface area scaled with body mass (slope) was generally evolutionary history. consistent across species (0.85 ± 0.02) and did not differ statistically with activity level, habitat, or maximum body size. Our results suggest that ecology may influence relative gill surface area, rather than the rate at which gill surface area scales with body mass.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 18 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e19

121-5 BLAIMONT, P*; DUPOUÉ, A; MILES, DB; CLOBERT, J; 56-7 BOARDMAN, L*; BAILEY, WD; HAHN, DA; Univ. of SINERVO, B; Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CNRS, Moulis, Florida, Gainesville, USDA-APHIS-PPQ Center for Plant Health France, Ohio University; [email protected] Science and Technology, Miami; [email protected] Effects of basking opportunity on gestation and offspring Amino acid and nucleotide signatures of irradiated insects phenotype of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) Trading fresh commodities increases the risk of introducing Studies investigating the effects of changes in temperature on all life potentially invasive pest species to new areas. One way to mitigate forms are becoming more numerous to better understand their the risk is through phytosanitary treatments. The use of ionizing adaptive potential in the face of climate change. Ectotherms are of radiation as a phytosanitary treatment is growing in popularity, as it particular concern because they need to thermoregulate to carry out is chemical and residue-free. However, unlike traditional chemicals basic functions and how or if they will be able to adjust to a changing and fumigants, successful treatments with irradiation leave some climate is, as yet, unknown. The viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara) insects alive. Although these insects will be unable to produce viable is a common ectothermic species, with a wide geographic range offspring and will eventually die, the presence of live insects at Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 throughout Europe and Asia, allowing us to evaluate a variety of commodity inspection can be of concern to some trade partners. microhabitats ranging in elevation, substrate, and water availability. Therefore, there is a need for a diagnostic test to confirm that the We collected gravid female lizards from 21 localities, representing insects have been irradiated, and do not pose a risk. Previous research different elevations and water availability, in the Cévennes of suggests that radiation exposure can increase the amount of free/total south-central France as part of a long-term monitoring study during amino acids and change the concentration of metabolites. However, the breeding season in 2017 and 2018. In the lab, females were there is a lack of consensus between species, and detailed measured for thermal preference before being randomly assigned a investigation using modern, more sensitive, methods is warranted. To treatment of either 3-hours (low), 6-hours (control) or 9-hours (high) investigate whether metabolic biomarkers could be used as a of basking time. We hypothesized that gestating females from lower diagnostic test, we exposed third instar larvae and pharate adults of elevation (warmer) populations would have significantly shorter Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, to gamma radiation (0 to gestation times and be most affected by the treatments. Offspring 400 Gy). At various time points after radiation, we measured amino were measured for various morphological traits and thermal acids and nucleotides (NAD and NADH) with Thermo Quantiva MS preference before being released with the females at their site of and Agilent 1290/6490 LC/MS/MS respectively. We report on capture. Preliminary results show sex-dependent differences in whether radiation-induced changes in amino acid and nucleotide offspring size between basking time treatments. In addition, composition and/or concentrations can be used to identify irradiated parturition dates, both in number of days and range, also differed insects. significantly across populations and among treatments.

84-1 BOCK, SL*; LOWERS, RH; RAINWATER, TR; HALE, MD; 18-1 BODENSTEINER, BL*; MUÑOZ, MM; Virginia Tech; PARROTT, BB; University of Georgia, Kennedy Space Center, [email protected] Clemson University; [email protected] Adaptive Radiation in the Multidimensional Phenotype Insights from the field: Using a multi-year dataset of nest thermal Adaptive radiations are considered a special case of evolutionary profiles to investigate temperature-dependent sex determination in diversification in which a clade displays exceptional ecological and the American alligator phenotypic diversity. A common feature uniting studies of adaptive Many non-mammalian organisms lack sex chromosomes and sex is radiation is that the ecology-phenotype connection has been almost instead determined through genome-by-environment interactions exclusively described in terms of morphology. For example, the experienced during discrete developmental periods. adaptive radiation of Caribbean anoles is known for the evolution of Temperature-dependent sex determination provides a unique window distinct ‘ecomorphs', which are so-named based on the tight through which to examine how external stimuli are integrated into association between structural habitat use and morphological traits in physiological responses that shape phenotypic diversity in terms of these lizards. Despite all of the disproportionate attention that both inter- and intra-sexual variation. Yet our understanding of these morphological traits have received, it has been well-recognized that fundamental processes has historically been shaped by experimental physiological evolution along environmental gradients is also a key studies employing constant incubation temperatures that do not aspect of the adaptive radiation of anoles. For example, Caribbean accurately reflect the environments experienced in nature. In order to anoles have evolved to exploit distinct thermal and hydric understand the scope of thermal variation experienced during microhabitats, and also have diversified along elevational gradients. development by the American alligator, this project uses field data to Here, we compare morphological and physiological evolution in characterize the nest thermal dynamics of 70 alligator nests anoles from the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. We discover that monitored over the course of seven years at two geographically physiological diversity is high in Hispaniolan anoles and contributes distinct sites. These field data demonstrate the variable nature of the to within-ecomorph phenotypic divergence. Nonetheless, patterns of thermal environment experienced during development. Interestingly, physiological and morphological evolution are distinct, such that the majority of alligator embryos experience both male- and ecomorphs do not cluster together in physiological trait space. We female-promoting temperatures during the thermosensitive period in propose that the exceptional diversity of Caribbean anoles may be development, frequently within a daily cycle. These findings form driven by the combined influence of physiological and the basis for current experiments probing the mechanisms by which morphological evolution, and that physiological divergence along these opposing environmental cues are integrated into concerted environmental gradients are an equally important, though less developmental programs and their consequences for later appreciated, aspect of adaptive radiation. reproductive function.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 19 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e20

31-8 BOERMA, DB*; CHUNG, CC; BARRANTES, JP; 85-1 BOERSMA, J.*; ENBODY, E. D.; JONES, J. A.; CHAVERRI, G; SWARTZ, SM; Brown Univ., The Peddie School, LOPEZ-CONTRERAS, E.; KARUBIAN, J.; SCHWABL, H.; Univ. de Costa Rica, Univ. de Costa Rica; Washington State University, Tulane University; [email protected] [email protected] How bats with suction cups land on low-friction leaves Taking a Proximate View of a Female Ornament: Do Androgens An organism's ecology, morphology, and motion are linked Mediate Acquisition of the Ornamented Phenotype in female throughout evolution, each influencing and accommodating the White-shouldered Fairywrens? others. In the bat Thyroptera tricolor, suction cups evolved at the Transitions in avian ornamentation have occurred more frequently in bases of the thumbs and feet in connection with specialized females than in males, and often in the direction of gaining elaborate roosts—the protective funnels of furled leaves—and allow these bats coloration. Recent studies have begun to uncover the function of to adhere to and move along smooth leaf surfaces. Decades of female ornaments, yet we know little of the mechanisms that promote research into the morphology of these suction discs, as well as their expression and the behaviors that accompany them. Androgens Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 ecological and behavioral studies, have failed to describe how T. mediate acquisition of male ornamental plumage in several taxa and tricolor uses these structures during locomotion. We investigated the govern a suite of male-typical behaviors; whether androgens have biomechanics of landing maneuvers in this species. We measured 3D similar effects in generating elaborate female phenotypes is debated impact force and kinematics by training wild-caught bats to land on a and requires empirical tests. The White-shouldered Fairywren force plate disguised as a furled leaf while recording the event using (Malurus alboscapulatus) is sister to a species (Malurus multi-camera high speed videography. Landing maneuvers melanocephalus) that expresses androgen-mediated male ornamental comprised three phases: 1) positioning, 2) ballistic descent, and 3) plumage. Across populations, female M. alboscapulatus can be adhesion. When positioning, bats adjusted their location and body cryptically colored or ornamented similarly to males. Ornamented orientation until they were in front of and above the leaf-tube females have higher circulating androgens and are more aggressive to manifold. Once positioned, bats folded both wings to passively simulated intruders. We address two causal explanations for these descend into the leaf, keeping body orientation relatively constant correlations: 1) androgens mediate both ornament acquisition and and horizontal. Bats initiated adhesion to the leaf using both aggression, and 2) ornament expression causes elevated androgens thumb-discs. These first points of attachment acted as fulcra about and aggression. We tested these hypotheses by supplementing which the bat rotated to swing the foot-discs into contact with the androgens to unornamented females, causing half of these females to landing plate. Peak 3D impact force was 7.67±2.84 bodyweights molt in one major component of the ornamental plumage. (n=50 landings). Compared to bat species with different roosting Androgen-implanted females did not increase aggression during habits, including several that also roost on foliage, landings in this simulated territorial intrusions, but females who acquire ornaments species employ a unique sequence of body rotations and enact higher express more pair-coordinated aggressive behaviors. These results peak impact force. We propose that the biomechanics of T. tricolor suggest that androgens are partially responsible for production of landing maneuvers are strongly influenced by their distinctive ornamental plumage, and ornament expression itself may be more roosting ecology. important for enhancing aggression.

65-5 BOLMIN, O; WEI, L; HAZEL, A; ALLEYNE, M; DUNN, A; 65-4 BOLMIN, O*; SOCHA, JJ; ALLEYNE, M; DUNN, AC; WISSA, A*; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; WISSA, AA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Virginia [email protected] Tech ; [email protected] Latch and release: how hinge morphology and mechanics enable The click beetle latch mechanism: An in-vivo study using the explosive click of Coleoptera Elateridae synchrotron x-rays The maneuverability of insects is enabled, in part, by sophisticated Click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) have evolved a unique energy storage and release processes involving composite materials mechanism of jumping without the use of legs. The ‘click' and architectures. Click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), for mechanism that produces the jump is a power-amplified system that example, use a complex hinge mechanism in the thoracic region to includes a thoracic hinge, stored energy, and very fast energy release. latch and snap their bodies, which when unconfined manifests as a The hinge is composed of a peg and a mesosternal lip, two conformal legless jump. Understanding how a beetle can accelerate from a parts that allow the body to be locked in a characteristic arched stationary position requires an integrated description of the position before the jump. In this presentation, we answer the morphology, architecture, and function of the latch mechanism. In following questions: What are the kinematics of the latching phase, this presentation, we focus on the unique morphology and function of the cuticular deformation and the hinge's geometry prior to the fast the peg and mesosternal lip, which make up the hinge. We first energy release? Thus, we imaged live click beetles (Melanotus spp., describe the anatomy in detail and define the most important Parallelosthetus attenuatus and Conodus lividus) using synchrotron measurements using environmental scanning electron microscope x-rays at Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source. and Computerized Tomography Scans. We then use beam bending The beetles were constrained at the abdomen, allowing only the head mechanics models to quantify the peg stiffness and its contribution to and prothorax to rotate around the hinge. Clicks (i.e. energy release) the sturdy brace position from which the snap initiates. Finally, we were induced in response to the restraint and by reaction to the x-ray used a micro-mechanical experiment to measure the radiation. High-speed recordings of the hinge show, for the first time, force-displacement characteristics of the snap maneuver. The critical high resolution of the latch mechanism of the peg on the mesosternal function of this anatomy is comprehensively described for the first lip and the contraction of soft cuticle prior to energy release. All time through an integration of specific anatomical morphology and videos were post-processed using ProAnalyst, ImageJ, and Matlab to engineering mechanics. Results show that the contact surface area of quantify the cuticular deformations and latching kinematics. The path the peg, as well as the force required to overcome the latching of the peg along the mesosternal lip during the latching phase was mechanism increase as the mass increases, while the peg bending measured for all species. The click maneuver is characterized by the stiffness decreases with increasing body mass. geometric angle after which the energy release begins. Power amplification magnitude was quantified by comparing the timing of latching and release phases.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 20 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e21

137-5 BONILLA, MM*; SHUBIN, NH; University of Chicago; 116-1 BORELA, R*; FROST, JD; Georgia Institute of Technology; [email protected] [email protected] How is the endoderm regionalized in chondrichthyans? Geomechanics of earthworm locomotion: understanding how the The endoderm, through extensive anterior-posterior (AP) patterning, soil enables annelid self-propelled motion gives rise to an array of specialized cell types and organs. This Annelids such as the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris achieve regionalization is the result of transcription factors and other underground locomotion via synchronized expansion-contraction signaling molecules being expressed in a highly regulated cycles (peristalsis) of their segmented bodies. These animals advance spatial-temporal manner. While this process has been well in the subsurface at higher rates than current tunnel boring machines. characterized in mammals, the same cannot be said for other While the mechanics of their locomotion has been broadly studied vertebrates. Here we present a developmental series of the endoderm from the animal perspective, the soil response - critical to their ability and its derivatives in the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) and to propel themselves - is poorly understood. The present study is zebrafish (Danio rerio ). We report expression of genes known to be aimed at bridging this gap, by investigating the micromechanical Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 involved in mammalian gut regionalization to test the hypotheses of response of granular materials (soil) surrounding the body of a worm their conserved function across jawed vertebrates. We then focus on in peristalsis. For this purpose, a set of two-dimensional and the development of the unique "spiral valve" structure of the little three-dimensional discrete element model (DEM) simulations were skate intestine. The unique spiral valve structure may play a role in performed. In these numerical models, soil particles are modeled as the ability of chondrichthyans to colonize new niches. Furthermore, discrete circles (2-D) or spheres (3-D) subject to contact forces and understanding how these unique structures develop can help us better Newton's laws of motion. For each simulation, a domain representing understand major developmental changes, for example those that a volume of soil was generated around a segmented cylinder. Once might have occurred in the water-to-land transition of vertebrates. the domain dynamic forces equilibrated, the segments were expanded following a peristaltic motion akin to that of earthworms. Contact forces between particles and their displacements were tracked, allowing for a deep understanding of how the soil responds to such movement. The results reveal how the anchorage mechanism of worms develops, as well as quantifying the forces supporting the advancement into the subsurface. Finally, the results show that the expansion ratio is fundamental in generating anchorage resistance by inducing different soil responses. It was observed that for small expansion ratios (nearly cylindrical shape), interface friction is the most significant contributor to the anchorage force. As the expansion becomes more accentuated, passive resistance is mobilized resulting in remarkably higher anchorage forces.

18-3 BORSTEIN, S. R.*; MCGEE, M.D.; O'MEARA, B.C.; 4-1 BOVE, CB*; DAVIES, SW; RIES, JB; UMBANHOWAR, J; University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Monash University; CASTILLO, KD; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , [email protected] Boston University, Northeastern University; [email protected] A classic evolutionary innovation does not lead to increased Ocean acidification and warming impact physiology of the algal diversification symbiont to a greater extent than the host in four common Evolutionary innovations, adaptive traits that allow species access to Caribbean corals a new niche, are thought to promote diversification in clades that Increasing carbon dioxide from anthropogenic sources is of growing possess them. Pharyngognathy, an extensive series of modifications concern as global average atmospheric pCO2 has now increased from to the pharyngeal jaws, has been suggested to facilitate a pre-industrial level of 280 µatm to 410 µatm, causing ocean diversification by allowing access to novel trophic niches via temperatures to rise and pH to decline. Corals are particularly functional decoupling of prey capture with the oral jaws and prey vulnerable to these stressors, most likely due to their reliance on their processing with the pharyngeal jaws. Pharyngognathy has been algal symbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) and their use of carbonate ions in proposed as a major driver of ecological and species diversity in calcification. We conducted a 93-day experiment investigating iconic fish families like cichlids (Cichlidae), wrasses (Labridae), and independent and combined effects of acidification (280−3300 µatm damselfishes (Pomacentridae). However, the effects of pCO2) and warming (28, 31 °C) on the physiological responses of the pharyngognathy on diversification have not been tested using modern coral host (total protein and carbohydrate) and algal symbiont phylogenetic comparative methods. We generated a time calibrated (symbiont density, chlorophyll content, colour analysis) of four megaphylogeny of over 10,000 species of acanthomorph fishes with Caribbean coral species (Siderastrea siderea, Pseudodiploria 119 fossil constraints. We used hidden state speciation and extinction strigosa, Porites astreoides, Undaria tenuifolia ) from inshore and models to assess the macroevolutionary impact of pharyngognathy offshore reefs on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. on acanthomorph diversification. Our results strongly support Results show that coral hosts are generally able to maintain energy state-independent diversification models, suggesting that reserves under acidification and warming, while symbiont densities pharyngognath taxa do not exhibit higher diversification rates decline and become less productive as pCO2 and temperature relative to non-pharyngognaths. This is also consistent with results increase. These results contrast previous assumptions that coral hosts from nonparametric approaches. We discuss possible reasons for why are more susceptible to ocean acidification and warming than their pharyngognaths do not have elevated diversification rates relative to algal symbionts, and provide valuable insight into the future non-pharyngognaths and highlight how pharyngognathy may projections for these Caribbean corals under global change. promote ecological diversity without promoting diversification rate.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 21 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e22

27-2 BOWEN, V*; MCMAHON, T/A; FERNANDEZ-DENMARK, 16-2 BOWERS, JM*; AMARIE, D; SITTARAMANE, V; Georgia S; GRIM, J/M; University of Tampa; [email protected] Southern University; [email protected] The impacts of early life exposure to the broad-spectrum Using DanioVision as a Novel System to Study Learning in the antiparasitic Ivermectin on long-term growth rates, organ growth, Dwarf Cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis and susceptibility to chytridiomycosis in juvenile amphibians The prawn-in-a-tube procedure is a learning paradigm for cuttlefish, Chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis- Bd) is decimating where a live prey item is enclosed in a clear tube. After multiple amphibian populations globally by disrupting organismal osmotic attempts to capture the prey with tentacle strikes, cuttlefish learn the regulation, leading to cardiac arrest. Many laboratory studies clear prey is inaccessible, and inhibit tentacle strikes. Adult cuttlefish amphibians of internal parasites with Ivermectin before beginning retain the procedure in long term memory stores, as they remember disease trials. To date, no study has considered the long-term impacts not to strike up to several days after the initial training. However, of this treatment on animal health or long-term disease susceptibility. development of memory in sub-adult Sepia is poorly known, as most Consequently, we tracked the effects of early life Ivermectin cuttlefish research represents one species, S. officinalis. We used the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 treatment on growth and mortality rates in Cuban tree frogs DanioVision system to study learning in juvenile dwarf cuttlefish, (Osteopilus septentrionalis) from ages 1-3 years, quantified organ Sepia bandensis. DanioVision is a closed system for high-throughput weights, and susceptibility to Bd infection. Untreated individuals had tracking of small animals. By tracking subject activity levels, both higher absolute weights at all time points and higher growth behavioral differences resulting from changing stimuli or altered rates, relative to treated individuals. At the conclusion of the reinforcement schedules can be quantified. We employed the long-term study, Cuban tree frogs were exposed to Bd for two weeks prawn-in-a-tube procedure on 21 day old S. bandensis juveniles. We and the spleen, liver, heart, and other tissue samples were collected hypothesized that cuttlefish would decrease striking within 10 minute and weighed. While Ivermectin dosing is an effective anti-parasitic trials, and would retain learning after 20 minute intervals between treatment, we found that early life exposure is likely to have each consecutive trial. Preliminary results suggest that cuttlefish unintended impacts on organismal growth and health. decrease strikes between 5 consecutive trials, implying that long term memory is partly functional at 21 days in S. bandensis. The contingencies under which cuttlefish retain the procedure are less known. Future experiments utilizing electric shock will determine the effects of aversive stimuli on retention. This will be done with a uniquely designed, contact circuit which can be operated to deliver shocks immediately after a strike. We hypothesize that retention will improve for cuttlefish that were shocked during training, when compared to cuttlefish that were not shocked.

S5-9 BOWSHER, Julia H*; TORSON, Alex S; YOCUM, George D; 63-6 BOYER, AC*; MACDOUGALL-SHACKLETON, SA; RINEHART, Joseph P; North Dakota State University, University of University of Western Ontario; [email protected] Western Ontario, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Spring and Autumn Temperatures Differentially Affect Nocturnal USDA ARS, rd T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA Migratory Restlessness in a Migratory Songbird ARS; [email protected] Although the timing of bird migration is broadly controlled by Protective Mechanisms During Low Temperature Stress in a internal and external annual clocks, weather-related factors such as Solitary Bee temperature, wind speed and direction, and barometric pressure can Most temperate insects spend a majority of their lifespan influence the timing and success of migratory flights and stopover overwintering and change their physiology to protect themselves durations. Weather conditions differ across seasons for many North from the stress of low temperatures. However, prolonged exposure to American songbirds, thus weather cues in autumn may influence low temperatures can still cause damage to insect tissues. We explore birds differently than those same cues in the spring. In addition, the the molecular mechanisms that contribute to chill injury, and how rate and synchrony of migration differs between spring and autumn exposure to periodic warm temperatures can protect from cellular for many songbirds. To explore how temperature may differentially damage using the solitary bee, Megachile rotundata. We found that affect migration across seasons, we experimentally exposed periodic exposure to warm temperatures up-regulates genes white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) to three temperature associated with oxidative stress, neural development, and ion treatments during both autumn and spring migration and also gave homeostasis. Next, we compared these observations during birds a restricted or unlimited diet. We manipulated temperature each overwintering to a later life-stage that is not physiologically prepared night to one of three conditions: 4 °C to represent a cold evening, 14 for cold exposure. We found that the protective mechanisms were °C to represent average seasonal temperatures, or 24 °C to represent conserved at the level of the cellular process, but differentially a warm evening. Each day, birds returned to 14 °C for the remainder regulated at the transcript level. These results can help inform of the day. We quantified nocturnal migratory restlessness agricultural management of this bee species and predict response to (Zugunruhe) using infra-red video recordings and automated activity the temperature fluctuations associated with climate change. tracking software. Preliminary analyses indicate differential effects of migratory restlessness between seasons, with stronger effects of temperature in spring compared to autumn. In addition, we observed sex differences in spring, but not in autumn. These results provide evidence that birds can shift their migratory behavior depending on temperature and suggest that the importance of temperature as a cue for migration timing differs between spring and autumn.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 22 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e23

21-7 BRADY, SP*; RAFFEL, TR; Oakland University; 58-5 BRANDLEY, N*; SALAZAR, B; DUNCAN, A; College of [email protected] Wooster, Colorado College; [email protected] Thermal Acclimation Effects on Metabolic Performance in the A sexual dimorphism in the spatial vision of band-winged Mexican Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum grasshoppers Within-season temperature variability is expected to increase as the Understanding an animal's behavior, ecology, and evolution requires climate continues to change, making it increasingly important to knowing their sensory capabilities. Notably, animal perception can understand organism responses to sudden temperature shifts. vary not only between species, but also within a species. Here we According to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE), whole-body suggest that male and female band-winged grasshoppers (subfamily metabolic responses to temperature can provide useful insights into Oedipodinae) differ in their visual acuity (spatial vision). We the potential effects of temperature on physiological performance and examined three species of band-winged grasshopper that show sexual ecological processes (e.g., population growth rates). In this study, we size dimorphisms. Using the Radius of Curvature Estimation, we assessed how changing temperatures influenced whole-body measured the visual acuity of the region of the eye with the finest Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 respiratory rates in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. spatial vision (total n = 98). Two species showed significant Axolotls were acclimated to one of three acclimation temperatures differences in visual acuity between the sexes, while the third was (7, 16, and 25 C) for 3 weeks before measuring oxygen consumption trending towards significance. Generally the females were both larger across a range of performance temperatures (7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, than their male counterparts and showed finer visual acuity. Our 28 C), such that all combinations of acclimation and performance results show that studies correlating spatial vision to body size across temperatures were tested. Axolotl respiratory rates were then animal species may also apply within a species, and suggests that sex measured at the new performance temperatures at 2, 4, and 6 days differences in visual acuity may be an underappreciated phenomenon following the temperature shift. Respirometry data were then used to leading to behavioral differences between the sexes. parameterize thermal performance curves based on the Sharpe-Schoolfield model. Immediately following the temperature shift, cold-acclimated axolotls out-performed warm-acclimated axolotls across the full range of temperatures. However, the cold-acclimated axolotls experienced reduced metabolic performance within a few days of exposure to the warmer performance temperatures, followed by a gradual convergence of performance curves for all acclimation temperatures. These results are consistent with the "colder-is-better" hypothesis of thermal biology, possibly driven by responses to thermal stress (e.g., greater energy expenditure) at higher acclimation temperatures.

54-5 BRANNOCK, P M*; LEARMAN, D R; MAHON, A R; 126-6 BREDLAU, JP*; KESTER, KM; GUNDERSEN-RINDAL, SANTOS, S R; HALANYCH, K M ; Rollins College, Central DE; KUHAR, D; Virginia Commonwealth University, USDA-ARS, Michigan University , Auburn University ; [email protected] USDA-ARS; [email protected] Meiobenthic community composition and biodiversity along a 5500 Asymmetric Hybrid Sterility and Bracovirus Differentiation Among km transect of Western Antarctica: a metabarcoding analysis Host-foodplant Sources of the Parasitic Wasp, Cotesia congregata Meiobenthic organisms, consisting of meiofauna and benthic Parasitic wasps are highly diverse and play a major role in microeukaryotes, are key components of marine ecosystems and suppression of herbivorous pest populations. Prior work facilitate bentho-pelagic coupling. However, their biogeographic demonstrates that the gregarious endoparasitoid, Cotesia congregata, ranges and dispersal abilities are poorly known, especially in contains two incipient species originating from different Antarctic waters where knowledge is extremely limited. Many host-foodplant complex sources, Manduca sexta on tobacco (MsT) Antarctic marine invertebrates are reported to have circumpolar and Ceratomia catalpae on catalpa (CcC). Hybrids resulting from distributions despite lecithotrophy and brooding development being CcC male x MsT female crosses are typically sterile. Bracoviruses common. Similarly, most meiofauna have developmental stages that (BVs) are endosymbionts of braconid wasps that facilitate wasp are often assumed to have limited dispersal capabilities. To assess development by interrupting the immune responses and physiology Antarctic meiobenthic community distribution patterns and diversity, of parasitized caterpillar hosts. BVs are integrated within the wasp the hypervariable V9 region of the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA genome and transmitted vertically. BV particles are injected during (SSU rRNA) gene was used to metabarcode shelf sediment samples oviposition, where their encoded virulence genes are expressed in (water depth 223 to 820 m) across a 5500 km region of the Western host tissues. Cumulative results to date indicate that some BVs are Antarctic. We found that some taxa had broad geographic functional within a limited range of hosts. Several C. congregata BV distributions given that 28 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were (CcBV) genes differ between MsT and CcC wasps. We compared present in every core processed, 74 OTUs were found at every patterns of relative expression of selected CcBV genes in M. sexta sampling event, and 722 OTUs were present in all of the major water and C. catalpae parasitized by individual MsT or CcC wasps, and in basins sampled. Among these broadly distributed OTUs, metazoan M. sexta parasitized by individual MsT and CcC hybrids, using taxa from 4 phyla (annelids, arthropods, kinorhynchs, and qRT-PCR. Patterns of in vivo expression of CcBV genes from MsT nematodes) were dominant members. As many of these OTUs relate and CcC wasps differed in each host species; a few genes were not to taxa expected to have limited dispersal capabilities based on detected in hosts parasitized by CcC wasps. Parasitization by sterile current life history information, these results highlight our limited hybrids resulted in low or absent expression of CcBV genes. Results understanding of how small organisms move around in the sea. We further support designation of the two host-foodplant complex also noted that the Antarctic Peninsula hosts a strikingly different and sources of C. congregata as incipient species. less diverse community than higher latitude regions in contrast to benthic macrofauna.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 23 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e24

53-1 BRESSMAN, NB*; LOVE, JW; KING, T; HORNE, C; S5-5 BREUNER, CW*; BERK, SA; The University of Montana; ASHLEY-ROSS, MA; Wake Forest University, Maryland [email protected] Department of Natural Resources; [email protected] Links between glucocorticoids and fitness; three hypotheses, lots of Emersion and functional terrestrial locomotion by the invasive data and 10 years later: what do we know, what's next? Northern Snakehead, Channa argus Ten years ago two reviews clarified the need to tie glucocorticoid The Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) is an ecologically-harmful levels directly to survival and reproductive measures. Three primary invasive species to the United States, known for air-breathing hypotheses emerged from that work: The CORT-fitness hypothesis, capabilities and amphibious behaviors. However, previous the CORT-adaptation hypothesis, and the CORT-tradeoff hypothesis. descriptions of these behaviors are inconsistent and lack important Over the last 10 years those two articles have been cited over 800 details. The goals of this study were to quantify the terrestrial times, but no clear consensus has emerged supporting one hypothesis locomotion of C. argus, compare their locomotor behaviors to other over another. We propose that the discrepancy in results may be due amphibious fishes', determine environmental conditions for to variation in resource availability. In free-living animals, trade-offs Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 emersion, and assess the potential of this species to disperse may be masked by high resource availability in good years, but overland. We quantified kinematics from videos of C. argus (TL = evident in poor years. Current literature testing between these 5-70 cm) moving on five terrestrial substrates and recorded hypotheses rarely incorporates metrics of resource availability. In electromyograms from axial and appendicular muscles as C. argus 1986 Van Noordwijk and de Jong proposed the acquisition/allocation moved over turf. While C. argus perform better on rougher model to explain positive vs. negative correlations between substrates, they always use their pectoral fins and body for reproduction and survival across individuals. Their model identifies axial-appendage-based terrestrial locomotion, with axial kinematics resources as critical to evaluating individual allocation strategies similar to Tidepool Sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus), but use both (favoring reproduction vs survival), and therefore provides the ideal pectoral fins simultaneously rather than alternatingly. However, C. model for testing across the three CORT hypotheses. Here we will 1) argus juveniles <5 cm use tail-flip jumps to move on land, review the three hypotheses in light of the last 10 years of data, 2) suggesting an ontogenetic shift in terrestrial behaviors. We also review the relatively small subset of fitness/glucocorticoid papers exposed individuals to a variety of environmental conditions, such as that incorporate a resource perspective, 3) introduce the Van hypoxia, to determine conditions that promote C. argus emersion Noordwijk and de Jong framework as a model for from the water. In these experiments, C. argus fry voluntarily fitness/glucocorticoid hypothesis testing, and 4) discuss recent results emerged when exposed to extreme environmental conditions, testing the effects of resource limitation on tradeoffs between feather including low pH (pH = 4.8) and hypercapnia. Their functional structure and color in mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides). terrestrial locomotor behaviors, combined with their emersion behavior and efficient air-breathing capabilities, suggests that C. argus may be able to colonize new bodies of water via temporary overland movements.

S7-6 BRIGHT, JA; University of South Florida, Tampa; 48-5 BRITTAIN, CN*; STILL, SE; MENON, A; CRISTOL, DA; [email protected] WADA, H; Auburn University, College of William and Mary, A Holistic Approach to the Evolution of Feeding in Birds College of William and Mary; [email protected] With nearly 11,000 currently recognised species, birds (Class: Aves) Dietary Methylmercury Exposure Impedes Spatial Learning in are the most diverse clade of tetrapods. They possess a highly Zebra Finches modified skull compared to the non-avian dinosaurs, with Methylmercury is a widespread environmental stressor known to exceptionally thin bone, lightweight construction, and considerable disrupt endocrine and neural function of organisms even with cranial kinesis. The most striking modification to bird skulls, exposure at sublethal levels. Previous studies of its effects on however, is the beak: an expanded, toothless maxillary region physiology and behavior have focused mainly on aquatic organisms. covered by a keratinous rhamphotheca. Beaks are highly disparate, However, more recent studies have shown that mercury also reflecting not only the diversity of birds, but also the wide range of bioaccumulates in terrestrial food webs. This study sought to discern feeding ecologies that they operate in. Yet even with such disparity, the effects of sublethal levels of mercury on spatial learning and morphological convergence is rife, and similar beak shapes evolve memory in songbirds, an understudied group exposed to the repeatedly across the avian tree. Well-demonstrated links between neurotoxicant. We conducted 5-phase spatial memory trials where beak shape changes and dietary shifts are often assumed to drive high captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) learned to find and rates of phenotypic evolution, largely thanks to the extensive study of remember the correct location of food in covered, baited blocks such relationships in classic adaptive radiations like Galapagos across several days. Zebra finches were either exposed to finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. However, these patterns are environmentally relevant levels of methylmercury (1.2 parts per rarely quantified with a wider lens. By utilising molecular million) or control diet throughout their lifespans. Birds exposed to phylogenies and morphometric analyses of up to 5,550 species at a methylmercury required more trials to learn and return to the location time, it becomes apparent that these ‘classic' radiations are of food than did control counterparts. At the same time, dietary exceptional events that are not characteristic of avian evolution more mercury did not affect recall of food location once they had been broadly. Rates of beak shape evolution are not strongly tied to learned. This difference in learning food location could be due to extrinsic factors, and instead are associated with phenotypically effects of mercury on neural processes in the hippocampus, a region unusual clades ‘unlocking' new niches. Within these niches, beak of the brain related to learning and memory. These results suggest shapes tend to remain relatively conserved, but with significant heavy metal contamination could have severe implications for phylogenetic, allometric, and integrative signals superimposed. songbird conservation, particularly migratory and/or food-caching Dietary behaviour, conversely, predicts very little shape variation species. thanks to extensive many-to-one relationships between function and form. Bird beak evolution must therefore be considered more holistically if we are to truly understand how diversity accumulated in this exceptional clade.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 24 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e25

124-6 BRODBECK, MIR*; BINGMAN, VP; YUAN, S; 113-2 BRUN, A.; BARRETT-WILT, G. A.; KARASOV, W. H.; MACDOUGALL-SHACKLETON, SA; The University of Western CAVIEDES-VIDAL, E.*; CONICET-UNSL Argentina, Univ. Ontario, Bowling Green State University; [email protected] Wisconsin-Madison; [email protected] Cluster N Activity in Migrating Nocturnal Birds: Circadian Control Proteomics of the Enzyme Proteins at the Intestinal Brush Border or Facultative Regulation? Membrane of Vertebrates Every year, thousands of birds make long and costly trips migrating. The apical, brush border membrane (bbm) of vertebrate small The successful navigation that supports migration in part relies on the intestine contains hydrolases that break down dietary polymers to use of a geomagnetic compass. Cluster N, a forebrain region thought monomers that are absorbed. The study of activities of the intestinal to control the geomagnetic compass, is active at night when captive enzymes across different taxa, and of their phenotypic flexibility night-migrating birds are exhibiting nocturnal migratory restlessness under different ecological scenarios, has produced general (Zugunruhe). However, no comparisons of Cluster N activation adaptive/evolutionary patterns that have received a good amount of within the same species of a night-migrant have been made between attention. However, information on amounts of enzyme proteins at Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 birds exhibiting Zugunruhe and those not exhibiting Zugunruhe at bbms is still scarce. Therefore, we explored relative abundance of night. This led us to ask: Does Cluster N activity have a circadian intestinal enzymes in bbm, and their relationship to function, i.e. cycle during migration season, regardless of migration behavior, or is activities, in four birds, the granivorous Taeniopygia guttata, the it more facultatively regulated on a night-to-night basis? We housed granivorous/ omnivorous Passer domesticus and Gallus gallus, the 18 white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), a night migrant insectivorous Sturnus vulgaris and the omnivorous Mus musculus with frequent stop-over periods, in outdoor aviaries. Brains were and Rattus norvegicus. We predicted (1) that proteases and lipases collected during the day or at night. In the night, brains were would be proportionally more abundant in the insectivore, and collected from birds that were exhibiting Zugunruhe as well as those carbohydrases proportionally more abundant in starch consumers, that were inactive, as observed with IR video cameras. Thus, we had and (2) that the amount of enzymes in bbms would be proportional to birds in three different groups: day (n=5), night migratory active their activities. Using intestinal tissue of four individuals of each (n=7), and night migratory inactive (n=6). We used species we prepared bbm isolates. Proteins were solubilized, digested immunohistochemistry to quantify immediate-early gene expression and chromatographically separated. Peptides were analyzed by nano (ZENK expression) in Cluster N. Based on preliminary analyses, LC-MS/MS. MS/MS data were used to search against Uniprot and birds in the night migratory active group had significantly greater RefSeq databases. Hydrolases (i.e. their spectra) represented between numbers of ZENK activation in Cluster N than those in the day, and 4 and 11% of the total protein (total spectra) detected. In agreement more importantly, night migratory inactive groups. This leads us to with our predictions, starlings had a higher proportion of intestinal conclude Cluster N is behaviorally regulated on a night to night proteases and lipases and less carbohydrases than basis, and given its likely control by retinal stimulation, reflects "eyes granivorous/omnivorous species, and relative quantities of enzymes open" during nights with migration. were proportional to assayed activities. Supported by NSF-IOS1354893 & CONICET-PIP0834 &UNSL2-0814.

113-6 BRUN, A; MENDEZ-ARANDA, D; MAGALLANES, M E; 56-4 BRUSCH, GA*; WEBSTER, T; WILSON-SAYRES, M; KARASOV, W H*; MARTÍNEZ DEL RIO, C; BALDWIN, M; BLATTMAN, J; BALDWIN, A; DENARDO, DF; Arizona State CAVIEDES-VIDAL, E; Univ. of Wisc.-Madison, Max Planck Instit. University, Phoenix, AZ, Mesa Community College, Mesa, AZ; for Ornithol., Seewiesen, Univ. San Luis, Argentina, Univ. of [email protected] Wyoming, Laramie, Univ. San Luis, Argentina; [email protected] A Mechanistic Approach to Understanding the Relationship Evolution of intestinal -glucosidases in vertebrates: Genomic and Between Dehydration and Enhanced Immune Function proteomic data upend previous hypotheses The performance of the immune system varies with the physiological Researchers have presumed that 2 distinct enzymes, orthologs of state of the organism, with immune function often suppressed during mammalian sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and maltase-glucoamylase periods of negative resource balance due to scarcity or heavy (MGAM), are responsible for sucrasic and maltasic activities in investment (e.g., reproductive activity). In contrast, recent studies vertebrates. Using phylogenetic analyses on genomic data and have shown that immune function is enhanced when water, a enzymatic assays, we uncovered a single ancestral -glucosidase fundamental resource, is limited naturally or experimentally. The (AG) gene (which we here call AAG), homologous to the one purpose of this study was to understand the mechanisms responsible primarily annotated as SI in available genomes. AAG appears to be for the peculiar finding that dehydration, while deleterious to most widespread among vertebrates and to have given rise to additional major physiological systems, somehow improves innate immunity in AG genes in mammals and some birds: the enzyme called MGAM is multiple species of reptile. First, we used a combination of not shared by all vertebrates, but is specific to mammals. The temperature and proteinase treatments on plasma samples to explore majority of Passeriformes (a group including almost half of all birds) the potential involvement of small innate peptides. Next, we looked appear to have only AAG and its product has both maltasic and at RNA expression in liver samples between hydrated and sucrasic activity. The existence of many granivorous songbird experimentally dehydrated animals to identify immune-related species indicates that the presence of two AGs is not a necessary proteins that are upregulated with dehydration. Finally, we will condition for reliance on starchy food. Proteomic and biochemical perform western blot analyses on stored plasma aliquots to verify assays in isolated brush border membrane (bbm) of 3 songbirds and upregulated proteins identified by RNA-seq analysis are elevated in chickens demonstrate that songbirds express a single enzyme but the blood. We found that various components of the complement and chickens have a duplicated AG present in the bbm, as predicted by non-complement pathways are upregulated in dehydrated animals. genomic data. Data also revealed that birds in a large songbird clade, These results provide a molecular and cellular basis for immune the starlings and relatives, lack sucrasic activity because their AAG modulation and provide a mechanistic understanding of biochemical gene has undergone a functional shift, and lost sucrasic but retained and proteonomic changes involved in resource-based upregulation of maltasic activity. Our findings suggest greater diversity and different innate immunity. Understanding how animals cope with resource evolutionary history of bbm AGs than previously presumed, with restrictions will enable us to predict how they might be impacted by widespread implications for our understanding of the digestive future climate change, where, in many regions, rainfall events are physiology of the majority of vertebrates. Supported by NSF predicted to be less reliable, resulting in more frequent drought. IOS-1354893

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 25 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e26

98-8 BRZEK, P*; SELEWESTRUK, P; NEDERGAARD, J; 36-5 BRZEZINSKI, K*; MACMILLAN, HA; Carleton University; KONARZEWSKI, M; Univ. of Bialystok, Poland, Stockholm Univ., [email protected] Sweden; [email protected] An Investigation of Cold-Induced Barrier Disruption in the Gut Divergent selection for basal metabolic rate in laboratory mice Epithelia of Locusta migratoria affected the amount of UCP1 protein Chill susceptible insects, like the migratory locust, often die due to an Basal metabolic rate (BMR) quantifies the cost of body maintenance accumulation of injuries unrelated to freezing when exposed to low at thermoneutral zone, whereas resting metabolic rate (RMR), temperatures. These injuries, known as chilling injuries, are measured below thermoneutrality, includes also costs of consistently associated with ion imbalance across the gut epithelia. It thermoregulation. It is still unclear whether intra-specific variation in has been recently suggested that this imbalance is at least partly BMR, (i.e. in the magnitude of obligatory heat production) affects the driven by cold-induced disruption of epithelial barrier function. Here, need for extra heat production during cold stress. We studied the total we aim to test this hypothesis in the migratory locust. To quantify amount of major thermogenic protein - UCP1 in brown adipose chill tolerance, locusts were exposed to -2˚C for various durations Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 tissue (TOTUCP1) in mice selected towards either high (HBMR) or and monitors for chill coma recovery time and survival 24h post-cold low (LBMR) BMR, and acclimated to 30 °C, 23 °C and 4 °C. We exposure. Longer exposure times significantly increased recovery showed previously that the capacity of non-shivering thermogenesis time and caused injury and death. Barrier failure was tested by (NST) is higher in LBMR then HBMR mice acclimated to 23 °C and monitoring movement of an epithelial barrier marker (FITC-dextran) 4 °C. Conversely, BMR of HBMR mice is 50% higher at 30 °C, but across the gut epithelia during exposure to -2˚C. There was minimal the lines did not differ with respect to RMR at 23 °C. Here, we marker movement across the epithelia in the cold, suggesting that showed that TOTUCP1 is higher in LBMR than HBMR mice at all locust gut barrier function is generally conserved during chilling. We temperatures, which provides molecular underpinning of the then monitored ion movement during cold exposure. Contrary to between-line difference in NST. Because this effect of selection is previous results, cold-induced ion imbalance still occurred. This observed even at thermoneutral zone, we hypothesize that it reveals finding may be a consequence of the large, polar, and uncharged the presence of genetically-based, inverse correlation between BMR nature of FITC-dextran, and small ions may yet leak in the cold. A and the constitutive level of thermogenic capacity determined by similar approach was therefore undertaken to investigate gut UCP1. We attribute the between line difference in BMR at 30 °C to permeability, this time using the smaller fluorescently-labelled PEG higher heat production of enlarged visceral organs of HBMR mice, as our marker to determine if size was in fact the limiting factor in which below thermoneutrality can be used for thermoregulation. On our results. the other hand, lower BMR-related heat production of LBMR mice must be to a larger extend supported by NST. We discuss implications of our finding for evolution of endothermy. Financial support: National Science Centre, Poland, grant 2014/15/B/NZ8/00244 for P.B.

56-6 BUCHANAN, JL*; MONTOOTH, KL; BUCHANAN, S2-7 BUDISCHAK, Sarah A.*; GRAHAM, Andrea L. ; JUSTIN; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; CRESSLER, Clayton E. ; Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps [email protected] Colleges, Princeton University, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Metabolic costs of mounting immune responses in Drosophila [email protected] Metabolic rates reflect the overall energetic state of the organism and Fueling Defense; Effects of Resources on the Evolution of have been correlated with changes at the cellular level and with an Tolerance to Macroparasite Infection organism's pace of life. Metabolic rates decrease during senescence Resource availability is a key environmental constraint affecting the and starvation, while energetically demanding tasks stimulate ecology and evolution of species. Resources have strong effects on increased metabolic rates. Here I use a well-characterized disease resistance, but they can also affect the other main parasite mitochondrial-nuclear genotype of the fruit fly, Drosophila defense strategy, tolerance. Plant researchers and a growing number melanogaster, that has compromised aerobic energy metabolism to of animal disease ecologists have investigated the effects of resources test for effects of compromised energy metabolism on infection and on tolerance phenotypes. Surprisingly, both resource limitation and life-history traits using a natural bacterial pathogen Providencia supplementation can increase tolerance in particular host-parasite rettgeri. We have previously shown that this mitochondrial-nuclear systems, but a theoretical framework to understand and predict these genotype compromises survival after infection with P. rettgeri and outcomes is lacking for macroparasites. We adapted the Anderson underlies a tradeoff between immunity and reproduction in females. and May macroparasite model to explore the conditions under which Here we compare the metabolic rate during the timeframe of a tolerance strategy to parasite infection is more adaptive than infection in this genotype to that of a control mitochondrial-nuclear resisting. Hosts must allocate a finite amount of resources among genotype and a Rel mutant, which has reduced immune responses. reproduction, resistance or tolerance. Across a range of resource The measurement of both O2 consumption and CO2 production availability, we find the evolutionary stable strategy varies with both during a time when immune responses should be occurring allows us host traits (e.g. lifespan) and parasite traits (e.g. virulence). Optimal to test for dynamic changes in the respiratory quotient (RQ), investment in tolerance also depends upon whether parasite virulence providing insight into the types of cellular resources being affects mortality or fecundity, as well as the nature and cost of catabolized during infection. resistance. Our model provides a framework for interpreting previous resource-tolerance experiments and hypotheses that warrant testing in future empirical studies.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 26 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e27

106-8 BUMP, P.*; LOWE, C. J.; Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford 111-6 BURFORD, BP*; WILLIAMS, R; DEMETRAS, N; University. Pacific Grove, CA.; [email protected] HARDING, J; GILLY, WF; 1. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 2. Insights into building complex life cycles: an investigation of Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, 2. Southwest development in adult and larval body plans of the indirect Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA; [email protected] developing hemichordate Schizocardium californicum Comparable spatial organization of pelagic fish schools and squid There are a wide range of developmental strategies in animal phyla. squadrons For indirect-developing species, a larval body plan transforms into an Many marine species form groups that exhibit schooling behavior in adult body plan, often via a dramatic metamorphosis. In species which conspecifics collectively perform directed movements. Squid where metamorphosis occurs by remodeling of larval tissue into adult and fish are hypothesized to have occupied similar niches over tissue, this body plan transition provides an opportunity to investigate evolutionary time, and their resulting competition is reflected in the cell biology of this process and how proliferation and apoptosis convergent traits including collective social behavior. However, few are balanced through this important threshold in development. We quantitative measurements of schooling behavior have been made in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 propose that Schizocardium californicum , an indirect developing squid, and the ability of squid to school in a manner similar to fish deuterostome hemichordate worm, provides an excellent model for continues to be debated. We used cameras mounted inside a large investigating how processes of transdifferentiation, proliferation, and pelagic net trawl to record the spatial organization of schools of the cell death that remodel and reshape the larval body plan. We are ecologically-similar California market squid, Doryteuthis opalescens, using a combination of genomics, cell, and developmental biology to and Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax. Our data suggest that schooling answer the following: given that two life phases of Schizocardium groups of market squid observed in situ exhibit similar spatial californicum are drastically different, how does development build organization to those of sardine. To compare school formation in the the larval versus adult body plan? In our initial experiments, we two taxa, we examined how schooling groups reorganize after investigated the spatial distribution of proliferation in both S. disruption by a strobe flash in a lab setting. We found that lab californicum larvae and adults with the aim of understanding, measurements of angular deviation for both species assessed in this whether the identity or role of these proliferative cells changes manner were similar to those observed in situ. Despite the different through development. Our next steps involve investigating the types of startle-response behaviors (escape jet in squid vs. C-start in balance of proliferation and apoptosis during the dramatic fish), groups of both species rapidly reorganized into a coherent remodeling of pre-existing larval structures, along with loss and gain school. As an assessment of how collective movements are of larval-specific and adult-specific traits respectively. coordinated in D. opalescens and S. sagax, we are currently working to compare the nature and extent to which movements of "influencers" predict movements of others within groups. Taken together, our results support the idea that groups of pelagic squid and fish exhibit convergent schooling behavior.

34-2 BURNETT, N.P.*; BADGER, M.A.; COMBES, S.A.; Univ. of 61-1 BURRESS, E.D.*; WAINWRIGHT, P.C.; Univeristy of California, Davis; [email protected] California, Davis, University of California, Davis; Flight planning on the wing: Honeybees assess obstacle motion [email protected] from afar before deciding to land on or pass through wind-blown Adaptive radiation in labrid fishes: a central role for functional clutter novelties during 65 My of relentless diversification Bees are pollinators whose habitat includes cluttered vegetation that Early burst patterns of diversification have become closely linked moves when blown by unpredictable winds. Careful navigation with concepts of adaptive radiation, reflecting interest in the role of through this habitat is important because collisions can injure bees, ecological opportunity in modulating diversification. But, this model but little is known about how bees fly in habitats with wind-blown has not been widely explored on coral reefs, where biodiversity is obstacles. We used the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, to test exceptional, but many lineages have high dispersal capabilities and a how bees navigate through habitats with wind and moving obstacles. pan-tropical distribution. We analyze adaptive radiation in labrid We filmed bees flying through a 1 m tunnel with an array of fishes, arguably the most ecologically dominant and diverse radiation horizontally oscillating vertical columns. We tested bees flying in of fishes on coral reefs. We test for early bursts of speciation, trophic still air, headwinds and tailwinds, and varied the frequency of the diversification, evolution in a series of functional morphological columns' oscillations. Bees either landed on or flew around the traits, and the origin of 15 functional novelties associated with columns, and their flights could be divided into three distinct phases: feeding and locomotion. We find no evidence of early burst an early approach (5 to 3.5 cm from the columns), a middle approach evolution. Instead, the pace of speciation and ecological (3.5 - 2 cm away), and a final approach (2 - 0 cm away). The final diversification has been relatively constant, while the pace of trait flight behavior was strongly correlated with the columns' acceleration evolution and the origins of functional novelties has been gradually during the early approach phase: bees landed on columns that had increasing toward the present. The labrid radiation seems to have been accelerating during the early approach and flew between occurred in response to extensive and still increasing ecological columns that had been decelerating. Final flight behavior was also opportunity, but within a rich community of antagonists that may correlated with the columns' speed during the middle approach phase: have prevented abrupt diversification. Labrid diversification is bees landed on columns that had been moving slowly during this closely tied to a series of substantial functional novelties that phase and flew between columns that had been moving rapidly. This individually broadened ecological diversity, ultimately allowing them correlation persisted over a longer portion of the middle approach if to invade virtually every trophic niche held by fishes on coral reefs. the bees were flying into a headwind. Only during the final approach did bees' flight kinematics reflect their behavioral choice: bees that landed reduced their flight speed more than bees that flew between columns. Our results suggest that bees can navigate through environments with moving obstacles by assessing obstacle motion and deciding whether to land on or fly between obstacles from afar, and then executing that decision during the final approach.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 27 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e28

104-7 BUSTAMANTE, J*; DANIEL, TL; University of 13-7 BUTLER, JM*; ANSELMO, CM; MARUSKA, KP; Louisiana Washington; [email protected] State University; [email protected] How size and shape effect abdominal contribution of insect flight Female Reproductive State is Associated with Changes in Distinct control Arginine Vasotocin Cell Types in the Preoptic Area of Astatotilapia Insect flapping flight is inherently pitch unstable and therefore burtoni demands feedback control for effective maneuverability. This Nonapeptides play a crucial role in mediating reproduction, feedback control is primarily governed by actuation from the wings aggression, and parental care across taxa. In fishes, arginine as well as airframe deformations which drive complex flight vasotocin (AVT) expression is related to social and/or reproductive trajectories and compensatory responses to perturbations. Such status in most male fishes studied to date, and is linked to territorial airframe deformations in flying animals assist in flight control by defense, paternal care, and courtship. Despite the plethora of studies changing the center of mass with respect to the center of lift. in male fishes, it remains unknown if AVT in females varies with However, the dependence on redirecting inertia raises an important reproductive state and is similarly implicated in reproductive and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 question about the consequences of body size in motor strategies for maternal care behaviors. Using the mouthbrooding African cichlid flight control. Furthermore, these motor strategies may limit the fish Astatotilapia burtoni, we compared the number and size of AVT frequencies at which airframe deformations are effective methods for cells in the preoptic area of females of different reproductive states. flight control. To address this question of body size implications to Gravid and mouthbrooding females had similar numbers of airframe flight control mechanisms, we rely on an Euler-Lagrange parvocellular, magnocellular, and gigantocellular cells. Parvocellular formulation for multibody dynamics for a simulated moth tracking a cells were of similar size in gravid and brooding females, but gravid vertically oscillating flower. The simulation was inspired by methods females had larger magnocellular and gigantocellular cells compared from model predictive control. The model was tasked with tracking a to mouthbrooding females. In addition, the size of gigantocellular signal composed of multiple sine waves of prime number cells within brooding females correlated with the number of days frequencies. System identification reveals the model tracks lower brooding, such that late-stage brooding females had larger AVT cells frequencies with greater accuracy than higher frequencies. We then than mid-stage brooding females, suggesting a role in maternal care. explored the underlying frequency characteristics of flower tracking To investigate this further, brains from females displaying maternal for more than one order of magnitude body size range. We show that care behaviors (fry protection) will be stained for AVT and the neural smaller size scales yield the lowest error in tracking this vertically activation marker, egr1. Together, these data indicate that AVT oscillating stimulus. Therefore, the moth behaves as a low-pass filter neurons change across the reproductive cycle in females, similar to with a size dependent cut-off frequency. These results suggest a that seen in males. These data on females complement studies in benefit to movement control for multi-body systems of this scale. male A. burtoni, providing a comprehensive picture of the regulation Such analyses of size scale may inspire new control mechanisms for and potential function of different AVT cell types in reproduction aerial robots in general. and social behaviors in both sexes.

133-2 BUTLER, MW*; STIERHOFF, EN; CARPENETTI, JM; 69-6 BUTLER, MA*; GOO, NLS; FRASER, CJ; SUNG, HW; ADDESSO, AM; KNUTIE, SA; Lafayette College, University of RIVERA, JA; University of Hawaii, Arizona State University; Connecticut; [email protected] [email protected] Oxidative damage increases with degree of simulated bacterial Ecomorphology of Papuan Microhylid Frogs: Performance, infection in tree swallow nestlings Hindlimb Musculature, and MicroCT Analysis Mounting an immune response destroys pathogens, but this response The microhylid frogs of New Guinea and its satellite islands form a comes at a physiological cost, including the production of oxidative large monophyletic clade of over 300 species with tremendous damage. However, many investigations into the effects of immune ecological and morphological diversity. These frogs have long been challenges employ a single high dose, meaning that the consequences hypothesized to be part of an adaptive radiation with specializations of more mild immune challenges, which may be a better suggested for burrowing, terrestrial, semi-aquatic, arboreal, and representation of naturally occurring immune challenges, are poorly scansorial lifestyles. We conducted a comparative analysis of resolved. We used nestling tree swallows to test how degree of morphology, ecology, and performance with a phylogenetic context immunological challenge modifies oxidative physiology and body to establish the reality of the ecomorphs and an evolutionary process mass, and how these metrics interact with ectoparasite load. Thus, we of adaptive radiation. We have furthermore conducted a detailed injected 14-day-old nestlings with either 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg morphological analysis for a jumping and swimming specialist to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per kg body mass, collected a blood sample understand their design features. We characterized the hindlimb 24-h later, recorded body mass, and collected nests for ectoparasite musculature including the major extensors and flexors at the hip, identification. From the blood sample, we quantified oxidative knee, and ankle joints and modeled hindlimb forces. We analyzed damage via two methodologies: TBARS, which quantifies lipid skeletal morphology using microCT and found that while peroxidation, and d-ROMs, which quantifies derivatives of reactive characteristics of the femur are highly conserved, there is clear oxygen metabolites. We found that nestlings injected with 1.0 mg variation in the length and shape of the tibiofibula and pelvis. We LPS/kg body mass, which is a common dosage in ecoimmunological interpret these results in relation to specializations for jumping and studies, lost significantly more body mass than individuals in other swimming locomotor modes. treatment groups. While treatment had no effect on TBARS, there was a dose-dependent relationship between concentration of LPS injection and d-ROMs, with higher amounts of LPS resulting in more oxidative damage. We conclude that while low-intensity immune challenges may not affect body mass maintenance, these challenges still result in detectable increases of oxidative damage. Also, nestlings subjected to blowflies and mites had higher d-ROMs values, underscoring a link between this metric of oxidative stress and immune challenges.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 28 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e29

127-3 BYRON, M.L.*; BAIL, J.D.; MCHENRY, M.J.; Penn State 54-4 CAHILL, AE*; BREEN, C; CORTES, C; STANDER, R; University, University of California Irvine; [email protected] Albion College; [email protected] Space utilization and orientation of cydippid ctenophores in simple A salt marsh in Michigan? Characterization of invertebrates in a shear and turbulence rare habitat type using molecular and morphological methods Most ctenophore species generate propulsion exclusively by the Inland salt marshes are an extremely rare habitat type in North metachronal motion of rows of long ciliary plates (ctenes). These America, formed when groundwater seeps through glacial salt propulsors serve to control orientation, capture prey, perform escape deposits to influence the surface community. In the midwestern maneuvers, and maintain position in the water column in spite of United States, most salt marshes have been heavily degraded and exposure to varying levels of turbulence and a variety of flow exploited. The plant communities in one relatively intact salt marsh conditions. We were motivated to test the limits of this unique in Michigan have been studied, but the invertebrates are largely locomotor system in complex flows, both to improve our unknown. Preliminary work comparing this salt marsh to a understanding of ctenophore ecology and behavior and to draw freshwater marsh in Michigan showed that the salt marsh has lower Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 potential inspiration for new propulsion technologies at the richness and diversity in both sediment and water communities, as millimeter/centimeter scale. From 3D kinematic measurements in a predicted given that the salt marsh is a more stressful environment. pseudokreisel tank, we found that the ctenophore Pleurobrachia However, the patterns of these variables within the marsh (along both bachei maintained an "upward" orientation and occupied all available spatial and temporal gradients) is unknown. We used metabarcoding space in low-shear flow, whereas animals displayed a "downward" and traditional morphology to identify the invertebrates in the marsh. orientation and shifted to the edges of the tank as shear increased. We We also tested the idea that diversity and composition should change also measured 2D kinematics of animals in a small speaker-driven with stress by measuring the change in these variables along a turbulence tank, finding that animals increasingly congregated at the transect of higher to lower salinity. Seasonal variation of physical bottom of the tank in high turbulence. Both flows were quantified characteristics of the marsh (e.g. water level, salinity) is also strong, using 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV). Our results inform and the effects of seasonal change on the composition and diversity studies of ctenophore ecology and distribution, supporting previous of invertebrate communities was examined. findings of turbulence-avoidance behavior and quantifying ctenophore agility and maneuverability for potential future development in bioinspired vehicle applications.

37-1 CAI, L*; XI, Z; AMORIM, AM; SUGUMARAN, M; REST, 33-7 CAMARILLO, H*; TOBLER, M; Virginia Tech, Kansas State JS; LIU, L; DAVIS, CC; Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Universidade University; [email protected] Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil, Univ. of Malaya, Malaysia, Stony Functional consequences of morphological variation between Brook Univ., Stony Brook, Univ. of Georgia, Athens; locally adapted populations [email protected] Competing selective pressures and trade-offs result in organisms Thrive with Additional Sets of Genome: Widespread evolving phenotypes that optimize overall performance, leading to Paleopolyploidization Buffers plants Through Eocene Climatic local adaptation to particular environments. Selection for any one Upheaval trait can result in either functional trade-offs or functional Ancient whole genome duplications (WGDs) are important in facilitation, in which multiple aspects of performance are indirectly eukaryotic genome evolution, and are especially prominent in plants. influenced. Hence, understanding the functional repercussions of trait Recent genomic studies from large vascular plant clades, including variation is critical to understand adaptive evolution of complex ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms suggest that WGDs may phenotypes. Poecilia mexicana (Poecillidae) is a live-bearing fish represent a crucial mode of speciation. Moreover, numerous WGDs that inhabits toxic, hydrogen sulfide rich springs and normal have been dated to events coinciding with major episodes of global freshwater streams. Fish from these two environments are exposed to and climatic upheaval, including the mass extinction at the KT divergent selection, which has resulted in phenotypic trait divergence boundary (~65 Ma) and during more recent intervals of global and ecological speciation. While trait variation within and among aridification in the Miocene (~10-5 Ma). These findings have led to populations has been well described, the functional implications are the hypothesis that polyploidization may buffer lineages against the less clear. Using high-speed videography, we quantified different negative consequences of such disruptions. This work explores performance metrics related to variation in morphology in individual WGDs in the largely tropical flowering plant clade Malpighiales fish from sulfidic and nonsulfidic environments: burst speed using a combination of newly sequenced transcriptomes and swimming, steady swimming, and gill ventilation capacity. Fish from complete genomes from 42 species. We conservatively identify 22 nonsulfidic habitats exhibited faster escape responses, while fish ancient WGDs, widely distributed across Malpighiales subclades. from sulfidic environments exhibited higher critical swimming Importantly, these events are clustered around the Eocene-Paleocene speeds, exerted less effort to maintain any given swimming speed, Transition (~54 Ma), during which time the planet was warmer and and had higher gill ventilation capacity. We found evidence for wetter than any period in the Cenozoic. These results establish that functional trade-offs (between different modes of swimming) and the Eocene Climate Optimum represents another, previously facilitation (between steady swimming and gill ventilation). Overall, unrecognized, period of prolific WGDs in plants, and lends support performance differences matched predictions based on environmental to the hypothesis that polyploidization promotes adaptation and conditions in each habitat type, with hypoxia and energy-limitation in enhances plant survival during major episodes of global change. sulfidic and higher levels of predation in non-sulfidic habitats. Malpighiales, in particular, may have been particularly influenced by these events given their predominance in the tropics where Eocene warming likely had profound impacts owing to the relatively tight thermal tolerances of tropical organisms.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 29 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e30

84-7 CAMBRON, LD*; YOCUM, G; GREENLEE, KJ; North 11-3 CAMP, AL; University of Liverpool; Dakota State University, Fargo, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND , North [email protected] Dakota State University, USDA-ARS, Fargo; [email protected] What fish can teach us about the feeding functions of postcranial What's going on during diapause? Investigating the insulin muscles and joints pathway in overwintering Megachile rotundata Studies of vertebrate feeding have, quite reasonably, focused on the Many insects go through diapause, a stage similar to hibernation, to bones and muscles of the head, not the body. Yet, postcranial survive winter months. During these months, insulin signaling structures like the spine and pectoral girdle are anatomically linked to decreases, but the importance of this pathway in overall diapause the head, so there may also be mechanical connections through which regulation is unclear. Few studies have investigated the role of these musculoskeletal systems contribute to feeding. The role of insulin signaling in diapause, and further studies are needed to postcranial structures during feeding has been best studied in understand the biochemical and physiological changes that take place ray-finned fishes, where the body muscles attach directly to the head during diapause. Our previous studies showed that when exposed to and actively shorten to expand the mouth. Therefore, I used the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 fluctuating temperatures during diapause, alfalfa leafcutting bees, anatomy and motion of the head-body interface in fishes to develop a Megachile rotundata, have increased survival. Our hypothesis is that mechanical framework for studying postcranial functions during during the high temperature period, insulin signaling and oxidative feeding. In fish the head and body are linked by the vertebral column, stress repair mechanisms are able to function, leading to increased the pectoral girdle, and the body muscles that actuate these skeletal survival. To test this hypothesis, M. rotundata were overwintered in systems. The joints and muscles of the cranio-vertebral and pectoral either a lab setting at a constant 4˚C or in the field in naturally interfaces may have distinct morphologies, which in turn determine fluctuating temperatures. Expression of target genes in the insulin the mobility of the head relative to the body. The postcranial signaling pathway was measured using quantitative PCR. Our interfaces can function as anchors during feeding: the body muscles prediction was that bees reared in the field would have higher and joints minimize motion between the head and body to stabilize expression of target genes throughout overwintering compared to the head, or transmit forces from the body. Alternatively, the bees reared in the lab at constant low temperatures. Gene expression postcranial interfaces can be motors: body muscles actuate motion data was analyzed with qbase+ software and normalized to between the head and body to generate power for feeding motions. expression of three reference genes. Our results showed a trend The motor function is likely important for many suction-feeding supporting our hypothesis, with bees overwintered in the field having fishes, while the anchor function may be key for bite- or ram-feeding higher expression than bees overwintered in the lab. Further analysis fishes. This framework can be used to examine the role of the will be done to verify the significance of these trends. Currently postcranial interface in other vertebrate groups, and that role changes farmers are unable to assess the health of overwintering M. (or not) with morphology and feeding behaviors. Such studies can rotundata, leading to high mortality rates from improper storage expand our understanding of muscle function, as well as the conditions. By understanding how the insulin signaling pathway evolution of vertebrate feeding behaviors across major transitions changes in overwintering bees, genes from this pathway could be such as the invasion of land and the emergence of jaws. used as biomarkers for healthy bees.

S4-1 CAMPBELL, RA*; DEAN, MN; Okinawa Institute of Science 61-3 CANNON, JT*; ROBERTS, NG; EGAN, J; HONG, C; and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces; PICCIANI, N; EERNISSE, DJ; OAKLEY, TJ; UC Santa Barbara, [email protected] California State University Fullerton; [email protected] Adaptation and Evolution of Biological Materials A lens to the past: timing of lens eye origins Biological materials, whether inside or outside an organism, play a Eye evolution is a classic system for studying origins of vital role in survival and mediation of interactions with the morphological complexity. Eyes with lenses that focus light onto environment. Although the characterization of biomaterials photoreceptor cells have evolved at least 11 times in metazoans. performance has leapt forward in the past decades, our understanding Although many of these lens eyes have Cambrian origins, some, such of how performance varies and is shaped across ecology or as the unique aragonite lens of polyplacophoran molluscs, may have evolutionary history lags behind. Is performance at a material level evolved as recently the Eocene. Here, we address the question of selected for in evolution? How do abiotic factors limit and enhance when in evolutionary time these independent origins occurred. In the function? How do materials respond, adapt, and evolve with case of vertebrates, arthropods, cephalopods, bivalves, and environment and organism? This talk will provide an introduction to gastropods, we estimated an age range based on published data. We these questions, which will then be addressed further throughout the evaluated evidence for homology of lens eyes within each lineage to day by the speakers in symposium S4, "Adaptation and Evolution of correct for the possibility of multiple origins. Using published Biological Materials." The session will cover a range of organisms phylogenies and fossil-calibrated time trees, we determined a and organizational scales, from skeletal form-function evolution to maximum (age of MRCA without eyes) and minimum age of origin material-mediated vibration sensing, structural color, and plant and (age of crown group with lens eyes). In some cases, as in Cubozoa, animal anchoring tools. Our introduction highlights the intention we estimated time trees using multilocus datasets compiled from behind that diversity, as we showcase the common opportunities that NCBI and fossil calibrations. Our preliminary estimates of eight lens modern materials approaches provide for integrative studies of eyes indicate that these structures evolved in the Precambrian, organismal adaptation and evolution. Cambrian, or as recently as the late Devonian. Some taxa present unique challenges due to the paucity of their fossil records (i.e. Nemertea), the variable nature of their photoreceptor structures (i.e. sabellid polychaetes) or the absence of robust phylogenetic hypotheses (i.e. Polyplacophora). These three lineages are candidates for the most recent independent origin of a metazoan lens eye. To estimate the age of origin of chiton aragonite lens eyes, we are using target-capture phylogenomic methods to generate a time-calibrated phylogeny. Together, our timeline of lens eye origins will provide a valuable temporal context forfurther comparative research on evolution of complex structures.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 30 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e31

71-2 CAPSHAW, G*; SOARES, D; CARR, CE; Univ. of Maryland, 26-8 CARBECK, KM; DEMORANVILLE, KJ; D'AMELIO, PB; College Park, New Jersey Institute of Technology; GOYMANN, W; TROST, L; PIERCE, BJ*; BRYLA, A; DZIALO, [email protected] M; BAUCHINGER, U; MCWILLIAMS, SR; Canisius College, Extratympanic auditory sensitivity to sound and vibration in Buffalo, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, Max Planck Inst. for lungless salamanders Ornithology, Seewiesen, Max Planck Inst. for Ornithology, How does an animal perceive sound without ears? The tympanic Seewiesen, Sacred Heart Univ., Fairfield, Jagiellonian Univ., middle ear is a key sensory innovation that emerged several times in Krakow; [email protected] vertebrate evolutionary history as early tetrapods transitioned from Environmental cues and dietary antioxidants affect breeding aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles. This structure is typically comprised behavior and testosterone of male European Starlings (Sturnus of a tympanic membrane connected to the oval window of the inner vulgaris) ear via one to three ossicles in an air-filled middle ear cavity, and it Environmental cues, such as photoperiod, regulate the timing of functions as a transducer of airborne sound pressure into fluid major life-history events like breeding through direct neuroendocrine Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 movement in the inner ear. However, several terrestrial vertebrate control. Less known is how supplementary environmental cues (e.g., species including "earless" frogs, snakes, and salamanders have lost nest sites, food availability) interact to influence key hormones and their tympanum and middle ear cavity. We used salamanders as a behaviors involved in reproduction, specifically in migratory species model to test the role of several proposed extratympanic pathways with gonadal recrudescence largely occurring at breeding sites. We for sound and vibration detection including bone conduction, the investigated the behavioral and physiological responses of male amphibian opercularis system, and the air-filled lungs. We compared European starlings to the sequential addition of nest boxes and auditory sensitivity in lungless salamander species against those that nesting material, green herbs, and female conspecifics and how these retain lungs, and found that lungs are not necessary for terrestrial responses depend on the availability of certain dietary antioxidants hearing in atympanic species. Bone conduction is sufficient for (anthocyanins). As expected, cloacal protuberance volume and detection of low frequency sound and vibration. plasma testosterone of males generally increased with photoperiod. More notably, testosterone levels peaked in males fed the high antioxidant diet when both nest box and herbal cues were present, while males fed the low antioxidant diet showed no or only a muted testosterone response to the sequential addition of these environmental cues. Males fed the high antioxidant diet maintained a constant frequency of breeding behaviors over time, whereas those fed the low antioxidant diet decreased breeding behaviors as environmental cues were sequentially added. Our results highlight the importance of supplementary environmental cues and key resources such as dietary antioxidants in enhancing breeding condition of males, which conceivably aid in attraction of high quality females and reproductive success.

67-5 CARNEY, RM; University of South Florida; 76-6 CARRINGTON, E; University of Washington; [email protected] [email protected] Evolution of the Archosaurian Shoulder Joint and the Flight Environmental Safety Factor: a framework for evaluating Stroke of Archaeopteryx physiological performance in an ecological context Archosaurs are a remarkable group of animals that exhibit a diverse The central aim of ecological biomechanics is to understand linkages locomotor repertoire at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint, from between organismal form and function in natural environments, a quadrupedal alligators and dinosaurs to flying pterosaurs and birds. goal that is of increasing importance in the context of changing The origin of avian flight, despite a multitude of exciting new fossils, climates. Historically, comparative biomechanists have excelled at remains both controversial and inextricably linked to Archaeopteryx. quantifying morphology, structure and physiological performance in Here I address this question through an integration of theoretical, controlled laboratory settings. Mimi Koehl, however, was an early anatomical, experimental, and comparative approaches. First, I and frequent proponent of the importance of measuring the established a standardized, joint-based approach for analyzing environment at the spatial and temporal scale of the organism. An skeletal anatomy and motion (kinematics), which served as a especially useful concept Koehl and colleagues have championed is comparative framework throughout. A high-resolution 3D the Environmental Safety Factor (ESF, aka Environmental Stress reconstruction of Archaeopteryx was then created via multiplanar Factor), which describes the strength of an organisms relative to the X-ray microtomosynthesis of the Thermopolis specimen forces it experiences in the field. I will review some of the biological (WDC-CSG-100). Results provide resolution to controversial aspects systems where this approach has been used successfully (e.g., flow of Archaeopteryx anatomy that are critical for assessing flying forces encountered by sea anemones and kelp), and how it can be ability, such as the orientations and articulations of the scapula, extended beyond biomechanics to other aspects of physiological glenoid, and wing. Next, in order to inform and constrain the performance. I will highlight some recent technological advances in reconstruction using extant phylogenetic bracketing, I investigated measuring biomechanical performance in nature and some of the the in vivo glenohumeral kinematics of walking alligators and novel insights that have resulted. flapping chukars, recorded via marker-based X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology. Results confirm the hypothesis that the glenohumeral motions of these disparate archosaurs are fundamentally similar, despite moving against very different media. The joint-based approach also provided a framework for "scientific motion transfer." This tested whether the in vivo motions are consistent with the range of motion in Archaeopteryx, and provided empirical, phylogenetic constraints for reconstructing motion. Findings reveal that the Archaeopteryx glenoid permits most humeral excursions from both extant archosaurs, and also indicates a more avian motion path. Ultimately, these anatomical and experimental lines of evidence demonstrate that Archaeopteryx was kinematically capable of active flight.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 31 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e32

S10-3 CARTER, AW*; PAITZ, RT; BOWDEN, RM; U Tennessee, 98-6 CARTER, W.A.*; DEMORANVILLE, K.J.; PIERCE, B.J.; Illinois St U; [email protected] MCWILLIAMS, S.R.; University of Rhode Island, Sacred Heart The devil is in the details: natural variation in maternal estrogens University; [email protected] and temperature are key to understanding TSD Seasonal progression and diet fatty acid composition influence Our understanding of biological processes is often based on studies metabolic rates, sustained exercise performance, and oxidative using simplified treatments, like constant temperatures, but enzyme activity in European Starlings incorporating a higher degree of realism in treatment design is crucial Diet quality, in addition to quantity, is an often-overlooked factor to deciphering how biological processes operate in nature. This need that can influence the performance and success of animals. In is exemplified by ongoing research in temperature-dependent sex particular, diet fatty acid composition has been related to metabolic determination (TSD), where there is a disconnect between sex ratios performance in a wide range of taxa. However, the continuity of produced in the lab and the field. Specifically, lab incubation studies these effects over different measures of performance, interactions using constant temperatures or consistent diurnal fluctuations do not with seasonal changes in life-history stages, and the role of specific Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 explain how females are produced under cool field temperatures. We fatty acids remain relatively unknown. We tested the effect of dietary explored how exposing embryos to varying durations of increased linoleic acid (LA) on basal and peak metabolic rates, flight duration, temperatures (e.g. heat waves) affect sex determination in Trachemys energy expenditure, and rates of fat and lean catabolism during a scripta to help resolve this disparity. Embryos are exceedingly voluntary wind-tunnel flight, and the activity of the metabolic sensitive to heat waves; a 50:50 sex ratio is produced in as few as ~8 enzymes CPT, HOAD, CS, and LDH over the course of a simulated heat-wave days (at 29.5 ± 3°C). Surprisingly, if baseline fall migratory period in European Starlings. We found a consistent temperatures are dropped from 27± 3°C to 25 ± 3°C, the heat wave interaction between diet and season influencing metabolic rates and duration needed to trigger a 50:50 sex ratio changes minimally (~9.5 long-flight performance, with birds fed high-LA diets decreasing in days), suggesting that sex determination occurs over relatively few metabolic rates and rates of energy expenditure and fat catabolism days during incubation and that temperatures outside of this period over the course of the fall season and low-LA birds increasing in minimally impact sex determination. We also found that the exposure those measures. Enzyme activity did not display this interaction, but duration required to trigger ovary development is affected by did increase over the season for CPT, HOAD, and LDH. CPT endogenous concentrations of maternally derived estrogens; late activity was positively related to flight duration and rate of fat season clutches with higher estradiol concentrations require shorter catabolism. These results indicate that the influence of dietary LA on exposure durations than early season clutches. By integrating natural metabolic performance is contingent on seasonal progression and that thermal variation during incubation with maternal estrogens, our data changes in whole-animal performance are likely mediated by help resolve how sex determination occurs in the field, and more tissue-level changes in metabolic enzyme activity and density. broadly underscore the importance of considering relevant environmental variation in the study of eco-physiology.

88-6 CASAS, J; University of Tours, FRANCE; [email protected] S11-6 CASASA, S*; ZATTARA, EE; MOCZEK, AP; Indiana Why do little hairy creatures have so many hairs? Insights from University, Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington; flow sensing in insects INIBIOMA, CONICET, Argentina; [email protected] Insects use many hairs of varying lengths for flow sensing. Wood Developmental regulation and evolution of nutrition-responsive crickets, equipped with an entire hair canopy on their cerci, use them growth in horned beetles to perceive wolf spiders which are hunting on the ground and launch Nutrition-responsive development is widespread in nature, and its attacks at high speed once in the neighborhood of their prey. Having underlying mechanisms are being elucidated in growing detail. Yet measured and modeled the flow ahead of an attacking spider, we then our understanding of how these mechanisms came to be involved in predicted the reaction of the entire canopy of hairs to the transient the regulation of nutritional plasticity, and their potential roles in its signals produced. We discovered that hairs of all lengths can be diversification remains modest. Here we use Onthophagus horned optimal, each one being addressed at a specific instant of the beetles to better understand the mechanisms and evolution of interaction. The extent of negative and positive viscous coupling nutrition-responsive development of beetle horns, whose effects among the sensory hairs, quantified using PIV measurements development is characterized by varying degrees of nutrition on bio-inspired physical MEMS models responsiveness. We used comparative RNAseq and RNAi to contrast (Micro-Electronical-Mechanical-Systems), seems to reinforce the and functionally investigate the formation of horns in three performance of the entire canopy and might explain its high density. Onthophagus species which exhibit diverse degrees of Our work shows that the transient nature of the signal, with its unique nutrition-responsive growth, ranging from moderate (ancestral) to signature in time-frequency domain, is key to the understanding of extreme (derived) as well as secondarily lost nutrition the presence of so many hairs. The long-held assumption that the responsiveness. We find (i) that species with stronger morphological working of an integrated sensory system could be understood using responses to nutrition utilize larger repertoires of differentially continuous sine waves on single sensors was proven to be a expressed genes, and (ii) that genes which ancestrally already misleading path, whose origin lies in a strictly physiological possessed nutrition-responsive expression tend to evolve more approach without consideration for the ecology of the animal. Our elaborate nutrition-responsive profiles. Comparative functional approach, very much similar to the one heralded by M. Koehl, rests analysis of potential regulatory genes is ongoing and includes genes on the unique power of combining field work to identify the and pathways whose functions in growth regulation are already well appropriate natural selection factors, elaborate measurements in the established. Among these, we identify the insulin signaling pathway laboratory using non-contact laser-based methods and a whole suite as a major contributor to nutrition-responsive growth and its of computational, analytical and physical models. evolution, both within the genus Onthophagus, as well as across lineages which independently evolved horns and nutrition-responsive horn growth. By combining unbiased, genome-wide assessments with functional evaluations of candidate genes we hope to provide a more comprehensive approach in the regulation and evolution of nutrition-responsive growth development.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 32 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e33

124-4 CASTO, P*; BINGMAN, VP; HEBETS, EA; WIEGMANN, 19-6 CAVES, EM*; ZIPPLE, MN; GREEN, PA; PETERS, S; DD; Bowling Green State University, Ohio, University of Nebraska, JOHNSEN, S; NOWICKI, S; Duke University; Lincoln; [email protected] [email protected] Evidence for the Distal-Allocentric Representation of Refuge Categorical Perception of Color Along a Blue-Green Continuum in Location in Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) Female Zebra Finches Whip spiders are a fascinating group of nocturnal predators that Color stimuli vary continuously, but increasing evidence suggests navigate back to a refuge after a night of activity in their tropical and that color perception can be categorical. Categorical perception is a subtropical habitat. Their navigational abilities are hypothesized to be mechanism by which a perceptual system sorts continuous variation under integrated, multisensory control. To further examine the into discrete categories. Two hallmarks of categorical perception are navigational behavior of whip spiders, we performed a series of 1) that different stimuli falling on the same side of a perceptual controlled, repeated laboratory-behavioral experiments using the boundary are labeled as belonging to the same category and 2) Costa Rican whip spiders Paraphrynus laevifrons and Phrynus stimuli falling on different sides of the boundary are discriminated Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 pseudoparvulus. Point sources of visual, olfactory and tactile cues more readily as compared to stimuli that differ by a similar physical were placed in a circular arena with an artificial shelter placed in one magnitude falling within the same category. We have shown of five possible locations (one location per subject). After an initial previously that female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) pre-training to establish shelter fidelity, subjects were tested in a categorically perceive colors along an orange-red continuum that series of pre-dawn displacement manipulations and their movements aligns with the carotenoid-based coloration of male beaks, an were video tracked. Of particular interest were displacements that important assessment signal in the context of mate choice. Here, we occurred when the shelter was removed from the arena, enabling us test for categorical perception along a blue-green color range, which to examine whether the whip spiders were able to relocate the has no known signaling function in this species, to ask whether position of the shelter in the absence of any cues originating from it. categorical perception is specific to signaling coloration or is a Analysis of the subjects' tracks following displacement revealed that general feature of avian color perception. We trained birds to search they spent more time near the conditioned location of the shelter for food underneath bicolor discs and then tested for categorical while it was not present, compared to the other sampled shelter perception by varying the difference between the two colors of the locations in the arena. This supports the hypothesis that whip spiders disc. We used a set of equiluminant colors that an established model are able to form a distal-allocentric, spatial representation of a of avian color discrimination predicts to be approximately equally shelter's location reliant on stimuli external to a shelter itself. discriminable from one another. Labeling trials identified the location Additionally, the results of other analyses suggest that under the of potential perceptual boundaries, and discrimination trials then testing conditions of the arena, and expectantly, light cues play a tested for enhanced discrimination between versus within putative particularly important role in the efficiency of navigational behavior categories. Together, these trials show that female zebra finches of whip spiders. exhibit categorical perception of a blue-green continuum, but with categories that are less well-defined than those observed in the orange-red range.

84-2 CEASE, AJ*; TRUMPER, EV; OVERSON, RP; Arizona State 56-2 CERVANTES, R*; VANNORDEN, GD; BARNELLO, E; University, National Agricultural Technology Institute, Argentina; RESTAURO, J; CHAMBERS, E; MAYVILLE, F; SLEE, JB; [email protected] DeSales University; [email protected] Nutritional physiology and ecology of South American locusts Soursop is Truly Sour: Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Annonacin Schistocerca cancellata during a 60-year upsurge and roughly Annonacin is an acetogenin found in extracts of Annona muricata 7-fold range expansion (Soursoup). Annonacin is thought to exhibit anti-inflammatory How physiological and ecological factors determine species' properties which could have implications in the treatment of population levels across space and time remains a fundamental cardiovascular disease and biomaterial rejection. However, question in organismal biology. One important area that has received annonacin is believed to have pro-inflammatory effects, which could little attention is the role of plant macronutrient availability in supersede its beneficial effects. Annonacin was extracted from the determining the success or failure of invasive and sporadically North American pawpaw fruit using Soxhlet Extraction, and verified outbreaking species, such as many insect pests, despite the fact that using IR, NMR, and UV spectroscopy. The pro-inflammatory effects macronutrient balancing has emerged as a key factor regulating of annonacin were determined using Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells animal feeding behavior and performance. Here, we took advantage (BAOECs) cultured with varying concentrations of annonacin and of the first significant population upsurge of the South American the adverse effects on cell growth and morphology were studied. An locust, S. cancellata, in 60 years. Since 2016 large swarms left their established model of cellular inflammation uses TNF to induce an small permanent breeding zone in NW Argentina and invaded accumulation of actin stress fibers. Cells were treated with TNF , Bolivia and Paraguay, as well as an expanded area throughout annonacin, or both. These results demonstrate that annonacin alone Argentina. Our field experiments show that wild S. cancellata increases actin stress fiber accumulation beyond TNF and that there strongly prefer carbohydrate over protein food options, suggesting is a synergistic effect of TNF and annonacin together. Furthermore, that these locusts tend to be carbohydrate limited in contrast to the BAOECs treated with annonacin for 72 h and imaged every 24 h nitrogen limitation hypothesis. Our lab experiments showed that this showed that prolonged exposure to annonacin causes an increase in species self-selected a highly carbohydrate-biased diet when given actin stress fiber production, indicating its pro-inflammatory the option to balance protein and carbohydrate with synthetic diets - a properties. Taken together, the data suggest that annonacin is ratio of 1:2 protein:carbohydrate. However, in both Argentina and pro-inflammatory in vascular endothelial cells which could lead to its Bolivia, we found that relatively few plants can provide this cytotoxic effects. To further understand annonacin's protein:carbohydrate ratio. These patterns are consistent with the pro-inflammatory effects, a THP-1 cell adhesion assay was observed preference for carbohydrate in the field and with our conducted using polyurethane films. THP-1 cells are a hypothesis that obtaining sufficient carbohydrates is a key, limiting monocyte-derived macrophage cell line which model the body's nutrient for these locusts in their permanent breeding zone, and response to biomaterials. Cell attachment to the polyurethane films particularly under range expansion. was not significantly increased when cultured with annonacin. These studies demonstrate that annonacin is pro-inflammatory in the vasculature but does not significantly increase the immune response to biomaterials.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 33 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e34

134-7 CESPEDES, AM*; HOUSLAY, TM ; LAILVAUX, SP; 13-3 CHAI, CM*; STERNBERG, PW; California Institute of University of New Orleans, University of Cambridge; Technology; [email protected] [email protected] Interneuron Control of C. elegans Diapause Entry Individual-level performance trade-offs in male and female Anolis Under adverse environmental conditions, C. elegans larvae can carolinensis lizards choose to enter an alternate stress-resistant diapause state during The ecological requirement for performing multiple whole-organism which metabolic activity and physiological growth are suppressed. C. performance tasks places conflicting demands on organismal elegans constitutively secretes a mixture of dideoxy sugar ascarylose morphology and physiology. These functional conflicts are the basis derivatives that comprise dauer larvae-inducing pheromone and for trade-offs in performance expression. Intraspecific performance serves as a proxy for high conspecific density. This information trade-offs may be masked at the population level, but can become about local competition is integrated with other inputs regarding apparent when measured at the level of the individual. We tested for temperature, food availability, and the worm's internal state to assess individual level trade-offs among three performance traits (sprinting, the environment's suitability for future reproductive growth. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 endurance, and biting) in green anole lizards. Because relationships Although the roles of C. elegans's amphid sensory neuron classes among performance abilities in sexually dimorphic species might be have been studied using laser cell ablation, little is known about the sex-specific, we also test whether these trade-offs differ between contributions of other neuron classes. We hypothesized that the AIA males and females. We found trade-offs between bite force and sprint interneurons are likely to mediate the pheromone-induced dauer speed in females, but among-individual correlations between traits in entry decision as they are major postsynaptic partners of the ASK males showed less obvious patterns. We consider the implications of pheromone-sensing neurons. Using genetic silencing and activation among- and within-individual variation, as well as the effects of techniques, we determined that AIA inhibits dauer entry. We next variation among performance trials, for performance trade-offs. investigated mechanisms of dauer entry decision execution downstream of AIA. Silencing of the AIB interneurons, which are AIA's major postsynaptic partners, decreased dauer entry suggesting that the AIA-AIB synapse is inhibitory. A loss-of-function mutation of the FMRFamide-like neuropeptide FLP-2 has been shown to exhibit a dauer constitutive phenotype, similar to the AIA-silencing phenotype. Using a transcriptional GFP reporter fusion, we confirmed that flp-2 is expressed exclusively in AIA. Furthermore, AIA-specific flp-2 expression in flp-2 mutant background rescued the mutant phenotype. Our results demonstrate a novel role of the AIA interneurons in mediating C. elegans diapause entry and provide insight into the control mechanisms by which AIA orchestrates the decision outcome.

65-1 CHALLITA, EJ*; SINHA, S; KRUGNER, R; BHAMLA, S; 90-5 CHAMPAGNE, CD*; KHUDYAKOV, JI; MCCORMLEY, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States Department of MC; DEYARMIN, JS; HOUSER, DS; CROCKER, DE; National Agriculture; [email protected] Marine Mammal Foundation, Univ. of the Pacific, Sonoma State Insect pee: How glassy-winged sharpshooters excrete ultrafast fluid University; [email protected] droplets Metabolic response to acute and repeated stress in the northern Glassy-winged sharpshooters are agricultural pests that derive elephant seal nourishment by feeding on xylem fluid in plants. Due to the dilute Glucocorticoid release following acute stress causes metabolic nutrient content of xylem fluid, sharpshooters ingest 100-300 times alterations that facilitate the response to, and recovery from, their body weight in xylem fluid per day for deriving adequate immediate stress. Repeated or chronic stress, however, can result in nourishment. To prevent fluidic build-up within their bodies, persistent activation of the stress response with maladaptive sharpshooters continuously excrete fluid in high volumes, creating an consequences. We investigated the metabolic consequences to effect known as "leafhopper rain". Here, we show that sharpshooters repeated stress in a well-studied marine mammal, the northern exploit a power-amplifying mechanism to catapult micron-sized elephant seal, by repeated administration of ACTH over four droplets excrements away from their body. Using high-speed consecutive days. Blood samples were collected for eight hours imaging, we quantitatively describe how sharpshooters use their anal following ACTH administration on days 1 and 4 to characterize the stylus as a biological spring to explosively launch fluid droplets at acute and chronic responses, respectively. The metabolic response to peak accelerations of 150 m/s2. Using simple fluid dynamics-based stress was assessed using non-targeted metabolomics. 388 scaling analysis we also show the physical limits on this mode of biochemicals were detected; of these, 281 compounds of multiple fluidic pumping. Insight into the underlying principles of this classes (e.g. lipids, amino acids) showed a significant change during extreme pump holds potential for understanding disease-transmission the study (p+q<0.05), suggesting a wide-ranging metabolic response. via plant-sucking insects as well design of bio-inspired pumps for Stress induction was associated with lipid mobilization, evidenced by microfluidic applications. increased concentrations of circulating free fatty acids. The magnitude of the circulating lipid response was greater in the acute than in the chronic stress state (p<0.05). Several amino acids (e.g. alanine, lysine, tyrosine) declined during the stress response (p<0.05); without a related increase in TCA cycle or urea cycle intermediates, suggesting either reduced protein catabolism or increased amino acid uptake and resynthesis. Thus, glucocorticoid release may be associated with protein conservation in this fasting adapted species. No single biochemical was unique to acute or chronic stress, but patterns of biochemicals might be useful indicators that distinguish between acute and chronic stress states in this and potentially other species.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 34 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e35

7-6 CHANG, E*; LENTINK, D; Stanford University; 80-4 CHANG, B*; MYOUNG, J; VIROT, E; CLANET, C; KIM, [email protected] H.-Y.; JUNG, S; Virginia Tech, Seoul National University, Harvard A Bio-hybrid Morphing Tail for Vertical Tailless Gliding Flight University, LadHyX, Virginia Tech, Cornell University; Little is known about how birds utilize tail morphing while [email protected] maintaining yaw stability in gliding, maneuvering flight. To address How Aquatic Animals Jump Out of Water this gap in our understanding of avian flight, we developed a flying Many aquatic animals jump out of water to hunt or escape predators. bio-hybrid morphing tail robot that utilizes 12 tail feathers from In this study, we investigate the physical conditions required for pigeons (Columba livia). The articulated tail mechanism is capable of animals to leap out of water. The animals analyzed ranged from 10-3 four degrees of freedom inspired from avian tail motion during flight: to 101 meters in size. We find that the normalized jumping height, spread/furl, elevation/depression, twist, and yaw. The feather motion H/L, scales with animal length as H/L~L-1/3. We elucidate this needed for spreading and furling is accomplished with behavior by balancing power produced by the animal with underactuation, a concept that has been shown to successfully enable drag-induced dissipation. Simplified experiments were conducted Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 feather motion in morphing bird wings. The distal tail feathers are with axisymmetric bodies and a bio-inspired robot, which show some actively actuated and elastic bands that link each feather underactuate effect due to entrained fluid mass. We find that larger ratios of body the remaining feathers. We tested the tail mechanism on a fixed-wing mass to entrained fluid mass will allow jumping heights in a similar robot that logs position and orientation data of the body and tail range as animals. during untethered flight. This work allows us to test theories on bird flight control strategies which will provide inspiration for future supermaneuverable flying robots.

61-4 CHANG, J*; ALFARO, ME; RABOSKY, DL; Univ. of 28-2 CHEAM, D.*; HUEFFMEIER, B.W.; NISHIGUCHI, M.K.; Michigan, Ann Arbor, Univ. of California, Los Angeles; New Mexico State University; [email protected] [email protected] Noshing on Vibrio - How Grazing "Outside the Host" Determines Extending and remixing the complete ray-finned fish tree of life via "Fitness Inside the Host" fishtreeoflife.org Vibrio fischeri can aggregate under stable conditions as a nonmobile The tree of life metaphor has been used since Darwin to depict the community called a biofilm. Certain protozoans have a preference to evolutionary relationships among all organisms. To approach this feed on biofilms depending on the age and type of bacteria within the goal, recent advances in sequencing technology, as well a biofilm community. Protist grazing pressure can have multiple supermatrix and supertree approaches, have helped biologists effects on bacterial biofilms including decreasing growth rates to generated large, well-sampled phylogenies. Using phylogenetic trees triggering defense mechanisms that confer an increase in fitness. V. has been critical for comparative researchers investigating problems fischeri is a bacterial symbiont that resides in the light organs of in ecology, evolution, and biodiversity. Although progress has been sepiolid squids, forming a beneficial association by producing made in accessing phylogenetic resources, there is still a need for a luminescence for a behavior termed counter-illumination. During the resource that is comprehensive, scriptable, and easily accessible by symbiosis, Vibrio bacteria produce biofilms within the squid light researchers of all levels of expertise. We introduce the Fish Tree of organ, allowing them to grow in high cell density, which regulates Life website and R package fishtree, resources to provide convenient luminescence production. Given that Vibrio bacteria form biofilms access to sequences, phylogenies, fossil calibrations, and both outside and inside the squid host, various factors may select for diversification rates for ray-finned fishes. We demonstrate the specific attributes for optimal biofilm production. Therefore, we functionality through its application to phylogenetic inference and examined whether biotic factors (e.g. grazing) outside the squid host comparative studies, and show its ability to integrate with other were important for increasing biofilm production during symbiosis. popular R packages. These tools make access to phylogenies and We measured a total of nine different strains (free-living and diversification data accessible to empiricists. We close by showing symbiotic) of V. fischeri to determine whether free-living or how we are making progress on both automatic and machine-assisted symbiotic strains differed in their ability to form biofilm by curated updates to the fish tree of life. experimentally evolving these strains for 500 generations under protozoan grazing pressure. Early (4 hour) or late (24 hour) biofilms at every 100 generations were subsequently examined for their ability to colonize juvenile squid hosts. V. fischeri are capable of evolving various defense mechanisms due to protist grazing pressure, which eventually effects the fitness during symbiosis with their squid hosts. Results of this study will provide a window to specific trade-offs that occur between abiotic and biotic pressures during environmentally transmitted beneficial associations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 35 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e36

5-1 CHELINI, MC*; EDWARDS, DL; Univ. of California, Merced; 34-6 CHENEY, JA; STEVENSON, JPJ*; DURSTON, NE; [email protected] USHERWOOD, JR; BOMPHREY, RJ; WINDSOR, SP; Royal Vet. Malaria as a Mediator of Sexual Dimorphism in Western Fence College, Hatfield, UK, Univ. of Bristol, UK; Lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) [email protected] Sexual dimorphism is typically treated as a consequence of Avian gust rejection in gliding flight through updrafts sex-specific reproductive benefits. Environmental factors may, Gusts and turbulence present serious challenges to flying birds. In however, determine or modulate the costs and benefits associated to windy conditions, gust magnitudes can be similar to avian flight certain phenotypes. In species distributed along steep environmental speeds, with the potential to cause rapid attitude and flight path gradients, populations may differ in their degree of sexual deviations. Birds appear to counter this by changes to the pose and dimorphism as a consequence of local adaptation. Western fence shape of their wings and tail, which indicates either a strong gust lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) present great variation in size, color mitigation strategy and/or rapid recovery movements. To understand pattern and degree of sexual dimorphism across their distribution. the impact of gusts on birds in steady gliding flight, we flew two Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 This species is often infected with lizard malaria, transmitted by individuals, a barn owl (Tyto alba) and a goshawk (Accipiter Plasmodium mexicanum. Malaria reduces infected males speed, gentilis), along a straight indoor corridor through an acute updraft. aggressiveness, and territoriality, and infects disproportionately more Each flight was recorded using an array of high-speed cameras larger and brightly colored males. Malaria may, therefore, bring a positioned above and below the flight path. We used cost to large and brightly colored males, while reducing the sexual photogrammetric image-matching techniques to reconstruct 3D benefits associated with those traits. We aim to determine the point-clouds of each bird's dynamic surface geometry throughout the influence of malaria on the evolution of intraspecific phenotypic updraft event. Both birds altered their wing morphology and variation by understanding how the spatial structure of the malaria maintained a level flight trajectory with minor changes in attitude; by parasite P. mexicanum relates to phenotypic variation in Western comparison, a stiff-winged model glider of similar scale experienced fence lizards. More specifically, we test the prediction that a large vertical and pitch deviations. We investigate the initial rejection population's degree of sexual dimorphism is inversely related to the of the perturbation by the birds' wings for multiple gust strengths, prevalence of malaria in its environment. By collecting including the relative contributions of rigid-body motion and morphological and ecological data on specimens from across morphing shape-change. For both individuals, wing deflection California, we show that female and male phenotypes respond to appeared to result in body stabilization through aeroelastic environmental variables differently, resulting in intraspecific mechanisms. differences in degree of sexual dimorphism. We also show that the prevalence of malaria is extremely patchy, and relate it to differences in lizard morphology. Our results show that parasites may be an important mediator of sexual selection and that natural selection, through local adaptation, is a potential driver of sexual dimorphism.

15-4 CHILDRESS, M/J*; SMITH, K/M; NOONAN, K/R; 138-7 CHIN, DD*; LENTINK, D; Stanford University; BERTELSEN, R/D; Clemson University, Florida Marine Research [email protected] Institute - FWC; [email protected] Avian locomotion strategies during arboreal foraging Using Acoustic Telemetry to Study Behavior and Habitat Arboreal birds frequently hop and fly among tree branches to search Associations in Stoplight Parrotfish and Caribbean Spiny Lobsters for food. In the process, they must maneuver around intervening Understanding the factors that influence habitat use of coral reef leaves or branches that obstruct flight paths between reliable perches. organisms is increasingly important as reefs shift away from a To understand the tradeoffs in time, effort, and safety made during structurally complex hard coral dominated community to a flattened these flights, we studied voluntary, perch-to-perch flights made by soft coral / sponge dominated community. However, our ability to Pacific parrotlets (Forpus coelestis) in a novel aerodynamic force study fine scale habitat use of marked individuals has been limited to platform. This setup enables direct, in vivo measurements of the inferences drawn from periodic diver census data. Here we describe vertical and horizontal aerodynamic forces produced by the birds the benefits and limitations of using acoustic telemetry data to during flight. To study how birds adapt their flight path when an ascertain measures of den location, habitat use, daily home range, obstacle is present, we compare the aerodynamics and high-speed and social interactions for stoplight parrotfish and Caribbean spiny kinematics of flights made with and without a horizontal string lobsters. Our study focused on a set of nearshore coral patch reefs in obstructing the path between two instrumented perches. These the middle Florida Keys with an array of 32 Vemco VR2 receivers measurements are used to develop a new model for assessing the placed in a hexagonal grid pattern. Individual lobsters and parrotfish implications of their flight strategies on time and energetic cost. The were captured, tagged, and released over four summers from model can be further generalized to analyze locomotion strategies 2015-2018. Diver surveys provided quantitative estimates of reef employed by other animals or improve bimodal robots traversing substrate composition, reef fish abundance, and structural complexity cluttered environments. for a majority of patch reefs within the array. Caribbean spiny lobsters show a clear pattern of homing to a common crevice shelter while often foraging at night in different patches of habitat. Terminal phase stoplight parrotfish tend to have a home range limited to one or two adjacent reefs which can overlap with other supermales. While the physical structure of patch reefs is clearly important to home range sizes and den locations of both lobsters and parrotfish, the abundance and species composition of live hard coral is not a strong predictor of their current habitat use. Thus, the flattening of coral reefs is likely to have significant impacts on the behavior and habitat use of reef organisms.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 36 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e37

23-1 CHIPMAN, AD; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; 111-3 CHISM, G*; FARON, W; DAVIDOWITZ, G; DORNHAUS, [email protected] A; Univ. of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] Oncopeltus, Tribolium, Drosophila - a three-taxon problem for The influence of nest architecture on colony organization in the understanding the evolution of segmentation in insects ant Temnothorax rugatulus Reconstructing a sequence of evolutionary events requires as a No organism, during at least some portion of its life, is free from minimum a comparison among three taxa - two sister taxa and an spatial constraints within their dynamic environments. For some outgroup. For understanding the evolution of segmentation in insects, organisms, a near sessile life history mandates a strategic placement we have three ideally positioned species, which form such a of where they live. Potential constraints can be solved with an three-taxon group: The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the red organism's ‘extended phenotype', or traits that extend into the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum form a sister group relationship environment: for example, in social insects, the nest, built by the within Holometabola, while the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus colony, then can serve as a mechanism for microclimate regulation. forms a hemimetabolous outgroup. We have been focusing on Ants can thus change their local environments to the benefit of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Oncopeltus, dissecting its segmentation process in detail. Our results colony survival. Much attention has been given how organisms shape offer a comparative view and allow a reconstruction of the stages in their extended phenotypes (e.g. nest architecture), while largely the evolution of the different segmentation modes in insects. We ignoring how organisms interpret them. The ant Temnothorax have previously shown that simultaneous segmentation most likely rugatulus provides an ideal model system to investigate the effects of appeared before the origin of Holometabola, and has been lost nest architecture on colony organization, thus providing insight into several times, including in Tribolium. We now add details about the the interactions between nest environment and its occupant. We evolution of different modes of sequential segmentation. We present tested the hypotheses that (i) nest architecture affects worker and the cascade involved in differentiating new segments from a posterior brood spatial distribution, in particular (ii) that nest architecture growth zone, and show that a hierarchy reminiscent of the classical would determine extent and distribution of spatial fidelity zones Drosophila hierarchy is found in sequential segmentation as well. (‘micro-territories') of workers in the nest, and that (iii) nest The cascade begins with primary pair-rule genes followed by architectures promote different worker movement patterns. We use secondary pair-rule genes, which regulate segment polarity genes. space syntax theory (structural accessibility) to determine the The cascade is highly redundant and RNAi phenotypes of most genes influence of the structural network of the nest on the colony are surprisingly minor. This hierarchy was most likely ancestrally of organization. Besides investigating the feedback between nest a single-segment periodicity. However, there is evidence for a architecture and colony organization, our results may provide two-segment periodicity in the differentiation of the segments after implications of nest accessibility on microclimate regulation. their formation in Oncopeltus, perhaps giving a hint to the origin of the pair-rule pattern found in both Tribolium and Drosophila.

52-5 CHMURA, HE*; ZHANG, V; WILBUR, SM; BARNES, BM ; 47-3 CHOU, A*; SAYRE, ME; CRONIN, TW; Univ. of Maryland BUCK, CL; WILLIAMS, CT; Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Northern Baltimore County, Univ. of Arizona; [email protected] Arizona Univ.; [email protected] Structure through the stages: development of the central complex Does the Early Squirrel Get the Girl?: Chronotype in the Arctic in predatory arthropods Ground Squirrel Animal behavior and ecology change with development, often with Chronotypes, or repeatable between-individual differences in altered brain morphology and function. In arthropods, the central circadian behavior and/ or physiology, have been demonstrated in complex (CX) is a highly conserved region involved in sensory numerous taxa, including humans. When important behaviors such integration, action selection, and orientation. In insects, it consists of foraging and mating or periods of rest and activity are timed a protocerebral bridge (PB), a central body (CB) including the differently across individuals, they have the potential to generate fan-shaped body (FB) and ellipsoid body (EB), and paired noduli fitness differences, and may be under both natural and sexual (NO). The timing of CX formation varies among insect taxa, ranging selection. Despite the potential biological importance of individual from embryogenesis to gradual completion postembryonically, chronotypes, few chronotype studies have been conducted in perhaps related to the development of sensory and motor abilities. free-living animals. In this study, we asked what factors regulate Malacostracan crustacean CXs are generally simpler, with a v-shaped activity patterns in free-living arctic ground squirrels and PB and a spindle-shaped CB. However, in members of the order hypothesized that daily burrow immergence and emergence times are Stomatopoda (mantis shrimps), the CX resembles that of insects. influenced by individual chronotype as well as local environmental These marine arthropods possess complex vision and destructive conditions. We tested this expectation by monitoring daily predatory behaviors. They have well-developed, modular PBs and immergence and emergence times of free-living arctic ground CBs and are the only crustaceans known with NO-like paired squirrels using collar mounted light loggers across the 2014-2016 neuropils and an EB-like neuropil below the CB. Unlike adults, spring and summer seasons. We discuss the extent to which daily larvae are planktonic and could have reduced sensory and behavioral patterns of activity exhibit repeatable between-individual differences complexity. However, observations reveal a wider range of motor and how they vary between the sexes and across the active season. control, including prey capture behavior, than most larval We evaluate our findings in light of the changing selective pressures crustaceans. Here, we compare the development of the CX in facing arctic ground squirrels as they transition between periods of Neogonodactlyus oerstedii larvae to that in predatory insect larvae. mate competition, parental care, and preparation for hibernation. Immunolabeling of early stage N. oerstedii larvae with antisera raised against RII (a regulatory subunit of PKA), serotonin, FMRFamide, and GAD (a precursor to GABA) reveals all subunits present in adult CX, including NO-like and EB-like neuropils. However, the v-shaped PB resembles that of other malacostracans. This is the first description of CX development in a crustacean - one with spectacular vision and behavior - and provides a basis for comparing CX neural development in two distantly related taxa with similar feeding ecologies.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 37 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e38

77-1 CHOUDHURY, M; MCCLEARY, RJR*; KESHERWANI, M; 93-1 CHUN, C*; BISWAS, T; BHANDAWAT, V; Duke Univ., KINI, RM; VELMURUGAN, D; University of Madras, Stetson Loyola Univ. of New Orleans; [email protected] University, National University of Singapore; General Template Model for Insect Locomotion [email protected] Despite vast differences in animals' size and number of legs, the A Multi-Technique Comparison of the Venoms of Two trajectory of the center of mass (CoM) during locomotion can be Medically-Important Elapid Snakes, the Indian Cobra (Naja naja) described with simple mechanical models. For example, when and the Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) running, cockroach and human decelerate to the lowest speed at In some areas of the world, bites from venomous snakes cause midstance, which can be modeled as a spring-loaded inverted significant human mortality and morbidity. In India, it is estimated pendulum (SLIP). Here, we investigated the locomotion of that ~81,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes per year, which Drosophila because a recent study showed that its slow speed includes ~11,000 mortalities. A large percentage of these bites are imposed a challenge to SLIP, and because we wanted to leverage its attributed to four species of snakes, but studies of the venoms of versatile genetic toolbox to obtain a deeper insight into control of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 those species are sparse. We used three different proteomics insect locomotion. Through automated data acquisition and techniques to characterize the venom proteomes of two of the major processing, we analyzed >1000 steps at a range of speeds; at all species involved, the Indian cobra (Naja naja) and the common krait speeds, flies predominantly used a tripod gait. We found that the fly's (Bungarus caeruleus), both of which belong to the family Elapidae. CoM was at its highest height and speed at midstance. Since this Techniques included: 1) in-solution tryptic digestion of crude kinematics was inconsistent with SLIP, we used a new model - venoms followed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry angular and radial spring-loaded inverted pendulum (ARSLIP) - (ESI-LC-MS/MS), 2) in-gel tryptic digestion of venom components which is a modified SLIP with an angular spring ankle. The that were separated by protein gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combination of angular and radial spring could either decelerate or followed by ESI-LC-MS/MS, and 3) in-solution tryptic digestion of accelerate CoM before midstance, and therefore could model a range venom components separated via gel filtration chromatography of CoM kinematics including those of both cockroach and fly. For followed by ESI-LC-MS/MS. The use of multiple techniques allowed each step, we also estimated spring constants of ARSLIP from a for identification of a greater number of protein toxins than were spread of tripod legs by assuming a tripod as a point mass supported recovered by any single technique alone, although the relative by three springy legs. The estimated values matched values increase by any one technique was different between the two snake optimized to fly kinematics. We also examined the role of sensory species. Overall, 81 and 46 different proteins were detected in the feedback by silencing sensory neurons in the legs. Interestingly, the venoms of N. naja and B. caeruleus, respectively, and Naja naja sensory deprived flies maintained tripod gait and had similar venom was more complex than B. caeruleus venom. Although the kinematics to the wild type flies. In sum, the diverse kinematics three-finger toxin and phospholipase A2 families were highly observed in insects represent different regimes of the ARSLIP model, represented in both venoms, the specific percentages were different and the basic characteristics of insect locomotion is created through between the two, as were the presence or absence of other toxin feedforward signals and mechanics of a tripod. families. These results give a greater understanding of the complexity and composition of the venoms of these two important snake species.

2-1 CHUNG, AK*; COX, RM; COX, CL; Georgia Southern 35-2 CINEL, SD*; KAWAHARA, AY; TAYLOR, SJ; University of University, Univ. of Virginia; [email protected] Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, Illinois Natural History Ontogenetic increases in sex-biased gene expression vary across Survey; [email protected] tissues in a sexually dimorphic lizard Transcriptomic signals of cellular stress in fall armyworm Sexually dimorphic species produce distinct male and female (Spodoptera frugiperda; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) brain tissue after phenotypes from a single, shared genome, which can be achieved prolonged auditory exposure to bat calls through sex-specific regulation of gene expression. Although Predation risk induces behavioral and physiological responses that sex-biased gene expression is generally predicted to increase over have traditionally been considered acute and transitory. However, ontogeny as male and female phenotypes diverge, this pattern should prolonged or frequent exposure to predators and their cues can be most pronounced in tissues that contribute to the most extreme impact long-term prey physiology and demographics. For instance, aspects of sexual dimorphism. However, most previous some moths are equipped with tympana that allow the perception of characterizations of sex-biased gene expression have looked at either ultrasonic bat calls. Past research indicates some moths experience 1) multiple tissues at a single time point or 2) single tissues at altered fitness and physiology after exposure to synthetic ultrasound, multiple time points, thus ignoring how sex-specific development is but the ecological relevance of these findings is not yet understood. coordinated across multiple tissues over time. In the brown anole, a Here, we exposed 4 adult male fall armyworm (Spodoptera lizard that exhibits extreme sexual size dimorphism, we used frugiperda; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths to either silence or RNA-Seq to analyze liver, muscle, and brain transcriptomes at 1, 4, sporadic recorded ultrasonic bat calls for 8 hrs and then constructed a 8, and 12 months of age to simultaneously characterize sex-, age-, combined de novo transcriptome based on dissected brain tissue. and tissue-specificity of gene expression. We predicted that 1) Using differential expression (DE) and Gene Ontology (GO) sex-biased gene expression would increase during ontogeny, 2) these enrichment analyses, we identified 305 DE transcripts and 15 ontogenetic increases in sex-biased expression would differ between overrepresented GO terms in cue-exposed individuals. The annotated tissues, and 3) growth-regulatory gene networks would be more DE transcripts represented broad functional protein-coding mRNAs sex-biased in liver and muscle than in brain. We found that in the brain, including those related to neurotransmitter metabolism, sex-biased gene expression increased during development, but that ionotropic receptor expression, mitochondrial metabolism, protein the trajectory of this ontogenetic increase in sex-biased expression chaperone activity, antioxidant activity, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, varied between tissues. We also found that sex-biased expression of chromatin binding, epigenetic methylation, axon guidance, and growth genes increased sharply during development in the liver and neural development. The five most overrepresented GO terms muscle, but not the brain. Our results confirm that sex-biased gene included chromatin binding, macromolecular complex binding, expression increases throughout ontogeny, but also show that glutamate (Glu) synthase activity, Glu metabolic process, and Glu tissue-specific trajectories need to be considered when examining the biosynthetic process. As a first assessment of auditory predator cues relationship between sex-biased gene expression and sexual on transcriptional responses in the brains of moth prey, these results dimorphism. suggest exposure to cues of bat presence alone can influence long-term stress physiology of ‘eared' moth prey.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 38 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e39

S2-9 CIVITELLO, DJ*; MALISHEV, M; Emory University; 128-1 CLIFTON, GT*; HOLWAY, D; GRAVISH, N; Univ. of [email protected] California, San Diego, UCSD; [email protected] Scaling bioenergetic theory to predict the population dynamics of Large-scale, Automated Tracking of Ant Walking Reveals human schistosomes and intermediate snail hosts Kinematic Mechanisms Underlying Speed Constraints on Uneven Observations that the outcome of infection for individual hosts Ground depends on ecological factors such as age, sex, resource availability, Ants walk long distances to find food and defend territories. Yet, the and environmental stressors form the foundation of ecological substrates they experience are typically rugged and uneven, immunology. However, it remains challenging to scale potentially challenging locomotion performance. Because ant individual-level patterns, and their underlying mechanisms, up to the walking speed and energetics have significant ecological and level of populations or ecological communities. Despite this evolutionary implications, ants are a useful system to study kinematic challenge, scaling eco-immunology up to the population and modulation on rough ground. Here we combine laboratory studies of community level could greatly enhance our understanding of the walking kinematics with ecologically-relevant field preference Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 ecological dynamics of disease, feedbacks among parasitism and experiments to understand how walking patterns and preferences other ecological interactions, and the eco-epidemiological vary with substrate. A custom automated camera system recorded consequences of anthropogenic impacts and disease control efforts. over 8000 high-speed videos of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) Here we use Individual Based Models (IBMs) based on general walking on 3D-printed substrates with a checkerboard pattern of metabolic theory [Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB)] theory to scale varying step width (1, 3 and 5 mm, 1 mm step height). Although ants from individual infection dynamics (time-explicit life-history on rough substrates could occasionally reach the faster speeds trajectories of growth, reproduction, parasite production, and death) observed on flat ground, they demonstrated a strong speed constraint to epidemiological dynamics using the major human parasite, while walking on rough substrates, particularly those with Schistosoma mansoni, and its intermediate host snail, Biomphalaria checkerboard widths smaller than their 3-4 mm body length (median glabrata. At the individual level, low resource supply and/or intense speed decreased by 21%, 20%, and 12% on 1, 3, and 5 mm resource competition greatly reduces parasite production by infected respectively compared to flat ground). An automated, deep-learning snails. At the population level, our DEB-IBM predicts brief, but method tracked limb kinematics during >210,000 strides, revealing intense periods of parasite production, and therefore human risk, that rough substrates both increased variability in foot placement (by when resources become abundant, i.e., early in seasonal 60, 70, and 44% respectively compared to flat ground) and shifted environments, following pulses of resource enrichment, or after the proportion of disrupted strides (from 5% on flat ground to 24%, attempts at snail elimination. These more nuanced, 18%, and 12% on 1, 3, and 5 mm substrates). This study represents a individually-based epidemiological predictions can identify specific highly-detailed investigation of ant locomotion and limb kinematics conditions, times of the year, and periods of elevated risk to better on uneven ground. Our findings have the potential to explain track ecological feedbacks of disease management and improve the observed ecological patterns, inform conservation guidelines, and prevention of human risk for schistosome infection. inspire new robotic control strategies.

125-5 CLISSOLD, FJ*; WOODMAN, JD; WILSON, K; SIMPSON, 39-1 CLISSOLD, FJ*; WOODMAN, JD; WILSON, K; SIMPSON, SJ; The University of Sydney, Department of Agriculture and Water SJ; The University of Sydney, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Lancaster University; [email protected] Resources, Lancaster University; [email protected] The influence of temperature on nutrient supply and demand: host The interactive impact of temperature and nutrition on disease plant quality is temperature dependent resistance Population dynamics of herbivorous insects are strongly correlated Temperature and nutrition influence the growth and development of with climate, largely through the influence of temperature on all organisms, with the interaction between insects and their diseases physiological processes and rainfall on food quality. Using being very complex. For locusts, body temperature influences their Australian plague locusts, we have quantified diet quality across its rate of development along with the nutritional resources extracted temperature range. Rates of development are most influenced by from their host plants (through differential digestion) and the growth temperature, and growth by diet. The slowest developing and rates of any microbes or pathogens they harbor. We quantified the smallest insects occurred when feeding on diets high in carbohydrate growth and development the Australian plague locust and the fungus and low in protein, and when ingestion rates were most reduced. Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, across a range of temperatures While diet quality at any given temperature can be quantified using and diets. Heat maps demonstrated the thermal and nutritional chemically defined foods, measuring the chemical composition of optima's for both the locust and the fungus differ significantly, with a leaves does not provide an indication of the quality of that leaf to an little overlap. At constant temperatures the locust can only complete insect herbivore. From a range of native and improved pasture its life cycle between 26-44 oC with growth being fastest and heaviest grasses we found the rate protein and carbohydrate were supplied, at 41 oC on a slightly carbohydrate biased diet, while the fungus varied independently and non-linearly with temperature. Typically, grows fastest at 26 oC on a protein-biased diet, with no detectable Australian plague locusts were able to gain an optimal ratio of growth below 15 or above 35 oC. However, the fungus is able to ‘kill' protein to carbohydrate at their thermal optima because at this its host as it can withstand both high and low temperatures for at least temperature protein was extracted with lowest efficiency but a month and when returned to its temperature optima, is able to grow. carbohydrate with highest efficiency. However, the rates of supply of Thus, the fungus survives due to daily temperature fluctuations, all nutrients scaled in a plant specific manner with temperature. Thus, which it exploits, eventually overwhelming the locust. host plant quality is temperature dependent, or conversely, dietary fitness is optimized at a specific temperature for a given plant. These results highlight the complexity of ecological interactions. For highly mobile insects such as locusts, what may appear to be a nutritional complex environment may not be, if there is thermal heterogeneity.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 39 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e40

32-5 COHEN, KC*; WELLER, HI; SUMMERS, AP; University of 126-5 COLE, JM*; VAN BELLEGHEM, SM; COUNTERMAN, Washington , Brown University ; [email protected] BA; Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, University of Getting to the tooth of the matter: a statistical test for functional Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; [email protected] homodonty The influence of demographic history on heterogeneous patterns of Teeth tell a story of the interaction between predator and prey. If the genomic divergence in an incipient Heliconius species teeth in a jaw look the ‘same' we call them homodont; and if there is Identifying the forces responsible for driving genomic divergence distinct regional specialization in size or shape they are heterodont. between incipient species remains a challenging but central area of These are vague terms with no useful functional implication. Tooth research in evolutionary biology. Such forces can include divergent shape affects function and has been explicitly tested and modeled - natural selection, but also the historical demography of interacting conical teeth are good for piercing, molariform teeth for crushing, populations. Population size changes and variable migration rates can and serrated teeth cut well. We are interested in the concept of lead to the accumulation of heterogeneous genomic differences homodonty and the conical tooth. There is a great deal of variation in between populations despite the absence of selection. Thus, a major Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 the shape and placement of conical teeth. Anterior teeth may be goal in speciation genomics research is to disentangle these forces by larger than posterior ones, larger teeth may be surrounded by small modeling the demographic history. Populations of the neotropical ones, and patches of teeth may all have the same size and shape. We butterfly genus Heliconius provide an ideal system to study the consider the pressure that a tooth can exert on prey; as often pressure effects of population demography during divergence. Heliconius is what leads to prey failure. We can calculate pressure from surface himera is considered an incipient species within the Heliconius erato area and the distance a given tooth is along the jaw. Functional clade that displays increased genome-wide levels of divergence with homodonty is then defined as all the teeth along the jaw neighboring H. erato populations. Here, we use diffusion simulations bearing/exerting similar stress values despite position. We find to model the demographic scenarios that could potentially impact conical teeth are functionally homodont when larger teeth are patterns of genomic divergence between hybridizing incipient species surrounded by smaller teeth. Suggesting a functional advantage to H. erato and H. himera. Demographic modeling shows that both having a number of smaller teeth surrounding a singular large tooth. species experienced bottlenecks in their recent histories, followed by We hypothesize this tooth placement may allow an individual to grab limited expansion in H. himera and much larger expansion on H. prey upon puncture, rather than tear through and that smaller teeth erato. Models of species divergence supported a period of isolation quickly dissipate large stress forces away from the larger tooth. between the species, followed by secondary contact with H. erato However, what constrains this system, as there is not an unlimited populations west of the Andes. Further analysis showed there was an amount of teeth that can exist along the jaw. Moreover, teeth at the excess of introgression from H. erato in the H. himera population. back of the jaw have little effect on the performance of teeth at the These results highlight the importance of demographic history in front of the jaw. We hypothesize that there is an optimal distance and shaping heterogeneous patterns of genomic divergence between surface area of smaller conical teeth in relation to larger teeth in hybridizing species. functionally homodont dentition.

66-7 COLEMAN, A; SCOTT, DE; CAPPS, KA; PARK, AW; 50-1 COLLINS, EE*; HALANYCH, KM; MAHON, AR; Central LANCE, SL*; Univ. of Georgia; [email protected] Michigan Univ., Auburn Univ.; [email protected] Environmental Factors Outweigh Community Ecology in Phylogeny of sea spider (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) families Ranavirus Transmission determined with mitochondrial genomes Understanding how biodiversity influences pathogen occurrence has Globally distributed pycnogonids, sea spiders, are a speciose global implications for predicting disease outbreaks and preventing chelicerate clade with 10 putative extant families. There is general additional biodiversity loss. The dilution effect hypothesis suggests agreement concerning both morphology and molecular data that sea that more diverse communities constrain pathogen spread through spiders are within chelicerate Arthropods. Evolutionary patterns several mechanisms and recent meta-analyses suggest that the within Pycnogonida, particularly between families, remain dilution effect is common. However, few studies of diversity-disease unresolved due to unique morphological traits and highly reduced relationships have addressed the role of physiochemical properties forms. To date, the relationships between pycnogonid clades is that can influence community assembly and affect host and pathogen poorly understood and a consensus on phylogeny within the group is physiology. We used a system characterized by a multi-host lacking. There have been two previous studies, which produced pathogen, Ranavirus (RV), and complex assemblages of amphibians contrasting topologies for interrelationships between pycnogonid residing in ephemeral wetlands to quantify the relative contributions families. One study used morphological characteristics and six of biotic and abiotic factors on infection risk. We characterized the molecular loci, whereas the other was based solely on 18S rRNA amphibian communities for 20 ephemeral wetlands and investigated sequence data. To further resolve evolutionary relationships between the relationship between amphibian communities and ranavirus major groups of sea spiders, we sequenced 13 mitochondrial prevalence. We captured over 30,000 individual amphibians genomes, representing most recognized sea spider families to representing 23 species and quantified presence of ranavirus in a reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. This effort included 10 groups subset. Ranavirus prevalence varied significantly across species and not previously sequenced and greatly increased the available mtDNA wetlands. Based on boosted regression tree analyses, environmental genome data for pycnogonids. Bayesian inference based on amino variables including canopy cover and water and air temperature are acid sequences of protein coding genes indicated that all recognized the most important factors driving ranavirus occurrence. We saw no families with more than one individual represented were evidence of a dilution effect and no measure related to community monophyletic. The order of protein coding genes is consistent ecology had a relative influence greater than 5%. Numerous factors between all sea spider mitogenomes except for Nymphon gracile. related to abundances of species each had low relative influence and Rearrangement is more common in tRNA coding sequences and their combined influence suggests a role for community ecology in occurs in six individuals from for families in this dataset. Monophyly ranavirus dynamics. Still, the influence of environmental factors of all individuals from the same family and high posterior appears to be more important in determining patterns of ranavirus probabilities for all clades support the use of mitochondrial genomes infection on the landscape. for detection of sea spider phylogenetic position at the family level.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 40 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e41

4-2 COLOMBARA, A.M.*; CHADWICK, N.E.; Auburn University; 62-7 COLSTON, TJ*; UL-HASAN, S; Florida State University, [email protected] University of California, Merced; [email protected] Impact of thermal stressors on growth and physiology of the iVAMP: An Initiative for Studying the Venom-Associated tropical sea anemone Bartholomea annulata Microbiome and Its Biological Significance Thermal stress driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions can cause Approximately 15% of Earth's animal biodiversity produce toxins often lethal thermal stress to organisms in marine environments. delivered through a mechanical feature for prey capture and/or Determining effects of thermal stress in tropical reef organisms is defense. Collectively referred to as venoms, these toxins and their vital because coral reefs represent the most biodiverse and sophisticated delivery have convergently evolved between vastly economically valuable marine ecosystems. Corkscrew sea anemones different taxonomic groups. Due to (i) the pharmacological potential Bartholomea annulata form complex symbiotic relationships on of these toxins and (ii) human health concerns presented by certain Caribbean reefs, creating mutualistic cleaning networks that enhance taxa (e.g. venomous snakes and spiders), efforts to understand the reef fish diversity. We examined effects of thermal stress on host evolutionary processes underlying the diversification of venomous Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 polyp growth and respiration, and on the abundance and organisms and the functional aspects of their venom have expanded. photosynthetic rate of endosymbiotic microalgae in corkscrew Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies make the anemones. Our results indicate that elevated seawater temperature acquisition of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic information (32°C) causes a significant decline in both host anemone body size more feasible as part of these efforts and provide the key to and microalgal abundance within the host (bleaching), but an unlocking a wealth of knowledge not only on venomous animals, but increase in chlorophyll concentration in the remaining microalgal also their associated "microbiome." Despite the parallel advances of cells. Anemones grow maximally at optimal coral reef temperatures these fields as an outcome of utilizing NGS, a disconnect between of ~22-25°C, but relatively low temperature (18°C) also decreases Venomics and Host-Associated Microbiomes persists. Most anemone body size and microalgal abundance. The physiological overlapping studies identify anti-microbial components in venom, mechanisms underlying these changes may involve a complex with little investigation of microbial interactions in the specialized interplay between metabolic processes, in that temperature extremes glands or venom. These studies either focus on easily culturable significantly reduce photosynthetic rate whereas temperature species or exclude the wildtype microbial community as a control. increases significantly enhance respiration rate. These data have We thus present the current knowledge of the microbial diversity important implications for understanding physiological processes known to be associated with venom as an introduction to our under stress in non-calcifying cnidarians, for application to coral reef interdisciplinary group of more than 25 researchers worldwide that conservation management under future climate change scenarios. are currently working to establish high-throughput pipelines, standardized methodologies, and an open-source platform for all interested in studying the biological significance of the venom microbiome.

104-4 COMBES, SA*; BADGER, MA; GAGLIARDI, SF; 38-6 CONITH, AJ*; LAM, DT; ALBERTSON, RC; Univ. of WARGIN, AH; FLORES, MS; Univ. of California, Davis; Massachusetts Amherst; [email protected] [email protected] Muscle-Induced Loading as a Major Source of Variation in Inferring real-world flight conditions from high-throughput Craniofacial Skeletal Shape preference tests: bumblebees display partiality for particular The shape of the craniofacial skeleton is constantly changing through features of wind and clutter ontogeny, and reflects a balance between developmental patterning Foraging bumblebees regularly fly through environments filled with and mechanical-load induced remodeling. Muscles are a major varying wind and clutter. In lab settings we can impose challenging contributor to producing the mechanical environment that is crucial flight conditions, but whether wild bees choose to avoid some for "normal" skull development. Here we use an F5 hybrid conditions by altering their routes through natural habitats remains population of Lake Malawi cichlids to characterize the strength and unknown. We performed a series of automated, high-throughput types of associations between craniofacial bones and muscles. We choice experiments, in which colonies of Bombus impatiens could focus on four bones/bone complexes, with different developmental forage for nectar at the end of a dual-channel tunnel. The tunnel had origins, alongside four muscles with distinct functions. We use small fans to induce flow in each channel independently, as well as micro-computed tomography to extract 3D information on bones and removable obstacle fields containing arrays of either small (1/4-inch muscles. 3D geometric morphometrics and volumetric measurements diameter) or large (1-inch diameter) vertical posts staggered to were used to characterize bone and muscle shape, respectively. induce maneuvering, with equal minimum gap distances between Linear regressions were then performed to test for associations obstacles. We altered conditions in the two channels and collected between bone shape and muscle volume. We identified three types of 120 short video segments each day. We tested whether bees display a associations between muscles and bones: weak, strong direct (i.e., preference for flying through large vs. small obstacles, and whether muscles insert directly onto bone), and strong indirect (i.e., bone is the presence or direction of wind alters this preference. We used an influenced by muscles without a direct connection). In addition, we automated program to identify and track bees in videos, yielding show that whereas the shape of some bones are relatively robust to more than 15,000 tracked flights. Bees exhibited a consistent muscle-induced mechanical stimulus, others appear to be highly preference for flying between small obstacles as opposed to large sensitive to muscular input, both direct and indirect. Our results ones, despite this requiring them to pass through more obstacles. This imply that the roles for muscular input on skeletal shape extend preference could be overturned, however, based on the direction of beyond specific points of origin or insertion, and hold significant wind: bees displayed a strong preference for flying upwind or potential to influence broader patterns of craniofacial geometry. through still air as opposed to flying downwind, regardless of the Thus, changes in the loading environment, either as a normal course type of clutter present. Taken together, these results suggest that a of ontogeny or if an organism is exposed to a novel environment, variety of factors, including the direction of air flow and the size may have pronounced and unexpected effects on skeletal shape. scale of clutter may affect microhabitat use and determine the flight conditions actually experienced by wild bees.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 41 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e42

AMS-1 CONN, David-Bruce; Berry College, Mount Berry, GA and 20-6 CONNORS, PK*; LIGHT, JE; TANIS, BP; DREW, JA; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; [email protected] ANDERSON, CN; HINDE, K; Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Texas Functional Morphology Meets Infectious Disease Epidemiology: A&M Univ., College Station, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, How Parasitic Flatworms Move Between and Within Hosts Columbia Univ., New York, Dominican Univ., River Forest, Arizona The emerging integrative field of One Health science departs from State Univ., Tempe; [email protected] traditional focus on disease as malady and conceptualizes infection as March Mammal Madness: a Story about Science and Social Media natural organismal and ecological process. Our research over 3 Since 2013, the blog "Mammals Suck… Milk" has featured a virtual decades has utilized electron, light and confocal microscopy to combat competition among 65 species of animals in a virtual examine reproduction and development of parasitic worms that tournament called March Mammal Madness, in honor of the NCAA constitute strategies for dispersal in the environment between hosts College Basketball March Madness Championship Tournament. The and optimize targeted colonization of specific sites within hosts. competition started as a thought experiment among colleagues and Studying cestodes and trematodes from basal to highly derived taxa, has become a pedagogical innovation that engages people from Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 we have demonstrated wide variation in structural and developmental around the globe by creatively integrating scientific literature, strategies that facilitate dispersal and colonization. These range from original artwork, and digital technologies. Briefly, the winners of specialized embryonic and larval structures to highly plastic simulated animal battles are determined by a probabilistic function of morphogenesis of both reproductive and somatic systems. Our the two species' attributes within a preselected or randomized habitat. newest results analyzed in this synthetic review include: embryonic Scientific literature is cited to substantiate likely outcomes should the structures of Gyrocotyle urna (from European marine fish); two species encounter one another. Battles are "live-tweeted" by a embryonic and larval structures of 4 microphalloid digenean species team of scientists and battle summaries are available afterwards (from Eurasian frogs); uterine and extrauterine structures of through various virtual media, including Facebook and a library Thysanotaenia congolensis (from African rodents); serial multistage guide created by Arizona State University. Throughout the larval structures of Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (from North multi-week competition, participants learn about biological concepts American freshwater fish); aberrant neoplastic structures of including inter-species interactions, how natural selection has shaped Hymenolepis nana (juveniles/adults from humans) and adaptations, conservation management, and the significance of both Mesocestoides and Spirometra (juveniles from mammals, birds, arts and sciences in education. Here, we summarize the success of the reptiles and amphibians on 6 continents). The latter are examples of latest championship (#2018MMM) by estimating the potential impact malignant transformation (cancer) in invertebrates, which becomes of broadcasting research through social media and classrooms, and highly pathogenic and ultimately deadly to the host as the parasite by sharing reactions from participants. Our estimates strongly becomes uncontrollably invasive. Taken together, these examples suggest that more people are participating in the championship every demonstrate remarkable evolutionary and developmental plasticity year, likely promoting one goal of the competition to inspire awe for among flatworms that have undertaken infection of vertebrate hosts the natural world. as a life strategy.

46-5 CORN, KA*; MARTINEZ, CM; WAINWRIGHT, PC; Univ. of 98-2 CORNELIUS RUHS, E*; PIERSMA, T; CHASTEL, O; California, Davis; [email protected] VÉZINA, F; Université du Quèbec à Rimouski, NIOZ Royal Feeding mode and prey type affect cranial mobility in coral reef Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and University of Groningen, fishes Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; [email protected] Skull mobility, including the iconic ability to protrude the upper jaw, Triidothyronine is associated with heat production but not energy is a classic feature of teleost feeding systems. However, the broader intake in a long-distance migratory shorebird relationship between cranial mobility and the many strategies teleost Triiodothyronine (T3) is considered a regulatory hormone of fishes use to capture their prey is unclear. Coral reef fishes show thermoregulation in mammals and birds; however, its influence on exceptional trophic diversity, ranging from algal scraping in maximal heat production (Summit metabolic rate, Msum) remains parrotfishes to hyper-extended suction of invertebrates in slingjaw unknown. Thyroid hormones are also thought to be linked to food wrasses, and thus make an excellent system to explore how feeding consumption. In cold environments both metabolic rate and food ecology has affected the evolution of cranial mobility. We assembled intake naturally increase to support thermoregulatory demands. It is a dataset from high speed video recordings of suction feeding strikes therefore difficult to tease apart the role of T3 in heat production or in 34 species of coral reef fishes that span a range of reliance on energy turnover, separately. We studied indoor captive red knots suction to biting. We used landmark morphometrics to quantify (Calidris canutus islandica) maintained under two thermal treatments cranial kinesis as a trajectory of skull shape change during the (cold and thermoneutrality) and at a natural photoperiod over a feeding strike from the initial closed mouth to maximum gape. complete annual cycle. In the spring, the birds underwent a Species that rely on biting have consistently lower kinesis than hyperphagic phase, which allowed us to tease apart the role of T3 in habitual suction feeders. Among suction feeders, we find heat production and energy turnover. We predicted that if T3 is differentiation between suction strikes characterized by high buccal mainly involved in energy turnover, we would observe a peak in T3 expansion, commonly piscivores, and those characterized by high during the hyperphagic phase for both thermal treatments and there jaw protrusion, commonly zooplanktivores, indicating that the would be no relationship between T3 and Msum. In contrast, if T3 is challenges specific to feeding on different prey can lead to mainly involved in thermogenic capacity, then cold-acclimated birds modifications to the mobility of different components of the feeding would maintain higher T3 levels and T3 would correlate positively apparatus. In contrast, most fishes that primarily rely on biting in with Msum but we would not observe a peak for either treatment their natural feeding behavior show low levels of kinesis, which may during hyperphagia. Our results did not show a peak in T3 during the reflect adaptations that result in enhanced stability of jaw elements hyperphagic phase for red knots held at cold or thermoneutral for force transmission and loss of skeletal mobility. Overall, we find conditions. Further, Msum was positively correlated with T3 levels. evidence for reduced kinesis in fishes that rely on biting and that These results are consistent with T3 playing a significant role in among suction feeders, prey type may affect evolution of skull metabolic heat production. The correlation between energy turnover mobility. and thyroid hormones is likely resulting from cold environments requiring increases in both energy intake and heat production.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 42 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e43

33-6 COST, IN*; ECHOLS, MS; MIDDLETON, KM; HOLLIDAY, 75-4 COSTA, DP*; KIENLE, SS; TRUMBLE, SJ; KANATOUS, S; CM; U of Missouri, Echols Veterinary Services; GOEBEL, ME; KRAUSE, D; Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, [email protected] Baylor University, Colorado State University, NOAA Southwest Assessing the Biomechanical Environment of an Extinct Parrot Fisheries Science Ctr; [email protected] (Psittaciformes) Using Extant Parrot Models Foraging Ecology of the Leopard Seal Cranial biomechanics are an understudied aspect of avian functional The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly changing habitats morphology despite numerous studies conducted on model organisms in the world. Although marine mammals have evolved diverse life such as Darwin's Finches and birds of prey. One of the most history patterns and physiologies to accommodate extreme biomechanically understudied but widespread groups of birds are the fluctuations in the physical and biological environment, their ability parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes). Globally distributed and representing to cope with rapidly changing habitats in the Antarctic Peninsula is numerous ecological niches, parrots represent a diverse array of not well understood. To better understand the ability of the leopard feeding biomechanics despite similar cranial morphology. This seal, an apex predator in the Antarctic ecosystem, to cope with a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 similar morphology is optimized to dissipate stresses and mobilize changing environment, we examined the foraging behavior and the craniofacial hinge to increase the gape size available to parrots. habitat utilization of leopard seals using satellite telemetry. We We biomechanically tested finite element models (FEM) of 7 genera successfully deployed 10 satellite-linked tracking devices on 3 adult of parrots (Strigops, Nestor, Melopsittacus, Psittacus, Deroptyus, male, 6 adult female, and one juvenile female leopard seal on Cape Brotogeris) and an outgroup species (Falco) that exhibit disparate Shirreff Livingston Island, Antarctica during April-May 2018. Three diets including: folivory, omnivory, frugivory and granivory, and of the ten leopard seals remained within the South Shetland Islands, carnivory. Our FEMs were constructed with individual palatal while two female seals transited hundreds of kilometers to the elements linked by joint materials, biomechanically relevant northeast, and one paused at South Georgia Island. The telemetry constraints, and forces estimated using BoneLoad workflow for tags also provided dive behavior currently being collected and individual muscles. Posterior bilateral bite points were used to analyzed. These diving and movement data are providing insight into produce maximum bite force and approximate parrot feeding the habitat requirements of this Antarctic top predator. Information behavior. We used the FEM results as benchmarks to analyze the on leopard seal dive behavior and habitat requirements are important environment of the extinct parrot Conuropsis carolinensis, which had ecological predictors in the face of climate change. a known diet consisting of mostly seeds and fruits. As the only parrot native to North America, we hypothesized that Conuropsis would exhibit a stress profile similar to those of Deroptyus and Brotogeris; South American fruit and seed eating parrots. We found that Conuropsis is morphologically similar to other parrots and biomechanically similar to other granivorous parrots, regardless of phylogenetic proximity. Our innovative modelling methods show that extant and extinct biomechanical environments can be accurately recreated, described, and compared.

126-4 COUNTERMAN, BA*; FENNER, JL; Mississippi State 95-8 COWART, JR*; ARNOLD, DM; STANTON, DL; VAN DER University; [email protected] HORST, G; LARKIN, ILV; University of Florida, Gainesville, Plasticity, hybridization and speciation on the Dogface butterfly University of Florida, Lake Alfred, University of the Western Cape, wing South Africa; [email protected] When two species successfully hybridize, there is potential for the A Comparative Structural Analysis of Spermatozoa From Three hybrids to be isolated from the parental species, ecologically and/or Evolutionarily-Related Species: the Manatee, Elephant, and Hyrax reproductively, and to establish themselves as a new, hybrid species. Sperm characteristics, such as morphology and ultrastructure, Here, we re-visit a putative case of hybrid speciation among Dogface constitute distinctive, evolutionary features of each individual butterflies originally described in 1914 that has remained unexplored. species. Therefore, the spermatozoon is a useful element for studying The putative hybrids were described from a population in the San the evolution of a particular species as well as the phylogenetic Bernardino mountains of Southern California, where the Southern relationships between species. This study compared spermatozoal Dogface (Zerene cesonia) and California Dogface (Zerene eurydice) characteristics from three related species, the manatee, elephant, and have potential to come into contact. After successfully re-discovering hyrax, to further explore evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships. the population with intermediate wing color patterns and the putative Morphology and morphometry were analyzed using a Sperm Class hybrid zone, we used a combination of comparative morphometrics Analyzer computer-aided sperm analysis system (CASA) and of male genitalia and wing color patterns, population genomics, ultrastructure was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron interspecific crosses and phenotypic plasticity experiments to test microscopy. Many ultrastructural similarities were found to exist alternative hypotheses for the origin of the putative hybrid population between all three species. Each of the three species exhibited similar with intermediate wing color patterns. Genomic and morphometrics mitochondrial numbers, acrosomal coverage, and a unique similarity showed little evidence of recent hybridization, yet laboratory crosses in the size of the outer dense fibers with an enlargement of 1, 2, 5 and between the species yielded fertile F1. These findings suggest that 6. However, marked differences were apparent in the hyrax although hybridization and gene flow may be possible, it occurs at a spermatozoon. The hyrax spermatozoon was notably different in both very low frequency for an extended period of time, and the morphometry and overall shape and lacked a distinct diminishment intermediate population is not composed of recently generated along the equatorial acrosomal region, which was apparent in both intraspecific hybrids. Alternatively, by rearing butterflies in colder the manatee and elephant. While many similarities exist, which conditions we were able to generate intermediate wing patterns highlights the unique phylogenetic relationship between these three similar to those found in the putative hybrid zone. Collectively, our species, the spermatozoon characteristics appear to be most similar findings suggest that phenotypic plasticity, not hybridization, may be amongst elephants and manatees suggesting a possible coevolution the major driver for the putative hybrids with intermediate wing color throughout time. patterns.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 43 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e44

30-1 COX, RM*; COX, CL; WITTMAN, TN; MITCHEM, LB; 108-4 COX, CL*; CHUNG, AK; POLLOCK, NB; JOHN-ALDER, CARD, DC; ANDREW, AL; CASTOE, T; MCGLOTHLIN, JW; HB; ANDREW, AL; CARD, DC; CASTOE, TA; COX, RM; University of Virginia, Georgia Southern University, Harvard Georgia Southern University, GSU, University of Texas Arlington, University, Univ. of Texas, Arlington, Virginia Tech; Rutgers University, UTA, University of Virginia; [email protected] [email protected] Hormonal regulation of gene expression and the developmental Evolution of hormonal regulation of sex-biased gene expression breakdown of between-sex genetic correlations in Anolis lizards Many endocrine networks are composed of autosomal genes that are The evolution of sexual dimorphism is predicted to occur through shared between the sexes, which could theoretically impede the reductions in between-sex genetic correlations for shared traits, but evolution of sexual dimorphism. However, hormones with the mechanisms that facilitate this process remain largely speculative. sex-specific circulation (e.g., testosterone, or T) can be coupled and We hypothesize that the sex-biased regulation of autosomal genes by decoupled from the expression of shared regulatory networks to sex steroids is a mechanism of general importance in the reduction of produce diversity in patterns of sexual dimorphism. We compared Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 between-sex genetic correlations. Using a paternal half-sibling lizard species with male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD, two breeding design in captive brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei), we species) and female-biased SSD (one species) to test for the show that the development of sexual dimorphism in body size is evolution of differences in how a sex-biased hormone (T) regulates mirrored by the ontogenetic breakdown of between-sex genetic sex-specific gene expression. Across the whole transcriptome, we correlations for body size and growth rate. Using transcriptome data, found that while T stimulates the expression of male-biased genes, it we show that sex-biased gene expression also increases dramatically inhibits the expression of female-biased genes for all three species. between ontogenetic stages bracketing this breakdown of genetic However, we found that those genes with male-biased expression in correlation, particularly for autosomal genes involved in growth, male-larger species tend to exhibit female-biased expression in the metabolism, and cell proliferation. Mechanistically, we show that female-larger species. Similarly, we found that genes that tend to be treatment of females with testosterone stimulates the expression of stimulated by T in male-larger species tend to be inhibited by T in male-biased genes while inhibiting the expression of female-biased female-larger species. Finally, we found that these effects were genes, thereby inducing male-like phenotypes at both organismal and observed specifically in growth regulatory gene networks, where T transcriptomic levels. Collectively, these results support the stimulated expression of growth-promoting genes such as IGF-1 in hypothesis that hormones with sex-specific patterns of circulation, male-larger species, whereas these same genes were inhibited by T in such as testosterone, can facilitate the developmental breakdown of female-larger species. Our research reveals how the relationship between-sex genetic correlations by orchestrating sex-specific gene between a single pleiotropic hormone (T) and both the whole expression. To to test this hypothesis directly, we present data from transcriptome and shared regulatory networks could facilitate the an experiment in which we manipulated testosterone levels in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. context of a half-sibling breeding design to determine whether and how this sex-specific hormone structures patterns of within- and between-sex genetic correlation.

45-5 COX, S.M.*; RUBENSON, J.; Pennsylvania State University; 140-4 CRANDELL, KE*; HOWE, RO; CANNON, C; [email protected] FALKINGHAM, PL; Bangor University, Liverpool John Moores Using OpenSim in Comparative Biomechanics: A Simple Approach University; [email protected] Opensim is a free open-source software package that was developed A comparative analysis of the hydrodynamics of beak shape to enable users to ‘build, exchange, and analyze computer models of kingfishers the musculoskeletal system and dynamics simulations of movement." Piscivorous birds have a unique suite of adaptations to forage under Traditionally, most OpenSim models are very complex with 10-60 the water. One method of fishing for aerial birds is the plunge dive, actuators and dozens of degrees of freedom. These models can take wherein birds dive from a height to overcome drag and bouyancy in many years to develop and validate, making the approach less than the water. The kingfishers are a well-known clade that contains both ideal for comparative work where research often spans multiple taxa. terrestrially foraging and plunge-diving species, allowing us to test But, OpenSim models do not need to be complex. Simple models can for morphological and performance differences between foraging be built via Matlab scripts that would allow comparative guilds. Diving species have narrower bills in the dorso-ventral and biomechanists to harness the physics engine behind OpenSim to sagittal plane and longer bills (size corrected data, n=71 species, address broader biomechanical questions and take advantage of the p<0.001 for all), Although these differences are confounded by thousands of brain-hours already invested in streamlining this phylogeny (phylogenetically corrected ANOVA for dorso-ventral process. In order to illustrate the method, strengths and limitations of p=0.24 and length p=0.13), beak width in the sagittal plane remains using OpenSim, here I present three examples of models built to statistically different (p<0.001). We examined the effects of beak replicate or extend published comparative computational work. The morphology on plunge performance by simulating dives with first is a power amplified system consisting of a latch, motor, spring physical 3D printed models of kingfisher beaks coupled with an and a projectile intended to demonstrate how forward dynamic accelerometer, and through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). simulations of simple mechanical models can be constructed, From simulated dives of bill models, diving species have lower peak modified and analyzed in OpenSim. Second, 2D frog model is decelerations, and thus, enter the water more quickly, than terrestrial presented to show how experimentally collected marker data can be and mixed-foraging species (ANOVA p=0.002), and this result used to scale a generic model to a species or individual's morphology remains unaffected by phylogeny (phylogenetically corrected and compute joint kinematics or, with force data, moments. Lastly, I ANOVA p=0.04). Preliminary CFD analyses confirm these trends in present a 21 degree of freedom lower-limb model of a guinea fowl three representative species, and indicate that the morphology of the with 47 hill-type muscles to illustrate how OpenSim can be used to angle between the beak and head is a key site for avoiding additional predict motor control patterns that would generate a prescribed drag in aquatic species. motion. OpenSim is a powerful tool, in part, because of its community of sharing. Models and data are expected to be made freely available and are readily modified, allowing research to more easily build on the efforts of others.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 44 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e45

9-1 CRANE, RL*; DENNY, MW; Stanford University, CA; 140-1 CRAWFORD, CH*; RANDALL, ZS; HART, PB; PAGE, [email protected] LM; CHAKRABARTY, P; FLAMMANG, BE; New Jersey Institute How bivalves fail: fatigue and fracture of California mussel shells of Technology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State Bivalve shells provide protection from a variety of potentially lethal University, Louisiana State University; [email protected] predatory and environmental threats. These threats range in The Muscles That Move The Fishes That Walk frequency and magnitude from a single powerful predator strike to The rheophilic hillstream loaches (Balitoridae) of South and repeated insults from waves and tightly-packed neighbors. Shells' Southeast Asia possess a range of pelvic girdle morphologies which effectiveness at defending from such forces is traditionally quantified may be attributed to adaptations for locomotion against rapid flow. with a simple test of strength: a shell is rapidly compressed until it Specifically, the connectivity of the pelvic plate (basipterygium) to breaks. However, this technique cannot test the alternative possibility the vertebral column via a sacral rib, and the relative size and shape that low magnitude, repeated stresses can break a shell through the of the sacral rib, fall within a spectrum of three discrete process of fatigue. We explored the threat of different realistic morphotypes: long, narrow rib sometimes meeting with the pelvic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 sources of shell damage by quantifying and contextualizing the plate; thicker, slightly-curved rib meeting or interlocking with the strength and fatigue resistance of the California mussel (Mytilus pelvic plate; and robust, crested rib interlocking with the pelvic plate. californianus). We repeated the classic strength test by applying an Species in the second and third categories with more robust sacral rib increasing compressive force until fracture. Additionally, we used connections between the pelvic plate and vertebral column are two distinct tests of fatigue resistance: a subcritical load was either capable of walking out of water with the third category exhibiting a applied constantly (i.e., static loading) or cyclically until fracture. more tetrapod-like lateral-sequence diagonal-couplets gait; this Both fatigue tests considered a broad range of subcritical forces to behavior has not been observed in balitorid species lacking direct mimic the forces experienced by mussels in the field. When stripped skeletal connection between the vertebrae and the pelvis. Here, we of living tissue, shells fatigued and broke under both static and cyclic present a myological analysis of the three morphotypes of balitorids loading conditions; lower forces required more cycles or longer static to further address the functional morphology of walking in these loading periods to result in shell fracture. This relationship fishes. Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining was used to increase the demonstrates how the seemingly insignificant forces imposed by radiopacity of musculature for visualization with µCT scanning, after clamping shell valves or packing in a mussel bed could ultimately which individual muscle groups were segmented and analyzed for generate lethal damage, and invites the question of whether living fiber angle and physiological cross-sectional area, to estimate tissue can somehow counteract the process of fatigue. These findings maximum force production during locomotion. The skeletal and highlight how a range of accumulated threats might underlie muscular morphological data from µCT scans were considered in a variation in shell morphology and microstructure, and provide phylogenetic context based on robust sampling of ultraconserved inspiration for future considerations of the evolution of shell form. elements (UCE). Future work will use kinematics and electromyography to compare the weight-bearing walking capabilities of balitorid species along the observed spectrum of pelvic girdle morphology.

70-6 CRISWELL, KE*; GILLIS, JA; University of Cambridge; 32-6 CROFTS, S. B.*; ANDERSON, P.S.L.; University of Illinois at [email protected] Urbana-Champaign; [email protected] Evolution of Axial Segmentation Across Vertebrates The effect of cactus spine surface structure on puncture and An axial column with segmented vertebrae is a key feature of the anchoring performance vertebrate body plan, but the diversity of developmental mechanisms Although primarily thought of as defensive in nature, cactus spines that give rise to the axial column remains poorly understood. have a wide range of other uses: shading, climbing, and dispersal to Vertebral elements derive from a series of mesodermal segments name a few. Similarly, there is a wide range surface ornamentation called somites. In tetrapods, somites are polarized, with adjacent like barbs or tubercles. Despite this diversity, the mechanics of cactus somite halves recombining to form a single vertebra through a spine function has yet to be fully characterized. Here we study the process known as "resegmentation". However, in teleost fishes, strict puncturing and withdrawing ability of six species of cactus, including resegmentation is less apparent, with cells from multiple somites both barbed and non-barbed spines. We found that barbed spines use giving rise to a single vertebral half. To determine whether the less work to puncture biological and artificial targets than non-barbed process of resegmentation is ancestral for jawed vertebrates, we spines. Barbed spines also require more work than non-barbed spines tested the relationship between somites and vertebrae in an outgroup to withdraw from biological materials, due to their barbs engaging to the bony fishes - a cartilaginous fish, the little skate (Leucoraja with tissue fibers. The variation in performance of barbed versus erinacea). We first demonstrate that skates and tetrapods share non-barbed spines, as well as between barbed spines from different molecular markers of somite polarity. Next, using cell lineage tracing species, is likely tied to the diversity of ecological functions for approaches, we show that the anterior and posterior halves of single which cactus spines are used. In particular, the ability of barbed skate trunk vertebrae derive from adjacent somites - a condition spines to anchor in to fibrous materials will aid dispersal of reminiscent of tetrapod resegmentation. Interestingly, the tails of vegetative propagules. Finally, the relative performance of barbed cartilaginous fishes exhibit a condition known as diplospondyly, in cactus spines is similar to that of porcupine quills, implying some which two vertebral units correspond with a single body segment. degree of biomechanical convergence across phyla. Lineage tracing of adjacent skate tail somites points to resegmentation in this region as well, though with each somite giving rise to half of one vertebra, an entire adjacent vertebra, and half of a third vertebra. These data demonstrate that the developing skate axial skeleton undergoes tetrapod-like resegmentation, that this process occurs across the entire axial skeleton (regardless of the mono- or diplospondylous conditions of the trunk and tail, respectively), and that resegmentation is likely an ancestral feature of the vertebrate axial skeleton.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 45 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e46

S12-9 CROSBY, AJ*; IRSCHICK, DJ; University of Massachusetts 56-3 CULLER, M.E.*; ONTHANK, K.L.; Walla Walla University; Amherst; [email protected] [email protected] Adhesion Across Size Scales Immune Function in Octopus rubescens in Response to Ocean Nature provides various examples, such as geckos, for how to sustain Acidification and Warming large forces across interfaces and, when desired, separate these same As the climate changes the ocean absorbs approximately 30% of the interfaces with minimal force. However, given the variety of excess heat and carbon dioxide, resulting in a global ocean warming structures and behaviors observed within geckos, a broad, inclusive and acidification. These conditions strongly impact calcification and framework for new understanding has remained elusive. To help acid-base regulation in diverse marine invertebrates, but their effects provide insight into how evolution has enabled the scaling of on immune function have not been well studied. Some studies reversible adhesion, and adapt to different external constraints, we suggest these conditions may negatively affect immune function in have developed a general scaling theory that describes the force bivalves and echinoderms, but similar studies on cephalopods are yet capacity of an adhesive interface in the context of biological to be done. I measured the change in four immunological parameters Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 locomotion. We have demonstrated that this scaling theory can be in Octopus rubescens following three weeks in one of four used to understand the relative performance of a wide range of treatments. Results indicate that future climate conditions may elicit organisms, including numerous gecko species and insects, as well as slight changes in immune function, but that O. rubescens generally an extensive library of synthetic adhesive materials. We will present maintains regular immune function. This may suggest that this the development and testing of this scaling theory, and how this species prioritizes immune function when in suboptimal conditions. understanding provides new insight with regards to structure, form, and function. Overall, the developed scaling principles provide a framework for guiding comparative analyses in biology, as well as guiding the development of new adhesive-based technologies.

2-2 CURLIS, JD*; HOLMES, IA; DAVIS RABOSKY, AR; COX, 109-1 CURREA, JP*; THEOBALD, JC; Florida International CL; Univ. of Michigan, Georgia Southern Univ.; University; [email protected] [email protected] Regionally Specific Temporal Summation Improves Motion Vision Evolutionary Linkage of Mimetic and Non-Mimetic Color Traits in in Small Fruit Flies a Coral Snake Mimicry Complex For holometabelous insects, low larval feeding results in small but Color polymorphism, in which multiple color patterns co-occur in a otherwise normal adults. In fruit flies, this results in conspecifics population, presents a paradox in mimicry systems with aposematism with small eyes that sacrifice contrast sensitivity optically but recover - if model resemblance is beneficial, then what is the adaptive that sensitivity by sacrificing temporal acuity neurally. However, significance of multiple morphs? Nevertheless, potential explanations forward optic flow generates peripheral motion that offers crucial for the maintenance of color polymorphism in mimicry systems information about flight speed and orientation. Normally, this include frequency-dependent selection, regulation via supergenes, difference is resolved optically: many fast moving insects have sexual selection, and selection that varies over time and space. One greater inter-ommatidial angles and larger ommatidial apertures in way to test among these hypotheses is to compare mimetic and lateral regions of the eye. But fruit flies have a nearly homogeneous non-mimetic color traits, which may respond differently to selection. eye structure and the temporal summation used by small flies in their We tested how selection drives spatial patterns of these different central vision would cause substantial motion blur in the periphery. types of color traits using the ground snake (Sonora episcopa), which Do small flies process motion differently between central and is polymorphic for two mimetic traits (black bands, red stripe) and peripheral visual regions? To address this, we used a flight two non-mimetic traits (black cap, black collar). We analyzed spatial simulation arena and measured contrast sensitivity and spatial and patterns of color traits using 1,240 individuals from 49 populations, temporal acuity by displaying moving sinusoidal gratings and conducted population genetic tests for selection using ddRAD measuring their turning behavior with a wingbeat analyzer. Then, sequence data, and modeled linkage relationships among color traits. using a microscope, we measured the flies' eye size, ommatidial We found mimetic and non-mimetic traits to be spatially and count, and average ommatidial area. As before, we found that smaller genetically linked with one another. We also found that both mimetic eyes temporally summate when motion is in their central vision. But and non-mimetic traits are under diversifying selection, but the when motion was displayed in their periphery, small and large flies evidence for this selection is much stronger for mimetic traits than responded nearly equally. In fact, aside from a small difference in for non-mimetic traits. When taken together, our results imply that peripheral spatial acuity likely due to differences in acceptance angle, strong diversifying selection on mimetic traits may maintain small flies demonstrated little loss in peripheral visual ability. polymorphism of both mimetic and non-mimetic color traits through Alternatively, it seems large flies can afford a central region of high genetic linkage, despite weaker selection on non-mimetic traits. Such temporal acuity not found in smaller flies. findings present a previously-unstudied way in which phenotypic diversity can be maintained in mimicry complexes and have further implications for color pattern diversity across the tree of life.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 46 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e47

95-4 CURRY, JE*; NAVARA, KJ; University of Georgia; 56-8 CYPHER, A.D.*; HERSHBERGER, P; SCHOLZ, N; [email protected] INCARDONA, J.P.; NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Effects of safflower and flax seed oil on primary sex ratio in USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, NOAA NWFSC, NOAA Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica NWFSC; [email protected] Sex ratio manipulation is a well-documented phenomenon in Larval cardiotoxicity and juvenile performance are likely numerous avian species. Females, the heterogametic sex in birds, are contributors to the delayed fishery collapse of Pacific herring after able to alter their sex ratios in response to a variety of factors in order the Exxon Valdez oil spill to maximize their reproductive success. Two prevailing influences on Several years after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, the Pacific sex ratios are food availability and maternal condition (measured by herring (Clupea pallasi) population of Prince William Sound crashed fat content), and in a study conducted in Kakapo parrot, a diet high in and never recovered. Despite finding that larvae are sensitive to very fat skewed sex ratios towards males. We hypothesize that a diet's fat low concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the content may be a key factor involved in skewing sex ratio. In the connection between oil spills and delayed mortality at the population Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 present study, we aimed to test the influences of high dietary fat on level has yet to be established. The developing heart is the primary offspring sex ratios in Japanese quail. We chose safflower oil and target of crude oil toxicity and a strong hypothetical starting point for flax seed oil as our main fat components based on the dietary a cascade of events leading to reduced recruitment at the population composition that skewed sex ratios in Kakapo parrots. Sexually level. To establish this, we evaluated larval cardiac morphology and mature Japanese quail were pair-housed in a climate and light growth through metamorphosis in addition to juvenile controlled environment with free access to feed and water. Half were cardiorespiratory performance. Herring embryos were exposed to 0 fed a traditional quail diet crumble and the other half were given a to 5.1 ppb ∑PAHs from 24 hours post fertilization to 10 days and diet formulated with 5% safflower oil and 5% flax seed oil balanced subsequently reared in clean sea water. Concentrations were accordingly. The quail were given an adjustment period of two weeks maintained by a dispersion generator which injected microdroplets of before we collected eggs for an additional two weeks. The collected Alaskan North Slope crude oil into the exposure system. Cardiac eggs were incubated for 3 days, frozen, and then embryonic tissue morphology was assessed weekly by video microscopy through was dissected and molecularly sexed. The sex ratio of pairs given the metamorphosis, approximately 80 days post hatch. At near-detection high fat diet was found to be male-biased and significantly greater (F limit concentrations, we observed cardiac edema and altered = 6.66, p = 0.01) than those of the control, and this effect appeared to ventricular shape. This was accompanied by reduced occur independently of body weight. These data suggest that fat cardiorespiratory performance in juveniles. Ongoing studies relate quantity and fat quality of a bird's diet may be a trigger of sex ratio cardiorespiratory performance, growth, and infectious disease adjustment in birds. resistance which are strong determinants of population-dynamics. Therefore, larval cardiotoxicity and reduced juvenile performance at least partially explain the delayed mortality observed after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. This work is part of a larger collaboration to evaluate the relationship between larvae and juvenile physiology and population decline.

47-6 DABE, E.C.*; MCCRACKEN, A.R.; MOROZ, L.L.; 40-1 DAKIN, R.*; RYDER, T. B.; Smithsonian Institution; University of Florida, Wesleyan University ; [email protected] [email protected] Nervous System Evolution and Neuronal cell-type Innovations in Dynamic Network Partnerships and Social Contagion Drive Euthyneura Molluscs Cooperation Euthyneura gastropod molluscs have undergone several independent Both reciprocity and positive assortment (like with like) are predicted events of nervous system centralization, such as the gain/loss of the to promote the evolution of cooperation, yet how partners influence abdominal ganglia or visceral ganglion. Yet this clade also has each other's behavior within dynamic networks is not well homologous single neurons that have been conserved across million understood. One way to test this question is to partition phenotypic of years of evolution-the longest traced neuron homology of any variation into differences among individuals in the expression of system- making Euthyneura ideal for studying the genetic basis of cooperative behavior (the "direct effect"), and plasticity within nervous system evolution with cellular resolution. We compared individuals in response to the social environment (the "indirect transcriptomic profiles of sensory systems, CNS, ganglia, and single effect"). A positive correlation between these two sources of neurons from Pleurobranchaea californica to the genome of variation, such that more cooperative individuals elicit others to neuroscience model Aplysia californica and to transcriptomes of cooperate, is predicted to facilitate social contagion and selection on eight other related Euthyneura species. 9% of genes expressed in the cooperative behavior. Testing this hypothesis is challenging, eyes of three Aplysiidae species were potential orthologs to genes however, because it requires repeated measures of behavior across a expressed in P.californica and Tritonia diomedea eyes-which are dynamic social landscape. Here, we use an automated data-logging non-functional - and with Octopus bimaculoides eye transcriptomes. system to quantify the behavior of 179 wire-tailed manakins, birds This analysis of Euthyneura eyes helps to further establish potential that form cooperative male-male coalitions, and we use ancestral origins of molluscan eye diversity. For the first time, we multiple-membership models to test the hypothesis that dynamic assessed the homology of the abdominal/visceral ganglia in network partnerships shape within-individual variation in cooperative Euthyneura and found only 13% of genes showed conserved behavior. Our results show strong positive correlations between a expression. The repeatedly identifiable abdominal cholinergic (ACh) bird's own sociality and his estimated effect on his partners, motor neuron R2, that controls mucus release, has 500 conserved consistent with the hypothesis that cooperation begets cooperation. orthologs across 3 species of Aplysiidae. Although ACh biosyntheis These findings support the hypothesis that social contagion can genes have similar gene expression patterns in the abdominal ganglia facilitate selection for cooperative behavior within social networks. across these species, the Bursatella leachii homologous R2 neuron does not express any ACh biosynthesis genes, suggesting a potential reorganization of abdominal ganglia structure and function.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 47 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e48

114-5 DALY-ENGEL, TS*; LYTLE, DA; WHEELER, DE; SMITH, 88-7 DANIEL, TL*; KOEHL, MAR; Univ. of Washington, Seattle, RL; Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Oregon State Univ. of California, Berkeley; [email protected] University, Corvallis, University of Arizona, Tucson, University of Foul Play: How Epibionts Affect the Hydrodynamics of Arizona, Tucson; [email protected] Macroalgae Sexual Selection on Competitive Females Drives the Evolution of Macroalgae provide habitat for myriad epiphytes. Hydrodynamic Male Parental Care in the Giant Water Bug, Abedus herberti forces can break or dislodge algae and epibionts, both of which (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) depend on flowing water for nutrient transport. How do the Exclusive male parental care, a form of sex role-reversal, may evolve mechanical interactions between algae and their epibionts affect their when males invest more heavily in reproduction than females. Here, performance in ambient water flow? To address this question, we competition for mates should intensify sexual selection among used the blade-like red alga, Mazzaella splendens, and the encrusting females, while males must mitigate fitness loss from polyandry. Yet byrozoan, Membranipora membranacea, to investigate the true sex role-reversal, which involves increased selection on biomechanical and hydrodynamic consequences for algae bearing Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 competitive females, is rare in nature, even in species with male epiphytes and for the epiphytes of living on flexible algae. We found parental care. In giant water bugs Abedus herberti Hidalgo that algal blades with encrusting bryozoan colonies had a higher (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), females glue their eggs to males' backs flexural stiffness than blades without colonies. While flexible, to be tended until hatching, while males attempt to ensure paternity unfouled algae reconfigured in ambient flow into more streamlined by inseminating females between ovipositions. We investigated the shapes, stiffer encrusted algae did not, and thus experienced higher genetic mating system of A. herberti in southern Arizona to hydrodynamic forces. Blade tissues had lower elastic moduli and determine whether paternal care evolved in the context of selection broke at higher extension ratios than did bryozoan colonies, so when on polyandrous females. Using microsatellite DNA, we conducted a blade was stretched, ebibiotic colonies fractured and popped off the parentage assignment and measured rates of polygynandry, blade. Algae in habitats exposed to rapid flows had few epibionts, ecological correlates, and strength of sexual selection in 1,341 whereas those in slow-flow habitats were heavily fouled. Fouled individuals (123 adults and 36 broods). Results showed that both algae transplanted from a protected habitat to one exposed to rapid polyandry and genetic cuckoldry are common, with an average 36% flow lost their epibionts. We measured mass transport rates at algal of brooding males carrying offspring sired by another male, an effect surfaces in the field and showed that fouled and unfouled algae that is enhanced by ecological density. Strength of sexual selection experienced greater transport rates near their attached ends than at was significantly higher on females than males, where paternal care their distal ends. Field dye studies showed that algal flapping and reciprocal cuckoldry ensured less benefit from remating. We increased the rate at which water near the substratum was replaced by conclude that selection on polyandrous females has helped to drive new water. Bryozan cover was greatest on the older, high-transport the evolution of paternity assurance and male parental care in the basal regions of blades. Thus, flapping by algae enhances transport to giant water bug Abedus herberti. the algae and their epibionts, while the epibionts increase the drag on the host, but the extensibility of algal tissue leads to removal of epibionts in rapid-flow habitats.

S5-3 DANTZER, B*; WESTRICK, SE; MONAGHAN, P; 44-3 DARCY, HE*; ANDERSON, PSJ; University of Illinois HAUSSMANN, M; BOUTIN, S; HUMPHRIES, MM; LANE, JE; Urbana-Champaign; [email protected] MCADAM, AG; VAN KESTEREN, F; University of Michigan, Quantifying Phenotypic Variation in a Tooth-Bearing Bone in University of Glasgow, Bucknell University, University of Alberta, Spelerpinae Salamanders McGill University, University of Saskatchewan, University of The vomer is an important tooth-bearing cranial bone in the lungless Guelph; [email protected] salamanders (Plethodontidae) that displays different morphologies Maternal glucocorticoids alter a network of offspring traits in red according to the feeding environment of the adult. Aquatic-feeding squirrels but are these changes adaptive? salamanders present vomerine tooth rows parallel with the maxillary Maternal hormonal responses to environmental or social cues have teeth that are thought to help grasp prey while expelling water from well-known effects on many offspring characteristics. This includes the mouth. Terrestrial-feeding adults retain the parallel row from the offspring traits that directly interface with the environment (behavior, larval state but extend the tooth row posteriorly, forming an L-shape, life history traits) to those that may underlie variation in such traits so that the teeth may help bring prey down the throat. However, the (endocrine axes, antioxidant levels, telomere lengths, etc.). The overall morphology of the vomer itself appears to vary taxonomically changes in offspring traits caused by maternal hormonal responses rather than by habitat. To study these two influences on vomerine may be coordinated and produce an adaptive shift in a network of shape, we examined species of the morphologically diverse offspring traits. However, the effects of variation in maternal subfamily Spelerpinae, in which two of the five genera (Eurycea and hormone levels on offspring are often investigated in a univariate Gyrinophilus) present both aquatic and terrestrial species. 3D data fashion. We have been examining if changes in maternal were collected using micro computed tomography (microCT) scans glucocorticoids (GCs) in North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus from specimens from the Field Museum of Natural History and the hudsonicus) in the Yukon, Canada impact offspring stress reactivity, Illinois Natural History Survey, representing four of the five insulin-signaling, oxidative stress state (oxidative damage, Spelerpinae genera. Geometric morphometric (GM) analyses were antioxidants, telomere lengths) in addition to their life history traits, performed to capture shape variation of both the vomer and the behavior, and fitness. We will describe the results from our field vomerine tooth row, using a combination of landmarks and studies where we treated breeding females with exogenous GCs and semi-landmarks. Results show multiple influences on vomer shape documented their effects on a range of offspring traits. We will variation in both aquatic and terrestrial taxa, with taxonomic position discuss these results in the context of our other field studies showing larger influence in terrestrial taxa. documenting whether the coordinated changes in offspring traits that we observed are adaptive for specific environmental conditions. By integrating these different studies together, our results highlight the benefits of using a multi-level perspective to examine how changes in maternal hormones affect offspring.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 48 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e49

18-4 DAVID, KT*; OAKS, JR; HALANYCH, KM; Auburn 76-4 DAVIDSON, L.A.; University of Pittsburgh; [email protected] University; [email protected] Mechanical Design in the Embryo: M.A.R.K.-Style Dissection of Much Ado About Orthologs: Consequences of Duplication and Functional Mechanical Contributions from Laminar Sheet to Speciation in Gene Evolution Molecular Complex. In eukaryotic lineages, genes typically replicate through either To connect genes to processes that drive morphogenesis requires speciation or gene duplication events. After a speciation event, analysis of the impact of specific genes on the varied structures that resulting gene copies (orthologs) are generally expected to maintain contribute to mechanical properties of the embryo. Gastrulation and similar evolutionary rates, as function is typically conserved. After a axis elongation in vertebrate embryos involves remodeling a sphere duplication event, however, resulting gene copies (paralogs) may or disk of cells into a long body plan that resembles that of the adult. differ in evolutionary rates and a broader set of possible fates may be By contrast with later morphogenetic movements that shape complex realized, including partial (subfunctionalization) or complete loss of 3D structures, axis extension proceeds as a relatively simple function (nonfunctionalization), as well as gain of new function rearrangement of cells in a 2D plane. Using the elongating dorsal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 (neofunctionalization) in at least one of the descendant copies. Many tissues of the Xenopus embryo, our group has developed a complete popular gene annotation databases indirectly assume conservation of set of experimental tools and theory for direct biomechanical analysis substitution rates between orthologs and divergence of rates between to study tissue self-assembly. In this presentation I apply a paralogs. Unfortunately, studies which explicitly compare M.A.R.K.-style biomechanical analysis to investigate structural evolutionary processes between speciation and duplication events are origins of changing tissue mechanical properties through rare and conflicting. To provide an empirical framework of manipulations on the large-scale laminar structure of the embryo, ortholog/paralog evolution, we estimated the rate ratio of control of cell size, and cell cortical cytoskeleton. Embryonic tissues nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) of 213,808 increase stiffness nearly 10-fold over the course of gastrulation. branches in 8,470 gene trees across 77 vertebrate taxa. Overall, we Surprisingly, we find little contribution from emerging large scale found lineages descended from speciation events had significantly structures in the embryo, such as the central column-like notochord (p<0.001) more similar dN/dS ratios to one another than did lineages or lateral beam-like pre-somitic mesoderm. However, the major descended from duplication events. However, there are several contributor to changing tissue mechanical properties appears to lie in branches near the base of the vertebrate tree where we either do not the cytoskeletal composition, but not thickness of the cell cortex. recover significant differences between change in dN/dS between Expression of mutant and full length forms of the F-actin cross-linker orthologous and paralogous branches or find significant support for protein -actinin (ACTN1) alter tissue mechanics to the same the opposite hypothesis: more similar dN/dS ratios between magnitude as observed during development. Further analyses of paralogous branches than orthologous branches. We discuss possible modulators of the actomyosin cell cortex will uncover how gene interpretations of this surprising result and conclude that orthologous regulatory networks establish and control embryonic as well as relationships are often, but not always, associated with more somatic tissue mechanical properties. conserved evolutionary rates than paralogous relationships.

55-2 DAVIES, SW*; CASTILLO, KD; BOVE, CB; RIES, JB; 106-7 DAVIS, HR*; BAUER, AM; JACKMAN, TR; Villanova Boston University, UNC Chapel Hill, Northeastern University; University; [email protected] [email protected] When Being Generic Makes You Diverse: Phylogenetic and Local Adaptation and Transcriptome Plasticity of a Resilient Morphological Diversity of the Gecko Genus Cyrtodactylus . Caribbean Coral The genus Cyrtodactylus is a hyper-diverse group of lizards ranging Local adaptation is ubiquitous in marine environments, however from South Asia to Melanesia, with a dense concentration in the populations are increasingly exposed to environmental perturbations Sundaland region. The lizards are successful in both degraded and under climate change, which could constrain the benefits of being primary rainforests and they excel in habitats that offer opportunities locally adapted. Instead, in rapidly changing environments, it might for climbing. Their scansorial lifestyle and ability to partition be beneficial to be plastic to counter environmental change. To substrates and microhabitats allows up to three congeners to be found understand potential tradeoffs between adaptation and plasticity in living sympatrically in a given area. Four primary environmental corals, we conducted a four year, three way reciprocal transplant associations have been recorded throughout their range: leaf/twig, experiment of the resilient Caribbean coral Siderastrea siderea tree trunk, swamp, and rock. By focusing on the species in eastern across forereef (FR), backreef (BR), and nearshore (NS) Malaysia on the island of Borneo, we sought to determine whether environments in Belize. Calcification rates varied by natal reef geographically disjunct species inhabiting similar niches were environment and by transplant location, with corals originating from converging on a specific morphology. To understand if the species and living in FR locations calcifying the fastest, suggesting that FR sharing a given niche are closely related, we generated species trees environments are more suitable for growth. Evidence of local using one mitochondrial and three nuclear loci. We found that habitat adaptation was only observed for FR corals, which exhibited the preference does not correlate with species relatedness, indicating that highest growth rates in their native reef environment. Notably, all multiple independent invasions of specific niches have occurred. corals exhibited high survival in the FR and BR, but corals With the polyphyletic relationships amongst substrate specialists, we transplanted to the NS experienced high mortality, suggesting that looked for morphological characteristics shared between NS environments present strong environmental selection. representatives from each of the four ecotypes to determine if Transcriptome profiling 3.5 years post transplantation revealed that convergent evolution is occurring. Using the morphological both transplanted coral hosts and their algal symbionts exhibited characters, we conducted a principal component analysis which transcriptome profiles more similar to other colonies residing on the shows only weak clustering for substrate association. With a lack of same reef, regardless of source location suggesting that support for the monophyly of ecotypes and little evidence for transcriptomic plasticity facilitates acclimation to environmental convergence, we suggest that the success of the genus stems from a change in S. siderea. Our results suggest that there is the capacity for combination of having a strong ability to climb while retaining a local adaptation in S. siderea, however, this adaptive competence is relatively large, generalist body. limited by strong environmental selection and facilitated by transcriptomic plasticity. Collectively, these findings help explain the recent success of this species on reefs across the greater Caribbean.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 49 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e50

54-8 DAWSON, KR*; RICHARDSON, DC; WEATHERS, KC; 120-6 DE BRUIJN, R*; GILMOUR, KM; HINCH, SG; Winston Salem State University, Suny New Paltz, Cary Institute of PATTERSON, DA; COOKE, SJ; Carleton University, Canada, Univ. Ecosystem Studies; [email protected] of Ottawa, Canada, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada, Fisheries and How ecosystem function differs across a gradient of lake sizes: Oceans Canada; [email protected] Don't forget about the little ones Bile: an alternative matrix to assess stress status in migrating and Freshwater ecosystems are important for species conservation efforts spawning salmonids? and also for providing insight on a variety of ecosystem functions. There is increasing interest in understanding how anthropogenic and Until recently, lakes and rivers have been the main focus for research natural disturbances affect the ability of fish to thrive and reproduce. on freshwater systems, leaving small lakes and ponds virtually To assess effects of such disturbances on fish, glucocorticoids (GC) overlooked and understudied. Reports have suggested that ponds may are commonly measured as a way to assess the stress status of the be more important than previously thought. This study aims to animals. While plasma samples are the gold standard, plasma GC observe how ecosystem measures, such as ecology, biology, and concentrations are relatively volatile and can change rapidly in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 physics, differ across a gradient of lake sizes. We observed thermal response to a disturbance, such as the sampling itself. The stratification, zooplankton density, DOC (dissolved organic carbon), hepato-biliary-fecal route is the main clearance route for GC in fish chlorophyll-a and conductivity between lakes in the Shawangunk and bile may thus be an interesting alternative matrix to assess GC Ridge. We studied the following sites: Awosting Lake, Lake status. Furthermore, it is thought that bile GC concentrations are less Minnewaska, Mohonk Lake and Mud Pond. To observe the thermal sensitive to acute disturbances, thus potentially providing a more stratification of the lakes, temperature sensors were mounted on a integrative measure of the stress status of an individual. Bile may chain that reached the deepest part of both largest and smallest lakes especially be interesting in fish where fecal sampling may not be (Awosting Lake and Mud Pond). They recorded the temperature possible, either because the fish don't form solid enough casts, or every 15 minutes for roughly a month. For the ecological component, because the fish may not be producing enough fecal matter, e.g., in we collected water and analyzed samples from both deep and shallow salmonids that fast for the duration of the spawning season. The main sites in each lake. Our results indicated that DOC, and chlorophyll-a goal of this project is to assess the viability of bile as a matrix to were all higher in the Mud Pond. Whereas, zooplankton density and assess the stress status of individual Pacific salmon during migration conductivity where highest in Mohonk Lake. We also observed that and spawning. We aim to develop a reliable and relatively Mud pond was much less stratified and experienced more water straightforward protocol for obtaining and analyzing bile samples mixing than Awosting. Our data suggest that in various ways, Mud from migrating and spawning salmonids. For this project, bile Pond can differ drastically from larger lakes. Learning from these samples were collected from different stock of Pacific salmon at small water bodies may prove to be vital in our overall understanding different stages of migration along the Fraser river system in British of freshwater ecosystems. Ponds and small lakes need to be protected Columbia, Canada. More specifically, we aim to validate the need for and studied because they have the potential to help us better extraction and purification, as well as the suitability of commercially understand the influences of global climate change, food webs, and available ELISA kits for analysis of these samples. even greenhouse gas emissions.

77-2 DEBIASSE, MB*; BABONIS, LS; KOREN, S; SCHNITZLER, 138-1 DEETJEN, M. E.*; CHIN, D. D.; TOBALSKE, B. W.; CE; MARTINDALE, MQ; RYAN, JF; Whitney Lab for Marine LENTINK, D.; Stanford University, University of Montana; Bioscience, National Human Genome Research Institute; [email protected] [email protected] Muscles, 3D Wing Shape, and Aerodynamic Forces in Bird Flight The complete genome sequence of Beroe ovata, a tentacle-less, Whereas the majority of terrestrial and aquatic locomotion involves ctenophore-chomping ctenophore complex muscle interactions such that no one muscle dominates, the Ctenophores occupy an important place in the animal tree of life with power needed for bird flight is primarily provided by only two respect to phylogeny and ecology, and characterizing ctenophore muscles: the pectoralis and the supracoracoideus. The pectoralis in genome structure improves our understanding of animal diversity. particular, produces the majority of the aerodynamic lift needed for Here we present the genome of the lobate ctenophore Beroe ovata. flight, and is the dominant muscle during the downstroke. The Given the divergent feeding ecology and morphology of Beroe dominant nature of this single muscle, makes the downstroke a compared to the species whose genomes were sequenced previously simpler model system for studying the function of muscles in general (Mnemiopsis leidyi and Pleurobrachia bachei), the B. ovata genome than most other modes of locomotion. In order to quantify pectoralis fills an important gap in our knowledge of ctenophore diversity. We muscle function during flight for doves, we combine multiple assembled the B. ovata genome from Pacific Bioscience sequencing measurement techniques synced in high speed. First, we measure the reads using Canu and a novel post-processing method that retains performance of the pectoralis using sonomicrometry to measure unique genes while reducing the number of erroneously incorporated muscle strain, and electromyography (EMG) to measure muscle haplotigs. Our B. ovata genome assembly is ~156 MB with an N50 activation. Second, with an external array of cameras and projectors, of 187,314 and 16, 548 predicted genes. Assessments of assembly we use structured-light to reconstruct the morphing 3D shape of the completeness were high with 91% and 96% of complete and bird wings. Lastly, the flight arena itself is an aerodynamic force complete+partial BUSCO core genes represented, respectively. We platform which measures the vertical and horizontal aerodynamic identified four Wnt pathway genes (WntA, WntX, Wnt6, Wnt9) in B. forces produced by birds flying from perch to perch. Together, these ovata that are expressed in tentacle bulbs in M. leidyi. This result is measurements enable us to trace how internal pectoralis muscle surprising given that B. ovata lacks tentacles and the regeneration forces translate into aerodynamic forces during downstroke, and help ability associated with stem cells in tentacle bulbs. Beroe ovata has us to better understand muscle function in bird flight and animals in three opsin genes, but two lack the conserved lysine required for general. chromophore binding, meaning only one opsin is functional. The B. ovata genome has 48 photoprotein genes clustered on 8 different genomic scaffolds, 5x more than found in M. leidyi, suggesting a large-scale duplication in B. ovata photoprotein genes; these findings suggest the clustering of photoprotein genes in both M. leidyi and B. ovota is important for functional bioluminescence in ctenophores.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 50 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e51

19-3 DEFINO, N.J.*; FOX, J.L.; Case Western Reserve University, 52-1 DELANEY, DM*; JANZEN, FJ; Iowa State Univ., Iowa State Case Western Reserve University ; [email protected] University; [email protected] Dissecting the effects of flight behavior and neuromodulation on Risk-sensitive Maternal Investment: Evaluating Parent-offspring gaze control Conflict Over Nest-site Choice Animals integrate multiple senses in order to understand the body's Parents increase their fitness by investing resources to offspring. relation to its surroundings. Flies use visual and proprioceptive clues However, such investment is often costly for parents, leading to to detect body rotations during flight using their eyes and halteres tradeoffs. Furthermore, such tradeoffs should shift towards heavier (modified hind wings). With input from both of these sensors, flies investment to reproduction as females age and future reproductive can stabilize their gaze to minimize motion blur during body opportunities decrease. Nests of aquatic turtles laid farther from rotations. Stabilizing head movements are only observed during water have higher survival than those laid closer to shore because flight, suggesting that neuromodulation (for example, by the nest predators often forage along environmental edges. However, the transmitter octopamine, which is upregulated in flight) may mediate predation risk for adult females increases farther from water because Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 this behavior. Here, we use genetic manipulations of Drosophila to water is used as refuge from terrestrial predators. Thus, females may determine octopamine's role in modulating gaze. In tethered insects, balance investment in current offspring vs. maternal survival and octopamine is not necessary for spontaneous head movement. When future offspring. To test if investment varies depending upon flies are presented with widefield visual stimuli in the yaw axis, perceived risk, we exposed 30 painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) to however, octopamine is necessary for producing a gaze stabilizing simulated predation during natural nesting attempts. We then allowed optomotor response where head movements are coordinated with the females to return and nest undisturbed, and compared the distance to visual stimulus. Conversely, when tethered flies are rotated about the water of nests laid before and after simulated predation. yaw axis, with or without visual stimuli, octopamine is not necessary Unexpectedly, females did not vary distance to water in response to for coordinated head movements during flight, but is necessary for simulated predation. Regardless, nests laid after simulated predation coordinated head movement when not flying. During flight, the were more likely to be depredated than those laid before simulated halteres oscillate and detect yaw rotation. Our results suggest that predation, suggesting females altered nest-site choice in ways we did when flies are not flying and their halteres are still, they use other not quantify. In addition, although older turtles nested almost twice sensory organs to detect rotation, and these sensory organs are as far from water as younger turtles, we found no evidence that age modulated by octopamine. Increasing octopamine concentrations did influenced maternal response to simulated predation. Our findings not restore optomotor responses, indicating that octopamine is not suggest perceived risk for mothers to predation influences nest-site sufficient for initiating gaze stabilizing optomotor responses, and that choice and subsequently reduces offspring survival in C. picta. In active flight is needed as well. Additionally, these findings indicate addition, we provide a rare assessment of how plastic maternal that octopamine does not have a direct effect on the motor control of investment might vary across reproductive life. neck movement, but fosters head-visual coordination through its modulation of visual neurons.

64-4 DESCOUR, M E*; DEVRIES, L D; EVANGELISTA, D E; 141-5 DEVITZ, A-C*; RUBI, TL; DANTZER, B; University of United States Naval Academy; [email protected] Michigan; [email protected] Soft robotic designs inspired by leeches Behavior and diet of white-footed mice along an ecological range Soft robotic designs have the potential to provide improved expansion maneuverability and durability compared to hard-bodied robots. We Ecological range expansions occur when a species expands its present on-going work to examine soft robotic designs inspired by geographic distribution and they are thought to be increasing in leeches (Hirudinea: Lamarck, 1818). The segmented body plan of frequency due to rapid environmental change. Although shifts in the annelids is appealing for engineering designs in which pressure can distribution of species may have important ecological and be used as a means of controlling movement. We will discuss evolutionary consequences, less is known about the characteristics of locomotion and attachment as observed in live leeches, then we will individuals leading range expansions in addition to those traits present new leech-inspired designs. By constructing a soft bodied contributing to the success of individuals that disperse to these new robot with segmented soft pneumatic actuators and controlling them areas. Some studies have suggested that specific behavioral attributes according to biologically inspired gaits, we hope to accomplish may cause some individuals to be more likely to participate in range various modes of locomotion that could be useful within a bulk fluid, expansions or be more successful either during the range expansion along a surface, within a thin film, or along an interface. The soft or after they arrive to the novel area. During a 3-year field study, we pneumatic actutors must control bending along the body, so we will characterized the behavior of white-footed mice (Peromyscus discuss the relationship between input pressure, curvature, bend leucopus) along a range expansion gradient throughout Michigan by angle, and speed within a body segment. We will also discuss sampling populations of P. leucopus that differ in time since methods for attachment/detachment at the anterior and posterior ends colonization. We used standardized behavioral trials to characterize of the robot. The locomotion and attachment designs will ultimately their behavior (activity, exploration) and stable isotope analyses to be combined in a soft robot capable of leech-like locomotion, which quantify their dietary breadth. As a control group, we also quantified could be useful in search and rescue in challenging environments, in the behavior and diet of a congeneric species, deer mice (Peromyscus soft designs for medical devices, or in locomotion systems designed maniculatus), at each of our study sites along the range expansion to traverse multiple environments in the presence of free surfaces or gradient where they were available. Using these data, we examined if boundaries. Biomechanics and engineering are a two-way street; the behavior and isotopic niche of the range-expanding species (P. constructing bio-inspired soft bodied robots may provide further leucopus) was affected by time since colonization and if they differed quantitative insight into the form and function of the organisms that from the resident species (P. maniculatus). We discuss our results in served as the original inspiration. the context of other studies examining if dispersal is dependent upon animal personality and those examining if an "invader behavioral syndrome" exists.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 51 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e52

S12-11 DHINOJWALA, A; NIEWIAROWSKI, PH*; University of 91-6 DI SANTO, V*; LAUDER, GV; Harvard University; Akron; [email protected] [email protected] Developing prototypes for testing gecko adhesion on rough Fish Schooling: Dynamic Shifts in School Structure with surfaces Swimming Speed and During Feeding It has been nearly 20 years since Autumn and colleagues established Schooling is a prevalent collective behavior exhibited by about 80% the central role of van der Waals forces in how geckos stick. Much of all known fish species during at least some phases of their life. has been discovered about the structure and function of fibrillar School formations are characterized by strong polarization, and fish adhesives in geckos and other taxa, and substantial success has been maintain reasonably discrete relative positions within the group. Such achieved in translating natural models into bioinspired synthetic behavior has been associated with a series of advantages ranging adhesives. Nevertheless, synthetics still cannot match the from enhanced capacity to reproduce to increased survival rates multidimensional performance observed in the gecko system that is during predator attacks. A precise school pattern, where fish are simultaneously robust to dirt and water, resilient over thousands of evenly distributed in a phalanx or diamond configuration, is also Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 cycles, and competent on surfaces that are rough at drastically thought to increase locomotor efficiency when compared to solitary different length scales. Apparent insensitivity of adhesion to fish, because individual fish may take advantage of the vortices shed variability in roughness is particularly interesting from both a by their neighbors during swimming. Here we present data on theoretical and applied perspective. Progress on understanding the schooling behavior of a forage fish, the inland silverside (Menidia extent to which and the basis of how the gecko system is robust to beryllina). We analyzed tridimensional schooling patterns and roughness is impeded by complexity of quantifying roughness of dynamics in fish swimming in a flow tank at different speeds, during natural surfaces and a dearth of data on gecko substrate use. We and following disruptions caused by feeding events, and present review methods for characterizing rough surfaces as they relate to the preliminary results on the effect of climate-related stressors on school potential for collecting relevant estimates of variation in gecko formation. Fish school volume is reduced and flattened as speed adhesive performance across different substrates in their natural increases, and individual fish switch position at a higher frequency habitats. Our goal is to suggest tractable and practical protocols to when they are forced to increase speed. Introduction of food induces enable researchers to design detailed studies of structure-function the fish to quickly and temporarily leave the school formation to relationships of the gecko fibrillar system that translate into its ability feed, and the precision of fish returning to their position within the to deliver robust adhesion across large variation in roughness. Such school is also quantified. Comparison of data from different flow and data can help advance development of design parameters to improve feeding conditions suggests that schools are rarely static as individual bioinspired adhesives based on the gecko fibrillar system. fish do not maintain the same position within the school for an extended period, and the general shape of the formation morphs as the interactions between individual shift over time.

69-4 DIAMOND, KM*; SCHOENFUSS, HL; BLOB, RW; Clemson 11-2 DIAS, AS*; VON HAGEL, AA; SUMMERS, AP; Univ., St. Cloud State Univ.; [email protected] GERRINGER, ME; FARINA, SC; Whitman College, Univ. of Examining Patterns of Climbing and Escape Performance over Washington, Seattle, Univ. of Washington, Friday Harbor, Univ. of Migration Pulses in the Hawaiian Goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni Washington, Friday Harbor, Howard Univ.; [email protected] Many animals incorporate migratory phases into their life history. Evolution of bone density in deep-sea snailfishes Migrations often involve traversing treacherous habitats to reach The family Liparidae, snailfishes, span the largest depth range of any environments that provide resources that promote fitness. However, marine fishes. The shallowest species can be found in tidepools of when animals migrate in large groups, passage through such habitats temperate zones, while hadal snailfishes, the deepest-living fishes, may occur along a temporal gradient. In the Hawaiian Islands, reside as deep as ~8,200 meters. Extreme environmental migrations of the goby species Sicyopterus stimpsoni are stimulated conditions—low temperature, high pressure, lack of light, limited by flash floods. Following a flood, a migration pulse ensues in which food availability, and varying oxygen concentrations—exert hordes of juveniles migrate from the ocean to upstream adult evolutionary pressures on the organisms that inhabit the deep sea. habitats. Along their migration path, fish must evade picivorous Liparids do not have swim bladders and are mostly demersal, but the predators and climb waterfalls while swimming upstream against deepest species must maintain neutral buoyancy to spend time in the ambient stream flow. It is possible that performance in both of these water column hunting for their sparse prey. Reduced bone density is variables may vary over the course of the migration pulse. To test another mechanism by which these species adapt to maintain this prediction, we collected fish across migration pulses lasting 2-6 buoyancy in the deep sea. We used micro computed tomography days and measured their performance in both burst escape (micro-CT) scanning to study bone density across the full performance and climbing trials. Results suggest that escape bathymetric range of the Liparidae, 32 species from 12 genera. Of performance is independent of migration timing, but that climbing these specimens, five bones were measured for density by calculating performance is greatest among fish collected near the end of relative mean pixel brightness to hydroxyapatite phantoms: the lower migration pulses. If fish with variable performance are able to reach jaw, for purposes of feeding mechanics; the third vertebrae, as a adult habitats as a result of differential timing of migration, it could control; the first left pelvic pterygiophore, for studying the suction explain the genetic and morphological variation previously recorded disk; the hypural plate, to study swimming and movement trends, and among adult populations. Understanding when fish are most likely to the sagittal otoliths. Taking into consideration the phylogeny of the succeed in migrations could also improve management decisions for specimens, we observed a decrease in bone density with increasing the protection of migratory species. depth. The degree of change in density with depth differed among the structures that we measured, with evolutionary implications for functional performance of structures in the deep sea.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 52 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e53

70-7 DIAZ, RE*; ROELLIG, D; BRONNER, M; TRAINOR, PA; 31-1 DIAZ, C*; TANIKAWA, A; MIYASHITA, T; MAKSUTA, D; Southeastern Louisiana University, California Institute of AMARPURI, G; DHINOJWALA, A; BLACKLEDGE, T; University Technology, Stowers Institute for Medical Research; of Akron, Akron, University of Tokyo, Tokyo; [email protected] [email protected] From Climbing Trees to Phylogenetic Trees: Veiled Chameleons The Moth Specialist Spider Cyrtarachne akirai Uses Prey Scales To (Chamaeleo calyptratus) as a Squamate Model to Fill Our Increase Adhesion Evolutionary Gaps in Vertebrate Neural Crest Cell Induction, Contaminants decrease adhesive strength by interfering with Migration and Differentiation. substrate contact. Spider webs adhering to moths present an ideal Neural Crest Cells (NCC) are a migratory cell population that model to investigate how adhesives overcome contamination because differentiates from along the dorsal and lateral margins of the moth's sacrificial layer of scales rub off on sticky silk, allowing the forming embryonic central nervous system and contribute various moths to escape. The Cyrtarachninae spiders evolved webs that cell types and tissues to the organismal body (such as cranial overcome this limitation and are moth-specialists. We compare the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 cartilage and bone, pericytes of the vasculature and pigment cells). adhesive performance of Cyrtarachne glue to more typical spider While various subpopulations have been identified (cranial, cardiac, glues to understand how Cyrtarachne glue overcomes dirty surfaces. trunk, sacral) in groups with a longer history of study (i.e., High-speed videos show that upon contact with moth-wings the low established model organisms), not all vertebrate lineages have viscosity of Cyrtarachne aggregate glue allows it to seep beneath the received equal attention. Within amniotes, ~33% of extant species scales and accelerate, spreading along the underlying cuticle due to are represented by the Lepidosauria (Rhynchocephalia [tuatara] + capillary forces. The adhesive strength of most other spiders' glues is Squamata [snakes, lizards]), yet little work has been conducted on maximized at a much higher viscosity that optimizes the the NCC biology within this clade. Such a discrepancy in studies can contributions of spreading for surface contact versus cohesive be traced to the difficulty in examining NCC development in strength. While the low viscosity of Cyrtarachne glue leads to rapid Lepidosauria as embryos in the majority of species examined begin spreading how does it not sacrifice cohesive strength of the glue? development within the oviduct and, upon oviposition, embryos are Infrared spectroscopy showed a rapid loss of unbound water during at an advanced stage of morphogenesis (limb bud). Here we present initial spreading which may indicate drying of the droplet. Raman the establishment of the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) spectroscopy and optical microscopy support that the distribution of as a useful lepidosaur system for studying early embryonic glycoproteins and salts is not homogeneous as found in other spider development as embryos are at an early gastrula stage at egg laying species. Instead, we hypothesize that rapid spreading of the liquid and also present a slow rate of embryonic development (6 months) components of the glue relative to adhesive material leads to suitable for detailed examination of morphogenesis, thus allowing us localized drying, increasing cohesive strength. to characterize NCC development, migration and differentiation in a squamate reptile.

41-1 DIAZ, K*; SCHIEBEL, PE; DING, JL; LU, H; GOLDMAN, 12-4 DICK, MF; ALCANTARA-TANGONAN, A; OGHLI, YS; DI; Georgia Tech; [email protected] WELCH, KC*; University of Toronto Scarborough; Undulatory Locomotion in Heterogeneous Environments Across [email protected] Scales Now or Later: Differential fates for glucose and fructose in a Undulatory locomotion is ubiquitous across scales. A well-studied nectarivore system is the nematode C. elegans, which moves through Hummingbirds fuel their high energy needs with the fructose and propagation of dorsoventral waves of body curvature. Surprisingly glucose in their nectar diets. These sugars are used to fuel both few studies have focused on the worm's control of these waves to immediate energy needs and to build fat stores to fuel future fasting generate effective interactions in its natural environment (e.g. rotting periods. Most studied vertebrates are relatively adepts at utilizing fruit). In contrast, progress has been made in discovery of control ingested glucose for energy in most tissues, while fructose is largely principles in undulatory macroscopic systems (e.g. snakes, snake-like metabolized by splanchnic tissues. If and how hummingbirds robots) that move in complex terrain. We posit that environmental partition dietary fructose and glucose towards immediate oxidation to interactions from frictional/yielding surfaces and rigid fuel foraging behaviour or fat storage is unknown. Using a chronic heterogeneities are similar in dissipative macroscopic and stable isotope tracer methodology we examined if glucose or fructose microscopic systems. To discover if similar control principles for are preferentially used for de novo lipogenesis in ruby-throated undulatory locomotion in heterogeneous landscapes exist across hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris). Ruby-throated hummingbirds scales, we studied a habitat generalist snake, P. guttatus, a desert were fed diets with the glucose or fructose enriched with 13C for 5 specialist snake, C. occipitalis, and the mm-long C. elegans days and we measured isotope incorporation into fat via the breath 13 traversing sparse lattices of rigid cylindrical posts, a model of CO2 signature while fasting (oxiding fat) to trace incorporation into heterogeneous terrain. Snakes were tested in hexagonal arrays of 0.64 adipose stores. We found higher incorporation of stable isotopes into cm diameter posts on a low-friction board. Unlike P. guttatus which the fat stores when glucose was enriched compared to fructose modulates body shape to generate appropriate reaction forces using suggesting preference for glucose as a substrate for fatty acid the posts, C. occipitalis adheres to a simple wave which we synthesis. However, we noted that the apparent turnover of the fat hypothesize generates propulsion via a random but opportunistic post pool in hummingbirds was much slower (t50= 87 h) than that reported use. Experiments on C. elegans, conducted in fluid-filled PDMS in other small vertebrates. To test if this was related to time spent in lattices of comparable scaled dimensions, revealed that the worm captivity, we repeated the study with newly caught hummingbirds used a strategy similar to C. occipitalis, leading to bouts of effective and found a similar preference for glucose. We also observed a ~70% locomotion interspersed with periods of large slip. Without faster fat turnover in freshly caught birds. The faster rate was post-contact C. elegans and C. occipitalis moved at ~0.2 body significantly correlated to lower body mass (r=0.87, p<0.001) and lengths per undulation cycle (BL/cyc); when contacting the posts higher nectar intake (p=0.006). This suggests that there are profound both snakes and worms moved at ~0.35 BL/cyc, indicating changes to daily energetics in long-term captive individuals relative similarities in task-level control. to their wild counterparts.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 53 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e54

12-3 DICK, MF*; WELCH, KC; University of Toronto; S1-9 DIGGLE, Pamela*; MULDER, Christa; University of [email protected] Connecticut, Storrs, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Dietary guild influences sugar oxidation in bats [email protected] Bat species in the Phyllostomidae family evolved from a common Does Variation in Flower Development Explain Anomalous insectivorous ancestor to eat a variety of diets. Evolutionary changes Phenological Responses to Temperature? in a species' diet are accompanied with changes in digestive Climate change has resulted in increased temperatures across the physiology, including increasing sucrase activity in frugivores and globe. Although many angiosperms flower earlier in response to nectivores, and loss of sucrase in sanguivores. Additionally, bats rising temperature, a substantial number of species either do not must also meet the high energy requirements of flight, and appear to respond or even delay flowering in, or following, warm nectarivores can fuel flight almost exclusively using recently years. Existing phenological models cannot explain such exceptions ingested sucrose, glucose or fructose. This feat is not only due to to the common association of advancing phenologies with warming efficient digestion and absorption in bats, but also due to temperatures. The phenological events that are typically recorded Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 post-absorptive adaptations to increase sugar oxidation to directly (e.g., onset of flowering) are but one phase in a complex fuel their metabolism. However, species-specific adaptations to sugar developmental process that often begins one or more years oxidation have not been investigated. We examined whether capacity previously, and flowering time may be strongly influenced by for oxidation of sucrose and its components glucose and fructose temperature over the entire multi-year course of flower development. vary among dietary guilds. We used a carbon stable isotope breath Preformation, the initiation of flower primordia one or more years tracer technique to non-invasively monitor the oxidation of 13C prior to anthesis, is characteristic of temperate forest trees, shrubs, enriched sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) over 90 mins using and many herbaceous perennials, and ubiquitous for high elevation through their breath stable isotope signature. Insectivorous bats had and high latitude species. We explore conceptual models of the overall lower oxidation rates and no effect of sugar type. In effects of temperature on the entire year-long process of flower comparison, the lack of sucrase enzyme in vampire bats (Desmodous preformation that incorporates changes in developmental rates, rotundus) precludes the breakdown of sucrose, preventing its timing of onset and offset of individual stages, as well as plant and absorption and oxidization. Frugivorous and nectarivorous species inflorescence architecture. Understanding these developmental had overall higher oxidation rates, with fructose reaching peak process could dramatically improve our ability to predict the timing oxidation faster. Since glucose and fructose are both partially of flowering in temperate environments and may also give insights absorbed through paracellular absorption in bats, the rapid and high into how temperate trees and shrubs, the majority of which preform rate of fructose absorption could be due to post-absorption adaptions flowers, will respond as the climate continues to warm. rather than absorption rates. Overall, this study supports known differences in intestinal enzymes, but also suggests additional species-specific adaptations in the oxidation of sugars in bats.

26-7 DILLON, ME*; WOODS, HA; PINCEBOURDE, S; Univ. or 55-5 DIMOS, B*; MYDLARZ, L; PELLEGRINO, M; University of Wyoming, Univ. of Montana, Univ. of Tours, France; Texas at Arlington; [email protected] [email protected] Characterization of a novel stress resistance pathway in corals: The Sampling frequency in thermal ecology: Do missed extremes and Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response interpolated means matter? Coral reefs have experienced precipitous declines during the The thermal relations between ectotherms and their environments Anthropocene, in large part due to coral diseases and hyperthermic determine body temperature, which is, in turn, a fundamental driver bleaching, which is the loss of the obligate algal symbiont. Intense of physiology, life history, and ecology. Measuring responses of research efforts have been undertaken to establish links between ectotherms to spatial and temporal variation in temperature is coral pathologies and cellular mechanics. Up to now the intermediary therefore a key goal of thermal ecology, particularly in the context of cellular pathways linking the coral host's response to heat and ongoing global climate change. Despite the potentially striking pathogen stress have not been functionally validated. A recently effects of short-term (seconds to minutes) temperature variation on characterized cellular pathway, the mitochondrial unfolded protein ectotherms, most studies make inferences based on monthly or, at response (mtUPR) is a potent pro-survival mechanism mediating a best, daily temperature measurements. Is higher frequency wide array of effector responses. The key pathways up-regulated by temperature variation noise that can be ignored? Or are we missing the mtUPR known to be important in coral stress responses include: critical temperature effects and biasing inferences by discarding this antioxidant elements, heat shock proteins and anti-microbial "noise"? To determine the effects of changes in sampling frequency compounds. Up to now the mtUPR has only been investigated in on ectotherm thermal ecology, we deployed operative models of humans and the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. insects of three size classes (2, 6, and 15 mm diameter spheres) on elegans) for its role in numerous human diseases. In the first study to leaf surfaces and sampled model and air temperatures every second. utilize transgenesis in corals, we validated the existence of the mtUPR We then subsampled these data and estimated the change in extreme in Orbicella faveolata (O. faveolata) mediated by the coral cyclic temperatures, in exposure time, and in fitness (integrated from AMP-dependent Activating Transcription Factor 5 (cATF5). thermal performance curves). We found little change in estimates of Microinjection of the cATF5 gene construct was able to rescue a extreme temperatures at sampling periods up to 30 min, with genetic knockout model of C. elegans harboring a mtUPR reporter sampling periods 1 h or longer resulting in underestimates of extreme construct. cATF5 was demonstrated to be up-regulated during both temperatures and of performance. The common approach of temperature and pathogenic stress in O. faveolata. Using qPCR and implicitly assuming a stair-step interpolation between distantly bioinformatic methods we were able to demonstrate the coral mtUPR sampled temperatures overestimates exposure time to extreme shares functional homology to the human and C. elegans mtUPR, by temperatures. These findings suggest that even daily temperature being able to increase transcription of Heat Shock proteins 60 and 70, measurements (which are often considered high frequency) are too as well as superoxide dismutase. This pathway has the potential to coarse for making accurate inferences about the thermal ecology of enhance understanding of coral stress responses at the cellular level small ectotherms. in a changing climate.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 54 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e55

1-5 DINH, JP*; NOWICKI, S; PETERS, S; Duke University; 4-4 DIXON, G*; BAY, LK; MATZ, MV; University of Texas, [email protected] Austin, 2Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Intra-diel improvement in song performance: swamp sparrows Queensland 4810, Australia; [email protected] ‘warm up' in the morning Role of gene body methylation in coral acclimatization and Index signals convey reliable information about a signaler's quality adaptation because they are constrained by the signaler's anatomy or physiology. Gene body methylation (GBM) has been hypothesized to modulate ‘Vocal performance' in birdsong may be considered an index signal responses to environmental change, including transgenerational to the extent that certain acoustic features of song are limited by the plasticity, but the evidence thus far has been lacking. Here we show singer's vocal capabilities. Many species of birds exhibit a dawn that coral fragments reciprocally transplanted between two distant chorus, a period of especially active singing occurring at first light, reefs respond with genome-wide increase or decrease in GBM after which singing becomes relatively less frequent. One hypothesis disparity among genes. Surprisingly, this simple genome-wide predicts that birds use dawn choruses to ‘warm up,' much like human adjustment predicted broad-scale gene expression changes and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 athletes or musicians do, to maximize their vocal performance for the fragments' fitness in the new environment. This supports GBM's role rest of the day. We tested this idea in swamp sparrows (Melospiza in acclimatization, which may consist in modulating the expression georgiana), a species for which the underlying biomechanical balance between environmentally-responsive and housekeeping constraints on vocal performance are especially well-known and in genes. At the same time, constitutive differences in GBM between which the behavioral significance of vocal performance also has been populations did not align with plastic GBM changes upon well-studied. We analyzed 1301 songs from a cohort of 11 captive transplantation and were mostly observed among FST outliers, swamp sparrows over the course of 2 days and measured changes in indicating that they arose through genetic divergence rather than vocal performance across the day. We found that song performance through transgenerational inheritance of acquired GBM states. is positively correlated with time of day, suggesting that swamp sparrows do warm up throughout the morning. However, song performance was not correlated with the absolute number of songs that a bird had sung previously in a morning. The performance benefit associated with vocal warm-up may explain why songbirds engage in a dawn chorus to the extent that vocal performance correlates positively with the amount of time a bird has sung. Our finding that the number of previously performed songs does not predict vocal performance suggests that songbirds may experience fatigue of the vocal apparatus, thereby imposing an upper constraint on the optimum number of songs a bird should produce during a single morning.

64-8 DIZON, RN*; SOLIS, AJ; BARNES, CJ; ISAACS, MR; 36-4 DO AMARAL, MCF*; DUFRESNE, S; GOINES, B; TEGGE, HARRIS, SL; LEE, DV; University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Z; KRANE, CK; Mount St. Joseph University, University of Dayton; [email protected] [email protected] A robotic platform to test control strategies for bipedal walking Cryoprotectant Production in the Freeze-Tolerant Cope's Gray We use a simple walking robot, referred to as a Dynamic Control Treefrog (Dryophytes chrysoscelis): Effect of Acclimatization on Platform (DCP) to investigate algorithms for the control of bipedal Hepatic Enzyme Activity walking. Our control strategies target orthogonal constraint — a Cope's gray treefrog, Dryophytes chrysoscelis, is one of few anurans perpendicular relationship between the center of mass velocity vector found in North America that can survive the low temperatures of and ground reaction force vector. This is done by actuating the winter by tolerating freezing of its body fluids. Freezing survival can ‘ankle' joint to achieve braking or propulsion and thereby modulate be achieved, in part, by production and accumulation of the direction of the ground reaction force vector. The ‘ankles' are cryoprotectants: low molecular weight compounds that minimize the driven by DC gear motors through a belt-pulley system and the physical, biochemical, and molecular challenges associated with symmetrical heel and toe extensions of the foot are scaled to the internal ice formation. Dryophytes chrysoscelis not only accumulates length of a human foot. A force-instrumented trackway provides glycerol and glucose as cryoprotectants, but has also recently been inputs via Wi-Fi to the control system on-board the robot. Deviation shown to accumulate urea. While production of glucose in D. from orthogonal constraint is determined each millisecond in by 1) chrysoscelis is usually induced by freezing, production of glycerol calculating the ground reaction force vector and 2) integrating the and urea can be induced by low temperature exposure. Although resulting acceleration to determine the velocity vector. We use recent studies suggest a role for hepatic glycogen as a source for mechanical cost analysis to analyze the walking dynamics of the cryoprotective glycerol and glucose, the source and mechanism DCP in comparison to human walking dynamics. This analysis involved in anticipatory accumulation of glycerol and urea is not determines the mechanical cost of transport (CoTmech) of a walking understood. In this study we determined how cryoprotectant levels stride, as well individual instances of high and low cost throughout and the activity of hepatic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the single and double stance phases of walking. While humans show aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase changed in appreciable mechanical cost in both phases of the stride, comparable summer, fall, and winter frogs, as well as animals exposed to measurements have not yet been made on a walking robot. We dehydrating conditions. Our results further elucidate the contribution explore constraints and solutions with respect to this cost profile to of carbohydrates and amino acids to the cryoprotectant pool, and the inform the mechanism and control of bipedal walking. Control role of acclimatization to the development of freeze tolerance. algorithms developed in the DPC can reveal new strategies for bipedal walking gaits in robots, interpret effects of foot length, compliance or other mechanical properties, and improve the function of powered prosthetics or exoskeletons.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 55 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e56

12-6 DOLAN, JE*; HAMMOND, KA; UC Riverside; 92-3 DOMAN, TJJ*; BHANDAWAT, V; Duke University; [email protected] [email protected] Sustained Metabolic Rates of Wheel Running in High Altitude A New Behavioral Paradigm to Explore Idiothetic Cues in Deer Mice Navigation by Drosophila Animals living in extreme environments must be able to Animals, including Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit flies), can keep accommodate any associated increased energy demands. High track of their position using both cues generated by its movement altitude is one such environment that includes stressors such as (idiothetic cues), as well as external cues such as a landmark hypoxia. Most studies have emphasized the max (VO2max) and min movement (allothetic cues). How fruit flies use allothetic cues such (BMR) energy expenditures. VO2max is measured with forced as vision and mechanosensory cues is relatively well understood. exercise while BMR is measured under conditions rarely measured in However, their ability to navigate based on idiothetic cues is nature. However, the effects of normal and voluntary activity are underexplored. Therefore, we created a new behavioral paradigm to often ignored in controlled laboratory studies using captive animals. explore the use of idiothetic cues in navigation. In this behavior, a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 To understand the effects of normal and ‘preferred' activity in caged group of olfactory neurons which signal the presence of an attractive animal systems, our study examines the costs of voluntary wheel odor are optogenetically activated (using a red light) in a small region running at both high and low altitude in deer mice (Peromsycus of the arena. Activation of the olfactory neurons result in the flies maniculatus). We wondered how voluntary activity might change to repeatedly visiting the location where the neurons are activated. By accommodate the physiological costs of hypoxia or other employing different arena sizes, different spatio-temporal physiological parameters. To do this we measured the sustained configuration of the activation-zone we were able to understand the metabolic rate (SusMR; kJ/day) of mice with and without wheels, capacity of the flies to navigate using idiothetic cues alone. To wheel running activity and other physiological variables in deer mice further understand the principles underlying this navigation, we have both at low altitude and recently (< 4 days) moved to high altitude. replicated the same experimental design using a tethered fly on a We found that the SusMR was 59% higher in mice at high altitude trackball. Using its fictive trajectory, we will activate the same group (regardless of whether they had wheels). Likewise, mice with wheels of olfactory neurons when it is at a given position. A comparison of have a SusMR that is 13% higher than mice without wheels its performance on the trackball versus in freely walking animals will (regardless of altitude). However, mice recently introduced to high provide further insight into this problem. Finally, we will compare altitude with wheels ran 13% less and had a VO2max that was 13% the search kinematics of flies in the ring assay to that of the flies on lower than mice at low altitude with wheels; thus, there appears to be the trackball to determine the locomotive alterations of the searching a trade-off between energy costs and voluntary activity for the mice fly while walking on a trackball. recently moved to higher altitudes. Previous studies have shown that the deficit between VO2max at low and high altitudes is regained after 8 weeks of acclimation. We will discuss the effects of recent and long-term hypoxia on SusMR as well as other aspects of deer mouse physiology.

103-2 DONATELLI, CM*; SHEN, TH; KHANNA, S; TYTELL, 47-7 DONG, G*; MITCHELL, D; MOSS, A; Auburn University, ED; Tufts University, Columbia University; Auburn, AL ; [email protected] [email protected] The structure and electrical activity of the tentacular apparatus of The hydrodynamics of tail twisting during swimming in the adult Mnemiopsis leidyi American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) Ctenophores have recently attracted much attention because several Many fishes use body-caudal undulation to navigate their multigenetic molecular analyses proposed Phylum Ctenophora to be environments. Some fish, traditionally called anguilliform swimmers, the sister taxon to all other animals. The common Western Atlantic use more than two thirds of their bodies to produce thrust. The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is currently the object of intense hydrodynamics of these anguilliform swimmers has been well ecological and physiological study. The tentacular apparatus of characterized and modeled by biologists, mathematicians, and ctenophores is critical to feeding and very likely bears a diversity of engineers, but primarily focusing on flows in the horizontal plane. sensory functions. Previous studies of the cydippid Pleurobrachia Some of the more recent characterizations have used conventional pileus suggest that the tentacular bulb is an integrative center for particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods to characterize the wake, afferent signals arising from the distal tentacle and a cell proliferation showing that elongate fishes such as eels shed vortices which zone. The tentacular apparatus of adult cydippid and lobate produce lateral jets along the length of the body and in the wake. ctenophores are superficially similar but as we show here, are Though these studies are comprehensive in 2D, we have not yet morphologically distinct. Here, we use correlative light and electron looked at the 3D motion of the body and tail. We know that as a 2D microscopy in conjunction with fine extracellular probe recording to lateral bending wave passes down the body, a 3D torsional wave demonstrate structure/function relationships within the M. leidyi follows. In this study, we characterize flow around the body that tentacular bulb. We generated the general scheme of the tentacular results from that torsional wave in the American eel (Anguilla apparatus, showing the arrangement of tentilla and tentacular bulb. rostrata). We use a transverse PIV setup, in which the light sheet is Bundles of hundreds of tentilla arise from the center of the bulb, perpendicular to the swimming direction. We find that as the tail indicating the location of the formation of the tentilla. Many tentillae beats and twists back and forth, two vortices are produced, one from were found connected to the aboral end the tentacular bulb. We the dorsal surface and one from the ventral surface. These vortices created a lesion in the food groove and used time lapse recording to are likely part of the vortex loops shed as a result of the bending reveal the behavior of the food grove post-incision and tentilla wave, and produce an upwards jet against the tail. The jet could growth path. Based on the histology and TEM, we acquired the indicate a lift force on the body, which may to cause the figure-eight scheme of cross section of tentacular bulb with the prediction of pattern seen when looking at the tail from behind. It may also serve function in multiple area of bulb. We also found spontaneous slow to lift the negatively buoyant fish off the ground, reducing fraction trains of robust biphasic action potentials in tentilla where they arise with the sediment and allowing the fish to move more easily through from the aboral end of the tentacular bulb of adult animals. the water. This mechanism may be important in other negatively buoyant fishes as well, especially those with reduced pectoral fins.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 56 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e57

S9-10 DOONAN, L.B. *; HARTIGAN, A; GACESA, R; 100-5 DORGAN, KM*; LOCKRIDGE, G; BALLENTINE, W; OKAMURA, B; MARQUES, A.C.; LONG, P.F.; Kings College KISKADDON, E; CLEMO, WC; Dauphin Island Sea Lab; London, UK , Natural History Museum London, UK , University [email protected] Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands, Universidade de São Mechanical properties of muds: a worm's perspective Paulo, Brasil; [email protected] Muddy marine sediments are elastic materials through which worms Feeling Stressed? The Evolution of Nrf2 Coordinated Oxidative extend burrows by fracture. Elastic fracture depends on two sediment Stress Response in Free-living and Parasitic Cnidarians. material properties: fracture toughness and stiffness. Variability in Co-adapted cellular processes that overcame metabolic toxicity the ratio of these properties has been shown to affect the behavior of resulting from use of highly reactive molecular oxygen, a challenge burrowing worms. Very little data exists, however, on how these exacerbated by electrophilic xenobiotics and abiotic agents such as properties vary in the natural environment. We have identified UVR, are crucial to the success of aerobic life on Earth. Oxidative several problems with previous methods of measuring sediment stress is the product of damage to molecules such as proteins, lipids, fracture toughness and have developed and tested an instrument that Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 and nucleic acids caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). To addresses these problems. We will present data on fracture toughness survive this stressful environment, long-lived species utilize a variety profiles across a gradient of muddy sediments and will compare of antioxidant compounds and have evolved many enzymes that fracture toughness to more commonly used geological measurements inactivate ROS. The expression of enzymes to protect against ROS is such as grain size and organic content. Quantifying these material coordinated by a small number of related nuclear transcription properties of sediments is critical to understanding how burrowing factors, the most important of these being the master regulator, Nrf2. kinematics and mechanics vary in the natural environment. These Regulation of Nrf2 is thought to be largely driven by Keap1. Upon measurements are also an important step in linking animal-sediment exposure to ROS, Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 and is shuttled to the interactions to broader ecological processes in sediments. nucleus where it activates its target genes. Keap1-Nrf2 interaction is conserved in Drosophila and vertebrates but little is known about this system in early branching metazoans. Using genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data, we analyzed Keap1/Nrf2 orthologs in several cnidarian taxa as well as other early-diverging metazoans. We also examine other associated oxidative stress response proteins in both parasitic and free-living cnidarians, which may experience different levels of metabolic and environmental toxicity due to diverse life-histories. Investigation of Nrf2 regulation of oxidative stress in basal lineages may advance human medical intervention as well as our understanding of metazoan evolution.

63-7 DOW, EG*; RODRIGUEZ-LANETTY, M; Florida Intl. Univ., S6-1 DOWLING, DK; Monash University; Miami ; [email protected] [email protected] Cnidarian chemosensory iGluRs under the clout of circadian Maternal inheritance of mitochondria, and implications for male rhythm in the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida health Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are a group of Maternal transmission of mitochondria renders the mtDNA sequence transmembrane proteins involved in many biological processes, from prone to the accumulation of mutations that are deleterious to male, chemically mediated neuron communication within vertebrate brains but not female, function. In this talk, I will describe the evolutionary to chemosensation within insect antennae. The group of logic underlying this hypothesis, which is generally known as early-diverged cnidarians includes the sea anemone Exaiptasia "Mother's Curse", and provide an overview of its key predictions. I pallida that contains an expanded diversity of genes throughout will then present case studies of empirical support for the Mother's iGluR evolution and function as chemosensory receptor proteins Curse hypothesis, which come from my group's research on fruit flies capable of response to bacteria. An E. pallida iGluR gene has shown (Drosophila melanogaster), and I will highlight emerging evidence cyclic gene expression profiles, prompting the hypothesis that from other model organisms, and humans. Finally, I will discuss the rhythmicity of chemosensory genes may be circadian. To address this implications and caveats of the current evidence base, and outline hypothesis, we explored whether E. pallida iGluR2 expression is future research avenues required to clarify the pervasiveness of dependent on circadian rhythm or has a natural cycle with varied "Mother's Curse" mutations in metazoans. expression through diurnal experimentation. Prior results showed 48 hour cyclical gene expression of E. pallida iGluR2, hypothetically stemming from circadian rhythm, shown to influence cnidarian transcription including genes involved in glutamate metabolism. Five biological replicates were sampled randomly over 4 weeks during a 24-hr time period at four hour intervals to compare the expression of EpaliGluR2 between 12-hr light:12-hr dark and 12-hr dark:12-hr dark diurnal cycles. While EpaliGluR2 has conserved domains indicative of homology to the iGluR family, nucleotide substitutions in key conserved residues suggest these diverse iGluR isoforms possess differential specificities and consequently distinct functional roles, putatively in response to light. This study is the first to measure iGluR expression as a function of diurnal influence or circadian rhythm in cnidarians.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 57 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e58

99-1 DRAUD, S.L.*; DEAROLF, J.L.; Hendrix College, Conway, S12-4 DROTLEF, DM; DAYAN, CB; SITTI, M*; Max Planck AR; [email protected] Institute for Intelligent Systems; [email protected] Fiber-type profile of Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) Gecko-inspired composite microfibers for reversible adhesion on diaphragm smooth and rough surfaces Swimming on a breathhold is known to decouple ventilation and Nature offers inspiring strategies for strong and reversible adhesion locomotion in cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises). However, in complex environments. For instance, geckos can adhere to rough the mechanisms underlying this unique behavior are not fully surfaces with their adhesive pads covered by dense arrays of fine understood. The fiber-type profile of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops hairs. For the past decade, gecko-inspired micro/nanofibrillar truncatus) diaphragm suggests that this muscle might act as a barrier adhesives have been extensively studied and principles of enhanced against the cranial movement of its abdominal organs during flexion adhesion by contact splitting, equal load sharing or the mechanism of of its tailstock, thereby serving as a modulator of the visceral piston. directional adhesion are well understood. Although artificial mimics Characterizing the fiber-type profile of the diaphragms of other demonstrate strong and reversible adhesion and even surpass the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 dolphin species can help us discern if this potential role of the performance of the gecko on smooth surfaces, their adhesion on diaphragm is consistent among cetaceans. In this study, we slightly rough surfaces is poor. Recently, alternative approaches determined the fiber-type profile of six Atlantic spotted dolphin inspired by animals´ seta with graded modulus, microfibers with soft (Stenella frontalis) diaphragms. We cut sections using a cryostat, tips and hard fibers, adhesive composite materials, and viscous stained them for their myosin ATPase activity after basic systems directly crosslinked on rough surfaces have been pre-incubation, and tested for their reaction to myosin heavy chain demonstrated. However, their adhesion performance on rough antibodies (A4840 - slow myosin; SC71 - fast IIa myosin). The surfaces are still questionable and not very reversible. In this study, ATPase stained sections were imaged, and the fibers were counted we propose gecko-inspired composite microfibers with superior and placed into one of three categories (dark, intermediate, or light). conformation and adhesion to smooth and rough surfaces. The In addition, antibody stains were used to confirm the classification of adhesive patterns are composed of polydimethylsiloxane microfibers these fibers as either fast- or slow-twitch fibers, as well as examine decorated with very soft and conformal composite mushroom-shaped the expression of intermediately staining fibers. These data were used tips. Tailoring tip geometry, layer thickness, tip composition, to calculate the average fiber-type profile of the diaphragm. together with optimized processing parameters resulting in great Diameters of fibers in each of the three categories were also surface conformation and enhanced performance. High adhesion measured using ImageJ. The fiber-type profile and fiber diameters of strength of more than 200 kPa on smooth and 40 kPa on rough the diaphragm of Atlantic spotted dolphins will be compared to these surfaces with high durability was achieved. The proposed composite features of the bottlenose dolphin muscle in order to identify any microfibers enable the implementation of bioinspired patterns to similarities or differences. These comparisons will enable us to better various real world applications, inaccessible for current understand the unique role of cetacean diaphragms in their microstructured systems ventilation.

79-1 DU CLOS, KT*; LANG, A; DEVEY, S; MOTTA, PJ; 74-5 DUELL, ME*; HARRISON, JF; University of Western Ontario, HABEGGER, ML; GEMMELL, BJ; University of South Florida, Arizona State University; [email protected] University of Alabama, Florida Southern College; [email protected] The pros & cons of small size: Size-dependent flight metabolic rates Flexible scales of the mako shark respond to drag inducing and thermal performance among stingless bees small-scale flow features Flight can be extremely energetically expensive for many The shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus is a fast swimming ocean invertebrate ectotherms. Little data on very small flying insects exists predator that preys on some of the fastest swimmers in the ocean. to verify how flight metabolic costs change with decreasing body The mako's fast swimming speeds and its ability to migrate over mass. Current estimates are based mostly on measurements from distances up to thousands of kilometers suggest that drag reduction is larger insects. We studied the scaling of metabolic rate (FMR) among crucial for this species. Mako skin is embedded with a layer of often 13 species of stingless bees, ranging from 1-115mg in body mass, flexibly attached, toothlike scales. Past studies have attributed drag using flow-through respirometry at a fixed temperature of 25°C. We reducing effects of shark skin to the presence of scale ridges oriented found that an FMR scaling exponent of 2.2, indicating that smaller parallel to the swimming direction. More recent studies have bee species expend less energy in flight than expected for their size. examined the drag reduction role of scale bristling in which scales We measured wing area and veination, head, thorax, and abdomen move rapidly up and down, which may reduce backflow in reversing, mass, load carrying, and wing beat frequency (WBF) to explain our turbulent boundary layer flows. Scale bristling is difficult to observe, results. We found that WBF did not scale with body mass. Load however, due to the small spatial and short temporal scales involved. carrying scaled isometrically. Smaller stingless bee species had We used ultra high-speed video (50,400 frames per second) to record relatively larger heads. Smaller species had relatively larger wings turbulent boundary layer flow over mako skin from the flank region with less veination. When compared to FMR for all flying insects, we of the body, a region of high flow separation and the region where found a breakpoint in the scaling relationship at 53mg body mass. scales are most flexible. We recorded videos of mako scales bristling Below this, FMR scaled with and exponent of 1.2 while it scaled rapidly up and down over approximately two milliseconds. Scale with an exponent of 0.67 above, suggesting that smaller flying bristling occurred under flow conditions representative of cruise insects have mechanisms which decrease the costs of flight. We swimming and were associated with two flow features. The first was determined that flight temperature did not contribute to FMR by a downward and backward (toward the anterior of the shark) flow measuring Q10 for each species between 25-35°C. Q10 was associated with flow reversal that pushed up the scale. The second approximately 1 over this range. Thermal performance curves varied was an eddy just anterior to the scale that produced a low pressure by species; flight metabolic rate increased or decreased with region that pulled up the scale. This study was the first to directly increasing air temperatures in some species. In others, there was no observe flow induced scale bristling. effect of air temperature between 25-40°C. However, smaller species had lower flight CTmax than larger species, and therefore may be less tolerant of rising air temperatures.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 58 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e59

105-2 DUMAN, AJ*; AZIZI, E; Univ. of California, Irvine; 128-4 DUNHAM, NT*; MCNAMARA, A; HIERONYMUS, TL; [email protected] SHAPIRO, L; YOUNG, JW; NEOMED, University of Texas at Substrate Stiffness Affects the Coordinated Landing of Rhinella Austin; [email protected] marina Locomotor kinematics of free-ranging primates in response to The musculoskeletal system is responsible for safely dissipating changes in substrate diameter and orientation energy associated with locomotion. Rapid decelerations of the body Primates' near exclusive use of diagonal sequence gaits has been and dissipation of mechanical energy are common across modes of hypothesized to enhance stability on arboreal substrates. To assess terrestrial locomotion including running downhill and landing from a how primate gait kinematics vary in complex arboreal environments, jump. The variation in mechanical properties of the environment can we filmed eight species of free-ranging primates (Ateles, Lagothrix, change the rate and magnitude of energy that needs to be dissipated Alouatta, Pithecia, Callicebus, Saimiri, Saguinus, and Cebuella) at by the musculoskeletal system and may require changes to strategies the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador, and quantified the used to minimize the risk of injury. In particular, the compliance of a diameter and orientation of locomotor substrates using remote Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 substrate may be used to temporarily store energy to reduce the sensors (n = 858 strides). Five of the species used primarily diagonal energy imparted on the body upon impact. The well-documented, sequence, diagonal couplet (DSDC) gaits. Callicebus frequently used coordinated landing of Rhinella marina offers a unique model to lateral sequence gaits (i.e., ~50% of strides). Saguinus and Cebuella determine how substrate stiffness may influence their landing most frequently used asymmetrical gaits. We examined the effects of behavior. Using force-plate ergometry and high-speed videography substrate diameter and orientation on duty factor and interlimb we compare the landing performance of R. marina (n = 5) across four phasing, controlling for speed via ANCOVA. Ateles increased limb compliance treatments relative to body weight (BW); 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 phase on inclines (p=0.04), Lagothrix had greater duty factors on mm BW-1. Landing performance was characterized by finding the inclines (p=0.002), Callicebus exhibited greater duty factors (p=0.04) energy dissipated by the forelimbs normalized to the total energy of and lower limb phase values on declines (p=0.001), and both Saimiri the system. Inverse Dynamics were also employed to compare the and Saguinus displayed an inverse relationship between limb phase relative energy contributions of forelimb joints as well as how they and substrate diameter (p=0.05, p=0.03, respectively). This study differ with substrate stiffness. Our results imply that substrate confirms the ubiquity of diagonal sequence gaits in free-ranging stiffness increases the relative amount of energy dissipated by the primates and at least partially supports predicted biomechanical forelimbs to decelerate the body. adjustments to promote stability including: increased duty factor on nonhorizontal substrates, increased limb phase on inclines, and decreased limb phase on declines. Other species-specific kinematic adjustments to substrate variation are likely related to body size and ecological variation but require further investigation. Supported by NSF BCS-1640552 and BCS-1640453.

52-2 DUNOYER, L/A*; DAPORE, Z; SEIFERT, A; VAN CLEVE, 1-4 DUQUE, FG*; RODRIGUEZ-SALTOS, CA; MONTEROS, MF; J; Univ. of Kentucky; [email protected] WILCZYNSKI, W; Georgia State Univ., Emory Univ., Univ. Effects of Limb Loss via Autotomy and Regeneration on Tecnica del Norte; [email protected] Reproductive Success in Female Red Swamp Crayfish Signal transmission of high-frequency vocalizations of Andean Crayfish are keystone species and impact the freshwater stream hummingbirds. environment around themselves through ecosystem engineering. Like When producing a signal, a sender faces environmental challenges other arthropods, they are also capable of regeneration after limb that affect transmission and may prevent the intended receiver from autotomy following a predator attack or a competitive interaction. detecting the signal. Therefore, animals produce signals that are Nonetheless, little is known about the impacts of this regenerative adapted to habitat conditions, facilitating intraspecific process on the fitness of these ecologically integral organisms. Here, communication. We assessed signal transmission of high-frequency we ask how regeneration following limb autotomy influences egg vocalizations (8-15 kHz) from three species of Andean production as a measure of juvenile and adult fitness. In the lab, we hummingbirds. Adelomyia melanogenys and Boissonneaua induced autotomy of one cheliped and then mated and isolated flavescens, which live in the cloud forest, produce simple female adult and juvenile crayfishes until egg production. Then, eggs high-frequency calls. In high-altitude grasslands, Oreotrochilus were counted and sized as a measure of female fitness. We found no chimborazo produces longer, more complex high-frequency effect of autotomy and regeneration on adult egg production. vocalizations. Playback recordings were collected at 1, 5, 10, 20, and However, juvenile egg production was negatively impacted. This 40 m from the speaker to measure signal attenuation and spectral difference indicates the existence of an allocation trade-off between degradation. Compared to O. chimborazo, calls of B. flavescens and sexual organs development and regeneration until maturity. A. melanogenys showed the highest sound levels at 1 m in both Understanding this tradeoff is an essential step toward developing a habitats, although slightly higher in the cloud forest than in the better understanding of the evolutionary origins of such complex grasslands. O. chimborazo vocalizations were better transmitted at 1 phenotypes as autotomy and regeneration. m in their native grassland than in the cloud forest. This shows that each high-frequency vocalization transmits better in its habitat, at least at 1 m. At 5 m, vocalizations of all three species underwent substantial attenuation in both habitats, and they had comparable sound levels. At 20 m, amplitude in all calls was almost indistinguishable from background noise. At this distance, however, spectral fidelity was higher in the grasslands than in the cloud forest for vocalizations of the three species, confirming that high frequencies degrade less in open habitats. Altogether, these results suggest that high-frequency vocalizations in these hummingbirds may be employed in short-range communication rather than in long-distance signaling.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 59 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e60

S10-10 DURANT, Sarah; Univ of Arkansas; [email protected] 127-2 DURIEUX, DM*; DU CLOS, KT ; GEMMELL, BJ; Parental incubation behavior is a key link between environmental University of South Florida; [email protected] conditions and avian phenotype Aggregation and Benthic Locomotion in Upside-down Jellyfish: Variation in average nest temperature exists within avian Impacts on Feeding and Defense populations. In both altricial and precocial species, these differences While most jellyfish are planktonic organisms as adults, actively in temperature have significant implications for secondary sex ratios swimming through the water column, the genus Cassiopea is of hatchlings and hatchling phenotypes, including traits as varied as primarily epibenthic, resting with its bell on the bottom and its hormonal responses to stress and locomotor performance. Climatic feeding structures up into the water column. Therefore, bell conditions and natural and anthropogenic disturbances have the contractions are rarely used for swimming in open water. In this potential to shift incubation behavior of parents, which can alter the study, we demonstrate via in situ and in vitro time-lapse imaging of nest environment for developing embryos. This talk explores the Cassiopea from the Florida Keys that these animals exhibit a benthic phenotypic consequences of temperatures experienced during crawling-type of movement and, using this behavior, organize into Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 development, factors affecting incubation behavior, and species chains of individuals instead of clumping or dispersing. The specific incubation patterns in relation to ambient temperature. mechanism for this movement is an asymmetrical lateral paddling of the bell margin. While normal swimming utilizes a symmetrical contraction of the bell towards the center of the animal, crawling involves both sides of the bell margin pushing to one side of the animal. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to explore the potential for water flow interactions of different spatial arrangements of Cassiopea, while quantification of stinging nematocysts released into the water column when Cassiopea are disturbed allows for examination of the potential for defensive benefits of aggregation.

138-8 DURSTON, N/E*; WINDSOR, S/P; University of Bristol; 12-2 EBERTS, ER*; DICK, MF; WELCH , KC; University of [email protected] Toronto Scarborough; [email protected] Quantifying the flight stability of free-gliding birds of prey No Midnight Snacks for Hummingbirds: Rapid Nighttime Birds adopt a variety of wing and tail configurations during gliding Expenditure of Crop-Stored Sugar in Ruby-throated flight, yet it is currently unclear whether these configurations are Hummingbirds inherently stable or unstable. Stability influences manoeuvrability During the day, hummingbirds quickly metabolize floral nectar to and may therefore have a significant impact on behaviours such as fuel the high metabolic demands of hovering flight. At night, foraging, obstacle avoidance and predator evasion. By combining hummingbirds are unable to forage, and must rely on stored energy photogrammetric 3D surface reconstructions of a free-gliding barn reserves to fuel their nocturnal metabolism. Though stored fat is the owl (Tyto alba) and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) with X-ray primary nocturnal metabolic fuel, it has been suggested that computed tomography (CT) scans of similar sized cadavers of the hummingbirds store nectar in their crop to offset fat expenditure in same species, it was possible to accurately estimate the in-flight beginning of the night, or to directly fuel their first foraging trip in aerodynamic shape of the birds and their inertial properties. Linear the morning. We examine the use of crop-stored sugar in the flight dynamics models were then generated using Athena Vortex nocturnal energy budget of ruby-throated hummingbirds Lattice (AVL), a computational aerodynamics tool used for aircraft (Archilochus colubris) using respirometry and 13C stable isotope design. The results showed that both the barn owl and peregrine were analysis. We predicted that hummingbirds would first exhaust highly longitudinally statically unstable in glide for all three flights crop-stored sugar, and subsequently metabolize fat stores as the recorded for each species. The peregrine altered its wing and tail primary fuel until their first feeding the following morning. configuration with speed and featured varying degrees of camber, Hummingbirds were fed a 13C-enriched sugar solution before lights twist, sweep and dihedral that resulted in distinct changes to its out and held in respirometry chambers overnight without food. degree of longitudinal and lateral-directional stability. The dynamic Respiratory exchange ratios (RER) and breath stable isotope modes showed both similarities and differences with conventional signatures (δ13C) indicate that the hummingbirds metabolized aircraft configurations. Both birds had a stable phugoid and labeled sugar for less than 2 h and used fat as the fuel for the roll-subsidence modes, with a mildly unstable spiral mode. They also remainder of the night. Overall, this study provides insight into how had a highly unstable longitudinal mode typical of highly hummingbirds can shift fuel usage at night in order to optimize their manoeuvrable combat aircraft and similarly would require very fast daily energy budget. corrective responses to control. The measured inherent instability of these birds, and the enhanced manoeuvrability conferred, may reflect the need for these predatory birds to catch highly manoeuvrable prey either in the air or on the ground.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 60 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e61

97-8 EDWARDS, PD*; BOONSTRA, R; University of Toronto S1-1 EDWARDS, Erika J*; OGBURN, Mathew R; Yale University; Scarborough; [email protected] [email protected] The Neuroendocrinology of Population Cycles in Voles A Green Wave comes to SICB: two days of plant integrative and Microtine rodents (voles and lemmings) go through marked 3-4 year comparative biology population cycles throughout the northern hemisphere. The This symposium is part of an effort to bring greater participation of demography of these cycles has been well-documented over decades plant biologists to SICB, and is part of the Special Focus Meeting on of research. However, the observation that populations can still go Organismal Botany within the Tampa SICB meeting. SICB began in into decline, even when environmental conditions are ideal, has not 1902 as the American Society of Zoologists, and has always had a been explained. Further, there are distinct phenotypes of rodents in strong taxonomic bias toward animals, despite the name change to the increase and decline phases of the cycle. Thus, there appears to the taxonomically inclusive Society for Integrative and Comparative be intrinsic changes in the animals during the peak of the cycle that Biology in 1996. This symposium will bring a range of outstanding can limit population growth. We test the hypothesis that high integrative plant biologists to the annual SICB conference and into Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 population density, acting through social interactions, induces membership in the society, resulting in greater cross-pollination of physiological changes in voles. We experimentally manipulated concepts and approaches among integrative biologists regardless of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in field enclosures at low taxonomic focus. The research highlighted in the symposium will and high population densities, and examined the impact at multiple demonstrate the diversity of research representing integrative plant levels. Expression differences in key regulatory endocrine receptors biology. The talks will cover topics ranging from scaling and in the brain will be discussed. developmental integration to ecological adaptation to evolutionary innovation, and encompass plant taxonomic diversity from seed plants to green algae. This symposium will strengthen SICB's mission to be an organization for all integrative biologists, as well as to put SICB on the map as a natural home for the next generation of emerging leaders in plant organismal and evolutionary biology.

S1-12 EDWARDS, Erika J; Yale University; S3-3 EDWARDS, J; Williams College; [email protected] [email protected] The Role of Water in Effecting Rapid Movements in Plants The distinct evolutionary trajectories of C4 and CAM Plants lack muscles, yet can carry out extraordinarily rapid photosynthesis movements in the order of milliseconds or less. Many of these ultra Evolutionary convergence provides a special opportunity to dissect fast movements are mediated by water. Here I compare the rapid the environmental and organismal context surrounding the repeated movements of three plants: the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha; origins of similar features. Often times, convergence itself is the moss, Sphagnum spp.; and the flowering plant, Cornus phylogenetically patterned, with certain lineages having evolved canadensis (bunchberry dogwood). Each uses specialized particular characteristics multiple times, while other lineages never morphological features and the movement of water to effect ultra have. C4 and CAM photosynthesis are two plant adaptations that are rapid movements, which are used to disperse spores or asexual remarkably convergent, together evolving hundreds of times, and reproductive propagules. These species illustrate three different ways mostly within the last 10 million years. They stand as exceptional that water can bring about rapid movement in plants. Marchantia model systems for understanding the repeated evolution of complex directly harnesses the kinetic energy of falling raindrops to propel phenotypes, and in understanding the phylogenetically clustered gemmae (asexual reproductive propagules) from hour-glass shaped nature of this convergence. In this talk I will highlight what we have gemma cups. For Sphagnum, water loss from the capsule walls learned about the evolution of C4 and CAM syndromes, focusing on causes the capsule walls to shrink and build up internal air pressure the increasingly predictable stepwise evolutionary integration of in the capsule. The result is a sudden explosion that disperses spores anatomy, biochemistry, and molecular optimization. I propose a in a vortex ring. Finally, the petals and stamens of bunchberry general model that explains and unites C4 and CAM evolutionary dogwood build up turgor pressure putting both petals and the stamen trajectories, and also highlights some key differences in their filaments under tension. Visits by insects release the stored dynamics. Available data suggest that in both C4 and CAM mechanical energy and result in explosive flowering opening and evolution, it is the anatomical rather than biochemical modifications pollen (spore) dispersal from the trebuchet-like stamens. that act as the "macroevolutionary bottleneck" in each trajectory. In the case of C4, I'll argue that the anatomical changes precede the assembly of a new biochemical cycle, whereas in CAM the biochemistry is assembled in relatively unspecialized tissue, and the anatomical bottleneck occurs subsequently. Whether this bottleneck occurs early or late in the evolutionary assembly of a new phenotype may have profound implications for the distribution of certain adaptations across the Tree of Life.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 61 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e62

74-3 ELIASON, EJ; University of California, Santa Barbara; 67-3 ELSHAFIE, SJ; Univ. of California, Berkeley; [email protected] [email protected] Mechanisms underlying sex-specific mortality in Pacific salmon Earliest Evidence of Tail Regeneration in a Derived Fossil Thermal tolerance can vary widely across individuals of the same Squamate species. For example, our research has shown that thermal tolerance Caudal autotomy, the ability to shed the tail, is common among differs across populations, over the life history, and between sexes in lizards as a defense mechanism to escape predation. This trait is a Pacific salmon. We take advantage of this variation to look for the basal synapomorphy of Lepidosauria. About two-thirds of extant underlying mechanisms that determine thermal tolerance. Over the lizard families include species that retain the ability. Many can also last decade or so, research has shown the adult female Pacific salmon regenerate the tail as a cartilaginous rod. The oldest known fossil have much higher mortality compared to males, particularly when evidence of tail regeneration in a squamate comes from a gekkonid they are exposed to secondary stressors (e.g. high temperature). Our specimen from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen deposits (150 Ma) in most recent work has focused on trying to understand the Germany. This specimen has a truncated tail and an impression of a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 mechanisms underlying this mysterious phenomenon. We examined rod, visible under UV light, where the tail is missing. No other fossil several hypotheses: 1) Males have higher aerobic scope and squamate material showing signs of tail regeneration has been swimming performance at elevated temperatures; 2) Females previously described. Here I report the first documented evidence of experience cardiac collapse due to reduced oxygen delivery to their tail regeneration in a derived fossil squamate, a glyptosaurine hearts; 3) Females have impaired recovery from stressors at high (Anguidae) lizard from the early middle Eocene Bridger Formation temperature; 4) Females accumulate increased oxidative damage (49~46 Ma) in the Bridger Basin of southwestern Wyoming. The compared to males. specimen includes a 1.5-cm segment of the tail with in situ imbricate osteoderms. Two rings of larger osteoderms surround the anterior half, and three rows of osteoderms that are 50% smaller surround the posterior half. Autotomized tails in extant anguid lizards also have smaller osteoderms on the regenerated portion of the tail, even when it has regrown to its full length. In the glyptosaurine specimen, the tail diameter past the breakage point is only 65% that of the original half. Extant lizards also exhibit an abrupt decrease in diameter between the original and the regenerating portions of the tail. Computed tomographic scans reveal a caudal vertebra preserved inside the osteoderms, with an intravertebral fracture plane. The scans also reveal a bony callus on the left medial wall of the osteoderms, indicating that the animal sustained an injury or infection as the tail regenerated.

100-1 ELUL, T*; HA, J; LAKHANI, F; BURKE, M; RADHIKA, R; 141-1 EMBERTS, Z*; ST. MARY, CM; FORTHMAN, M; REVELS, J; Touro University California; [email protected] MILLER, CW; University of Florida; [email protected] beta-catenin and Myosin II differentially regulate optic axon The Evolution of Sacrificing a Limb (i.e., Autotomizing) to Escape pathfinding and growth cone morphology in the optic tract Predation The retino-tectal projection of lower vertebrates is an experimentally Predation can impose a strong selective pressure. In turn, prey can amenable neuronal circuit for studying mechanisms of axon evolve extraordinary defenses (i.e., anti-predatory traits) that reduce pathfinding in situ. To establish the retino-tectal projection, optic their vulnerability, contributing to the morphological and behavioral axons must navigate through the optic tract to their target tissue in diversity we see in animals today. One of the most extreme forms of the midbrain- the optic tectum. Here, we studied how two essential anti-predatory defense is autotomy, as individuals literally sacrifice cyto-mechanical factors -beta-catenin and Myosin II - function to part of their body attempting to get away. A lizard dropping its tail to regulate optic axon pathfinding and growth cone filopodia in the escape predation is an iconic example. However, autotomy also optic tract of whole brains taken from Xenopus tadpoles. We occurs in a diversity of other organisms: octopuses can release their expressed a mutant of -catenin that contains the alpha-catenin but arms, crabs can drop their claws, and bugs can amputate their legs. lacks the Cadherin binding site (b-catNTERM) in, and applied the Still, despite having multiple origins, fundamental questions of how Myosin II small molecule inhibitor Blebbistatin to, optic axons in the this extreme trait evolves remain unanswered. Most notably, how optic tract of intact brains. Expression of -catNTERM increased does a population go from being unable to autotomize, to being able dispersion of optic axons in the dorsal half of the optic tract. In to drop their limbs quickly enough to escape the grasp of a predator? contrast, application of Blebbistatin inhibited extension of optic To provide insights into this question, we investigated the evolution axons through the optic tract of whole brains. In addition, optic axons of autotomy (latency and ability) in leaf-footed bugs (Hemiptera: that expressed -catNTERM formed growth cones that were bulbous Coreoidea) using a macroevolutionary approach. lacked filopodial protrusions, whereas growth cones of optic axons that were exposed to Blebbistatin displayed long, thin filopodial protrusions in situ. These results suggest that -catenin and Myosin II differentially sculpt optic axonal projections and growth cone filopodial protrusions in the optic tract. More broadly, our findings imply that optic axons may express distinct types of growth cone filopodia that regulate specific axon pathfinding behaviors such as fasciculation and extension in the optic tract.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 62 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e63

S1-11 EMERY, NC*; LA ROSA, RJ; University of Colorado 65-2 ENG, CM*; OLIVER, JD; MARSH, RL; AZIZI, E; ROBERTS, Boulder; [email protected] TJ; Brown University, University of California, Irvine; Temporal Variation as a Driver of Species' Distribution Patterns [email protected] Organisms exhibit diverse strategies for managing changes in their A new role for intramuscular springs in energy cycling during environment: some avoid it by specializing on subset of conditions, locomotion others rely on adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and still others maintain Elastic structures associated with muscle play a key role in energy a conservative bet-hedging strategy that minimizes variance in fitness cycling during cyclical movement. While the role of tendons in over time. Understanding how these different strategies arise, and the energy storage and recovery is well-established, the role of circumstances that favor one strategy over another, may be critical to intramuscular connective tissues (IMCTs) is less clear. The explaining plant distribution patterns and how they will respond to arrangement of Hill-type muscle models dictates that length changes future environmental change. Here, we tested if variation in plant in muscle fibers and the elastic elements within muscle are equal. In strategies for managing temporal heterogeneity can explain the this model, when muscles undergo isometric contractions in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 fine-scale distribution patterns of three co-occurring annual locomotion, IMCTs are not stretched, and therefore cannot store congeners across flood gradients in vernal pool wetlands of elastic energy. We developed a model with an alternative California. We quantified variation in traits and fitness for each arrangement to reflect the strains that IMCTs may undergo during species under four different hydroperiods and three different levels of deformation of pennate muscles during contraction. In the model, the variability in a stochastically-fluctuating water table. We found that IMCT is represented as a transverse elastic element (TEE), growing at or below the water table reduced the performance of all perpendicular to the muscle's line of action. A component of fiber species - even those that regularly occupy flooded positions in vernal force compresses the TEE, influencing muscle thickness and pools. Furthermore, the species that occupy more hydrologically pennation angle. To explore the role of a TEE in locomotion, we stable microhabitats were less tolerant of stochasticity in the flooding drove the model with a constant fiber length and sinusoidal force regime. Finally, the fitness benefits of phenotypic plasticity changed pattern and calculated pennation angle, muscle length, and thickness. with the degree of stochasticity in the water table, emphasizing that Modeling results were tested against in vivo biplanar fluoroscopy phenotypic plasticity is not advantageous when environmental recordings of locomoting turkeys whose lateral gastrocnemius change is not predictable. These results emphasize that species' muscles were implanted with radiopaque beads. Both the model and adaptations for managing temporal variation can be an important and in vivo data showed muscle belly lengthening and shortening, under-appreciated driver of distribution patterns. indicating energy cycling. In the model, muscle length changes were accommodated solely by changes in fiber rotation and muscle thickness. Fibers changed length in vivo, but energy storage and recovery was also accommodated by changes in muscle thickness, consistent with energy cycling in the thickness direction. Contrary to predictions from Hill-type models, the TEE model suggests that energy cycling in the IMCT is potentially substantial.

63-8 ENRIQUEZ, VL*; CROOK, RJ; ZINK, A; San Francisco St. 22-5 ENSMINGER, D.C.; The Pennsylvania State University; Univ.; [email protected] [email protected] Effects ofVibrio fischeri colonization on cognition, foraging Effects of maternal glucocorticoids on offspring absolute telomere behavior, and survival in the Hawaiian bobtail squid length in wild lizards. The symbiosis between the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna The effect of maternal glucocorticoids (GCs; stress-relevant scolopes) and the bioluminescent, marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri hormones) on offspring phenotype is of growing interests to the has provided groundbreaking insight into the molecular interface of fields of biology and ecology, particularly during times of increased animal host and bacterial symbiont interactions. However, an environmental perturbations. However, little is known about the in-depth analysis of the influence of V. fischeri on host behavior underlying mechanisms of these alterations or the long-term effects remains largely unexplored. While previous research suggests that of maternal GCs on offspring lifespan. Telomeres, the protective squid rely on light produced by V. fischeri solely as an anti-predatory endcaps of chromosomal DNA, could play a role in both of these strategy, it is unknown if the absence of the bacterium affects squids' effects as telomere shortening is associated with many disease states foraging behavior and overall survivorship. We hypothesized that the and cellular senescence. While few studies have explored this in wild exclusion of Vibrio fischeri from the Hawaiian bobtail squid's animals, many of those studies examine relative telomere length, environment negatively affects squid foraging behavior and survival. decreasing our ability to compare telomere length across studies. To test this hypothesis, squid hatchlings were reared in either V. Here, we use a modified RT-qPCR assay protocol to assess absolute fischeri positive or negative environments. Daily behavioral telomere length from small amounts of DNA (<60ng). We tested the observations were conducted for the first 1-14 days post-hatching, hypothesis that increased maternal GCs during pregnancy will and then on a weekly basis at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days post-hatching. decrease offspring telomere length as GCs have been shown to At 8 weeks post-hatching, colonized and uncolonized squid were increase reactive oxygen species generation which can decrease tested for learning and memory via the "prawn-in-a-tube" assay. To telomere length. We treated wild caught gravid female eastern fence measure survival the number of surviving hatchlings in each lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) daily with transdermal applications of treatment between 1-42 days post-hatching were recorded. GCs at an ecologically relevant dose (approximating a GC response Preliminary results demonstrate a significant light-level dependent to a fire ant attack) from capture to oviposition. Eggs were collected decrease in Vibrio-free hatchling survival while foraging and and incubated until hatching and hatchlings sampled for DNA. cognitive behavior appeared unaffected. This study will enhance our Elevated maternal GCs decreased offspring telomere length of sons existing knowledge of the organismal-level effects of the but not daughters. These results support the presence of sex specific squid/Vibrio fischeri symbiosis and provide insight into the diverse effects of maternal GCs on offspring telomeres. Further research ways in which microorganisms play crucial roles in characteristic should explore the fitness consequences of this alteration. animal behaviors and survival.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 63 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e64

137-2 ERKENBRACK, EM*; THOMPSON, JR; Yale University, 30-4 ESCOBAR-CAMACHO, D*; CARLETON, K; NARAIN, D; University of Southern California; [email protected] PIEROTTI, M; Department of Biology, University of Maryland, To be or not to be homologous: Evolution of cell type identity of the College Park, USA, Environmental Sciences, Anton de Kom echinoderm larval skeletogenic cell University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname, Naos Laboratories, Cell types have diversified prodigiously since the dawn of Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of multicellularity. During development, cell types are specified by Panama; [email protected] cohorts of transcription factors interacting with cell-type specific The visual system of Characiformes: a window to the teleosts genomic regulatory elements, which together approximate cell type lineage identity. During evolution, cell type identity has been rigid enough to Evolutionary biology aims to understand the origins and adaptations maintain highly conserved cell types but also labile enough to of animal sensory systems because they play a vital role in generate novel cell types. Hence understanding the evolution of cell organismal fitness. Visual systems in teleosts are suitable for the type identity is key to explaining how ancestral cell types diversified study of evolution because of their remarkable variation in visual Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 to give rise to what we see today. Here, we tracked cell type identity sensitivities. This is due to the presence of several visual pigments, of the echinoderm larval skeletogenic cell, a highly conserved and light-absorbing molecules based of a chromophore and an opsin widely studied cell type that is characteristic of adult echinoderms protein. Opsin diversity is a product of the dynamic evolution and also early development of numerous echinoderm taxa. We used involving gene duplication, gene loss, pseudogenization and gene phylogenetic comparative methods to frame developmental spatial conversion. Characiformes, with more than 2000 described species, gene expression data in the context of cell type evolution. Our results is a diverse group of freshwater fishes inhabiting a wide range of show that, during the evolution of the echinoderm skeletogenic cell ecosystems. Their Gondwanan origin, species richness and colorful type, cell type identity was maintained in spite of differential patterns, make them an ideal group for studying visual systems and transcription factor usage, suggesting that genomic regulatory their adaptations. In this research, we disentangle the visual system information is critical to the identity of this cell type. We conducted of Neotropical Characiformes, through RNA-sequencing and ancestral state reconstruction to ask whether the most recent common physiological experiments. Our results show that species differ in ancestor of eleutherozoan echinoderms possessed a larval opsin gene complements and that Characiformes exihibit opsin gene skeletogenic cell. Our analysis provided support for the presence of duplications in both long wavelength sensitive (LWS) opsins and this cell type in larval development of the eleutherozoan MRCA, rhodopsin (RH1) genes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the LWS suggesting that all extant echinoderm larval skeletogenic cells are and RH1 duplicates are paralogs, and the product of the teleost whole homologous and descend from a common ancestral cell type that was genome duplication presumably after their divergence with the likely acquired in early development in stem eleutherozoans. spotted gar. Furthermore, through gene expression analysis and microspectrophotometry, we show that the duplicated LWS opsins have undergone neofunctionalization as they are differentially expressed in the retina and shift in spectral sensitivity to shorter wavelengths.

S8-7 EVANS, KM*; TAYLOR, S; FENOLIO, DB; University of S7-3 EVANS, KM*; WILLIAMS, K; WESTNEAT, M; University Minnesota, San Antonio Zoo; [email protected] of Minnesota, University of Chicago; [email protected] Bony patchwork: Mosaic Patterns of Evolution in the Teleost Skull Do coral reefs act as a crucible for morphological innovation? A Mosaic evolution refers to the pattern whereby different organismal critical reappraisal of the effect of coral reef habitats on the traits exhibit differential rates of evolution; typically, due to reduced evolution of morphological diversity in wrasses in the era of big levels of trait covariation through deep time (i.e. modularity). These data. differences in rates can be attributed to variation in responses to Coral reefs are complex marine habitats that have been hypothesized selective pressures between individual traits. These differential to facilitate functional specialization and increased rates of functional responses to selective pressures can also facilitate functional and morphological evolution. Wrasses (Labridae: Percomorpha) in specialization allowing certain traits to track environmental stimuli particular, have diversified extensively in these coral reef more closely than others. The teleost skull is an excellent system for environments and have evolved adaptations to further exploit which to study mosaic evolution as it is comprised of a complex reef-specific resources. Prior studies have found that reef-dwelling network of bones; each of which may be experiencing different wrasses exhibit higher rates of functional evolution and higher selective pressures and constraints. Here we use three-dimensional functional disparity that non-reef dwelling wrasses. Here we geometric morphometrics to investigate patterns of mosaic evolution re-examine this hypothesis across 180 species using high-resolution in the skull and jaws in a clade of Neotropical electric fishes morphological data in the form of micro-CT scans and use (Apteronotidae: Gymnotiformes). We find strong support for a three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to quantify shape three-module hypothesis that consists of the face, braincase, and differences in the skull and jaws across reef and non-reef dwelling mandible and we find that the mandible has evolved four times faster wrasses. We find that reef-dwelling wrasses are both more than its neighboring modules. We hypothesize that the functional morphologically disparate and exhibit higher rates of morphological specialization of the mandible in this group of fishes has allowed it to evolution than their non-reef dwelling counterparts. Our results outpace the face and braincase and modularize over time. We also corroborate with previous studies and suggest that coral reef habitats hypothesize that this pattern of mosaicism may be widespread across act as crucibles for morphological innovation and diversification. other clades of teleost fishes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 64 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e65

2-5 EVANS, AE*; URBAN, MC; JOCKUSCH, EL; University of S2-3 EZENWA, Vanessa O*; CYR, Jennifer L; GAWRILUK, Tom Connecticut; [email protected] R; KIMANI, John M; KIAMA, Stephen G; SEIFERT, Ashley W; The Effect of Incubation Temperature on the Plasticity of University of Georgia, University of Kentucky, University of Embryonic Development and Color Expression in Plethodon Nairobi, University of Kentucky; [email protected] cinereus Trade-offs between immunity and life-history shape cryptic Phenotypic plasticity can be a crucial adaptive response to climate immunological variation in regeneration-competent rodents change, particularly for dispersal-limited species living in fragmented Aspects of animal life history can constrain immune function, and habitats. In many amphibians, factors such as developmental biases in components of the immune response are often tightly temperature can induce plastic responses in general developmental coupled to variation in individual life history. Structural regeneration traits such as growth rate and time to metamorphosis. For example of external tissues, whereby organisms completely restore damaged warmer developmental temperatures typically cause increased tissue in lieu of repair and scarring, is an extremely rare life-history growth and development rate thus a shorter time to reach trait in mammals. One hypothesis put forward to explain the rarity of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 metamorphosis. Plasticity has also been observed in the expression of tissue regeneration in mammals is that there are inherent trade-offs color and patterns in amphibians, suggesting that plasticity may between mammalian immunity and tissue regeneration, but this idea explain some of the spatial variation in relative frequency of has yet to be rigorously tested because of the lack of a suitable model alternative color morphs in natural populations. In the forests of system. Taking advantage of a unique study system, the African northeastern North America, populations of red-backed salamanders spiny mouse (Acomys spp.), for which genuine tissue regeneration (Plethodon cinereus) show differing proportions of two main color was recently described in wild, pathogen-exposed, morphs, striped and unstriped. Although the color polymorphism has immunocompetent adults, we tested the hypothesis that regeneration a genetic basis, plasticity may also contribute to the observed imposes constraints on immune function. We used a comparative variation. We used a split-clutch common garden experiment to test immunological approach to examine variation in cellular and the effects of developmental temperature on the growth, development humoral components of the innate immune response in and phenotype (color) of P. cinereus from six different populations regeneration-competent spiny mice and regeneration-incompetent across two states. Our results show promising evidence for laboratory and wild mice. Our results suggest that subtle differences temperature-induced plasticity in coloration of P. cinereus in spiny mouse immunity may facilitate the maintenance of the hatchlings. Surprisingly, we did not detect any temperature effects on regeneration phenotype. hatchling size or any relationship between initial egg size and hatchling size. Given that the ecological and evolutionary drivers of the two morphs remain poorly understood, our study provides important insights into if and how polymorphic populations might be impacted by climate change across the range of this ecologically important species.

136-3 FABRE, A-C*; BARDUA, C; BONNEL, J; BLACKBURN, 25-1 FANNJIANG, C*; KAKANI, K; Research and Development, D; GOSWAMI, A; NHM, London, Univ. of Florida, Florida; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA; [email protected] Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Morphological Integration of the Head in Salamanders: Impact of University of California, Berkeley, CA, Research and Development, Developmental Strategy and Ecology. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA; Caudata display a great diversity of developmental strategies directly [email protected] impacting their morphology and the exploitation of their environment Using machine learning to deduce fine-scale behavior of jellyfish during their ontogeny. Several different developmental strategies (Chrysaora fuscescens) in Monterey Bay have evolved independently during the evolution of Caudata. For Jellyfish are increasingly of interest to researchers due to their poorly example, some species exhibit direct development, hatching directly understood behavior and ecosystem impacts. Understanding jellyfish as a terrestrial phenotype, whereas others are paedomorphic, keeping locomotion and movement ecology has been hindered by the aquatic larval traits even if they are reproductively active. Others difficulty of attaching biologgers to gelatinous tissue. Previous species have a complex life cycle with bi-phasic development, biologging studies of jellyfish have used the "tether method" to allowing them to exploit different environments during recover tags, in which tagged animals are attached to drifters morphologically different life history stages. The aim of this study is transmitting location information. Although this method imposes to test the impact of the complexity of life cycles and ecology on the restrictions on the animal's movement, its precise effects have never cranial shape evolution. To do so, high-density geometric been quantified, thereby compromising research findings. Here we morphometric and integration methods were performed to develop novel machine learning methods to 1) identify uninfluenced characterize the shape of 14 regions of the cranium for 145 species portions of the tag data and 2) classify fine-scale jellyfish behavior. spanning the full phylogenetic, ecological, and developmental We deployed the ITAG, a biologging package with motion and breadth of Caudata. Each cranial region was analysed separately to environmental sensors, on 8 Chrysaora fuscescens in Monterey Bay. detect mosaic evolution and test for a relationship between By collecting simultaneous video footage of the tagged organisms magnitude of integration, morphological disparity, and evolutionary with a remotely operated vehicle, we were able to train machine rate. Morphological integration, modularity, and disparity analyses learning classifiers to identify periods of tether influence and animal were carried out in order to test if a complex life cycle promotes swimming, drifting, and turning. We used these tools to (1) phenotypic disparity and modularity, whereas paedomorphic or direct characterize the heading over time of C. fuscescens relative to a development strategies promote morphological integration and drogued drifter, (2) estimate in situ jellyfish activity, finding that constrain shape variability. Finally, rates of shape evolution were animals actively swim more than 97.5% of the time, and (3) deduce calculated for each developmental strategy in order to test increased that turning is more energetically costly than straight swimming. Our or decreased rates of evolution were associated with complexity of work demonstrates how machine learning methods can help life cycle. Specifically, if a complex developmental strategy tends to maximize the insights yielded by biologging, and contributes new constrains cranial shape, then an implication of the developmental techniques for understanding fine-scale in situ animal behavior. strategies should increase the evolutionary rate of the cranium.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 65 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e66

83-5 FARALLO, VR*; MUÑOZ, MM; Virginia Tech; 134-3 FARGEVIEILLE, A*; REEDY, A M; MITCHELL, T S; [email protected] DURSO, A M; DELANEY, D M; PEARSON, P R; WARNER, D A; Mountaintop endemics and climate change: is warming really a Auburn University, Auburn, University of Virginia, Auburn problem? University Auburn/ University of Alabama, Birmingham, Utah State Climate change is occurring worldwide, but the impacts of change University, Logan, University of Alabama, Birmingham/ Iowa State are not predicted to be equal among organisms. For example, University, Ames, Auburn University Auburn/ University of mountaintop endemics are expected to be particularly susceptible to Alabama, Birmingham, Auburn University Auburn/ University of warming because they are thought to be adapted to relatively cool Alabama, Birmingham/ Iowa State University, Ames; conditions and, as conditions warm, will have nowhere to flee. Many [email protected] of these predictions are based on correlative modeling approaches, Population Demographics of an Invasive Lizard Following which assume or treat species as physiologically adapted to their Experimental Introduction on Small Islands local conditions. Mechanistic niche models, in contrast, incorporate Human activities have increased the number of species introductions Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 data of species' behavior and physiology to predict when a species into non-native ranges. After introduction, some populations grow can be active. Here we demonstrate that behavioral thermoregulation rapidly in new environments and can affect local biota. We were can buck expected trends in species distributions under climate interested in describing patterns of population demographics during change. We present the results of correlative and mechanistic niche the colonization and establishment stages following the introduction models for three species of Anolis lizards from the island of of a non-native lizard species (Anolis sagrei). We released adult Hispaniola, one widespread species A. cybotes, and two mountaintop lizards onto three small islands prior to the reproductive season and endemics, A. armouri and A. shrevei. Correlative models predict a monitored their survival and reproduction over the first reproductive significant decrease in range size of both mountaintop endemics to season. Subsequently, to gain insight into the establishment of these near extinction levels, with the range size of the widespread species introduced populations, we examined the survival and reproduction staying constant under climate change. In contrast, mechanistic niche of the descendants of the founding populations over the following models predict increased activity for mountain endemics, including two years. We found variation among islands for survival and beyond their current ranges. The mechanistic model also predicts reproductive rates of founders, which affected the patterns of juvenile increased activity for the widespread species, A. cybotes, within the and adult recruitment at a local scale. We also found variation across range of the mountaintop endemics. Our results suggest that climate seasons in survival rate, with different patterns among islands. Our change will increase the thermal suitability of their current ranges, results demonstrate that survival and reproductive rates can vary at both for montane endemics and their lowland competitor. As such, local scales affecting the ability of this species to colonize new montane endemics may be at risk of extinction, but not as a direct environments. This fine-scale variation in survival and reproductive result of temperature changes, but rather through the indirect effects rate across islands has important implications for the likelihood of of biotic interactions. population establishment after colonization.

S8-1 FARINA, SC*; KANE, EA; HERNANDEZ, LP; Howard S8-5 FARINA, SC; Howard University; [email protected] University, Georgia Southern University, George Washington Is functional coupling really so constraining? The role of coupling University; [email protected] in the evolution of functional anatomical systems Multifunctional Structures and Multistructural Functions: How do evolutionary processes act upon structures that are involved Functional Coupling and Integration in the Evolution of with more than one biomechanical system ("functional coupling")? Biomechanical Systems Functional coupling has long been thought to constrain The goal of many functional biologists is to understand how the morphological evolution, and yet evidence to support this assertion structural components of an organism affect its ability to survive in a includes only a small number of studies that show increased given environment. However, the links between form and function morphological diversification when functions become decoupled and may be complex, such that the same structure or set of structures can decreased morphological diversification with the appearance of a contribute to multiple functional outputs or that a given functional new coupling. While these studies are certainly compelling, the output may rely on contributions from multiple structural question becomes: Does functional coupling always (or even components. In each case, integration between structures and frequently) constrain morphological evolution? To address this functions is necessary to match organismal output with ecological question, I define a series of terms to provide a framework for demand. Therefore, the emergent integration of form and function is considering morphological evolution in structures that perform important for understanding the drivers of evolutionary change multiple functions. I then discuss examples of functional coupling among organisms. This symposium brings together diverse associated with morphological innovation and novelty that have researchers at the forefront of this research area to provide a range of resulted in increased morphological diversification. Finally, I present examples demonstrating the broad applicability of these ideas, a study on the evolution of suction feeding and gill ventilation in discuss methods and approaches for addressing complex fishes using measurements from micro-CT scans to demonstrate how form-function relationships, and provide insight into the role of sources of relaxed morphological constraint can operate within a selection in driving changes in structures and the links between system of closely-coupled functions. structures and functions. These discussions will provide the background for a final discussion on new hypotheses and recommendations for future work in this field.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 66 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e67

S8-12 FARINA, SC; Howard University; [email protected] 139-7 FARMER, CG*; CIERI, RL; PEI, S; University of Panel Discussion: New Perspectives on Integration in Functional Utah/Trinity College Dublin, University of Utah; Morphology [email protected] We are moderating a panel discussion on future directions for the A Tesla Valve in a Turtle Lung study of integration in the fields of functional and evolutionary We have known for a long time that the lungs of birds contain morphology. Topics will include: What tools and datasets are aerodynamic valves and one way airflow through most of their currently available that can be leveraged for studies of functional and conducting airways, and more recently that crocodylians and some evolutionary integration? Which broad goals and directions in our lizards also have unidirectional flow. These latter data raise questions field should we be pursuing? How can we clarify and standardize about the full phyletic distribution of aerodynamic valves and the terminology to make the field more accessible to broader audiences? functional significance of these patterns of flow. Here we present How can we better communicate the study of integration, which is data on patterns of airflow in the lungs of a turtle, the red-eared slider often jargon-heavy, to the public? Panelists will be Drs. Anjali (Trachemys scripta). The pattern is distinct from the pattern observed Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Goswami, Kory Evans, Tristan Stayton, and Luz Patricia Hernandez. in archosaurs and lizards. The lung consists of four, large lateral chambers associated with smaller medial chambers and a broad intrapulmonary bronchus that makes a zigzag pattern through the lung. Using an endoscope that was implanted into the lateral chambers, we visualized the movement of insufflated aerosolized lipids. In the lateral chambers, most of the flow occurred during inspiration, with flow sometimes completely stopping, and generally slowing during expiration. The particles moved in a clockwise direction in the left lung and a counterclockwise direction in the right lung, in dorsal view. CFD simulations of flow show that the gases are moving back and forth between medial and lateral chambers in a transverse figure eight. Fresh air first moves into the most cranial chambers and them makes its way caudad with subsequent inspirations. On exhalation, flow exits in a straighter path along the intrapulmonary bronchus. We found no evidence of intercameral perforations. Measurements of the pressure drop across the lateral chambers at a constant volume of flow but in opposite directions indicates there is greater resistance to flow during inspiration than expiration, and the ratio (diodicity) compared favorably to man-made micro-Tesla valves. The functional significance of this pattern of flow is currently unknown. Funded by NSF IOS CAREER-1055080.

39-2 FASSBINDER-ORTH, C*; HUGHES, S; SABOTIN, R; PUSH, 34-4 FATH, M A*; TYTELL, E D; Tufts University; G; TRAN, T; Creighton University; [email protected] [email protected] Using Perturbations to Study Locomotor Stability in the Bluegill Honey Bees in Peril: An Investigation of Honey Bee Viral Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Infection Dynamics Fishes regularly encounter unsteady and turbulent flows. These flows Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in the United States have can perturb steady swimming and require the fish to make suffered annual losses of up to 30% of total managed colonies over corrections in order to return to an unperturbed, stable swimming the past 10 years. Many factors likely contribute to these massive state. A fish's ability to return to steady state swimming after a colony losses, including habitat destruction, pesticide exposure, disturbance is critical to swimming effectively. As such, the ability to migratory stress in long-distance pollination operations, Varroa stabilize can influence a fish's success in obtaining food, migrating, destructor mite levels, and pathogen load. Colony collapse disorder or avoiding predators. In terrestrial systems, locomotor stability has (CCD) is the name given to the pattern of sudden colony loss and been studied by introducing an acute perturbation into an otherwise honey bee disappearance from colonies, and likely involves viral steady system. Here, we use the same concept to study stability in pathogens as a strong contributing factor. Honey bee viruses have aquatic locomotion. We developed a miniature device that produced generally not been culturable in laboratory conditions, making a brief jet of fluid of a known impulse. We then sutured the device to experimentation with these viruses difficult. Our laboratory has the dorso-lateral surface of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), developed a model system to study viral infections in honey bees just above the center of mass. We then perturbed the fish at different using Cricket Paralysis virus (CrPV). This virus can be cultured and phases during its swimming motion and at different swimming quantified in the laboratory, alters honey bee physiology and speeds. We quantified the initial effect of the perturbation, which can behavior and increases the death rate of worker bees. We measured cause rolling or lateral motion. After the perturbation, fish made multiple physiological and behavioral parameters in honey bees small kinematic adjustments, but did not startle or perform following viral infection, including fat content, vitellogenin dramatically different behaviors. The time it took the fish to return to expression, phenoloxidase levels, and radio frequency identification steady swimming after the perturbation is used as a measure of (RFID)-tracked behavior. Physiological measurements (fat content, stability. vitellogenin expression, and phenoloxidase activities) exhibited age-dependent changes and were significantly different in bees infected with CrPV compared to uninfected bees. Additionally, the behavior of CrPV-infected honey bees was measured using micro RFID tags, and the behavior of CrPV-infected honey bees was determined to be significantly different from uninfected bees. This work provides a new model virus system to study honey bee infections and provides a direct, mechanistic understanding for how viruses cause physiological and behavioral changes in honey bees.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 67 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e68

S8-3 FEILICH, KL*; LOPEZ-FERNANDEZ, H; Univ. of Michigan; S7-10 FELICE, RN*; TOBIAS, JA; GOSWAMI, A; University [email protected] College London, Imperial College London, The Natural History What do we assume when we ask ecomorphological questions? Museum; [email protected] Ecomorphology is "the study of the relationship between the How Dietary Niche Shapes Macroevolution in the Avian Skull functional design of organisms and the environment" (Wainwright, Cranial evolution is hypothesized to be strongly linked to trophic 1991). Ecomorphological approaches are becoming increasingly ecology, as evidenced by such key examples as Galapagos finches common, finding applications spanning macroevolution to wildlife and Hawaiian honeycreepers. However, this hypothesis is rarely conservation. Ecomorphology is inherently interdisciplinary: the tested at macroevolutionary scales. Here, we interrogate the choice and interpretation of morphometric data as descriptors of relationship between diet, foraging ecology, and cranial phenotype functional performance is informed by biomechanics, ecology, and across extant birds. We utilize high-dimensional geometric behavior. In most cases, ecomorphological studies only draw on a morphometric data (>700 3D landmarks) quantifying skull shape in subset of these disciplines. As a result, ecomorphological studies 352 bird species, spanning the breadth of phenotypic variation in the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 make a number of implicit assumptions that, while rendering their crown group. We demonstrate that diet and foraging behavior are results no less valid or valuable, need to be considered when significant, but surprisingly very weak predictors of skull shape (p < ecomorphology is used to ask evolutionary and ecological questions, 0.001, R2 < 0.09). However, rates of evolution vary more or when it is relied upon to guide conservation or management substantially across dietary niches. This is especially pronounced in policy. Central among these is the assumption of correlation between the face and cranial vault regions of the skull, where granivores and measured morphological traits and ecological performance. The nectarivores exhibit the highest rates of evolution and terrestrial validity of any conclusions derived ecomorphological studies depend carnivores evolve the slowest. Other regions of the skull, including on the assumptions made, explicit or implicit, when selecting basisphenoid, occipital, pterygoid, and quadrate, show less morphological variables and the methods to analyze them. We will pronounced differences among trophic guilds. These findings suggest discuss different methodological and conceptual approaches taken by that the strength of selection imposed by trophic ecology differs ecomorphological studies, and the implicit assumptions of each across skull regions/modules and across niches. Dietary groups with approach. Then, we will discuss various practices that can help high rates of facial evolution are those that include strong mechanical support or eliminate some of the assumptions of ecomorphological constraints (crushing seeds) or geometric constraints (coevolution studies. Ultimately, we attempt to foster a better understanding of the between flowers and nectarivores). Taken together, these results strengths and caveats of ecomorphological approaches in ecological, illustrate how dietary ecology and complex adaptive landscapes evolutionary and conservation studies, and suggest practices that may influence the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution and how strengthen their results. big-data approaches can inform our understanding of macroevolutionary processes.

7-2 FENG, J; SHAHROKHIAN, A; KING, H*; University of Akron; 139-1 FENG, J*; CHOMICKI, G; KING, H; University of Akron, [email protected] Oxford University; [email protected] Aerodynamic role of bumps on fog baskers Wind-powered Cooling in Specialized Fijian Ant-plant Namib desert beetles with bumpy elytra have been frequently cited as Squamellaria are myrmecophytic epiphytes endemic to the islands of a source of biological inspiration in the context of harvesting fog for Fiji. A clade of six species of Squamellaria form an obligate farming fresh water. The narrative typically portrays the bumps as an symbiosis with a single ant species (Philidris nagasau), while three adaptation to modify wettability in order to facilitate transport of further basal Squamellaria species form non-farming facultative accumulated water to the mouth. The accumulation step, by contrast, symbioses with generalist ants. Here we present the results of an depends not on wettability, but fluid dynamics: competition between experimental investigation comparing the thermal regulation inertia and drag of suspended liquid droplets (fog) leads to their properties of the ant-farmed and the non-farmed species of collision with a target (fog-harvesting organism) placed in their path. Squamellaria. Through continuous monitoring of the internal While crude geometry partially dictates this accumulation efficiency, temperatures of the ant-plants, we observed that the ant-farmed we show in careful experiments with simplified analogs that small Squamellaria (S. imberbis) can efficiently harness external wind for modification of surface morphology (eg. addition of millimetric cooling its internal domatia, while their non-farmed relatives (S. bumps) can play a dominant role, reaching a nearly five-fold wilkinsonii) do not harness wind. This observation is consistent with difference when compared with smooth surfaces of identical the differences between the two types of Squamellaria in internal wettability. The result suggests an alternative driver of morphological connectivity and entrance holes distribution. Specifically, the adaptation in animals and plants which depend on direct interception ant-farmed Squamellaria have interconnected domatia and have of fog for water. entrance holes all around their external surfaces, while the non-farmed species have domatia with distinct cavities and have entrance holes almost exclusively at their base. Ant-farmed Squamellaria have lower thermal mass than non-farmed Squamellaria of similar sizes, thus their ability to utilize wind for convective cooling may be of crucial importance to their survival.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 68 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e69

44-2 FENNER, JL*; COUNTERMAN, BA; Mississippi State 33-4 FEO, TJ*; SARANATHAN, V; PRUM, RO; Smithsonian, University; [email protected] Yale-NUS College, Yale University; [email protected] A Tale of Two Colors: How Structural and Pigmented Wing Colors The bizarre occipital feathers of the King of Saxony Bird of Share a Developmental Mechanism in the Seasonally Polyphenetic Paradise (Pteridophora alberti) Southern Dogface Butterfly In recent years, there has been considerable progress in our The vast array of biodiversity and natural variation that we see understanding of the evolution and development of feathers. A around us has been generated through a combination of genetic and wealth of newly described feathered Mesozoic taxa has revealed a environmental influences. Butterfly wing coloration provides an long evolutionary history of feather diversity that predates modern attractive evolutionary model to study the role of these interactions birds and research on feather development has begun to uncover the throughout development. Here we have I.) Characterized the processes that control the shape and color of feathers. In order to developmental plasticity of pigment (pink) and structural draw the most robust interpretations, these productive lines of (Ultraviolet) butterfly wing colors, II.) Investigated the research rely on detailed descriptions of extant feather diversity. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 environmental triggers responsible for both colors, III.) Examined a However, many of the most extreme examples of feathers remain potential ecological significance of the pink polyphenism and IV.) poorly described in the literature. The King of Saxony Bird of Tested a candidate gene from the melanin pathway generating the Paradise (Paradiseaidae: Pteridophora alberti) sports the most bizarre polyphenetic variation. Through collections we demonstrate the feather known in nature. Adult males have two extremely elongated seasonal polyphenism in both pterin pigmentation and UV structural occipital plumes with a series of square, enamel-blue flags running coloration on Zerene cesonia wings. Our results show that both along one side. Both the shape and color of these feathers is so photoperiod and temperature are necessary for the induction of both unusual that the first specimens brought to England were confidently color changes, but the threshold for the change to pink is sexually declared a fake by leading ornithologists. Here, we use a combination dimorphic. Characterizations revealed scale level organizational and of TEM, SEM, SAXS, and high-resolution synchrotron CT to give morphological changes throughout the pink morphs. We have the first detailed descriptions of the morphology, structure, and color evidence suggesting that the pink coloration may be caused by an of the bizarre Pteridophora occipital plumes. increase in melanin, which is supported by thermal measurements showing that winter morphs warm faster than summer morphs. Lastly, we show, using CRISPR/ cas9, that knockouts of the eyespot melanin gene Spalt can partially induce the pink phenotype when grown in summer conditions. Spalt knockouts recapitulate the pink phenotype in both pigment and morphological changes. Overall this work suggests that there may be a shared environmental and developmental mechanism between pigment and structural coloration in the Southern Dogface Butterfly

40-4 FERGUSON, SM*; BARR, JI; BATEMAN, PW; Kalamazoo 20-1 FERNANDES, JS; St. Petersburg College, Tarpon Springs; College, Curtin University; [email protected] [email protected] Silver gull flight initiation distance varies with human Nature is the Classroom predictability, not habituation Students rarely have the opportunity to experience what they learn in Animals must make escape decisions based on the perceived risk the classroom. Unfortunately, this may lead to apathy for presented by potential predators. In populated environments flight environmental science and conservation. I teach a course called Field initiation distance (FID) from approaching humans is often shorter, Biology of Florida, that is required for environmental science majors likely due to habituation to human presence. We asked whether birds and can be taken to fulfill a science requirement for non-majors. are able to discriminate between human approaches in different Instead of a typical lecture in the classroom, students go out into the contexts and adjust their FID accordingly. Penguin Island is a small field and receive information about the habitat as they come across it island off the coast of Western Australia. Access to the island is in nature. Through strategic partnerships with local parks, state parks, common and frequent, with multiple daily ferry trips; however, national parks, non-profits and industry, I am able to take students to human activity varies across three distinct environments: a different locations every week. The last trip of the semester is a 3-day boardwalk, beaches, and a native scrub wildlife sanctuary. We tested trip to the keys to swim in the national marine sanctuary and visit the the FID of silver gulls (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) across sea turtle hospital. In this way, students experience nature and learn each habitat, predicting the shortest FID on the boardwalk, where the importance of environmental conservation. The final day of the human approaches are frequent and follow a predictable path, class has student groups present on the field trips experienced during intermediate FID on the beach, where human approaches are frequent the semester. This serves as a way to reinforce and review material but follow unpredictable paths, and longest FID in the scrub, where before students take the comprehensive final at the end of the day. human approaches are infrequent and follow unpredictable paths. We The best part of the class, is seeing someone who has not cared about found that FID was shortest on the boardwalk, but did not differ the environment previously, use a reusable water bottle or refuse a between the beach and scrub. In addition, distance from the straw at a restaurant. Offering more courses like this may create boardwalk did not affect FID in the scrub. We suggest that silver scientists and non-scientists that are passionate preserving our world. gulls use human path predictability in specific contexts, rather than habituation to human presence alone, as a primary factor in making escape decisions.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 69 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e70

60-6 FERRIS, KG*; COOP, GM; SCHMITT, J; Tulane University, 60-8 FETCHER, N*; PARKER, TC; MCGRAW, JB; MOODY, ML; Univ. of California, Davis; [email protected] STUNZ, E; CURASI, SR; TANG, J; Wilkes University, University Genetics of Parallel Leaf Shape Evolution in the Mimulus guttatus of Stirling, West Virginia University, University of Texas, El Paso, Species Complex University of Notre Dame, Marine Biological Laboratory; Parallel evolution, or the independent evolution of similar [email protected] phenotypes in organisms occupying similar environments, is strong Local Adaptation and Adaptive Lag in an Arctic Sedge, evidence of adaptation. Whether convergent phenotypes are Eriophorum vaginatum controlled by the same genetic loci and mutations, and therefore Populations that are adapted to local conditions may lose fitness as whether evolution is predictable at the molecular level, is a central climate changes. This phenomenon, called adaptive lag, is potentially question in evolutionary biology. To address this question we significant for Arctic ecosystems where the climate is warming examine the genetic and adaptive significance of parallel leaf shape rapidly and locally adapted populations occupy large areas. evolution across and within species in the Mimulus guttatus species Eriophorum vaginatum is a tussock-forming sedge that occupies Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 complex. Lobed and narrow leaves have evolved from the entire, more than 300 million km2 in northern Alaska, Canada, and Siberia, round leaves of M. guttatus in M. laciniatus, M. nudatus, and a where it contributes up to 37% of primary productivity and forms the polymorphic serpentine M. guttatus population. In addition to having undulating structure of tussock tundra. A 31- year reciprocal divergent leaf shapes, all three of these taxa occur in harsh rocky transplant experiment with E. vaginatum in Alaska showed that habitats. We used (1) population genetics to detect local adaptation in mass/tiller and flowering exhibited local adaptation, whereas survival leaf shape across altitudinal clines of M. laciniatus, (2) phenotypic and the growth rates of tiller populations displayed adaptive lag. selection analysis to test whether lobed leaf shape is adaptive in M. Analysis of population genomic data using ddRAD sequencing laciniatus' granite habitat, and (3) quantitative trait locus (QTL) showed significant differentiation between populations of E. mapping and genome wide association to examine whether leaf shape vaginatum north and south of the tree line. In a common garden, evolution has a parallel genetic basis across three rocky outcrop northern populations senesced earlier than southern populations. In a Mimulus taxa. We found that (1) leaf lobing appears to be adaptive at second experiment established in 2014, gross primary productivity of high elevations across multiple altitudinal clines in M. laciniatus, (2) tussocks from warmer southern sites was more sensitive to leaf shape is adaptive in rocky outcrops, and (3) leaf shape is transplanting than that of tussocks from northern sites, which controlled by overlapping genetic regions in all three Mimulus suggests that ecotypic control of GPP may affect the response of species. This overlap in QTL's and harsh rocky habitats suggests that ecosystem productivity to climate change. As the climate warms, parallel genetic evolution is responsible for adaptive leaf shape gene flow from south to north is likely to be limited for this evolution across Mimulus. long-lived species, and the probability of evolutionary rescue is not great. Instead, the abundance of E. vaginatum may decline followed by its replacement by shrubs. Because of the important role of this species in the Arctic tundra ecosystem, patterns of primary productivity and nutrient cycling are also likely to change.

45-2 FIEDLER, K; COOPER, WJ*; Washington State Univ.; S2-2 FIELD, KA*; LILLEY, TM; OGATA, G; ROGERS, EJ; [email protected] PROKKOLA, JM; MOORE, MS; REEDER, DM; Bucknell An automated method for collecting biomechanical data from University; [email protected] high-speed videos of fish feeding The Challenges of Transcriptome-wide Comparisons Across Functional morphologists commonly utilize high-speed video to Species and Genera record movement and then use these recordings to measure aspects of Comparing host responses to infection between individuals at the biomechanical performance. Methods that rely upon measurements whole-transcriptome level has provided valuable insights into the taken from individual video frames typically require extensive mechanisms of disease resistance and susceptibility. To determine processing time, which in turn limits the amount of data that can be the ecological-scale responses that control disease ecology, it would feasibly collected. Many kinematic studies have been restricted to be helpful to compare transcriptome-wide gene expression changes small sample sizes that limit the application of statistical analyses. between species. However, comparisons across species and genera Although collaborative teams of researchers can process larger that are not closely related present challenges that can bias the amounts of video in a given length of time, different members of the conclusions generated. We have compared the response to same research group will frequently extract different measurements white-nose syndrome (WNS) in two North American species of bat from the same recording. Observer bias is therefore another serious that differ in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogen issue that undermines the statistical integrity of kinematic studies. Pseudogymnoascus destructans. The WNS-susceptible species, Automated methods can significantly reduce the time required to Myotis lucifugus, has been shown to respond to infection by extract biomechanical measurements from video recordings. This not activating inflammatory immune responses, among other pathways. only supports the collection of larger datasets, and therefore a more To compare responses in a species of bat that is relatively resistant to rigorous application of statistical analyses, but also eliminates errors infection, we measured gene expression using RNA-Seq in Eptesicus introduced through observer bias. Here we discuss an automated fuscus. We compared several pipelines to determine the best technique for extracting performance data from high-speed videos of approach for comparing gene expression between genera and found fish feeding. This method collects measurements of velocity, that using orthologs defined by BLAST homology was the most acceleration, gape distance, jaw protrusion distance, hyoid depression conservative. This approach will allow the most direct comparison of distance, cranial elevation angle, and a ram-suction index estimate functional differences in gene expression patterns. To be effective for for individual video recordings of fish feeding strikes. These comparisons between distantly related species, either large numbers measurements are widely utilized by a number of labs investigating of biological replicates or paired sampling will be needed for the functional morphology of fish feeding. differential expression analyses.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 70 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e71

95-2 FINCH , G.; PERRETTA, C.; DAVIES, B.; ROSENDALE, A. 97-4 FINTON, CJ*; OPHIR, AG; Cornell University; J.; HOLMES , C. J. ; JENNINGS, E. C.; GANTZ , J. D. ; SPACHT, [email protected] D. ; LEE JR., R. E.; DENLINGER, D. L.; WEIRAUCH, M. T. ; Is spatial memory impacted by intranasal administration of BENOIT , J. B. *; University of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati oxytocin or vasopressin? Chronic intranasal vasopressin influences , Miami University, The Ohio State University, The Ohio State spatial memory in male prairie voles University , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center ; Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are known to modulate [email protected] pairbonding, but are less appreciated for their influence on cognition, RNA-Seq and Proteomics Analyses of Mechanisms Underlying including spatial memory. While pairbonding is a key feature of Reproduction in the Antarctic Extremophile, Belgica antarctica monogamous mating tactics, the ability to track conspecifics in space The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is a wingless fly endemic to lays the foundation for mating decisions. OT and VP represent a Antarctica. The life cycle of this midge is unusually long due to the mechanistic link between mating tactics and space use. To examine short periods in which conditions for growth and development are how nonapeptides impact spatial memory, we manipulated Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 favorable. The larval stage lasts for two years, and the adult stage is exogenous OT and VP in prairie voles through acute or chronic brief at about two weeks; adults mate in swarms, and females die doses. Prairie voles are socially monogamous rodents that shortly after oviposition. Eggs are laid suspended in a gel of demonstrate individual variation in decisions to form bonds and mate unknown composition that is generated by the accessory glands. monogamously, and are a good species to ask how nonapeptides Reproduction in B. antarctica and other midge species is not well influence memory to impact mating decisions. Acute doses were understood. This project examined molecular mechanisms underlying administered to adults 30 min before memory testing; chronic doses reproduction in B. antarctica by assessing differential gene were administered during post-natal development (PND 21-45 daily) expression in males, females, and larvae, as well as male and female and subjects were tested as adults. OT or VP was delivered accessory glands. In males, females, and larvae, 392, 1825, and 862 intranasally to minimize invasiveness. Spatial memory was tested in uniquely up-regulated genes were identified, respectively. For the the Morris water maze. Chronic VP treatment improved spatial accessory glands, 20 and 25 genes were enriched from the females memory compared to controls. We detected no effects of chronic OT, and males, respectively. Proteomic analyses were used to establish or acute OT or VP on spatial memory. Although VP and OT are the composition of the egg-containing gel, which was followed by known to impact various forms of memory, acute doses did not alter RNA-seq analyses to determine the source of the proteins comprising spatial memory. The organizational effects from chronic VP during the egg gel. Lastly, thermal and dehydration assays on the development appeared to impact spatial memory. Whether the VP egg-containing gel reveal that it likely acts as a buffer to prevent system itself was responsible for this memory improvement remains thermal stress of the eggs. Future studies may focus on the impact of an open question. These data suggest that therapeutic uses of climate change on the survivability of this Antarctic species as nonapeptides should be considered with caution. Ultimately, we reproductive shifts or suppression can result in rapid population hypothesize that individual variation in circulating VP might impact declines. spatial memory, which may have cascading effects on mating tactics demonstrated by adults in natural contexts.

80-3 FISH, FE*; NICASTRO, AJ; ST. LEGER, J; West Chester 31-4 FLAMMANG, BE*; COHEN, KE; HERNANDEZ, LP; New Univ., Sea World; [email protected] Jersey Institute of Technology, University of Washington, George Spin-leap Performance by Cetaceans Is Influenced by Moment of Washington University; [email protected] Inertia Sucker with a Fat Lip: Functional Morphology of the Soft Tissues Cetaceans are capable of extraordinary locomotor behaviors both in of the Remora Adhesive Disc water and air. Whales and dolphins can execute aerial leaps by Remoras comprise a family of fishes (Echineidae) unique in their swimming rapidly to the surface of the water to achieve an escape cranial adhesive disc evolved from dorsal fin spines. Analysis of the velocity. Previous research on spinner dolphins demonstrated that adhesive mechanism by which remoras attach to hosts of varied this species was capable of leaping and completing multiple spins roughness has focused primarily on the functional morphology of around their longitudinal axis with high angular velocities. This prior skeletal structures; little attention has been paid to the soft tissues of research suggested that the slender body morphology of spinner the disc and their role in attachment. Here, we use scanning electron dolphins allowed for rapid spins in the air. The principals factors microscopy (SEM), histology, and material testing to describe the affecting the number of aerial spins a cetacean can execute are the functional morphology of the soft tissues of the remora adhesive disc moment of inertia of an individual and the use of control surfaces for and generate hypotheses on their roles in the adhesive mechanism. subsurface corkscrewing, both of which are morphology-dependent. Using SEM we identified previously undescribed papillary structures For typical individual spinner dolphins, Pacific striped dolphins, on the fleshy lip surrounding the disc and found epithelial tearing on bottlenose dolphins, and humpback whales, each with swim speeds the lamellae suggestive of spinule replacement and growth of 6 m/s, a speed close to their maximum, our model predicts that the Histological examination revealed complex arrangements of collagen number of aerial spins executable are 7, 2, 1.7, and 1.4, respectively, fibers with more dense and organized collagen bundles found which are consistent with observations. These data imply that the rate anteriorly. Moreover, collagen bundles at the anterior lip were of subsurface corkscrewing is limited to 2.7 rev/s for spinner oriented in a cross-hatching pattern, suggesting a functional dolphins, 2.0 for striped dolphins, and less than 1 rev/s for the regionalization between the anterior and posterior sections of the lip. bottlenose dolphins and humpback whales. The greater moments of Histology did not show any mucus or mucus secreting cells; inertia for the latter three species produce large torques on control however, it did reveal large nerves extending down the distal edges surfaces that limit subsurface corkscrewing motion and aerial of the lips and at times reaching the individual papilla, indicative of a maneuvers. role in modulating attachment forces.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 71 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e72

124-2 FLANIGAN, KAS*; WIEGMANN, DD; BINGMAN, VP; 5-3 FLORES, DV*; JANZEN, FJ; Iowa State University; Bowling Green State University ; [email protected] [email protected] Tactile cues facilitate shelter discrimination in Amblypygi Epigenetic variation in a reptile: implications for (Arthropoda: Arachnida) temperature-dependent sex determination Amblypygi are a nocturnal order of arachnids that live in tropical and Vertebrates with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), a subtropical regions. These animals have specialized mechanism that relies on incubation temperature to irreversibly appendages-antenniform legs-that process olfactory, determine the sex of developing embryos, are threatened by ongoing mechanosensory, and chemosensory cues. These sense organs are changes in climate and local environmental conditions. Previous used by amblypygids to relocate and recognize a home site after a studies have suggested that behavioral and molecular plasticity in this night of foraging. Olfaction appears to play a key role in their ability system may provide opportunities for species with TSD to adapt to to navigate successfully. The purpose of this experiment was to these changes. Although decades of research have uncovered key determine whether tactile cues might also be involved. Amblypygids aspects, a complete molecular mechanism of TSD remains elusive. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 can discriminate two different tactile stimuli by associating a viable DNA methylation is a well-known epigenetic mark characterized by shelter and an inaccessible shelter with randomly assigned tactile its dynamic ability to silence genes, and evidence is accumulating for stimuli. Animals were allowed to wander freely in an arena that its role in determining sex in TSD systems. Using the painted turtle, contained an accessible and inaccessible shelter, where the two Chrysemys picta, as a model for TSD, we examined epigenetic shelters were cued by distinct tactile stimuli. They were then tested in profiles, variation, and their implications for sex determination in the a small arena with a floor that was divided into two sections, equally TSD system. We leveraged a long-term study site to assess covered by each tactile stimulus. Preference scores based on sex-specific epigenetic profiles across the genome and occupancy in the two sections of the test arena suggest that subjects environmentally-induced epigenetic variation. We found clear learned to associate tactile cues with access to a shelter. sex-specific DNA methylation profiles, with adult males exhibiting higher levels of methylation than adult females. We also saw DNA methylation decrease with age, regardless of sex. Additional epigenetic variation was induced by environmental factors, including incubation temperature and embryonic exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. We then assessed the biological significance of these findings in the context of inheritance by comparing epigenetic profiles between adult females and their offspring. Inheritance of epigenetic variation has the potential to mediate the effects of environmental change on species with TSD, as the methylation composition of genes in the sex determining pathway may play a role in gonadal sex differentiation and ultimately influence the final sex of the individual.

26-1 FLOREY, CL*; MOORE, PA; Bowling Green State University; 44-7 FOQUET, B.*; SONG, H.; Texas a&m University; University of Michigan Biological Station; [email protected] [email protected] Comparison of Burrow Structure Between Crayfish Species A comparative study of behavioral, morphological, and molecular Crayfish construct and inhabit burrows for temperature and moisture reaction norms of locust phase polyphenism regulation, predator avoidance, and brood care. Burrow function is Locusts are grasshoppers (Acrididae) that form large migratory closely linked to structure, but the subterranean nature of crayfish swarms or marching bands, and show density-dependent phase burrows has limited the collection of quantitative data on burrow polyphenism. This polyphenism consists of two phases, a solitarious morphometrics. The aim of this study was to investigate what and a gregarious phase, which manifest in response to low and high characteristics of burrow structure can be correlated to species and population density, respectively. The two phases differ in several habitat, through phylogenetic and photogrammetric analysis. traits, including behavior, morphology, nymphal coloration, Populations of Faxonius rusticus, F. propinquus, Cambarus physiology and reproduction. Moreover, recent studies have shown diogenes, Fallicambarus fodiens, and Procambarus acutus acutus clear molecular differences between both phases in two well-studied were collected from burrows and data on demographics and locust species, Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria. From individual morphology were collected. Fiberglass casts of burrows a phylogenetic perspective, locusts are rare among grasshoppers, were created by filling burrows with polyester resin. Excavated casts representing only 19 species out of 6700 species, and they are were digitized using photogrammetric 3D modeling. Digital models phylogenetically heterogenous group, which strongly suggests that were used to calculate total burrow volume and surface area, as well locust phase polyphenism convergently evolved multiple times. The as volume, surface area, depth, and angle to horizontal of burrow genus Schistocerca contains three swarming locust species and more entrances, galleries, branches, and chambers. Principal component than 40 non-swarming sedentary species, and its phylogeny is well analysis and structural equation modeling were used to quantify understood. In this study, we focus on the Central American locust relationships between crayfish characteristics and burrow structure, (S. piceifrons) and three closely related non-swarming grasshoppers with a strong correlation between species and burrow volume, that, together, form a spectrum in the degree of density-dependent surface area, depth, number of entrances, number of branches, and phenotypic plasticity. We quantified density-dependent reaction number of chambers. There was not a significant relationship norms in S. piceifrons and these three related species at a behavioral, between soil characteristics and burrow structure. morphological and molecular level by rearing them in isolated and crowded conditions. We establish that the spectrum of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity in this clade does not only extend to the behavioral and morphological level, but also to the molecular level. Further, our transcriptome analysis points towards clear similarities and differences in gene expression patterns among these four species. Finally, we compare and contrast our results in S. piceifrons to what is known from other locust species.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 72 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e73

8-3 FORD, KL*; DONATELLI, CM; GIBB, AC; ALBERT, JA; 104-2 FORD, MP*; KASOJU, VT; GADDAM, MG; SUMMERS, AP; University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Tufts SANTHANAKRISHNAN, A; Oklahoma State University; University, Northern Arizona University, University of Washington; [email protected] [email protected] Clap and fling of bristled wings with varying solid surface areas Scaling with Scales: Analysis of armor and swimming through The smallest free-flying insects (body lengths between 0.2 to 1 mm) ontogeny in the Bay Pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus) show a marked preference for wings consisting of a thin solid Syngnathid fishes provide an unusual opportunity to examine dermal membrane with long bristles at the margins. Flapping flight of these armor development throughout ontogeny and quantify the influences insects occurs under highly viscous conditions where Reynolds of sex-role reversals on the morphology of teleost fishes. Individuals number (Re) is on the order of 10. Obligate use of clap and fling of the Bay Pipefish, Syngnathus leptorhynchus (n=16), were filmed, kinematics is also seen in tiny insects such as thrips. Recent evidence CT-scanned, and measured to analyze swimming kinematics and has shown that bristled wings can provide drag reduction benefits dermal armor characteristics. These analyses indicate that individuals during clap and fling. However, the biological range of variation in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 do not scale proportionally during ontogenetic growth in terms of bristled wing geometry in tiny insects remains unclear. In this study, body diameter, cross-sectional area of the body, or surface area of we examined the aerodynamic effects of varying the ratio of solid dermal armor. Instead, larger individuals have a more slender body membrane area (MA) to total area (TA) of the wing. Forewing shape with a much smaller cross-sectional area than is predicted by images of thrips were analyzed from published data and MA/TA was an isometric growth model. Further, swimming speed and estimated found to range from 14-27%. A dynamically scaled robotic platform Reynolds number scales with total length to the power of 1.8 and 2.7, was used to test 6 different wing pairs with MA/TA varying from respectively. Thus, juveniles of S. leptorhynchus become 15% to 100%. Experiments were performed with each wing pair at proportionally faster as they grow in size, and swim at lower Re=10, and also at Re=120 that is relevant to larger insects such as Reynolds Numbers than mature individuals. Mature Bay Pipefish the fruit fly. Dimensionless lift and drag forces were measured using adults, regardless of sex, have proportionally larger scales that cover strain gauges attached to the wing root. Time-resolved particle image a greater percentage of their body when compared with small velocimetry was performed at 3 different chordwise planes along the juveniles. There are also distinct shape differences in the dermal span in order to visualize the leading and trailing edge vortices. With armor between sexes; these differences are likely related to decreasing MA/TA, peak lift and drag coefficients decreased, but the reproductive roles, because male brooding requires specialized bony lift to drag ratio increased. The magnitude of circulation about the structures along the abdomen and tail. In summary, body shape and leading and trailing edges of the wings also decreased with dermal armor in S. leptorhynchus change with size and sex, and these decreasing MA/TA. Leading and trailing edge vortices remained variables likely influence the functional characteristics such as attached throughout the stroke at Re=10, while vortex shedding was Reynolds number and swimming speed. observed at Re=120 in wing models with high MA/TA. Our results suggest that clap and fling with bristled wings is more advantageous for Re=10 as compared to Re=120.

66-5 FORSBURG, Z.R.; Texas State Univ.; [email protected] 91-8 FRANCIS, JR, AW; Georgia Southern University; Artificial light at night alters corticosterone levels in Rana [email protected] berlandieri larvae Cephalofoil Hydrodynamics of the Winghead Shark, Eusphyra Artificial light at night (ALAN) is artificial light that alters the blochii natural light dark patterns in ecosystems. ALAN can have a suite of Hammerhead sharks (Family Sphyrnidae) are characterized by a effects on community structure and drive evolutionary processes that distinctive lateral expansion of the head known as a cephalofoil. The influences a range of behavioral and physiological traits. Our winghead shark, Eusphyra blochii, is the most ancestral member of understanding of possible effects of ALAN on amphibians is lacking this group with a high aspect ratio cephalofoil that is 40-50% of total and research is warranted as ALAN could contribute to stress and body length. Computed tomography (CT) scans of a winghead shark declines of amphibian populations, particularly in urban areas. I were used to generate a computer model for performance testing tested the hypothesis that exposure to constant light or pulsed light at using computational hydrodynamics. This model was tested at night (simulating a motion sensor light) would physiologically stress multiple angles of attack (pitch) and yaw to determine the velocities, leopard frog tadpolesRana berlandieri. Using a reaction norm forces, pressures, lift coefficients (CL), and drag coefficients (CD) approach, I reared tadpoles under a natural light cycle for 7 days generated by the winghead's cephalofoil. Positive lift coefficients (baseline) and then under either constant light or pulsed ALAN for were identified as starting at an angle of attack of +5° and continuing 14 days (light treatment). Using water-borne hormones, I measured up to +25°. The coefficient of drag was at its lowest at an angle of corticosterone (CORT), the main amphibian glucocorticoid, release attack of +10°. These computer simulations were then evaluated rates on days 7 and 21. Compared to baseline CORT release rates, using 3D printed models of the winghead shark cephalofoil tadpoles showed significantly higher CORT release rates after 14 submerged in a water tunnel and oriented at selected angles of attack days of constant light while tadpoles showed significantly lower to water flow. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) was used to CORT release rates after 14 days under pulsed ALAN. These results quantify fluid flow around the cephalofoil. Cross-correlation analyses suggest that short-term exposure to constant or pulsed light at night of fluid flow identified velocity differences above and below the contribute to stress in tadpoles, albeit differently, with constant light cephalofoil as well as at the end of the cephalofoil. Vorticity was also inducing CORT production while pulsed ALAN is downregulating identified trailing the cephalofoil. While swimming level, the CORT production. Further investigation is needed to explore cephalofoil of the winghead shark has a natural angle of attack of long-term effects of exposure to ALAN, as long-term exposure may about +17.6°. At this angle, there is slightly positive coefficient of lift lead to chronic stress or tadpoles may habituate to ALAN, and while the coefficient of drag is near zero. However, as the winghead possible carry over effects, as juvenile growth and survival may be shark elevates or depresses its head (changing the angle of attack), affected by exposure to ALAN in the larval stage. Based on our lift and drag characteristics change in a way that is consistent current findings, mitigation of exposure to ALAN should be between computer simulations of hydrodynamics and DPIV considered in management and conservation plans for amphibians. measurements of fluid flow.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 73 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e74

96-2 FRANK, CL*; DAVIS, AD; HERZOG, C; Fordham University, S11-11 FRANKINO, W. A.*; SHINGLETON, A. W. ; DWORKIN, NY Dept. of Health, NY Dept. of Environmental Conservation; I.; BAKOTA, E.; WILKINSON, G. S.; WOLF, J. B.; University of [email protected] Houston, University of Illinois, Chicago, McMaster University, The evolution of a resistance to White-nose Syndrome by a North University of Maryland, University of Bath; [email protected] American bat population Individual Cryptic Scaling Relationships and the Evolution of White-nose Syndrome is caused by a cutaneous infection with the Animal Form fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). It is known to produce Morphological scaling is central to the expression and evolution of hibernation mortality rates of 75 - 98% in 4 bats: Myotis lucifugus, morphology. Scaling relationships fit to populations of individuals M. septentrionalis, M. sodalis, and Perimyotis subflavus. These high describe how overall shape changes with body size, and changes in mortality rates are observed during the first 1-2 years after the arrival scaling relationship parameters underlie the generation of much of P. destructans at a hibernation site and are caused by a 60% morphological diversity seen within and among biological groups. decrease in torpor bout duration, which results in a premature We take a developmental approach to model the expression and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 depletion of depot fat prior to spring. Little is known about the evolution of morphological scaling. Under our model, final trait and long-term effects of this fungus on torpor and mortality, thus we body size is a function of their relative sensitivity to changes in conducted a 9-year study on M. lucifugus at 2 of the hibernation sites access to nutrition during well-defined growth windows. Because where Pd first appeared in North America. The M. lucifugus individual growth is dependent on access to nutrition, each individual hibernating at these sites one year after the arrival of Pd had: a) a can express a continuum of trait and body sizes. The function that mean torpor bout duration of 7.6 d, b) depleted depot fat reserves by describes these potential trait and body sizes is, in effect, a ‘cryptic' March, and c) a mortality rate of 88-92%. The M. lucifugus scaling relationship on which the observed phenotype exists as a hibernating at these sites 6-9 years after the arrival of Pd, in contrast, single point. Importantly, individuals can vary in their sensitivity to had: a) a mean torpor bout duration of 14.7 d, b) depot fat remaining nutritional variation, producing differences among individuals in the in March, and c) a mortality rate of 50%. The number of M. lucifugus intercept and slope of their individual cryptic scaling relationships. hibernating at these sites consistently increased since 2010 and is Our model reveals that the distribution of these individual cryptic now 3.0-3.5 times greater than the number remaining after the winter scaling relationships can dramatically affect how the population-level of 2008-09. These findings indicate that this population of M. scaling relationship responds to selection. Here we present data lucifugus has evolved mechanisms to hibernate normally in the illustrating individual cryptic scaling relationships from several presence of Pd, thus reducing their over-winter mortality rate. biological systems, and we use these data to explore our model's predictions of the response to different patterns of selection.

61-2 FREDERICH, B*; AGUILAR-MEDRANO, R; GAJDZIK, L; 113-7 FREDERICK, AR*; CATABAY, C; CLEMENTS, KD; University of Liège, Liège, CINVESTAV, Mérida; GERMAN, DP; Univ. of California, Irvine, Univ. of Auckland; [email protected] [email protected] Generalist Feeding Guilds in Reef Fishes: Macroevolutionary Sink Will abalone survive climate change? Comparative digestive or Future Source of Diversity? physiology and the effect of temperature stress on abalone across Reef fishes have diversified into thousands of species that fill various the Pacific Ocean types of ecological niches, contributing to the tremendous Withering syndrome (WS), a bacterial disease, has led to population biodiversity of reef ecosystems. Yet, the dynamics of this diversity declines in all northeastern Pacific abalone species infected and remain understudied, especially the evolutionary relation between the impacts animals more severely during periods of thermal stress. This different functional traits, which relate to the life strategies and study aims to determine the mechanistic impacts of WS and heat ecosystem roles of organisms. Here, we explore how one functional stress on abalone digestive function by examining gut function in trait, the feeding habit, impacts the dynamics of species wild red abalone (H. rufescens) and comparing their gut function to diversification and functional evolution. Using comparative WS-free New Zealand pāua (H. iris). We hypothesized that abalone phylogenetic methods in conjunction with taxonomic, trophic and digestive function is unable to keep pace with increased metabolic functional datasets, we analyze the functional evolution of two major demand at the highest temperatures they experience in the wild, radiations of reef fishes, the wrasses (Labridae) and the damselfishes thereby making them more vulnerable to heat stress and WS in the (Pomacentridae). We demonstrate that the feeding habit plays a key face of climate change. We conducted 4-week thermal stress feeding role in the evolution of the rest of functional diversity. The nature experiments with both species. Red abalone and pāua were divided and the diversity of functional roles hosted by fish in reef ecosystems into 2 temperature regimes, ambient seawater and 6°C above are tightly linked to their feeding attributes. Counter to a simple ambient. We measured total organic matter and individual prediction of ecological opportunism, we found that "generalist" macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid) digestibility to feeding guilds (i.e. those composed of species feeding on food determine how thermal stress impacts the animals' ability to extract sources from the whole bentho-pelagic compartment) do not show nutrients and energy from their diet. We also measured metabolic higher rates of functional diversification and do not necessarily rate (via O2 consumption) at both temperatures to determine whether display higher levels of functional diversity. Furthermore, in contrast the changes in digestive function enable animals to extract enough to recent macroevolutionary studies on mammals and birds, we energy to meet their increased metabolic demand at elevated highlight that these "generalist" guilds of fishes represent the basis of temperatures. Preliminary results show that metabolic demand is future diversity and cannot be considered as evolutionary sinks or as significantly elevated during the thermal stress treatment and that "dead-ends". These findings clearly re-define our view on the species differ in their digestive efficiencies, but have the reserve ecological and evolutionary roles played by generalist feeding guilds. capacity to handle the 6°C challenge. This is one of the first detailed studies on abalone digestion, and collaborations with international fishing, aquaculture, and management agencies is enabling this data to be integrated into management.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 74 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e75

73-1 FREEMAN, AR*; SHEEHAN, MJ; OPHIR, AG; Cornell 21-6 FRENETTE, BD*; GIDO, KB; TOBLER, M; Kansas State University; [email protected] University; [email protected] Anogenital distance predicts sexual odour preference in African Metabolic Physiology of Minnows Exposed to Stable and Variable giant pouched rats Thermal Environments Identifying reproductively viable partners may be the most important Laboratory studies of organismal thermal biology often rely on aspect of searching for a mate. When females vary in their acclimation to constant temperatures to assess physiological or reproductive receptivity, it is incumbent upon males to discriminate performance responses, yet organisms in their natural environment among females based on the likelihood of successful copulation and are exposed temperature variation across spatial and temporal scales. fertilization. We have observed that female African giant pouched Incorporating thermal variability into tests of organismal responses to rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) demonstrate profoundly delayed sexual temperature might help elucidate how organisms respond to development, with some adults exhibiting a highly neotenous, fully temperature in variable environments. Additionally, metabolic fused vagina. The lack of vaginal patency presents a tremendous responses under variable thermal conditions may be an important and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 barrier to mating. Based on this unique observation, we tested male often overlooked component influencing an organism's fundamental preferences towards urine collected from patent and non-patent thermal niche. The southern redbelly dace (Chrosomus females. We found that males with longer anogenital distances erythrogaster) and the central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) (AGD; a proximate measure of developmental masculinisation) show are two species of functionally-similar minnows that display differential interest towards patent and non-patent females, preferring differences in their realized thermal niches along a stream-size patent females. Strikingly, males with short AGDs did not show any gradient of temperature. To test how exposure to a variable thermal differential interest between female odours. Correspondingly, only regime affects metabolic physiology, we measured the metabolic patent females demonstrated reduced interest in odour from short rates of dace and stonerollers acclimated to either constant (20°C) or AGD males; non-patent females did not demonstrate a preference. variable (mean = 20°C; range = 17-23°C) temperature conditions. Our study demonstrates that pouched rats show differential interest in We then used intermittent-flow respirometry to compare standard odours closely associated with mate quality, which could help them metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic locate high quality potential mates. We are the first, to our scope (AS) of dace and stonerollers at 15, 20, and 25°C. We also knowledge, to show that the AGD of the evaluator enhances mate compared responses between dace and stonerollers to determine if preferences and influences their interest evaluation in potential temperature variation contributes to differences in the realized mating partners. We posit that the preference for reproductively thermal niches of these species. We found that fish acclimated to a available females by masculinised males and the preference for variable thermal regime maintained higher overall AS across the masculinised males by reproductively available females suggests that range of test temperatures when compared to fish acclimated to assortative mating could promote these pairings of constant temperatures, except for the stonerollers at 25°C, where AS proximally-derived traits. did not differ. The AS of both species acclimated to a variable thermal regime was similar at 15 and 25°C, but stonerollers had higher AS at the mean temperature of 20°C.

136-8 FRIEDMAN, ST*; WAINWRIGHT, PC; Univ. of California, S8-6 FRIEDMAN, Nicholas R*; ECONOMO, Evan P; Okinawa Davis; [email protected] Institute of Science and Technology; [email protected] Getting to the bottom of it: Morphological diversification in benthic A morphological integration perspective on the evolution of teleosts dimorphism among sexes and social castes From flattened flounder, to elongate eels, and leg-wielding Individuals of many species have evolved alternate morphologies, frogfishes, benthic fishes exhibit a remarkable diversity of body thus enabling individuals to conditionally match behavioral strategies shapes, many of which deviate strongly from the generic streamlined that are favorable for reproductive success. Examples of this fish profile. Living on or within the benthos may relax the selective phenomenon include sexual dimorphism, alternative reproductive pressures incurred by constant midwater movement and promote strategies, and social insect castes. Here, we use the concept of complex interactions between the body and substrate, resulting in morphological integration to examine the extent to which a trait, adaptations and body shapes not favored in midwater fishes. Though belonging to two different ant castes or bird sexes, evolves in a fishes have radiated into benthic and fossorial habitats numerous correlated fashion. In the case of social insects, we examine an ant times, the phenotypic diversity of benthic fishes has never been genus in which workers have major and minor worker subcastes that systematically explored and compared to midwater taxa. We ask perform different behavioral repertoires in and around the nest. In the whether a benthic lifestyle results in novel body shapes and if this case of birds, we examine a family of songbirds that exhibits habitat transition leads to increased rates of morphological plumage coloration that can differ greatly between males and diversification. Using the collections at the Smithsonian Museum, we females, with apparently independent changes in each sex. have amassed an unprecedented morphological dataset of linear measurements capturing body shape across roughly 6,000 teleost species. Applying phylogenetically-informed analyses, we show that bottom-dwelling fishes are far more dispersed in morphospace than midwater fishes. We find that benthic living both facilitates the evolution of novel body shapes and dramatically intensifies the rate of body shape evolution. This study highlights a prime example of the potential for habitat colonization to generate widespread morphological innovation and diversification.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 75 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e76

5-2 FRYE, BM*; HANKERSON, SJ; TARDIF, SD; SEARS, MW; 41-5 FU, Q*; LI, C; Johns Hopkins University; [email protected] DIETZ, JM; Clemson University, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Body compliance helps snakes traverse large step obstacles Southwest National Primate Research Center, University of Snakes move well in complex 3-D terrain such as mountains and Maryland, College Park; [email protected] deserts with large step-like obstacles. Our recent study discovered Siblings as an ecological constraint? Physical, reproductive, and that a generalist kingsnake (Lampropeltis mexicana) uses a survival consequences of sibling competition in a cooperatively partitioned gait to traverse large steps [1]. The snake's body sections breeding primate (Leontopithecus rosalia) towards the head and tail undulate on the horizontal surface to propel Sexual selection theory posits that animals should fiercely compete to and stabilize the animal, while the middle body section cantilevers in reproduce, but in taxa that breed cooperatively, some individuals the sagittal plane to bridge across the large step. Despite such high delay or even forgo reproduction entirely. Though kin selection often degree-of-freedom body deformation, the animal always maintains is evoked to explain the evolution of this reproductive strategy, other good contact with the ground. Here, we use robophysical extrinsic factors likely contribute to the maintenance of fitness experiments to test the hypothesis that body compliance is critical to Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 asymmetries. In many polytocous taxa, siblings constrain each other's maintaining contact with the terrain to maintain traction and stability. reproductive opportunities. The intensity and form of sibling We developed a snake robot that can deform its body in both competition, though, may well depend on the sex of the competitors. horizontal and sagittal planes, with one-way wheels to mimic Using longitudinal records, we investigated how intra- and anisotropic friction of snake scales, and used an adjustable intersexual competition among siblings impacts body condition, suspension system to vary body compliance. Using a snake-inspired survivorship, and reproduction in a cooperatively breeding primate - partitioned gait, the robot traversed a large step as high as 40% its the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). Our preliminary body length. As compared to using a more rigid suspension, when the results suggest that sibling sex influences some, but not all, suspension was more compliant, the robot maintained better contact phenotypic outcomes in golden lion tamarins. Ultimately, this with the ground (from 81 ± 8 % of the time to 87 ± 5 % of the time) examination of sex-dependent sibling competition provides insight thanks to larger suspension compression (from 1.0 ± 0.3 mm to 2.1 ± into the mechanisms mediating phenotypic outcomes as well as the 0.6 mm). This increased traversal probability (from 50% to 90%) for demographic factors selecting for cooperative breeding across broad high steps (36% and 38% of body length), but with a sacrifice of taxonomic and geographic scales. higher power consumption (from 24.9 ± 1.4 W to 26.4 ± 1.4 W) and more undulation cycles needed to traverse (from 6.02 ± 2.32 to 8.89 ± 5.17) (P < 0.05 for all tests, ANCOVA). Our study demonstrated the importance of body compliance for snakes and snake robots to engage and traverse complex 3-D terrain. ([1] See another talk: Gart SW et al., Snakes partition their body to traverse large steps and inspire a snake robot.)

55-4 FUESS, LE*; PALACIO, A; BUTLER, CC; BRANDT, ME; 37-4 FURZE, ME*; HUGGETT, BA; AUBRECHT, DM; STOLZ, BAKER, AC; MYDLARZ, LD; University of Texas Arlington, CD; CARBONE, MS; RICHARDSON, AD; Harvard University, University of Miami, University of the Virgin Islands; Bates College, Northern Arizona University; [email protected] [email protected] Multiple experiments reveal complex relationships between Understanding Nonstructural Carbohydrate Storage and Seasonal symbiosis, immunity, and the transforming growth factor-beta Dynamics at the Whole-tree Level pathway in a Caribbean coral, Orbicella faveolata Despite the importance of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) for Scelaractinian corals, which form the basis of reef ecoystems, are growth and survival in woody plants, we know little about whole-tree declining due to stressors like disease. Corals are nutritionally NSC storage. The conventional theory of annual NSC reserve dependent on symbiotic dinofagellates, Symbiodinium. Yet to dynamics suggests that NSC reserves will increase over the growing establish and maintain symbiosis symbionts may suppress host season and decrease over the dormant season. We compared storage immunity via the host's transforming growth factor (TGF ) in five temperate tree species to determine the size and seasonal pathway. To explore the relationship between symbiosis, host fluctuation of whole-tree total NSC pools as well as the contribution immunity and the TGF pathway, we conducted two experiments of individual organs. NSC concentrations in the branches, stemwood, using the coral, Orbicella faveolata. First we examined the and roots of 24 trees were measured each month over the course of a relationship between the TGF pathway and host immune response. year. We then scaled up concentrations to the whole-tree and Coral cores were pre-treated with exogenous TGF , anti-TGF , or a ecosystem levels using allometric equations and forest stand vehicle control, followed by an immune challenge. RNAseq analyses inventory data. While whole-tree total NSC pools followed the revealed few effects of TGF pathway manipulation without immune conventional theory, sugar pools peaked in the dormant season and stimulation. In contrast, enhancement of the pathway with exogenous starch pools in the growing season. Seasonal depletion of total NSCs TGF resulted in reduction in immune response, whereas inhibition was minimal at the whole-tree level, but substantial at the of the pathway preserved the immune response. Next, we used organ-level, particularly in branches. Surprisingly, roots were not the nutrient enrichment to experimentally manipulate symbiont density major storage organ as branches stored comparable amounts of starch in coral cores. Gene expression analyses showed a negative effect of throughout the year, and root reserves were not used to support symbiont density on host immune gene expression. Comparison of springtime growth. Additionally, we examined the radial distribution the results from both studies revealed several genes that are affected of NSC concentrations in the stemwood and how it varied across the similarly by TGF pathway manipulation and changes in symbiont seasons. By scaling up NSC concentrations to the ecosystem-level, density, indicating a potential link between TGF and symbiosis. we found that commonly-used, process-based ecosystem and land Associated negative effects of symbiosis and TGF signaling suggest surface models all overpredict NSC storage. Thus, our results an ecological trade-off: increased symbiont density may provide improve our understanding of C dynamics at both the whole-tree and energetic benefits to the host at the cost of reduced immunity. Further ecosystem levels and, importantly, resolve how the dynamics of investigation of these relationships will increase understanding of individual organs contribute to the overall C balance. how variation in symbiotic relationships shapes coral disease resistance.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 76 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e77

104-6 GAGLIARDI, S F*; COMBES, S A; University of 39-3 GAJEWSKI, ZJ*; STEVENSON, LA; PIKE, D; ROZNIK , California-Davis; [email protected] EA; JOHNSON, L; Virginia Tech, Northern Australia Quarantine Effects of Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Wing Damage on the Stability Strategy, Rhodes College, Memphis Zoo; [email protected] and Maneuverability of Bumblebees Varying temperature effects on the growth of the amphibian chytrid Bumblebees are diligent foragers whose wings amass significant, fungus non-repairable damage in the form of wing area loss due to frequent Temperature is an important driver and constraint on life history collisions throughout their lives. Wing damage has been directly traits of many organisms. Temperature can also impact disease linked to individual mortality, but the changes in flight performance systems, for instance by influencing traits like growth or reproductive that underlie this phenomenon remain unclear. Previous work has rate of pathogens and hosts. For example, in the amphibian chytrid shown that experimentally inflicted wing damage reduces a bee's fungus system Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , temperature is maximum acceleration during collision avoidance when ~20% of likely a key factor determining the infection rates of frogs. The role wing area is lost from both wings, but this effect is not significant for of temperature in disease systems has often been studied primarily Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 asymmetric damage to only one wing. The effects of asymmetric vs. with highly controlled experiments where the temperature is held symmetric wing damage on other aspects of maneuvering (such as constant. Extrapolating from the constant temperature experiments to tracking) and stability in complex aerial environments have not been temperature regimes more like those experienced under natural tested, however. We filmed 25 Bombus impatiens flying in a 2.55 conditions is difficult and the theory relatively under-developed. One m/s headwind in three conditions: while tracking a flower oscillating of the most common methods used to predict the effect of varying laterally at 1.5Hz, in unsteady, vortex flow behind a vertical cylinder, temperature on performance traits, based on constant temperature and while tracking an oscillating flower in unsteady, vortex flow. data, is rate summation. Recent work has indicated that rate Each bee was tested in all three conditions with three different wing summation performs poorly when tested directly in the lab. We seek treatments: intact wings, asymmetric wing damage (one forewing to test this method in the amphibian chytrid fungus system while clipped ~20%), and symmetric damage (both forewings clipped incorporating uncertainty in the fitting process. More specifically, we ~20%), for a total of 9 flight trials per bee. We tracked three points fit a Bayesian hierarchical logistic model to the optical density data on the thorax and used these to calculate changes in body position that span 10 temperatures (13oC to 28oC), were the logistic growth and orientation during flight. We found that both asymmetric and rate is constrained by a Briere function. Posterior samples of symmetric wing damage impair pitch and roll stability, and that wing parameters determining the shape the Briere function takes are then damage negatively impacts maneuvering performance in the context used to make predictions about how chytrid grows in varying of tracking. These results enhance our understanding of the ways in temperature regimes. Data from the varying temperature experiments which wing damage affects insect flight performance, and highlight are then contrasted with the predictions. We find that, even including the importance of structural and behavioral mechanisms for uncertainty in the parameter estimates, rate summation does a poor mitigating damage associated with collisions. job of predicting growth under a time-varying temperature regime. This highlights the need for new theory to link constant and time varying temperatures.

6-3 GALASKA, M.P.*; LIU, G; BRACCO, A; QUATTRINI, A.M.; 109-2 GALL, MD*; DE KONING, M; MATTHEWS, M; BEATINI, ETNOYER, P.J.; HERRERA, S; Lehigh University, Georgia JR; PROUDFOOT, GA; Vassar College; [email protected] Institute of Technology, Harvey Mudd College, NOAA NCCOS; Morphological drivers of Northern saw-whet owl directional [email protected] auditory sensitivity Comparing patterns of connectivity for mesophotic and deep-sea Many animals use cues derived from sounds arriving at two ears that corals in the Gulf of Mexico. are segregated in space to localize sound sources. Animals can also Conservation of vulnerable marine ecosystems is imperative in the use monoaural cues, such as location based amplitude or spectral light of global ocean change and increasing anthropogenic profiles, to localize sounds. In mammals these amplitude and disturbances. To help address these issues, marine protected areas frequency responses are thought to be generated by the soft tissue of (MPAs) have been established in an effort to manage and reduce the the pinna, while in barn owls (Tyto alba) they are generated by soft overall impact of anthropogenic activities and serve as a key strategy tissue and the facial ruff. Some species, like Northern saw-whet owls for restoration of benthic communities in response to catastrophes (Aegolius acadicus), have not only soft tissue asymmetry, but such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of asymmetry of ear placement in the skull itself. Previously, we used Mexico. As marine systems are often considered "open" with few auditory evoked potentials to measure the response of each ear to barriers to gene flow, understanding what factors promote or impede sound sources placed in different locations around the head. We genetic connectivity over depth and horizontal spatial scales of key found that the response at each ear was influenced strongly by the structure forming foundation species is important for management location of the sound source in space. The response amplitude and conservation. Species that occupy deeper depth ranges are changed most dramatically with elevation and the latency changed hypothesized to have greater genetic connectivity than shallow water most dramatically in the azimuth. Yet, we still know little about the species, implying that management plans need to be tailored to relative contribution of the feathers, soft tissue, and bony communities of varying depths. To address these concerns, we have morphology to the previously described directional sensitivity. Here investigated the genetic connectivity of four different coral species we will first discuss the effect of the body, feathers, and skull occupying three putative depth ranges: mesophotic (70-150 m), upper morphology on the amplitude of sounds recorded with intracranial continental slope (400-1,100 m), and lower continental slope microphones placed at the tympanum. Then, we will discuss the (1,300-2,400 m). Further, we have incorporated physical relative contribution of body, feather and skull-driven sound oceanographic modeling approaches with our population genomic amplitude differences to directional responses of the auditory nerve, analyses. We will present comparative population genetic structure at as assessed by auditory evoked potentials. different depths, including directionality analyses, and relative rates of genetic exchange among coral populations with integrated outcomes from predictive larval dispersal models. These results were produced in collaboration with resource managers and will be utilized in management decisions for conservation and restoration of benthic habitats in the Gulf of Mexico.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 77 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e78

S12-3 GAMBLE, t; marquette university; 46-2 GAMEL , K. M.*; FLAMMANG, B. E.; New Jersey Institute of [email protected] Tech, University of Akron, New Jersey Institute of Tech/ Rutgers Genome evolution and the origins of gecko adhesion University ; [email protected] Keratin proteins are an important component of the tetrapod Modeling evolutionary selection for performance, in the case of the integument. Duplication and diversification of keratin genes is remora adhesive disc associated with the origin of novel integumentary structures like Fishes of the family Echeneidae, colloquially known as the Remoras, mammalian hair, avian feathers, and scutes covering turtle shells. have evolved a unique and complex cranial adhesive disc from dorsal Accordingly, the loss of integumentary structures can result in loss of fin spines, which allows the remora to successfully adhere to keratin genes. For example, many of the hair keratins in dolphins and different surfaces under high drag conditions. After examining the 9 whales have become pseudogenes. The adhesive setae of geckos and known species of extant and extinct remoras in context of their Anolis are composed of both alpha- and beta-keratins and recent phylogeny, we observed a trend in which species thought to have whole genome assemblies of a gecko and anole uncovered evolved later have more lamellae comprising their adhesive disc. We Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 duplications in seta-specific beta-keratins in each of these lineages. hypothesize that adhesive performance increases with number of While anoles evolved adhesive toepads just once, geckos have gained lamellae, thus favoring selection for more lamellae over time. To and lost adhesive toepads multiple times. The repeated evolution of investigate the effect of lamellae number on performance, we gecko adhesive toepads suggests two alternative hypothesis: 1) designed and fabricated a simplified remora disc model, in which we ancient duplications of keratin genes in the most recent common could modify the number of lamellae, and attached the disc to a ancestor to geckos that "pre-adapted" geckos to evolve variety of different roughness surfaces under varied shear conditions. adhesively-competent subdigital setae; or 2) repeated diversification We found that the number of lamellae in the disc had a nonlinear of keratin genes in each lineage with an independently derived positive correlation to time to failure, suggesting that selection for functional adhesive system. A further hypothesis asks whether adhesive performance may have contributed to variation of lamellar secondarily padless geckos have lost functional keratin genes? I will number among remora species. summarize our current knowledge of keratin gene evolution in geckos and discuss how gecko genome assemblies, combined with phylogenies of keratin genes and gene duplication models, can provide rigorous tests of these hypotheses. This includes a taxon sampling strategy for sequencing and assembly of high quality genomes to investigate the origins and evolution of gecko adhesive toepads.

90-6 GARCIA, MJ*; SRIRAM, A; LITTLER, A; TEETS, NM; 117-5 GARCIA, PA*; DEBAN, SM; JONES, MEH; LAPPIN, AK; Univ. of Kentucky; [email protected] California State Polytechnic Univ., Pomona, Univ. South Florida, Genetic Variance in Cold Tolerance and its Molecular Natural History Museum, London; [email protected] Underpinnings Effects of Bite Out-Lever and Gape Angle on Bite-Force The ability to rapidly respond to low temperature is critical for Performance in the Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) insects and other ectotherms living in thermally variable When a typical vertebrate bites, bite out-lever (i.e., distance from jaw environments. The gene Frost (Fst) and members of the Heat Shock joint to location of the bite on the tooth row) and gape angle are two Protein (HSP) family are rapidly upregulated following cold shock in variables influenced by its behavior that are expected to affect Drosophila and other insects, and knockdown experiments have bite-force performance. As bite out-lever increases, the law of the demonstrated these genes are essential for survival following cold lever indicates that bite force should decrease following a linear stress. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of relationship with a predictable slope. For gape angle, existing Fst in cold tolerance, and the extent to which variation in Fst and theoretical models and empirical data from mammals generally HSP expression corresponds with genetic variation in cold tolerance indicate that bite force is expected to increase with decreasing gape is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that genotypic variation in angle. To examine the effects of bite out-lever and gape angle on bite cold tolerance is associated with variation in baseline expression and force in lizards, we conducted in situ experiments in which the induction of these genes. We measured five common cold tolerance jaw-adductor muscles of euthanized brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) traits across 12 isogenic lines from the Drosophila Genetic were stimulated directly while bite force was simultaneously Reference, and all of these traits showed significant genetic variation. measured with a double-cantilever beam force transducer. However, while some lines performed well in all or most measures of Comparing our empirical results with a model we developed, we cold tolerance, in general cold tolerance traits were not correlated found that bite force in the brown anole largely follows the law of the across the lines, suggesting each trait may have distinct underlying lever. With respect to gape angle, the results of a separate set of mechanisms. Gene expression analyses of Fst and HSPs are experiments show that bite force is greatest at small gape angles, underway, with initial results from a single genotype showing though brown anoles are capable of generating relatively strong bites upregulation of both genes following cold shock. Ultimately, our across a range of gape angles. The generality of these results is results indicate the extent to which cold tolerance traits are uncertain, given that many lizards exhibit various forms of cranial genetically correlated and enhance our understanding of the kinesis. Cranial kinesis, including streptostyly observed in anoles, molecular underpinnings that drive natural variation in cold may affect jaw muscle levers, lines-of-action, and length-tension tolerance. properties during biting, such that basic lever mechanics are not entirely predictive of how bite force is affected by bite out-lever or gape angle.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 78 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e79

133-4 GARDNER, S*; ASSIS, VR; APPEL, A; MENDONÇA, MT; 31-7 GARNER, AM*; KLITTICH, MR; MAKSUTA, D; Auburn University, University of Sao Paulo; NIEWIAROWSKI, PH; DHINOJWALA, A; University of Akron; [email protected] [email protected] Immunity vs dispersal of Florida cane toads: physiological The Role of Surface Lipids in the Self-Cleaning Ability of Gecko responses to LPS Subdigital Adhesive Pads Invasive species are predicted to have decreased immunity compared Recently, phospholipids have been discovered on the setal surfaces with conspecifics from more established ranges, specifically of the gecko adhesive system. These surface lipids have been inflammatory responses that may be energetically costly and hypothesized to affect a number of properties of gecko adhesive decrease dispersal. Populations of the invasive cane toad, introduced setae, including underwater adhesion/superhydrophobicity, ease of into Florida in the early 1930's, have recently spread northward release, wear prevention, fibril condensation, and self-cleaning. through the state. To determine if toads near the invasion front in Presently, surface lipids do not affect the adhesion of gecko toe pads Florida have predicted differing immune responses, toads were underwater or their anti-wetting properties. Interestingly, however, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 collected from a southern core (Miami-MIA) and northern invasion removal of surface lipids directly results in increased adhesion on front population (New Port Richey-NPR), and given an immune dry, hydrophilic surfaces, suggesting that removal of surface lipids challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Toads were injected with corresponds to subsequent increases in setal surface energy. A either saline (n = 5 and 6, MIA and NPR, respectively) or 20 µg/gram potential increase in setal surface energy could have detrimental of body mass with LPS (n = 11, 9 (MIA, NPR respectively)), and effects on many of the above-mentioned properties. Indeed, the metabolic rates were measured for 20 hr. Toads were bled at 20 hr, surface energy of setae is critical in the self-cleaning property of and we measured plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and bacteria gecko toe pads, as the adhesion energy between setae and dirt killing ability (BKA). Toads injected with LPS had significantly particles is generally lower than the adhesion energy between dirt higher metabolic rates during the 20 hr following injection compared particles and the substrate. Here we present data demonstrating the with saline-injected toads (p = 0.018), although metabolic rates of effect of surface lipids in the self-cleaning ability of gecko subdigital LPS-injected toads did not differ between the populations (p = 0.27). adhesive pads. We chemically removed surface lipids and measured CORT levels of toads injected with LPS at 20 hr were not different resultant changes in the efficacy of gecko self-cleaning. The results than saline-injected toads for either population at 20 hr (p = 0.24), of this study highlight the multifunctional capacities of the gecko although, regardless of treatment, toads from NPR had significantly adhesive system, which are not only important ecologically, but also higher CORT levels than MIA toads (p = 0.025). At 20 hr, BKA of important to the design and fabrication of multifunctional LPS-injected toads was significantly higher than saline-injected toads gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives. (p = 0.0008), with Miami toads having significantly higher BKA than NPR (p =0.009). Although further studies are needed, CORT differences between the populations, and BKA differences between the populations responding to LPS, could provide support to predictions by the EICA hypothesis.

1-6 GARROD , H.M*; CURRY , R.L.; Villanova University ; 41-4 GART, SW; FU, Q; MITCHEL, TW; LI, C*; Johns Hopkins [email protected] University; [email protected] A tale of two todies: how vocal behavior influences mate choice in Snakes partition their body to traverse large steps and inspire a two tody species snake robot Cases of sympatry, where closely related species inhabit the same Many snakes traverse complex 3-D terrain such as mountains and region, offer unique insight into the mechanisms responsible for forests with obstacles comparable to their body size. Similarly, snake reproductive isolation and speciation. Birds are a taxon where robots have the potential to traverse terrain with large obstacles like sympatric species frequently hybridize (9% of species) and behaviors earthquake rubble and construction sites for search and rescue and such as song often influence mate choice. While songbirds learn both structural examination. However, with the exception of branch their song and preference, many other birds, including the Todidae climbing, burrowing, and gliding, laboratory studies of snake family, have innate vocalizations that still play a role in mate choice. locomotion focused on that on simple flat surfaces. Here, to Todidae is endemic to the Caribbean and includes five species spread understand snake locomotion in complex 3-D terrain and provide across four islands, with Hispaniola the only island to have two inspiration for snake robots, we study how the generalist variable species occurring sympatrically. For this study, I aimed to use kingsnake traversed a large step as high as 40% body length. The behavioral analyses to assess if hybridization could occur between snake partitioned its body into three sections that deformed in the Broad-billed and Narrow-billed todies. I conducted separate planes with distinct functions. The body sections below and paired-speaker playback experiments in three sympatric and three above the step oscillated laterally on the horizontal surface to allopatric sites for each species to compare how both Todus spp. stabilize and propel the animal forward. The body section in between respond to conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations. Preliminary straightened and cantilevered in a vertical plane to bridge the large analyses suggest no responses to heterospecifics in either species in height increase. All three sections travelled down the body fluidly as allopatric zones, but stronger response to heterospecifics at sympatric the animal progressed, allowing the snake to always conform to the sites. Further elucidating these responses will help determine if terrain. In addition, despite changes in step height and surface hybridization could occur, or if vocal responses aid in preventing it. friction, this movement pattern persisted. To test this gait as a control Understanding how these birds behave with heterospecifics could template for robots, we developed a snake robot capable of horizontal have implications for understanding species barriers in other and vertical body deformation with anisotropic friction as found in sympatric sites. snakes. Using a partitioned gait, the robot traversed a step as high as 30% body length with 100% probability and at speeds surpassing previous snake robots that used artificial, follow-the-leader gaits. However, as step height further increased to 40% body length, the robot failed more often due to diminishing stability and traction from poorer body-terrain contact (another talk by Fu Q et al. discusses how body compliance helps alleviate this problem).

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 79 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e80

104-8 GAU, JF*; GRAVISH, N; SPONBERG, S; Georgia Institute 3-5 GEHMAN, A-L. M*; SCHAEFFER, O.; HARLEY, C.D.G.; of Technology, Univ. of California, San Diego; [email protected] University of British Columbia, Hakai Institute, University of British Effects of Shape, Material, and Musculature on Energy Exchange Columbia; [email protected] Capacity in the Hawkmoth Thorax Environmental drivers of host defense and the cost of parasitism Elastic energy exchange is thought to offset the high power Parasites can exacerbate or buffer host response to environmental requirements of insect flight. For significant elastic return, a structure conditions, and thus hosting a parasite can affect host performance. must be stiff to store energy and resilient (energy return/energy in) to Likewise, environmental context can alter parasite performance minimize dissipation. Structures that may serve this role are the directly, creating a range of host-parasite interactions across viscoelastic musculature and thoracic exoskeleton, which contains environmental gradients. Extant variation in species interactions highly resilient proteins. We have shown that the exoskeleton of the across environmental gradients could give us insight into how species hawkmoth Manduca sexta can return up to 20% of inertial power will respond to climate change. Using field outplants, we examine requirements with a 75% resilience over a wide frequency range. growth of a shell-boring endolithic cyanobacteria and its mussel host, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 However, thoracic material properties, shape, and musculature may ""Mytilus californianus"" across an intertidal gradient. To isolate all contribute to this storage and return. Using a custom material erosion rate from mussel growth rates, we paired dead shells with testing device, we measured the force required to drive sinusoidal living mussels across the intertidal. To evaluate mussel defense we displacements of the thorax in four experimental conditions: 1) sequenced the microbial communities associated with the mussel longitudinal cuts disrupting the transverse arch, 2) cuts through the shells. The proportion of mussels that are eroded by endolithic wing joints to isolate the curved scutum, 3) isolated wing joints with cyanobacteria varies across the intertidal, with high levels of erosion scutum removed, and 4) intact thorax with passive muscles. We in the upper intertidal and low levels in the lower intertidal. We examined a frequency range from 0.1 to 90 Hz to span the found that mussel growth rates were highest in the lower intertidal, hawkmoth's wingbeat frequency of 25 Hz. Each of the three cut and that erosion rates were highest in the upper intertidal. Live conditions led to decreased stiffness (27 ± 7%, 49 ± 12%, 67 ± 21%). mussels had lower erosion rates then dead mussels, but only in the While resilience also decreased (9 ± 0.4%, 18 ± 1%, 20 ± 3%), the lower intertidal. Microbial communities varied across the intertidal response was not proportional to the stiffness change, indicating an and between live and dead mussel shells, suggesting that shell increased structural damping coefficient (37 ± 4%, 77 ± 8%, 66 ± microbial communities could be related to mussel defense against 24%). The presence of muscle had no significant effects. Videos of biotic erosion. thorax deformation show non-uniform strain, indicating that shape alters localized strain. Changes in local strain coupled with material heterogeneities may affect macroscopic behavior. Overall, material alone cannot predict mechanical properties. Shape matters for thoracic energy exchange.

127-6 GEMMELL, B. J. *; COLIN, S. P.; COSTELLO, J. H. ; 85-4 GEORGE, EM*; BENTZ, AB; WOLF, SE; ROSVALL, KA; SUTHERLAND, K. R. ; University of South Florida, Roger Indiana University Bloomington; [email protected] Williams University , Providence College , University of Oregon , Testing hormonal responses to real and simulated social challenges University of South Florida Tampa; [email protected] in a competitive female bird Bouncing off the (non-existent) walls: Using the vortex rebound In many vertebrate species, males respond to competitive interactions phenomenon to outswim your peers by rapidly elevating testosterone (T) levels in circulation. Though Body-vortex interactions are widely recognized as an important there is growing evidence that aggression can also be adaptive for component in the effective locomotion of swimming and flying females, and that females can synthesize and respond to T, we still animals. It is less clear how vortex-vortex interactions contribute to lack a full understanding of how females hormonally respond to animal movement in a fluid. Gelatinous zooplankton are a diverse social challenges. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) are an ideal group that exhibit a wide range of propulsive swimming modes. One system in which to explore this issue because females compete for of the most energetically efficient modes is a type of pulsation limited nesting cavities, and their aggression is at least partly behavior, known as rowing, which is used by many species of mediated by T. Here, we measured circulating T levels in pre-laying jellyfish. Another type of gelatinous swimmer is the ctenophore, or females that were exposed to 30 min simulated territorial intrusions, comb jelly. These animals typically use a slow, cilia-based mode of compared to stage-matched controls. In a separate experiment propulsion. However species within the genus Ocyropsis have conducted after initial territory establishment, we experimentally developed an additional propulsive strategy of rowing the lobes, reduced the availability of nesting cavities, allowing us to compare T which are normally used for feeding, in order to rapidly escape from levels in females experiencing real social instability to those of predators. In this study, we used high speed digital particle image controls. Results suggest that female tree swallows do not elevate T velocimetry (DPIV) to examine the kinematics and fluid dynamics of levels in circulation after behaving aggressively toward real or this rarely studied propulsive mechanism. This mechanism allows simulated competitors. This apparent lack of T elevation stands in Ocyropsis to achieve size-adjusted speeds that are nearly double sharp contrast to prior work showing that females are physiologically those of other large gelatinous swimmers. Investigation of the fluid capable of elevating T (i.e. to GnRH) during this same breeding dynamic basis of this escape mode reveals novel vortex interactions stage. Collectively, these results provide new insight into how that have not previously been described for other biological females do (or do not) respond to social competition, raising new propulsion systems. The arrangement of vortices during escape questions as to whether females socially modulate other hormones as swimming produces a vortex configuration that behaves in the same an adaptive response to social challenges. manner as the well-studied ‘vortex rebound' phenomenon, which occurs when a vortex ring approaches a solid wall. We discuss how this vortex arrangement can allow for a greater reaction force and overall thrust. These results extend our understanding of how animals utilize vortex-vortex interactions and provide important insights that can inform the bio-inspired engineering of propulsion systems.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 80 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e81

91-4 GEORGE, AB*; OLSEN, AM; WESTNEAT, MW; University 113-5 GERMAN, DP*; HERRERA, MJ; HERAS, J; Univ. of of Chicago, Brown University; [email protected] California, Irvine; [email protected] Swimming Kinematics Reveal Multiple Gait Transition Strategies The meat sweats: the effects of increasing dietary protein content Within Balistoid Fishes on enteric microbial diversity and digestive and metabolic outcomes Triggerfishes and filefishes in the superfamily Balistoidea power in a marine herbivorous fish slow steady swimming using oscillations or undulations of their The marine herbivorous fish Cebidichthys violaceus is considered an median dorsal and anal fins in a gait termed balistiform locomotion. obligate herbivore in nature. C. violaceus has an expandable distal Most balistoid fishes undergo a gait transition with increasing speed intestine in which microbial fermentation occurs and where there are from balistiform locomotion to a gait dominated by body and caudal microbially-derived digestive enzyme activities. We observed that as fin (BCF) contribution. The goal of this study was to examine trends C. violaceus consumed more protein and less fiber, they ate less, and between balistoid morphology, swimming performance and their distal intestine was smaller, yet the fish grew well and showed kinematics across this gait transition. In order to explore these no mortality across an 8-month feeding trial on omnivorous and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 patterns, we analyzed endurance swimming performance and gait carnivorous diets in the laboratory. We hypothesized that the C. transition speeds of 13 balistoid species. This study revealed that the violaceus distal intestine microbial community changed in initiation of the gait transition from balistiform to BCF locomotion composition in response to increasing protein and decreasing fiber in ranged from 44% to 94% of the maximum achieved swimming its diet. Thus, we analyzed microbial diversity using 16s rRNA speed. We then conducted geometric morphometric analyses of the sequences, microbial fermentation via concentrations of short chain fins and bodies of the 13 balistoid species and found that species with fatty acids (SCFA), and gut and metabolic function via large median fins and wide caudal peduncles tend to use the transcriptomic profiles of distal intestine and liver tissue, balistiform gait for a larger percentage of their maximum swimming respectively. The microbiome of distal intestine gut tissues in wild speed. Finally, we performed 3D kinematics experiments on 4 individuals and those fed an herbivorous diet were dominated by balistoid species spanning the range of observed gait transition Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, whereas digesta contents of this speeds. These fishes were filmed with 3 high-speed cameras while gut region were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (with swimming at multiple speeds in order to quantify diversity in dorsal, B:F ratios of 5:1; more detailed analyses underway). These general anal and caudal fin kinematics across the gait transition using a phylum-level patterns varied little on an omnivorous diet, but the recently described method in which propulsive contribution of each carnivorous diet caused a complete shift of the microbial community fin is calculated as a function of its frequency and amplitude at each towards unknown bacterial taxa, and Spirochaetes. The SCFA (via swimming speed. We found multiple distinct gait transition patterns gas chromatography) and transcriptomic (featuring greater than 15 and differences in fin kinematics and coordination between species, million reads per sample) analyses are in progress. Overall, this study indicating that balistoid fishes adopt several gait transition strategies will answer whether an herbivorous fish can deal with a carnivorous to achieve efficient, high-speed locomotion. NSF GRFP and NSF diet (from digestive and metabolic standpoints) and what this means 1541547. in terms of dietary specialization.

8-1 GIBB, AC*; MINICOZZI, MR; Northern Arizona University; 42-3 GIBSON, J. C.*; SUAREZ, A. V.; University of Illinois at [email protected] Urbana-Champaign; [email protected] Changes in body size affect the biomechanics and behavior of Deadly Jaws: Functional Morphology and Strike Kinematics of teleost fishes Acanthognathus Trap-Jaw Ants Thousands of studies have examined how the biomechanical and High speed power-amplification mechanisms have evolved physiological underpinnings of movement are influenced by body independently in many groups of organisms across the tree of life, size in tetrapods, particularly in terrestrial mammals. Yet, very few including multiple times in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). studies have considered how changes in body proportions (length vs. "Trap-jaw" ants possess spring loaded mandibles that allow them to area vs. volume) and established allometric parameters for muscle swiftly incapacitate or kill elusive prey. Trap-jaw ants have the kinetics dictate what behaviors can be employed and how habitats potential to serve as model organisms for studies on the relationship can be used by teleost fishes, the most numerous vertebrates on the between morphological and functional diversity and the evolution of planet. We note that several hallmark teleost behaviors may only be power-amplification mechanisms, but to date the feasibility of these possible for individuals of certain sizes. For example, a very rapid studies is limited by a lack of performance data for many groups of change in buccal volume is required to produce effective suction trap-jaw ants. Here we use high speed videography and micro-CT to feeding, but the muscular forces required to produce this behavior describe the strike kinematics and functional morphology of may not keep pace with increased buccal volume in large fishes. Acanthognathus brevicornis, a trap-jaw ant from the neotropics that Similarly, the time to complete the "preparatory" stage of a fast-start possesses a morphologically distinct trap-jaw mechanism. (or C-bend) will become greater as fish grow larger, with the result Acanthognathus brevicornis workers have enlarged basal processes that a large fish will remain in a vulnerable position for an extended on their highly elongated mandibles that interlock when the period of time. In addition, because fishes live in a microgravity mandibles are opened, allowing elastic energy to be stored within the environment, inertial effects of increased body mass are often head capsule as the mandible closer muscles contract. A modified completely ignored. However, simple predictions based on section of closer muscle rotates the mandible dorsally, disengaging fundamental scaling parameters yield size-based expectations for key the basal processes and releasing the mandibles. High speed teleost behaviors: either large fishes cannot perform these key videography revealed that A. brevicornis mandibles close in less than behaviors and have eliminated them from their behavioral 0.08 ms, reaching an average maximum velocity of 30 m/s and an repertoires, or they have developed physiological or morphological average maximum acceleration of 1.2e6 m/s2 over the course of a "workarounds" to circumvent the problems inherent to changes in strike. Comparisons to other trap-jaw ant species revealed that A. body size. Thus, best practices for fish ecologists, biomechanists, brevicornis strikes conform to scaling relationships seen across behaviorists, and physiologists are studies that incorporate trap-jaw ant groups. This study is the first to quantify the strike predictions based on established scaling relationships for performance of Acanthognathus and is part of a larger project morphological/physiological parameters and test the assumptions of examining the biomechanics and evolution of power-amplified geometric similarity (isometric scaling) in teleost fishes. mandibles ants.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 81 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e82

11-4 GIDMARK, NJ*; BERGER, G; RAHMAN, N; 45-7 GIGNAC, PM*; KLEY, NJ; Oklahoma State University CHS, ROSENBLOOM, J; Knox College; [email protected] Stony Brook University; [email protected] Evolution of body shape, jaw anatomy, and muscle physiology in 780-sample Repeated-measures Study to Improve Visualization of Centrarchid fishes Vertebrate Soft-tissue Anatomy Using DiceCT Imaging Prey capture is a functionally integrated endeavor: the body moves to Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography the food, the capturing tools (e.g. teeth, jaws, and appendages) (diceCT) permits the visualization of soft-tissue anatomy at high interact with the food, and the muscular system is moves the body three-dimensional spatial scales relatively rapidly and at minimal and jaws. Centrarchid fishes (37 species) are a fantastic model expense. However, its implementation can meet with widely varying system for studying the integrated evolution of these systems, levels of success owing to the bewilderingly complex array of because they show variation in body shape and mouth shape, and variables related to specimen fixation, storage, staining, size, and because jaw-closing mechanics are governed largely by a single µCT scanning. These can conspire to make consistent and favorable adductor muscle complex. We examined anatomy in this group in results somewhat elusive. To address this issue, we designed a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 terms of three attributes: body shape, jaw musculoskeletal structure, 780-sample repeated-measures analysis, using pairwise grayscale and jaw-closing (adductor) muscle physiology. We used CT scans, differentials to systematically document and analyze the effects of digital photography, physical dissection, and in situ muscle these variables. We used thick (~1 cm) sections from the bodies of preparations in our exploration. Our results show that diversity in this adult python specimens (Liasis, Antaresia) to represent standard group is rich in each of those three attributes. For example, the body samples of vertebrate tissues (e.g., cortical bone, spinal gray and shape of green sunfish and largemouth bass is torpedo-like, whereas white matter, skeletal muscle). Four size classes based on section bluegull sunfish, crappie, and redear sunfish show plate-like body diameter were prepared in triplicate as: (1) freshly fixed in neutral shapes. Interestingly, variation in body shape is not correlated buffered formalin, (2) frozen followed by formalin fixation, or (3) directly with variation in jaw shape; crappie and largemouth bass freshly fixed followed by storage in ethanol, each to mimic common share similar jaw shapes, despite widely different body forms. specimen preparations. Triplicates were stained with various Physiological in situ muscle preparations (force-velocity and exposures to iodine potassium-iodide (I2KI) and µCT scanned to force-length) show high diversity in muscle performance, even with determine how size-to-iodine relationships alter tissue contrasts. skeletal (jaw) anatomy taken into account. Preliminary analyses Next, the best contrasted exemplars were µCT scanned under various indicate a tighter correlation of jaw muscle physiology with jaw beam settings to determine the iodine-to-power relationships that shape than with body form. Continuing work aims to increase the maximize these contrasts. Our results indicate that: (1) long staining species-level sample size for muscle preparations (currently N = 4 durations at low concentrations of I2KI are optimal; (2) µCT scanner individuals each for 5 species for force-length and N = 4 individuals settings should minimize voltage, maximize current, and enable each for 5 species for force-velocity experiments) to better match that multi-frame averaging; and (3) freshly fixed tissues are best-suited of our CT scan dataset (N = 1 individual each of 37 species) and to for diceCT imaging, followed by ethanol preservation and freezing. rigorously test phylogenetic integration of these traits.

96-1 GILBERT, RG*; PAUL, AM; BHATTACHARYA, S; NASA 2-4 GILBERT, AL*; MILES, DB; Ohio University; Ames Research Center; [email protected] [email protected] Effects of Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity on a Thermoregulatory Behavior and Thermal Physiology are Host-Pathogen System Evolutionarily Uncoupled in Phrynosomatid Lizards While it has been shown that decades of astronauts and cosmonauts Predicting organismal responses to environmental change requires suffer from immune disorders both during and after spaceflight, the understanding the proximate and ultimate causes for variation in underlying causes are still poorly understood, due in part to the fact important behavioral and physiological traits. Environmental and that there are so many variables to consider when investigating the phylogenetic influences on behavior and physiology are likely to play human immune system in a complex environment. Invertebrates have important roles in shaping both phenotypic evolution and the become popular models for studying human disease because they are responses of species to environmental change. However, the cheap, highly amenable to experimental manipulation, and have coevolution of behavior and physiology is rarely studied within both innate immune systems with a high genetic similarity to humans. a phylogenetic and environmental context. Because of the Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have been shown to experience evolutionary mismatch in the mode and rate at which behavior and a dramatic shift in immune gene expression following spaceflight, physiology co-evolve, one would predict that behavioral and but are still able to fight off infections when exposed to bacteria. physiological traits exhibit unique evolutionary optima that might Furthermore, a recent study showed that flies are more susceptible to constrain rapid adaptation to environmental change. Here, we infection following spaceflight, and that the common bacterial estimated thermal performance curves, thermal tolerance, and pathogen Serratia marcescens is also more lethal to fruit flies after thermoregulatory behavior for Phrynosomatid lizards inhabiting the being cultured in space, suggesting that not only do we need to Sonoran Desert. Traits related to behavioral thermoregulation evolve consider host changes in susceptibility, but also changes in the much faster than thermal physiological traits, and behavioral traits pathogen itself after spaceflight conditions. In this study, I use both evolve via Brownian Motion whereas all physiological traits exhibit spaceflight and ground-based (simulated microgravity) environments some evolutionary optima. Thermal physiological traits exhibit much to examine the genetic changes associated with increased S. greater phylogenetic signal than do thermoregulation traits, and we marcescens virulence in order to understand how microgravity is found that environmental constraints are stronger on traits related to affecting this pathogen, as well as to evaluate how these genetic thermoregulatory behavior, and phylogenetic constraints are stronger changes influence and interact with the host immune system. This on traits related to thermal physiology. When we modeled study will provide us with more directed approaches to studying the state-dependent shifts in thermoregulatory behavior, we found that no effects of spaceflight on human beings, with the ultimate goal of physiological trait influenced the evolution of thermoregulatory being able to ameliorate human immune dysfunction in future space behavior. Theory predicts that behavior and physiology should exploration. coevolve in response to environmental variation. However, as environmental change selects for different combinations of behavioral and physiological traits, mismatches between these sets of traits can become exaggerated and result in novel phenotypic trajectories at multiple scales.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 82 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e83

18-5 GLON, H.*; DALY, M.; The Ohio State University; S9-8 GOCHFELD, DJ; Univ. of Mississippi; [email protected] [email protected] Phenotypic plasticity in chemical defense in sponges and corals Cold-Water Connections: Systematics and Biogeography of the Sea Many early metazoans use chemical defenses to protect themselves Anemone Genus Metridium (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Metridiidae) from biotic threats, such as predators, pathogens, and competitors. Members of the sea anemone genus Metridium, are distributed Production of secondary metabolites as chemical defenses is throughout the cold-temperate Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Included particularly important for the survival of sessile organisms that within this genus is the highly variable fluffy (or plumose) sea cannot escape these potentially life-threatening dangers. Sponges anemone, M. senile, which has the most extensive distribution, produce a tremendous diversity of secondary metabolites and are overlapping with every species within the genus. The high variation well known to rely heavily on chemical defenses for their protection. and plasticity in morphology paired with a lack of clear, Factors that affect the production of these compounds are presumed distinguishable characteristics has resulted in taxonomic confusion to affect their function as well. Similar to sponges, corals also within the genus, particularly in regard to M. senile. As genes evolve employ small metabolites for their defense, although these have not Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 relatively slowly within cnidaria, traditional genetic markers have been as well studied as in sponges. Using metabolomics and bioassay been unsuccessful at resolving relationships between both approaches, we have characterized phenotypic plasticity in secondary geographically distant and morphologically distinct individuals. We metabolite production in sponges and corals in response to a variety aim to elucidate relationships within this genus using genomic data to of environmental and organismal factors, including geographic determine whether the most widely distributed species, M. senile, is location, morphology, and disease state. In many cases, this plasticity truly a single, circumboreal species, and to compare deep water, translates into biological activity, providing protection against larger individuals with smaller individuals found in shallower predators and pathogens. Sessile invertebrates, such as sponges and communities in the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, as there are several corals, rely on multiple compounds for protection from the suite of records of M. senile occurring in the southern hemisphere that are threats to which they may be exposed, and phenotypic plasticity assumed to be relatively recently introduced, we also aim to provides a mechanism by which they can persist under varied determine a possible origin of these populations from the northern environmental conditions. hemisphere. For this study, we sampled 76 individuals within Metridium across the distribution, inclusive of a southern site in Chile. We use data from produced using Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to build a maximum likelihood phylogeny and a species tree. These results substantially aid us in determining the status of M. senile as a single circumboreal species and uncovers a potential explanation for the presence of M. senile in the southern hemisphere.

35-1 GOFF, CB; Texas State University; [email protected] 81-4 GOLDSMITH, H; DALEY, MA*; Royal Veterinary College; Higher Water Temperatures Lower Physiological Health in [email protected] Leopard Frog Tadpoles Dynamics of turning maneuvers on high and low friction terrain in Climate change is expected to increase temperatures and drought helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) frequency which can combine with direct threats such as urbanization To move through natural environments, animals must balance many to alter habitat quality such as canopy cover. Together these factors potential performance demands, including speed, economy, agility, can affect overall health and survival of individuals, disrupting stability and injury risk. Speed and stability during turning homeostasis, development, and immune responses, which increase maneuvers are important performance demands when evading the susceptibility of populations to declines. In response to stressors, predators or avoiding collisions/falls. We have investigated vertebrates release glucocorticoids (GC) that assist in energy locomotor dynamics during turning maneuvers in the helmeted mobilization, mediate natural changes in physiology and behavior, guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). To manipulate locomotor priorities and help return the organism to homeostasis. Amphibians are evident during turning, we compared turning maneuvers on high particularly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions, versus low friction terrain. Turning maneuvers were executed in a releasing the GC hormone corticosterone (CORT) in response to 90-degree bent runway that was wide enough to allow variation in stressors, including increased temperatures. Increased temperatures turn sharpness as a control strategy. We expected low friction terrain also result in faster metamorphosis, but reduced body size and lower to cause a shift in priorities to minimize horizontal forces for slip survival. I tested the hypothesis that higher water temperatures affect avoidance, leading to slower speeds, shorter step lengths and a physiological health in tadpoles. I set up a laboratory experiment shallower turn angle (closer to bend-running) on slippery terrain. manipulating water temperatures using tank heaters (19C vs 27C) Overall, we found that guinea fowl used surprisingly similar turn and manipulated canopy in outdoor mesocosms with shade cloth or strategies in both high and low friction terrains, opting for a open canopy. To assess physiological health, I examined water-borne relatively shallow turn angle in both conditions. This suggests peak CORT release rates, development, and mucosome function of Rio load regulation is a priority in both conditions. Average running Grande leopard frog (Rana berlandieri) tadpoles. Mucosome speeds were slower approaching turns compared to straight runs on function is the ability of the skin secretions and microbiotic both substrates. Low friction terrain increased the frequency of slips community to fight a known pathogen. Increased water temperatures and falls, yet, despite this, led to relatively subtle changes in turn raised CORT release rates in lab-reared tadpoles. Tadpoles developed strategy compared to high friction terrain. Birds did exhibit a faster in open canopy but had lower survival, while CORT release significant learning effect over repeated trials. With practice, birds rates and mucosome function differed between treatments. This learned to maintain higher speed during turns on the high friction research examines a robust suite of physiological metrics and substrate but continued to slow down in approaching the turn on indicates increased water temperatures from modified habitat and slippery substrates. The findings suggest that guinea fowl shift their climate change can have multiple negative impacts on developing locomotor priorities with experience on varied terrain conditions. amphibians. Further research is needed to understand how locomotor control is adjusted over different timescales and varied levels of experience in diverse environments.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 83 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e84

78-3 GOODCHILD, CG*; WOMBLE, B; GRINDSTAFF, JL; 50-2 GOODHEART, JA*; COLLINS, AG; CUMMINGS, MP; DURANT, SE; Oklahoma State University, University of Arkansas; RAWLINSON, KA; Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Univ. of [email protected] Maryland, College Park, Smithsonian Institution, Univ. of A novel approach to measuring oxidative stress in avian red blood Cambridge; [email protected] cells links heme degradation to senescence Using RNA-Seq to elucidate the phylogeny of Polycladida Understanding the interactions between aging, oxidative stress, and (Platyhelminthes), a flatworm clade with diverse life histories altered red blood cell (RBC) physiology remains a challenge due to Flatworms are among the most diverse invertebrate phyla, with over the complexity of the antioxidant defense system and numerous 100,000 parasitic and free-living species. Polycladida, an order of potential target sites of oxidizing agents. Here, we investigated the predatory marine flatworms, exhibits direct, intermediate, and relationship between RBC damage and aging by developing a new indirect development and a diversity of larval morphologies. Because approach to measuring oxidative stress. Using a series of in vitro and life history strategies are important components of fitness, in vivo procedures, we systematically explored (1) whether avian understanding the evolution of modes of development can help us Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 RBCs generate fluorescent heme degradation products (HDPs), (2) comprehend the complexities of adaptation. Polycladida has whether HDPs interact with RBC membranes, (3) whether HDPs are traditionally been divided into two sub-orders based on, in part, the linked to impaired RBC integrity, and (4) whether aging is associated presence (Cotylea, ~350 species) or absence (Acotylea, ~450 species) with elevated HDPs. Using zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), we of a ventral adhesive structure. Due to morphological homogeneity found that avian RBCs exposed in vitro to hydrogen peroxide had a and insufficient molecular data, deep divergences among taxa within dose-response increase in fluorescent HDPs and that HDPs this order remain poorly understood. To improve phylogeny associated with RBC membranes. Moreover, in vitro exposure to inference for this clade, we generated RNA-Seq data for 20 species hydrogen peroxide caused a 25% reduction in relative hemoglobin of polyclads and combined these data with transcriptomes from and converted 95% of hemoglobin to non-oxygen binding fifteen additional in- and out-group taxa from the NCBI for methemoglobin, further indicating hemoglobin degradation. In phylogeneny inference. We next reconstructed ancestral life history addition, elevated HDP fluorescence was associated with decreased characters among the lineages in our tree to discern where particular membrane integrity and increased erythrocyte osmotic fragility in development modes and larval forms originated. Our results provide vivo. To examine the relationship between HDPs and aging, we a well-supported preliminary hypothesis for early divergences within collected RBCs from zebra fiches of known ages (600-2300 days Polycladida, including support for the two sub-orders Cotylea and old) and found a positive correlation between HDPs and age. This Acotylea. Further, this phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that taxa study is the first to demonstrate HDP fluorescence in a from Cotylea, and many from Acoylea, possess indirect development non-mammalian system, and suggests HDPs may be a useful tool for (although with different larval forms). However, there appears to be a measuring oxidative stress and understanding the aging process. transition to direct development with Acotylea. This work represents an important step in our comprehension of life history evolution among free-living flatworm clades.

108-2 GORMALLY, BMG*; ESTRADA, R; YIN, H; ROMERO, S8-4 GOSWAMI, A*; WATANABE, A; FELICE, RN; BARDUA, LM; Tufts Univ.; [email protected] C; FABRE, A-C; POLLY, PD; Natural History Museum, London, Recovery periods during chronic stress exert complex physiological New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, and behavioral changes in house sparrows University College London, University College London, Natural Chronic stress has been extensively studied in both the laboratory History Museum, Indiana University, Bloomington; and field. What remains unknown is whether and how recovery [email protected] periods between episodes of chronic stress influence these responses. Phenomic approaches to analysing integration in complex systems This is a crucial question because animals are often exposed to and across diverse taxa: the good, the bad, and the ugly chronic stress and it's important to understand if the effects of these Approaches for quantifying form to assess phenotypic integration situations can be alleviated. To test this, we exposed house sparrows vary from linear measurements to high-density surface geometric (Passer domesticus) to two bouts of a chronic stress protocol that morphometrics, and each has strengths and weaknesses. consisted of random, repeated stressors. Birds were assigned to High-dimensional approaches better capture shape, particularly for treatment groups that differed in the amount of recovery time complex structures, and allow more robust comparisons across between the two sets of chronic stress—0 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, disparate taxa, which may share few Type 1 landmarks. However, or 144 hours. Blood samples and video recordings were taken before high-density geometric morphometric approaches also bring the experiment, before and after the recovery periods, and after the challenges, e.g., with dimensionality and possible statistical artefacts second bout of chronic stress. Video analysis assessed changes in imposed by Procrustes superimposition. Here, we present simulations perch hopping activity. Blood samples assessed changes in baseline and four case studies spanning 730 species of squamates, birds, and stress-induced corticosterone (Cort), Cort negative feedback salamanders, and caecilians that exemplify the promise and diverse strength, immune function, and uric acid concentrations. We found challenges of high-dimensional analyses of integration. We assess: 1) no significant differences in any recovery group in baseline or does Procrustes superimposition affect analyses of modularity?; 2) is stress-induced Cort, but birds failed to shut down the release of Cort big data actually better?; and 3) how do analyses of integration with after receiving 24 hours of recovery. While recovery length did not high-dimensional semilandmarks compare to those with only affect uric acid concentrations, chronic stress tended to increase it. landmarks? Procrustes superimposition can mask modularity, Bacterial killing capacity decreased in birds that received 0, 72, or especially when the number of landmarks is low (e.g., < 15) and they 144 hours, but remained the same in birds that recovered for 24 covary in parallel directions, but the effect decreases with increasing hours. Finally, perch hopping tended to increase during the first landmark number or more complex modular covariance patterns. round of stressors and decrease in the second round of stressors. Landmark Sampling Evaluation Curve analyses demonstrate that for These data suggest that recovery periods do influence physiology and many skull regions 20-30 landmarks/semilandmarks are needed to behavior, but don't necessarily "reset" the animals. accurately characterize shape, and landmark-only analyses do a particularly poor job in vault and rostrum bones. Full, subsampled, and landmark-only analyses of integration are generally congruent, but landmark-only analyses show higher integration between adjacent bones in which landmarks are generally limited to the sutures of those bones.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 84 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e85

115-6 GOUGH, WT*; SEGRE, PS; CADE, DE; FISH, FE; 14-2 GOYES VALLEJOS, J*; GRAFE, TU; WELLS, KD; KENNEDY, JH; SIENKIEWICZ, R; POTVIN, J; GOLDBOGEN, University of Connecticut, University of Kansas, Universiti Brunei JA; Stanford University, West Chester University, Saint Louis Darussalam, University of Connecticut, University of Kansas; University; [email protected] [email protected] Comparative Kinematics and Hydrodynamics of Mysticete Don't Put All Your Tadpoles In One Basket —Parental Strategies Cetaceans: Morphological and Ecological Correlates with In A Frog With Larval Transport Swimming Performance Parents have evolved a variety of strategies to minimize risks to their The scale-dependence of locomotor performance has long been offspring, choosing rearing sites based on different abiotic and biotic studied in comparative biomechanics, but how animals move in their factors, which affect offspring survival. Because availability and natural environment remains poorly understood. At the upper quality of these sites are variable, parents may have to choose extreme of body mass, baleen whales (Mysteci) are predictably between low-quality rearing sites or extended search time. In frog among the most efficient swimmers in terms of cost of transport species with larval transport, parents are known to select bodies of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 through a combination of low mass-specific metabolic rate and high water that are free of predators, or intra and/or interspecific hydrodynamic efficiency. Such efficiency enables these oceanic competitors. We experimentally tested if abiotic factors and/or the giants to migrate vast distances and thus underlies a major presence of predators and conspecifics affect tadpole deposition component of their life history and functional ecology. However, we behavior in a population of the Smooth Guardian frog of Borneo lack even basic kinematic data for most species. Here we combine Limnonectes palavanensis. This species lays its eggs on land and morphometric data from flyover drone photography, whale-borne guards them until they hatch; tadpoles are then transported on the inertial sensing tag data, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to male's back to small pools of water on the forest floor. We estimated study the locomotion of four rorqual species. Focusing on the abundance of natural tadpole rearing sites and conducted fundamental kinematic parameters such as tailbeat frequency and experiments in the field using artificial pools to test if abiotic forward speed, we quantified spatial and temporal changes in characteristics of these pools affect the probability of larval swimming performance for individual whales and compared these deposition. We also experimentally tested whether males of L. metrics across a wide body mass range. We also calculated thrust and palavanensis avoid pools with conspecific tadpoles or predators. The drag using lunate tail hydrodynamic modeling (Fish 1993), and abundance of natural deposition sites was low, and males readily compared these values against those from CFD simulations carried used artificial pools for tadpole deposition. Males were less likely to out with realistic rigid-body models. Differences in excess of 100% deposit tadpoles in areas were pool permanency was compromised. between the two approaches point to the significant contributions of Males did not avoid depositing tadpoles in pools with conspecifics or tail and head heaving to overall drag, and thus the need to account for with predators. Interestingly, males exhibited clutch-partitioning them in rigid-body CFD simulations. Together these kinematic data behavior, dividing tadpoles between adjacent pools. Pool availability, and CFD modeling inform a new parametric factor designed at rather than the presence of potential competitors or predators may be multiplying the rigid-body drag equation to predict the contribution the main factor affecting parental decisions in this species. of body heaving unsteady hydrodynamics in cetaceans.

78-4 GRACE, JK*; ANDERSON, DJ; ANGELIER, F; Texas A&M 89-7 GRAHAM, AM*; BARRETO, FS; Oregon State University; University, Wake Forest University, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de [email protected] Chize, CNRS, Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife and In Search of Alternative Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Fisheries; [email protected] Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia, in an Organism Without the Long-term Effects of Early-life Stress on the HPA Axis in a Short- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) Pathway and Long-lived Bird To maintain homeostasis, multicellular eukaryotes have evolved tight Acute, short-term effects of early-life stressor experience and coordination of numerous genes that control specialized mechanisms associated glucocorticoid upregulation on physiology and survival to enhance O2 uptake and distribution, resulting in dynamic are widely documented across vertebrates. However, long-term respiratory and circulatory systems, capable of responding to changes effects of early-life stress are less well understood, especially for in O2 availability. Environmental stressors such as changes in wild species through adulthood. We evaluate effects of early-life temperature, salinity, and pH are well-studied in intertidal systems, stress on baseline and stress-induced corticosterone in two wild birds: but hypoxia is often overlooked, even though it is an important free-living Nazca boobies (Sula granti) and captive House sparrows physiological threat in marine habitats. In this study, we test the (Passer domesticus). Nazca booby adults that experienced ability of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus to withstand maltreatment as nestlings, a wholly natural stressor, exhibited low-oxygen conditions for extended periods of time, as well as the depressed baseline corticosterone in females, and elevated impact of hypoxia on developmental time points and survival. We stress-induced corticosterone in males. House sparrow adults that also assay the transcriptional response of T. californicus to hypoxia experienced an experimental increase in circulating corticosterone as stress over acute and chronic exposure times, by utilizing RNA-seq nestlings also displayed depressed baseline corticosterone , and in to determine which genes/pathways are involved. Ultimately, we contrast to Nazca boobies, depressed stress-induced corticosterone. show that T. californicus can withstand prolonged exposure to These results highlight the sex- and species-specific nature of extreme oxygen deprivation with little to no mortality in adults, and long-term effects of early-life stressor experience. We discuss these no significant change in development in larvae/juveniles. In addition, results within the context of life history and fitness consequences of we show that T. californicus has secondarily lost key HIF-pathway altered HPA axis activity. members, and that the transcriptional response to hypoxic stress has been off-loaded to (or co-opted by) other mechanisms, including genes involved in cuticle reorganization and ecdysis, as well as mitochondrially embedded/localized genes associated with pathways of oxidative stress.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 85 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e86

10-6 GRANATOSKY, M/C*; ROSS, C/F; Univ. of Chicago; 39-6 GRAY, WA; SUNNUCKS, E; HUBER, T; ZIMMERMAN, [email protected] LM*; Millikin University, Towson University; Variation in Proprioceptive Sensory Systems across Tetrapods [email protected] Demonstrate Performance Consequences During an Unexpected Natural Antibody Abundance But Not Avidity Predicts Salmonella Fall Infection in a Reptile In natural environments, animals must negotiate variable terrain and Salmonella is a generalist pathogen prominently found in various recover from unexpected perturbations. At present, we know little taxa including reptiles, birds, and mammals. While mammals and about the control strategies that animals use in the face of birds face severe symptoms from Salmonella infection, reptiles are perturbations, but proprioceptive feedback from muscle spindles and typically able to tolerate the colonization with no associated disease. golgi tendon organs plausibly play a role in helping animals maintain Further, despite the lack of symptoms, reptiles are still able to stability and prevent catastrophic falls. Interestingly, birds and transfer the infection to other organisms. Recent studies in turtles mammals have convergently evolved derived proprioceptive sensory suggest that natural antibodies (NAbs) play a role in parasite defense; Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 systems compared to other tetrapods. The functional consequences of however, it is unknown the role NAbs may play in Salmonella this variation in proprioceptive sensory systems remain unknown, but infection and tolerance in reptiles. Plasma and mucosal samples were it is possible that birds and mammals may be better equipped than taken from red-eared slider turtles. We measured levels and avidity other tetrapods to maintain dynamic stability during an unexpected of antibodies that bound to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of perturbation. In this study, we perturb the running of tufted capuchin Salmonella cell wall. We examined the relationship between these monkeys and Savannah monitors with an unexpected drop in measures and the ability of plasma to kill Salmonella as well as substrate height. From these trials, we assess the extent that animals infection status. Higher mucosal antibody levels to LPS were maintain body weight support and spring-like body dynamics in the significantly associated with a decrease in likelihood of infection perturbed step. We compare these data to previously published trials with Salmonella; however, plasma antibody levels were not. Killing collected from guinea fowl. Our results demonstrate that, despite a capacity of the plasma was significantly related to plasma antibody great deal of variability in the response, birds and mammals are quite levels to LPS, but not mucosal antibody levels. Avidity was not successful in maintaining dynamic stability. The response strategies significantly related to either killing capacity or likelihood of used by birds and mammals occur across a continuum with varying infection. Our results add further evidence that turtles use a general, degrees of body weight support and actuation by the limb related to nonspecific NAb response to combat pathogens. the magnitude and direction of the ground reaction force impulse. In contrast, during an unexpected fall Savannah monitors stumbled more frequently and revealed no predictable response strategy for maintaining stability based on patterns of ground reaction force impulse. Taken together, these results demonstrate performance consequences associated with differing proprioceptive sensory systems in tetrapods.

57-5 GRAYSON, P*; YOUNG, JJ; EDWARDS, SV; TABIN, CJ; 56-1 GRECO, G*; EVERT, B; JUDGE, T; MAYVILLE, F; SLEE, J; Harvard University, MCZ, Harvard Medical School, Genetics; DeSales University; [email protected] [email protected] Wine your way to good health: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Convergent Regulatory Evolution and Forelimb Heterochrony in Resveratrol Flightless Birds Resveratrol, an antioxidant found in red wine and grapes, is thought Palaeognathae, the avian clade comprising the flightless ratites, such to possess anti-inflammatory properties in relation to cardiovascular as the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and ostrich (Struthio disease, and may have beneficial effects on incisional wound healing camelus), alongside their volant (flight capable) relatives the and the body's response to biomaterials. Liquid-liquid extraction of tinamous, provides a unique setting to study both phenotypic and resveratrol from red wine was performed. After culturing Bovine genomic aspects of repeated loss of a complex trait; a minimum of Aortic Endothelial cells (BAOECs) in resveratrol to ensure there was three convergent losses of flight are inferred within the group. The no adverse effect on normal cell growth and morphology, it was ratites exhibit the phenotypes most commonly associated with concluded that there was no effect due to resveratrol addition. An flightless birds, including reduced wings, whereas the tinamous have established way to model inflammation in BAOECs is by using retained flight-associated traits. We find that in contrast to ratite Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a), which induces a large embryos, the forelimb of the Chilean tinamou (Nothoprocta accumulation of actin stress fibers. Our data suggest that resveratrol perdicaria) does not experience a delay in early development pretreatment reduces the amount of actin stress fiber accumulation, compared to the hindlimb. This suggests that ratite forelimb caused by TNF-a, thus exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. A heterochrony results from selective relaxation for, or selection large amount of inflammation in the cardiovascular system is caused against, the early development of robust wings. The most extreme by a wound to the endothelial layer. A wound healing assay was heterochony in ratite forelimb development is seen in the emu. We conducted to determine the wound healing properties of resveratrol. identified down-regulation of SALL1 in the emu forelimb at stage Resveratrol was shown to dramatically aid in the wound healing HH18 compared to the emu hindlimb, and both limbs of chicken process, compared to an untreated control. Furthermore, the immune (Gallus gallus) using RNA-seq. Comparative ATAC-seq on HH18 response of the body to implantable devices was investigated using a limbs and flank mesoderm identified an enhancer near SALL1 that is THP-1 cell adhesion assay to polyurethane, a common biomaterial active in proliferating limbs, but inactive in non-proliferative used in medicine. When a foreign material is introduced into the mesoderm (both flanks and the emu forelimb). To examine whether body, an immune response is stimulated, and monocyte-derived convergent forelimb heterochrony in ratites is determined by similar macrophages stick to the biomaterial, hindering its function. THP-1 gene expression and regulatory changes across the palaeognath tree, cells are a good in vitro model of the monocyte-derived macrophages we are analyzing stage-matched RNA- and ATAC-seq for forelimb found in the immune system. THP-1 cell attachment to the and hindlimb at HH18 and HH25 in the Chilean tinamou, ostrich, polyurethane was significantly reduced in the presence of resveratrol. greater rhea (Rhea americana), emu and chicken. Our results thus far These data indicate that resveratrol possesses promising suggest that heterochronic shifts in flightless birds are driven in part anti-inflammatory qualities that may prove to be useful in the by changes in enhancer activity and accessibility to transcription prevention of cardiovascular disease, improving wound healing, and factors. decreasing biomaterial rejection.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 86 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e87

19-5 GREEN, PA*; CAVES, EM; ZIPPLE, MN; PETERS, S; 72-3 GREEN, TL*; WILBOURN, JL; O'BRIEN, HD; GIGNAC, JOHNSEN, S; NOWICKI, S; Duke University; PM; Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, [email protected] Oklahoma State University, Stillwater; [email protected] Categorical Perception of a Carotenoid-based Assessment Signal Allometry of Common Ostrich (Struthio camelus) Ophthalmic Animals use signals to assess quality, motivation, and other factors in Retia contexts ranging from mate choice to aggression. Current models of Arterial thermoregulatory mechanisms (e.g., carotid retia in signal evolution often assume that continuous variation in signal artiodactyls and felids) have been recognized as drivers of selective form is perceived in an equally continuous fashion by receivers; that brain cooling, which is important for some endotherms that live in is, any incremental change in the signal is perceived and equally predominately hot climates. Among birds, thermal physiology and influences subsequent decision-making. This assumption has rarely osmoregulation (e.g., water balance, renal function) have been been tested, however, despite growing evidence showing that stimuli studied in the largest extant bird, the common ostrich, a giant across modalities may be perceived in a categorical fashion. flightless species native to African deserts. Adults have been shown Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Carotenoid-based color signals are used in assessment of quality to utilize ophthalmic retia—arterial structures convergently similar to across diverse vertebrate taxa, yet few studies have asked how mammalian carotid retia—to aid brain and eye cooling. How this receivers perceive variation in these signals. We tested how female feature forms and grows during ontogeny, however, is not well zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) perceive the continuum of understood. Rete development is of interest because ostriches grow carotenoid-based colors used in mate assessment. We identified eight rapidly, attaining most of their body mass in the first 1.5 years of life. colors along a range of orange-red coloration that approximate Thermal and osmoregulatory needs may be in flux during this period variation in male beak color, a signal used in mate choice, and that due to the individual or combined effects of body-mass, metabolic, are approximately equidistant in a well-established color space based and arterial surface-area scaling. To elucidate ophthalmic rete on avian color vision. After females had been trained to find food ontogeny, we employed vascular injection and µCT scanning on a under bicolor discs, we then varied the colors comprising the two developmental series of ostriches to visualize and digitally measure sides of the discs to determine the extent to which females perceived retial, endocranial, and eye volumes using Avizo 9. Retial volumes these colors as same or different. Female responses met both criteria appear to scale with negative allometry, such that young ostriches of categorical perception: they (1) labeled colors along the continuum hatch with relatively well-developed retia that change little during the as falling into two distinct categories and (2) showed heightened accelerated growth of their early ontogeny. We compare this finding discrimination of color pairs that crossed the category boundary as with rete ontogenies in other endotherms capable of arterial cooling compared to equally-spaced pairs from within a category. Similar to more broadly address the configuration of such structures in the tests with grey scale stimuli showed that variation in brightness alone context of thermal and osmoregulatory issues faced by large-bodied cannot account for these results. We discuss how categorical vertebrates due to climate change. perception of assessment signals may inform models of signal evolution.

110-5 GREENBERG, DA*; PALEN, WJ; Simon Fraser University; S10-6 GREENLEE, KJ*; BOWSHER, JH; RINEHART, JP; [email protected] YOCUM, GD; GREENLEE, kendra; North Dakota State Univ., The role of hydration state and temperature on performance and Fargo, USDA-ARS, Fargo, USDA-ARS, Fargo; climate susceptibility in amphibians [email protected] Forecasting species' responses to impending climatic change remains Beneficial effects of fluctuating thermal regimes: Increasing insect one of the most preeminent challenges for conservation science. survival of low temperature stress Characterizing species' thermal performance curves has allowed us to Insects exposed to low temperature stress may experience chill injury mechanistically predict the effect of future warming on species' or death. Using fluctuating temperatures, in which insects receive a persistence. However, considerable changes to hydrologic regimes daily pulse of heat instead of constant low temperature stress has are also expected to occur in tandem with warming. Water stress, or long been known to increase survival of insects in many life stages. the hydration state of an organism, is also known to be a limiting The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, is a solitary, factor for many species, but our understanding of how performance cavity-nesting bee that overwinters as a prepupa. Its survival of low changes with hydration state is still limited. Evidence also suggests temperature stress during overwintering is improved by a daily, that hydration state may potentially interact with body temperature to one-hour pulse of heat. In addition, bees that have begun dictate performance, which could substantially alter estimates of metamorphosis and are no longer in the protective state of diapause species' vulnerability to future environmental change. Here, we can be interrupted with low temperature stress to delay development. assess the role of hydration state and temperature acting concurrently These interrupted bees also have improved survival when the low to dictate performance across six phylogenetically diverse amphibian temperature stress is accompanied by a daily pulse of heat. Compared species. We empirically tested: 1) the relative impacts of temperature to constant low temperature stress, pupae that receive a daily warm and hydration on species' performance, 2) whether hydration state pulse exhibit reversal of sub-lethal defects in adult wing morphology changes the shape of thermal performance curves, and 3) how and flight performance. Bees exposed to fluctuating temperatures combining both environmental axes changes estimates of species' during pupal interruption also have better synchronization of adult climate risk. We show that hydration state has a strong negative emergence and increased reproduction compared to bees exposed to effect on organismal performance, that it interacts with temperature constant low temperature stress. Interestingly, these benefits exist for several species, and that integrating both hydration and even when the fluctuating temperatures are not ecologically relevant. temperature have the potential to affect estimates of species' climate The critical parameters of the fluctuating thermal regime that provide risk. As most hydrologic regimes are forecast to change with climate the beneficial effect (e.g., time spent above or below a thermal change, our results suggest that an integrative physiological approach threshold, maximum or minimum temperature) are unclear. combining both hydration and temperature as environmental drivers Understanding which parameters contribute to improved survival and of fitness will improve estimates of extinction risk under future fitness of these bees can help improve storage for commercially climate change scenarios. reared species and will help us to make better predictive models for how bee populations may respond to changing climates.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 87 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e88

S6-3 GREENWAY, R.*; HAVIRD, J.C.; KELLEY, J.L.; TOBLER, 114-4 GREENWAY, G*; HAMEL, J; MILLER, CW; Univ. of M.; Kansas State University, University of Texas at Austin, Florida, Elon University; [email protected] Washington State University; [email protected] A Tangled Web: Why do Some Individuals Mate with the Wrong The role of mitonuclear incompatibilities during ecological Species? speciation in extremophile poeciliid fishes Reproductive interference, or reproductive interactions between Hybrid breakdown due to mitonuclear incompatibilities heterospecific individuals, is commonly reported across taxa, but its (incompatibilities between genes encoded by the mitochondrial [mt] drivers are still far from clear. One potentially powerful approach to and nuclear [nuc] genomes) is hypothesized to serve as a major uncover its causes is to examine an individual's heterospecific contributor to speciation. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), an interactions in relation to it's conspecific mating behavior, within the essential biological pathway consisting of mitonuclear protein broader context of the species' mating system. Here we use a social complexes, is a candidate for mitonuclear incompatibilities as network approach to compare inter- and intraspecific mating hybridization between lineages can lead to the breakup of co-adapted dynamics in the squash bug Anasa tristis and its close relative A. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 OXPHOS proteins. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) rich habitats provide an andresii. Using replicated semi-natural enclosures, we surveyed the ideal setting for testing hypotheses about mitonuclear mating behavior of individually marked A. tristis bugs (10 males and incompatibility. H2S is extremely toxic to most organisms because it 10 females per trial) at hourly intervals over a 10 day period using a inhibits OXPHOS, resulting in direct selection on OXPHOS. Despite robotic camera system. We then repeated this, replacing 5 A. tristis extreme toxicity, tolerance to environmental H2S is known from males and females per enclosure with A. andresii counterparts. evolutionarily independent lineages of fish in the family Poeciliidae Mating networks in intraspecific trials were highly saturated. Bugs that have colonized H2S-rich freshwater springs. Strong selection on mated with almost all available partners, inducing potentially high OXPHOS genes should lead to the evolution of tightly co-adapted levels of post-copulatory sperm competition with little evidence of mitonuclear gene complexes in sulfidic lineages, increasing the pre-copulatory selection. Despite high promiscuity, male mating likelihood of mitonuclear incompatibilities upon hybridization with effort was unevenly distributed across females; males typically had non-sulfidic lineages. Using sequence data from sulfidic and closely strong mating associations with just one or two females and weaker related non-sulfidic lineages, we found evidence for positive associations with all other partners. Similar patterns were observed in selection on mt OXPHOS genes in sulfidic lineages, as well as on interspecific trials: around 20% of individuals engaged in corresponding nuc OXPHOS genes in a subset of lineages. Protein heterospecific matings, but the majority of mating activity took place structure modeling revealed amino acid substitutions occur at contact between conspecifics. Females from interspecific trials had residues between mt and nuc encoded proteins in some lineages. comparable hatching success with those from conspecific trials. Structural models of OXPHOS complexes for these lineages were Consequently, relatively high levels of reproductive interference may used to quantify the effect of these substitutions on the emerge under semi-natural conditions as a byproduct of limited thermodynamic stability of "hybrids" created by recombining intraspecific pre-copulatory choice paired with limited fitness OXPHOS subunits from sulfidic and non-sulfidic lineages in silico. penalties.

S10-8 GREIVES, TJ*; GRAHAM, JL; BAUER, CM; North Dakota S10-1 GREIVES, T; BOWDEN, RM*; North Dakota St U, Illinois St State University, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, U; [email protected] Adelphi University; [email protected] The world is not flat: accounting for the dynamic nature of the Daily rhythms in hormones and behavior, seasonal timing and environment as we move beyond static experimental manipulations reproductive success The world that animals live in is constantly changing. Depending Nearly all organisms display daily changes in physiology and upon where they live, they may need to respond to daily changes in behavior. Yet, substantial variation among individual daily rhythms variables such as temperature or tidal cycles, or they may primarily exist; some individuals naturally begin their daily activity early (e.g. respond to longer term, seasonal changes. For many animals, these morning larks) while some begin their daily activity later (e.g. night changes in their environment result in concomitant changes in their owls). The mechanisms giving rise to individual variation and the physiological and behavioral state. And while physiological relationships between behavioral rhythms and other important responses to environmental variability is widely acknowledged, biological processes, such as seasonal and daily timing of breeding much of the research that has advanced our understanding of the behaviors, are still not fully understood. Reproductive steroid regulation of key traits are often conducted in ways that try to hormones are excellent candidates for mediating timing of minimize variation. Whether conducted in the laboratory or the field, reproductive-related behaviors as these hormones are known to these studies have provided critical information about the influence daily locomotor rhythms in captivity, and they display mechanistic relationships that influence physiology and behavior daily plasma rhythms. Little is known, however, about whether these that, in turn, influence variation in individual fitness, despite daily hormone peaks (which generally occur at night) are repeatable, providing limited information on the direct effects of environmental and whether variation in daily peak levels are related with variation variation. It is clear that we now need research approaches that in the basic organization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. explore how natural variation in the wild, or how experimentally Here, we describe research from our group demonstrating peak mimicking nature under more controlled settings, affects baseline levels of testosterone during the nighttime, high repeatability physiological mechanisms and responses to this variation. of these levels, and strong relationships between nighttime levels and Understanding why and how animals cope with environmental peak-induced levels following a ‘challenge' with changes is key to recognizing the sources and subsequent responses gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Further, we will describe that give rise to the variation that selection can act upon, particularly correlative studies in female songbirds that seek to link daily as environments change with a changing climate. The goal of this variations in behavioral and hormone rhythms with observed symposium is to highlight important insights that are gained when variation in seasonal clutch initiation. studies take into account these, often dramatic, changes across daily and seasonal time scales, and to stimulate future research that is needed to better understand how animals may cope with a changing climate.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 88 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e89

110-1 GRIFFITHS, JS*; JOHNSON, KM; KELLY, MW; Louisiana 3-2 GRIM, J/M*; PAWLAN, J; BOWEN, V; BROSNAN, E/B; State University; [email protected] MCMAHON, T/A; University of Tampa; [email protected] Evolutionary Change in the Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, Amphibian hosts experience decreased metabolic rates and Following a Low Salinity Event diminished stress responses during the time course of The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is known for its tolerance chytridiomycosis of a wide range of salinities, but evidence suggests that some The proximate cause of wide-spread amphibian death following populations may be adapted to their local salinity regime. Distance infection with chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis- Bd) from the Mississippi River is correlated with increased salinities and has been reported as a loss of organismal osmotic regulation, leading oysters are expected to have a decreased tolerance to low salinity as to cardiac arrest. More recently, earlier changes in gene expression distance from the Mississippi River increases. Larval survival is have been detected, indicating that organismal function might be strongly influenced by the salinity conditions of the parental stock, compromised more quickly after infection than previously expected. suggesting that larvae from their ‘home' or ‘parental' salinity regime No one has examined, to our knowledge, how or if metabolic rate Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 have higher survival than in a ‘foreign' environment with a different changes during the time course of Bd infection. We infected adult salinity. Oysters have high levels of gene flow which could impede Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) with Bd and measured local adaptation, but strong selective gradients may cause differential whole animal metabolic rate during the time course of a six-week survival of native and foreign oyster recruits, leading to population infection. Exposure to Bd resulted in a rapid loss of metabolic rate structure and adaptation to local salinity regimes. To test for evidence following just eight days of infection, with continued loss of of local adaptation by differential larval survival we imposed a low metabolic rate as the infection progressed up to six weeks. salinity (7 ppt) selection event on oyster larvae from Louisiana (low Additionally, we observed possible evidence of changes to host stress salinity environment) and Texas (high salinity environment) response in these metabolic data. Our interpretation of these data was populations. A subsample of larvae was collected before and supported by behavioral experiments in which we assessed the stress after a 12-hour low-salinity exposure for genetic analyses. "Live" response of individuals during the time course of infection. In oysters were collected from the top 900mL of the jar and "dead" general, uninfected individuals were more sensitive to stimulus and oysters were collected from the bottom 100mL of the jar. We moved further than uninfected individuals after six weeks of observed 99% mortality in larvae from the high salinity Texas exposure. The early loss of metabolic rate and associated decrease in population and only 70% mortality in larvae from the low salinity stress response indicates that amphibian hosts may be impacted Louisiana population, suggesting population-specific survival rates. earlier in the time course of infection than expected. These Using exome capture, we sequenced 150 salinity-associated genes physiological changes may leave infected amphibians at elevated risk and observed allele frequency shifts in survivors before and after low of negative outcomes as both diminished predators and increasingly salinity exposure. These genes are potential candidates under low susceptible prey. salinity selection that maintain population structure in C. virginica in the Gulf of Mexico.

110-8 GRIMES, CJ*; SCHULZE, A; Texas A&M University at 117-4 GRIPSHOVER, ND*; JAYNE, BC; Univ. of Cincinnati ; Galveston; [email protected] [email protected] How the sluggish cope with chronic hypoxia: the pointed story of Testing How Gape and Prey Size Affect Feeding Performance in a the bearded fireworm, Hermodice carunculata (Annelida: Crayfish-eating Snake Amphinomidae) Snakes are a model system for studying how anatomy affects feeding The bearded fireworm, Hermodice carunculata (Annelida: performance because their maximal gape constrains the size of prey Amphinomidae), is a widespread mobile corallivore throughout the that can be swallowed whole. However, maximal gape of snakes has Atlantic Ocean. Due to its extensive geographic distribution, rarely been measured directly. Despite having diverse diets, snakes abundance, and survival under low oxygen conditions, it may serve rarely consume hard-bodied prey, yet crustacean specialists have as a model organism for hypoxia studies, which are increasingly evolved convergently in natricine and homalopsid snakes, which eat important with the projected escalation of hypoxia zones in the crayfish and crabs or shrimp, respectively. For the natricine Regina future. Molecular, morphological, and physiological responses of H. septemvittata, which eats only freshly molted crayfish, we tested how carunculata to hypoxic conditions were investigated to estimate the predator anatomy and prey size affected feeding performance and dissolved oxygen (DO) level at which they are affected. Five bearded behavior by quantifying: 1) scaling relationships of maximal gape fireworms were exposed to one of three levels of DO in 40-liter tanks (N=25), 2) relative size of prey (prey area/ gape area) consumed in for seven days: 2.5 (± 0.25) mg/l, 4.5 (± 0.25) mg/1, and 7 (± 0.25) the field (N=145), and 3) effects of relative prey size on prey mg/1 (normal DO). No reference genome exists for the species, so a handling times and behavior during laboratory trials (N=107). For combined reference transcriptome was assembled from all sequences snakes with snout-vent lengths of 17-59 cm, maximal gape areas and utilized to align the RNAseq data from individuals for were 2.8-28.4 cm2 and had a scaling exponent (1.643; 95% CL differential gene expression analysis. Additionally, we monitored =+0.373) not quite significantly less than geometric similarity (2). Of oxygen uptake rates throughout the experiments and conducted the field-caught snakes, 88% and 39% ate prey with relative sizes morphometric analyses of branchial morphology. Pairwise >50% and > 90%, respectively. During laboratory trials relative prey comparisons of transcriptomes revealed up-regulation of key hypoxia size predicted 45% of the variation in prey handling time. In 85% of and stress response genes and down-regulation of metabolic pathway trials the snakes held the prey and reduced its mobility before genes in the worms under hypoxia. Differences in gene regulation swallowing. For the same relative prey area, the predicted handling were noted between the two experimental groups, indicating the DO times of R. septemvittata are longer and shorter than those of the levels chosen were distinct enough to invoke differing responses. The homalopsids that eat soft-shelled and hard-shelled crabs, oxygen uptake rates and filament number were higher in the hypoxic respectively, but nearly identical to a homalopsid that eats snapping treatments, indicating 7 days is enough time to induce morphological shrimp with a shape more similar to crayfish. These results nicely and physiological responses to hypoxia. The results allow us to infer illustrate how predator anatomy, gape and behavior, and the size, the threshold DO level for hypoxic response in this abundant and shape and hardness of prey all have important consequences for environmentally tolerant coral predator, and to predict downstream feeding performance. responses.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 89 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e90

76-5 GRUNBAUM, D*; EMLET, R; Univ. Washington, OIMB; 30-8 GUERRA CANEDO, VI*; BYRNE, M; HART, MW; Simon [email protected] Fraser University, The University of Sydney; The Function of Minimalist Morphologies: Swimming [email protected] Performance of Blastulae, Gastrulae and Other Spheroidal Codon-model analyses of selection associated with the evolution of Organism Architectures different modes of reproduction in sister species of sea stars Late stage marine larvae and many other plankton develop complex We compared patterns of episodic diversifying selection among morphologies with features such as arms or other extensions, genes assembled from denovo transcriptomes of Cryptasterina skeletons, and cilia or muscles that play important roles in pentagona and C. hystera, which recently speciated (6,000 years ago) orientation, speed and other elements of swimming performance. and have evolved different mating systems (gonochoric or Equally interesting, and perhaps more basal in evolutionary history, hermaphroditic), modes of fertilization (outcrossing or selfing), and are blastulae, gastrulae and other organisms with minimalist, dispersal (planktonic larvae or internal brooding). We used three spheroidal morphologies that swim, are subject to performance complementary models of codon evolution (MEME, BUSTED, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 requirements, but lack elaborations traditionally associated with aBSREL) to find sites or lineages under positive selection in each swimming. How do these "simple" organisms swim, and how are gene, and gene ontology methods to characterize the functions of their morphologies constrained by the need to do so? Cell divisions positively-selected genes. The results from this study show that the that produce blastulae or gastrulae with uneven distributions of tissue genes with the largest numbers of sites under selection were linked to have preferred orientations that are stable in still water and provide immunity (e.g., NLRC5-like) and extracellular-matrix-bound calcium righting moments in turbulence. Theory predicts that if these stages signaling (integrin Fibronectin-like). Other positively-selected genes have locomotory structures that are radially distributed around the encoded intracellular calcium signaling of the acrosome reaction axis determined by the offset centers of mass and buoyancy, they will (e.g., voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1) swim in a direction parallel to this axis until the intensity of water and sperm-egg binding (e.g., egg coat bindin receptor OBi1). Prior motion overcomes their shape-dependent orientation abilities. We work detected little evidence of selection on sperm bindin, and we explored this prediction and inference by surveying the initial found that the egg coat bindin receptor EBR1 was partially truncated swimming stages of marine invertebrate taxa and with computational in C. hystera (but not C. pentagona). These results suggest that the simulations which model shape, centers of mass and buoyancy and resolution of sexual conflict (via the evolution of selfing various arrangements of locomotory cilia. hermaphroditism in C. hystera) has led to relaxed selection on some gamete recognition genes, and may have led to reduced specificity of fertilization. The results help to highlight possible targets of selection acting on these species, and warrant carrying out a direct test of gamete compatibility within and between them.

102-4 GUINDRE-PARKER, S*; MCADAM, A; BOUTIN, S; 26-5 GUNDERSON, AR*; RIDDELL, EA; ROSENBLUM, EB; HUMPHRIES, M; LANE, J; COLTMAN, D; DANTZER, B; Tulane University, UC Berkeley; [email protected] University of Guelph, University of Alberta, McGill University, Balancing the need to stay warm and stay safe: thermal University of Saskatchewan, University of Alberta, University of consequences of color evolution in White Sands lizards Michigan; [email protected] Animal coloration can influence multiple aspects of performance. Do glucocorticoid hormones respond to selection in free-living Therefore, color evolution is likely to be mediated by a balance of North American red squirrels? selection on multiple functions. The White Sands Desert is home to Glucocorticoid hormones are dynamic and flexible, and allow three lizard species that have independently evolved blanched animals to cope with perturbations in their environment by coloration relative to the ancestral color of adjacent dark soil coordinating behavioural and physiological responses. As a result, populations. Blanched coloration in the White Sands is thought to be glucocorticoids (CORT) often play a role in shaping fitness and are an adaptation to avoid predation via increased background matching. thought to promote adaptive responses to environmental change. However, it is also likely to have thermal consequences for White Despite the importance of CORT as a mechanism of phenotypic Sands lizards by changing the amount of solar radiation they absorb. plasticity, little is understood about how this coping mechanism Are these thermal effects beneficial, detrimental, or neutral? We arises as most studies on the topic have been performed at an applied a biophysical modeling approach to estimate the effects of ecological scale rather than an evolutionary one. Though breeding coloration on operative thermal environments and experiments in captive animals have demonstrated that CORT can temperature-dependent physiological and behavioral performance. respond to artificial selection, little is understood about if and how Relative to ancestral coloration, we found that blanched coloration endocrine systems evolve in free-living systems. We use a reduces the annual number of hours with overheating risk by 20%. longitudinal hormone and fitness dataset collected in North American However, relative to ancestral coloration, blanched coloration also red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to uncover whether selection reduces the annual number of hours that activity can be achieved acts on CORT in natural systems. In this study population, CORT has within the preferred temperature range, though by only 3%. Our important fitness implications because this hormone mediates an results indicate that the blanched coloration of White Sands lizards adaptive maternal effect. First, we use tools from quantitative has thermal consequences, some of which are positive (reducing genetics to (i) calculate the heritability of this trait, and (ii) partition overheating risk) and some of which are negative (reducing activity). variance in CORT among different possible components (i.e. Therefore, multiple ecological forces may have contributed to color maternal effect, environmental effect, cohort effect, etc). Second, we evolution in this system. use results of an experimental evolution manipulation to determine whether CORT responds to selection in natural systems. This study contributes to evolutionary endocrinology by improving our understanding of how hormonal coping mechanisms arise in free-living populations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 90 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e91

38-3 GUSMãO, LC*; GRAJALES, A; RODRíGUEZ, E; American 98-1 HAASE, CG*; FULLER, NW; HAYMAN, DTS; HRANAC, Museum of Natural History, Universidade de los Andes; CR; OLSON, SH; PLOWRIGHT, RK; MCGUIRE, LP; Montana [email protected] State University, Texas Tech University, Massey University, Massey Sea Anemones Through X-rays: Utility Of Micro-computed University, Wildlife Conservation Society; [email protected] Tomography (Micro-CT) for the taxonomy and systematics of the Bats Are Not Squirrels: Revisiting the Cost of Cooling in group Hibernating Mammals Morphological studies of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) Many species use stored energy to hibernate through periods of combine complementary techniques: gross dissections provide resource limitation. Hibernation, a physiological state characterized information on internal features in three dimensions and with low by depressed metabolism and body temperature, is critical to winter resolution whereas histology provides resolution at the cellular level survival and reproduction, and therefore has been extensively in two dimensions. The appeal of micro-computed tomography quantified and modeled. Hibernation consists of alternating phases of (micro-CT) is its potential to improve characterization of extended periods of torpor (low body temperature, low metabolic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 morphological features by combining qualities of both methods with rate) and energetically costly periodic arousals to normal body comparable cost and avoiding some of their shortcomings (e.g. temperature. Arousals consist of warming, euthermia, and cooling slowness, small volumes, artifacts). Given the paucity of phases. Warming and euthermic costs are regularly included in morphological characters used in the taxonomy of Actiniaria and the energetic models, but although cooling to torpid body temperatures is difficulties of establishing primary homologies, micro-CT has the an important phase of the torpor-arousal cycle, it is often overlooked. potential to advance our understating of evolutionary patterns and When included, cooling cost is assumed to be 67% of warming cost, offer insights into details of traditionally used characters. We show as measured in a single ground squirrel species, regardless of body that micro-CT efficiently delineated morphological features in sea size or ambient environment. We derived a model of cooling cost anemones despite the need for chemical staining due to sea from first principles and validated the model with empirical energetic anemone's low-density tissue. Satisfactory staining of all tissue types measurements. We compared the assumed 67% proportional cooling resulted in high-contrast images consistent between scanned cost with our model-predicted cooling cost for 53 hibernating specimens with fine details of external and internal anatomy readily mammals, including 17 bat species. Our results indicate that using observed in 2D micro-CT images and 3D volumetric renderings. 67% of warming cost only adequately represents cooling cost in Because phylogenetic signal can be evaluated only when the ground squirrels. In smaller species, this proportion overestimates presence and variability of a morphological character has been cooling cost. Our model allows for the generalization of energetic reliably determined, we discuss the advantages and limitations of costs for multiple species using species-specific physiological and incorporating micro-CT data in taxonomic and evolutionary studies morphometric parameters. Our model also allows for predictions in the group. Furthermore, we explore the potential of using this over variable environmental conditions, which is imperative in technology in the study of comparative anatomy of polyps across the understanding the bioenergetic effects of white-nose syndrome. Class Anthozoa which has been hindered by challenges in implementing traditional histological methodologies.

120-1 HALE, MD*; MCCOY, JA; DOHENY, BM; GALLIGAN, 38-1 HALL, KC*; HUNDT, PJ; SWENSON, JD; SUMMERS, AP; TM; GUILLETTE, LJ; PARROTT, BB; University of Georgia, CROW, KD; University of Washington, University of Minnesota, College of Charleston, University of Minnesota, Virginia Tech, University of Massachusetts Amherst , San Francisco State Medical University of South Carolina; [email protected] University ; [email protected] Embryonic Origins of Altered Ovarian Transcriptional Networks in The Evolution of Underwater Flight in Manta Rays and Their an Environmental Model of Endocrine Disruption, the American Relatives (Myliobatidae) Alligator Batoids (skates and rays) are a diverse clade of flat cartilaginous The American alligator population inhabiting a contaminated Florida fishes that occur primarily in benthic marine habitats. They typically lake has served as a valuable environmental model for understanding use their flexible pectoral fins for feeding and propulsion via the adverse effects of endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs) on undulatory swimming. However, two clades of rays have adopted a reproductive development and heath. Using targeted approaches, pelagic or bentho pelagic lifestyle and utilize oscillatory previous studies have revealed persistent changes to ovarian swimming—the Myliobatidae and Gymnuridae. Oscillatory transcription and suppressed responsiveness to gonadotropins in swimming is associated with changes in pectoral fin morphology, exposed individuals. In an effort to identify novel genetic pathways including lateral elongation, a redistribution of pectoral fin rays, and impacted by EDCs, we used an unbiased RNA-seq approach to the evolution of modified anterior pectoral fin domains called describe transcriptional networks in the alligator ovary and the role cephalic lobes- anteriorly extended appendages used for feeding in of the embryonic environment in modulating responsiveness to FSH. the Myliobatidae. Variation in the number of fin rays in batoid Alligator eggs collected from the contaminated lake, Lake Apopka pectoral fins has not been characterized in a comparative or (AP), and a reference site, Lake Woodruff (WO), were hatched and phylogenetic context. To better understand how the batoid body plan raised for five months under laboratory conditions, then challenged was modified in association with a shift in feeding and swimming with FSH or a vehicle control. We identify a suite of canonical modes, we quantified fin rays that articulate with the three primary FSH-responsive genes in both populations, including steroidogenic cartilages of pectoral fins and cephalic lobes in myliobatids and their enzymes CYP11A and CYP17A, inhibins, and cyclin-related factors. relatives. Additionally, we analysed how morphology of the anterior Furthermore, we identify a strong influence of site in both primary cartilage varies in relation to dual-functionality. While most non-challenged and challenged transcription; while populations share undulatory swimmers exhibit symmetry, we found a posterior shift in a suite of core responsive genes, each exhibits site-unique the distribution of fin rays arose twice independently. The shape and transcriptional responses. Additionally, approximately 12,000 genes segmentation patterns of the anterior primary cartilage varies among in the non-challenged ovary differ by site, indicating a large degree batoid genera and is linked to feeding and swimming mode. Further, of plasticity in ovarian function across populations. Collectively, we described a derived skeletal feature in anterior pectoral fins of the these results suggest that developmental EDC exposure might play a Myliobatidae. Overall, this research has implications for substantial role in eliciting persistent transcriptional shifts in the morphological evolution associated with invasion of the pelagic ovary. environment, and the biomechanics of underwater flight.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 91 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e92

84-4 HALL, JM*; WARNER, DA; Auburn University; S2-8 HALL, RJ; University of Georgia, Athens; [email protected] [email protected] Modeling the Effects of Anthropogenic Stressors on Immune Constantly Fluctuating in an Inconsistent Way: Comparing the Defense and Infection Dynamics in Heterogeneous Host Effects of Sinusoidal and Naturally Fluctuating Incubation Populations Temperatures on Embryo Development Variation in host competence can lead some individuals to contribute Temperature is a commonly studied environmental factor influencing disproportionately to pathogen transmission. Exposure to embryo development in oviparous ectotherms. Though most studies anthropogenic stressors that impair immune performance could use constant temperature incubation conditions, researchers are increase the proportion of "supershedding" individuals and thus alter aware of the effects of fluctuating temperatures on development. the size and duration of epidemics. In order to predict how living in Daily-repeating sinusoidal fluctuations are now commonly used in stressful environments influences outbreak severity requires models studies of developmental plasticity; however, thermal fluctuations in that couple stress-mediated immune function in individuals to natural nests are highly variable from day to day. Thus, using population-level transmission dynamics. Here I use a within-host Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 repeated, uniform fluctuations (e.g. sine waves) may still provide an model of immune cell-pathogen interactions to investigate how incomplete picture of how embryos develop in the wild and generate stressors that restrict the energy allocated to immune defense inaccurate predictions of how species will respond to future thermal determine pathogen colonization and host infectious period. At the conditions (e.g. climate change). We used eggs from the brown anole population level I assume that individuals vary in their acquisition lizard (Anolis sagrei) to test the effects of realistic nest temperature and allocation of resources in stressful environments, and use the fluctuations vs constant temperatures and sinusoidal fluctuations in within-host model to generate a distribution of infectious periods. the lab. We used temperature data from nests to create 4 incubation Finally I couple within and between host processes by simulating treatments: a constant mean temperature, a daily-repeating sine epidemics on this heterogeneous host population. This approach fluctuation, a daily-repeating asymmetrical fluctuation (i.e. mean, represents an initial attempt to incorporate natural and stress-induced hourly nest temperatures), and a treatment that allowed each day's variation into infection models that bridge immunological and thermal fluctuation to differ from all other days as in real nests. epidemiological scales. These 4 treatments were created for both early-season (March-April, relatively cool) and late-season (June-July, relatively warm) nest temperatures (2 by 4 factorial design; season x incubation treatment). We report results for developmental rates, physiology (VO2 and heart rate), embryo survival, as well as morphology, performance, growth, and survival of hatchlings. By comparing the effects of several commonly used experimental thermal regimes with those of natural fluctuations, our study assesses the importance of using ecologically relevant incubation conditions when studying developmental plasticity in the laboratory.

58-4 HALL, BE*; BIGMAN, JS; BEDORE, CN; Georgia Southern 45-4 HALL, AS; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Houston, TX; University, Simon Fraser University; [email protected] [email protected] Scaling and ecological relationships in the visual ecology of sharks Segmentation and Meshing for Biomechanical Finite Element Visual adaptations such as eye size (i.e. eye diameter), acuity (the Analysis ability to discern detail), sensitivity (the amount of light needed for Originally designed for engineers, finite element analysis (FEA) is a image formation), and pupil shape can be used to infer the relative digital technique for understanding how materials respond to applied importance of vision to an organism. Eyes and the visual processing physical forces. In biology, FEA can be used to understand how all system are metabolically costly to maintain, suggesting that large or part of an organism responds to the forces of flight, combat, relative eye size (as it relates to body length) may have a significant locomotion, etc. across taxa, between individuals, or through life. In ecological or evolutionary role, such as mate selection, predator biological data from X-ray computed tomography or laser scanning, avoidance, and foraging strategy. Elasmobranchs comprise a assigning parts of an organism to a material typically requires morphologically diverse group that has successfully filled a wide subjective segmentation. Additionally, FEA takes volumetric meshes range of marine and freshwater niches. Several species occupy as input and the quality of this mesh can have a dramatic effect on different predatory niches across their lifetime as their energetic and the interpretation of the FE model. Both steps, then, require objective ecological demands shift, yielding a wide range of visual habitats. As and accurate approaches for meaningful FE simulation. Using Amira eye size changes with body length ontogenetically, they represent an with the XImagePAQ and XWind extensions allows users to ideal group for examining scaling relationships, such as eye growth automate segmentation workflows and easily generate accurate rate (i.e. slope) and eye size at a given body length (i.e. intercept) tetrahedral meshes for FEA. Our software now uses a new Delauney within the context of visual habitats. In this study, we quantified the refinement for generating tetrahedral meshes which improves upon relationship of eye size and body length in 6 species of sharks and our legacy advancing front method. The previous method could compared this scaling across species that differ in ecological lifestyle produce nonconforming meshes with poor aspect ratios and slivers (i.e. activity level, habitat, and maximum size). Eyes of all species and might not converge. The new method prioritizes the creation of scaled hypoallometrically with body size, however larger and more tetrahedrons with 'good' aspect ratios that are not too-small or active species (e.g. the white shark Carcharodon carcharias) had too-large and is entirely automated. The result is a conformal larger relative eye sizes than smaller, less active species (e.g. the unstructured tetrahedral mesh that can be directly exported to Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae). Larger eyes commercial FEA solvers such as Abaqus, ANSYS, and COMSOL for active predators may provide either greater sensitivity or greater Multiphysics. This presentation will include a discussion of our visual acuity which would enable these species to carry out improvements to meshing with related biomechanical modeling case visually-guided behaviors across a wide range of visual habitats. studies.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 92 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e93

S11-8 HALLGRIMSSON, Benedikt*; KATZ, David C.; APONTE, 16-6 HANEY, W.A.*; STROTHER, J.A.; Oregon State University; Jose D.; GONZALEZ, Paula N.; LARSON, Jacinda R.; DEVINE, [email protected] Jay P.; MARCUCIO, Ralph S.; University of Calgary, CONICET, Out of the dark and into the light: light preference behaviors in Argentina; [email protected] larval zebrafish. Integration and the Developmental-Genetics of Allometry The stress response of vertebrates can be initiated by many different Allometry refers to variation in organismal shape that correlates with environmental stimuli including extreme temperatures, noxious size. It is a form of integration that is special because variation in size chemicals, mechanical disturbance, and pain. These sensory inputs is ubiquitous within and between species. Allometry is so commonly are integrated within the central nervous system (CNS), which then observed that it is routinely removed from analyses or invoked as an drives responses in the peripheral nervous and endocrine systems. explanation for evolutionary change. In this case, familiarity is Catecholamines and cortisol are released into the blood, resulting in a confounded with understanding because rarely do we know the cascade of physiological changes that includes shifts in heart rate, mechanisms by which shape correlates with size or understand their blood pressure, and plasma glucose levels. Although the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 significance. As with other forms of integration, allometric variation physiological effects of stress have been well-studied, it is not well is generated by variation in developmental processes that affect understood how the stress response reciprocally affects neural multiple traits, resulting in patterns of covariation. Given this responses within the CNS. Zebrafish larvae are an ideal organism in perspective, we can dissect the genetic and developmental which to examine this question, since they are very well-suited to determinants of allometric variation. Our work on the developmental most behavioral and neurobiological methods. Larval zebrafish and genetic basis for allometric variation in craniofacial shape in exhibit a weak preference for well-lit areas, and previous studies mice and humans has revealed that allometric variation is determined have suggested that stress modulates this behavior by enhancing light by multiple processes that are related to growth and timing which preference. We conducted a broad survey of this behavior in order to may have different effects on trait associations. Different measures of identify the features of the visual stimulus that affect this behavior, size are often associated with different patterns of allometric the specific kinematic changes that produce the observed light variation. Further, many mutations result in covarying effects on size preference, and the effects of specific stressors (temperature, electric and shape that differ markedly from expected allometric patterns. shock, noxious chemicals) on responses. Our results suggest a simple Nutritional stress produces timing-dependent effects of allometric model for how visually-induced changes in kinematic patterns variation, and growth deficient mice treated with growth hormone produce the observed light preference, and how stress-mediated recover shape in a manner that depends on the timing of treatment. changes in these responses affect this preference. Finally, the genetic determinants of allometric variation are very complex and involve mainly genes with little obvious relationship to the central determinants of growth. These results question the view of allometry as a coherent phenomenon distinct from morphological integration more generally.

5-5 HANSON, HE*; KILVITIS, HJ; SCHREY, AW; MADDOX, 67-4 HANSON, M*; BURNHAM, D; BRIGHT, J; CARNEY, R; JD; MARTIN, LB; Univ. of South Florida, Georgia Southern BHULLAR, B-A S; Yale University, University of Kansas; Armstrong Campus, Field Museum of Natural History; [email protected] [email protected] The First Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Skull and Epigenetic Potential in Immune Genes of Introduced House Musculature of a Cretaceous Toothed Bird, Hesperornis regalis Sparrows Cranial kinesis in birds is a remarkable anatomical specialization Epigenetic potential, defined as the capacity for involving the development of novel joints resulting in a complex epigenetically-mediated phenotypic plasticity, may play an important biomechanical system that allows the bill to move independently of role during range expansions. During range expansions, populations the braincase. The early evolutionary history of the specialized may encounter relatively novel challenges, including pathogens, musculoskeletal structures necessary for a fully kinetic skull, while experiencing lower genetic diversity due to bottlenecks and/or however, is poorly understood. Whereas nearly all Mesozoic bird founder effects. Phenotypic plasticity may allow individuals to skull fossils are crushed flat, fossil marine toothed bird Hesperornis rapidly cope with these challenges. Here, we asked whether one form regalis, from Late Cretaceous Kansas, is the closest fossil taxon to of epigenetic potential (i.e. the abundance of CpG sites within gene crown Aves with known from nearly complete, undistorted skull promoters) varied among native and introduced populations of house material, making it crucial for understanding the emergence of sparrows (Passer domesticus) in three microbial surveillance genes: kinesis in birds. The three-dimensionally preserved skull material can Toll-like Receptors 1B (TLR1B), 2A (TLR2A), and 4 (TLR4). be integrated with osteological correlates to musculature and mobile Evidence suggests that increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 may joints from living species to reconstruct the cranial kinetic system of play a role in house sparrow range expansions, and that methylation Hesperornis. We µCT scanned and digitally prepared Hesperornis at one CpG site within the putative promoter region of TLR4 was a skull elements to construct a model for comparative and functional predictor of TLR4 expression. We characterized i) total CpG sites, ii) studies. We used contrast-stained µCT scans of palaeognathous and total additions of CpG sites, and iii) losses of CpG sites in TLRs 1B, neognathous birds, and a crocodylian, to precisely identify 2A, and 4. We hypothesized that introduced populations would have osteological correlates to the cranial kinetic system and cranial more total CpG sites via more additions and fewer losses of CpG musculature. With these comparative data, we developed a sites (or overall higher epigenetic potential). We found that reconstruction cranial muscles in Hesperornis. The palate, rostrum, introduced populations had a higher total number of CpG sites in and some correlates to musculature compare favorably with TLR2A and TLR4, but not in TLR1B. Additionally, the lower palaeognaths, lacking mobile interpterygoid joints or a nasofrontal number of CpG sites was related to the lower genetic diversity of hinge, and kinesis relying on elastic deformation of the rostral bones. these introduced populations. Surprisingly, we found that low genetic We also identify a suite of osteological correlates to jaw adductor diversity predicted a higher number of additions in CpG sites in muscles on the braincase resembling those in disparate clades of TLR2A and fewer losses of CpG sites in TLR4. This suggests that extant pursuit-diving birds, showing a mosaic of deeply selection is acting on CpG sites in introduced populations and that plesiomorphic characters occurring in concert with remarkable epigenetic potential may facilitate house sparrow range expansions. convergence and specialization.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 93 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e94

134-1 HANTAK, MM*; KUCHTA , SR; Ohio University ; 86-3 HARMS, KS*; PAGE, LR; University of Victoria, BC, Canada; [email protected] [email protected] Spatial Variation in Ecological Divergence in a Widespread Surprise in a Small Package: Foregut Metamorphosis in an Polymorphic Salamander Ectoparasitic Snail (Pyramidellidae) An open question in color polymorphic species is why morph Members of the Pyramidellidae are tiny marine snails with highly frequencies are variable among populations. Little work has been unusual feeding habits relative to other heterobranch gastropods. done to examine geographic patterns in polymorphisms, with most They are described as ectoparasites because they feed on body fluids studies focusing on a single population. The Eastern Red-backed of much larger animals by extending an elongate proboscis, piercing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, has a widespread distribution in the the host's skin with a stylet, and creating suction with a muscular northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, and is color bulb. Foregut anatomy of pyramidellids is so complex and modified polymorphic throughout portions of its range. Two color morphs are that homologous relationships to foregut components of other common: a ‘striped' morph that has a red stripe overlaid on a black heterobranch gastropods are difficult to recognize. However, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 dorsum, and an ‘unstriped' morph that is completely black. Previous correctly identifying homologs is a necessary first step toward studies on single populations of P. cinereus have suggested that the reconstructing evolutionary changes to the foregut developmental two morphs differ in elements of their ecology, behavior, and program of pyramidellids. Many pyramidellids begin life as a veliger physiology, yet a mechanistic understanding of the ecological larva that feeds on phytoplankton using ciliated velar lobes and a differences between the morphs, and the evolutionary processes that larval digestive tract like those of other gastropod veligers. Our goal maintain the polymorphism, remains unclear. In northern Ohio, many was to compare foregut development through metamorphosis in the populations with varying morph frequencies of P. cinereus exist. pyramidellid Odostomia tenuisculpta with that of other gastropods to Here, we established six sites that varied in morph frequency, understand how the derived state of the foregut is generated during including two populations that are monomorphic for unstriped development. By examining thick and ultra-thin sections of larval (95-100% unstriped), two that are polymorphic, and two that are and metamorphic stages, we conclude that the so-named acrembolic striped. At each site 100 porcelain tiles (1 ft2) were placed in a grid. proboscis of this pyramidellid is actually an eversible oral tube and These cover objects provided repeatable, standardized, high quality the piercing stylet is a single, highly modified radular tooth, rather territories for the salamanders. We gathered ecological data from than a jaw derivative as previously suggested. Surprisingly, except each site to determine if morphs were divergent in dietary for the salivary glands and ducts, much of the highly complex, composition and whether they assortatively mate by color. Our multi-component foregut of the post-metamorphic stage is results demonstrate that while there was spatial and temporal constructed during a 4-5 day period of explosive metamorphic variation in diet, morphs did not differ in dietary prey composition or morphogenesis. This stands in marked contrast to predatory volume. Conversely, we found that color morphs assortatively mated neogastropods, in which most components of the post-metamorphic by color in two of three polymorphic populations. Overall, this study feeding system become extensively differentiated in the larval stage provides essential data for understanding variation in ecological prior to settlement and metamorphosis. interactions between the morphs over space and time.

18-7 HART, P. B.*; NIEMILLER, M. L.; BURRESS, E. D.; 79-6 HASSANALIAN, M*; WALDROP, L; BAKHTIYAROV , S; ARMBRUSTER, J. W.; CHAKRABARTY, P.; Louisiana State New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; University, University of Alabama, Huntsville, University of [email protected] California, Davis, Auburn University; [email protected] Thermal impacts of body colorization of marine animals on their Phylogenomics and Shape Variation Among Amblyopsid Fishes skin friction drag Cave-obligate organisms long have captured the imagination and There is an increasing need for doing research in drag reduction and interest of scientists and the general public, yet their evolutionary performance enhancement techniques. Since the nature has histories and modes of subterranean adaptation remain poorly developed processes, materials, and the functions to increase its understood. The endemic North American fishes in the family efficiency, it has the best answers when we seek to improve or Amblyopsidae are one of very few families across the ray-finned fish optimize a system. One of the sources for inspiring the Tree of Life to contain both surface- and obligate cave-dwelling drag-reduction methods and performance enhancement is biological members; thus, this group is ideal for comparative studies of cave aquatic systems which can be studied for their desirable properties. adaptation. Morphological and molecular datasets have presented One of the methods in drag reduction applied by warm-bodied conflicting evolutionary relationships within the Amblyopsidae, aquatics, such as marine mammals, scombrid fishes, and sharks is particularly with respect to the placement of eyed species in relation boundary layer heating. These organisms have the capacity to use to the blind, cave-obligate taxa. To further elucidate phylogenetic heat conducted from the body surface to decrease water viscosity relationships within the Amblyopsidae, we collected genomic data around their body and consequently reduce the drag. In this work, a from over 800 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci from 119 samples new factor which is affecting the boundary layer of some aquatics representing all described taxa as well as additional undescribed and subsequently their skin drag reduction will be studied. The lineages. All three states of cave adaptation (surface, thermal effects of body color of marine organisms will be facultative-cave, and obligate-cave forms) were sampled. In addition investigated in some species, such as whales, manta rays, dolphins, to phylogenomic analysis, we performed an ancestral state penguins, sharks, seals, and sailfish that have black color at the top reconstruction. Lastly, we assessed how shape variation fit into the and white color at the bottom sides of their respective bodies. larger picture of cave adaptation using geometric morphometrics to Considering the marine and water characteristics of the mentioned quantify body shape differences among amblyopsid species. We species, a thermal analysis will be performed in this study, when recovered each of the eyed fishes as sister to an eyeless cavefish and these aquatic animals are in motion under the water. The surrounding our ancestral state reconstruction supported an eyeless, cave ancestor fluxes including the water flux and the sun irradiation inside the at the base of the family, indicating possible independent eye water are considered in an energy balance to determine the skin redevelopment in both of the eyed fishes. It also appears that cave temperature of both sides of the organisms' body. Applying the adaptation or eye redevelopment leads to changes in body shape. Blasius solution and computational fluid dynamics methods for However, we remain healthily skeptical of these results and will heated boundary layers, it will be shown, that the black color on the perform further analyses. This work will provide insight into the top and the white color on the bottom side of the bodies of these patterns and modes of cave adaptation. marine organisms is very efficient in terms of skin drag reduction.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 94 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e95

S6-5 HAVIRD, JC; Univ. of Texas, Austin; [email protected] 133-5 HAWKINS, TM*; MARSHALL, AS; SHORT, RA; Mitonuclear Ecophysiology: The Cooperative Genomics of WOLFORD, AM; DAVIS, JE; Radford University; Environmental Adaptation [email protected] Eukaryotes sustain the energy necessary to maintain cellular function Effects of Royal Jelly and Juvenile Hormone on Growth and through the coordinated actions of genes found in two different Immunity in Gromphadorhina portentosa and Drosophila genomes: the nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) genomes. It follows melanogaster that energetically expensive physiological processes such as Growth hormones play a key role not only in control of development thermoregulation depend on preserving the precise interactions but also in regulation of immune function; investment in between nuclear- and mt-encoded gene products. Mitonuclear reproduction and somatic growth may also come at the cost of coevolution is therefore an enduring feature of eukaryotes and is resources allocated to immune function. Previous research has especially important for ecophysiology. Combining molecular focused primarily on endocrine modulation of immune function in approaches to characterize mitonuclear coevolution with vertebrates. Here I will describe hormonal influences on investment Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 physiological studies that characterize the role of mitochondria in patterns in immunity, growth and reproduction in several species of environmental adaptation is intriguing (i.e., "mitonuclear insects. Royal jelly (RJ), a modulator of reproduction and growth in ecophysiology"). Here, I present data from three systems that attempt honeybees, has been shown to induce similar effects in fruit flies to take such an approach: 1) characterizing mt physiology of (Drosophila melanogaster). Specifically, flies reared with royal jelly cold-adapted aquatic insect larvae during thermal acclimation, 2) experienced hastened turnover time from youth to functioning adult assessing mt function in an angiosperm with atypical mt mutation and increased ovary size. Similar effects of RJ exposure have been rates and genome sizes, and 3) looking for signatures of mitonuclear observed in Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina coevolution in tissue-specific paralogs with different energetic portentosa). In contrast, juvenile growth hormone (JH) maintains requirements in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. It is hoped adolescent morphology and physiology in juveniles and increases that new tools in genomics, modeling, and biochemistry will reproductive output (via vitellogenesis) in adults across a wide facilitate more refined studies along these lines. Extending such variety of invertebrate taxa. However, studies in our lab have shown thinking to plastids and other endosymbionts is another obvious goal, inconsistencies in the effects of JH exposure on hissing cockroaches as well as integrating these ideas with the role of cytonuclear and fruit flies in terms of both mortality and reproduction. In interactions in classic evolutionary ecology concepts such as addition, JH given in combination with RJ produced distinctly speciation and sex. different effects on both sex traits and reproductive patterns across species. In addition we explored the specific impacts of RJ, JH and RJ+JH on immune functions, as measured by lytic and coagulatory activity, in invertebrates. We will discuss the implications of our findings for both our understanding of hormonal control in invertebrates and consequences of variable energy strategies across systems and taxa.

S6-11 HEALY, TM; MCKENZIE, JL; CHUNG, DJ; BRENNAN, 69-7 HEDRICK, BP*; DUMONT, ER; PIERCE, SE; Univ. of RS; WHITEHEAD, A; SCHULTE, PM*; SCHULTE, Patricia; Oxford , Univ. of California, Merced, Harvard Univ.; University of British Columbia, University of California, Davis; [email protected] [email protected] The Evolutionary Success of Rodents Is Not Linked to the Mitochondrial physiology, mitonuclear interactions, and adaptation Evolution of Locomotor Innovation to environmental stressors Rodents are the most species-rich order within Mammalia and they Mitochondria act as a major hub coordinating responses to have evolved a wide variety of morphologies to accommodate environmental stressors. Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, numerous locomotor niches, ranging from gliding squirrels to provide a useful model in which to examine the role of mitochondria fossorial pocket gophers. They provide an excellent opportunity to in these responses in an evolutionary context. This species is found in understand how locomotor innovation can drive speciation. To marshes along the Atlantic coast of North America, through a steep evaluate the connection between the evolutionary success of rodents latitudinal thermal gradient. The northern and southern subspecies of and the diversity of rodent locomotor ecologies, we used humerus killifish differ in mitochondrial genotype, mitochondrial physiology, and femur CT scans from 76 species across Myodonta and the and in many whole-organism traits that may be involved in Heteromyidae to examine internal and external limb shape. Internal adaptation to their respective environments, including metabolic rate, morphology was quantified using cross-sectional geometric thermal tolerance, and hypoxia tolerance. Fish with northern and parameters and external morphology was quantified using 768 southern mitochondrial genotypes meet and interbreed along the pseudo-landmarks applied to bone surfaces. Based on these data, coast of New Jersey and within the rivers of the Chesapeake Bay, only fossorial rodents displayed a major reworking of their proximal resulting in replicate hybrid zones across which there is a steep limb elements in both external and internal morphology with other transition from one mitochondrial type to another. This provides an locomotor modes plotting closely with terrestrial rodents. Fossorial opportunity to assess the role of mitonuclear interactions in the rodents were also the only locomotor mode to consistently show response to environmental stressors. Genome wide association increased rates of morphological evolution in both internal and studies of traits such as thermal tolerance, hypoxia tolerance, and external shape. There was no correlation between internal and metabolic rate in these hybrid populations point to an important role external shape of the proximal limb elements, suggesting that internal for genes regulating mito-nuclear communication and cellular and external morphology are decoupled. These results together metabolic processes. However, there is no association of these traits suggest that only extreme locomotor shifts (i.e., fossoriality) require with variation in the mitochondrial genome, and little evidence of a substantial reorganization of proximal limb elements away from the genetic incompatibility between the mitochondrial genome and terrestrial rodent bauplan. Additionally, there appears to be a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Interestingly, there is some decoupling of rates of speciation and rates of proximal limb evidence of developmental failure in crosses between southern morphological evolution. We propose that rodents have been so females and northern males, suggesting a potential role for intrinsic successful at evolving into new niches and colonizing new areas due genetic incompatibilities in the maintenance of these hybrid zones. to high locomotor plasticity, which allowed them to modify their locomotor mode without requiring major bauplan modifications.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 95 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e96

106-2 HEDRICK, AR*; GREENE, DU; LEWIS, EL; HOOD, AS; S12-7 HEEPE, Lars*; GORB, Stanislav/N.; Kiel University, IVERSON, JB; Iowa State University, Texas Tech University , Utah Germany; [email protected] State University , Earlham College; [email protected] Gecko adhesion or "gecko effect" adhesion? A case for Climate Effects on Nesting Phenology in Nebraska Turtles comparative studies among lizards, spiders, and insects Rising temperatures resulting from climate change instigate the Representatives of several animal groups such as insects, arachnids, advancement of reproductive phenology in a variety of organisms and lizards are able to attach to and to walk on smooth vertical across the globe. These phenological shifts have profound impacts on surfaces and even on the ceiling. This ability is due to highly thermal tolerance and breeding ecology and can promote specialized fibrillar attachment devices located at their legs. The asynchronies between interacting species. However, reptiles are biomimetic transfer of such systems into industrial applications is a vastly underrepresented in such studies and much work is still needed very challenging task, since biological systems are far too complex to understand how these changes will impact phenology in these for copying them exactly. That is why intensive comparative studies organisms. Since 1981, we have monitored reproductive activities of are required to find out which structural and mechanical features of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 three fresh water turtle species, the Yellow Mud Turtle (Kinosternon real biological systems are essential for biomimetics. In general, flavescens), the Western Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta), and the there are two different working strategies that aid in extracting that Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina), at our western features of biological objects. The first strategy is based on a careful Nebraska study site. During these years, average annual air and detailed characterization of one particular biological system temperatures at the site have increased at a rate greater than 0.4 C defined as a model object, here for example geckos. The second per decade. Nevertheless, the timing of nesting (whether first nest or strategy is based on a comparative study of a large variety of mean/median nest) in all three species of turtles, has remained biological objects, which possess similar functional systems that relatively unchanged. We find that nest timing in each species was appeared independently in the course of biological evolution. In our highly correlated with spring day-time temperatures, which have not opinion, the second approach is more promising for biomimetics, increased substantively at our study site over the past four decades; because structural similarities, which evolved independently in instead, the ambient temperature increase is mostly due to increases different lineages of organisms, may indicate some kind of "optimal" in mean daily minimum temperatures. Thus, should climate change solution for this type of system. Moreover, a comparative approach eventually increase spring day-time temperatures, nesting phenology aids in extracting essential features and abandoning less important should respond inversely, which could impact recruitment rates by ones for designing artificial adhesives. Although different, these two shifting nesting emergence date and could also have downstream approaches are complementary and help in the biomimetic process. effects on nest predators that rely on the predictability of turtle nesting as a food source.

S5-1 HEIDINGER, Britt*; WADA, Haruka; WADA, Haruka; North 90-1 HEINE, KB*; POWERS, MJ; KALLENBERG, MC; TUCKER, Dakota State University, Auburn University; [email protected] VL; HOOD, WR; Auburn University, Auburn, AL; A brief introduction to the symposium [email protected] Most organisms initiate a highly conserved ‘stress response' in the Moderate UV-B Irradiation Increases Fecundity but Decreases face of environmental and social stressors. Assumptions are that Longevity in a Marine Copepod variation in the way in which individuals respond to stressors has Mitochondria are thought to have a biphasic response to the important fitness consequences. However, in the last decade, these production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), where low levels of assumptions have been questioned. For example, individual variation ROS benefit mitochondrial performance and high levels are in baseline and stress-induced levels of glucocorticoids predicts damaging. Based on a previous study that showed a significant survival or reproductive success only in some cases. One primary increase in ROS production under three-hour UV-B exposure in reason behind this equivocal relationship between well-conserved Antarctic and temperate copepods, we hypothesized that such a organismal stress responses and fitness-related measures is the moderate oxidative event leads to more advantageous life history effects of stress hormones are often context- and characteristics. Using UV-B light as an oxidant to induce moderate condition-dependent. Thus, there is a dire need to understand how ROS production in Tigriopus californicus copepods, we measured stress responses are integrated across levels of biological the impact of UV-B exposure on fecundity and longevity in female organization to form ‘the stress phenotype'. Towards this end, the copepods. Treatments included an unexposed control and both one goal of this symposium is to bring together researchers from diverse and three-hour UV-B exposure (0.5 W/m2) during mate guarding. We backgrounds that study the stress response across levels of found that moderate UV-B exposure resulted in higher fecundity, organization (i.e., molecular, cellular, and organismal biology) to associated with an increase in size of the first clutch, and a decrease share findings and foster collaborations to better understand the in longevity among all females that mated. UV-B exposure had no integrated stress response from genomes to phenomes. An enhanced effect on whether females produced clutches. Gestation duration and understanding of the integrated stress response has important size of the first clutch were inversely related. Females that did evolutionary implications and is critical for predicting how produce clutches lived longer, and among breeding females, the organisms will respond to climate change and increasing human number of clutches that a female produced increased with her perturbation. The symposium will begin with a brief introduction by longevity. UV-B exposure had no significant effect on gestation organizers. duration of the first clutch or on the number of clutches that a female produced. These findings indicate a benefit to moderate UV-B exposure, where individuals exposed to moderate oxidation may have an increased capacity to reproduce, at least early in their reproductive life.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 96 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e97

117-3 HEISS, E*; SCHWARZ, D; KONOW, N; 71-3 HENDERSON, KW*; HALE, ME; Univ. of Chicago; Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, University of Massachusetts [email protected] Lowell; [email protected] Whole fin neural mapping uncovers complexity of sensory Flexibility of intraoral food processing in newts architecture and function Intraoral food processing refers to any form of mechanical reduction The optical clarity, extensive genetic toolkit, and small size of the of food within the mouth prior to swallowing. Processing larval zebrafish make it amendable to explorations of mechanisms are known for all major vertebrate clades, but the form neuromechanical form and function. Here, we apply these and function of systems used to crush, grind, or puncture food items approaches to investigate the sensory architecture of the pectoral fin differ substantially between as well as within major clades. In most and consider its relationship to function. We mapped the full extent vertebrates, mechanisms of intraoral processing display flexibility of the sensory innervation of the fin, the first time this has been done and can be adjusted to demands of different environmental conditions in the limb of a vertebrate. We stochastically labeled the or food types. Recently, we described a peculiar processing mechanosensory Rohon-Beard cells (RBs) by injecting Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 mechanism in newts and showed that they use cyclic loop-motions of UAS:ptagRFP into isl2b:Gal4 embryos, imaged these at 5dpf with the tongue to rasp prey against the palatal dentition. However, it is confocal microscopy, and reconstructed single neurons. We found not known if newts can modulate their processing behavior in that a subpopulation of islet2B+ RBs located at the level of the fourth response to different conditions. Newts provide interesting models and fifth myomeres innervate the pectoral fin. These cells display for studying functional modulation in response to different conditions classic RB morphology with dense primary afferent arborization. due to their unique and flexible lifestyle: Newts seasonally change Unexpectedly, RBs that innervate the fin also innervate the body. In between aquatic and terrestrial habitats and consume a wide range of the fin, RB processes innervate abductor, adductor, or occasionally food types. Here, we test the effects of (i) the medium where feeding both surfaces of the skin. The degree of innervation of the fin varied occurs (water/air) and (ii) food type (maggot, earthworm, cricket) on between RBs, with some cells branching to cover a large area of the the processing behavior in the newt Triturus carnifex. Using x-ray fin while others projected into smaller regions only at the base. We high-speed recordings, anatomical investigations and behavioral hypothesized that there would be increased innervation at the level of analyses, we demonstrate that newts show little change in food the blood vessel, a previously described point of bending where the processing between aquatic and terrestrial feeding. However, they musculature at the base of the fin gives way to the membranous distal adjust the number of processing cycles to different prey types. For portion of the fin; however, we find no evidence of increased density example, while maggots are processed extensively, earthworm pieces in the bending "joint." The variation of innervation fields within the are swallowed nearly unreduced. We conclude that sensory feedback fin, in combination with axial innervation, suggests a complexity of such as smell, taste and material properties induce flexible processing sensory information processing at the level of single RBs and across responses, while the medium where feeding occurs appears to have the population. This work provides a basis for more direct less of an effect. interrogation of function as well as possible comparative studies between vertebrates and invertebrates.

43-6 HENSCHEN, A.E.*; ADELMAN, J.S.; Iowa State Univ., Iowa 73-2 HENSLEY, NM*; ELLIS, EA; GERRISH, GA; TORRES, E; State Univ. ; [email protected] FRAWLEY, JP; OAKLEY, TH; RIVERS, TJ; Univ. of California, Investigating the evolution of tolerance in a wild songbird Santa Barbara, Univ. of Wisconsin, La Crosse, California State Mechanisms that reduce the costs of infection are expected to evolve Univ., Los Angeles, Univ. of Wisconsin, La Crosse, Univ. of Kansas; when populations encounter novel pathogens. Individuals can reduce [email protected] the costs of infection in two main ways: resistance and tolerance. Phenotypic evolution shaped by current enzyme function in the Resistance decreases the costs of infection by decreasing pathogen bioluminescent courtship signals of sea fireflies load. In contrast, tolerance does not result in decreased pathogen load Mating behaviours are diverse and noteworthy, especially within but rather the per-pathogen cost of infection. Most work in animals species radiations where they may contribute to speciation. Studying has focused on resistance, but we hypothesize that tolerance should how differences in mating behaviours arise between species can help evolve in host-parasite systems where resistance itself is very costly us understand how diversity is generated at multiple biological (e.g., due to strong inflammatory reactions that can damage host levels. The bioluminescent courtship displays of cypridinid ostracods tissues). We tested this hypothesis in several populations of house (or sea fireflies) are an excellent system for this since amazing finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) in which the bacterial pathogen variety evolves while using a conserved biochemical mechanism. We Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has been endemic for different find that the evolution of one aspect in this behavioural phenotype - amounts of time. Finches infected with MG display strong the duration of bioluminescent courtship pulses - is shaped by inflammatory immune responses and severe conjunctivitis, impairing biochemical function. First, by measuring light production from predator avoidance and reducing survival probability. To determine if induced bioluminescence in 38 species, we discovered differences tolerance to MG has evolved in house finches, we measured between species in their biochemical reactions. Then, for 16 species pathogen load and the severity of conjunctivitis after experimentally of which biochemical, phylogenetic, and behavioural data are all infecting individuals from four populations with different histories of available, we used phylogenetic comparative models to show that MG endemism. We predicted that, when infected with the same differences in biochemical reaction are nonlinearly correlated with pathogen load, individuals from populations that have been the duration of courtship pulses. This relationship indicates that coevolving with MG for a greater amount of time (>20 years) would changes to both enzyme (c-luciferase) function and usage have have less severe conjunctivitis than individuals from populations that shaped the evolution of courtship displays, but that they differentially have been coevolving with MG for less time (5-10 years), or those contribute to these phenotypic changes. This nonlinear dynamic may from populations naïve to MG. This work allows us to determine if, have consequences for the disparity of signalling phenotypes and how quickly, tolerance to a pathogen can evolve and whether observed across species, and demonstrates how unappreciated tolerance repeatedly evolves in different populations faced with the diversity at the biochemical level can lead to inferences about same novel pathogen. behavioural evolution.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 97 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e98

32-1 HERBERT, A*; SUMMERS, A; WILGA, C; U Alaska, U S8-11 HERNANDEZ, LP*; COHEN, KE; The George Washington Washington; [email protected] University, Univerisity of Washington; [email protected] Morphology of the Jaws and Tooth Plates in Spotted Ratfish Multifunctional structures and multistructural functions: How The subclass Holocephali (chimaeras) is comprised of deep-water these phenomena characterize the evolution of morphological cartilaginous fishes and is the sister group to Elasmobranchii (sharks, novelties within Cypriniformes skates, rays). The jaws and tooth plates of chimaeras diverged from While functional morphologists have long studied the evolution of elasmobranchs in shape and structure. Chimaeras have a holostylic suites of trophic structures, the origin and evolution of morphological jaw suspension (upper jaw fused to the cranium) and 3 pairs of tooth novelties has received less attention. One difficulty regarding the plates. In contrast, elasmobranchs have a hyostylic jaw suspension incorporation of the origin of anatomical novelties into evolutionary (mobile upper jaw) and individual or tightly interconnected teeth. theory is that novelties may originate in piecemeal fashion rendering There are 3 extant families of holocephalans, and of the extinct them more difficult to study. Alternatively, there may be times when holocephalans, the fossils contain only tooth plates and spines. As a complex structures originate all at once. When such complex Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 result, holocephalans are primarily classified on tooth plate novelties first originate they must become incorporated into an characteristics. In Hydrolagus colliei, the tooth plates are thin and existing system to be rendered fully functional. Thus, morphological vertically aligned with the anterior plates forming a beak, and the diet integration is key at the outset of acquisition of morphological contains a range of hard and soft prey. How H. colliei are able to feed novelties. However, given enough evolutionary time such linkages on such a diversity of prey and how their distinct tooth plates may be broken, allowing for a division of labor that is facilitated by function during feeding is perplexing. The tooth plates of H. colliei subsequent decoupling of previously integrated structures. were analyzed for shape variation using 2D and 3D geometric Cypriniformes is a diverse group of freshwater fishes characterized morphometrics. Also, the second moment of area (I) was calculated by several trophic novelties that include: kinethmoid-mediated for the lower jaw using CT scans. This revealed that tooth plate shape premaxillary protrusion, a muscular palatal organ, hypertrophied varies greatly within species and even among individuals of similar lower pharyngeal jaws that masticate against the base of the lengths. The lower jaw has a higher I in the posterior half compared neurocranium, and an epibranchial organ used to aggregate small to the anterior half. The values for I in the posterior half imply that food particles. Here, we use the wealth of such novelties in different this is where H. colliei cracks or crushes prey and are comparable to cypriniform fishes to illustrate cases in which trophic novelties durophagous elasmobranchs. Examining the tooth plates of other require other previously established structures to function holocephalans may reveal that species share a general tooth plate appropriately (multistructural functions), such as the co-option of shape, but the variation appears in the details: edge outline, height, respiratory muscles for the purposes of food aggregation within the tritors, grooves. This suggests that while shape and structure of the epibranchial organ. We will also discuss individual structural feeding apparatus can be specialized in chondrichthyes, the function novelties that have subsequently become decoupled to take on can be generalized. different functions (multifunctional structures).

99-3 HERNDON, CJ*; FENTON, FH; Georgia Institute of 38-4 HERREL, A*; ORPEL, J; PADILLA, P; COURANT, J; Technology; [email protected] REBELO, R; UMR719 CNRS/MNHN, Faculdade de Ciências da Tell-Tale Hearts and the Descent into Cardiac Chaos Universidade de Lisboa; [email protected] Proper contraction of cardiac muscle relies on the coordinated Do invasive populations of Xenopus laevis living in different propagation of transmembrane voltage, and disturbances of this environments differ in morphology? propagation can result in deadly cardiac arrhythmias such as Xenopus laevis is generally considered as one of the worst invasive fibrillation, the manifestation of chaos in the heart. Even in healthy amphibians world-wide having colonized many countries on at least tissue, high heart rates can drive the system to a dynamical instability four continents and with new invasions being reported on a regular known as alternans, a period doubling bifurcation in action potential basis. Despite the negative impact this species has on native duration (APD) which is strongly correlated with the onset of amphibians and freshwater invertebrates, the invasive populations fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. A functional relationship provide an excellent model system to explore whether and how these between the APD and preceding diastolic interval (DI) known as the animals have adapted to novel ecological conditions. Here we restitution hypothesis aims to predict the onset of alternans. Much compare external morphology, organ size and limb muscle mass for theoretical effort based on the restitution hypothesis has aimed to two invasive populations characterized by different habitats. Whereas suppress the onset of alternans through cardiac stimulation at a in France this species has invaded ponds and stagnant water bodies, constant DI with very positive results; however, few experiments in Portugal the species is present in fast flowing streams. Our results have addressed these predictions. In this talk, I will discuss show significant differences with animals in France relatively wider comparative cardiac dynamics in the hearts of species including heads relative to their size while Portugese individuals which have rabbit, dog, cat, pig, frog, zebrafish, snake, lizard, and alligator relatively longer heads. Moreover, Portugese frogs had a longer tibia through the use of microelectrode recordings and high spatiotemporal and longer and wider ilia, larger lungs and a heavier intestinal tract. resolution optical mapping of fluorescent voltage and calcium signals French frogs had longer femora, longer fingers and toes and males across the surfaces of hearts. Furthermore, I will discuss my specifically had larger kidneys. In terms of muscles only the closed-loop control system for performing constant DI stimulation pectineus was better developed in the Portugese frogs whereas the and the highly unexpected results. adductor longus, the quadratus femoris, the semimembranosus, the semitendinosus and the tibialis anticus are better developed in frogs from the French population. These results show that frogs have adapted to the specific constraints of the different habitats.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 98 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e99

134-6 HERRERA, MJ*; GERMAN, DP; Univ. of California, Irvine; S4-11 HESSE, L.*; MASSELTER, T.; LEUPOLD, J.; BUNK, K.; [email protected] SPECK, T.; Plant Biomechanics Group and FIT, University of Digestive performance and microbiome changes in response to Freiburg, Medical Physics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg; dietary shifts in closely-related prickleback fishes (Family [email protected] Stichaeidae) with different natural diets. Biomechanics and development of plant branch-stem-attachments Investigating closely related, sympatric, animals with different as inspiration for optimized fiber-reinforced anchors natural diets will further our understanding of how changes in diet Branched biological fiber-composite lightweight designs have affect an animal's intestinal microbial community and gut function. evolved in diverse plant groups revealing various shapes and inner We examined four closely-related prickleback fishes that naturally tissue structuring. The existing type of branches and branching vary in diet: Xiphister mucosus (herbivore), X. atropurpureus architectures are the result of structural and biomechanical (omnivore), Phytichthys chirus (omnivore), and Anoplarchus optimizations in the course of evolution. Branches are designed to purpurescens (carnivore). We are comparing enteric microbial withstand static (e.g. net weight) and dynamic (e.g. wind) loads while Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 diversity amongst wild-caught individuals of the four species, and having a benign fracture behavior. Thus, branched plants are suitable among the wild-caught individuals and those fed different diets in the concept generators for the biomimetic optimization of branched laboratory within a species. Food and feces collected throughout the technical fiber-reinforced structures. However, a deepened feeding experiment are being used to calculate organic matter understanding of the form-structure-function principles of plant digestibility, and we are using gas chromatography to measure the branches require for novel methodological approaches that allow concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are the non-invasive and non-destructive repetitive 3D to 4D in vivo imaging products of microbial fermentation, in the fishes' distal intestines. We of plant tissues. In this study, we used traditional and modern 3D to expect some core taxa to not change in abundance in the face of 4D imaging methods to reveal the functional morphology, dietary changes, whereas others will show dietary-related changes in biomechanics and development of the branch-stem-junction in plants. abundance. As none of these fish species are known to rely on A novel methodological approach based on magnetic resonance hindgut fermentation, we don't expect SCFA concentrations to vary imaging allowed for in vivo analysis of a load-adapted tissue widely among the species or feeding treatments. We have found clear placement and its development in dragon tree branches. In addition, dietary effects on the microbiome. Carnivores have higher we shortly demonstrate the potential of functional plant MRI for Bacteroidetes:Firmucutes ratios compared to omnivores and analyzing further, up to now, unsolved scientific questions herbivores. Analysis of digestibility and the abundance of the various concerning e.g. plant self-repair or movement. microbial taxa are underway. Our results will contribute to the larger goal of understanding how intestinal microbiomes respond to dietary shifts in animals with different natural diets, but with phylogenetic control of the studied organisms.

134-8 HEYDUK, K*; RAY, JN; CUMMINGS, A; S12-5 HIGHAM, Timothy E.*; RUSSELL, Anthony P.; LEEBENS-MACK, J; Yale University, University of Georgia; NIEWIAROWSKI, Peter N.; WRIGHT, Amber N.; SPECK, [email protected] Thomas; Univ. of California, Riverside, Univ. of Calgary, Univ. of Variation in the ability to use CAM in a C3-CAM hybrid Yucca Akron, Univ. of Hawaii, Univ. of Freiburg; [email protected] Photosynthetic organisms are the foundation of ecosystems across Adhering to nature: the importance of incorporating ecologically the globe, yet the photosynthetic pathway is highly susceptible to relevant information in the study of gecko adhesion stress via water limitation. Plants that live in desert or in other The study of gecko adhesion is necessarily interdisciplinary due to water-limited habitats can close stomata to preserve water, but the hierarchical nature of the system and the complexity of frequent or prolonged stomatal closure prevents CO2 from entering interactions between animals and their habitats. In nature, Geckos the cells and will eventually starve plants of carbon. To circumvent move on a wide range of surfaces including soft sand dunes, smooth this problem, multiple lineages of flowering plants have evolved a trees, and rough rocks, but much of the research over the past two modified form of photosynthesis known as Crassulacean acid decades has focused on the interaction between geckos and artificial metabolism (CAM). CAM plants, which comprise 7% of all surfaces. The complex interactions between geckos and their natural flowering plants and have evolved at least 35 independent times, habitats can likely reveal aspects of the adhesive system that can be open their stomata at night to acquire CO2 when temperatures are applied to biomimetic research, such as the factors that facilitate lower and less water is lost to the atmosphere. CAM plants store the movement on surfaces with specific microtopography. Additionally, CO2 acquired at night as malic acid in their cells, then during the day contrasting suites of constraints and topographies are found on rocks close stomata and decarboxylate the malic acid. The result is high and plants, likely driving differences in locomotion and morphology. concentrations of CO2 in the cells for efficient photosynthesis, all Our overarching goals are to bring to light several aspects of ecology while minimizing water loss. CAM is remarkable, in that its that are important for gecko-habitat interactions, and to propose a evolution requires plants to modify a central metabolic pathway framework for how these interactions can inspire material scientists without significant losses in fitness. To understand the physiological and functional ecologists. We address the following key questions: 1) and genomic landscape that may have preceded the evolution of What ecological factors drive adhesive performance? 2) How do CAM, we investigated the drought response and ability to upregulate geckos select the surfaces on which they move in nature? 3) How CAM in the C3-CAM hybrid Yucca gloriosa. Using a combination of might geckos and plants co-evolve to facilitate mutualistic gas exchange measurements and time course RNAseq, we show relationships? 4) How can ecological studies inform material science variation in how genotypes respond to drought stress, how much they research? Recent advances in surface replication techniques that can rely on the CAM phenotype, and significant variation in gene eliminate confounding factors among surface types facilitate the expression, including in circadian clock regulatory pathways. While ability to address some of these questions. Using replicates, we there is variation among genotypes, the variation is limited in its determine the functional consequences of ecologically relevant extremes, suggesting a small phenotypic and genotypic space where surface features. Finally, we pinpoint gaps in our understanding and the fitness of the hybrid remains sufficiently high for survival. identify key initiatives that should be adopted as we move forward.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 99 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e100

S8-9 HIGHAM, Timothy E.*; SCHMITZ, Lars; CLARK, Rulon W.; 34-7 HIGHTOWER, BEN*; INGERSOLL, RIVERS; SHORR, Univ. of California, Riverside, Claremont McKenna, Scripps, and DANIEL; CHIN, DIANA; LENTINK, DAVID; HIGHTOWER, Pitzer Colleges, San Diego State Univ.; [email protected] Ben; Stanford University; [email protected] Dynamic functional Integration in organismal biology: Integrating How Hummingbirds Reorient Forces During Maneuvering Flight motor and sensory systems during predator-prey interactions Hummingbirds are among the most agile of birds, and even have the Phenotypic integration is a major theme in evolutionary biology, ability to hover in flight. While their flight kinematics have been focusing on the complex patterns of covariation among studied extensively before, their aerodynamic forces have primarily morphological structures, physiological traits, systems, or behaviors been studied using indirect methods like inverse dynamics and of an organism. In the context of biomechanical integration, particle image velocimetry, which are insufficient to capture the full morphology and motion (driven by motor systems) are often the weight support of the bird. Here we present in vivo force recordings center of focus. When sensorimotor integration is investigated, it is of maneuvering Anna's hummingbirds feeding from a moving flower often limited to the neuromuscular control of locomotion. Among using a novel 3D aerodynamic force platform. The pressure field Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 non-human animals, however, locomotion and feeding are often generated by the maneuvering bird travels to the boundaries of the dependent on a variety of sensory modalities, such as visual, flight arena, and the six instrumented plates mechanically integrate mechanical and/or thermal cues. For some species, multisensory the resulting pressure and shear distribution at a high sample rate that integration is common, and may also provide a redundancy that records wingbeat-resolved forces. With these data, we can determine becomes important when one or more sensory modality changes or is the tracking effectiveness of hummingbirds as well as the control disrupted. Utilizing different sensory cues may also alter the patterns methods they employ. Unraveling how hummingbirds manipulate of motor integration (e.g. locomotion and feeding), thereby altering aerodynamic forces with their wings to maneuver has profound the performance outcome. Using multiple animal systems (fishes, applications to the study of other flying animals and the development geckos, and snakes), we explore the links between integrated suites of more maneuverable aerial robots. of traits and performance outcomes. Specifically, we address the hypothesis that rich sensory input enhances the ability of animals to integrate different motor systems during tasks. If this leads to greater success/performance, then this has likely driven the evolution of biomechanical traits. If sensory input is a constraint, then animals can alter their strategies in the face of temporal shifts in sensory environments, as is likely common for every animal, or limit a specific behavior to a time when the level of sensory input is adequate for the successful execution of important tasks. Finally, we develop a framework for assessing the integrated phenotype in the context of the sensory environment.

S6-7 HILL, G. E.; HILL, Geoffrey; Auburn University; 40-3 HILL, GM*; TRAGER, M; LUCKY, A; DANIELS, JC; [email protected] University of Florida, Gainesville, US Forest Service, National Speciation and Sexual Selection as Processes to Maintain Forests in Florida, Tallahassee; [email protected] Mitonuclear Coadapation Uncovering the benefits of an ant-butterfly mutualism in the Eukaryotic performance hinges on the coordinated function of the Florida Keys products of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in achieving Ants and many lycaenid butterflies have evolved a mutualistic oxidative phosphorylation. Because two genomes are involved, relationship, where ants feed on carbohydrate-rich secretions from function is maintained only through perpetual selection for larvae and in return may provide protective or physiological benefits mitonuclear coadaptation. I propose that these fundamental features to the butterfly. The Miami blue butterfly (Cyclargus thomasi of the genomic architecture of eukaryotes results in both pre- and bethunebakeri) is a federally endangered butterfly found only in the post-zygotic sorting for coadapted mitonuclear genotypes leading to Florida Keys and associates with several ant species. Female Miami both speciation and sexual selection. Mitonuclear coevolution in blue butterflies have shown to benefit physiologically from increased isolated populations leads to speciation because population-specific ant tending by carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus). However, the mitonuclear coadaptations create between-population mitonuclear primary advantage of ant association for lycaenid larvae is typically incompatibilities and hence barriers to gene flow between defense against natural enemies. We experimentally assessed the populations. In addition, selection for adaptive divergence of protective benefits carpenter ants may provide to Miami blue larvae products of mitochondrial genes, particularly in response to climate against common insect predators. We also evaluated predation rates or altitude, can lead to rapid fixation of novel mitochondrial on various Miami blue life stages from two invasive ants: genotypes between populations and consequently to disruption in Pseudomyrmex gracilis and Solenopsis invicta. Interactions and gene flow between populations as the initiating step in animal behaviors were categorized and assessed to determine how behavior speciation. Selection for pre-zygotic sorting of mitochondrial and benefits protection. A life table determined which life stage has the nuclear genotypes for functional compatibility is also proposed to highest probability of being predated. Difference in survivorship life lead to the evolution of ornaments. By this model, the defining stages was significant: eggs and early instar larvae had a higher characteristic of a metazoan species is a coadapted mitonuclear probability of being predated since these life stages are not tended as genotype that is incompatible with the coadapted mitochondrial and frequently. Mortality of Miami blue larvae was significantly higher nuclear genotype of any other population. in the absence of C. floridanus, suggesting that these tending ants can be effective in protecting later instar larvae against insect predators. These results are critical for successful organism reintroductions and conservation efforts for the Miami blue butterfly, especially during a critical time as species interactions are changing in this vulnerable habitat.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 100 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e101

28-7 HILL, A*; HILL, M; HALL, C; SACRISTAN-SORIANO, O; 69-5 HILL, EH*; JARMAN, MJ; BUTLER, MA; University of RIESGO, A; CAMILLI, S; DELBEAU, M; DWAAH, H; Bates Hawaii; [email protected] College, Univ. of Virginia, Univ. of Richmond, Natural History Living the "High" Life: The Morphological, Kinematic, Ecological Museum, London; [email protected] and Genetic Variation between Papuan Microhylid Frogs at Lower Sponge:Algal symbioses and the molecular genetic pathways and Higher Elevations involved in host:symbiont associations Papua New Guinea is home to over 300 species of microhylid frogs. Symbioses between phototrophs and heterotrophs are common in These species inhabit environments from coastal environments to to many ecosystems, and mechanisms have evolved to ensure long-term the Western Highlands Province that begins at an elevation of 1,677 and stable interactions for these intracellular symbioses. Factors that meters. We explored adaptation to life at high elevation by permit stability of the association, or enhance performance of one or comparing ecomorphology of frogs between low and high elevation the other partner, are often poorly understood. Both marine and communities. We collected morphology, performance, and ecology freshwater sponges offer a number of unique opportunities to data from seven species in a high-elevation community at Rondon Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 examine the pathways to persistence for phototrophic algal Ridge (Western Highlands Province) and compared ecomorphology symbionts in heterotrophic host cells. The goal of this work is to with lower-elevation communities, all within a phylogenetic context. elucidate genetic and cellular factors that contribute to tight We analyzed hindlimb, forelimb, toepad morphology and jumping integration of hosts and symbionts, while also exploring evidence of kinematics in relation to microhabitat use. We sequenced 2 convergent evolution in partnerships involving distinct algal mitochondrial and 3 nuclear genes (Cytb, BDNF, ND4, NCX-1 and symbionts and heterotrophic hosts. We will discuss how we take SIA) and included these highlands species into a larger microhylid advantage of unique properties of marine and freshwater sponge phylogeny. Comparison between microhylid assemblages at different hosts (Cliona varians and Ephydatia muelleri) and their algal elevations could bring to light functional adaptations for high partners (Symbiodinium and Chlorella) to monitor and control the elevation as well as illuminating the patterns of diversification in the timing of symbiont reinfection. We sequenced transcriptomes and lesser-known central Paupan region. analyzed differential gene expression patterns observed in algal-free sponges and algal-free sponges exposed to bacteria, heat-killed algae, and live algae in both the marine and freshwater system. From these data, we identify genes and putative pathways involved in early symbiont acquisition and ask if some aspects of the regulation of these symbioses may be the product of convergent evolution. As well, we present preliminary data using pharmacological inhibitors to block identified gene/pathways to examine functional aspects of the host:symbiont association.

43-4 HITE, JL*; CRESSLER, CE; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; 132-2 HOCH, JM*; SPADAFORE, S; CABANELAS, A; Nova [email protected] Southeastern University; [email protected] The evolutionary, epidemiological, and ecological consequences of Fish Personality Variation Affects Migration and Dispersal in the parasite-mediated anorexia Dynamic Wetlands of the Everglades Parasite-mediated anorexia is a ubiquitous, but poorly understood The Everglades ecosystem is characterized by seasonal rains that component of host-parasite interactions. These temporary but expand and reduce habitat available for aquatic organisms. Small fish substantial reductions in food intake (range: 4-100%) limit exposure like Eastern Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki ) move in and out of to parasites and alter within-host physiological processes that temporary wetlands each year. Previous field studies have indicated a regulate parasite development, production, and survival, such as cyclic change in activity and directionality for some fishes moving energy allocation, immune function, host-microbiota interactions, across the landscape and that movement rates vary among species. and gastrointestinal conditions. By altering the duration, severity, and Laboratory experiments were performed to test the hypotheses that spread of infection, anorexia could substantially alter ecological, the personality, boldness, risk aversion, exploration efficiency and evolutionary, and epidemiological dynamics. However, these other behaviors related to migration vary among fishes from higher-order implications are typically overlooked and remain poorly locations with different hydrology (the Everglades versus Lake understood — even though medical (e.g., non-steroidal Okeechobee) and during different periods of the water year. We anti-inflammatory drugs, vaccines, targeted signaling pathways, found that Eastern Mosquitofish were bolder and were superior calorie restriction) and husbandry practices (e.g., antibiotic and diets explorers of unknown environments during periods of changing used for rapid growth, nutrient supplementation) often directly or water levels. These fish are one of the main resources for wading indirectly alter host appetite and nutrient intake. We develop theory birds. We performed experiments to determine whether cues from that helps elucidate why reduced food intake (anorexia) can enhance these predatory birds affect how willing the fish are to take on risk of or diminish disease severity and illustrates that the population-level migration, how bold they are and other aspects of their behavior in outcomes often contrast with the individual-level outcomes: anticipation of migration. We found that the presence of chemical treatments that increase the intake of high-quality nutrients cues (bird feces) and visual cues (an egret model) increased boldness (suppressing anorexia), can drive rapid individual-level recovery, but and the likelihood of exploration by the fish, perhaps indicating that inadvertently increase infection prevalence and select for more predator risk is one cue used by the fish start migrating. We confirm virulent parasites. Such a theory-guided approach offers a tool to prior studies showing seasonally changing activity levels by improve targeting host nutrition to manage disease in both human migrating fishes and demonstrate that seasonal changes to personality and livestock populations by revealing a means to predict how are partially responsible. nutrient-driven feedbacks will affect both the host and parasite.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 101 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e102

122-1 HODGE, JR*; SANTINI, F; WAINWRIGHT, PC; Univ. of 85-7 HODINKA, BL*; ASHLEY, NT; Western Kentucky Univ., California, Davis; [email protected] Bowling Green; [email protected] One Fish, Two Fish, Reef Fish, Blue Fish: Dichromatism in Fishes Effect of sleep loss on cognitive function and baseline plasma as an Adaptation to Life on Coral Reefs corticosterone levels in an arctic-breeding songbird, the Lapland Naturalists have long sought to explain the drivers of conspicuous longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) colour evolution. Wrasses and parrotfishes display conspicuous Sleep is a fundamental and essential component of vertebrate life, coloration during the terminal phase, which transitions from a duller although its exact function remains unknown. Animals that are initial phase with growth. The degree of colour difference between deprived of sleep typically show reduced neurobiological phases, dichromatism, ranges from extreme to none, and appears performance, health, and in some cases, survival. However, a number more pronounced in species that live on coral reefs. Here traits that of animals exhibit adaptations that permit them to carry out normal are thought to promote the evolution of dichromatism via sexual activities even when sleep is restricted or deprived. Lapland selection, including protogynous sex change and polygynous mating, longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus), arctic-breeding passerine birds, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 are purportedly more common. Support for this hypothesis is limited exhibit around-the-clock activity during their short breeding season, to qualitative assessments and the claims have not been subject to with an inactive period of only 3-4 h/day (71 °N). Whether these rigorous comparative analysis incorporating evolutionary history. birds suffer behavioral and physiological costs associated with sleep Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods to quantify the loss (SL) is unknown. To assess the effects of SL, wild-caught male interaction and relative effects of selective pressures driving the longspurs were placed in captivity on long days (16L:8D) and trained evolution of dichromatism. We show that wrasses and parrotfishes for 2 months using a battery of memory tests, including color exclusive to coral reefs are the most dichromatic, but surprisingly, association, spatial recognition, and color reversal to assess executive this effect is not influenced by sexual ontogeny or mating system. function. Birds were then subjected to automated sleep fragmentation While selective pressures acting on both initial and terminal phases cages that interrupt sleep every 2 min (30 arousals/h) for 12 h or might affect the magnitude of dichromatism, they vary with habitat control conditions. The criterion for success on each test was marked only among terminal phase fishes that are more likely to display blue by completing the operant task correctly within 10 min. After SL (or colours on coral reefs. Habitat-specific conditions including clear control) treatment, birds were bled from the alar wing vein to water may underlie the adaptation of specialized visual signals and measure plasma corticosterone levels. Preliminary data suggest that perception; however, we find that depth is not a contributing factor. SL individuals performed equally, if not better than non-SL Fishes on coral reefs are more likely to display dichromatism on individuals, on cognitive tests. These results indicate that this permanently-visible body regions, suggesting the structural refuge of arctic-adapted species may have evolved behavioral and/or coral habitats may mitigate any increased risk of predation to physiological adaptations to withstand the costs associated with SL. conspicuously coloured fishes. Our results show that environmental conditions ultimately shape the selective forces underlying the evolution of pronounced dichromatism.

90-2 HOFFMAN, AJ*; FINGER , JW; WADA, H; Auburn 35-7 HOLDEN, KG*; GANGLOFF, EJ; BRONIKOWSKI, AM; University; [email protected] Iowa State University, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Early Stress Priming and Maintenance of a Sexually-selected Trait Expérimentale du CNRS; [email protected] and Oxidative Status Insulin and the Stress Response of Garter Snakes Exposed to Developmental stressors have been classically seen as maladaptive. Temperature Extremes However, at a certain magnitude and duration, such stressors can As global climate patterns change, quantifying thermal reaction result in adaptive phenotypic adjustments, allowing the organism to norms for metabolic and hormonal function is increasingly important. maintain fitness in an otherwise unfavorable future environment. In particular, characterizing the physiological response to both heat Without such adjustments, animals face a trade-off between stress and prolonged cold exposure in ectotherms is essential for self-maintenance and reproduction. This resource trade-off may understanding the maintenance of long-term energy balance. come at the expense of sexually selected traits, which can serve as an Glucocorticoids, such as corticosterone, are often assayed to evaluate honest indicator of condition. These traits are common in birds, with the physiological response to stress by the red ornaments getting their pigment through carotenoids, which are hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in reptiles. However, also thought by some to play a part in oxidative physiology. In zebra other biomarkers, such as circulating levels of blood glucose and finches (Taeniopygia guttata), females prefer males with redder insulin, provide more specific information on energy balance by beaks; and redder beaks are also positively correlated with immune which we can quantify organismal responses to potentially stressful function, survival, and reproductive success. We tested the conditions, including thermal extremes. Under homeostatic hypothesis that male zebra finches exposed to a prolonged mild heat conditions, insulin generally modulates glucose uptake into tissues. stressor early in life will be better able to cope with a high heat However, in mammals, there is evidence that under high temperature stressor as adults, allowing them to maintain a sexually selected trait conditions the typical insulin-glucose relationship is decoupled and and oxidative status. To do this, we exposed juvenile male zebra insulin responds independently to thermal stress. Few studies have finches to a prolonged mild heat stress (38° C) or control (22° C) measured insulin in reptiles, especially in response to temperature temperature over a period of 28 days. As adults, the birds were then extremes. Here we use garter snakes (Thamnophis spp.) to quantify exposed to either a high heat stressor (42° C) or control temperature the thermal response curve of insulin in reptiles under simulated heat for 3 consecutive days. Bill color was measured before and after the stress and hibernation (cold stress) conditions. Our studies integrate adult treatment using digital photographs, from which values for hue, and compare traditional measures (corticosterone) and metabolism saturation, and brightness were quantified. Following the final with insulin providing evidence that, similar to mammals, the insulin treatment bout, birds were euthanized and organs removed. Using response in reptiles acts independently of its role in glucose Western blots we quantified antioxidant enzyme levels [superoxide regulation under temperature extremes. dismutase (SOD-1 and SOD-2)] and oxidative damage (4-hydroxynonenal). The results will be discussed in relation to mechanisms of adaptive plasticity and resource trade-offs.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 102 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e103

10-7 HOLOWKA, NB*; WYNANDS, B; DRECHSEL, T; HAILE, S6-9 HOOD, Wendy*; WILLIAMS, Ashley; HILL, Geoffrey ; DW; OJIAMBO, R; OKUTOYI, P; TOBOLSKY, VA; YEGIAN, Auburn University ; [email protected] AK; ZIPPENFENNIG, C; MILANI, TL; LIEBERMAN, DE; Mitochondrial Replication Error and Senescence Harvard University, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Moi In recent decades, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have University; [email protected] investigated how various environmental challenges might lead to Plantar Calluses Provide Protection Without Trading-Off the oxidative stress to evaluate the contribution of these stressors to Sensitivity of Fast-Adapting Mechanoreceptors aging processes. There is mounting evidence, however, that oxidative Habitually barefoot humans possess thick plantar calluses that stress may play only a minor role in the decline in mitochondrial develop in response to frictional stresses during walking and running. performance that is a hallmark of aging. Instead, there is a growing Because all humans were barefoot until relatively recently, plantar consensus in biomedicine that replication error, and not oxidative calluses should be viewed as a normal feature of human anatomy, yet damage, is the source of most of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) we know surprisingly little about them. In this study we tested the mutations that accumulate with aging. Replication error is a product Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 common assumption that thick calluses tradeoff protection with a of the process of making copies of mtDNA, where errors in copying loss of sensory perception. We collected data from a large sample of and editing increase with the number of replication events. The adults from a Kalenjin-speaking population in western Kenya, processes responsible for mtDNA copying, editing, and those that including 35 habitually barefoot individuals and 46 habitually shod alter the rate of replication are all subject to evolution by natural individuals. We used ultrasound to measure plantar skin thickness at selection. Consequently, senescence via replication error may evolve the heel and first metatarsal head and found that habitually barefoot within the context of the life history of a taxon. Given that different individuals have thicker epidermal skin than habitually shod processes will contribute to variation in replication error and individuals at both locations (p<0.001). We also measured skin oxidative stress, it is critical that ecologists and evolutionary hardness using a Shore durometer and found that hardness correlates biologists begin to explicitly consider replication error in their with epidermal thickness across subjects at both the heel (r=0.64, measurements of the effects of and in their interpretations of the p<0.001) and metatarsal head (r=0.56, p<0.001), with habitually outcomes of environmental challenges. We will review those barefoot individuals having harder skin (p<0.001). Finally, we tested processes that alter mitochondrial performance with aging, discuss the sensitivity of fast-adapting mechanoreceptors (types 1 and 2) at evidence that replication error is a crucial determinate of these locations using a standard vibration stimulus protocol. We mitochondrial decline, and describe methods that can be used as found no relationship between plantar sensitivity and epidermal indicators of replication error. And finally, we will discuss the role of thickness at either location across subjects, even after controlling for that mitonuclear coadaptation plays in these processes. age, sex and footwear use. This finding indicates that unlike footwear, calluses provide protection without loss of dynamic plantar sensitivity, making them a remarkable example of evolutionary engineering that allow us to walk and run barefoot safely.

127-5 HOOVER, A P*; MILLER, L A; University of Akron, 85-6 HOPE, SF*; DURANT, SE; ANGELIER, F; HALLAGAN, JJ; University of North Carlonia; [email protected] MOORE, IT; KENNAMER, RA; HOPKINS, WA; Virginia Tech, The Emergence of Neuromechanical Resonance in the Control of University of Arkansas, Centre d'Etudes Biologique de Chizé, Jellyfish Locomotion France, Stockton University, New Jersey, University of Georgia; In order for an organism to have an robust mode of locomotion, the [email protected] underlying neuromuscular organization must be maneuverable in a Incubation Behavior is Related to Prolactin and Egg Temperature changing environment. In jellyfish, the activation and release of in a Wild Bird muscular tension is governed by the interaction of pacemakers with To maximize fitness, parents must tradeoff time and energy between the underlying motor nerve net that communicates with the parental care and self-maintenance. Factors such as hormones, clutch musculature. This set of equally-spaced pacemakers located at bell size, acute stressors and the external environment can influence rim alter their firing frequency in response to environmental cues, parental care, which can then affect offspring development. In forming a distributed mechanism to control the bell's muscular vertebrates, prolactin (PRL) and corticosterone (CORT) are two contraction. When turning, pacemakers induce an asymmetrically important hormones for parental investment because they stimulate timed contraction with the bell musculature. In this work, we explore parental care and mobilize energy, respectively, and can mediate the the control of neuromuscular activation with a model jellyfish bell response to stressors. One of the most important parental care immersed in a viscous fluid and use numerical simulations to behaviors in birds is incubation, since small changes in egg describe the interplay between active muscle contraction, passive temperature have large effects on offspring. To investigate how body elasticity, and fluid forces. The fully-coupled fluid structure hormones may mediate incubation behavior, we collected baseline interaction problem is solved using an adaptive and parallelized and stress-induced (30 min after capture) blood samples from female version of the immersed boundary method (IBAMR). This model is wood ducks (Aix sponsa) at the start and end of egg incubation. We then used to explore the interplay between the speed of also measured incubation behavior and temperature using artificial neuromechanical activation, fluid dynamics, and the material egg loggers. As expected, PRL decreased and CORT increased after properties of the bell. 30 min of capture and restraint. Interestingly, PRL levels were higher at the end than the start of incubation and stress-induced PRL levels were positively related to the daily percentage of time spent incubating eggs. Further, the percentage of time spent incubating predicted the average and variability in egg temperature, after accounting for clutch size and ambient temperature. These results suggest that PRL increases as parental investment increases, that a dampened PRL stress response may be associated with the decision to stay on the nest despite stressors, and how parental behaviors may ultimately influence offspring fitness by modifying the early developmental environment.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 103 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e104

125-1 HORN, KM*; LIAUTAUD, KA; CONRAD, CL; 68-2 HORNER, AM*; AZIZI, E; ROBERTS, TJ; Cal State TELANDER, KJ; ZIPPAY, ML; HARDY, KM; Cal Poly SLO, University, San Bernardino, Univ. of California, Irvine, Brown Sonoma State Univ.; [email protected] University; [email protected] Are there distinct metabolic phenotypes in common acorn Passive muscle stiffness is correlated to in vivo muscle operating barnacles Balanus glandula across the intertidal zone? lengths Intertidal organisms live in one of the most physiologically stressful The operating length of a muscle during movement is a key habitats on the planet. Daily tidal cycles result in predictable, often determinant of its ability to produce force in vivo. Relative to the severe fluctuations in abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, oxygen, peak force plateau on a force-length curve, muscles that operate at salinity, pH). The relative magnitude and degree of variability of longer lengths can produce higher forces throughout shortening, environmental stress, however, differs between intertidal zones, with whereas muscles that operate at shorter lengths may be safer from the most extreme physiological stress likely experienced by high sudden length perturbations and subsequent damage. As connective intertidal organisms. We therefore hypothesize that sessile tissues change during aging, the mechanics of muscle length changes Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 conspecifics from different intertidal positions (i.e., low, mid, high) must also be affected. In this study we investigated the relationship will have distinct ‘metabolic phenotypes' (i.e., baseline metabolic of in vivo muscle operating length to in situ muscle properties in capacity and performance). To investigate this hypothesis, we young (7 mos) and aged (30-32 mos) rats. Specifically, we examined collected common acorn barnacles, Balanus glandula, from low, mid the relationship of passive and active force-length relationships to and high intertidal zones in San Luis Obispo Bay, CA and measured muscle operating length during walking and trotting using a suite of biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase fluoromicrometry. Muscle lengths were measured via small (< 1.0 activity), physiological (O2 consumption rates, body size), and mm) radio−opaque markers surgically implanted into the muscle and behavioral (cirri beat frequency, time operculum open) placed along muscle fascicles in the medial gastrocnemius, and measurements at a common seawater temperature; 13°C in an markers were visualized during locomotion and in situ muscle attempt to characterize distinct intertidal position-driven metabolic contractions using high−speed x−ray videography. An active phenotypes. Preliminary data revealed that high intertidal barnacles force-length relationship was characterized in situ by tetanically reach larger body sizes and have greater size-corrected oxygen stimulating the muscle while visualizing the same muscle markers consumption rates than those in the mid or low intertidal. Further, and simultaneously measuring force with an ergometer. Despite high intertidal barnacles have lower cirri beat frequencies and tend to inter-individual variation in passive muscle stiffness, rats of both age remain open longer than barnacles in the mid and low zones. groups demonstrated a clear (R2>0.7; p<0.001) relationship between (Biochemical enzyme assays are currently underway.) These initial passive stiffness and in vivo operating length. Our results suggest data support the idea of distinct metabolic phenotypes across the that, rather than tuning muscle lengths relative to an optimal force intertidal, and may suggest that B. glandula from different tidal plateau, the operating lengths of locomotor muscles during positions have variable capacities to accommodate environmental sub-maximal activity do not exceed lengths that result in significant change. passive forces.

S11-10 HOULE, D.*; FORTUNE, R.; JONES, LT; Florida State 37-3 HOWARD, C.C.*; LANDIS, J.B.; FOLK, R.; BEAULIEU, University; [email protected] J.M.; CELLINESE, N.; University of Florida, University of Excavating burden: revealing the causes of stasis in allometry Riverside, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Morphological allometry is a striking example of a certain sort of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Florida Museum of Natural History; evolutionary stasis. Organisms that vary in size adopt shapes that are [email protected] predictable from that size alone. There are two major hypotheses to Digging for answers: the causes and consequences of geophytism explain this. It may be natural selection strongly favors each in the monocots allometric pattern, or that organisms lack the development and Geophytes are plants with resting buds that are located beneath the genetic capacity to produce variant shapes for selection to act on. soil surface typically in the form of rhizomes, corms, tubers or bulbs. Using a high-throughput system for measuring the size and shape of These adaptations are hypothesized to have evolved in response to an Drosophila wings, we documented an allometric pattern that has been increase in climatic seasonality, and are highly diverse in areas like virtually unchanged for 40 million years. We performed an artificial the Mediterranean Basin or the Cape Floristic Region. In addition to selection experiment on the static allometric slope within one these hotspots, geophytes can be found across the globe and are species. In just 26 generations, we were able to increase the slope distributed across the plant tree of life. However, geophytic taxa are from 1.1 to 1.4, and decrease it to 0.8. Once artificial selection was most prevalent within the monocot clade and include members such suspended, the slope rapidly evolved back to a value near the initial as ginger, taro, arums and tulips. Interestingly, some clades appear to static slope. This result decisively rules out the hypothesis that be more labile in underground morphology shifts while others are allometry is preserved due to a lack of genetic variation, and provides not. Despite this breadth of diversity, the majority of studies on evidence that natural selection acts to maintain allometric geophytes have primarily focused on select clades or geographic relationships. On the other hand, it seems implausible that selection areas; thus, broad phylogenetic inferences of these traits have yet to on allometry in the wing alone could be sufficiently strong to be carried out. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the switch to maintain static allometries over millions of years. This suggests that a geophytism may promote increased diversification rates but this potential explanation for stasis is Riedl's concept of burden, where hypothesis has yet to be tested. Here, we investigate potential factors selection in favor of a particular state is spread over the many that have given rise to the diversity of underground organs that we pleiotropic effects. This seems likely in the case of allometry, as the see today. We ask: Are there any climatic variables that favor certain sizes of all parts of the body may be altered when the allometric geophytes? How have these factors influenced the evolution of these slope of one body part is changed. Unfortunately, hypotheses about taxa? Does geophytism promote diversification? Using a pleiotropy have been very difficult to test. We lay out an approach to comprehensive phylogeny and global climate data, we investigate begin the systematic study of pleiotropic effects using genetic these questions in the monocot clade. While fine scale analyses are manipulations and high-throughput phenotyping. useful, unearthing broad evolutionary patterns of geophytism will allow for a more holistic view of the potential factors influencing their evolution, which is of utmost importance in order to promote further research of these complex structures and taxa.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 104 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e105

103-3 HOWE, SP*; LEFFLER, D; ASTLEY, HC; Univ. of Akron; 25-2 HOWELL, CR*; ANDERSON, RC; DERRYBERRY, EP; [email protected] University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Florida Atlantic University; Midlines in motion: Connecting Midline Curvature Dynamics to [email protected] Heading Change and Center of Mass Deflection in Fishes Solving is Sexy: the role of problem-solving ability in mate choice Fish maneuverability is a complex and dynamic behavior. Most in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) research on fish maneuverability has focused on stereotyped Animals should prefer mates with better problem-solving ability, but maneuvers such as the C-start escape response, but routine it is unclear (1) how a male can advertise his problem-solving ability, maneuvers have highly variable kinematic outcomes. Prior studies and (2) whether a female's problem-solving ability affects her identify preparatory and propagating stages of the turn, but have not preference. Many sexual signals are unlearned and thus unlikely to linked body deformations in the fish to outcomes of the turn like reflect cognitive or personality traits that also impact heading change and center of mass deflection. Using high-speed problem-solving ability. One exception is bird song, which is learned video and image analysis software, we provide a detailed description by both males and females. We tested two hypotheses involving Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 of the midline kinematics of the giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus ) problem-solving ability and mate choice: (1) male song is an honest and track the orientation of the fish as well as the center of mass over signal of problem-solving ability, and (2) problem-solving ability the course of a maneuver. In all turns, regardless of experimental affects female mate preference. One group of male and female zebra treatment or heading change magnitude, we observed an anterior to finches (Taeniopygia guttata) was housed together and given a novel posterior propagating pulse of curvature along the midline of the foraging task, and another group of females was housed separately. body. This behavior can be modeled as a transient pulse with Males were divided into Solvers and Non-Solvers and their song was quantifiable amplitude, width, and velocity. We focus primarily on recorded. Female preference for Solver vs. Non-Solver song was the relationship between center of mass deflection and curvature assayed using a two-choice operant conditioning set-up. In the first pulse statistics to establish functional links between the behavior of experiment, we tested preference in females not housed with males the fish's body and the direction changes of the fish. We found that and found a group-level preference for Solver song that was total heading change is correlated with average curvature, and rate of unexplained by song complexity. In a second experiment we tested heading change correlates with pulse velocity. Maximum linear preference in females who were housed with the males. We found no acceleration is correlated with pulse velocity, and angular group-level preference for Solver song, but saw evidence of displacement of center of mass correlates with average body assortative mating between heavier females and Solver males. Also, curvature. We have observed more complex maneuvers where fish females that solved the task in fewer trials showed stronger link pulses in quick succession. It appears that the general form of the preferences for conspecific over heterospecific song in the training pulse is conserved across these maneuvers and combining pulses portion of the preference assay. Together these results indicate that augments the final outcome of the turn. A pulse based model of fish male song may signal problem-solving ability in the zebra finch and turning seamlessly integrates with steady swimming while also that female problem-solving ability and mass affect different aspects providing a mechanism to produce complex maneuvers. of mate choice.

66-2 HOWEY, C.A.F.; University of Scranton; 92-7 HSU, S.J.*; SEBER, E.; MCFARLAND, C.; CHENG, B.; [email protected] Pennsylvania State University; [email protected] Restoration of Timber Rattlesnake Rookeries: Efficacy of Visual Speed Control in Pitch-Constrained Blue Bottle Flies in a Daylighting Management Motorized Magnetically-Levitated Flight Mill The range of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) extends Flies rely heavily on retinal image motion to control their flight further north than most other rattlesnakes. In these colder, northern speed. In the presence of changes in wind speed or background visual latitudes, gravid female C. horridus must use rare, open habitats motion, they are able to uphold a consistent retinal image velocity (rookery sites) in order to elevate body temperatures necessary for within their locomotor constraints by varying their airspeed. Flies successful embryonic development. Unfortunately, many of these regulate flight speed primarily by adjusting their body pitch - a rookery sites are becoming overgrown with vegetation and it is mechanism frequently characterized as helicopter model. However, it believed females occupying these sites will no longer be able to is unknown whether the flies are able to regulate their speed via only maintain preferred body temperatures and reproductive fitness will the modulation of wing kinematics in the absence of pitch maneuver, suffer. For the past three summers (2016, 2017, 2018) we or to what extent the visual control can regulate speed under this radio-located gravid females at six rookery sites; four of which have locomotor constraint. In this study, we investigated the visual speed become overgrown with vegetation. At each site, we monitored control of blue bottle flies (Calliphora vomitoria) flying at zero body available operative temperatures, canopy cover, and presence of pitch in a magnetically-levitated flight mill, with motorized potential predators. We determined the body temperature of females cylindrical walls displaying grating patterns. We perturbed the flies' throughout the entire summer, behaviors, date of parturition, and retinal image motion via spinning the grating patterns of different estimated litter size. During the winter 2016, we removed trees spatial frequencies (22, 11, and 0 1/rev) at different angular surrounding three of the six rookery sites using a targeted disturbance velocities. Results showed that at a fixed body pitch flies were able to called "Daylighting". Operative temperatures increased as canopies compensate the image-motion perturbation by adjusting their became more open. During the first summer (pre-Daylighting), airspeed up to 20%, thereby to maintain the retinal image velocity gravid females at more enclosed rookery sites dropped litters at a relatively constant (0.47+/-0.03 rad/s). However, the compensation slightly later date, abandoned rookery sites, aborted their litters, and weakened as their airspeed plateaued when the image-motion mothers suffered increased mortality. Following Daylighting perturbation became large, indicating that flies were unable to further management, we gathered evidence for increased reproductive increase or decrease their speed due to locomotor constraint. The success and improved thermal conditions. However, risk of predation compensation gain, i.e., the ratio of airspeed changes and may also be higher. We will further discuss body temperatures image-motion perturbation, was largest at the intermediate spatial maintained by females at rookery sites, and the efficacy of frequency. Daylighting management. Dependent on the success of this restoration technique, these management techniques can be applied throughout the species northern range to increase female reproductive success.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 105 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e106

S4-2 HU, David L.; Georgia Tech; [email protected] 105-5 HUBICKI, CM*; DALEY, MA; Florida State University, How ants behave like a fluid and a solid Royal Veterinary College; [email protected] Fire ants can link their bodies together to build waterproof rafts to An optimal control model of bipedal leg swing for predicting gait survive floods. In this talk, I will discuss the structures that fire ants duty factor in cursorial birds build, and how these structures are limited by the strength of the Bipedal runners, when changing their speed, can theoretically choose connections between the ants. We use time-lapse photography and many combinations of stride length (SL), stride frequency (SF) and x-ray scanning to characterize the construction of rafts and towers. duty factor (DF). We seek a theoretical framework to predict the We relate the shapes observed to the rheology of the ants, their combination of SL, SF and DF used by individual species for a given viscosity and their elasticity, which are measured using a rheometer, speed. Previous work has been successful in using math models a device which usually characterizes the properties of chocolate and combined with optimal control methods to predict locomotion yogurt. features by minimizing energy cost. For instance, a prior model showed that work-optimal control of a damped-spring-mass leg Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 model could predict the asymmetrical stance dynamics of ground-running birds. This work builds atop the previous model by exploring additional physiologically relevant control constraints and mechanical components for the model; this is an attempt test plausible incentives for bipeds to change duty factors with speed. We systematically modeled the effects of power limits, force limits, and kinematic limits on optimal gait duty factor, and all of which found a grounded gait (DF=0.5) to be energetically optimal regardless of speed. However, including an inertia-based cost to leg swing and minimizing mechanical COT yielded a decreasing duty factor with speed- similar to bipedal animals. This work further compared these model predictions to the experimental duty factors of helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) during steady running across speeds. By fitting the three free model parameters (spring stiffness, damping constant, and leg inertia), the mathematical prediction matched the SL, SF, and DF of our guinea fowl data set from 1.3m/s up to 3.1 m/s running. We aim to use this model to further predict bipedal locomotion features such as gait transitions and gait adaptations to non-rigid terrain.

83-3 HUDSON, DM; The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk; 122-4 HUND, AK*; TURBEK, SP; PAULI, CS; SAFRAN, RJ; [email protected] TAYLOR, SA; University of Minnesota, University of Colorado; Behavioral and Metabolic Temperature Optimum Determination in [email protected] an Andean Freshwater Crab. Early Environment and Condition Dependence in a Lifelong Behavioral analysis of stress is often the best acute measure of Sexual Signal: Gene Expression and Melanin Color in Barn maladaptive conditions. Animals have sensory systems that react to Swallows. aversive conditions and allow the animal to mount an appropriate Female preferences for male sexual traits are thought to be adaptive behavioral response. In the case of the endemic Colombian because they allow females to gain information about potential freshwater crab, Neostrengeria macropa, the effects of temperature mates. The condition dependence of sexual traits is hypothesized to over the next century combined with increased risk from human maintain the honesty of this information, where only healthy males development on the Bogotá Plain could have an impact on its who are well adapted to their environment can express the most long-term survival. Additionally, there are over 100 other freshwater elaborate traits. Melanin-based sexual traits, however, have long been crabs in the country that could be at risk if the RCP 8.5 IPCC thought of as strictly genetically controlled and there is often a lack scenario comes to pass. Previous behavioral work indicated that the of condition dependence with trait expression in adults. One freshwater crab, N. macropa, has a probable temperature preference explanation is that condition dependence for some melanin traits is range of 10.5°C to 26°C (Hudson et al., 2016). The respirometry limited to certain time periods, such as early development. In barn results highlight the importance of coupling behavioral quantification swallows Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, where melanin breast with respirometry data. Even though activity declines for the 28°C plumage is sexually selected, the majority of color variation can be temperature treatment in the behavioral study, respiration rate attributed to variation in the developmental environment, yet color continued to increase, meaning that the organism is behaviorally changes little within individuals as adults, despite annual molting of compensating by decreasing its exploratory behavior. feathers. To understand the gene by environment interactions that generate this pattern, we cross-fostered eggs at the start of incubation and manipulated parasites in nests. We also collected data on maternal investment in egg composition and incubation, as well as nestling condition and physiology. Developing feather quills were collected from experimental nestlings for RNA analysis and compared with the color of emerged feathers when nestlings fledged. From these data, we identify how gene expression and environmental variation during development shape melanin color expression. This work provides new insight into the condition-dependence of melanin traits during development, and what females gain by using melanin-based signals during mate choice.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 106 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e107

106-1 HUNTER, FK*; KAPHEIM, KM; Utah State University; 109-5 HURD, PL*; DRISCOLL, RMH; RENN, SCP; University of [email protected] Alberta, University of Rochester, Reed College; [email protected] The molecular and physiological underpinnings of life history Differences in aromatase gene expression and promoter tradeoffs in a socially flexible bee methylation in a cichlid with alternative male morphs. The evolution of biological complexity is rooted in life history For an animal to reproduce it must successfully develop either testes tradeoffs, in which beneficial change in one trait (e.g., fertility) is or ovaries, and the supporting behaviours to make use of them. In associated with a detrimental change in another (e.g., longevity). gonochoristic species, a developmental process of sex determination These tradeoffs are seen at all levels of biological organization, from resulting in the decision to mature as either male or female is single-celled and multicellular organisms to groups of cooperative followed by a process of primary sexual differentiation ending in individuals (i.e., a social insect colony). A universal-yet poorly functional gonads, and processes of secondary sexual differentiation understood-feature of transitions in biological complexity from the which produces the other morphological and behavioural traits. An individual to a group is the decoupling of life history tradeoffs at the adapted phenotype includes a whole range of physiological and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 individual level and recoupling at the higher level. For example, behavioral traits which must develop to sexually differentiated queens of social insect colonies show escape from tradeoffs, as they endpoints to support the sex and reproductive strategy of the are both long-lived and highly fertile, but these tradeoffs are individual. Many species also show discrete variation in morphology recoupled at the colony level, which must balance resource allocation and behaviour within a sex that represent alternative reproductive between colony maintenance and brood production. A potential tactics (ARTs). A process very much like, or indeed a part of, sexual mechanism for the life history tradeoff decoupling observed in social differentiation underlies the differentiation of these alternative insect queens is a molecular rewiring of pathways linking the stress morphs. Here we investigate promoter methylation and expression of response to reproduction. Species with facultative social behavior two copies of the gene encoding the aromatase enzyme, in fry provide a unique opportunity to test this hypothesis, because life towards the end of the critical period of environmental sex history tradeoffs are preserved in some individuals but decoupled in determination. We also compare expression and promoter others, suggesting they hold the key to how mechanisms of tradeoff methylation among adult females and males of three different decoupling impact social evolution. We experimentally manipulated morphs. reproductive investment via endocrine treatments and observed immune investment response in a facultatively social bee, Megalopta genalis by measuring response in terms of mortality, ovary maturation, and nutritional stores. By illuminating the mechanisms of life history trade-offs in a flexibly social organism, our results provide valuable insight into how physiological ecology influences life history evolution.

8-5 INGLE, DN*; PORTER, ME; Florida Atlantic University; 120-5 INJAIAN, AS*; TAFF, CC; PEARSON, KL; GIN, MMY; [email protected] PATRICELLI, GL; VITOUSEK, MN; Cornell University, Cornell Mechanical behavior of vertebral trabecular bone varies regionally University , University of California, Davis, University of California, and ontogenetically in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus Davis; [email protected] latirostris) Effects of experimental chronic traffic noise exposure on adult and Trabecular bone forms a porous architecture that changes in vivo to nestling corticosterone levels, and nestling body condition in a support mechanical demands on the body and can reflect the degree free-living bird of an animal's species-specific precociality; skeletons must be Alterations in the acoustic landscapes due to human disturbance are stronger and stiffer in animals that are mobile soon after birth. likely to be pervasive and persistent (i.e. chronic). It is important to Previous studies have shown that secondarily adapted aquatic understand if chronic noise exposure alters behavior and physiology mammals have vertebral microarchitecture and loading regimes that in free-living animals, as it may result in long-lasting impacts, such differ from their terrestrial counterparts. The goals of this study were as reduced reproductive success. Here, we experimentally tested the to investigate the following in a precocial obligate swimmer: (1) effects of chronic traffic noise on baseline and stress-induced variation of mechanical properties among regions of the vertebral corticosterone (the primary avian glucocorticoid), parental feeding column and ontogenetic development and (2) relationships between behavior, and fitness proxies in breeding tree swallows. Our results vertebral process lengths and mechanical properties of bone tested in show that chronic traffic noise is related to altered corticosterone in the orientation parallel to each process. We investigated bone both adult female and nestling tree swallows, suggesting that noise behavior in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at may be a stressor in both groups. In adult females, our results suggest various regions along the vertebral column. Vertebrae were dissected that traffic noise is related to a limited ability to respond to and machined into three orientations for compressive tests and subsequent acute stressors (i.e. reduced stress-induced corticosterone stiffness, yield strength, and toughness were calculated from levels after handling). Further, our results show no evidence of stress-strain curves. We found significant variation among column habituation to noise during the breeding season, as the negative regions and age groups. Perinatal bone properties were statistically relationship between traffic noise and adult female stress-induced consistent among column regions. Adult bone was the most resilient corticosterone became stronger over time. In nestlings, we found a and strong in posterior regions but stiffest in anterior regions. Calf positive relationship between traffic noise exposure and baseline bone properties were similar to perinatals in the anterior regions, but corticosterone. Finally, we found a negative relationship between matched the older age groups in posterior regions, suggesting that traffic noise and nestling body condition, despite no detectable caudal vertebral bone ossifies first in manatee development to effects of noise on nestling provisioning (e.g. parental feeding rate, or support undulatory locomotion. Transverse process lengths had insect bolus size/composition). These results highlight the potential moderate positive correlations with mediolaterally tested bone for all long-term consequences of chronic noise exposure. properties, potentially providing greater bone surface area for muscle attachment and increasing force production on vertebrae.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 107 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e108

42-1 ISAACS, MR*; LEE, DV; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; 1-1 IWANIUK, AN*; O'NEIL, NP; DEAUX, E; CHARRIER, I; [email protected] Univ. of Lethbridge, Canada, Univ. Paris-Sud, France, Univ. Mechanical Cost Dynamics of Single and Double Stance in Human Paris-Sud, France; [email protected] Walking Individual and Seasonal Variation in the Courtship Display of Conventionally, all or nearly all of the mechanical cost of bipedal Ruffed Grouse. walking is assumed to be incurred during the step-to-step transition, The performance of courtship displays varies greatly among and whereas the single stance or ‘vaulting' phase is assumed to be free of within individuals of a species. Within individuals, displays can vary cost. We investigate human walking dynamics using mechanical cost in quantity and quality throughout a bout, day or season and some analysis (MCA) to analyze single stance (SS) and double stance (DS) individuals are faster, more coordinated or more consistent than periods of the stride separately. This strategy determines the others. Intra- and inter-individual variation in birdsong has been contribution of SS and DS dynamics to the mechanical cost of studied heavily, but comparable studies of non-vocal courtship Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 transport (CoTmech) for a single stride. We test the effect of walking displays in birds remain relatively rare. Over the past 9 years, we speed on SS and DS mechanical cost dynamics in nine healthy have studied courtship in ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), a adults. Our experimental results show collision angles of 0.07 in DS gamebird species that produces a wingbeating display known as and 0.05 radians in SS, indicating that the dynamics of DS are more drumming. Here, we test whether males vary their drumming display costly than those of SS. As walking speed increases, collision angles within a season and to what extent that variation reflects body size. remain relatively constant, force angles increase in both DS and SS, Generalized additive mixed models revealed that male ruffed grouse and velocity angles increase in SS and decrease in DS. Increasing increase their drumming speed daily to reach a maximum rate by force angles are consistent with greater step lengths during faster mid-morning, which is then maintained throughout the day. This walking. Velocity angles increase by 22% in SS, due to longer steps, change in performance follows an overnight cessation of activity and but decrease by 31% in DS as walking speed increases. Decreasing low temperatures, suggesting that this increase in drumming speed velocity angles during DS indicate that redirection of the CoM from reflects a daily warm-up period. Comparisons with morphometric down to up happens more quickly and has a flatter trajectory as measurements revealed that the maximum daily drumming speed walking speed increases. Collision angles, and thus CoTmech, remain varies inversely with body mass; larger males drum slower than relatively constant across the speed range considered. With increased smaller males. This inverse relationship is likely due in part to walking speed, the collision fraction - a ratio of the actual collisions pectoral muscle mass, which comprises one third of male body mass to the potential collisions - remains relatively constant during DS, but and varies seasonally in association with drumming activity. Based this fraction is reduced by 24% during SS. This means that the on our findings, we propose that warm-up periods are a common dynamics of the step-to-step transition remain similar, regardless of feature of avian courtship displays and further studies are needed speed. In contrast, collisions are mitigated more effectively during SS across species that vary in the diversity of motor acts that are at faster walking speeds. A key finding of this work is that produced within displays. mechanical cost is not relegated to just the step-to-step transition.

49-1 JACKSON, KM*; MOORE, PA; Bowling Green State 129-5 JACOBS, C*; DAY, S; HOLZMAN, R; Tel Aviv University, University, OH; [email protected] Rochester Institute of Technology; [email protected] The Effects of Artificial Light at Night: Behavioral and The Power of Pivot Feeding: A Neglected Role For Power Physiological Shifts within Two Crayfish Species, Faxonius Amplification in Syngnathidae. rusticus and Faxonius virilis All animals face an overriding constraint on their ability to produce A significant amount research exploring the impacts of light fast movements - muscles contract slowly and over small distances. pollution and artificial lighting at night has focused on vertebrates. Repeatedly over evolutionary history, animals have overcome this The lack of literature on invertebrate species, especially aquatic limitation through the use of power amplification mechanisms. These invertebrates, is an important gap in knowledge. Aquatic mechanisms decrease the duration of movement and thereby increase invertebrates are often keystone species; thus, any changes within the speed and acceleration. The only known example of power organisms themselves can severely affect entire ecosystems. We amplification in fish is pivot feeding in the Syngnathidae family, investigated how properties light at night had altered the physiology whose members are able to rotate their snout towards the prey at and behavior within two different aquatic invertebrates, the virile exceptionally high speeds of ~1.56 ms-1. While the mechanism of crayfish (Faxonius virilis) and rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus). power amplification that permits these exceptional speeds is well Data was collected for ten weeks at the University of Michigan documented, the consequences of power amplification for suction Biological Station (UMBS) in Pellston, MI. Behavioral data was feeding are poorly understood. Specifically, there have been no measured as the overall time spent consuming food, hiding in studies documenting the magnitude or spatio-temporal patterns in the shelters, as well as the amount, duration, and intensity of agonistic suction flows produced using power amplification. Using a interactions. Hemolymph was obtained to quantify the stress levels high-speed flow visualization technique, we characterized the within the crayfish as a physiological response. Exposure to a higher spatio-temporal patterns in the flow fields produced during pivot intensity of light and the presence of ultraviolet light induced a feeding in 4 species of the Syngnathidae family. We found that the behavioral trend, resulting in lower amounts of social interactions power amplification provides 8x greater flow velocities, compared to within both species of crayfish. Due to the importance of freshwater fish with no such mechanism. Both between and within species, ecosystems and the role crayfish play as a keystone species, shorter snout lengths were correlated with faster flow speeds. Peak examining how crayfish are impacted from ecological light pollution flow speeds occurred early in the gape cycle (~60% of time to peak is imperative to maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems. gape), and mid-way through head rotation. We used the observed flow fields to estimate the pressure fields in front of the mouth and calculate net suction power (power used to accelerate the water outside of the mouth) in both power amplified and non-amplified fish species. We further compare the net suction power to the power required for head rotation in our species. Our results reveal a neglected role for power amplification in Syngnathidae.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 108 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e109

9-4 JAHAN, I; MAIA, A*; Eastern Illinois University, Rhode Island 28-1 JAMES, E*; FENG, H; LU, H; WILSON, A; University of College; [email protected] Miami, MingDao University; [email protected] Temperature affects in vivo muscle mechanics in swimming The role of mTOR at a symbiotic interface Centrarchids Obligate nutritional endosymbioses represent the most intimate In vitro studies have shown that temperature can directly affect relationship between species. Nutritional endosymbioses are well muscle mechanics. However, as climate changes, it is increasingly studied, but we lack a full picture of how two disparate organisms, a important to see how ectotherms physiology is impacted. Here we bacterial endosymbiont and a eukaryotic host, are integrated. The investigate in vivo muscle mechanics under varying water mTOR pathway is known to integrate nutritional conditions with cell temperatures during steady swimming in largemouth bass growth and survival. Recent work on amino acid transporters in (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Fish aphids suggests the mTOR pathway as point of integration between were collected in central Illinois streams and housed at 20°C until an aphid host and it's amino acid provisioning endosymbiont tested in a recirculating flow tank swimming steadily at 2 body Buchnera aphidicola (housed in specialized organs called Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 length (BL)/sec at three different temperatures: 16°C, 20°C and bacteriomes). The mTOR pathway was previously unstudied in any 22°C. To perform intramuscular electromyography, bipolar nutritional endosymbiosis. We annotated the mTOR pathway in two electrodes were inserted through the skin into epaxial white muscle at aphid species, Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus persicae using below the dorsal fin (axial, 0.5BL) and epaxial red muscle both BLASTp from Drosophila melanogaster, HMMs, and gene below the dorsal fin (axial, 0.5BL) and closer to the tail (caudal, phylogenies. We constructed transcriptomes for bacteriome, gut, and 0.75BL). Electromyographic recordings were analyzed for whole insect tissue for three lines of M. persicae and carried out magnitude, frequency, onset, offset, duration and duty cycle. We differential expression analysis. Annotation of the mTOR pathway found that in largemouth bass white muscle suffers a phase shift with identified some novel duplications in both aphid species. Differential increased temperature and is recruited concurrently with red muscle. expression analysis showed that genes specific to the amino acid At higher temperatures, bass also have greater contraction magnitude sensitive mTOR Complex 1 were more highly expressed in in both white axial and red caudal muscles, but not in axial red bacteriomes than genes specific to mTOR Complex 2. In comparison muscle; while contraction frequency decreases. In contrast, the main to gut, another nutrient-provisioning tissue, the putative differences in in vivo muscle mechanics in bluegill were increased glutamine/arginine sensing transporter SLC38A9 showed 6.5 fold duty cycles of caudal and axial red muscles at higher temperatures, higher bacteriome expression. Characterization and although caudal red muscle appears to contribute the most to power immunolocalization of the SLC38A9 is underway both to confirm output. This study reveals that in vivo muscle mechanics in orthology, and interrogate its role in a new symbiotic context. This centrarchids are altered with changes in water temperature. In bass, exploratory study suggests that the mTOR pathway may play an additional recruitment of white muscle at higher temperatures can important role in mediating the relationship between aphids and their lead to early fatigue and have strong metabolic impacts. Bluegill endosymbiont Buchnera. Our work especially highlights the need for appear to use a different strategy by altering the contraction more intensive study of the mTOR pathway in nutritional dynamics of red muscle, which can directly increase energy endosymbiosis expenditure.

113-8 JAMES, DM*; KOZOL, RK; KAJIWARA, Y; WAHL, AL; 24-6 JANIS, B*; JANIS, S; YAVUZCETIN, O; SOLOCINSK, J; STORRS, EC; BUXBAUM, JD; KLEIN, M; MOSHIREE, B; CHAKRABORTY, N; MENZE, MA; University of Louisville, DALLMAN, JE; University of Miami, Icahn School of Medicine at University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, University of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, University of Michigan-Dearborn; [email protected] North Carolina ; [email protected] Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Behavior of a Crustacean Late A shank3 Loss-of-Function Model of Autism Spectrum Disease Embryogenesis Abundant Protein (ASD) Produces Intestinal Dysmotility and Reduced Serotonin Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins are a remarkable Positive Enteroendocrine Cells group of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that confer Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently estimated to affect desiccation tolerance to plants and animals that can enter a more than 1% of the world population. While behavioral deficits and cryptobiotic state during their life cycle. AfrLEA6 contains seed symptoms such as epilepsy are well studied, gastrointestinal (GI) maturation domains (SMD) and is expressed in the anhydrobiotic distress remains a commonly reported but poorly understood cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. in vitro analyses of comorbidity. Recent advances in gene editing techniques have AfrLEA6 reveal a series of protein phase transitions during allowed us to capitalize on the genetic aspect of ASD; to determine desiccation. As ionic strength or molecular crowding with Ficoll-400 mechanisms behind ASD related GI distress, we explore how increases, AfrLEA6 undergoes a liquid-liquid phase separation mutations in genes with high autism relatedness impact GI function. (LLPS), forming protein droplets. AfrLEA6 droplets are also Mutations in the high-confidence ASD gene SHANK3 are inducible by reducing the sample pH from 8.0 to 6.5 and cooling considered causal for Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS), a form of protein solutions from 25˚C to 4˚C. These conditions are notable in ASD with associated GI distress. Using the zebrafish as a model the context of the cysts of A. franciscana, which can naturally system, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce clinically relevant undergo a cytoplasmic pH shift from 7.9 to 6.5 in response to severe C-terminal frameshift mutations in shank3a and shank3b zebrafish hypoxia. In the hydrated state, AfrLEA6 droplets exclude green paralogues. We found that these mutations produce significantly fluorescent protein demonstrating that the protein droplet may be slower rates of peristaltic contractions with correspondingly selective for inclusions of specific targets. SEM and AFM reveal that prolonged digestive passage time. Rescue injections of mRNA AfrLEA6 may also undergoes a phase shift to a hydrogel structure, as encoding the longest human SHANK3 isoform into shank3 zebrafish ionic strength and crowding increase, which is reversible upon mutants produced larvae with gastric emptying similar to WT, but rehydration. However, early during dehydration formed hydrogels with remaining deficits in posterior intestinal motility. dry into a reversible glassy state during complete desiccation. The Serotonin-positive enteroendocrine cells were significantly reduced LLPS of AfrLEA6 may confer desiccation tolerance by selectively in shank3 mutants while enteric neuron counts and overall structure incorporating sensitive protein targets and shielding them from of the digestive tract epithelium, including goblet cell number was desiccation induced denaturation during early drying. Any unaffected in shank3 mutant larvae. By contrast, in adult shank3 incorporated proteins may then be stabilized within a glassy mutants there was a significant increase in goblet cell counts, compartment in the fully desiccated state and released upon suggesting a possible secondary inflammation that progresses with rehydration (supported by NSF IOS-1659970). time

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 109 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e110

42-5 JANKAUSKI, MA; Montana State University; 94-4 JANZEN, FJ*; DELANEY, DM; MITCHELL, TS; WARNER, [email protected] DA; Iowa State University, University of Minnesota, Auburn Experimental Studies of Power, Moments and Energetics in University; [email protected] Flapping, Flexible Insect Wings Do Covariances between Maternal Oviposition Behavior and Flapping insect wings bend and deform during flight. Recent Embryonic Physiology Drive Sex-Ratio Evolution under evidence suggests this deformation improves power economy and Environmental Sex Determination? reduces the cost of locomotion. To assess this hypothesis, we drive a Fisherian sex-ratio theory predicts sexual species should have a hawkmoth M. Sexta wing with single degree-of-freedom rotation balanced primary sex ratio. However, organisms with environmental using a DC motor and calculate the corresponding mechanical power sex determination are vulnerable to excessively skewed sex ratios requirements. We consider a 60-degree rotation amplitude and a wide when environmental conditions vary. Theory has emphasized two range of flapping frequencies. Wing moments are measured via a traits important for sex-ratio dynamics in animals with these custom torque transducer and the flap angle is measured using an mechanisms: (1) maternal oviposition-site choice and (2) sensitivity Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 optical encoder. The two measurements are utilized to estimate the of embryonic sex determination to environmental conditions. Much mechanical power required to flap the wing. Experiments are research has since focused on how these traits influence offspring sex conducted in-air and in-vacuo to provide insight into inertial-elastic ratios. Still, relatively few studies have estimated univariate and aerodynamic energetics. Our results suggest that at a typical flap quantitative genetic parameters for these two traits, and the existence frequency of 25 Hz, the wing requires maximally 40 mW in-air and of phenotypic or genetic covariances among these traits has never 30 mW in-vacuo. Peak moments corresponding to these power draws been assessed. Here, we leverage work on three species of reptiles are 0.55 mN-m and 0.35 mN-m, respectively. We estimate that for (two divergent turtle species and a lizard) with the in-vacuo case, the real flexible wing requires only 75% the peak temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). These studies power relative to an idealized rigid wing. Next, we identify the measured maternal behaviors that relate to nest temperature under root-mean-square (RMS) value of mechanical power as a function of field conditions and assessed the corresponding sex ratio of offspring flapping frequency, where the RMS value of power is a proxy for from eggs incubated under controlled temperatures. A strong total energy expenditures. We find that over the entire 15-30 Hz flap concordant covariance between these traits would maximize the frequency range, the RMS mechanical power of the wing is higher efficiency of sex-ratio selection. We detected no such covariance in-air than in-vacuo. Furthermore, we observe that for the in-air between nest-site choice and thermal sensitivity of sex determination response, the RMS power follows a non-monotonic trend, where it in the three species studied. Consequently, our results suggest these decreases temporarily as the flapping frequency is increased beyond traits are able to evolve independently. Even so, a comprehensive 1/3 of the wing's second natural frequency. Thus, it is plausible that review of the existing literature on quantitative genetic estimates for tuned structural compliance may facilitate the energy efficiency of traits related to TSD identifies minimal microevolutionary capacity flapping insect wings. in the wild, in most cases. Such information is critical for understanding how animals with TSD might respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions.

111-1 JAUMANN, S*; SMITH, A; George Washington University; 81-3 JAYARAM, K*; DOSHI, N; WOOD, R; Harvard University; [email protected] [email protected] Effects of Experience on Brain Development in a Facultatively Gait recovery using proprioceptive feedback in HAMR, a Social Bee biologically-inspired robotic platform Social animals face unique selection pressures, including selection on Animals rely on local sensory feedback to maintain a variety of brain development. In some bees, the brains of social queens, social complex leg/foot trajectories when navigating natural terrains. The workers, and solitary individuals are morphologically distinct. The choice of trajectory is determined by a combination of factors mushroom bodies are the brain regions in insects responsible for including to body morphology, actuation capabilities, performance higher-order processing, and these tend to be relatively larger in older requirements, and environment. In contrast, a majority of bioinspired bees compared to newly-emerged bees and larger in social bees legged robots today are typically restricted to utilizing one (or few) compared to their solitary counterparts. That mushroom bodies are pre-programmed leg motions during running due to the complexity of plastic over time suggests that the brain differences between solitary leg design, difficulty in actuation, and a lack of reliable sensing and social bees develop over the adult lifetime of the bees, but resulting. To address this issue, we present the latest generation of whether these changes are due to age or experience is not known. We the Harvard Ambulatory MicroRobot (HAMR) - an insect scale (45 tested the hypothesis that adult experience alters brain morphology in mm long, 1.43 g) quadrapedal robot that retains mechanical the facultatively social sweat bee Megalopta genalis. We collected complexity despite its small size. HAMR is capable of high-speed four groups of bees: newly-emerged bees with no experience, bees locomotion on level ground, can climb vertical and inverted walls, that had experience with their mothers and searching for nest sites, and even swim on the water's surface. In order to test the hypothesis bees that lacked these experiences but were placed in observation about leg trajectories affecting locomotion performance, we have nests that mimicked natural nests, and bees that were isolated for ten developed and integrated a novel motion encoder that provides a days, completely lacking any natural experience. Using confocal reliable estimate of the robot's joint position and velocities. We then microscopy, we measured total brain volume and relative mushroom utilize this proprioceptive feedback to control heuristically designed body volume on the brains of bees from these four groups. Our leg trajectories and demonstrate that we can recover locomotion analyses suggest that there were not significant differences in total performance (stride length) in highly dynamic frequency regimes brain volume among the four groups, but that there were significant (10-30 Hz). Additionally, at higher frequencies (40-50 Hz), we differences in relative mushroom body volume. However, no clear observe that the shape of leg trajectories is less important if the pattern emerged, as newly-emerged bees and bees from observation energy exchange between the robot and terrain is appropriately nests had higher relative mushroom body volumes than bees in the modulated. With precise control over arbitrary leg trajectories, we other groups. A follow-up study will determine if changes in the can now begin to test hypotheses about the choice of leg trajectories brain across development show the same pattern in solitary and in biological systems at scale. social bees, given that differences between a solitary and social developmental trajectory might help explain our results.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 110 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e111

72-2 JAYNE, BC; BAMBERGER, AL*; Univ. Cincinnati; S6-2 JIMENEZ, A.G.*; ANDERSON, K; O'CONNOR, E; TOBIN, [email protected] K; WINWARD, J; WINNER, R; CHINCHILLI, E; AMY, M; The Big Gulp: Morphological Determinants and Scaling CARLSON, K; DOWNS, C. J.; Colgate University, Hamilton Relationships of Gape in Two Invasive Species of Large Snakes College; [email protected] Snakes are a model system for studying gape-limited predators and Does Oxidative Stress Differ Between Mammals and Birds? how anatomy constrains and affects feeding performance and As part of mitonuclear communication, retrograde and anterograde foraging. More than 3,500 extant snake species are phylogenetically signalling helps maintain homeostasis under basal conditions. Basal diverse, consume a wide variety of prey, and have considerable conditions, however, vary across phylogeny. At the cell-level, some ontogenetic and interspecific variation in size. However, the paucity mitonuclear retrograde responses can be quantified by measuring the of direct measurements of maximal gape and its morphological constitutive components of oxidative stress, the balance between RS correlates have impeded understanding the apparent diversity of form (reactive species), and antioxidants. RS are metabolic by-products and function of this system. To test the extent to which overall size produced by the mitochondria that can damage macromolecules by Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 predicted gape, we quantified the scaling relationships between structurally altering proteins and inducing mutations in DNA, among maximal gape, overall size, and several cranial dimensions for a wide other processes. To combat accumulating damage, organisms have range of sizes for two large invasive species: 19 Burmese pythons evolved endogenous antioxidants and can consume exogenous (Henophidia, Pythonidae, Python molorus [Pm]) and 20 brown tree antioxidants to sequester RS before they cause cellular damage. RS snakes (Caenophida, Colubridae, Boiga irregularis[Bi]). Our values are also considered to be regulated through a retrograde signalling of snout-vent length (SVL), mass, and maximal gape area ranged cascade from the mitochondria to the nucleus. These cellular from 61-303 cm, 100-15890 g and 14-154 cm2 for Pm, and 40-184 pathways have may implications at the whole-animal level as well. cm, 8-1138 g and 0.8-23 cm2 for Bi, respectively. For similar values For example, birds have higher basal metabolic rates, higher blood of SVL in common to both species (60 to 180 cm), values of Pm glucose concentration and longer lifespans than similar sized compared to Bi were: 6.4 to 4.2 times greater for mass, with 6.3 to mammals, however, the literature is divergent on whether oxidative 3.8 times larger for gape area, but just 1.7 to 1.6 times greater for stress is higher in birds compared with mammals. Here, we review skull length. The relative contributions to gape area from skull width, the literature and provide new data to answer whether whole-animal quadrate length, lower jaw length and the intermandibular ligament metabolic phenotypic traits between birds and mammals translate were 7%, 10%, 42%, and 41% for Pm, and 11%, 18%, 55%, and into the oxidative stress machinery. Because oxidative stress has 17% for Bi, respectively. Rather than its large gape only resulting been accepted by gerontologists as the common physiological from larger overall size, P. molorus with similar body size to B. mechanism that may cause aging, has also been the process irregularis also had a larger skull, longer lower jaw bones and most implicated in differing life-history theories, and a determinant of importantly more distensible soft tissues of the chin and neck region, growth rates in animals, this work has the potential to have broad all of which enhanced gape. implications.

129-1 JIMENEZ, YE*; BRAINERD, EL; Brown University; 107-2 JINDRICH, DL; California State University, San Marcos; [email protected] [email protected] Dual Function of the Epaxial Musculature of Largemouth Bass for "Thinking for Writing" and "A Framework for Scientific Papers:" Swimming and Suction Feeding Using Writing to Support Reasoning, and Reasoning to Improve Swimming and suction feeding involve remarkably different Writing motions, yet many fishes use their epaxial musculature for both. Are Strong, systematic reasoning is an important component of scientific different regions of the musculature specialized for locomotion and progress (Platt, 1964). However, some areas of science instruction feeding, or this entire muscle bifunctional? Using electromyography (e.g. Biology) often focus on rote learning, with relatively fewer (EMG) on three largemouth bass, we measured electrical activity in opportunities for students to practice analytical and evaluative nine regions of the epaxial musculature and identified which regions thinking (Zheng et al., 2008). Therefore, expanding opportunities for contribute to low- and high-performance swimming and suction students to understand and apply scientific reasoning could benefit feeding. For all feeding strikes, bass consistently activated the science education. Students have access to many resources (e.g. dorsalmost region of the epaxial muscle—the dorsal pointing arm books, websites) to help with scientific reasoning skills. Moreover, (DPA). Only high-performance strikes (strongest buccal pressures) written (and spoken) communication is necessary to express reasoned consistently activated the more ventral muscle regions—the arguments and conclusions, and intrinsically involves reasoning posterior- and anterior-pointing cones (PPC and APC). For all skills (Rochford and Borchert, 2011). Many resources for scientific locomotor behaviors studied, bass consistently activated the writing are also available to students. However, books and other ventralmost region of the epaxial muscle (APC). Only the resources often present scientific reasoning and writing separately. highest-performance swimming behaviors (C-starts and sprints) Academic curricula also may not allow for dedicated courses on consistently activated the more dorsal muscle regions (PPC, DPA). reasoning and writing. Therefore, a resource that provides a concise Thus, in the highest performance swimming and feeding behaviors, review of reasoning and writing may be useful for supporting science bass recruit muscle fibers from all regions of the epaxial musculature, education. I have developed two web-based modules based on the whereas for lower performance behaviors, fibers are recruited hypothesis that strong reasoning is a necessary part of clear scientific preferentially from the dorsal region for feeding and ventral region writing. The first module, "Thinking for Writing," presents for locomotion. Finally, we found that even the strongest goldfish foundational arguments for the importance of logical frameworks, strikes produced submaximal muscle activity relative to C-start simplicity, and specificity for developing critical understanding intensities. These relatively low intensities suggest that, in through written communication. The second module, "A Framework largemouth bass, the epaxial muscles underperform in terms of for Scientific Papers," applies the principles of the first module to the power output during suction feeding. Future studies will reveal specific context of presenting hypothesis-driven research in the whether species that require higher muscle power outputs, such as IMRaD format. The modules have the potential to support bluegill sunfish, show a different pattern. These results inform our non-writing science courses such as laboratories by helping students understanding of how axial muscles that originally evolved for improve scientific reasoning and communication. swimming have been co-opted to power suction feeding.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 111 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e112

S4-6 JOEL, A-C*; WEISSBACH, M; RWTH Aachen University, 3-1 JOHANSEN, IB*; HENRIKSEN, EH; SHAW, JC; MAYER, I; Germany; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, RWTH AMUNDSEN, P-A; ØVERLI, Ø; Norwegian University of Life Aachen University, Germany; [email protected] Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Same Principles but Different Purposes: Passive Fluid Handling [email protected] Throughout the Animal Kingdom Towards the parasites' perspective on host pigmentation Everything on earth is subject to physical laws, thus they influence Animal colouration has spurred some of the most active and all facets of living creatures. Though these laws restrain animals in controversial fields in evolutionary biology. Carotenoids are vital but many ways, some animals have developed a way to use physical limited resources in functions ranging from immunity to phenomena in their favor to conserve energy. Many animals which ornamentation. Parasite infection often correlates to intensity of have to handle fluids, for example, have evolved passive mechanisms carotenoid-based ornamentation and is believed to reflect an by adapting their wettability or using capillary forces for rapid fluid influence of parasites on host health. However, parasites can also spreading. In distinct animals a similar selection pressure always shape host phenotype to their own advantage. Applying an extended Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 favors a convergent development. But when assessing the biological phenotype approach to carotenoid distribution, we suggest the tasks of passive fluid handling mechanisms, their diversity is rather possibility that parasites affect this distribution depending on the surprising. Besides the well described handling water to facilitate host`s role in the parasites life cycle. Skin coloration (redness) and drinking in arid regions, observed in e.g. several lizards, other the ratio between skin and muscle coloration (red-red ratio) of animals like a special flat bug have developed a similar mechanism sexually mature male Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), is negatively for a completely different task and fluid: Instead of water, these bugs correlated to infection intensities of the tapeworm Eubothrium passively transport an oily defense secretion to a region close to their salvelini that uses charr as a definitive host. Conversely, parasites head where it finally evaporates. And again some spiders use that await trophic transmission are positively related to redness and capillary forces to capture prey, by sucking in the viscous waxy red:red ratio. The positive association between Diplostomum sp. and cuticle of their prey with their nanofibrous threads. We want to redness/red:red ratio indicates parasite mediation not only related to describe the similarities and differences in the deployed mechanisms immune function since they occupy the immune privileged eye. across the animal kingdom. Though focusing on fluid handling of Thus, parasite mediation likely originates from more complex well-studied reptiles, we aim to stretch over to other not as processes such as investment in reproduction. From the perspective extensively studied species for which similar mechanisms for a of the parasite, promoting such investment could serve as an different task are described. adaptation for trophic transmission. Conversely, opposing such investment could protect the final host from predation.

12-5 JOHN, JS*; BOERNER, K; DENUM, L; GASPARD, JC; 26-3 JOHNSEN, S*; NIJHOUT , HF; Duke Univ.; WILLIAMS, TM; University of California, Santa Cruz, Mote Marine [email protected] Laboratory & Aquarium, Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium; Super-black butterfly uses stealth technology: honeycomb [email protected] absorbing structures in the scales of the wings of Trogonoptera Two stage recovery response in a shallow diving marine mammal; brookiana implications for boat avoidance cost in West Indian manatees While most research in biophotonics has focused on structural colors, As a shallow diving marine mammal with a low energy herbivorous and - to a lesser extent - structural whites, special structures are also diet, West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) have developed required to make exceptionally black surfaces. Deep blacks are adaptations to maximize energy efficiency. In addition to a low important for camouflage against bioluminescent searchlights in the resting metabolic rate (RMR), our current research suggests that deep-sea, and also for enhancing the contrast of color signals, as has West Indian manatees have adapted their diving physiology to been documented in the Superb Bird-of-Paradise (Lophorina minimize oxygen debt during a dive. These adaptations, however, superba) wings of the papilionid butterfly Trogonoptera brookiana might not be optimized for the behavioral changes resulting from are characterized by iridescent green triangles on an unusually black boat traffic, such as an increase in respiration variability. Despite a surround. We used specialized spectroscopic techniques to measure calculated aerobic dive limit greater than 18 minutes and a maximum the reflectance of the black surface and found that, even at observed dive duration of 24 minutes, the average dive duration for perpendicular incidence, which maximizes the specular contribution most behaviors is less than 3 minutes. To determine the energetic to the reflected light, the reflectance was only 0.05%, as low as the consequences of extended dives, we used flow-through respirometry blackest known natural and artificial surfaces. Investigation by to measure the energetic cost of stationary dives in 2 adult manatees scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the scales of the at Mote Marine Laboratory & Aquarium (Sarasota, FL). For dives wings had an unusual honeycomb structure with a periodicity on the within preferred dive durations (< 3 min) the average recovery MR order of a wavelength of visible light. The structure contained -1 -1 was 0.99 ml O2·kg ·min , 11% lower than the average resting MR melanin, but the importance of the structure itself was made clear by -1 -1 (1.11 ml O2·kg ·min ), indicating no incurred oxygen debt. For the fact that the gold-coated SEM samples remained black. The longer dive durations (4-8 min), the animals began to incur an honeycomb structure strongly resembled the honeycomb oxygen debt, exhibiting an average recovery MR of 1.76 ml radar-absorbing materials used in stealth aircraft technology. Indeed, -1 -1 O2·kg ·min (59% higher than RMR) for a dive MR of 0.64 ml if one scales the periodicity of the radar materials by the difference in -1 -1 O2·kg ·min . This suggests a dive physiology optimized for short wavelength between radar and visible light, one arrives at the duration dives and has implications for how these animals respond to periodicity of the honeycomb in the scales of T. brookiana. Similar anthropogenic disturbances in the wild. structures have been found in other less-black papilionid butterflies ( Papilio paris,Troides helena, Pachliopta aristolochiae) and have been investigated with an aim to increasing the efficiency of solar cells. We discuss the biological significance of this potentially convergent trait and its implications for signaling.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 112 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e113

54-2 JOHNSON, DE*; JONESBOGGS, JD; SMITH, JPS; Winthrop 21-1 JOHNSON, D*; STAHLSCHMIDT, ZR; Univ. of the Pacific; University, Rock Hill; [email protected] [email protected] Effects of Beach Nourishment on the Meiofauna: Not all Bad? What influences thermal maxima in urban ants? Beach nourishment, or the emplacement of dredged sand to mitigate Cities are rapidly expanding, and global warming is intensified in the effects of erosion, has become a standard method of repairing urban environments due to the urban heat island effect. Thus, urban tourist beaches. One long-term effect of nourishment is a coarsening animals may be particularly susceptible to climate change given their of the beach, as the finer sediments wash away quickly, leaving small thermal safety margins. We used two experiments to test three behind shell-hash. This is of concern, as sediment grain-size is hypotheses related to understanding determinants of critical thermal arguably the major abiotic determinant of meiofaunal community maxima (Tmax) in urban ants—specifically, that (1) body size, (2) structure. Using sieving granulometry to determine sediment preferred micro-environments, and (3) hydration status influence parameters and DNA metabarcoding to characterize the meiofaunal T . First, we manipulated water access (water provided ad lib. or max Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 community, we have examined two beaches in North Carolina, USA restricted for 8 h) and determined Tmax (knockdown temperature; that differ in nourishment history. Our preliminary findings show that range: 26-61°C) for 11 species common to cities in California's there is a significant difference between the two in sediment Central Valley that exhibit nearly 300-fold variation in body mass. parameters, with the nourished beach having a significantly greater Larger species had higher Tmax after controlling for phylogeny, and mean grain-size (437µm vs 218µm; p= .0013) and a greater (160µm water limitation in some, but not all, species reduced Tmax. However, vs 41µm), but non-significant, sorting coefficient. Analysis of alpha Tmax was not influenced by the estimated active temperature (Tactive) diversity from the metabarcoding data shows that the nourished of ants or ant water content. Second, we used another water beach exhibits significantly higher diversity in all three measures limitation treatment level (water restriction for 32 h) and more used (Faith's PD, Chao1, and number of OTU's). It seems possible estimates of Tactive in two focal, similar-sized species with different that the increased proportion of micro-habitats in the nourished beach hydric and thermal sensitivities. Specifically, they varied greatly in supports higher community diversity. This project was supported by Tactive and Tmax (Prenolepis imparis: 22°C and 40°C; Formica moki: INBRE Bioinformatics Pilot Project and INBRE RET grants to JSIII; 30°C and 51°C; respectively) and their Tmax responded differently to student stipend support was provided from grant P20GM103499 (SC water limitation (8 h water limitation reduced Tmax in P. imparis, but INBRE) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, not F. moki). Water limitation for 8 and 32 h similarly reduced Tmax National Institutes of Health. in P. imparis, but only 32 h of limitation reduced Tmax in F. moki. Neither Tactive nor body size affected Tmax in either species. In sum, we found varied support for our hypotheses: inter- (but not intra-) specific variation in body size influenced Tmax, Tactive did not influence Tmax, and the sensitivity of Tmax to water availability varied across species. Our results highlight the importance of water as a valuable resource for animals in the Anthropocene.

74-2 JOHNSON, B*; SEARLE, J; SPARKS, J; Cornell University; 5-4 JOHNSON, KM*; CASAS, SM; LA PEYRE, JF; KELLY, MW; [email protected] Louisiana State University; [email protected] Morphological Drivers of Physiological Performance in Lungless The Influences of Environment and Dermo Infection on DNA Salamanders Methylation in the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica The relationship between body size and whole-organism metabolic Populations of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the rate is one of the best documented physiological patterns across the Northern Gulf of Mexico will be challenged by predicted changes in tree of life. However, cell size also influences metabolic rates, ocean temperature and salinity. As environments change a leading to potential interactions between body size and cell size in combination of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations will be driving physiological function. Cell size is itself determined by important mechanisms that may allow one population to persist and genome size, thus the physical size of the genome has a potential not another. Recent advancements in the use of reduced functional, "nucleotypic" effect on organismal physiology, representation bisulfite sequencing and the release of a reference particularly in lineages with adequate variation in genome size. I genome for C. virginica provides new opportunities to explore the investigate this effect in eight species of lungless salamanders extent to which DNA methylation is shaped by the environment. (Urodela: Plethodontidae). Lungless salamanders display substantial Recent evidence suggests that there are population specific patterns variation in genome size relative to other vertebrates. Critically, they in DNA methylation in C. virginica and that DNA methylation is respire and transport water entirely through the integument. Genome significantly correlated with variability in gene expression. In this and cell size variation in this group thus have direct functional study we have explored changes in DNA methylation between 2 consequences by modulating the structure and function of skin, the populations of C. virginica collected from a high and a low salinity primary site of respiratory gas and water exchange. By sampling site along coastal Louisiana. Crosses within each population were across genome size and body size variation in this group, I quantify conducted at Grand Isle Hatchery (LA) and the progeny were variation in gas and water transport as a function of genome-, cell-, out-planted at either a medium-high salinity site (Grand Isle, LA; integument-, and whole-organism level morphological interactions to 19.2 psu) or at a low-salinity site (Chauvin, LA; 9.7 psu). To test for determine how morphological variation drives plethodontid the effects of rearing environment and dermo infection intensity on physiological function. DNA methylation we sampled 20 oysters for each population from each site after 1 year. We assessed changes in DNA methylation using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and focused our comparisons on changes in methylation within a population but between out-plant sites and for dermo infection between populations within a site. This approach provides the opportunity to explore the extent to which genotype, infection intensity, and environment influence DNA methylation patterns in C. virginica.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 113 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e114

88-3 JOHNSON, AS*; ELLERS, O; ETZEL, R; KHORIATY, J; 123-6 JOHNSTONE, J/B*; RAHMAN, MD/S; University of Texas Bowdoin College; [email protected] Rio Grande Valley; [email protected] The oscillatory gait of high-speed sea stars: Do sea stars of varying Impacts of rising temperatures on gonadal functions, heat shock morphology vary stride length or step frequency to change speed? protein expression, and cellular apoptosis in Atlantic sea urchin We have confirmed that at least five species of sea stars have a Increasing surface sea temperatures are having an increasing impact special oscillatory gait that they use to increase their speed. Although on marine environments. Sea urchins are ideal model organisms to this gait is driven by coordinated movement of tens of tube feet, or focus on, as they are excellent indicator species in regards to their podia, rather than a few well-defined legs, these gaits have an response to global climate changes. They are also an ancient and identifiable step frequency and stride length. The product of step relatively simple species, meaning that there are fewer internal frequency and stride length is speed, and changes in either of these mechanisms to deal with when observing responses. In this study, we variables could be responsible for speed increases. In human studies, tested the effect of higher temperatures on reproductive functions, subjects can be asked to aim for walks with constant stride heat shock protein expression, and ceolomic fluid (CF, a body fluid Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 frequency, constant stride length, constant speed or preferred stride which regulates important physiological processes) conditions in length and frequency across a range of speeds. In sea stars we cannot Atlantic sea urchin at three different temperatures. Ten sea urchins survey such a range of conditions, but we can get a range of were placed in each of six aquariums (capacity: 20-gallon) with high behaviors by studying voluntary gaits within individuals, within a temperatures (28 and 32oC) and control variable (24oC) under species and across species (other possibilities might include different controlled laboratory conditions for a 7-day period. For this temperatures and motivational states). We filmed many individuals experiment, the reproductive functions and heat shock protein of three species of sea star (Protoreaster nodosus, Asterias forbesi, expression focused on both male and female specimens. Sea urchin Luidia clathrata), for whom periodic vertical locomotory oscillations exposed to high temperature had the lower gonadal growth (gonad are correlated with increases in speed. We found that most of the weight/body weight*100) compared to controls. The percentage of variation in speed was due to changes in stride length. Stride mature eggs (ova) was also significantly lower at high temperature frequency varied less and sometimes even declined with increasing compared to controls, indicating impaired ovarian functions at high speed. These correlates of speed suggest that this locomotory system temperatures. Sperm production also displayed a tendency to behaves like a forced damped harmonic oscillator. The frequency decrease from the lower to higher temperatures. Sea urchin exposed may be related to sea star mass and the stride length may be related to high temperature showed an increased heat shock protein to the length of the podia, which are hydraulically variable in length. expression in eggs, follicles, and sperm, as well as increased cellular By observing among a size series within a species and by surveying apoptosis and decreased CF pH compared to controls. These results among species, a range of mechanical conditions varying in mass and suggest that elevated water temperature decline/acidify CF pH which density and allometric morphology can be surveyed to uncover might be involved in the impairment of reproductive functions and underlying mechanisms and constraints. cellular apoptosis in Atlantic sea urchin.

37-2 JONES, M*; NAGALINGUM, N; California Academy of 85-2 JONES, JA*; BOERSMA , J; ENBODY, ED; FUXJAGER, MJ; Sciences; [email protected] ROSVALL, KA; SCHWABL, H; WEBSTER, MS; KARUBIAN, J; Phylogenetics of grammitids (Grammitidoideae): Using molecular Tulane University, Washington State University, Wake Forest data and morphological characters to identify Peninsular College, Indiana University, Cornell University; Malaysian ferns [email protected] The subfamily Grammitidoideae (grammitid ferns in the family Experimental inhibition of peripheral androgen receptors dampens Polypodiaceae) encompasses 33 genera and approximately 750 ornament expression in a female tropical passerine species of ferns distributed across the neotropics, southeastern Asia, In vertebrates, the androgen testosterone (T) regulates a variety of and Oceania. Included genera display significant morphological signals used to communicate, but our understanding of the relative variation in characters such as rhizomes and rhizome scales, laminae, importance of circulating T versus receptor sensitivity in predicting and arrangement of sori and sporangia. Many grammitid species signal expression remains limited. This limitation is particularly ferns are undescribed, making it difficult to protect the biodiversity relevant for females, however, considering that high T levels can be of ecosystems to which they belong. In particular, the Malaysian costly. Previous studies have shown that T-implanted females in Peninsula is a focus for conservation efforts -- the biodiversity of this dichromatic species may develop a partial, male-like plumage, region is rich and includes endemic species, and grammitids thrive in stressing that while circulating T is important, in isolation, circulating mossy montane forests of this region. We sampled ferns from Penang T alone is not sufficient to explain patterns of phenotypic Hill to analyze morphological characters using herbarium specimens, differentiation between sexes. Here, we explore the proximate photographs from online herbaria, and dichotomous keys to identify mechanisms of female ornamentation in white-shouldered fairywren the samples. We sequenced five chloroplast loci and incorporated the (Malurus alboscapulatus), a tropical passerine that varies in female, sequences into a dataset consisting of 258 identified species of but not male, ornamentation among populations. In a population grammitid ferns to generate maximum likelihood tree and Bayesian where both males and females exhibit black eumelanin feathers and trees that establish relationships between identified species and our white scapular patches (defined here as ‘ornamented'), we implanted samples. Both samples are closely related to other species from both sexes with the potent antiandrogen bicalutamide, a drug that southeastern Asia, placing them in the tropical Asian clade. One of blocks androgen receptors. We found that the white scapular patch of the samples likely belongs to the genus Ctenopterella (Ctenopteris). females implanted with bicalutamide regrew feathers tipped in The distribution of this genus throughout our trees strongly suggests melanin pigments, but not in males. However, most of the ornament that it is not monophyletic. The other sample is related to the genera regrew normally, suggesting a role of T in regulating partial Radiogrammitis and Oreogrammitis, based on molecular analysis, ornament expression. These results suggest that patterns of but examination of morphological traits indicates that it not only phenotypic divergence in ornamentation between sexes and among belongs to Radiogrammitis, it is a species new to science, or at least populations is a complex interaction between circulating T, androgen to Malaysia. receptor sensitivity, and the resulting gene expression which warrants further exploration.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 114 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e115

37-6 JORGE, JF*; HARRISON, JS; MANOS, PS; PATEK, SN; 27-5 JOSEFSON, CC*; HEARD, RE; HOOD, WR; Auburn Duke University; [email protected] University, Auburn, AL; [email protected] Biomechanics of ballistic seed dispersal in the witch hazel Trans-generational effects during development following maternal (Hamamelis) immune challenge in a lactating rodent Ballistochoric plants project seeds away from the parent plant so that The environment that an individual experiences early in life can have offspring can avoid competition for nutrients and sunlight. Their long-lasting impacts on its physiological phenotype. These diversity of seed shapes and sizes reflect the many mechanisms used adjustments are hypothesized to be adaptive. That is, if the for ballistic seed ejection. If the driving factor for these mechanisms developmental environment is predictive of later life conditions, the is the dispersal distance, then plants with larger seeds would require physiological changes associated with this adaptation are predicted to more robust mechanisms to effectively disseminate their seeds. improve subsequent reproductive performance and survival for that Species in the witch hazel genus Hamamelis launch seeds that are individual. Thus, although there is an ontological program during the large (average of 0.04 g, sample size 33 seeds) when compared to fetal and neonatal periods, there is also the capacity for the individual Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 seeds from most ballistochoric plants (seeds of similar, previously to adjust their phenotype in order to maximize future reproductive studied systems range from 10-4 g to 10-2 g). The explosive dispersal success. Small rodents, such as mice (Mus musculus), are of witch hazel seeds has yet to be fully resolved, due to their particularly useful models for understanding how maternal extremely fast and brief movement. Now, through high speed investment shapes offspring because allocation to reproduction is videography, we elucidated these transient events. We collected seed high and likely pushes females to their physiological limits. Here, we capsules from four Hamamelis plants on Duke's campus and used outbred laboratory mice to investigate the impact of maternal extracted from their seed capsules the endocarps containing the immune challenge with KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a seeds. We firmly secured each endocarp to the base of a desiccation non-replicating antigen) on physiological characteristics of offspring. chamber and recorded with a high speed camera (100,000 fps). The Mothers were placed in three experimental groups based on their seeds were ejected with an average maximum velocity of 8.8 m/s and reproductive intensity and whether or not they received an immune an average maximum acceleration of 120,000 m/s2 (sample size of 33 challenge including 1) control and lactating (PBS+L), 2) seeds, from 4 plants). Through our velocity calculations and an immune-challenged and lactating (KLH+L) and 3) estimate of drag, we expect that the seeds can travel 5 m from their immune-challenged and concurrently gestating and lactating host plant. Endocarps with greater mass launched seeds with greater (KLH+PL). Body and organ masses of the pups were recorded, and kinetic energy and maximum velocity. Hamamelis, which disperses gene expression for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, seeds that are almost half the mass of the mechanism used to expel growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors, and them (seed mass to endocarp mass ratio of 0.43), can provide insight pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified. Our results support that into how the mass of the seed influences its dispersal mechanism. maternal immune challenge and maternal reproductive intensity impact offspring physiology. Together, this study provides empirical evidence in mammals that is critical to furthering our understanding of factors that contribute to offspring life-history variation.

64-3 JUAREZ, Y S*; DI SANTO, V; WILHELMUS, M M; 122-5 JUDSON, JM*; HOEKSTRA, L; HOLDEN, K; POLICH, R; Univeristy of California, Riverside, Harvard University; ADAMS, C; BRONIKOWSKI, A; JANZEN, F; Iowa State [email protected] University; [email protected] Robokrill: a metachronal robotic swimmer The role of color, immunity, and sexually dimorphic traits in Drag-based propulsion via metachronal beating of neighboring female mate choice appendages is commonly found among species of crustaceans that From the colorful dewlap of Anolis lizards to courtship displays in undergo long-distance migrations in the ocean. While previous turtles, reptiles exhibit a wide array of traits presumed important in experimental studies have analyzed the kinematics of this swimming sexual selection. Many reptiles exhibit sexually dimorphic gait within the context of propulsive e ciency, the e ect of stroke pigmentation or energetically costly displays that have few kinematics and morphology on transport of the surrounding fluid is explanations beyond their potential role in female choice. However, not well understood. In this talk, we present a newly developed limited evidence exists for female reptiles actively choosing mates metachronal robotic swimmer designed to mimic the metachronal before copulation. If female choice and sexually dimorphic traits are swimming of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, during forward positively related, then intersexual selection should be an important propulsion to analyze aspects of metachrony that are challenging to evolutionary process maintaining sexual dimorphism. This possibility isolate in natural systems. In particular, we aim to understand which is particularly interesting in reptiles with temperature-dependent sex design parameters can be leveraged to maximize transport. We determination (TSD), where the genomes are identical between the present particle image velocimetry measurements during vertical sexes. We used the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) as a model migration of a single swimmer and compare its hydrodynamic reptile to understand which male traits may influence a female's signature to flow fields of real organisms presented in the literature. choice of mates. We held turtles in outdoor ponds April-August of We discuss the feasibility of leveraging this system to engineer new this two-year study, where they were allowed to mate and nest. We self-propelled robots that maximize transport in a transitional measured body size, male claw length, arm stripe color, and immune Reynolds regime. health in adults. We collected and incubated eggs in 2016 and assigned parentage for all hatchlings using a panel of 96 maximally-informative SNPs. We considered relationships between siring success and the measured sire traits as evidence for female choice, providing novel insight into the role of color, immunity, and sexually dimorphic traits in female mate choice in a reptile with TSD.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 115 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e116

61-7 JUHN, MS*; VAN VALKENBURGH, B; ALFARO, ME; Univ 41-2 JURESTOVSKY, DJ*; ASTLEY, HC; Univ. of Akron, Ohio; of California, Los Angeles; [email protected] [email protected] Exploring Macroevolutionary Ratchets as a Potential Driver of The Effect of the Zygosphene/Zygantrum Joint on the Range of Clades in Decline Motion in Snake Vertebrae Diversity declines are well documented and widespread in the fossil Joint articulations determine range of motion (ROM), allowing or record, but the mechanisms that drive the observed dynamics remain restricting particular motions to balance stability and flexibility. unclear. Macroevolutionary ratchets have been proposed as a Snakes have a unique zygosphene/zygantrum joint in their vertebrae potential driver of decline, where selection favors the loss of early (either minimal or absent in all other vertebrates), but the function of generalized forms, which results in more vulnerable specialized this joint is poorly understood. To experimentally determine the role forms late in the history of the clade. While empirical evidence for of the zygosphene/zygantrum articulation in the range of motion in the presence of a macroevolutionary ratchet has been demonstrated in snake vertebrae, two sequential mid-body vertebrae of a cornsnake the North America canid record, the general clade dynamics (Pantherophis guttatus), boa (Boa constrictor), and rattlesnake Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 accompanying this pattern have not yet been explored. We used (Crotalus viridus) were CT-scanned, segmented out, and 3D printed simulations to explore the relationship between trait evolution, (14x size). Two copies of the posterior vertebrae were printed, one extinction, and clade decline under macroevolutionary ratchet-type unaltered and one with the zygosphene digitally removed. Motion scenarios. To simulate the macroevolutionary ratchet, we modeled capture cameras were used to record the angular ROM in yaw (lateral the extinction rate of each lineage as a function of its trait value. We bending), pitch (dorsoventral bending), and roll (axial torsion) as the used a Brownian motion model with trend to reflect the ratchet-like joint was manually manipulated. Removal of the zygosphene effect of specialization, where clade is forced to become more increased yaw ROM but did not affect pitch. In the unaltered specialized over time. Our simulations confirm that a vertebrae, roll ROM was minimal for all combinations of pitch and macroevolutionary ratchet-type scenario will lead to a diversity yaw. In the altered vertebra in the cornsnake and boid, roll ROM was decline trajectory. However, the diversity trajectory after peak unconstrained only when the pre- and post-zygapophyses were no diversity is not always unidirectional, suggesting that clades may be longer articulated (at high yaw angles), a condition that was not able to recover from short periods of decline. Additionally, clades possible when the zygosphene was present. In the rattlesnake, roll where the relationship between trait value and extinction was high ROM was minimal for both altered and unaltered vertebrae, as the were unable to generate enough diversity in the rise phase in order to pre- and post-zygapophyses were unable to disarticulate. Thus, it experience decline. Inferences from these simulations can be used to appears the zygosphene/zygantrum joint acts as a bony limit detect the signature of the macroevolutionary ratchet in empirical preventing the vertebrae from reaching high yaw angles where roll clades. Our results clarify how trait evolution can drive decline under could occur, strengthening the joint without sacrificing flexibility. a range of parameter values and provides additional insights on a mechanistic hypothesis of clade decline.

103-7 JUSUFI, A*; VOGT, D; WOOD, RJ; Max Planck Instute, 33-5 KAASHOEK, M*; NAUWELAERTS , S; AERTS , P; Germany, Harvard University. University of Antwerp, Belgium, University of Antwerp and Co-Contraction facilitates Body Stiffness Modulation during University of Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] Swimming with Sensory Feedback in a Soft Biorobotic Physical Comparison of the instantaneous axis of rotation between different Model monodactyl equids Undulatory motion of the torso is a salient feature of locomotion in many The Equidae belong to the Perissodactyla, which are also known as vertebrate taxa, particularly in fishes and reptiles. Although important insights into the odd-toed ungulates. During the Miocene, at least four different the mechanics of swimming were uncovered in numerous studies of body kinematics and muscle activity patterns, it has been challenging to investigate how lineage within the Equidae reduced the number of functional digits the extent of lateral muscle activation affects propulsive performance due to the on the forelimb to one, also referred to as monodactyly. The Equus difficulties associated with modulation of in vivo muscle activation in lineage, including asses, donkeys, horses and zebras, is the only freely-swimming fishes. To gain insight into co-contraction and body stiffness remaining lineage. This study is part of a larger project that will test control we previously built a compliant physical model with soft bending actuators hypothesis regarding monodactyly and the disappearance of the three that allows for actively-controlled shape changes on the body. A parameter sweep of cyclic undulation frequencies and co-contraction phasing was performed and extinct lineages. The aim of this cadaver study is to compare the self-propelled speed measured. Measurement of thrust as a function of instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) of all forelimb joints between co-contraction phasing between the right and left sides in the undulatory swimming different monodactyl equids. The IAR can be used to describe the of our model revealed that antagonistic co-activation for a small fraction of the three-dimensional motion of two subsequent segments. Cadaver cycle period can increase thrust. Expanding upon this, we sought to determine the forelimbs of a przewalskii, a zebra, different horse breeds and several extent to which bilateral left-right co-activation has the capacity to alter the stiffness of the body, we carried out experiments to measure the body stiffness non-equids (including an alpaca, a lion and a tapir) were used to directly. When soft actuators were co-activated we measured an increase in determine the IAR over the entire range of motion for all forelimb stiffness from 18 to 29 N/m for pressure values of 0, 15, 20, 30, and 40 kPa. joints. Standardized cuts were made at the midlevel of each segment Moreover, we integrated hyperelastic soft sensors for estimation of body curvature. and bone pins attached with reflective marker triads were drilled into The soft sensors were mounted laterally along the soft pneumatic actuator to close the forelimb bones. Each forelimb joint was manually moved the loop. Sensors contained microchannels filled with liquid metal eutectic Gallium Indium. This marked the first time an eGaIn-based soft sensor was tested under independently through flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and water. Despite the hydrodynamic pressure, it allowed for measurement of strain internal-external rotation. The three-dimensional coordinates of the changes of body curvature. During bending of the soft actuator the fin curvature marker triads were recorded using an infra-red six camera system. increases. The associated length changes correlated with changes in electrical With a customized MATLAB script, based on the software package resistance in the liquid metal within microchannels. Resistance increased KineMat, IAR properties were calculated over the entire range of proportionally with bending in the range of actuator pressurization from 0.13 to 0.66 bar, thus enabling fin displacement amplitude control. Sensory feedback will motion. Within the monodactyl species, the different joints displayed allow for applying the necessary pressure correction to remain at the desired different IAR behaviours, but for each joint the IAR properties were body-caudal curvature at a range of water flow speeds. This biorobotic platform similar between the different monodactyl species. Comparable provides a physical model for testing hypotheses on how swimming performance orientations and positions of the IAR suggest that different species can be affected by modulation of torso stiffness. can display similar movements between the different forelimb segments, and thus similar kinematics.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 116 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e117

136-1 KAHRL, AF*; SNOOK, RR; FITZPATRICK, JL; Stockholm 12-7 KAIYALA, KJ; LIGHTON, JRB*; Univ. of Washington, Sable University, Stockholm; [email protected] Systems International; [email protected] Sperm Evolution Across the Animal Tree of Life Full Derivation and Verification of a Simplified Technique for Despite their homologous function of fertilizing eggs, sperm exhibit Accurate Measurement of Energy Expenditure incredible morphological diversity across the animal kingdom. There Energy expenditure (EE) measurement can take place via direct or is ample evidence that post-mating sexual selection (sperm indirect calorimetry. With indirect calorimetry, O2 consumption and competition and cryptic female choice) drives sperm diversity at the CO2 production rates are typically both required in order to calculate family- or genus-level. However, the vast majority of variation in EE. This arises because the oxycaloric equivalent, required to sperm morphology exists among taxonomic groups, and likely has transform O2 consumption rate to EE, varies with the respiratory deep evolutionary roots. Yet, we know surprisingly little about how quotient (RQ). In 1949 J.B. Weir derived an equation for calculating sperm diversification is influenced by selective agents at the EE from O2 consumption and CO2 production rates, and had the key macroevolutionary scale of the animal tree of life, such as variation insight that CO2 dilution of the oxygen signal could counteract the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 in the fertilization environment (internal vs. external fertilization) and inverse dependence of the oxycaloric equivalent on RQ. This insight reproductive mode (egg-laying vs. live-bearing). Here, we examine was rediscovered sporadically in the coming years, but has not been sperm morphology from >4000 species, spanning all major phyla of widely used as its validity has not been rigorously demonstrated from animals, to generate a macroevolutionary view of sperm evolution first principles. Here, we present the first rigorous derivation of the across 400 million years of animal evolution. We show that formula for transforming O2 consumption rates, in the presence of transitions in both fertilization and reproductive mode prompt CO2 dilution, into EE directly. We show that this formula applies evolutionary responses in sperm size. Specifically, externally only to ambient O2 levels close to normoxia, and also validate the fertilizing species have significantly smaller sperm than internal formula using 168 individual mouse-days of EE data across a fertilizers. We argue that sperm dilution associated with external temperature range of 19 - 29C. Given the calibration uncertainties of fertilization imposes limits on the evolution of sperm size, while CO2 calibration gases, this method provides a highly accurate sperm-sperm and sperm-female interactions within the female calculation of EE, as it does not depend on CO2 analysis at all. reproductive tract in internal fertilization drives evolutionary However, if CO2 analyzers are used, it provides a method for increases in sperm size. Within internal fertilizers, oviparous species validating their correct operation, given the 24h equivalence of food have significantly larger sperm than both ovoviviparous and quotient and RQ (by Hess's law of Constant Heat Summation). We viviparous species. This suggests that because the cost of further demonstrate that drying of the sample air is not necessary if reproduction differs for ovi-, ovovivi-, and viviparous species, water vapor pressure and barometric pressure are measured, allowing post-mating selection on sperm morphology may also vary. Our the dilution effect of water vapor to be removed using Dalton's law of results highlight the potential for large-scale databases and analyses partial pressures. spanning the animal tree of life to shed light on the macroevolutionary drivers of evolutionary diversification in animals.

65-6 KAJI, T; FARLEY, G; JORGE, J; LONGO, S; HARRISON, J; 137-4 KALLAL, RJ*; MOORE, AJ; HORMIGA, G; The George PATEK, S; PALMER, AR*; Univ. of Alberta, Duke Univ.; Washington University, Stony Brook University; [email protected] [email protected] Who Knew? Ultrafast Limb Movements in an Amphipod that Snaps The Shape of Weaver: The Evolution of Carapace Shape Disparity Ultrafast appendage movements have evolved in many arthropod in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae) groups including snapping shrimp, mantis shrimp, trap-jaw ants and Orb-weaving spiders have long been recognized to show substantial smashing-mandible termites. We discovered such motions in another variation in body size, both within and between species. Within arthropod group: maerid amphipods. We confirmed prior anecdotal species, orb-weavers exhibit one of the most extreme examples of reports that male amphipods of the genus Dulichiella produce a sexual size dimorphism in the animal kingdom, with females often snapping sound with their second gnathopod. This massively orders of magnitude longer and more massive than conspecific hypertrophied gnathopod, which occurs primarily on the right side, males. Although inter- and intraspecific variation in orb-weaving exhibits pronounced positive allometry and in large males of spider body size is a well-studied phenomenon, body shape variation Dulichiella appendiculata may exceed 20% of the total body weight. - and the potential role of allometric influences on body shape - Preliminary high-speed video recordings of gnathopod closing (more remain largely unexplored. Here, we use geometric morphometric than 200,000 fps) and synchronized audio recordings revealed a) methods to quantify differences in carapace shape among members angular velocities among the highest known in animals, b) of the speciose, cosmopolitan orb-weaving spider family Araneidae, surprisingly large appendage recoil motions, c) occasional formation and test several hypotheses concerning the evolution of shape and of cavitation bubbles, and d) hints of an unexpected mechanism for size dimorphism in araneids. We find that males and females occupy sound production. Much remains to be learned about how this small distinct yet overlapping volumes of morphospace, with males animal achieves such remarkable claw closing speeds and produces generally having broader carapaces and more pronounced head an audible snap. regions than congeneric females. Although shape disparity is not significantly different between adult males and females, female carapace shape exhibits significant phylogenetic signal whereas male shape does not, perhaps indicating that male shape is less constrained evolutionarily. We discuss results as they relate to feeding habits, vagility, and fecundity differences between the sexes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 117 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e118

59-7 KALYANASUNDARAM, P; HINSON, C*; WILLIS, M; Case 124-5 KAMRAN, M*; POLLOCK, A.M.M; DITTMAN, A.H; Western Reserve University, Ohio; [email protected] NOAKES, D.L.G; Oregon State University, Corvallis, Northwest Role of Bilateral Odor Sampling in the Odor Source Localization Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Behavior of Manduca sexta Seattle, WA, Oregon State University, Corvallis & Oregon Hatchery The male hawkmoth Manduca sexta is known to have antennal Research Center, Alsea; [email protected] receptive fields of female sex pheromone-responsive projection Use of behavioral assays to select odorants for olfactory imprinting neurons in the antennal lobe. There are about 80 antennal segments to improve homing in Pacific salmon and the distribution of the pheromone-sensitive trichoid sensilla is Chemoreception provides animals with ecologically relevant greater on the middle segments of the antenna, compared to the tip information about their environment. Aquatic habitats are complex and the base. In flight posture, the tips of the two antennae are ca. 2 sensory environments, in which reliance on chemical cues can be cm apart. Using both bilateral sampling and the different receptive advantageous as an organism's reliance on other sensory modalities fields on the antennae, the moths could extract odor detailed may be diminished. Olfactory cues provide animals with information Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 information on spatial distribution of odor instantaneously. such as the presence of a predator or location of resources such as Importantly, the cross section of the odor plume gets narrower near mates and prey. Olfactory guided behaviors can also be important for the source. Taken together, it could be suggested that the M. sexta habitat recognition and homing behavior(s). Anadromous salmonids could use bilateral sampling strategy to locate the odor source more exhibit natal homing, where adults return to their natal tributaries in efficiently. In order to test this hypothesis, we studied the odor plume freshwater to spawn. This homing behavior is impressive in both its tracking behavior of M. sexta with varying length of antennal spatial and temporal scales with adults travelling over hundreds of segments. For this study we used moths with 10, 20, 40 and 80 (fully kilometers after several years at sea. Adult homing is governed by intact) bilateral antennal segments. Once surgically removed the cut olfactory recognition of chemical cues associated with their home antennal segments were glued back onto the intact antennal stream that juvenile salmon learn as they migrate downstream. While segments, to restore the input from the Johnston's organ at the base of research has demonstrated that olfactory cues are critical for ensuring the antenna. Moths with intact antennae were successful in finding successful homing in adults, the identity of these chemical odorants the odor source (97%, n = 37). Moths with 40 antennal segments, i.e., remains largely unknown. We conducted a series of odor 50% intact antenna, performed well as intact controls (91%, n = 24) conditioning behavioral assays using juvenile Chinook salmon to in locating the odor source. Fewer of the moths with 20 & 10 evaluate the olfactory learning of candidate odorants for imprinting antennal segments (n = 15 & 11) (i.e., less than 50% of their within hatcheries. functioning olfactory sensillae) succeeded in locating the odor source and exhibited great difficulty maintaining contact with and tracking the odor plume. The reduction in spatial resolution could have effected their inability to track and locate the odor source.

S8-10 KANE, EA*; COHEN, HE; MARSHALL, CD; GA Southern 91-1 KARAKAS, F*; MAAS, AE; MURPHY, DW; University of University, TX A&M University, Galveston; South Florida , Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences; [email protected] [email protected] Beyond Suction-Feeding Fishes: Diverse Strategies for Integrating Sea Butterfly Swimming: The effect of shell shape on pteropod Functional Systems During Prey Capture in Vertebrates kinematics and hydrodynamics Two defining traits of Kingdom Animalia are the ability to move and Sea butterflies, also called pteropods, are small, holoplanktonic the need to consume food. However, many animals use whole-body marine snails with a shell composed of aragonite, a form of calcium movements to close the distance to prey while the jaws and mouth carbonate that is sensitive to ocean acidification. Sea butterflies swim are used for capture and these traits may be integrated at the by flapping their highly flexible wing-like appendages. Pteropod organismal level. This functional dependency can have negative swimming is not well studied but is important for diel vertical consequences for adapting to a changing environment on both migration. Further, their negatively buoyant shells and pelagic immediate and evolutionary timescales. However, despite the lifestyle require an efficient use of energy. Previous studies show that potential diversity of taxa, relationships between locomotor and the swimming hydrodynamics of Limacina helicina, a polar pteropod feeding traits have been relatively unexplored. Vertebrates represent with a spiral shell, is similar to tiny insect flight aerodynamics and an important subset of taxa that can be used to develop common that unsteady lift generation techniques and forward-backward themes in our understanding of how animals rely on integrated pitching are key features. However, swimming by diverse pteropod functions. Suction-feeding fishes repeatedly coordinate approach species with different shell shapes has not been examined. We speed with mouth movements within individuals, between present measurements of Cuvierina columnella, a warm water populations, and across diversification events. However, whether this species with an elongated non-spiral shell collected off the coast of same pattern of coordination is common among other vertebrates is Bermuda. With a body length of 9 mm, wing length of 4.6 mm, mean unknown. We use three case studies to examine functional chord length of 3.3 mm, wing beat frequency of 5 Hz, and mean integration at broader scales: 1) We compare suction and biting prey swimming speed of 35 mm/s, these organisms swim at a body-based capture behaviors in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to determine the Reynolds number of approximately 300, a regime in which both effects of feeding mode on integration. 2) We analyze preliminary inertial and viscous forces are important. Swimming kinematics data from a mudskipper (Periophthalmus barbarus) feeding above acquired via a high speed stereophotogrammetry system reveals that and below water to determine the effects of the media on integration. the elongated shell correlates with reduced body pitching and that the 3) We re-analyze published prey capture data from cetaceans to wings bend approximately 180 degrees in each direction, overlapping determine the effects of major evolutionary transitions on integration. at the end of each half-stroke. Time resolved two-dimensional flow Together, these analyses provide new insights into how functional measurements collected with a micro-PIV system show leading edge systems are integrated, as well as the adaptability of integration given vortices present in both power and recovery strokes. Interactions significant evolutionary changes in one or more underlying between the overlapping wings and the shell also likely play a role in functional systems. force generation.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 118 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e119

122-3 KARAN, EA*; ALFARO, ME; Univ. of California, Los 88-4 KASOJU, VT*; NGO, T; FORD, MP; Angeles; [email protected] SANTHANAKRISHNAN, A; Oklahoma State University; Evolution of False Eyespots in Butterflyfishes: Testing Eye [email protected] Camouflage and Mimicry as Anti-predator Adaptations Clap and fling with densely bristled wings Many species of butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae) exhibit false eyespots Flight-capable miniature insects (size under 1 mm), such as thrips (circular regions with dark pigment on the posterior body) but the and fairyflies, often have wings with long bristles on the fringes. factors underlying the phylogenetic distribution of this trait remain Flapping flight at such small scales is challenged by large viscous poorly understood. False eyespots are hypothesized to play a role in forces on the wings, characterized by Reynolds number (Re) on the predator avoidance and may function to distract predators away from order of 10 or lower. These insects use large stroke amplitudes that the true eye and head to the posterior of the body to facilitate escape. result in wing-wing interaction (clap and fling). Previous studies False eyespots are also thought to play a role in mitigating aggression have shown that wing bristles can lower drag forces experienced from conspecifics in some species. Concealment of the eye, most during clap and fling. However, the role of the number of bristles on Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 commonly by a vertical stripe, is thought to camouflage the eye from clap and fling aerodynamics has not been previously examined. Our predators, although alternative hypotheses suggest that patterns like forewing image analyses of about 40 species of thrips and fairyflies eye bars may play a role in reducing glare. Eye coverage commonly showed substantial variation in the total number of bristles and aspect co-occurs with false eyespots and the two patterns are hypothesized ratio (AR) of the wing, in the range of 50-120 and 1.3-5, to complement each other in reducing the conspicuousness of the true respectively. We experimentally examined the role of number of eye. We assembled a phylogeny for 95 species of butterflyfish and bristles and change in AR on force generation and leakiness of flow scored each for the presence/absence of eyespots as well as a suite of through the bristles. A dynamically scaled robotic model mimicking other traits related to body coloration and ecology. Comparative clap and fling mechanism was used to comparatively test bristled analyses in BayesTraits revealed a significant association between wing models with varying number of bristles at Re of 10. false eyespots and eye coverage thus supporting the hypothesis that Non-dimensional lift and drag coefficients were estimated from false eyespots have evolved to distract predators from the true eye. A strain gauge measurements of time-varying forces. The results comparative phylogenetic approach was used to test how color showed that with increase in number of bristles, both lift and drag patterns evolve to minimize predation, providing a framework for force coefficients increased. The effect of varying the number of studying how different factors shape color pattern diversity across bristles and AR on leakiness will be discussed. fishes.

127-1 KATIJA, K*; AOKI, N; HARNED, A; MUSHEGIAN, N; 73-7 KéVER, L*; BASS, AH; PARMENTIER, E; CHAGNAUD, DANIELS, J; OSBORN, K; Monterey Bay Aquarium Res. Inst., BP; Université de Liège, Liège, Cornell University, Ithaca, Moss Landing, Cornell University, Cornell, NY, George Washington Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg; University, Washington DC, University of California, Berkeley, [email protected] Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC; A Common Neural Substrate for Sonic and Electric Signaling in [email protected] Synodontid Catfish Locomotion in tomopterids: How do these gelatinous, holopelagic Depending on the species, synodontid catfish produce swimbladder worms swim? sounds, electric organ discharges (EODs), or both using the Tomopterids are globally distributed, highly motile midwater protractor muscle that is connected to the swimbladder via a bony polychaetes with an unusual body form. They have a gelatinous body plate. Neuronal modifications underlying the ability of this muscle to with no internal separation of segments, large paddle-like lateral generate sonic and/or EOD signals are virtually unknown. Therefore, appendages (parapodia), and only a single pair of bristles (internal, we performed a multidisciplinary comparison between a sound acicula) at the anterior. These morphological differences distinguish producer and an EOD producer. Notably, the tonal swimbladder tomopterids from all other polychaetes, and based on generalized sound of S. grandiops and the EOD burst of S. nigriventris had models of polychaete swimming, suggest that tomopterids are slow similar temporal and spectral features. The oscillation rate, for swimmers incapable of sustained fast swimming. However, in situ example, was very high (at least 100 Hz at 26±1°C). Tract tracing observations from remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) indicate experiments following dextran biotin or neurobiotin labeling of the otherwise. We collected 13 tomopterids representing six species protractor nerve(s) revealed the same motoneuron and ranging in size from 1 to 10 cm (between 440 and 1083 m depths) premotoneuron pools in both species. Transneuronal neurobiotin using ROV Doc Ricketts, and transferred them to filming vessels on labeling of premotoneurons implied extensive gap junctional board R/V Western Flyer. Using high-speed video, and subsequent coupling throughout the premotor-motor network. Neurophysiology digitization of 52 features on each individual using DLTdv, we find showed that motoneuron action potential firing depended on strong that (1) swimming is accomplished using a combination of current injection in both S. grandiops and S. nigriventris (1163±461 metachronal paddling of parapodia and the propagation of an pA and 431±322 pA, respectively). These neuronal features, among anteriorly directed body wave, and (2) paddling uses a combination others, most likely promote highly synchronized motoneuronal of sinusoidal and sequential rowing behaviors to maximize the activation which is required to produce high frequency tonal sounds difference between thrust and drag during power and recovery and EODs. Our results suggest that, at least in synodontid catfish, the strokes. Our results provide valuable insight into kinematics of ability to be either sonic or electrogenic does not require extensive tomopterid worms with potential applications for soft robotics and modifications at the level of the neural circuitry. Research support bio-inspired design. from F.R.S.-FNRS (LK) and NSF (AHB).

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 119 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e120

116-4 KEEFFE, RM*; BLACKBURN, DC; University of Florida, 46-4 KEER, SA*; COHEN, K; MAY, C; MCMENAMIN, S; Gainesville; [email protected] HERNANDEZ, LP; The George Washington University, Boston Comparative Morphology of the Forelimb and Pectoral Girdle in College, Boston College; [email protected] Forward-burrowing Frogs Using a thyroid-disrupted zebrafish model to investigate the Anuran locomotor strategies are diverse and include saltation, evolution of cypriniform novelties swimming, walking, climbing, and burrowing. Burrowing has many Cypriniformes is a diverse group of freshwater fishes characterized benefits for frogs: predator avoidance, exploitation of novel food by trophic novelties that include kinethmoid-mediated premaxillary stores, and (especially for desert-dwelling frogs) access to a moist protrusion and pharyngeal jaws formed solely from greatly and cool environment. This behavioral strategy is widely convergent hypertrophied 5th ceratobranchials. The hypertrophied 5th across anuran phylogeny—from basal groups like Rhinophrynidae to ceratobranchial has teeth ankylosed to it and since upper pharyngeal higher groups like Hemisotidae. Within burrowing frogs, there are jaws are lost fish process food against the basioccipital. While two main burrowing strategies: head-first burrowing and feet-first investigating the skeletal anatomy of thyroid-disrupted zebrafish we Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 burrowing. The majority (95%) of burrowing anurans dig feet-first, identified profound anatomical changes to both the pharyngeal jaws such as Scaphiopus, Breviceps, and Pelobates. While front-first and those structural elements associated with premaxillary burrowing is less common, it has evolved independently at least protrusion. Thyroid hormone regulates tooth number; hypothyroid seven times across Anura. These forward-burrowers tend to be more pharyngeal jaws had significantly more teeth, while hyperthyroid specialized for life underground. Some of their adaptations include a jaws had significantly fewer teeth. The anterior jaws, and the reinforced rostrum, ossified sternum, enlarged forelimb retractor resulting kinethmoid-mediated premaxillary protrusion, were also muscles, and robust forelimb and pectoral girdle bones. Using CT strongly affected thyroid hormone. The kinethmoid is a sesamoid data generated through the oVert Thematic Collections Network, this bone that sits ventral to the ascending process of the premaxilla and project will (1) quantify shape variation in the humerus, coracoid, dorsal to the maxilla and has been shown to play a vital role in and scapula of burrowing taxa with 3D morphometrics, (2) visualize cypriniform jaw protrusion. In the hypothyroid zebrafish, the the muscular anatomy of the pectoral girdle with DiceCT techniques, kinethmoid fails to ossify properly and lacks the characteristic lateral and (3) identify potential front-first burrowing species based on their wings and dorsal process, as does the ascending process of the pectoral anatomy. This work also provides a framework for premaxilla. In the hyperthyroid zebrafish, the kinethmoid is predicting locomotor modes in taxa for which the natural history is hyperossified and improperly shaped as a result. Thyroid hormone poorly known. therefore normally regulates the proper development of these feeding structures, and modulation of thyroid hormone likely gives rise to some of the anatomical differences observed both within Cypriniformes and outside of it. Understanding how the modulation of thyroid hormone changes these bones, and thus their ability to function, may lend insight into how they may have evolved.

3-8 KEISER, CN*; SALTZ, JB; RUDOLF, VHW; University of 51-3 KELLEHER, JM*; MYKLES, DL; Colorado State University; Florida, Rice University; [email protected] [email protected] Behavioral trait variation mediates the relationship between genetic Characterization of the molt cycle of the cherry shrimp, diversity and disease Neocaridina davidi The relationship between population diversity and the severity of The freshwater red cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi (incorrectly disease dynamics is a highly debated but poorly resolved theme in identified as N. denticulata) has been proposed as a new model infectious disease ecology. Increased genetic diversity within a host organism for crustacean biology due to its ease of culture, high population may reduce the severity of epidemics because diverse reproductive capacity, abbreviated intermolt periods, and tractability populations may harbor more resistant or resilient individuals. for transgenic studies. Prior work on this species is sparse and rife However, genetic diversity per se may not alone alter with taxonomic confusion, particularly regarding its molting ecology. population-level effects of disease, as host behavioral phenotypes To form a basis for studies on crustacean molt regulation, a simple play an integral role in disease defenses and genetically diverse and rapid staging method in live N. davidi was developed. Observing populations are not always phenotypically diverse. We identified setagenesis through the transparent cuticle proved to be the simplest genotypes of the fly Drosophila melanogaster that did not differ in way to directly monitor molt cycle stages. The outer uropods of adult susceptibility to the generalist entomopathogenic fungus males were imaged daily through a complete molt cycle. Progressive Metarhizium robertsii but varied in a suite of behavioral traits that changes in the structure of the developing cuticle and setae alter infection risk. We then produced populations that contained one delineated intermolt (C4), premolt (D0, D1, D2, & D3,4), and of five different genotypes, mixtures of three genotypes that postmolt (A, B) stages. The approximate interval between exhibited similar behavioral phenotypes, or mixtures of three consecutive molts was 10 days at 23 ˚C. Rapid growth was phenotypically diverse genotypes. Populations were exposed to a associated with a short intermolt stage of ~5 days; the durations of 24hr pathogen pulse, and then allowed to interact naturally on the postmolt and premolt stages were ~1 day and 4 days, pathogen-free food patches for 20 days where we measured mortality respectively. Future studies will quantify hemolymph molting daily compared to pathogen-free controls. We found that hormone (ecdysteroid) titers to confirm the molt stages. mixed-genotype populations experienced greater mortality compared Immunohistochemistry will be used to identify the N. davidi to monotypic populations only when made up of phenotypically Y-organ, which synthesizes and secretes ecdysteroids. Precise diverse individuals. That is, genetic diversity alone did not alter staging is essential for applying transcriptomic and transgenic tools disease dynamics, but phenotypically diverse populations died more to N. davidi for the study of the genetic mechanisms that regulate rapidly, potentially because the presence of diverse behavioral molting in decapod crustaceans. Supported by NSF (IOS-1257732). phenotypes may increase the number of ways in which individuals can become infected and transmit infectious agents to conspecifics.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 120 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e121

126-1 KELLY, JB; Stony Brook University; S5-4 KELLY, Morgan*; SIROVY, Kyle; LAPEYRE, Jerome; [email protected] KELLY, Morgan; Louisiana State University; [email protected] Holobiont species delimitation in the sponge genus Ircinia What doesn't bend: Environmentally responsive gene expression Microbiomes are quickly gaining recognition as ubiquitous and and measures of fitness in natural populations of the eastern integral components of multicellular organisms whose imprints are oyster, Crassostrea virginica found in the biology of their hosts. In the sponge genus Ircinia, Species responses to environmental stress have been well evolutionary responses to host-microbial symbioses abound as characterized across a broad range of taxa. Less well understood are Ircinia holobionts exhibit several hallmarks of metabolic integration intraspecific variations in stress responses, and how this variation including microbial genome streamlining, translocation of nutrients correlates with fitness, both among individuals and across between the microbes and sponges, and heritability of environments. Along the coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico, the endosymbionts. Thus, microbes in Ircinia hold the potential to two most important axes of environmental variation setting the influence the evolutionary histories of their hosts. A Caribbean distributions of benthic invertebrates are salinity and temperature. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 member of this genus, I. felix, is represented by four distinct Both of these are expected to change rapidly over the coming morphotypes that are regarded as putative lineages. This study tests century, with a projected 2.5˚C increase in coastal sea surface the hypothesis that these four morphotypes constitute separate temperature and rapid changes in salinity regimes due to changes in species by analyzing microbial 16S and host-derived RADseq data rainfall patterns and anthropogenic alterations to coastal hydrology. using tests of host-microbe co-diversification and the multispecies These changes in the environment will have important impacts of the coalescent. As the bodies of Ircinia and sponges in many other clades distributions of benthic invertebrates, most notably the economically possess few taxonomically informative characters, this approach to and ecologically important eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). species delimitation provides a means to resolve species boundaries Here, we use comparative transcriptomics to quantify the response to where traditional morphology-based taxonomy has fallen short. salinity among experimental crosses of the eastern oyster split between low and intermediate salinities in common garden conditions for 14 months. We compare the gene expression response to metrics of fitness (growth and disease status) to identify physiological correlates of fitness across environments. Our results will help to identify which components of the osmotic stress response are adaptive in this species.

103-6 KENALEY, CP*; PETROSIAN, G; SANTOS-POWELL, N; 79-5 KENNEDY, JH*; SIENKIEWICZ, R.; FISH, F.; ROONEY, C; Boston College; [email protected] GOLDBOGEN, JA; POTVIN, J; Saint Louis University, West No One Lambda: Propulsive Wavelength Varies with Swimming Chester University, Hopkins Marine Station-Stanford University; Speed and Axial Position in Rainbow Trout. [email protected] Fishes swim by generating thrust through undulatory waves that Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Baleen Whale Drag propagate rostrocaudally down the body. Although many studies By including the largest vertebrates to have ever lived, baleen whales have investigated the hydrodynamic and fluid-structure influences on (Mysticeti) represent a group of highly-streamlined marine mammals thrust production, relatively few have focused on the axial behavior that has achieved efficient, low-drag locomotion. High swimming of the fish body during swimming, especially over a range of efficiency by cetaceans has been confirmed, so far, by estimates biologically relevant speeds and beyond trailing-edge amplitude and based on flat-plate drag empirically corrected for body fineness ratio frequency. The goal of this study was to revisit the relationships effects that increase drag via the turbulent wake. As useful as it may between propulsive wavelength and swimming speed and propulsive be, the approach is silent on the role of body shape and size in wavelength and body axial position. To this end, we performed determining the relative importance of viscous friction, versus the flume-based experiments on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pressure drag that result in the near-wake. We present the results of a swimming at 40 discrete speeds, ranging from 0.5-6.0 BL/s. Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study of the flows and drag novel semi-automated tracking system implemented in the R generated by several mysticete species, including 11 and 22m blue computing environment, we amassed a dataset that includes over 80 whales (Balaenoptera musculus), 14m humpback (Megaptera thousand separate waveforms from five individual fish and this range novaeangliae), 9m minke (B. acutorostrata) and 12m grey of speeds. Our conclusive results indicate that: (1) undulatory (Eschrichtius robustus). The simulations and analysis were carried wavelength increases as it passes through the body and (2) that this out with the SC/Tetra commercial software. The whale models were parameter has a non-linear, idiosyncratic relationship with swimming obtained from the 3D-scanning of anatomically realistic figurines. speed, both increasing and decreasing as much as 40% over different The results, which are specific to rigid (gliding) bodies, were ranges of speed. Taken together, these results underscore the corrected with a new semi-empirical tail-heaving drag factor importance of both passive and active elements of the fish accounting for active swimming effects. It is shown that for these musculoskeletal system in modulating propulsive dynamics and that swimmers, viscous friction is the dominant source of drag (about fishes may modulate body stiffness to optimize thrust under variable 75%) over pressure drag (25%); that total drag per body area is rather speed conditions. insensitive (down to about 10-15%) to body shape and tail vertical taper within and across species; and that the unsteady drag generated by the caudal peduncle effectively doubles the drag coefficient, in comparison to rigid body drag.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 121 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e122

53-8 KENNY, MC*; CRANDALL, CL; SINCLAIR, BJ; SOCHA, 22-1 KHALIL, S*; WELKLIN, JF; MCGRAW, KJ; WEBSTER, JJ; Virginia Tech, University of Western Ontario, Virginia TEch; MS; KARUBIAN, J; Tulane University, Cornell University, Arizona [email protected] State University; [email protected] Effects of environmental temperature on viscosity of Manduca Testosterone, Gene Expression, and Plasma Carotenoids Underlie sexta hemolymph Red Plumage Ornamentation in the Red-backed Fairywren Temperature influences many aspects of insect physiology, Carotenoid-based signaling is thought to be a classic example of impacting behavior and survival. Recently, we found that insect honest signaling, in that acquiring and metabolizing carotenoids hemolymph viscosity is also temperature dependent, showing a 6.4x likely imposes costs and individuals expressing the most carotenoid change from 0 to 45°C in Manduca sexta larvae. As poikilotherms, rich signals are therefore predicted to be in the best condition. Yet the insects experience a wide range of internal temperatures, suggesting proximate mechanisms of carotenoid production remain poorly that their circulatory system must accommodate a broad range of resolved, which limits our understanding of the evolutionary viscosities. Changes in hemolymph viscosity could significantly constraints and physiological costs associated with this widespread Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 affect the dynamics of circulatory flows. Insects respond signaling modality. The red-backed fairywren (Malurus physiologically to acclimation at different temperatures with melanocephalus) provides a useful context in which to examine mechanisms such as release of proteins or fatty acids, thereby mechanisms underlying expression of carotenoid-based affecting hemolymph composition, but it is unclear if they also affect ornamentation: male red-backed fairywrens exhibit flexible viscosity. Here we ask, does rearing temperature affect the viscosity reproductive phenotypes, where older individuals have high of insect hemolymph? We measured viscosity of hemolymph from circulating testosterone and breed in red/black plumage and younger Manduca sexta larvae reared in three different temperature regimes: individuals have low circulating testosterone and breed in female-like 10/15 (cool), 20/25, (room) and 30/35 (warm) °C, with 10/14 hour brown plumage. To better understand the mechanisms that regulate night/day cycles. A cone-and-plate viscometer attached to a signal expression, we asked if circulating carotenoid levels and gene circulating bath measured viscosity at 5, 15, 25, and 35°C. Cell expression of a carotenoid ketolase gene (CYP2J19) differ as a diameter, volume, viability, and circularity of hemolymph was function of sex and male phenotype, and if testosterone may be measured via a ViCell cell counter. Viscosity values were equivalent regulating this expression. As predicted, red/black males had higher for all rearing conditions when measured at 25 and 35°C, but concentrations of circulating carotenoids in their plasma than either hemolymph viscosity decreased for warm and cool-reared insects at brown males and females. In addition, we experimentally 15°C and for cool-reared insects at 5°C. In addition, while there are manipulated testosterone levels in brown males, and found a no differences in cell volume between rearing conditions, average relationship between testosterone and the expression of CYP2J19 in cell diameter was significantly higher in cold-reared insects. These the liver. This work highlights the complex ways in which data suggest that compositional changes of hemolymph in response carotenoids may be used to signal quality, and how hormones, gene to temperature may also affect viscosity in insects. Supported by NSF expression, and circulating carotenoids may underlie the production 1558052. of carotenoid-based ornamentation.

108-3 KHUDYAKOV, J*; STEPHAN, A; NGO, A; ABDOLLAHI, 129-6 KIENLE, SS*; CACANINDIN, A ; COSTA, DP; MEHTA, E; SANDHU, G; COSTA, D; CROCKER, D; Univ. of Pacific, Univ. RS; Univ of California Santa Cruz, Univ. of California Santa Cruz, of California, Santa Cruz, Sonoma State Univ.; Univ. of California Santa Cruz; [email protected] [email protected] Hawaiian Monk Seals Suck: Behavioral Flexibility in Feeding Fat and Fasting: Expression of Obesity-Associated Genes During Strategies and Kinematics When Hawaiian Monk Seals Target Fasting in a Naturally Obese Marine Mammal Different Prey Adipose tissue is a complex energy storage and endocrine organ that Animals use diverse feeding strategies to capture and consume prey regulates metabolic homeostasis via adipocyte-derived hormones underwater. Many marine animals exhibit behavioral flexibility when (adipokines). Excess adiposity in humans is correlated with increased feeding to deal with spatial and temporal heterogeneity in prey adipokine levels, insulin resistance, and inflammation, and is a major resources. However, observations of feeding events underwater are risk factor for metabolic pathologies. With some of the largest rare, so little is known about the relationship between feeding subcutaneous adipose stores in the animal kingdom, marine strategies, kinematic performance, and behavioral flexibility. We mammals may provide valuable insights into the role of adipose documented the feeding behavior and kinematics of the critically tissue in health and disease. Capital breeding marine mammals rely endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi, n=7) on lipid stores in blubber to sustain fasting periods associated with through controlled feeding trials. Seals were fed multiple prey types terrestrial breeding and migration. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga (e.g., night smelt, capelin, squid, and herring) that varied in size and angustirostris) undergo two annual fasts during breeding and molting shape, and we used mixed effects models and multivariate analyses haul-outs, losing up to half of their fat mass over a period of 1-3 to examine behavioral flexibility in behavior and kinematic months while maintaining high circulating fatty acid and glucose performance. Although Hawaiian monk seals have a skull levels and insulin resistance, similarly to obese humans. We morphology adapted for biting, seals primarily used suction feeding examined changes in expression of genes associated with obesity in (91% of feeding trials) across all prey types; seals used biting less humans in blubber of fasting adult female elephant seals using frequently (9% of feeding trials). Suction feeding was kinematically quantitative PCR. Target genes included leptin, adiponectin, resistin, distinct from biting and characterized by shorter temporal events, a retinol-binding protein 4, and visfatin, among others. Normalized smaller maximum gape, a larger gular depression, and fewer jaw gene expression values were compared between early breeding, late motions compared to biting. Seals showed behavioral flexibility in breeding, early molting, and late molting groups using linear mixed their use of the strategies; suction feeding was used most frequently models. Expression values were significantly different between when targeting small to medium prey, and biting was used with groups and the majority of adipokine genes were upregulated in late increasing frequency on large prey. The feeding kinematics differed fasting compared with early fasting seals, despite a concomitant between strategies and prey types, showing that seals adjusted their decline in fat mass. This suggests a mechanism by which elephant kinematics to particular feeding contexts. Hawaiian monk seals are seals maintain insulin resistance and lipid oxidation during fasting opportunistic and generalist marine predators and their ability to periods characterized by high energy expenditure, and provides adapt their feeding behaviors and kinematics as found in this study insights into rapid weight gain and loss in mammals. should allow them to target diverse prey resources.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 122 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e123

140-5 KIKUCHI, DM*; MAEDA, M; SHIOMI, K; TANAKA, H; 21-5 KINGSOLVER, JG*; MOORE, ME; AUGUSTINE, KE; HILL, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Royal Veterinary College Univ. of CA; UNC-Chapel Hill; [email protected] London, National Institute of Polar Research; Responses of insect larvae to heat waves: what doesn't kill you [email protected] makes you weaker Fluid dynamics function of the rhinoceros auklets' horn in flying Climate change is increasing the frequency of heat waves and other and swimming extreme weather events experienced by organisms. How do the The exaggerated morphological traits that appear in either sex in the number and developmental timing of heat waves affect survival, breeding season (ornaments) have long been considered to have growth and development of insects? Do heat waves early in evolved by sexual selection. Acc ordingly, these would increase the development alter performance later in development? We addressed success rate of mating. However, in some cases, it has been observed these questions using experimental heat waves with larvae of the that these ornament-like traits are not likely to be related to sexual Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. The experiments used diurnally selection. One such example is the horn of the rhinoceros auklet fluctuating temperature treatments differing in the number (0-3) and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Cerorhinca monocerata, a seabird species. The horn appears on the developmental timing (early, middle and/or late in larval upper side of the beak in both males and females only in breeding development) of heat waves, in which a single heat wave involved season. Also, it has been reported that there are no differences three consecutive days with a daily maximum temperature of 42 °C. between the sexes in the size of the horn. Hence, the horn may have a Multiple (but not single) heat waves significantly reduced survival to function besides affecting mating success. However, till date, no pupation and pupal mass; the best model for the data indicated that plausible function of the horn has been suggested. During the both the number and developmental timing of heat waves affected breeding season, in order to feed their chicks, both sexes of auklets performance. In addition, heat waves earlier in development fly with fish in their beaks, which would cause a substantially large significantly reduced growth and development rates later in larval drag. Thus, a preliminary computational fluid dynamics simulation development. Our results show that repeated, sublethal heat waves study was performed, to examine the effect of the horn and prey fish can have continuing and cumulative negative consequences for on the energy cost of transport. According to the simulation, the horn insects. negligibly increases drag during flight compared to the model without the horn. Meanwhile, with the prey in their beaks, the drag of the model with the horn was slightly less than the no-horn model. Although the mechanism of the drag reduction remains unclear, it has been hypothesized that the horn of the auklet may have a fluid dynamics function, particularly when the bird flies with fish in its beak, which potentially causes a large drag. To test this hypothesis, water tunnel experiments were conducted using 3D printed bird models, to measure the effect of the horn and prey fish on the rhinoceros auklets' flying/swimming cost of transport. The results of the drag force measurement of the models across the evaluated range of body angles and flow speeds will be reported shortly.

58-1 KINGSTON, ACN*; HAVENS, LT; CRONIN, TW; SPEISER, 57-7 KIRCHER, BK*; COHN, MJ; University of Florida; DI; University of South Carolina, University of North Carolina [email protected] Chapel Hill, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Development of a Sexually Dimorphic Character in Anole Lizards [email protected] Species vary widely in their patterns and magnitudes of sexual The visual system of the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochaelis: dimorphism, yet the proximate mechanisms that regulate these morphology, physiology, and visually-influenced behavior differences remain poorly understood. Sexually dimorphic characters Snapping shrimp (Decapoda: Alpheidae) are a family of crustaceans present special challenges to our understanding of anatomical that have evolved a unique snapping claw that produces cavitation. evolution because the sexes share the majority of their genomes yet Snapping shrimp with the most powerful snapping claws have can diverge in size, shape, and anatomical characters during evolved a form of specialized armor, the orbital hood, that covers development. Lizards in the genus Anolis (anoles) are an often-used their head and eyes. The presence of the orbital hood, along with the model for evolutionary studies of sexual dimorphism and are also an intriguing behavioral ecology of some species, has led to the emerging model for comparative developmental analyses. An hypothesis that snapping shrimp are blind. Here, we explore this example of a sexually dimorphic trait in Anolis is the dewlap, a hypothesis by examining the morphology, physiology, and behavior colorful throat fan that is usually larger in males than in females and associated with the visual system of the big claw snapping shrimp, is used frequently by males (but infrequently by females) during Alpheus heterochaelis. We find that A. heterochaelis, a snapping courtship and aggression. Located on the throat and extending down shrimp with a powerful snapping claw, has an orbital hood that the belly, the dewlap is supported by the second ceratobranchial (C2) covers the eyes completely and transmits 90% of incident light. The cartilage in the hyoid system. We investigated the developmental well-developed reflecting superposition compound eyes of A. basis of the sexually dimorphic dewlap apparatus in anoles and find heterochaelis are physiologically functional when tested using that morphogenesis of the C2 skeleton diverges in males and females electroretinography (ERG) and microspectrophotometry (MSP). at a surprisingly early stage of development. Our results suggest that ERG indicates that snapping shrimp have a maximum spectral dewlap dimorphism is rooted in sex-specific regulation of early sensitivity near 500nm and demonstrate a flicker fusion frequency of skeletogenesis. 25-34hz. MSP shows that the visual pigments of A. heterochaelis are maximally sensitive to light at 501nm. Optomotor assays suggest that snapping shrimp can perceive and behaviorally respond to spatial cues. These results indicate that snapping shrimp are capable of detecting and responding to visual signals despite the presence of their orbital hood. In the future, we will study the co-evolution of weaponry, armor, and visual systems across Family Alpheidae.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 123 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e124

62-5 KIRSCHMAN, L J*; MILLIGAN-MYHRE, K C; University of 29-1 KISKADDON, EP*; DORGAN, KM; BERKE, SK; Dauphin Alaska Anchorage; [email protected] Island Sea Lab, Siena College; [email protected] The effects of the mircobiota and host genetic background in Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Phylogenetic defense against pathogens Diversity of Benthic Infauna in the Northern Gulf of Mexico The vertebrate gut microbiota plays key defensive roles by Understanding ecological responses to environmental change is a stimulating host immunity and by direct interactions with pathogens. core focus of ecology. While community responses are often For examples, colonization of the gut by mutualistic microbes is quantified using taxonomy alone, biodiversity is inherently essential for the normal maturation of the vertebrate immune system, multidimensional. Functional, and phylogenetic information may particularly the immune response and some microbes competitively therefore enhance insights gained from traditional taxonomic metrics. exclude pathogens or pathobionts via interference or exploitative Here, we assessed the responses of two shallow benthic communities competition. However, multiple genes are associated with immune to oil disturbance using three dimensions: taxonomic, phylogenetic, function and microbiota community structure, which can complicate and functional diversity. We hypothesized that disturbance would Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 the study of this system. Detangling the complexities of this reduce all three metrics, but that impacts on functional diversity host-microbiota relationship is important to understanding how would be greater if oil affected one group more than others, e.g., vertebrates defend against enteric pathogens. However, many subsurface deposit feeders. In contrast, if phylogenetic clades vary in laboratory models used to study host-microbiota interactions use their response to oil, the impact on phylogenetic diversity might be inbred models that lack genetic diversity, which may constrain greater. We sampled benthic communities at two sites that varied in inference regarding intra- and interpopulation differences in immune oil exposure following the Deepwater Horizon spill in the Northern responses and pathogen susceptibility. In order to account for the Gulf of Mexico over two years. Infaunal communities were effect of genetic background, we use threespine stickleback quantified from Ruppia seagrass beds and unvegetated habitats in (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model species, because multiple both Fall and Spring of each year. Our results indicate a clear populations of freshwater stickleback have evolved in isolation from reduction in abundance and biomass of infauna following a reoiling common, anadromous ancestors and thus exhibit the high degrees of event, with particularly significant reductions in the subsurface genetic variation. We raised two populations of stickleback in both deposit feeding functional group. Phylogenetic diversity differed germ-free conditions and in the presence of naturally occurring between site and habitat type, however no signal of oil disturbance microbes and exposed them to a pathogen (Vibrio anguillarum) in a was found when assessing phylogenetic diversity between the two full factorial design. We measured how these treatments affected sites. Overall, our results suggest that functional role in benthic survival, immune gene expression, morphological development, and communities is an important factor in response to disturbance. behavior. Our studies will elucidate the role of the host genetic background in the ability of the microbiota to protect the host from pathogens.

20-2 KISSANE, KC; Blinn College; [email protected] 75-1 KLOEPPER, LN*; BRIGHTON, CB; MCGOWAN, K; ZUSI, Increasing Student Engagement and Retention in Biology by Using L; TAYLOR, GK; Saint Mary's College, Oxford University; Outdoor Projects [email protected] Student retention in the STEM fields currently have a 52% retention Predator-prey kinematics of a specialized population of Swainson's rate in 4 year degree programs and only 31% retention rate in 2 year hawks, Buteo swainsoni and Brazilian free-tailed bats, Tadarida degree programs according to the US Department of Education. One brasiliensis way to increase both student engagement and student retention in Predators and prey often exhibit coupled dynamics, especially during biology is extra curricular activities that provide students pursuit and evasion. These interactions require the coordination of opportunities to interact with nature. This talk will discuss three complex sensorimotor control on rapid timescales, with a high partnerships I developed at Blinn College to provide nature projects potential cost for prey. Many predators and prey have co-evolved for students and the student reactions to these projects. over time, resulting in an evolutionary arms race that can influence morphology and behavior. In this study, we investigate the pursuit and evasion strategies, respectively, of Swainson's hawks Buteo swainsoni and Brazilian free-tailed bats Tadarida brasiliensis. Bats are not typical prey of Swainson's hawks, but a small population of these birds have specialized to prey upon the seasonal population of free-tailed bats outside of one cave in central New Mexico. We recorded, with stereo video, the pursuit and evasion of hawks and bats during flight, and reconstructed 3D trajectories of individuals. From the trajectories we quantified flight behavior of predators including path, speed, attack angle, and acceleration; for the prey we quantified escape success, escape trajectory, flight speed, acceleration, escape angle, and reaction distance. We found mixed strategies for pursuit among hawks, and no stereotypical evasion strategies among individual bats. Our results suggest that the behavior of these populations has not likely co-evolved. Further, these findings suggest the strong potential for generalized antipredator responses in other species exhibiting localized, specialized predator-prey relationships.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 124 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e125

105-3 KNIGHT, K.C.*; LEE, D.V.; Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; 112-6 KNOX, C.E.S; CHAN, K.Y. K*; The Hong Kong University [email protected] of Science and Technology, Swarthmore College; Comparative biomechanics of horizontal, fine-branch locomotion [email protected] in lizards: Part 1. Size does matter: Respiratory response of twin urchin embryos to Squamates compromise the most speciose tetrapod order and move acidification about their environments in many different ways. Evolutionary Increasing dissolution of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean, the questions regarding structure-function relationships to allow for process of ocean acidification, is expected to incur overall negative fine-branch walking using grip in lizards remain largely unanswered. effects on various marine organisms. Often, these impacts are Fine-branch walking is defined as climbing above and along a sublethal, e.g., reduction in growth, calcification, and elevated per relatively thin, horizontal branch. In this part of the study, unit size metabolic rates. These effects are well-documented for the biomechanical and morphological variables are measured and vulnerable, yet crucial, life history stage of the planktonic larvae of compared in two pairs of lizard species: each pair are within an the sea urchins. However, these responses, especially in terms of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 infraorder (Iguania and Gekkota) and are composed of a fine-branch body growth, are not uniform within a single family, between specialist and ground generalist with some climbing ability. To parental lineages, between populations of the same species, and understand the biomechanics and make relevant evolutionary between species. Our earlier work also showed that some larval comparisons of lizard fine-branch locomotion, each lizard species (n urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and other echinoids release = 4) have been filmed with four high-definition, high-speed cameras blastula-like particles when exposed to low pH. One hypothesis is while crossing a horizontal, segmented, instrumented beam system that delay in growth and the process budding/tissue shredding reduce (Skywalk) that is able to measure minuscule 3D forces and torques. the overall size of the larva, and hence, the total metabolic demand. Two major locomotor modes have been identified: upright walking By applying blastomere separation techniques, we tested if embryos and belly-dragging. The relatively longer-limbed upright walkers of S. purpuratus of reduced-size were less affected by acidification. (Specialist Iguanian and Gecko) use grip and produce torques in the Our observations suggested that the relatively smaller twins (~80% fore-aft axis for propulsion and braking and in the left-right axis for of the unmanipulated embryos) were relatively less impacted by balance measured by isolating each limb from a Skywalk segment. ocean acidification: the increase in oxygen consumption was smaller The belly-draggers (Generalist Iguanian and Gecko) always touch between the embryos reared under control (pH 8.0) and acidified (pH their belly above the Skywalk beam during locomotion and use their 7.3) conditions. Our results reinforce the notion that some organismal limbs to slide the body along. Recording 3D forces and torques for a response, e.g., reduced growth and budding, could provide short-term single limb in the belly-draggers is difficult, thus comparisons of advantages for survival under stressful conditions. However, such whole body kinetics were made. Comparisons between and within phenotypically plastic responses observed likely come at long-term these groups are helping to shed light on structure-function developmental cost. relationships and evolution of fine-branch walking in lizards and may help with future studies in understanding the origins of grip in tetrapods.

3-4 KNUTIE, SA; University of Connecticut; [email protected] 2-7 KOBIELA, ME*; SNELL-ROOD, EC; Univ. of Minnesota, Effects of supplemental feeding on the gut microbiome and parasite Twin Cities; [email protected] resistance of Eastern Bluebirds Anthropogenic Increases in Sodium Alter Life History and Stress Supplemental feeding of birds by humans can affect host-parasite Tolerance in Monarch Butterflies interactions. For example, increased food availability can have both a Sodium, a micronutrient essential for muscle and neural function in positive and negative effect on parasite resistance in the host. These animals, has historically been limited in availability for many interactions could be mediated by the host's gut microbiota because terrestrial herbivores. Humans have recently increased the amount of studies have found that host diet can affect their gut microbiota and available sodium by using deicing salts on roads and through gut microbiota can affect the immune system. In this study, I agricultural irrigation. Using butterfly larvae as model herbivores that determined the effects of supplemental feeding on interactions are common along roads, previous research showed that moderate between Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and their parasitic nest flies increases in sodium may slightly benefit butterflies by allowing them (Protocalliphora sialia) in northern Minnesota. Specifically, I tested to develop larger brains or flight muscles, but large increases are whether experimental manipulations of mealworm availability and toxic. Several questions remain: How much genetic variation exists parasite abundance affect gut microbiota and the antibody-mediated for selection to act on altered life history traits in moderately salted immune response in Bluebirds. I found that supplemental feeding of conditions or survival under high salt? How does stress from Bluebirds dramatically reduced parasite abundance compared to additional sodium along roadsides interact with other stressors? To unsupplemented birds, which was mediated by the nestling antibody address these, we used ten maternal families of monarchs Danaus response. Gut bacterial diversity increased in supplemented nestlings plexippus reared on low- and moderate-sodium milkweed (Asclepias and this diversity was negatively related to parasite abundance and syriaca - consistent with concentrations found along roadsides in positively related to the antibody response. These results suggest that Minnesota). We measured survival, development time, body size, supplemental feeding of bluebirds can improve the health of the birds fecundity, eye size as a proxy for neural investment, amount of by increasing their resistance to parasites, which could be mediated protein in flight muscles, and recovery from cold stress as adults. We by the gut microbiota of nestlings. found moderate genetic variation for survival and other life history traits in response to salt. However, families differed greatly in their life history tradeoffs or correlations among traits - in other words, there was no one genotype that showed universally positive or negative effects of increased sodium. Interestingly, we found that males fed salted milkweed were more tolerant of freezing temperatures than those in the control group. This work not only informs monarch conservation, but also adds to our knowledge of how anthropogenic changes in nutrient availability affect life history evolution more broadly.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 125 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e126

24-8 KOCH, JC*; VERDE, EA; WEIS, VW; Oregon State 89-3 KOCH ADRIAN, R.E.*; DOWLING, D.K.; Monash University (OSU), Maine Maritime Academy, OSU; University; [email protected] [email protected] Dropping like flies: Testing the role of mitochondrial genetic Low carbonic anhydrase activity in Elliptochloris-containing variation in negative geotaxis response Anthopleura elegantissima and the negative correlation between Sequence variation in the mitochondrial genome of animals has diameter and carbonic anhydrase activity. recently been discovered to have functional consequences on The sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima is a prominent member life-history traits like lifespan and fecundity. Moreover, evidence for of the intertidal zone on the west coast of North America and can "Mother's Curse" mutations have been found in some systems: exist in three symbiotic states: a white, brown, or green state where mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that have harmful anemones lack symbionts, contain predominantly Breviolum effects on males, but not on females, due to the maternal inheritance muscatinei, or Elliptochloris marina, respectively. The enzyme of mitochondria. However, functional mtDNA variation and Mother's Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the interconversion between CO2 Curse mutations have been explored only in a limited number of -1 and HCO3 and is known to play a dynamic role in delivering CO2 to traits, even in the model system of the fruit fly (Drosophila symbionts embedded deep within host gastroderm. To test the effect melanogaster). Mitochondrial function itself is known to affect a of symbiotic state and anemone size on CA activity in hospite, A. broad range of physiological traits, including neural function and elegantissima were collected near Anacortes, WA, flash frozen in the motor performance, and it remains uncertain whether these traits may field, and subsequently processed for CA. In addition to activity, be affected by variation in mtDNA. In this study, we test a composite corresponding gene expression of several CA isoforms was evaluated measure of behavior, neural function, and motor performance in fruit using RT-qPCR. Brown anemones displayed significantly higher CA fly strains that each possess a unique and naturally occurring mtDNA activity than either greens or whites and greens unexpectedly haplotype in an otherwise strictly standardized nuclear genetic displayed CA activity equal to that of whites. CA activity, when background. Using a novel apparatus, we tested each strain for normalized to anemone protein, was highest in small anemones and negative geotaxis response (climbing height, a product of time spent lowest in large anemones (small > medium > large); furthermore, orienting and walking) after a controlled drop on to a firm surface. regression analysis showed a significant inverse correlation between We tested all flies from 5 to 20 days of age, as negative geotaxis in anemone size and CA activity. Breviolum has much greater rates of fruit flies is known to show age-related declines that are sensitive to primary productivity than does Elliptochloris so higher CA activity oxidative stress—a key physiological variable in mitochondrial in brown anemones is expected in order to provide their algae with biology. We found differences in negative geotaxis response across unrestricted amounts of CO2 to satisfy photosynthetic carbon age groups, between the sexes, and among strains, and the decline in demand. The negative correlation between anemone size and CA response with age also varied across strains. Our results demonstrate activity is hypothesized to be driven primarily by the surface area to that variation in mitochondrial DNA alone can have functional algal density relationship. We propose that small anemones have effects on a behavioral trait with neural and motor underpinnings. smaller photosynthetically active surface area yet have similar algal densities to large anemones, necessitating higher CA activity to provide adequate CO2 for photosynthetic activity.

100-7 KOEHL, MAR; Univ, of California, Berkeley; 33-1 KOELLER, K.L.M.*; STOCKER, M.R.; University of Florida, [email protected] Virginia Tech; [email protected] How Ambient Flow Affects the Locomotion of Small Organisms Investigating the Patterns of Convergence in Pectoral Girdle When organisms locomote in nature, they must navigate through Reduction During the Evolution of Limblessness in Lerista complex habitats that vary on many spatial scales, and they are (Scincidae) buffeted by turbulent wind or water currents and waves that also vary Over 30 tetrapod lineages have evolutionarily lost their limbs. on a range of spatial and temporal scales. We have been studying the Studies of limb and digit loss have revealed a close relationship effects of body shape and of swimming or crawling behavior by between the reduction of the appendages and body elongation; microscopic organisms on their motion through the environment as however, the reduction and loss of internal structures like the pectoral they are carried by turbulent ambient flow. Using both mathematical girdle have been less thoroughly examined. Here, we use computed models and experiments with the microscopic larvae of tomography to examine pectoral girdle morphologies in the skink bottom-dwelling marine animals, we found that local shear rotates genus Lerista, which contains pentadactyl and limbless members, as small organisms, thereby changing their swimming direction. While well as transitional morphologies. Our 3D geometric morphometric spherical bodies keep spinning in shear, elongate bodies rotate until analysis demonstrates that the loss of the pectoral girdle occurs they line up with the shear. Swimmers travel differently in turbulent gradually and in a series of steps loosely associated with the extent of flow than do non-swimmers, and are more likely to encounter nearby forelimb reduction. The girdle as a whole shows more pronounced surfaces but less likely to remain there than non-swimmers. Thus, reduction anteroposteriorly than mediolaterally, occuring in fairly microscopic organisms can bias the way that they are transported by close association with limb reduction. Certain events occur ambient flow. Body shape and orientation also affect the drag on concurrently such as the loss of the coracoid foramen, which occurs small organisms crawling on surfaces, so shape coupled with the in association with the loss of the humerus. However other events, adhesive strength of crawlers constrains the flow microhabitats in such as the loss of the epicoracoid, are not consistently associated which they can operate. with any state of limb reduction. Patterns of reduction are clade dependent, with individuals from closely related groups showing dramatically different degrees of girdle reduction despite a similarity in limb state. Despite these differences, the patterns of girdle reduction in Lerista are more similar to each other than to those of other skinks, and are more similar to other skinks than to other squamate groups. Though some aspects of this transition are common to all squamate lineages that have evolved limblessness, this study reveals that even in closely related clades within the same genus, the evolution of limblessness does not proceed in an entirely deterministic way.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 126 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e127

48-2 KOHN, GM*; APODACA, J; MUñOZ, M; STREBE, S; 32-3 KOLMANN, MA*; COHEN, KE; BEMIS, K; SUMMERS, AP; WHITE, SA; WRIGHT, TW; Dept of Biology New Mexico State IRISH, F; HERNANDEZ, LP; George Washington University, University, Dept of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, New University of Washington, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Mexico State University; [email protected] Moravian College; [email protected] FoxP2 expression and vocal learning abilities in the budgerigar The Whole Tooth and Nothing But: Tooth Replacement in (Melopsittacus undulatus) Piranhas and Pacus Vocal learning is a rare trait found in only a few lineages of Carnivorous piranhas and herbivorous pacus have curious dentitions mammals, including humans and three taxa of birds: parrots, for teleosts; many species show some degree of heterodonty songbirds and hummingbirds. Birds and humans share many attributed to adaptations for either carnivorous or herbivorous diets, analogous neurogenetic mechanisms underlying this key cognitive respectively. Tooth replacement in piranhas is also unusual - all the trait. In particular, the transcriptional factor FoxP2 appears to play a teeth on one side of the head are lost as a unit, then replaced conserved role in vocal learning across most vocal learning clades. simultaneously. Moreover, the arrangement and shape of teeth in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Budgerigars are notable for exhibiting life-long vocal learning serrasalmids is a principal means of distinguishing between many abilities, which they use to develop shared contact call repertoires genera. We used CT scanning and histology to examine tooth with mates and social associates. They also show chronic replacement across serrasalmids, and map replacement characters down-regulation of FoxP2 in MMSt a brain region essential for vocal onto a molecular phylogeny. Pacu teeth develop and are replaced in a learning. We hypothesized that such down-regulation is critical to manner similar to piranhas. All serrasalmids (with one notable maintaining open-ended learning abilities in budgerigars. We used exception) share a unilateral tooth replacement pattern, so this is not AAV viral vectors and targeted stereotaxic injections to overexpress an adaptation for carnivory. However, this unilateral replacement FoxP2 in the MMSt of male budgerigars and compared their vocal mode is not an ‘all or nothing' phenomenon - we present evidence learning abilities before and after the FoxP2 manipulations. Males that both sides of the jaws have developing tooth rows within them, were placed with a novel female three weeks before injections and albeit one is more mineralized than the other. These patterns are recorded daily to establish baseline learning rates. They then received found to be consistent over ontogeny in size series of the piranha injections of either the FoxP2 AAV or a control GFP, allowed to Pygocentrus and the pacu Metynnis. Additionally, both pacus and recover for two weeks, and then placed with a new novel female and piranhas use accessory tooth cusps to interlock adjacent teeth recorded for an additional three weeks. Preliminary results based on together, forming dental batteries. We propose that this interlocking 5 males in each treatment suggest that FoxP2 overexpression disrupts mechanism (and perhaps heterodonty) begets simultaneous the ability of budgerigars to learn contact calls from females, replacement and ensures that functionality of the feeding apparatus is supporting the hypothesis that chronic down-regulation FoxP2 is an not interrupted by tooth loss, as might occur in other instances of essential component of their lifelong vocal learning abilities polyphyodont tooth replacement. Finally, we propose that this mode of simultaneous replacement be considered as a synapomorphy for the family.

139-4 KORNEV , K.*; ZHANG, C.; SANDE, L.; POMETTO, S; 11-5 KRENTZEL, D*; ANGIELCZYK, K; Univ of Chicago, Field BEARD, C; ADLER, P; Clemson University Presenting Author*, Museum; [email protected] Clemson University; [email protected] Constraints or Functional Innovations? An Integrative and Self-Assembly and Repair of the Butterfly Proboscis: the Role of Comparative Approach to Understanding the Astounding Diversity Capillary Forces of Rodent Feeding The proboscis of butterflies and moths consists of a pair of C-type Discerning the role of constraints and functional conservatism in the fibers, called galeae, which are developed separately in the pupa and presence of static character evolution is a central problem in when the butterfly emerges from it, these two galeae are still evolutionary morphology. Differentiating these scenarios is separated. We observed that proboscis self-assembly is facilitated by impossible without a synthesis of evolutionary history with discharge of saliva. In contrast with vertebrate saliva, butterfly saliva anatomical, functional, and ecological data. Here, we use a clade is not slimy and is an almost inviscid, water-like fluid. Butterfly level approach to structure-function relationships, comparative saliva, therefore, cannot offer any viscoelastic adhesiveness. We biomechanics, and detailed myology of extreme test cases to reveal hypothesize that the saliva meniscus is used by butterflies to bring the complex functional capabilities of an otherwise seemingly and hold the galeae together while locking them in place. Theoretical constrained set of evolving characters in rodents. The simplicity of analysis supported by X-ray micro-computed tomography on rodent gnawing dentition allows for an enormous range of columnar liquid bridges suggests that both concave and convex liquid dietary/functional specializations without qualitative structural bridges are able to pull the galeae together[1, 2]. The image analysis anatomical changes, and independent evolutions of superficially of meniscus profiles confirms the model predictions. Experiments on similar masseter arrangements do not correlate with similar sedated butterflies when the muscular action was diminished but functions. Further, the only major changes to the mostly static saliva was present, show the crucial role of saliva meniscus in Eocene-age masseter arrangements in recent rodent evolution are brining galeae together. Experiments on live butterflies and theory found to occur independently in the most derived ricochetal rodents confirm that the adult insects are able to self-repair proboscises after that lose much of their temporalis musculature, but not in separation of galeae. References 1. Zhang, C.Q., et al., Self-assembly myomorphic ricochetal rodents with preexisting complex anterior of the butterfly proboscis: the role of capillary forces. Journal of the masseter arrangements. This latter result independently validates our Royal Society Interface, 2018. 15(144): p. 20180229. 2. Why spit is comparative biomechanic findings that the myomorphic masseter key to building a butterfly. Nature, 2018. 560(7716): p. 2. arrangement replaces temporalis functions generally, creating a unique mammalian masticatory system. These data demonstrate that complex existing functional capabilities can underlie morphological stasis and that stasis need not indicate morphological constraint or functional conservatism.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 127 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e128

4-5 KRIEFALL, NG*; MATZ, MV; KANKE, M; DAVIES, SW; 29-2 KRINOS, AI*; DIXON, K; ROSS, A; STOCK, CA; Boston University, University of Texas at Austin, Cornell University; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab, OAR, NOAA; [email protected] [email protected] Understanding spatial effects of climate change on Chesapeake Host and Symbiont Genetic Structure in the Coral Acropora Bay blue crab using statistical downscaling and agent-based hyacinthus Across Two Divergent Reef Zones modeling Recent advances in population genomics have facilitated the Blue crab are an important economic resource in Chesapeake Bay, discovery of adaptive divergence of marine organisms across worth $78 million in 2009 (Chesapeake Bay Foundation). Blue crab contrasting environmental conditions at unexpectedly small are also an important link in the Bay ecosystem and a symbol of the geographic scales despite their high potential for gene flow. Bay, particularly to local residents and fishermen. Climate change Acropora hyacinthus, a broadcast spawning reef-building coral, is may impact the complex migration and reproduction strategies of highly dispersive and can populate environmentally distinct reef blue crab, in particular their distribution and abundance. In this study, zones: the backreef (i.e. greater diel variability in temperature, light, we develop a spatially-resolved, agent-based mechanistic blue crab Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 and other factors) and forereef (i.e. proximate to open ocean; more population model. Using this approach, we can approximate stable environmental conditions). Adaptive genomic divergence observed fluctuations in the population on a monthly timestep, and across habitats could allow these corals to thrive in both simulate genetic variation and responses to environmental stimuli on environments. Alternatively, these divergent environments could short timescales. The effects of climate change on living resources is select for different communities of algal symbionts difficult to determine reliably via coarse global climate models. (Symbiodiniaceae) that influence host performance. Here, we Statistical downscaling is increasingly used to apply model output to sampled A. hyacinthus colonies at paired backreef-forereef sites off regional scales relevant to local biological processes. Here, we apply the French Polynesian islands of Moorea (two paired sites) and Tahiti the Quantile Delta Mapping (QDM) bias correction method (Cannon (one paired site). We performed 2b-RAD genome-wide de novo et al. 2015) to Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) genotyping to examine host genetic divergence and metabarcoding of climate projections at low resolution. We use resulting historical and the ITS-2 locus to characterize symbiont community composition. projected temperature and precipitation estimates as inputs to a Bay Our results suggest that while subtle genetic structure exists between water balance model (Muhling et al. 2017). This model predicts islands (Tahiti vs. Moorea), no significant population structure in surface temperature and salinity, estuarine habitat indicators which coral hosts between reef zones was observed. However, our analyses we use to drive our blue crab population model. We hope to use this of potential loci under selection in the host genome between reef model to show the possible trajectory of blue crab stock under the zones are ongoing. Lastly, algal symbiont community compositions MPI-ESM-LR climate change scenario. Refining these estimates across all sites and reef zones were homogenous. Although our through updated models is key to informing the management of blue ongoing genomic analyses will provide further insight, our current crab in the Chesapeake Bay. results suggest that acclimatization may play a more significant role than host genetic structure and algal symbiont communities in coping with divergent reef zones in this dispersive coral species.

112-2 KRISHNAMURTHY, D*; BENOIT DU REY, F; LI, H; 9-2 KRUPPERT, S*; TAYLOR, J; Friday Harbor Laboratories, CAMBOURNAC, P; KORKMAZHAN, E; PRAKASH, M; Stanford University of Washington, Scripps institution of oceanography; University, ISAE-SUPAERO; [email protected] [email protected] Anti-gravity Machine: Multi-scale Imaging and Measurement of Shells in a changing ocean: the impact of ocean acidification on Plankton Behavior using a Novel Tracking Microscope mollusk vulnerability Marine microscale plankton are the fundamental drivers of ecological Marine mollusks depend on their heavily calcified shells as body processes in the ocean. These organisms serve as biological engines armor against a range of predators, including the formidable powering the ocean's geochemical cycles including carbon smashing mantis shrimp. While it has been established for multiple sequestration and vertical material transport. Understanding plankton species of mollusks that ocean acidification-like conditions reduce behavior and ecology is therefore essential for understanding our calcification, it is not known how this change in mineralization planet's health and climate. A key aspect of marine ecology is the manifests in the mechanical integrity of their body armor in the Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of plankton, whereby individual context of predation attempts. We hypothesized that changes in plankton migrate over vertical scales orders-of-magnitude greater calcification in response to medium-term exposure to reduced pH than their individual size. This is one of the largest migrations of conditions will be sufficient to alter the material properties of the bio-mass on our planet, occurring daily. This vast separation of shell in ways that reduce its impact resistance. We tested this scales makes mechanistic and quantitative study of plankton hypothesis on two California mollusk species, the mussel Mytilus physiology (sub-cellular scale) and macroscale behavior (scales of edulis and the periwinkle Littorina planaxis, that are common prey of meters), a challenging problem. We present a novel and simple the mantis shrimp Hemisquilla californienses. A total of 64 small solution to the above mentioned problem using a "Hydrodynamic individuals of each species (Mytilus: 47.4±3.1mm, Littorina: treadmill", in conjunction with tracking microscopy to result in a 9.2±0.7mm) were exposed to ambient (pH = 8.2) and reduced pH system that allows unrestricted vertical motion of objects while (stable 7.9, 7.6, fluctuating: 7.9±0.05) conditions for 10 weeks, after allowing sub-cellular scale imaging at high time resolution. We which shell growth was documented and shell hardness and stiffness demonstrate this method by conducting a comparative study of freely were determined using nanoindentation. The experimental conditions swimming marine invertebrate larvae such as P. miniata (Bat Star), were sufficient to induce significantly lower growth rates in the P. parvimensis (Sea Cucumber), O. spiculata (Brittle star)and S. reduced pH treatments compared to the ambient control group. purpuratus (Sea Urchin); and marine diatoms, dinoflagellates and Mineralization is yet to be analyzed, but our nanoindentation marine snow. Our method allows us, for the first time, to measure measurements suggest that there is no effect of pH on shell hardness microscale physiology and micro-behavioral states in marine and stiffness in M. edulis and L. planaxis. Thus, for small molluscs, plankton and directly measure their connections to macroscale exposure to ocean acidification conditions may not cause changes behavior. The capabilities of this method may be extended to study sufficient to alter the function of their calcified armor. sub-cellular scale processes such as calcium signaling and relate them directly to organismal behavior, thus leading to mechanistic insights into plankton behavior.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 128 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e129

33-2 LAILVAUX, SP*; MISHRA, A; HOQUE, MT; WILSON, RS; 83-1 LANDBERG, T*; DEPACE, E; ABERNATHY, K; University of New Orleans, University of Queensland; LUGINBUHL, C; MARSHALL, G; ROMANO, T; TUTTLE, A; [email protected] TRIPP, J; TRIPP, S; Arcadia University, National Geographic A machine learning approach to predicting the multivariate Society, Luginbuhl Foundation, National Geographic Society, Mystic performance phenotype Aquarium, Tributary Mill Conservancy; [email protected] Morphology -> performance relationships are well understood for Underwater Snapping Turtle Behavior Affects Dive and Surfacing individual performance traits, particularly in species that are highly Durations specialized for conducting specific ecological tasks. However, the Underwater activity increases the metabolic requirements of aquatic environment places multiple and often conflicting demands on animals therefore air-breathing vertebrates adjust diving and organismal morphology and physiology. A proper understanding of surfacing durations to match their respiratory needs. Under lab the multivariate morphology -> performance relationship is currently conditions, CO2 build-up triggers turtles to breathe at the surface but lacking, at least in part because of logistical challenges in measuring they can hold their breath for hours during deep dives or months Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 multiple performance capacities on the same individuals. We during winter. Unfortunately, studying free-ranging underwater developed and trained a set of machine learning models and behavior of shy freshwater turtles has been nearly impossible in compared their predictive performances based on cross-validation densely-vegetated wetlands. To address this, we quantified the using existing morphology and performance for over 30 lizard behavioral time budgets of adult snapping turtles (Chelydra species. We then combined some of the best performing models, in a serpentina) in Connecticut using an animal-borne video recorder stacking manner, and formed the final robust model to produce novel (CRITTERCAM) with automatic detachment (n=12 turtles; 56h of predictions of unmeasured performance traits in those same species. video; 880 dives). Individuals displayed tremendous variation (range We consider the accuracy, validation, constraints, and shortcomings 5.3 to 60.8 surfacing events/hour) and on average spent 20% (±19% of the model, as well as several potential applications of this s.d.) of their time surfacing. Turtles at rest underwater remained approach submerged for long durations and at the surface continued resting in long bouts. As metabolically expected, active underwater behaviors like walking and swimming had shorter dive durations than resting behavior. Surprisingly, underwater activity limited surfacing duration as turtles re-submerged relatively quickly after feeding and locomotor behaviors (after accounting for the positive effect of previous dive duration). This remote imaging perspective shows how underwater behavior influences diving and surfacing patterns in wild snapping turtles and how remote imaging helps understand vagile yet cryptic creatures.

141-4 LANE, Z/M*; ZARDUS, J/D; MCELROY, E/J; KENDRICK, 79-2 LANG, A*; SANTOS, L; BONACCI, A; DEVEY, S; M/R; MORTON, S/L; College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, The PARSONS, J; MOTTA, P; HABEGGER, M; Univ. of Alabama, Citadel, Charleston, SC, SCDNR, NOAA; [email protected] Univ. of South Florida, Florida Southern College; [email protected] Working Smart not Hard: Loss of Active Feeding Behavior in the Experimental Evidence of Flow Separation Control Leading to Commensal Sea Turtle Barnacle, Chelonibia testudinaria Decreased Drag by Shark Scale Bristling Barnacles are sessile suspension feeders whose feeding efficiency The largest contributing factor of drag during swimming is generally and behavior is largely determined by the movement of water that due to flow separation. It is hypothesized that the flexible through their environment. In low flow environments, where particle denticles found on key body locations of the fast-swimming shortfin capture is difficult, barnacles expend energy to feed actively, while in mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) shark aid in controlling flow separation. higher flow environments barnacles may feed passively which is Previous work has documented that flank scales, located downstream more energetically efficient than active feeding. Many intertidal of the gills, are capable of being actuated to angles of 40 degrees or barnacles have been shown to switch between active and passive more. Skin samples were affixed to a flat plate and placed in a water feeding modes as water velocities increase, but little is known about tunnel. A boundary layer was generated over a long plate, passed epibiotic species which are exposed to variable feeding currents and over the skin sample, and a region of flow separation was induced by possibly display different behavior than intertidal species. To better the presence of a rotating cylinder located above the test area. The understand the behavior of epibiotic barnacles, the sea turtle flow was measured by time-averaging thousands of velocity fields commensal Chelonibia testudinaria was raised to adulthood in the acquired using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV). Flow laboratory. Lab-reared adults (shell diameter = 12.63 ± 0.08 mm) separation was quantified using backflow coefficient, or the were then subjected to a wide range of water velocities and their percentage of time the flow was reversed. Results show control of behaviors categorized and quantified with BORIS event logging flow separation under both laminar and tripped turbulent boundary software. Over the course of observation C. testudinaria displayed layer conditions. It should be noted that testing took place at speeds only passive feeding behavior, and at lower velocities, instead of on the order of 0.5 m/s while burst swimming speeds can exceed 10 switching to active feeding, did not feed at all. This species was most m/s. However, in spite of this lack in flow similarity separation active between 20.63 and 53.59 cm s-1 as identified by logistic control was demonstrated. This shows the main mechanism is Re regression, a velocity range which correlates well with the average independent, in that controlling the flow involves the scales reaching swimming speed of two common host species, loggerhead and green into the bottom 5% of the boundary layer to inhibit flow reversal sea turtles, on which C. testudinaria resides. Lack of active feeding occurring near the wall that leads to global flow separation and in this species may have evolved in concert with its epibiotic habitus, pressure drag. Large scale 3D printed models of shark denticles have potentially making this species an obligate commensal, reliant on its also been fabricated (from a characteristic length of 0.2 mm on real hosts' movement to provide flow for particle capture as adults. skin to 1 cm for the models) to match flow similarity to the lower testing speeds. Scale actuation and flow control have also been observed using the 3D printed scale models.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 129 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e130

62-6 LANGFORD, ML*; CAIN, S; HOWARD, JA; FRANKS, BR; 51-6 LANGKILDE, T*; ADAMS, T; AVERY, J; WARNE, R; Penn Florida Southern College, Jacksonville University; State, Southern Illinois; [email protected] [email protected] Effects of anthropogenic noise on wood frog tadpoles I'll have a side salad with that: Bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo, Anthropogenic noise is pervasive across habitats throughout the host cellulose-degrading bacteria within their digestive tracts world. Noise from human activity can adversely affect animal The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a commonly found behavior, especially for animals that rely on sound to communicate, elasmobranch species along the Florida coast. Bonnethead sharks as well as potentially induce physiological stress. Hydraulic natural frequently ingest seagrasses in addition to a diet of crustaceans, gas fracturing and its associated transportation is a novel source of molluscs, and cephalopods. Cellulose degrading enzymes within the anthropogenic noise across large areas of the North Eastern United hindgut have previously been detected, and a recent metabolic study States. Despite the wide distribution and potential impacts of this has demonstrated that S. tiburo is capable of digesting seagrass; emerging noise for wildlife, few studies have tested for hydraulic however, the role of microbes in the digestion of plant matter fracturing noise effects, especially in aquatic habitats. Here we Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 remains unclear. Here, we sought to determine whether bonnethead examine whether noise originating from natural gas compressor sharks within the Tampa Bay Estuary contain bacteria capable of stations affects larval wood frog (Rana sylvatica [Lithobates digesting plant material within their digestive tracts. The stomach, sylvaticus]) survival, development, behavior, and stress physiology. anterior intestine, proximal spiral, mid spiral, distal spiral intestines, Our results indicate that elevated noise levels and associated and colon from two adult sharks were each screened for the presence vibrations, in conjunction with exposure to an additional of cellulose degrading bacteria. Positive bacterial isolates were chasing/handling stressor, can have lethal consequences for tadpoles individually tested for cellulose degradation, and subsequently during early developmental stages. At later developmental stages, identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We report the first however, noise without direct vibration did not affect tadpole isolation and identification of bacteria from within S. tiburo stomach survival, morphology, behavior, or stress physiology. As such, and intestinal tissues that exhibit cellulase activity, a marker of plant amphibian fitness may be effected by increasing global levels of degradation. These findings suggest a possible mechanism whereby anthropogenic noise, but such effects may be context or S. tiburo may be able to obtain nutrition from plant matter. stage-dependent.

11-6 LAPSANSKY, AB*; TOBALSKE, BW; University of 136-7 LAROUCHE, O*; FRIEDMAN, ST; WAINWRIGHT, PC; Montana; [email protected] PRICE, SA; Clemson University, South Carolina, University of The Comparative Biomechanics of Aerial and Aquatic Flight in California, Davis; [email protected] Alcids Do marine and freshwater fishes differ in rates and directions of Roughly 40 species of birds across five extant clades have co-opted body shape evolution? their wings for use in underwater propulsion, here termed "aquatic Ray-finned fishes have repeatedly colonized both marine and flight", while retaining their aerial flight. This group serves as an freshwater habitats. Several clades have experienced increased ideal case-study in evolution under distinct selective pressures, as diversification rates following marine to freshwater transitions, yet it water is 800X denser and 60X more viscous than air. Consider that remains to be seen if these transitions also consistently lead to higher the major component of force produced by a bird in aerial flight is rates and changes in the direction of morphological evolution. To oriented to counteract gravity. In contrast, buoyancy is the dominant investigate this hypothesis, we measured eight ecologically and force in aquatic flight at most depths. Thus, this dual-media strategy functionally relevant size and shape variables, combining length, requires that the same bird produce forces in opposite directions with depth and width measurements, on 5000+ museum specimens from the same morphological structures. How aquatic flight is 2735 teleostean species. We explored a binary and a more complex accomplished, and the potential tradeoffs of this strategy, are unclear. habitat categorization scheme and analyzed the evolutionary history We recorded the kinematics of five species of alcids in water and air of habitat use through stochastic character mapping. The fit of single at the Alaska SeaLife Center and off the California coast. For and multi-rate Brownian models of trait evolution was then compared underwater flights, we coupled this with qualitative analysis of the to identify possible rate differences among habitat categories. We wake visualized using bubbles released from the plumage. In all found that although marine and freshwater taxa largely overlap in species, we found that the aquatic downstroke produced lift that their morphospace occupation, size is an important component of the contributed to horizontal thrust and ‘weight-support', as it does in total variation and delimits a cluster of predominantly freshwater aerial flight. The aquatic upstroke produces a strong species of smaller body sizes. However, when size is removed, downward-oriented force, counteracting buoyancy and the upward marine species occupy a considerably larger region of morphospace momentum of the downstroke. Thus, the upstroke has a unique compared to freshwater taxa. The greatest rate differentials among function in aquatic flight. The upstroke generates circulation and habitat categories were obtained for depth and width variables, which ventrally-directed lift in select sequences and drag-based force in evolved at the fastest rates in marine fishes. Our results highlight others. Further negative lift was apparent in underwater gliding differences in body depth/width ratio as an important component of sequences during which birds accelerated ventrally without wing the disparity patterns in marine species, which may have functional movement. We also observed substantial feather deformation during consequences as these traits are linked to maneuverability. One underwater flight. We hypothesize that this is facilitated by a possible explanation is that marine habitats have a greater range in swept-wing posture, and that this deformation directs force structural complexity, leading to a wider array of optimal forms. production to increase hydrodynamic efficiency.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 130 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e131

6-1 LASALA, JA*; HUGHES, C; WYNEKEN, J; Florida Atlantic 16-1 LASKOWSKI, KL*; DORAN, C; BIERBACH, D; WOLF, M; University; [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries; Breeding sex ratios in a mainland population of Leatherback sea [email protected] turtles Tracking the Developmental Trajectories of Behavioral Species that display temperature dependent sex determination are at Individuality in a Clonal Fish risk for decline due to increasing global temperatures. High Individual behavioral variation is ubiquitous across the animal temperatures can decrease hatching rates and cause hatchlings to be kingdom. Classic quantitative genetics predicts that such phenotypic increasingly female, which may skew adult sex ratios. The variation should arise as a result of variation in genetics and the relationship of hatchlings sex ratios to adult sex ratios remains environment. Recent work however challenges this classic paradigm: complicated. Adult sex ratios are difficult to assess because marine considerable individual behavioral variation develops even among turtles are widely distributed, individuals may or may not breed genetically identical clonal fish raised under identical conditions. annually, and males remain at sea. A functional alternative measure This suggests that the traditional theory explaining the presence of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 is sought: breeding sex ratio (BSR). One method to quantify BSR is individual phenotypic variation is limited by only focusing on what to identify the number of males that successfully contribute to each generates this variation but not how. Using the clonal fish, the nest by examining paternity of hatchlings. We sampled nesting Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa ), we explored how early life Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) mothers and their hatchlings experiences, in particular social experiences can generate feedback from two mainland beaches in southeastern Florida and conducted mechanisms that ultimately drive the emergence of behavioral exclusion analyses to identify breeding males. Sampling occurred individuality even among otherwise identical animals. Using an over multiple nesting seasons (2014-2017) and included over 180 innovative high-resolution tracking system we followed the behavior nests and over 2500 hatchlings. We found that female Leatherbacks of isolated individuals and small sib groups all day, every day, from nesting in both locations were from the same population and that the birth for the first four months of their lives. These data offer breeding sex ratios are 1.9M : 1F. These US mainland nesting unprecedented insight into the trajectories of individual behavioral Leatherback turtles may be more promiscuous than at other Atlantic development allowing us to pinpoint when and how individuals island nesting sites (57% of all nests analyzed had multiple paternal change their behavior in response to social cues. contributions). We found over 225 individual males that contributed individually to nests, but only one example of a male mating with more than one female, suggesting this population is highly polyandrous. Baseline breeding sex ratios are important because they establish how mating affects the population structure of these turtles before effects of extreme environmental impacts drive changes in demographics and behavior.

51-1 LASLO, M*; HANKEN, J; Museum of Comparative Zoology, 79-3 LAUDER, GV*; WAINWRIGHT, DK; SAADAT, M; DOMEL Harvard University; [email protected] , AG; DOMEL, G; WEAVER, JC; ANKHELYI, MV; POPP, M; Thyroid hormone signaling-related gene expression in the hind WEN, L; BERTOLDI, K; Harvard Univ., Notre Dame Univ., limbs of the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui Beihang Univ.; [email protected] Direct development is a novel reproductive mode that has evolved Shark Skin: Three-Dimensional Structure and Hydrodynamic independently in at least ten anuran lineages. Direct-developing Function frogs, including the Puerto Rican coquí, Eleutherodactylus coqui, The skin of sharks consists of numerous tooth-like scales (denticles) hatch from terrestrial eggs as miniature adults. While their embryonic that form a rough surface covering the body. Imaging this surface has development resembles metamorphosis in several respects, many mostly been accomplished using (two dimensional) scanning electron traits develop in a different sequence compared to those in microscopy. But in order to understand the hydrodynamic function of metamorphosing frogs. For example, limb development follows shark skin, it is critical to quantify surface roughness in three thyroid gland formation and occurs well after hatching in dimensions and measure fluid flow over the denticle surface on both metamorphosing frogs. In contrast, limbs in direct-developing frogs engineered models and living animals. In this presentation we begin to form early in embryogenesis and well before the thyroid, provide an overview of our recent work on three-dimensional skin suggesting that their development is thyroid hormone (TH) surface imaging on a diversity of shark species and body locations independent. TH concentrations increase in the E. coqui embryo after using gel-based stereo profilometry, and summarize ongoing thyroid gland formation, although maternal THs are present in the experiments that measure the effect of surface roughness on (1) newly fertilized zygote. Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and denticle models mounted on airfoils to quantify their effect on lift deiodinase expression dynamics and the increasing TH titer suggest and drag, (2) experiments on the propulsion of 3D-printed that the last third of E. coqui limb development is TH-dependent. To biomimetic shark skin flexible foils, and (3) flow over the denticle determine if all TH-signaling genes share similar temporal surface in living sharks. Surface roughness in smooth dogfish varied expression patterns between these two contrasting life histories, we from 9 to 42 µm and particularly interesting transitions in denticle sequenced the hind-limb transcriptome of E. coqui and Xenopus shape and roughness were observed on the skin over the gills and on tropicalis at three equivalent stages. While two TH-signaling genes, the fins and tail. Denticles mounted on a NACA 0012 airfoil TR and dio2, share similar expression patterns in both species, a increased the lift-to-drag ratio by up to 323%, and corroborate third gene, TR , does not. Expression of TR increases over time in biomimetic shark skin experiments demonstrating that denticle X. tropicalis, whereas it decreases after thyroid gland formation in E. surfaces are capable of both reducing drag and enhancing thrust. coqui. Our data are consistent with TH-mediated embryonic limb Experiments on the propulsion of flexible shark skin membranes also development in E. coqui, but the initial source of TH may be show that denticle-containing surfaces are capable of both increasing maternal rather than embryonic. self-propelled speed and reducing the cost of transport. Thrust enhancement by roughened denticle surfaces is an underappreciated aspect of shark skin, as almost all previous studies have focused on static drag reduction.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 131 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e132

78-2 LAVERGNE, SG*; SEGUIN, J; BOUDREAU, M; MURRAY, 18-2 LAW, CJ*; MEHTA, RS; Univ. of California, Santa Cruz; D; KREBS, CJ; MCGOWAN, PO; BOONSTRA, R; Univ. of [email protected] Toronto, Trent University, Univ. of British Columbia; Carnivory maintains cranial dimorphism between males and [email protected] females: Evidence for niche divergence in extant Musteloidea Neurobiology of risk: Prenatal effects of predation risk in The evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism has long been snowshoe hares attributed to sexual selection. Niche divergence, however, serves as The population dynamics of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are an alternative but rarely tested selective pressure also hypothesized to fundamental to the ecosystem dynamics of the North American drive phenotypic disparity between males and females. We boreal forest, an ecosystem that covers more than half of Canada's reconstructed ancestral social systems and diet and used land mass. During their 8-11 year population cycle, hare densities Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) modeling approaches to test whether niche can fluctuate up to 40-fold. The cycle is driven by predators (lynx, divergence is stronger than sexual selection in driving the evolution coyotes, great-horned owls) that affect hare demography not only of sexual dimorphism in cranial size and bite force across extant Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 through direct mortality but also through non-consumptive effects on Musteloidea. We found that multipeak OU models favored different reproduction and survival that are mediated by chronic stress. In dietary regimes over social behavior and that the greatest degree of addition to individual effects, predator-induced stress during cranial size and bite force dimorphism were found in terrestrial pregnancy can act through the mother on her developing offspring, carnivores. Because competition for terrestrial vertebrate prey is creating the potential for large-scale population effects if all greater than other dietary groups, increased cranial size and bite force individuals in the population are similarly affected. We investigated dimorphism reduces dietary competition between the sexes. In the prenatal effects of predation risk during pregnancy in two ways. contrast, neither dietary regime nor social system influenced the First, by experimentally increasing predator encounters in an evolution of sexual dimorphism in cranial shape. Furthermore, we "unstressed" natural population of hares (increase phase, low found that the evolution of sexual dimorphism in bite force is predator density) using targeted chases of radio-collared pregnant influenced by the evolution of sexual dimorphism in cranial size hares by a mammalian predator (domestic dog). Second, by rather than cranial shape. Overall, our results highlight niche observing change as function of the natural increase in predator divergence as an important mechanism that maintains the evolution density that occurred from the increase to the peak phases of the hare of sexual dimorphism in musteloids. cycle. We found a suite of coordinated gene expression changes in the brains of offspring born to prenatally-stressed mothers. Transcriptional activity of corticosteroid receptor and co-chaperone genes involved in regulating HPA axis function produced a stress-sensitive, neuroresilient offspring phenotype, that could confer early-life survival advantages in an increasingly predator-abundant world.

24-5 LÓPEZ-CERÓN, A*; BUNTING, N; MYKLES, D; Colorado 125-6 LE GALL, M*; THOMPSON, N; CEASE, AJ; LE GALL, State University; [email protected] Marion; Arizona State University; [email protected] Effects of temperature and molt stage on the expression of Cheating on Atkin's: high-protein diet reduces lifespan in the stress-response genes in the Y-organ of the blackback land crab, Senegalese locust, Oedaleus senegalensis. Gecarcinus lateralis Since the 1970's Oedaleus senegalensis has become and remains the Molting in decapod crustaceans is controlled by ecdysteroid most prominent pest of millet, a subsistence crop, in the Sahel region synthesis in the Y-organ (YO). Environmental stressors may inhibit of Africa. A handful of studies have demonstrated that, unlike most molting by reducing YO ecdysteroidgenesis through altered herbivorous insects that are nitrogen (~protein) limited, some locust expression of stress-response genes that maintain physiological species prefer and perform better on carbohydrate-biased foods. We stability. Stress response genes regulate the energy relocation in tested O. senegalensis nutritional preference and performance on normal and extreme conditions. The purpose of this study was to foods varying in their protein: carbohydrate ratios. We ran quantify the effects of molt stage and elevated temperature on experiments both in the laboratory, using artificial diets, and in the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer and AMPK, heat-shock protein (HSP), field where we modified the nutritional content of millet with two and Sirtuin (SIRT) gene expression in the YO of G. lateralis. levels of fertilization using urea as a source of nitrogen. Our results Individuals were induced to molt by multiple leg autotomy. YO of show that, unlike predicted by the nitrogen limitation hypothesis, animals at 27°C was harvested at intermolt; early, mid, and late O.senegalensis prefers artificial food and millet leaves with a lower premolt; and postmolt stages. Individuals at the five molt stages were protein content. In the field, we found that locusts that were fed exposed to 32 and 35°C for 1 hour. mRNA level was quantified by unfertilized millet lived longer than the ones fed millet grown with qPCR. Ecdysteroid was quantified by a competitive ELISA. In high or medium level of fertilizer. However, the mass of the eggs laid general, molt stage had no effect on gene expression at 27 and 32°C. on the high fertilization treatment was higher than for the control plot Animals from intermolt through mid premolt and postmolt stages at that did not receive urea, suggesting a nutritional trade-off between 35°C showed lower mRNA levels of all genes. AMPK was lifespan and reproduction. significantly downregulated in intermolt, early and mid premolt, and postmolt individuals at 35°C. Late premolt crabs exposed to 35°C had higher HSP60, HSP70, and SIRT1 mRNA levels. At 35°C, altered gene expression in early and mid premolt may delay molting by reducing ecdysteroid synthesis in the YO. These data suggest that land crabs can tolerate 1-hour exposures at 32°C without eliciting a stress response at the transcriptional level. Future work will examine the effects of temperature on the phosphorylation of stress proteins. Supported by NSF (IOS-1257732).

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 132 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e133

63-5 LEACH, W.B.*; REITZEL, A.M.; University of North Carolina 61-6 LEDBETTER, NM*; BONETT, RM; university of tulsa; at Charlotte; [email protected] [email protected] Transcriptome Dynamics After Light Removal in a Model Terrestrial Constraint on Salamander Limbs Sheds Light on Cnidarian Tetrapod Evolution Circadian clocks are well understood in many bilaterian organisms Patterns of phenotypic evolution can abruptly shift as species move where they regulate behavior and physiology through differential between adaptive zones. Salamanders have frequently transitioned expression of hundreds of genes over daily and seasonal time. across three distinct life cycle strategies that range from However, we have a rudimentary understanding of the antiquity and aquatic-to-terrestrial (biphasic), to fully aquatic (paedomorphosis), to function of these clocks for earlier diverging lineages, including fully terrestrial (direct development). These transitions are often cnidarians. The sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, is an emerging associated with changes in body form such as loss of digits, limb model for cnidarian circadian biology and previous studies have reduction, or body elongation. However, the relationships among demonstrated rhythmic behavior that coincides with light-dependent these traits remain unresolved. Here we use an evolutionary Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 expression of candidate circadian genes. To further characterize the modeling approach to test whether life cycle transitions in role light plays in entraining circadian rhythms in this species, we salamanders have influenced rates, optima and integration of primary used tag-based RNAseq to generate 136 transcriptomes from animals locomotory structures (limbs and trunk). We show that paedomorphic sampled over three days during four light regimes (12h:12h salamanders have elevated rates of limb evolution with optima light:dark, 1 and 2 days post light-removal, and constant darkness) shifted toward smaller size and fewer digits compared to all other treated as ‘light conditions'. Weighted gene co-expression network salamanders. Rate of hindlimb digit evolution is shown to decrease in analysis identified unique co-regulated gene modules differentially a gradient as life cycles become more terrestrial. Paedomorphic expressed between all light conditions. In the first 24-hour period of salamanders exhibit reduced correlations between limb lengths as light removal, N. vectensis exhibited a 3-fold increase in the number well as between forelimb digit loss and vertebral number. of differentially expressed genes, particularly those involved in Paedomorphs have a higher correlation between hindlimb digit loss chromatin organization, as well as key members of the oxidative and increases in vertebral number. Our results generally demonstrate stress and metabolic pathways. Additionally, genes previously constraint on limb evolution due to terrestrial locomotion that, when described as ‘circadian' were down-regulated in the absence of light lifted, leads to higher rates of trait evolution and shifts in optima and and appear to lose rhythmicity immediately following light removal. integration. The basic tetrapod body form of most salamanders and Interestingly, the second day of light removal resulted in an entirely the independent losses of terrestriality life stages provide an new set of differentially expressed genes compared with other light important framework for understanding the evolutionary and conditions. These data highlight the molecular complexity resulting developmental relationships between the limb skeleton and vertebral from photoperiodic variability and, for the first time in cnidarians, column. suggests genes commonly referred to as ‘circadian' may be better described as photoresponsive.

80-6 LEE, A. B.*; SELEB, B.; HANLON, L.; SUN, A.; HU, D. L.; 105-6 LEE, D/V*; ISAACS, M/R; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Georgia Institute of Technology; [email protected] [email protected] Preventing bubble pinch-off in underwater sniffing Does the Cost of Bipedal Walking Increase as the Square of Speed? The star-nosed mole can sniff underwater by rapidly blowing and Bipedal walking is a particularly economical gait for humans and it is inhaling bubbles. How these moles manipulate bubbles without conventionally modeled by the inverted-pendulum construct of a losing them is poorly understood. In this experimental study, we rigid leg tracing a circular arc. At slow to moderate walking speeds, investigate the first phase of this underwater sniff, blowing the this model predicts low mechanical cost of transport (CoT-mech), bubble. We conduct bubble formation experiments with a downward which is determined by the impulse needed to reverse the downward nozzle, inspired by the star-nosed mole. As the flow rate increases, velocity at the end of each arc. At moderate to fast walking speeds, the lifetime of the bubble before pinch-off decreases according to the however, CoT-mech is predicted to increase precipitously. An scaling law T~Q-2/3. The retarded decrease in duration is explained analytical solution for CoT-mech of the inverted-pendulum model by the significant surface deformation and added mass that the predicts CoT-mech to increase as a squared function of speed. bubble experiences as it expands through the gaps of the star. However, our experimental data from ten human subjects across a Understanding the fluid dynamics of underwater sniffing provides full range of walking speeds contradict the predictions of the insight into the physiological requirements necessary to perform inverted-pendulum model and show that human walkers exhibit only underwater olfaction. a moderate increase in CoT-mech with increasing speed. We use multiple regression to determine a function relating CoT-mech to both speed and the square of speed — in normalized terms, the square root of Froude number and Froude number. CoT-mech of walking humans was found to increase as a quadratic function of speed, having a positive squared term and a negative linear term. Using values of step length and velocity from our human data set, the analytical solution for an inverted-pendulum model shows the same squared term but yields a positive linear term. Expressing the linear term as a fraction of the squared term, gives -0.73 for the experimental CoT-mech and 0.31 for the analytical solution. Hence, the linear term in the simple inverted-pendulum model adds to the squared increase, whereas in walking humans, the linear term subtracts from the squared increase. Overall, the change in CoT-mech across the human walking speed range shows only a 1.5-fold increase, compared to the 9-fold increase predicted by the conventional inverted-pendulum model.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 133 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e134

113-3 LEIGH, SC*; GERMAN, DP; University of California, Irvine; 95-1 LENARD, A*; GIFFORD, ME; University of Central [email protected] Arkansas; [email protected] The Role of Microbial Symbionts in Bonnethead Shark Seagrass Effects of early-season maternal lipid consumption on reproductive Digestion strategy and embryonic development in the prairie lizard, Sharks, uniformly accepted as carnivores, have guts specialized for a Sceloporus consobrinus high-protein diet. However, the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo) Maternal effects, such as stress, body condition, and hormone levels has been shown to consume copious amounts of seagrass (up to have been shown to affect female reproductive strategies and 62.1% of gut content mass). Bonnetheads were found to digest 51.2% offspring phenotype. The overall quality of maternal diet has been of the organic matter in seagrass, as well as possess shown to affect reproductive investment and timing of clutch cellulose-component-degrading enzymes ( -glucosidase) in their production in some lizards. However, few studies have explored the hindguts. This indicates likely involvement from the gut microbiome effects of a specific macronutrient on reproduction. In this study, we as part of the seagrass digestion process. In order to understand the examined the effects of early-season maternal lipid consumption on Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 role that the microbiome plays in bonnethead shark seagrass reproductive investment and embryonic development in prairie digestion, gut contents and mucosal scrapings were collected along lizards. We captured female prairie lizards from an Arkansas the digestive tract of wild-caught bonnetheads (n=4) and bonnetheads population soon after overwinter emergence. Females were fed ad that were fed a 90% seagrass and 10% squid diet in the lab (n=5). libitum either a high-lipid diet of 3 waxworms (14.8% lipid) or a Using 16s rDNA sequencing, we determined the taxa of microbes low-lipid diet of 5 crickets (2.5% lipid). We monitored the number of present along the bonnethead shark digestive tract. Using gas prey items consumed until females were vitellogenic, upon which chromatography of gut content fluid, we determined the they were paired with a mate. We also monitored female body concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, the primary end-products of compositions from capture through oviposition with weekly microbial fermentation, in the different gut regions. Data collection is quantitative magnetic resonance scans. After oviposition, we in progress. Results of this work show that the bonnethead shark is recorded clutch size, egg mass, and maternal lipid loss, as a proxy for digesting seagrass at higher efficiency than would be expected for a lipid investment. All eggs were incubated under common conditions. "carnivore," and digestion may be aided by microbial symbionts. Upon hatching, we recorded incubation duration and hatchling mass These findings have ecological implications because they show that and snout-vent length. This study suggests that early-season, bonnethead sharks are omnivorous and play a different role high-lipid diets influenced some reproductive investment traits, but (including nutrient transport) than assumed within fragile seagrass not those pertaining to hatchling phenotypes. These data are ecosystems. generally consistent with theories that first clutches are produced from capital reserves.

70-4 LENCER, ES; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical 43-5 LEON, AE*; HAWLEY, DM; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Campus; [email protected] [email protected] Modifications to cell proliferation underlie differences in Host immunity and selection on pathogen virulence in a craniofacial phenotype between closely related species (genus: songbird-bacterium system Cyprinodon) Few natural systems have provided the opportunity to empirically Understanding the genetic basis for phenotypic differences is test the theory that incomplete host immunity selects for higher fundamental to the study of macroevolutionary patterns of biological pathogen virulence. Since its emergence in North American house diversity. While technological advances in DNA sequencing have finch populations, the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum made researching genetic variation in wild taxa routine, fully (MG) has increased in virulence. Previous work has demonstrated understanding how these variants affect phenotype usually requires that repeated low-dose exposure to MG, a proxy for what birds may taking the next step to investigate how genetic changes alter cell and experience at feeders, provides significant but incomplete protection tissue interactions that ultimately produce phenotypes. Here, I report against secondary infection and produces a within-host environment on data suggesting a role for cell proliferation as a developmental that favors more virulent strains. Here we sought to determine if source of craniofacial morphological diversity in a radiation of three previous exposure level mediates the transmission potential of a host, species of Cyprinodon from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Patterns and if this favors the transmission of more virulent strains. To test of cell proliferation in the heads of hatching-age fish differ among this, we first created variation in prior exposure by exposing captive, species of Cyprinodon, and correlate with differences in allometric wild-caught house finches to one of two priming exposures of MG, growth rate among the jaws of three distinct species. Regional which varied by dose and total number, or to a media-only control. patterns of cell proliferation in the head are complex resulting in an After recovering from priming exposures, individuals were unintuitive mechanism by which lower levels of proliferation lead to inoculated with a single high dose of a strain of equal or higher growth of relatively larger jaws. I combine these data with previously virulence and paired with an MG-naïve cage-mate to assess pairwise published morphological and genomic data to show how studying the transmission potential. Immunity from prior exposure significantly mechanisms generating phenotype at the cellular and tissue levels of reduced the pairwise transmission potential of individuals, with the biological organization can help mechanistically link genomic studies lowest transmission potential in house finches which were given with classic morphological studies. high-dose priming exposures. The more virulent strain had higher overall transmission potential than the less virulent strain, but again this varied with host exposure history. Interestingly, individuals that received low-dose priming exposures, which prior work showed generate largely incomplete immunity in house finches, showed identical transmission potential between pathogen strains. Together these results demonstrate that host immunity, mediated by exposure history, can significantly alter the transmission potential of an individual.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 134 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e135

S1-3 LESLIE, Andrew B.*; LOSADA, Juan M.; Brown University; 114-3 LEVELL, ST*; REZNICK, DN; Univ. of California, [email protected] Riverside; [email protected] Functional Ontogeny and Morphological Evolution in Plant Can Females Differentially Allocate Resources to Offspring Sired Reproductive Structures by Different Males? Form and function relationships are most often evaluated with The Viviparity-Driven Conflict Hypothesis (VDCH) predicts that the regards to static functional roles, but these relationships may change placenta provides a novel arena for conflict over resources. over the lifetime of an organism or even its component parts. For Parent-offspring conflict is a predicted to occur because the optimal example, flowers initially function in pollen transfer, but quantity of resources for an offspring to get from its mother is more subsequently, as fruits, they protect and release seeds. Meeting such than is in the best interest of the mother to provide. This conflict is disparate demands often requires complex patterns of ontogenetic exaggerated if females' mate with multiple males. Conflict theory shape change, and in such organisms, any given form and function predicts that there will be a reconciliation of conflict within relationship could be thought of as a temporary stop along a larger populations but differences among populations in how conflict is Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 developmental trajectory. Differences in specific developmental resolved. If so, females may be able to recognize and differentially patterns among lineages may therefore play an important role in allocate resources to offspring sired by males from her own shaping and constraining form and function relationships and population. Alternatively, the offspring of males from foreign determining broader patterns of evolution. We explore these populations may be better (or worse) at acquiring resources from possibilities using conifer seed cones in the Pinaceae family, which their mother. Heterandria formosa, a placental fish, is particularly are highly integrated structures that sequentially perform three basic suited to test the predictions of the VDCH because their populations functional roles: they facilitate wind pollination, they protect exhibit dramatic differences in offspring size. In this experiment, maturing seeds, and they disperse mature seeds. We combine females from either large-offspring producing or small-offspring anatomy, functional morphology, and phylogenetic comparative producing populations were artificially inseminated with a methods to show that cone phenotypes reflect a complex interplay combination of sperm from males originating from their own between development and functional demands. Variation in population, a different population, or both. Additionally, treatments developmental rate and timing alone can generate morphological consisted of either two or four males to determine whether mating diversity among lineages during some functional stages, such as at with multiple males affects offspring number or size within and pollination. On the other hand, seed dispersal in Pinaceae occurs among broods. Our results suggest that the paternal population through a few mechanisms dictated by seed size, packing density, dictates offspring size in uni-directional crosses. However, when and dispersal agents, which constrain cone development patterns sperm is mixed from multiple populations of males, the size of the after pollination. Complex functional ontogenies are also present in resulting offspring depends on how many males were used, and the many other plants, suggesting that interactions between resulting offspring size in these crosses is different depending on the developmental patterns and functional morphology may shape female's population of origin. patterns of reproductive evolution across many lineages.

134-4 LEVIN, II*; HUND, AK; IBRAHIM, AI; STEPHENS, JQ; 124-1 LEVY, G.*; TRIMMER, B.A.; Tufts University, Medford, WICKER, VV; TSUNEKAGE, T; MCCAHILL, K; SAFRAN, RJ; Massachusetts, USA; [email protected] Agnes Scott College, University of Colorado - Boulder; Realtime, 3-D Acquisition and Analysis of Caterpillar Locomotion [email protected] The kinematic parameters of crawling behavior in the caterpillar Heritability of telomere length in nestling barn swallows (Hirundo Manduca sexta are being studied to better understand the rustica erythrogaster) neuromechanics of soft bodied animal locomotion. We have The natal environment can influence an organism's survival and developed a method to track and analyze the 3D movements of reproductive success. Telomere length is demonstrated to co-vary Manduca in real-time, while crawling on different substrates and in with measures of organismal performance, and telomere dynamics different orientations. This method is being used to determine which early in life may have long-lasting consequences. Therefore, it is substrate parameters are sensed by the animal, and how it uses this important to understand the sources of variation in telomere length. sensory information to adjust its gait. Manduca movements are We investigated the relative contributions of genetic vs. complex and variable, so real-time tracking allows detailed kinematic environmental effects on variation in telomere length in nestling barn parameters to be analyzed to identify important statistical changes in swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) using an egg-cross foster large datasets. The method is based on a commercial device (Vicon), experiment. Half of the eggs in nests were switched with originally designed to capture human motion, and it reports the synchronously laid eggs from different nests. This design, and the three-dimensional position of markers in the scene. To adapt this fact that broods contain mixed paternity, allows us to decouple system for use on small (and soft) animals we have replaced the genetic and environmental effects on telomere length. Female retroreflective markers with microscopic IR-LEDs. These are incubation behavior was quantified with thermocouple eggs that manually soldered to one another with a very fine wire to form a suit record incubation temperature profiles. We measured relative that is stitched onto the cuticle of the caterpillar. The caterpillar is telomere length of nine-day old nestlings using qPCR, assigned then placed inside a circular treadmill that can be positioned in any parentage of nestlings using microsatellite markers, and used an orientation with respect to gravity and the Vicon cameras report the animal model to investigate heritability. A substantial amount of 3-D position of the LEDs. A custom-made, multi-layer variation in telomere length could be attributed to additive genetic parallel-processing Matlab software, working across several variance; however, the nest environment also explained a significant computers, acquires the Vicon data and analyzes it in realtime while amount of overall phenotypic variance. We predicted that eggs also saving it for future, offline replay. With this system it is possible receiving consistent, high-quality incubation would result in nestlings to quantify the movements of multiple body segments simultaneously with relatively longer telomeres compared to eggs with a less and to detect small changes in the coordination of the crawling gait in consistent, lower-quality incubation. Our results support our response to environmental stimuli. Supported by NSF/IOS grant hypothesis; eggs experiencing a higher mean temperature, especially 1456471 awarded to Barry Trimmer. early in incubation, resulted in nestlings with longer telomeres relative to nestlings from eggs incubated at lower mean temperatures.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 135 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e136

22-3 LEWIS, AK*; COHN, MJ; University of Florida; S9-4 LEYS, SP*; MAH, JL; KAHN, AS; University of Alberta, [email protected] Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Yale University; The anti-androgenic fungicide vinclozolin disrupts sexual [email protected] differentiation of the external genitalia Sense and Sensitivity in Sponges: a functional and genomic view In recent decades, there has been a rise of endocrine-related diseases What affects a sponge, what does it perceive and how does it detect and disorders, including genital malformations, low semen quality, and respond to these stimuli? Sponges are generally thought of as adverse pregnancy outcomes, neurobehavioral conditions, cancers of simple, but the array of stimuli they perceive and range of reproductive organs, earlier onset of breast development, obesity, and mechanisms of response are probably as diverse as the types of type 2 diabetes (UNEP and WHO, 2013). For example, congenital sponges that are known. Sponge larvae respond to light but opsins penile anomalies (CPA) now affect 1 in 120, or 0.83%, of male are not used, nor is there a common photoreceptor molecule or newborns (Nelson et al., 2005). The most commonly reported CPA is mechanism used across sponge groups. Other better-known cues are hypospadias, which is characterized by mislocalization of the urethral gravity and chemicals (e.g. molecules in algae or in other sponges or Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 opening along the penile shaft, within the scrotum, or in the invertebrate symbionts). Adult sponges appear static but are in fact perineum, with the most severe cases resulting in ambiguous quite twitchy in their own time frame and one less studied stimulus genitalia. Our lab previously demonstrated that conditional deletion may be change in pressure. The sensors for these cues as far as we of the androgen receptor (AR) gene from mesenchymal cells of the know are individual cells, and these most likely act as independent mouse genital tubercle - the embryonic precursor to the penis and effectors, and generate a whole body reaction by the global reach of clitoris - induces penile anomalies that mimic human CPAs (Zheng et the stimulus to all parts of the animal, except in the case of electrical al., 2015). Moreover, the timing of AR disruption, whether by signalling in Hexactinellida. Most surprising so far is that the genetic or pharmacologic mechanisms, determines the type of CPA molecular basis of all these systems appears to be as varied as the cell that arises, reflecting a critical window of susceptibility. Here we types and coordination mechanisms seen in sensory systems. This report that male mouse embryos exposed to vinclozolin, an talk will examine examples of form, function, and their molecular environmental endocrine disruptor, during the same temporal basis across Calcarea, Demospongiae and Hexactinellida. window also develop external genital defects that mimic human CPAs. Dissection of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate vinclozolin-induced hypospadias revealed disruption of fetal sex steroid levels and the distribution of their respective receptors. Furthermore, we find that the sexually dimorphic patterns of cell death and proliferation that occur during normal genital development are disrupted in treated mice. Taken together, these results suggest that transitory exposure to vinclozolin during the critical period of susceptibility causes genital malformations by abolishing male- and female-specific endocrine profiles and morphogenetic processes.

S1-6 LI, Fay-Wei; Boyce Thompson Institute; [email protected] 127-7 LI, DH*; BARTOL, IK; GILLY, WF; Stanford University, Diversity and genetics of plant-cyanobacteria symbioses Old Dominion University; [email protected] Plant symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria is a unique form Hydrodynamic diversity in squid jets mediated by giant and of mutualistic association that has independently evolved in diverse non-giant axon systems lineages including a few species of bryophytes, ferns, cycads, and Giant and non-giant axon systems in squid can act individually or in one small genus of flowering plants. Compared to other concert to control a diversity of jet-propelled maneuvers. The giant nitrogen-fixing microbes, cyanobacteria are generally less dependent system primarily underlies strong, stereotyped mantle contractions to on the plant host, and therefore could be an ideal partner for form fast escape jets, whereas the non-giant system allows graded engineering symbiotic nitrogen fixation into crop plants. However, contractions that enable a wide range of swimming speeds. our current understanding of plant-cyanobacteria symbioses is Swimming speed in turn predicts jet hydrodynamics where impulse rudimentary. The phylogenetic diversity of cyanobionts has been increases with speed. Both systems expel water through the siphon, largely unexplored, and the plant genes involved in cyanobacterial but the connection between neuromuscular control and symbiosis have remained unknown. Here I will present our ongoing hydrodynamic output has remained unexplored. We used work on cyanobacterial symbioses in ferns (Azolla) and hornworts. simultaneous recordings of neural activity in stellar nerves, mantle Using Illumina resequencing and PacBio amplicon-seq, we are contractions, and 3D particle tracking velocimetry in restrained beginning to characterize the cyanobiont diversity and examine Lolliguncula brevis to explore the role these two axon systems play plant-cyanobiont co-evolutionary history. In addition, several in jet hydrodynamics. Of 258 jets recorded from 3 squid, 228 were putative symbiosis genes have been identified through our initiated by the non-giant system and 30 by the giant. Jet angle did comparative genomics and RNA-seq analyses. not differ between the two systems (linear mixed effects model, p = 0.91), but the giant axon jet impulse magnitude was significantly greater than non-giant (linear mixed effects model, p = 0.038). However, the distribution of non-giant impulse magnitudes (range = 0.18 to 11.7 mN s) was much broader than that for giant values (range = 1.10 to 7.70 mN s). Thus, graded control of mantle contractions by the non-giant system matched characteristics of the resulting impulse and acted as a variable force generator. Giant system impulses appeared more quantized, reflecting the all-or-none nature of these mantle contractions. Our results suggest that diversity in hydrodynamic output at different jetting speeds is influenced by differential recruitment of the squid's two neural systems.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 136 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e137

8-2 LI, G*; LIU, H; MULLER, U K; VOESENEK, C J; VAN 10-4 LIAO, JC*; DAVE, S; ADORISIO, M; University of Florida/ LEEUWEN, J L; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, National Center for Technology (JAMSTEC), Chiba University, California State Biological Sciences, Bangalore, INDIA, SISSA, Trieste, ITALY; University Fresno, Wageningen University; [email protected] [email protected] Optimisation strategies and hydrodynamic constraints in Sensory Conflict for Fish Swimming in Flow; the Role of Vision in undulatory swimming: lessons learned from larval fish Station Holding To understand how undulatory swimmers maximize performance, In order to maintain position and speed during navigation in scientists developed different measures of efficiency: Propulsive current-swept environments, fishes rely on feedback from their visual efficiency and cost of transport. To identify which measure best and mechanosensory modalities. Using adult wild-type zebrafish, we predicts the optimization strategy in fish, we combined experimental developed a system to project high contrast visual stimuli (moving and computational approaches. We recorded 3D kinematics of vertical and horizontal bars) onto the lateral surface of a 5 liter flow swimming fish larvae, and used an integrated 3D computational tank. Zebrafish exhibited a robust behavior of holding station Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 approach that couples the Navier-Stokes equations to the motion (minimal drift in the downstream direction) in flows less than 20 cm equations describing a free-swimming fish. This combination of s-1. We discovered a robust movement response to vertical bars approaches can build parameter space maps to identify performance moving upstream and downstream when fish were challenged to optima using counterfactual kinematics. We explored how body swim against water flow. In contrast, fish were unresponsive to the wave frequency and amplitude affect swimming performance in same visual stimuli when not in the presence of water flow. Moving larval zebrafish. Our results indicate that larval fish adjust body vertical bars elicited a more robust response than horizontal bars kinematics to minimize cost of transport, rather than to maximize moving left-to-right to simulate roll. We performed separate stimulus propulsive efficiency. To achieve this, they mainly vary body wave experiments (vertical and horizontal bars, both with and without frequency rather than amplitude to modulate swimming speed. The flow, and with individual fish as well as in groups of 3-5 strong correlation between frequency and swimming speed in individuals), and recorded multiple trials across several individuals. undulatory fish is very likely an effect of kinematic optimization. Our computational model also predicts a negative power relationship between Reynolds number and Strouhal number, consistent with experimental observations. At a particular speed, different combinations of body wave frequency and amplitude can only cause limited variation between Re and St, suggesting that the correlation between Re and St was primarily resulted from fluid dynamic constraints. The variation further reduced as the optimum cost of transport was achieved. Our findings shed light on fundamental hydrodynamic mechanisms in fish development and behavior, and inform bio-inspired engineering designs.

52-4 LIEBL, AL*; RUSSELL, AF; SCHREY, AW; University of 120-7 LIGOCKI, IY*; MUNSON, A; FARRAR, V; VIERNES, RV; South Dakota, University of Exeter, Georgia Southern University; SIH, A; CONNON, RE; CALISI, RM; University of California, [email protected] Davis; [email protected] DNA methylation patterns of dispersal in a cooperatively breeding The behavioral and transcriptional impacts of bifenthrin exposure species in a widely introduced model fish. In cooperatively breeding societies, non-breeding individuals help In recent decades, pyrethroid pesticides have been deemed a safer rear offspring (e.g. provisioning), however variation in helping alternative to previously used pesticides. While some evidence behavior exists among individuals. One hypothesis to explain this supports this in mammals and birds, exposure to certain pyrethroids variation, kin selection, indicates that individuals are more likely to can have nonlethal effects such as affecting concentrations of help when they are more closely related to the brood (e.g. full hormones vital to reproduction in fish. Thus, we hypothesized that siblings). Thus, an important mechanism to generate helpers is for pyrethroid exposure impacts fish reproductive behavior and the offspring of one breeding attempt to remain with their natal group expression of associated genes. We tested our hypothesis by and help rear subsequent breeding attempts of their parents. examining the effects of the widely used pyrethroid pesticide, Therefore, whether an individual disperses or remains natal likely has bifenthrin, on the reproductive behaviors of the broadly distributed significant ramifications on the fitness of that group and may have livebearing western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. We exposed implications regarding the evolution of cooperative breeding in adult female fish to one of five environmentally relevant general. Here, using the cooperatively breeding chestnut crowned concentrations of bifenthrin and conducted behavioral assays before babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps), we compared DNA methylation of and after exposure. While we did not detect any changes in behavior hatchlings that remained natal following development (n= 6) and due to exposure to bifenthrin, exposure was associated with a dose those that ultimately dispersed following development (n= 3). We dependent increase in gene expression of estrogen receptor alpha used epiRADseq to generate 148,881 unique fragments. A principle (ER- ), while a non-monotonic response was measured in components analysis of these fragments showed that DNA glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in brain tissue. Our study highlights the methylation patterns differ between reproductive strategies (i.e. importance of using integrative approaches associated with behavior dispersing or remaining natal). These results indicate that although when evaluating the impact of toxicants. Merging physiological, DNA methylation is variable among individuals, clear patterns morphological, and behavioral assessments of the nonlethal effects of emerge consistent with behavioral strategies. Further, DNA pollutants will enhance our ability to predict their impact on methylation patterns at hatching are predictive of future behavioral individuals, populations, and communities. traits.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 137 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e138

108-6 LIPSHUTZ, SE*; ROSVALL, KA; Indiana University; 92-1 LIU, Y*; ROLL, J; VAN KOOTEN, S; DENG, X; Purdue [email protected] University Northwest, Purdue University; [email protected] Endocrine mechanisms of aggression in a sex-role reversed species Schlieren photography to study the flow around flying insects Across vertebrates, testosterone (T) is considered a key player in the The aerodynamic force on flying insects result from the vortical flow hormonal regulation of territorial aggression. While aggression is structures that vary both spatially and temporally throughout flight. widespread in both males and females, endocrine regulation of Due to these complexities and the inherent difficulties in studying aggression may be divergent between the sexes. In particular, flying insects in a natural setting, a complete picture of the vortical empirical and theoretical research suggests that high levels of flow has been difficult to obtain experimentally. In this work, circulating T may not explain behavioral variation in female Schlieren, a widely used technique for highspeed flow visualization, aggression, potentially because high T can interfere with maternal was adapted to capture the vortex structures around freely flying care. For species in which males conduct parental care and females hawkmoth (Manduca). Flow features such as leading-edge vortex, aggressively defend territories (i.e. sex-role reversed), these trailing-edge vortex as well as the full vortex system in the wake was Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 constraints may not be as relevant, but empirical tests comparing T visualized directly. Quantification of the flow from the Schlieren and aggression within and between sexes in sex-role reversed species images was then obtained by applying a physics-based optical flow are rare. We examined this question in sex-role reversed male and method, extending the potential applications of the method to further female Northern Jacanas (Jacana spinosa) in Panama. We simulated studies of flying insects. territorial intrusion to measure aggression and are currently measuring circulating T levels in both sexes. Results will speak to the generality of the hypothesis that T levels are constrained by parental care, lending insight into the similarities and differences in endocrine mechanisms of aggression in males and females.

112-1 LIU, TX*; CHAN, KYK; Division of Life Science, Hong 36-8 LIWANAG, HEM*; PEARSON, LE; WEITZNER, EL; Kong University of Science and Technology; [email protected] VOISINET, M; WHORISKEY, S; HARRIS, HS; TOMANEK, L; Interactive effects of temperature and salinity on early development JOHNSON, S; Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, The Marine Mammal of Polychaete Hydroides dirampha Center; [email protected] In the subtropical coastal system of Hong Kong, salinity fluctuates Development of Thermoregulatory Capability in Weddell Seal Pups dramatically (15.5 to 34 psu) during monsoon season and this Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), the southernmost breeding fluctuation coincides with relatively high surface water temperature mammals, are born into one of the most challenging thermal (~ 28°C) in summer. Their interactive effect was attributed to help environments on the planet. During dependence, pups must survive curb the development and recruitment of the fouling tube worms on ice and in water and concurrently shift from the use of fur to a based on laboratory based observations of Hydroides elegans. reliance on blubber for insulation. We examined the thermal and However, our field observations suggested that H. dirampha energetic costs associated with development and thermoregulation in persisted during the summer months, and thus, we hypothesize that Weddell seal pups. Mass-specific metabolic rate (MR) in air was their early development may be less sensitive to the interactive measured longitudinally for 10 pups every 2w, starting at 1w of age stressor. We quantified larval survival, growth, clearance rate and through the transition to independence (7w); MR in water was settlement rate H. dirampha in a 2x3 factorial experiment (24 & measured in the same pups starting at 3w. We assessed molt status 28°C; 20, 26, 32psu). Regardless of temperature, H. dirampha (amount of lanugo) and estimated body composition (blubber vs. lean develops much slower or even fails to cleave under low salinity of mass) using an elliptical cones model. There was a high degree of 20. Under higher temperature (28°C), both embryo and larvae grow individual variability in MR in air for 1w old pups, but it tended to faster, but larval mortality increases. The larval growth, clearance decrease slightly from 1-7w of age. MR in water declined from 3w to and settlement rate of H. dirampha are significantly higher under 7w for some pups and remained stable for others. By 5w the medium salinity of 26. In contrast, the growth and settlement of difference between MR in air and in water was marginal for all pups. sympatric congener H. elegans is negatively affected at the same Timing and duration of the molt were highly variable among salinity level. This work clearly illustrates how difference in larval individuals. All pups gained mass from 1-5w of age (2.02 ± 0.09 kg physiological tolerance could shape abundances and distribution of a day-1) and blubber proportion increased from 1-3w (25%-38% of single species as well as community structure. body mass). Blubber proportion remained steady from 3-5w (38%-40% of body mass) because pups gained proportionally more lean mass (61% of total mass gained). Timing of MR equivalence in air and water did not vary with estimated body composition, but it did correlate with molt status. These results indicate Weddell seal pups have developed thermal capabilities by ~5w of age to combat increased heat loss in water, independent of body composition.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 138 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e139

23-4 LOCHAB, AK*; EXTAVOUR, CG; Harvard University; 110-4 LOGAN, ML; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; [email protected] [email protected] Investigating the Molecular Basis of PGC Specification and Did pathogens facilitate the rise of endothermy? Migration in a Hemipteran Insect The evolutionary success of endothermy is an enduring enigma. The For mature gametes to form, the first precursors of the sex cell energetic cost of maintaining a constant, high internal body lineage must be specified and correctly localized during embryonic temperature is so severe that endotherms must consume as much as development. These precursors are known as Primordial Germ Cells thirty times the energy per unit time than an ectotherm of similar (PGCs). Among insects, the molecular basis of PGC specification body size. What source, or sources, of selection could have favored and migration has been well-characterized largely in Drosophila such an energetically costly strategy? Several hypotheses for the melanogaster. However, Drosophila germ cells (pole cells) are evolution of endothermy have been proposed, including the formed by a derived mechanism which relies on the inheritance of a "thermoregulation," "aerobic capacity," and "parental care" models. maternally localized cytoplasm (germ plasm) at the egg posterior. None of these models enjoy unequivocal support, and debate Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 This mechanism is not thought to be a representative mechanism of continues over the true cause or causes of the origin and maintenance PGC specification among insects. To understand the putative of endothermy over evolutionary time. Here, I argue in favor of ancestral mechanism for specifying PGCs, we must pursue functional another potentially important source of selection in the evolution of genetic studies in a broader sampling of taxa. To this end, we have endothermy. I draw on recent work demonstrating that fever chosen the large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus), as it lies enhances the performance of immune systems to increase the within a sister order (Hemiptera) to the holometabolous insect orders. efficiency by which individuals can defend themselves against Embryological and gene expression data suggest that O. fasciatus pathogens. Thus, fever-range temperatures represent the thermal does not have a germ plasm, leading to the hypothesis that it specifies optimum for immune function, and endotherms permanently its PGCs by inductive signaling. In this insect, PGCs are first located maintain internal body temperatures very close to this optimum, at the posterior of the embryo proper, and appear to migrate essentially ‘priming' their immune systems for a rapid response to anteriorly before localizing in abdominal segments A4-A6. It is infection. Conversely, ectotherms employ behavioral fever, whereby unknown whether these cells are actively migrating during this they must move into warmer microclimates in order to increase their process. The factors responsible for directing these cells are also body temperatures during an infection. Behavioral fever is slow, has unknown. Members of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) opportunity costs, and is strongly constrained in homogeneous pathway instruct PGCs to form in mice (Mus musculus) and crickets thermal environments, all of which suggest that it is an inefficient (Gryllus bimaculatus), and across animals, evidence indicates that way to mount a rapid immune response. An evolutionary arms race this pathway is important for various aspects of reproductive in an ancient ectotherm, whereby better behavioral thermoregulators development. We hypothesize that BMP signals are instructing the were favored by increasingly virulent pathogens (and vice versa) specification and/or the migration of the PGCs in O. fasciatus. Here could have led to the evolution of endothermy in the stem groups of we present our progress in using RNA interference to test this modern mammals and birds. hypothesis.

49-6 LOLAVAR, A*; WYNEKEN, J; Florida Atlantic University; S9-6 LONG, Paul F*; DOONAN, Liam B; GACESA, Ranko; [email protected] HARTIGAN, Ashlie; JAIMES-BECERRA, Adrian; MARQUES, Impacts of temperature and moisture on loggerhead sea turtle Antonio C; OKAMURA, B; King's College London, UK, University hatchlings in Florida Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands, Natural History The influence of environmental factors during sea turtle egg Museum, London, UK, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; development makes the ongoing threat of climate change particularly [email protected] worrisome. The nest environment greatly influences various aspects 'Beyond Primary Sequence' - Relating Lifestyles to Variation in of sea turtle hatchling biology, including developmental rate and Cnidarian Venom sexual differentiation. Sea turtles are considered particularly Animals often face conflicting demands associated with key vulnerable to increasing temperatures because they have a cooler processes that may be resolved by trade-offs and trait modification. male/warmer female TSD system. Another climate change effect that In addition, these demands may vary over time as animals evolve receives less attention is changes in precipitation patterns. Changes in new ecologies and lifestyles, employing ancestral traits in new ways. precipitation pattern, in conjunction with incubation temperature Some venomous animals may provide an example of the latter using increases will alter nest conditions. This study experimentally toxins for both predation and defense. For example, shifts in the examined the impact of increased moisture on loggerhead (Caretta balance between being the hunter towards being the hunted and, vice caretta) hatchling sex ratios and hatching success across 3 nesting versa, might be expected to alter venom composition. The resultant seasons nests. Experimental treatments received water in addition to multi-purpose nature of toxin chemistry may also be reflected in the ambient levels while control treatments did not. Sand moisture and anatomical structures used to deliver venom. The same delivery nest temperature were measured throughout incubation. A sample of apparatus that evolved for prey capture and may thus be used to hatchlings from each nest was collected and their sex was verified. inject venom to deter enemies. Nonetheless, few lines of evidence Nest moisture (rainfall as well as nest watering) correlated with sex support the scenario that shifts in lifestyles can drive toxin ratios and hatching success. All treatments in all years had strongly diversification. Data generated using genomic, transcriptomic and female-biased sex ratios but there was higher male production in proteomic approaches will be evaluated in order to explore changes 2017 likely due to a large rainfall event in the beginning of the in venom composition between endoparasitic cnidarians and the season. The impact of watering is largely dependent on ambient major morphological forms of free-living cnidarians (swimming conditions with nest watering having very little impact on sex ratios medusae and sessile polyps). Critical insights into how venom when ambient temperatures are too high. Understanding rainfall and composition may be adapted to cnidarian ecology will be discussed. nest moisture effects are key to demographics, particularly hatchling sex ratios. This information will increase our understanding of the variation in, and drivers of, natural sex ratios and provide better predictions of climate change effects on loggerhead hatchlings.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 139 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e140

96-4 LONGO, AV*; FLEISCHER, RC; LIPS, KR; University of S3-11 LONGO, SJ; Duke University; [email protected] Florida, Smithsonian Insitution, University of Maryland; Pivots and power amplification: evolution and functional [email protected] morphology of feeding in seahorses and their relatives Co-infections enhance invasive success of the salamander-killing Power-amplified mechanisms (PAMs) have evolved multiple times fungus in widely distributed newts independently across the tree of life and allow organisms to increase Invasive fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and performance during a diverse array of fitness-related behaviors. B. salamandrivorans (Bsal) are causing mortality events and PAMs are examples of complex morphological innovations, population declines in amphibians around the world. B. involving a number of structural components that must act together salamandrivorans has not been found in the Americas but is in harmony, often resulting in extreme performance that would be predicted to emerge there given the presence of competent hosts, impossible with muscles alone. PAMs can therefore serve as case high volume import pathways, and lack of effective biosecurity studies for the evolution of complex functional morphologies. For measures. Eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are the most example, a power-amplified feeding mechanism has evolved at least Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 abundant and widespread salamanders in United States with known once in Syngnathiformes, a group of fishes that includes seahorses, susceptibility to both fungi. However, little is known about how their pipefishes, snipefish, and their relatives. Most syngnathiforms current Bd infections will interact with novel Bsal infections. Here, possess an elongated snout that they use in an unusual form of prey we ran a series of experiments in which we exposed newts to each capture called pivot feeding, whereby dorsal head rotation brings the fungal pathogen, combinations of both fungi, and three Bd isolates mouth close to prey. Some lineages have been shown to amplify to: 1) determine if natural exposure to Bd provides protection against power during head rotation, resulting in the fastest feeding strikes Bsal, 2) quantify the effect of co-infections in newt survival, and 3) known in fishes (2ms). Pivot feeding and power amplification examine if resistance responses are general to multiple lineages. We involve an array of changes to the feeding morphology compared to found that co-infections significantly increased mortality, despite that other fishes. For instance, modifications to the hyoid apparatus and newts were able to clear Bd in less than a month. Unfortunately, suspensorium are important for latching during energy storage. A exposure to Bd did not offer any protection against Bsal. Our better understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of snout findings will improve the estimates of decline risk for a species that elongation, pivot feeding, power amplification, and hyoid-latching in could serve as a potential superspreader of Bsal in North America. syngnathiforms and outgroups is necessary to tease apart the morphological adaptations for each function (i.e., pivot feeding versus power amplification). Did the all these traits originate in concert, or was there a sequence of modifications? I will bring together information from the literature, micro-CT, phylogenomics, and biomechanics to describe the evolutionary history of one of the only known power-amplified systems in ray-finned fishes.

62-4 LOPES, PC; Chapman Univ.; [email protected] 100-6 LOUDON, C*; TRAN, K; KOK, C; Univ. of California, Why do We Feel Sick When Infected? Irvine; [email protected] Sick animals frequently change their behaviors, exhibiting an array When Does A Bug Know That It Has Stepped On A Sticky of symptoms collectively called sickness behaviors. These symptoms Surface? include increased pain sensitivity, decreased interest in social Insects associated with plants have had hundreds of millions of years interactions, decreased food and water intake, and decreased activity. to coevolve against plant defenses. Non-chemical (physically-based) Sickness behaviors are host-induced, i.e., they are not the result of plant defenses include both sticky exudates and non-sticky the infectious agent itself. Why would these uncomfortable entrapping microstructures on the plant surface. Biomimetic symptoms have evolved? The operating hypothesis over the last 30 entrapment technologies have been used as non-chemical methods of years has been that adopting these changes in behavior leads to insect pest control, and vary in their effectiveness against different increased survival of the host, which is supported by studies of target pest species. For example, sticky traps are not considered behavioral fever. Recently, however, a novel hypothesis was put particularly effective in bed bug control efforts, in part because bed forward suggesting that sickness behaviors may have evolved to bugs are reluctant to walk on these surfaces and will avoid them. In protect kin. By lowering direct and indirect contacts, sickness order to quantify this reluctance, individual bed bugs were placed in behaviors would lower the probability of transmission of a disease to arenas, surrounded by a border of sticky surface or a non-sticky but group members, which in many animal societies are close relatives. entrapping surface for comparison (fresh leaves from bean plants, We tested this "kin protection hypothesis" by combining data from a which are known to entrap bed bugs). We quantified how many times field and a laboratory experiment using wild house mice (Mus a bed bug would touch a surface with its tarsi and back off before domesticus). In both, we induced sickness behaviors by injection of taking more steps on the surface, and how many steps a bed bug lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In the field, we used tissue samples from would take before getting stuck on a surface. We did these assays the entire population and genetic markers to determine pairwise with both a single choice for material and two-choice tests. We found relatedness for all possible dyads. By injecting animals in different that in the absence of choice, an individual bed bug would usually social groups with LPS or control (saline) we quantified how natural end up getting stuck on any of the surfaces within the 5-minute variation in relatedness amongst groups and dyads affected the evaluation time window. We found that bed bugs given a choice, expression of sickness behaviors. In the lab, we manipulated usually backed off from the sticky material, but not from the fresh relatedness by forming social groups in which certain animals had a bean leaves, and therefore usually got entrapped on the bean leaves close kin (a sister) and others hadn't. Using LPS or control injections regardless of which surface was encountered first. These results we then tested whether having a close kin affected social interactions suggest that a non-sticky entrapment material is more likely to be and visits to shared resources (food and water). Our findings do not effective in insect entrapment than a sticky material that generates an provide support for the kin protection hypothesis, helping us better avoidance response from the bed bug. understand why sickness behaviors occur.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 140 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e141

114-7 LOUGH-STEVENS, M*; URNESS, M; HOBBS, A; 44-5 LOUIS, LD*; KEAVENY, TM; BENTLEY, GE; DUDLEY, R; GHIONE, C; DEAN, M; University of Southern California; Univ. of California, Berkeley; [email protected] [email protected] Influence of laying an egg on bird bone Copulatory plugs potentially affect multiple stages of pregnancy A female bird must mobilize an enormous amount of calcium over a The mammalian copulatory plug, which coagulates after male short time to create an eggshell. To prepare for this challenge, she ejaculation in the vaginal tract of females, is a well-studied target of creates a unique mineralized tissue, medullary bone, on the inner sexual selection. The copulatory plug has been hypothesized to surface of her bone cavities before laying an egg. Although many transport sperm, prevent rival male insemination., and stimulate bird species create medullary bone, we know little about how it alters females. Transglutaminase 4 (TGM4) has been shown to be an whole-bone morphology and mechanics. Furthermore, we know essential protein for the solidification of male ejaculate, and unlike almost nothing about the extent to which medullary bone protects the other copulatory plug proteins does not appear to affect sperm quality skeleton during eggshell formation. To clarify the influence of or speed. The TGM4 knockout mouse model (Mus domesticus) lacks medullary bone formation and egg-laying on whole-bone Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 a copulatory plug but does not show any obvious differences in body morphology and mechanics, we perform two experiments. First, to weight or frequency of copulation, yet they show a remarkable outline the influence of medullary bone formation, we created an decrease in the number of litters sired. This system therefore allows artificial model of medullary bone by implanting adult male zebra us to directly test the significance of the copulatory plug, specifically finches (Taeniopygia guttata) with a silastic tube filled with its importance to reproductive success. In this study, I have attempted -estradiol, and compared them with males given an empty implant. to isolate at which specific stages post-copulation female mice mated Second, to describe the influence of egg-laying, we obtained female to TGM4ko/ko males have defective pregnancies. My results show that T. guttata in the process of creating an eggshell and compared them there is a decrease in (A) fertilization success, (B) the rate of with females that were not yet laying. We collected micro-computed implantation, yet no decrease in (C) offspring viability. Overall these tomography data from the humerus to analyze bone morphology and results suggest that the copulatory plug plays a novel role in the early performed finite element analyses (FEA) to determine effects on stages of offspring viability despite only being present for the first whole-bone mechanics. Initial results show that medullary bone 24-48 hours. formation increases bone volume fraction in the midshaft, resulting in a slight increase in whole-bone resistance to torsion and bending. Trabecular (spongy) bone volume fraction also increases via increases in number and thickness of trabecular struts. These results suggest that medullary bone may be protective, but we are working on FEA and results from the egg-laying females to form a full picture. A better understanding of how the avian skeleton handles forming an eggshell will teach us about the evolution of egg-laying behavior.

62-3 LOVE, AC*; DURANT, SE; Oklahoma State University, 32-8 LOWE, A*; PAIG-TRAN, M; California State University, University of Arkansas; [email protected] Fullerton; [email protected] Does prior infection shape reproductive investment and parental Corydoras julii: The Scute and Slide Defense effects in birds? Corydoras julii is a small, Amazonian catfish armed with 44-48 bony Infectious diseases can have both short- and long-term behavioral scales called scutes on each side. The scutes are thin (~1 mm and physiological effects on hosts, even after the infection has thickness), highly mineralized (55-60% mineralization), and do not cleared. Thus, diseases experienced before breeding could have imbricate (overlap) much with one another (~30% overlap, compared lasting impacts on parental reproductive behavior and physiology to >50% in other armored fishes). The scutes are mechanically that ultimately shape the developmental environment of offspring. In reinforced with a superficial layer of a highly mineralized tissue this study, we quantified the effects of an infection cleared prior to called hyaloine. With such thin and rigid scutes, its armor may not be mating on parental care behaviors of females and characteristics of tough enough to prevent puncture. The purpose of this study was to their eggs (e.g., egg mass, yolk mass, and yolk constituents) study the mechanical properties and material composition of the C. important to hatching success and hatchling phenotype. In female julii armor. This was achieved by performing puncture tests on the canaries previously-infected with the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma scutes using an Instron 5942 equipped with an 18-gauge needle, gallisepticum, stronger responses to infection appear to be associated approximately the same diameter as a red-bellied piranha with increased investment in parental care behaviors, suggesting that (Pygocentrus nattereri) tooth. Puncture tests showed that posterior the severity of symptoms experienced during a recent infection could scutes are weaker (Young's Modulus=116 MPa and Ultimate drive investment in the subsequent breeding attempt. Further, Strength=1.06 N) than scutes located on the anterior (162 MPa, 1.35 investment in eggs was influenced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum N) or middle (144 MPa, 1.29 N) regions. Only 2% of punctures went exposure history. This research will increase our understanding of the through two scutes, showing the synergistic effects of fish armor's latent effects of infectious disease on parental reproductive mechanical properties and that scale thickness affects puncture investment and its ability to shape offspring phenotype through shifts resistance. Feeding trials between P. nattereri and C. julii were in parental traits that establish the developmental environment. performed to test whether C. julii armor could withstand in vivo bites from a predator. In feeding trials, P. nattereri targeted the weakest area of the armor, at the tail, and punctured through the armor after an average of 9.1 (+/- 3.5) bites. Additionally, they slide their armor into place so that there is additional reinforcement from scute imbrication and splay their pectoral spines in anticipation of an attack. The C. julii armor could not withstand repeated attacks from P. nattereri; however, it may be strong enough to withstand an initial predation event, allowing for them to escape while the predator reorients itself for another strike.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 141 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e142

77-3 LOWER, SE*; FALLON, TR; CHANG, C; 121-6 LOZIER, JD*; PIMSLER, ML; OYEN, KJ; JACKSON, JM; BESSHO-UEHARA, M; MARTIN, GJ; BEWICK, AJ; HERNDON, JD; DILLON, ME; STRANGE, JP; LOZIER, Jeff; BEHRINGER, M; DEBAT, HJ; WONG, I; DAY, JC; SUVOROV, University of Alabama, University of Wyoming, Utah State A; SILVA, CJ; Stanger-Hall, KF, University of Georgia; Hall, DW, University, University of Wyoming; [email protected] University of Georgia; Schmitz, RJ, University of Georgia; Nelson, Biogeography and functional genetics of thermal tolerance across DR, University of Tennessee; Lewis, SM, Tufts University; latitude and elevation in a widespread bumble bee Shigenobu, S, National Institute for Basic Biology; Bybee, SM, A central question in evolutionary biology is: by what mechanisms Brigham Young University; Larracuente, AM, University of do organisms adjust to abiotic variation across their geographic Rochester; Oba, Y, Chubu University; Weng, J, Massachusetts range? While individuals can tolerate a wide range of variation, do Institute of Technology; Stanger-Hall, KF, University of Georgia; they use the same mechanisms at different abiotic extremes, and do Hall, DW, University of Georgia; Schmitz, RJ, University of populations across a species range employ the same strategies or Georgia; Nelson, DR, University of Tennessee; Lewis, SM, Tufts exhibit local adaptation? Bumble bees often have large geographic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 University; Shigenobu, S, National Institute for Basic Biology; distributions that include both latitudinal and altitudinal variation and Bybee, SM, Brigham Young University; Larracuente, AM, are thus excellent models to study evolutionary responses to University of Rochester; Oba, Y, Chubu University; Weng, J, spatio-environmental gradients, especially temperature. Using Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Bucknell University, laboratory-reared Bombus vosnesenskii from low and high elevation Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Rochester, sites at northern and southern extremes in California and Oregon, we Chubu University, Brigham Young University, University of quantified critical thermal limits and differential gene expression to Georgia, Arizona State University, National Institute of Agricultural test for population-specific differences relating to conditions across Technology, University of Rochester, Centre for Ecology and elevation and/or latitude. Gene expression was measured using RNA Hydrology, University of California Davis; [email protected] sequencing. Critical thermal limits were correlated with climate Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in conditions of queen collection locations. Gene expression also beetles exhibited strong population-specific effects in magnitude, identity, Fireflies and their captivating luminous courtships have inspired and quantity of differentially expressed genes. We examine results in centuries of scientific study. Today, firefly luciferase is widely used parallel with a large-scale SNP-based population genomic study of in biotechnology; however, the evolutionary origin of their local adaptation across the B. vosnesenskii range. The results have bioluminescence remains unclear. To shed light on this long-standing implications in the evolution of thermal adaptation, bumble bee question, we sequenced the genomes of two firefly species that biodiversity, and conservation in a changing climate. diverged over 100 million-years-ago: the North American Photinus pyralis and Japanese Aquatica lateralis, as well as the genome of a related luminescent click-beetle, the Caribbean Ignelater luminosus . A variety of sequencing and assembly strategies, including hybrid assembly of long PacBio and short Illumina reads and scaffolding with HiC long-range data, yielded excellent genome assemblies. Subsequent analyses support two independent gains of bioluminescence between fireflies and click-beetles, and provide new insights into the genes, chemical defenses, and symbionts that evolved alongside their luminous lifestyle.

86-6 LUBECK, L.A.*; GRAUMAN, B; SEITZ, T; SWALLA, B.J.; 103-4 LUCAS, KN*; LAUDER, GV; TYTELL, ED; Harvard Brown University, Providence, RI, Wellesley College, MA, Friday University, Tufts University; [email protected] Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle; Low and High Pressure Both Contribute to Force Production in [email protected] Body-Caudal Fin Locomotion in Fishes Clone Alone: Lithium Chloride Induced Cloning in Dendraster Fishes must swim effectively to catch prey, evade predators, and find excentricus shelter and mates. Since these behaviors are important for Echinoderms reproduce sexually as adults, but can reproduce evolutionary fitness, understanding how mechanical forces are asexually in the larval stage by cloning. Stressors, such as the produced by a fish's body and appendages can provide insight into presence and perceived presence of a predator, variations in food the evolution of their present body forms. Traditionally, we have availability, and variations in temperature conditions have been assumed that thrust production occurs by body movements pushing found to cause larval cloning. Cloning may represent a way to fluid rearward, creating areas of high pressure around the body that overcome adverse conditions by generating another larva to the in turn push the fish forward. Yet, areas of low pressure are created pelagic zone. This mechanism could allow for increased larval in tandem with these high-pressure locales. For lampreys, the pulling survival and increased chances of metamorphosis, benthic settlement, forces arising from these low-pressure regions contribute and reproduction. When a larva clones, it reproduces and increases significantly to total thrust, but for other fish species, the role of such its fitness before reaching sexual maturity in the adult stage. If cloned pulling forces is not known. Here, we use a particle image larvae are able to clone themselves and produce viable offspring, this velocimetry-based technique to calculate the pressure distributions would represent an increased larval population size and longer around bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and brook trout planktonic duration. This possibility represents a novel feature of the (Salvelinus fontinalis) during steady, free swimming. From these larval life stage, the potential to survive difficult environments and pressure data, locomotor forces can be accurately estimated at high eventually develop into benthic adults. While cloning plays an spatial and temporal resolution. We find that high and low pressure important role in the larval life history, the molecular mechanism(s) both contribute to thrust and drag production, and they do so in behind it is unknown. In regeneration studies, the wnt pathway is different patterns along the body. We demonstrate that these known to be a key signaling molecule. We hypothesized that the wnt low-pressure-based thrust forces are distributed along the body and pathway also has a role in cloning. Using lithium chloride to inhibit are not solely localized to the caudal region, which has been glycogen synthase kinase 3 and activate the wnt pathway, we suggested to be where thrust is primarily generated in carangiform provide a reliable method to induce cloning in Dendraster swimmers. These results show that fishes may simultaneously use a excentricus larvae. Antibody staining of DAPI and -catenin show variety of mechanisms to produce forces. Developing a more -catenin localization into the nucleus and activation of the wnt complete understanding of these mechanisms may ultimately help pathway in the larvae. Our results allow for increased laboratory illuminate how the requirements for effective force production research in echinoderm cloning now that clones can be produced constrains the evolution of fish body forms. reliably.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 142 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e143

17-2 LUGER, AM*; DUTEL, H; FAGAN, M; HERREL, A; DE 67-1 LUND, R.*; GROGAN, E. D.; JACOB, A.; St Josephs KEGEL, B; ADRIAENS, D; Ghent University, University of Hull, University, Philadelphia; [email protected] M.N.H.N.; [email protected] A 320 million year old rayfin fish ahead of its time - A radically Understanding the role of the musculature in the prehensile tail of different skeletal design in the Paleozoic chameleons The actinopterygian fish nicknamed "Aphol" was a relatively Prehensile appendages represent an adaptation that has evolved in common member of the Serpukhovian (Upper Mississippian) marine various vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. Prehensility is the ability Bear Gulch community. The body is scaleless, low and elongate. The to hold and grasp firmly onto an object, combining flexibility and head is extremely narrow anteriorly and devoid of any solidly sutured strength. Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae) typically have an arboreal or abutting bones except two paired dorsal elements. The mouth is lifestyle and use their prehensile tails for anchoring and as a support terminal. Eye orbits are large and far forward. In all well-preserved during feeding. By linking the variation in morphology and specimens there is a flexure of the body in the mid-abdominal region. musculature to function, we aim to explain what it takes to make a Pectoral fins are positioned vertically upright orthogonal to the body Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 tail prehensile. A previous study focused on the morphological long axis. Pelvic fins are absent. A low dorsal fin extends from the variation in tail vertebrae of prehensile and non-prehensile fourth vertebra to the tail. A discrete anal fin is lacking but a chameleon species using µCT data, however without information on continuous row of infrahemals extends from the first hemal arch to tail musculature this data alone does not allow functional testing and the beginning of the caudal fin. The tail is small, externally pointed analysis. Our morphological data showed considerable shape and internally hemiheterocercal. The vertebral column is highly variation in the transversal spine between prehensile and regionalized and strikingly specialized compared to the prevailing non-prehensile species. For this study, we focus on the muscle actinopterygian design of this age. A very flexible cervical and bundles that attach to the transversal spine, in particular the m. anterior abdominal vertebral span is followed by vertebrae with ilio-caudalis, which has an important role in the torsion and ventral median neur- and hem-apophyses as well as pre- and flexion of the tail. Both length and angle of the transversal spine post-zygaphophyses. These would render the posterior abdominal differ between prehensile and non-prehensile species, as well as and caudal regions virtually rigid. The caudal vertebral elements and regionally within the tail. Prehensile species have a longer transversal fin form a specialized complex. These characters converge upon spine pointing distally, that decreases towards the distal end. diverse teleosts from heterocongrin and ophichthid eels to Studying prehensile function at a musculoskeletal level, we used µCT symbranchiids to thunniform swimmers. It is tantalizing to consider scans of PMA stained specimens and dissections to reveal where on the life style of this enigmatic fish. the spine the muscles attach and how many vertebrae they cross before insertion. Using that muscle data as input with a virtual 3D reconstructions of the tail vertebrae, we used multibody dynamics analysis to investigate the role of the individual muscles on the movement and function of the tail.

10-2 LUNSFORD, ET*; SKANDALIS, D; LIAO, JC; Whitney 86-1 LUTTRELL, SM; SU, Y-H; SWALLA, BJ*; Univ of Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida; Washington, Seattle, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; [email protected] [email protected] Efferent Neurons have Binary Control over the Lateral Line during Getting a Head with Hemichordate Larval Regeneration Swimming Severe injury to the central nervous system (CNS) of chordates often The ability of a moving animal to discriminate external stimuli from results in permanent and irreversible mental and physical challenges. self-generated stimuli is important to maintain sensitivity to While some chordates are able to repair and/or regenerate portions of biologically relevant cues. The lateral line system allows fishes to their nervous system, no chordate has been shown to be able to detect hydrodynamic cues in their fluid environment. This is possible regenerate all regions of their CNS after catastrophic injury or because the deflection of mechanosensory neuromasts by fluid amputation. Some hemichordates, on the other hand, are able to motion results in an increased frequency of action potentials in the efficiently regenerate all neural structures, including their dorsal, afferent neurons. Afferent neurons are also spontaneously active hollow neural tube after complete ablation. Hemichordates are which has been shown to maintain sensitivity and frequency marine acorn worms and a sister group to the echinoderms. The discrimination. During swimming self-generated fluid motion hemichordate, Ptychodera flava, develops from a pelagic, feeding stimulates the lateral line, and efferent neurons in the hindbrain send tornaria larva to a tripartite, benthic worm with an anterior proboscis, a corollary discharge of the motor command to modulate action a middle collar region, and a long posterior trunk. The adult worm potential activity by controlling hair cell transmitter release. By regenerates all body parts when bisected in the trunk, but it was simultaneously recording from afferent neurons and ventral motor unknown whether the regeneration program was present in tornaria roots using extracellular recordings in 4-6 day post fertilization larval larvae. We have shown that P. flava larvae are capable of robust zebrafish (Danio rerio), we discovered that the spontaneous regeneration after bisection through the sagittal, coronal, and axial frequency of afferent action potentials decreased during fictive planes. We used immunofluorescence to show that the apical sensory swimming. For more than 280 swim events across 34 individuals, we organ regenerates a rich, serotonin positive complex of cells within found that afferent spontaneous activity was completely inhibited two weeks after amputation. Cells labeled with EdU during 62% of swim events. Higher spontaneous spike rates were (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) confirm that regeneration is occurring correlated to a lower likelihood of afferent inhibition. To quantify the through epimorphic processes as new cells are added at the cut site functional contribution of cholinergic efferent neurons, we and throughout the regenerating tissue. This study verifies that P. selectively labeled and then ablated their hindbrain soma with flava larvae can be used for future functional studies aimed at ultraviolet light. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the identifying the genetic and morphological mechanisms controlling likelihood of afferent inhibition was reduced by approximately 50% CNS regeneration in a stem deuterostome. Biol. Bull. (2018) 234: after ablation. This study indicates that the lateral line system is less 152-164. sensitive during locomotion and suggests that the cholinergic efferent system works to limit sensory feedback.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 143 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e144

14-3 LYNCH, KS*; O'CONNELL, L; BALAKRISHNAN, C; 50-4 LYNCH, LM*; HOLLEMAN, G; BOOTH, W; Washington MCKIM LOUDER, M; FISCHER, E; Hofstra University, Stanford University School of Medicine, University of Tulsa; University, East Carolina University; [email protected] [email protected] Understanding the genetic and neural basis of avian brood Accurate phylogenetic relationships can be produced from parasitism fragments of DNA Animals that use an evolutionarily derived parental care strategy, DNA is commonly used to hypothesize the phylogenetic rather than a strategy that is ancestral to its group, may provide relationships among species. Degraded DNA can be sourced from unique insight into the genetic architecture of parental care. Roughly fossils, scat, and soil, but its fragmentary nature can result in the 1% of bird species are brood parasitic, which is an evolutionary capture of only partial gene sequences. It remains to be determined, derived strategy in which males and females display no parental care however, whether the relationships hypothesized from partial whatsoever. We explore this alternative parental strategy by sequences are equivalent to those from complete genes. Using examining the genomic basis for brood parasitism using brain complete sequences of cytochrome b (cytb) and mitochondrial Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 region-specific transcriptome comparisons. Using comparative genomes from GenBank, we sought to determine how many base transcriptomic approaches, we identified gene expression patterns pairs of a gene are required to generate accurate phylogenetic specifically within the preoptic area (POA), a brain region that plays relationships and whether this length differs across clades. We a critical role in the regulation of maternal care. We compared POA included 34 species from Alligatoridae, Dactyloidae, transcript patterns in parasitic brown-headed (Molothrus ater) and Plethondontidae, Bovidae, Felidae, Mustelidae, and Phosianidae. For bronzed cowbirds (M. aeneus) in relation to juvenile and adult both cytb and the mitochondrial genomes, we aligned sequences red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), a closely related from each family independently and then cropped the sequences by non-parasitic species. We evaluated three alternative explanations for 150bp from the 5' end until ≤ 150 base pairs (bp) remained. We the evolution of brood parasitism: reduced expression of parental chose a 150bp increment because it is a common read length in care-related genes in the POA, increased expression of genes NextGen sequencing platforms. We then ran a maximum likelihood inhibiting parental care, and retention of juvenile-like (neotenic) gene phylogeny for each subsampled sequence. To determine which expression. We did not find evidence for large scale gene phylogenies differed statistically from the topology produced by the downregulation in brood parasites. Expression patterns did reflect complete gene/genome sequence we ran a Shimodaira-Hasewaga substantial evidence for neotenic POA gene expression in parasitic test. Per a p-value threshold of 0.05, we found that statistically birds. Differentially expressed genes with previously established equivalent tree topologies can be produced from cytb sequences roles in parental care were identified as well as genes that may inhibit >300-450bp, depending on the clade. We also found that at least parental care. These results provide a foundation to further examine 4650bp are required from the mitochondrial genomes of mammals. whether the neural- and genetic-basis underlying brood parasitism is This is approximately one third of the genome length. The results of conserved across other parasitic species. this study indicate that partial gene sequences provide comparable data to complete genes. This is encouraging for studies using degraded DNA, as these short sequence lengths have a higher likelihood of capture than full genes/genomes.

51-7 LYONS, K*; WYNNE-EDWARDS, KE; University of 86-2 MACDONALD, G; SNYDER, M; GIBSON, G*; Acadia Calgary; [email protected] University; [email protected] Embryonic Steroidogenesis in an Elasmobranch with Matrotrophic An Epigenetic Mechanism for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annelid Histotrophy Polydora cornuta. Steroid hormones play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance Parental environment plays a significant role in influencing offspring of pregnancy in live-bearing vertebrates. Despite the diversity of phenotype through epigenetic modifications. We tested two maternal provisioning strategies, little research has investigated hypotheses: that methionine in the parental environment induces embryonic steroidogenesis. Pregnant Round Stingrays (Urobatis plasticity in offspring phenotype in the polychaete Polydora cornuta, halleri) were captured from two sites in southern California and and that methionine alters DNA methylation in spawning females. paired samples of maternal plasma and uterine fluid (histotroph) were Methionine was tested as it is essential in the DNA methylation analyzed for a suite of 11 steroid hormones using a liquid process and because it is considered limited in the diets of marine chromatography system connected with tandem mass spectrometer detritivores. Adults were cultured in seawater (controls) or at three equipped with electrospray ionization source. More steroids were concentrations (10-5, 10-7, 10-9M) of methionine. Control broods had detected (at higher concentrations) in histotroph samples compared to the typical pattern of developmental plasticity and produced three maternal plasma. In particular, histotroph progesterone and morphs of offspring in equal proportions (i.e., small larvae, mid-sized testosterone were highest during early gestation, coinciding with the larvae, and large juveniles). Parental exposure to methionine altered appearance of secondary sex characteristics in embryos (i.e. larval phenotype with the highest exposure (10-5M) increasing the presence/absence of claspers). This study is one of the first to production of small larvae, and the lowest exposure (10-9M) examine steroid hormones in elasmobranch histotroph, and suggests producing a range of larval morphs similar to controls. Differences in that embryonic steroidogenesis begins early in development and is maternal methylation were demonstrated through total genome likely to influence sexual differentiation. digestion with methyl-sensitive isoschizomers (HpaII, MspI), generating DNA smears with gel electrophoresis, and analyzing intensity plots with Image J. Exposure of females to all three concentrations of methionine significantly reduced DNA methylation relative to the controls. These results indicate that developmental plasticity in P. cornuta is epigenetic and is influenced by a potentially limiting nutrient (methionine) in the parental environment.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 144 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e145

120-3 MACKAY, S.B.*; TRAINOR, C.P.; WILSON, K.L.; 25-3 MACKIEWICZ, AG*; PUTLAND, RL; MENSINGER, AF; BERGMAN, D.A.; Grand Valley State University; University of Minnesota Duluth; [email protected] [email protected] The effect of anthropogenic noise on Oyster Toadfish (Opsanus Chronic Effects of an Environmental Contaminant on tau) vocalizations Reproductive Behavior and Physiology Over the last century, human activities, including the use of Nonylphenol (NP) is a commonly used surfactant in a variety of motorized watercraft, have increased the amount of noise in the industries. Nonylphenol shows an affinity for estrogen receptors, aquatic environment. The masking effect of overlapping frequencies hence its classification as an endocrine disruptor and potential danger produced by motorized watercraft and the hearing range of fishes to reproductive success. Nonylphenol accumulates in aquatic could lead to a reduction in communication ability and ultimately a environments and several studies have demonstrated reduced failure in mate attraction and detection. For the oyster toadfish, olfaction and impaired gonad development in a several species after Opsanus tau, vocal communication and sound detection are critical exposure. Although acute studies have been performed, chronic for reproductive success, yet little is known about how they respond Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 exposure studies are limited. A total of 240 crayfish, Orconectes to changes in their acoustic environment. This study used passive propinquus, consisting of 60 adult males, 60 adult females, 60 acoustics to monitor and determine the effect of natural juvenile males, and 60 juvenile females were collected. They were anthropogenic noise, produced by boats in situ, and artificial then exposed to NP for four months. Repeated behavioral assays anthropogenic noise via speaker playback trials on toadfish. A were performed using a Y-Maze and electrophysiological recordings four-hydrophone linear array was deployed in Eel Pond in Woods of antennules were obtained. Individual weekly mass, molting events, Hole, MA, where a natural population of toadfish and numerous mortality, and final gonad mass were all recorded during exposure. motorized watercraft reside. Natural anthropogenic noise decreased Exposing crayfish to varying sublethal concentrations of endocrine the amount of vocalizations compared to artificial anthropogenic disrupting nonylphenol alters reproductive behavior through noise, which had a minimal effect. The amplitude and duration of the chronically hindering electrophysiology and altering developmental vocalizations, and location of individual toadfish were also processes. Our data suggests that NP exposure also leads to reduced characterized. The effect of anthropogenic noise on aquatic life is a molting. We quantified hormone concentrations in the blood and fundamentally important topic in ecology. This study highlights that receptor expression in gonad tissue during nonylphenol exposure to anthropogenic noise influences the underwater environment and determine if NP will disrupt the molting hormone signaling vocal communication of aquatic life. Moving forward, passive pathways. Despite these concentrations being below current acoustic monitoring of key species, such as the toadfish, can help regulations, detrimental effects still exist. This necessitates the management to prioritize acoustically sensitive times and areas. re-evaluation and implementation of an indefinite exposure, low-level guideline if nonylphenol continues to be used in a wide variety of industries.

4-7 MACKNIGHT, NJ*; DIMOS, B; LASSEIGNE, D; MULLER, 97-2 MADELAIRE, CB*; ZENA, LA; BUCK, CL; BICEGO, KC; E; BRANDT, M; MYDLARZ, L; The University of Texas at GOMES, FR; Univ. of São Paulo, Northern Arizona Univ., São Arlington, The University of the Virgin Islands, Mote Marine Paulo State Univ.; [email protected] Laboratory, The University of the Virgin Islands; Seasonal relationship between steroids and immunity in a [email protected] hibernating tegu lizard Caribbean Coral Species Differ in Susceptibility and Immune Steroid hormones are considered mediators of life history stages in Response to White Plague Disease vertebrates, due to their broad effect on animal physiology and 54% of global coral reefs have died within the last thirty years and behavior. For seasonal species, there is an increase in androgens (T), disease outbreaks have shown to play a significant role in altering the estradiol (E) and glucocorticoids (GC) during reproductive season, structure of the reef community. Corals have different susceptibilities which allows and facilitates this process. These steroids also display to disease and understanding how disease dynamics differ between complex immunomodulatory effects, which depends on hormonal species and the role of immunity in these patterns will give insight concentration, temporal pattern and individual condition. We are and allow us to make trait-based predictions of future reef investigating the seasonal covariation of steroid levels (T, E, GC), populations. We measured the disease susceptibility and immunity immune parameters (leukocyte profile and bacterial killing ability) gene expression of seven common Caribbean reef-building coral: and body condition index in males and females of the tegu lizards Colpophyllia natans, Montastrea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, (Salvator merianae), a species that display pronounced transitions in Orbicella annularis, Porites asteroides, Porites porites, and life history stages along the year. We expect immunity to be Siderastrea siderea. White plague disease was transmitted from positively correlated with steroids and body condition during infected coral to healthy coral fragments in a controlled experiment. reproductive phase, and lower immunocompetence during Disease prevalence and severity differed among all species. Orbicella hibernation compared to the rest of the year. Considering the faveolata and O. annularis had the highest prevalence of disease, differential investments in reproduction among males and females, followed by Colpophyllia natans, and Siderastrea siderea. Both we also expect to found differences on immunity among sexes. The Porites species and Montastrea showed little to no disease links between of season, sex, body condition index, hormone levels, phenotype. Using RNAseq the coral's immune response and network and immunological parameters will be tested. were examined. Preliminary data shows exposure to white plague disease produced a significantly different gene expression profile in Orbicella faveolata. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis was applied to infer the relationship between gene expression profiles and white plague exposure, infection, and tissue loss and relevant modules of gene networks were identified as significantly correlated. Employing gene ontology enrichment and WGCNA will provide insight into the plasticity of the transcriptome in all seven species in relation to the diseased state.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 145 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e146

100-3 MAIN, RP; Purdue University; [email protected] 99-5 MALINGEN, SA*; CASS, JA; POWERS, JD; MA, W; Solid and fluid mechanics in the skeleton: Dr. Mimi Koehl's IRVING, T; DANIEL, TL; University of Washington, Seattle, undergraduate biomechanics course and my research career in Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; [email protected] skeletal mechanobiology. In-vivo x-ray diffraction imaging of a synchronous flight muscle Every day I tap into the knowledge base that Dr. Mimi Koehl laid for reveals thick filament stretching as a function of activation me twenty years ago in her undergraduate biomechanics course, The energetic efficiency and tuning of force generation in muscle Integrative Biology 135. This course and its dynamic professor cells depends on the dynamically changing architecture of the steered me toward a career in comparative skeletal mechanobiology, contractile machinery. Contraction is powered by myosin molecular where my research considers skeletal tissue mechanics across many motors that branch off of the thick filament and bind to the length scales, from the whole bone to the single bone cell, utilizing actin-containing thin filaments at specific binding sites. But these principles of both solid and fluid mechanics. My group's research binding sites are not aligned to the molecular motors. This would examining comparative skeletal plasticity in response to mechanical result in a low binding probability for most of the myosin motors, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 challenge in tetrapods has shown that there are different strategies by except both the thick and thin filaments are compliant. Compliance which bone tissue volume and second moments of area can be altered means that binding sites and cross bridges can realign during to produce stiffer long bones. Species differences in skeletal adaptive contraction, tuning force generation as shown by spatially explicit mechanisms may be modulated by differences in cell-level models of the filament lattice. However the degree to which filament mechanical stimuli, which are caused by mineralized tissue stretching occurs in vivo during cyclic loading remains unknown. deformations that induce pressure-driven fluid flow through Here, we use time-resolved x-ray diffraction techniques to directly nanometer-scale pores of the bone lacunar-canalicular network measure the strain experienced by myofilaments of the synchronous (LCN). The flow profile past the osteocytes residing in this network flight muscles of the hawk moth Manduca sexta during cyclical could exhibit characteristics of Poiseuille, Darcy, or Brinkman flow loading in vivo (i.e. during tethered flapping flight). Any stretching of depending upon the geometry of the bone LCN and the dimensions the thick or thin filaments is manifest as a change in the periodicity of the protein fibers in the pericellular matrix. Differences in these of their respective helices. We find that the thick filament backbone flow profiles across different species or in pathological disease experiences strains in the range of 0.12% to 0.61% with a global conditions could affect the mechanoresponsiveness of the skeleton to average of 0.24% (N=7, an average of 0.18 Å in the helical pitch mechanical loading and consequently maintenance of adequate safety spacing), while layers of myosin crowns show a change in periodicity factors and the ability to resist fracture under continued mechanical ranging from 0.03% to 0.42%, with a global average of 0.13% (N=7). loading. While I never worked in Dr. Koehl's lab and we never Even this seemingly slight compliance can facilitate non-linear collaborated in our research, her foundational classroom lessons tension development, relaxation rates, and elastic energy storage, helped inspire me to pursue a life-long career in comparative skeletal enabling efficient periodic contraction. biomechanics.

53-3 MALUL , D*; SHAVIT, U; HOLZMAN, R; Technion - Israel 109-3 MANGIAMELE, LA*; SMITH, SM; LECURE, KM; Institute of Technology, Haifa, Tel-Aviv University; FUXJAGER, MJ; PREININGER, D; Smith College, Wake Forest [email protected] University, Vienna Zoo; [email protected] Dancing out-of-phase: mechanical properties of coral tentacles Peripheral androgen action modulates foot flagging, but not contribute to mass transfer under wave induced flow vocalizations, in the multimodal display of the frog, Staurois parvus Sessile marine organisms rely on ambient flow for nutrient supply Multimodal communication often requires coordination of multiple and waste removal. Many cnidarians have flexible tentacles that signaling systems, which may be subject to divergent selection sway and bend under the influence of waves and currents. Using high pressures. Physical gestures are prominent in many species' speed videography and PIV measurements, we recorded the flow and multimodal displays. We have shown that selection for "foot tentacle motion of three cnidarian species, in-situ and in a standing flagging," a novel gestural signal in frogs, is associated with wave lab flume. Tentacles exhibited an unintuitive motion: they increased sensitivity to androgenic hormones in the spinal cord and oscillated with the same frequency as the waves, but preceded the hind limb muscles, similar to that found in the larynx of vocalizing waves by around a ¼ of wave period, generating an out-of-phase frogs. Staurois parvus sexually displays with foot flags and motion. Our observations (>120) led to two research questions: 1. is vocalizations, therefore we tested whether peripheral androgens there a benefit in out-of-phase motion, in terms of mass transfer? 2. modulate both signals. We injected males with testosterone (T) plus what mechanism permits such motion? We used numerical Flutamide, a drug that blocks all androgen receptors (ARs), or T plus simulations to estimate absorbance of dissolved oxygen from the Bicalutamide, which blocks only peripheral ARs, and recorded the environment to the tentacles in a wide range of phase differences. frequency of foot flagging and vocalizations. We found that both Our simulations show that the observed out-of-phase motion drugs inhibit foot flagging, which suggests that ARs in the peripheral improves mass transfer by up to 2-fold compared to moving in-phase. muscles primarily influence this behavior. Surprisingly, and in We tested a simple mechanical model where tentacles were contrast to many other anurans, we found that vocalizations do not represented as mass-spring systems and used it to non-intrusively appear to be androgen-dependent in male S. parvus. This result measure the spring coefficient of Dipsastrea favus tentacles suggests that sexual selection may differentially influence the (κ=1.13±1.24 [dyn cm / rad]). The model suggests the motion of nervous and muscular tissues underlying different components of tentacles is due to the mechanical properties of the tissue. We multimodal displays. postulate that out-of-phase motion is a general phenomenon shared by cnidarian tentacles (and possibly other flexible marine organisms). Corals can modulate tentacle expansion, possibly indicating that they can adjust the spring coefficient and enhance mass transfer. Our findings demonstrate how these animals, often treated as immobile, can actively affect their interaction with the flow and harness wave motions to improve mass transfer.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 146 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e147

128-2 MANTILLA, DC*; TUCKER, EL; HSIEH, ST; Temple Univ., 54-1 MARO, A.E.*; SANDEL, A.A.; MITANI, J.C.; DUDLEY, R.; Philadelphia; [email protected] University of California Berkeley, University of Michigan Ann Kinematics of Specialist and Generalist Lizards Running on Level Arbor; [email protected] and Incline Granular Media Ethanol concentrations within primate-consumed fruit in a tropical The natural world is rich with a variety of terrestrial substrates rainforest exhibiting complex behavior. For example, granular media (GM) Fruit represents a substantial portion of many animal diets, especially solidifies and fluidizes during a single step making effective in primates; chimpanzees routinely consume in excess of 10% of movement across its surface a significant challenge. Little is known their body mass in fruit per day. As fruit ripens, the saccharide-rich about running performance and kinematic strategies used to navigate contents are exposed to ecologically ubiquitous yeasts, which GM, especially at different inclines. Lizards are an excellent system fermentatively produce ethanol. Yeast-derived ethanol can deter to study because they are found in the desert moving across level bacterial competitors within the internal fruit environment, may sand and inclined dunes. We hypothesized that sand specialists facilitate fruit localization and thus seed dispersal via animal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 would run faster than generalists when running on level GM, and olfactory responses, and may also stimulate appetite via psychoactive would show less of a performance decrement when running on effects. Naturally occurring ethanol concentrations in fruit are, inclined GM. We ran sand and fluid specialists (zebra-tailed, however, largely unstudied. During field studies at Ngogo, Kibale Callisaurus draconoides; basilisk, Basiliscus vittatus) and a National Park, Uganda, we measured ethanol concentrations in the generalist (Eastern collared lizard, Crotaphytus collaris) across level pulp of 23 species of fruit, 22 of which are known to be consumed by and incline (31.5°: angle of repose) GM on a fluidizable bed chimpanzees. All fruit tested had detectable levels of alcohols, trackway. We explored differences in running speed and determined ranging from 0.03% to 3.6%; the fruit species in our study represent how these are modulated via basic kinematic strategies. Lizards were approximately 50% of the chimpanzee diet at Ngogo, and these filmed at 500 fps (Photron SA-3), and videos were analyzed in results are consistent with chronic low-level dietary exposure in this MATLAB. All three species increased stride frequency and species. The higher elevation of Ngogo (1400 m) also suggests, via shortened their strides when running on the incline. However, the Q10 effect (wherein enzymatic rates of yeast are cut in half with a running performance differed by species. On the level, sand and fluid 10-degree C drop in average temperatures), that ethanol levels in specialists ran faster than generalists (F = 13.1, p<0.001). On the primate-consumed fruit at lower elevations may be substantially incline, generalists (F = 7.05, p = 0.01) and fluid specialists (F = higher. These data are consistent with prolonged evolutionary 33.8, p<0.001) ran slower, whereas desert specialists were unaffected exposure of all hominoid taxa, including ourselves, to dietary (F = 0.72, p = 0.39). These differences suggest that while sand ethanol. specialists can overcome foot slippage during material fluidization on the incline, fluid specialists and generalists cannot. This may be due to morphological specialization and/or kinematic adjustments, which require further exploration.

49-4 MARSHALL, CD*; CULLEN, JA; AL-ANSI, M; Texas A and 22-2 MARTILLOTTI, AW*; TSAI, P-S; University of Colorado, M University, Qatar University; [email protected] Boulder; [email protected] Spatiotemporal Movement Patterns of Hawksbill Sea Turtles An adipokinetic hormone acts as a volume regulator in the (Eretmochelys imbricata) in an Extreme Environment: The intertidal gastropod mollusk, Aplysia californica Arabian Gulf as a Living Laboratory for Investigating Organismal Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a multifunctional neuropeptide in Response to Climate Change the gonadotropin-releasing hormone superfamily. In insects, AKH Sea turtles are an interesting model system to investigate organismal primarily acts to mobilize energy stores during times of high responses to extreme habitats. In the Arabian Gulf, air and water energetic demand, but it has been shown to have other effects. Data temperatures regularly exceed 50oC and 30oC, respectively and mining has recently shown the presence of AKHs within the marine habitats are hypersaline. Female hawksbill sea turtles in Qatar lophotrochozoa, however, they remain poorly characterized. We have exhibit a significantly smaller body size and reduced fecundity due to previously identified an AKH in an intertidal gastropod mollusk, the life in this extreme environment. Our goal was to investigate California sea hare (Aplysia californica), and named it ac-AKH. Our movement and habitat use of hawksbills as part of a Qatari previous data showed ac-AKH induced acute weight loss, suggesting conservation program. Turtles were captured in-water by hand or on a role in volume regulation. The overarching goals of this study were the beach post-nesting. Satellite tags were affixed onto the hard shells to test the role of ac-AKH as a volume regulator and examine the and deployed. A Bayesian state space model was used to calculate mechanism by which ac-AKH induced the acute weight loss. Our error-adjusted geolocations from Argos-derived movement tracks. results showed that ac-AKH reduced body mass, in part, through the We incorporated a behavioral switching model to provide insights reduction of hemolymph volume without altering hemolymph into habitat use and GAMMs were used to investigate which abiotic osmolality or specific osmolytes. The effect of ac-AKH on volume environmental parameters were influential to movement. Hawksbills loss was enhanced by acclimation to a hyposaline condition. We remained within the Gulf, but moved widely throughout the southern further showed that ac-akh expression in a central ganglion was basin. Overall, turtles traveled directly and quickly to distinct shallow inhibited during a hyposaline challenge, and that the administration habitats and then remained in discrete regions for weeks at a time, of ac-AKH partially reversed the increase in body mass, but not the presumably foraging. Sea surface temperature had the most hemolymph osmolality change, caused by a hyposaline challenge. significant effect on movement. During summer months, turtles These data collectively show that ac-AKH acts to regulate consistently moved toward a steep drop-off consistent throughout the hemolymph volume, but not hemolymph osmolality, in A. southern Gulf at the 30-40 m isobath. We hypothesize that turtles californica. Importantly, our results highlight the functional seek out thermal refuge in these areas since they coincide with the divergence of this structurally conserved neuropeptide in the cooler waters of the southern Arabian Gulf loop current. The need to molluscan lineage. spend time in cooler, deeper habitat may negatively impact energy acquisition, growth and reproductive output.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 147 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e148

94-1 MARTIN, R. P.*; DIAS, A.; SUMMERS, A. P.; GERRINGER, 46-1 MARTIN, CH; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, M. G.; University of Kansas, Whitman College, University of University of California, Berkeley; [email protected] Washington, University of Washington; [email protected] Performance, not competition, shapes the major features of Variations in Bone Density within Deep-Sea Grenadiers adaptive landscapes: evidence from repeated field experiments and (Macrouridae) hybrid fitness in pupfishes Abiotic factors of deep-sea habitats such as high hydrostatic pressure One of the most poorly understood evolutionary processes is the and cold temperatures act profoundly on organisms invading these evolution of novelty. How do new species colonize novel ecological realms. Many fishes use gas bladders for buoyancy, and species niches (i.e. empty fitness peaks) or begin to use existing structures living in the deep-sea deal with increased gas compression and for novel functions? The microendemic origin of sympatric density in these highly pressurized systems. Despite this, many retain scale-eating and molluscivore pupfishes on a single Bahamian island small gas bladders and may employ other adaptations to aid in within a vast ocean of ecological opportunity across Caribbean buoyancy. One possible mechanism includes decreasing bone hypersaline lakes provides an intriguing case study of this process. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 mineralization in dense skeletal tissues. To test if there is an Repeated measurements of the fitness landscape in this environment association with bone density and depth, Micro-computed based on hybrid survival and growth in field enclosures indicate that tomography scanning was performed on 11 species in the Family a complex adaptive landscape with multiple fitness peaks is driving Macrouridae (grenadiers) spanning a wide range of habitat depths diversification in this system. Traditionally, negative (100 to 7,000 m). Scans included two hydroxyapatite phantoms as frequency-dependent competition is thought to underlie such known-density standards to correlate voxel brightness to bone disruptive selection. However, the stability of these fitness peaks density. Density was compared across four bones (i.e. 11th vertebra, across lakes, time periods, and different frequencies of competitors pelvic girdle, lower jaw, 1st pterygiophore), across maximum depths, suggests that performance shapes the large-scale features of the and within a phylogenetic framework. Bone density varied within adaptive landscape. Excessive gene misexpression in hybrids and macrourid specimens, with the lower jaw being significantly denser reduced hatch rates also provide intriguing clues that genetic than other bones; and was highly variable between species. There incompatibilities in these young species may impair the performance was also no correlation between bone density and depth, or between of hybrids, regardless of the number of competitors within field bone density and phylogenetic relationships. Previous work enclosures, and contribute to the long-term stability of interspecific examining adaptations in deep-sea fishes describes trends of reduced fitness peaks in contrast to intrapopulation frequency-dependent skeletal mass, but we found no correlation between bone density and dynamics. The origins of microendemic adaptive radiation may lie at depth in the wide-ranging grenadiers. This lack of correlation could the intersection of ecological opportunity, performance, complex be explained by other adaptations such as reduced skeletal elements fitness landscapes, and diverse sources of genetic variation. or increased lipid storage that may supplement buoyancy in the grenadiers. It is also possible that the lack of bone loss with depth may be revealing a more complicated story. Given the variation and questions raised by this study, quantifying bone density across depth and phylogeny is worth a substantial investigation.

S7-5 MARTINEZ, CM*; MCGEE, MD; BORSTEIN, SR; SPARKS, 71-8 MARUSKA, KP*; NIKONOV, AN; Louisiana State JS; WAINWRIGHT, PC; University of California, Davis, Monash University; [email protected] University, University of Tennessee, American Museum of Natural Male Dominance Status Regulates Odorant-Evoked Processing in a History; [email protected] Forebrain Decision Center of a Cichlid Fish Scaling Up Kinematics: A Geometric Approach for Studying the Ability to detect and identify odorants in the environment is crucial Evolution of Biological Motions for survival and reproductive success. For species that breed The study of kinematics explicitly integrates morphology and motion seasonally or live in dominance hierarchies, plasticity in olfactory and is vital to our understanding of the evolution of functional abilities associated with changes in internal physiological state has systems. However, traditional analytical methods are generally suited important consequences. However, whether olfactory processing in for detailed comparison of relatively few taxa. We present a method higher-order decision centers is influenced by an animal's for evaluating kinesis that treats complex biological motions as a physiological condition is unknown. We used in vivo single-unit and single object, a trajectory of shape change, the properties of which local field potential (LFP) recordings from a forebrain decision make it amenable to comparative study. We focus on cichlid feeding center (ventral telencephalon) in dominant and subordinate male systems, providing examples of two geometric-based motion cichlid fish to test the hypothesis that response properties of olfactory analyses. First, we explore the relationship between prey capture neurons differ with male social status. Dominant sexually-active kinematics and feeding ecology in African cichlids, using high-speed males responded better to sex- and food-related odorants. In contrast, videos. We find that the amount of kinesis produced (trajectory subordinate reproductively-suppressed males responded better to length) and the efficiency at which it is done (trajectory nonlinearity) complex odorants from behaving dominant males, suggesting that are linked to diet, both being greater in species eating more evasive olfactory signals from rivals may mediate social suppression and prey types. Second, we introduce a framework for evaluating allow subordinates to identify opportunities to rise in rank. form-function relationships in biomechanical models, using an Odorant-evoked LFP spectral densities were also 2-3-fold greater in example from Malagasy cichlids. By simulating the movements of dominant males, demonstrating status-dependent differences in four-bar linkages, given some input rotation, we can produce motion processing possibly linking olfactory and other neural inputs to trajectories as we did in live fishes. We propose that the resulting goal-directed behaviors. Thus, high and low ranking males showed trajectory lengths may be used as an alternative functional metric to distinct odorant-evoked responses reflected by differences in both kinematic transmission (KT), a common measure of motion transfer synaptic inputs (LFPs) and outputs (spikes), which match the in four-bars. This new metric has the desirable qualities that it behavioral needs of their status-specific lifestyles. For the first time measures total output kinesis of linkages and also that it is not we reveal social and reproductive-state plasticity in olfactory ratio-based and therefore not subject to issues of artifactual processing neurons of a vertebrate forebrain decision center. This redundancy previously shown for KT. Our research highlights the neural plasticity revealed in the cichlid raises the possibility of potential for geometric morphometrics to address novel questions similar mechanisms in other taxa to facilitate olfactory-mediated involving the evolution of biological motions. behaviors suited to an animal's current lifestyle.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 148 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e149

120-2 MASS, S*; FUNK, A; PINSKY, B; MASSENA, K; 53-6 MATLOFF, LY*; CHANG, E; STOWERS, AK; FEO, T; CHABRIA, T; MINICOZZI, M; MLYNARSKA, I; MOODY, T; ST JEFFRIES, L; THOMPSON, C; LENTINK, D; Stanford University, JOHN, P; SUNY New Paltz, Univ of Northern Arizona; Smithsonian Institution, Division of Birds; [email protected] [email protected] Feathers of a bird stick together: underactuation and directional Endocrine disruption, cytoskeleton and regeneration in planaria adhesion in avian wing morphing Environmental xenoestrogens such as Bisphenol-A (BPA), have been Birds morph their wings through continuous shapes to attain maximal shown to depress and delay regeneration in a variety of planarian flight performance and maneuverability. This seamless morphing species at high doses, and to work in a non-monotonic fashion and happens through the movement of feathers, yet how they work stimulate regeneration at very low doses. Prior work in our lab has together in a wing capable of robust flight is heretofore unknown. To suggested that bisphenol compounds are interacting with an estrogen gain insight into the underlying mechanisms that coordinate flight receptor (ER)-like pathway in planaria. In vertebrate systems, weak feathers, we take a multi-scale approach, measuring feather ER agonists like BPA are known to repress ER responses at high interactions at different hierarchical levels of organization. Kinematic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 doses and increase ER responses at low doses in a manner very measurements of common pigeon wings found that feathers move similar to the decrease and increase in growth we observe in linearly with respect to the wrist angle during wing morphing, regenerating planaria. Since regeneration involves both proliferation showing that feather coordination is an underactuated system and cell movement, we hypothesized that cytoskeleton may be one of controlled by skeletal motion. We then investigated neighboring the mechanisms by which endocrine disruptors are affecting feather interactions by measuring of pairs of feathers and the forces regeneration in flatworms. In this work we compare the effects both they exert on each other when separating in different directions. Only tubulin stabilizing and disrupting agents and examine the tubulin in the direction of wing extension, motion was locked, acting as end cytoskeleton in regenerating planaria exposed to BPA. stops preventing separation. Microstructures on the interacting surfaces contribute to the directional adhesion effects. High-resolution micro computed tomography scans captured the curved morphology of the dorsal rami on the leading edge of flight feathers. We developed underactuated feathered robotic wings which we test in a wind tunnel under laminar and turbulent flow profiles as well as on a robotic platform in free outdoor flight. Together, underactuation and directional adhesion enable feathers to work in conjunction to coordinate wing morphing.

89-6 MATOO, OB*; JULICK, CR; MONTOOTH, KL; University of 15-1 MATSUDA, SB*; GATES, RD; MATSUDA, Shayle; Hawaii Nebraska- Lincoln, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Institute of Marine Biology; [email protected] [email protected] The effects of thermal stress on Symbiodiniaceae assemblages in Mitochondrial and Organismal Metabolic Homeostasis in the face four Hawaiian coral species of Genetic Variation Scleractinian reef corals live within a few degrees of their upper The physiological and regulatory processes that maintain energy thermal limit. They exist in an obligate symbiosis with single-cell homeostasis may provide stability in metabolic trajectories despite dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae, however, thermal underlying genetic variation in populations. However, at present, we stress from episodic or seasonal ocean warming facilitates the lack a detailed understanding of the links between genome variation, breakdown of the coral-algal partnership (i.e., coral bleaching) that mitochondrial energetics and organismal metabolic rate. Here, we can lead to coral mortality. Algal symbionts (all formally classified in tested whether metabolic strategies in the fruit fly Drosophila the genus Symbiodinium, now recently reclassified into many melanogaster varied among genotypes and across ontogeny for both different genera) exhibit diverse functional traits that are integral to wildtype and mitochondrial-nuclear genotypes that have coral host nutrition, defense, and physiology, and effect the compromised mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). performance of reef corals during (and following) temperature stress. We found that the fundamental scaling relationship between mass Here, we examine how Symbiodiniaceae contribute to the thermal and metabolic rate differed significantly across development in tolerance of four coral species in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i (Montipora Drosophila. There was a switch in metabolic scaling from capitata, (Porites compressa, (Pocillopora acuta, and (Pavona hypermetric scaling in first instars to hypometric scaling in third varians) that differ in key functional traits: skeletal morphology, instars. We also observed that mitochondrial respiration was tissue thickness, and Symbiodiniaceae fidelity and transmission maintained in second- and third-instars at similar levels, despite a mode. Twelve genotypes per coral species (n=5 genotype-1) were significant increase in oxidative capacity per unit of mitochondrial placed into ambient (ca. 28°C) or high (ca. 31°C) temperature protein during development. Furthermore, we found that genotypes treatments for 2 weeks, and then held at 28°C for one month for a differentiated into two groups—those that switch to mitochondrial period of physiological recovery. DNA was assayed at three time ATP production before the second instar and those that continue points (prior to heat stress, after high temperature exposure, and after relying on glycolytic ATP through the second instar. Interestingly, recovery period) and treatment effects on microbial community the mitochondrial-nuclear genotype with compromised OXPHOS assemblages were identified through amplicon sequencing of ITS2, had compensatory up-regulation of both glycolytic flux and oxidative and Symbiodiniaceae performance was assessed through PAM capacity of mitochondria. This up-regulation was coincident with fluorometry, cell counts, and Chl-a. Our across species comparison increased ROS production during the second instar and reduced of coral physiological performance with microbial communities mitochondrial membrane potential compared to other genotypes. offers clarity on the impact of Symbiodiniaceae in holobiont thermal Taken together, the data reveal that genetic defects in core tolerance as global climate change and ocean warming continue to physiology can be buffered at the organismal level and that there may threaten coral reefs. be multiple genotypic and physiological paths to equivalent organismal outcomes within populations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 149 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e150

91-3 MATTHEWS, DG*; LAUDER, GV; Harvard University; 34-1 MATTHEWS, MG*; SPONBERG, SN; Georgia Tech; [email protected] [email protected] Fish median fin function studied using a simple robotic model The wind around moth wings: Can vortices in the environment One hallmark of fish diversity is the position, number, and structure disrupt the leading edge vortex? of the median fins. The role of these fins in both thrust production Natural environments create unsteady airflow when wind interacts and maneuverability has been examined previously in a diverse with flowers, trees, and other obstacles. Most small flying animals group of fish species. However, assessing the effects of body rely on coherent, but unsteady structures to maintain lift like the stiffness, fin function, and fin-fin interactions on the cost of transport ubiquitous leading edge vortex (LEV). Many insects flap at Reynolds is challenging to do in live fish. While several groups of engineers numbers where the LEV can burst while remaining attached to the have shown that airfoils in tandem are able to augment performance wing, but this has not yet been observed on a freely behaving animal. by recapturing wake energy, none of them have done so in a fish-like Hawk moths hover feed at flowers and must interact with undulatory system. We created a set of biomimetic plastic foils with environmental disturbances including the flower wake. Using a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 biologically relevant fin-to-body proportions as well as varying robotic flower our previous work showed that maneuverability dorsal and anal fin position (near, far, or absent) to see if there is any suffers most at the vortex shedding frequencies in the flower wake. change in performance when the motion and morphology are Since flight dynamics are altered but overall hovering persists, is the biologically constrained. Using a leading-edge flapping robot in a structure of the LEV disrupted by interaction with shed vortices? We recirculating flow tank, we used both pitch and heave of the leading examined the structure and persistence of the LEV using smoke edge to actuate foils of two different stiffnesses at six frequencies visualization over the wings and thorax of hawk moths in the (.5-3 Hz). We measured forces produced by the foils, phasing of the roboflower wake. Although LEV bursting is expected at the dorsal and caudal fins, and visualized water flow around the foils. Reynolds number relevant for hawk moth flight, the LEV in the These force data were used to calculate power consumption and flower wake remains bound throughout the wingstroke with no efficiency, and we examined oscillation amplitude of forces during apparent bursting. The LEV also maintains the same qualitative propulsion. Although stiffness had the largest effect on thrust structure seen in steady air. We continue to probe the limits of LEV production, there were significant effects of fin positioning at all structure and stability with a systematic exploration of vortex frequencies. Foil shape also affected power consumption, efficiency, shedding in cylinder wakes. and smoothness of force production, measured as force oscillation amplitude. The relative effects of each fin position were highly dependent on the stiffness of the fin and the flapping frequency. Flow visualization of foils at the highest frequency showed that fin-fin flow interactions differed between foils and altered the angle of attack of flow over the caudal fin.

15-7 MATZ, MV*; DIXON, GB; LIAO, Y; FULLER, ZL; 52-6 MAURY, C; SEROTA, MA; WILLIAMS, TD*; Univ Jean University of Texas at Austin, Columbia University; Monnet, Saint Étienne, Simon Fraser Univ; [email protected] [email protected] Phenotypic plasticity in diurnal activity and chronotype during Rampant cryptic speciation and environmental specialization in two parental care in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) massive coral species from the Florida Keys. Circadian rhythms: cyclical patterns of gene expression, physiology, Broadcast-spawning coral species have wide geographic ranges, or behaviour on a diel time scale (24 hours cycles) are ubiquitous. spanning strong environmental gradients, but it is unclear how much Recent research on "wild clocks" has suggested that biological spatially varying selection these gradients actually impose. Strong rhythms and chronotype might be linked to an individual's ecology divergent selection might present considerable barrier for and fitness. We used an automated radio telemetry system to demographic exchange between disparate reef habitats. Here, we determine patterns of activity and individual chronotype investigated whether the cross-shelf gradient (nearshore - offshore - (onset/cessation of activity relative to civil twilight, CT) in female deep) is associated with spatially varying selection in two common European starlings during parental care. Diurnal patterns of activity coral species, Montastrea cavernosa and Siderastrea siderea, in the varied among breeding stages, e.g. females were relatively more Florida Keys. We used 2bRAD to genotype 20 juveniles and 20 active just prior to sunset (16.00-18.00) during incubation but were adults from each of the three reef zones, planning to look for more active in the early morning (7.00-10.00) during chick-rearing. signatures of selection occurring within a single generation. What we Females which failed during incubation were relatively less active found instead was completely unexpected. Each species turned out to between 16.00-18.00, compared with successful birds. Chronotype be composed of four (M. cavernosa) or even five (S. siderea) was highly individually-variable, e.g. chick-rearing females first genetically distinct races, with gene flow between them highly became active 7-127 min after morning CT, with low- to moderate reduced in 30-50% of the genome while being essentially repeatability within breeding stages. Females that were active earlier unrestricted in the rest of the genome. Each species includes two in the morning were also active later in the evening during all sympatric races that are only found in the deep (20 m) habitat, while breeding stages, contrary to the idea of "larks" and "night owls". other races are found only in the shallower reefs (3-7 m). The two There was a weak relationship between a) onset of activity during "shallow" races of M. cavernosa are also specialized for either incubation and a female's laying date, and b) onset of activity during nearshore or offshore: comparison between adult and juvenile chick rearing and probability of initiating a second brood, i.e. timing cohorts indicates that cross-shelf migrants are 3 times less likely to components of phenotype. However, there were few effects of reach adulthood than local recruits. In conclusion, cryptic genetic chronotype on current breeding productivity (number of chick subdivision, often associated with environmental specialization, fledged, provisioning rate); females that were active later than appears to be very common in these two coral species, which might average produced chicks with higher mass. Furthermore, we found in part explain why they are still ecologically successful in the no relationship between chronotype and any measure of future Florida Keys. In addition, our results show that deep reefs cannot fecundity and return rate (in year 2) or cumulative 2 year serve as refugia from climate change since corals there tend to be productivity. highly environmentally specialized.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 150 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e151

17-3 MAYERL, CJ*; CAPANO, J; MORENO, A; BLOB, RW; S3-9 MüLLER, UK*; BROWN, MD; BERG, O; California State BRAINERD, EL; WYNEKEN, J; Northeast Ohio Medical University Fresno; [email protected] University, Brown University, Clemson University, Florida Atlantic Suction feeding without muscles: Estimating power requirements University; [email protected] from flow for the traps of bladderwort, a carnivorous plant XROMM analyses of differences in pectoral and pelvic girdle Suction feeding is the most common feeding mode in large aquatic rotation between land and water in turtles organisms. Previous studies on fish showed that suction feeding Limb girdle rotations can make important contributions to the requires considerable power, leading fish to recruit axial muscles or locomotor performance of tetrapods by facilitating increases in stride use elastic energy storage. Having no muscles, carnivorous plants use length. Most previous studies of girdle rotations have focused on elastic energy storage to power fast motion. Here, we focus on two hindlimb function during terrestrial locomotion. However, the bladderwort species, Utricularia gibba and Utricularia australis, forelimb also has a critical locomotor role among tetrapods in water which catch zooplankton prey in millimeter-sized suction traps. and on land, with a different means of attachment to the body that Bladderworts are among the smallest and fastest suction feeders, with Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 might impact its capacity for rotation. The pelvis functions as a trap gapes of around 0.2 mm (median diameter at the mouth) and single, fused element that articulates closely with sacro-iliac joints, times-to-peak-flow of less than 1 millisecond. In this study we whereas the left and right pectoral girdles are attached to the body via quantify the flow in front of the traps, using particle image a muscular sling and a flexible cartilaginous attachment, and have the velocimetry, to estimate the power generated during capture events. potential to move independent of one another. As a result, pectoral We found that suction events generate flow speeds at half gape from girdle rotations may actually be greater than pelvic girdle rotations. the vestibule that range from 0.13 to 0.37 m/s with median speeds To test for such differences, we used X-Ray Reconstruction of around 0.15 m/s for U. gibba and 0.25 m/s for U. australis. These Moving Morphology (XROMM) to compare pectoral and pelvic flow speeds are two orders of magnitude higher than those observed girdle rotation between walking and swimming in the semiaquatic in larval fish with comparable gape diameters. We also observed that turtle Pseudemys concinna. Both girdles rotated in both the time to peak flow speed is one to two orders of magnitude lower environments. As predicted based on differences in girdle in bladderworts than in comparable larval fish. This combination of morphology, the shoulder girdle rotated more than the pelvic girdle higher peak flow speeds and higher accelerations leads to during both walking (forelimb ~ 39°, hindlimb ~ 18°) and swimming considerably higher power estimates than those obtained for fish. (forelimb ~ 36°, hindlimb ~ 9°). However, the effect of the medium Animals can reach similar powers using elastic mechanisms, yet we on shoulder girdle movements was small, whereas pelvic girdle do not know which constraints prevent larval fish from reaching rotations during swimming were half the amount during walking. similar suction performances as bladderwort traps. This suggests that body support plays a large role in determining the impact of pelvic girdle rotations, whereas muscular contraction may determine pectoral girdle rotations.

75-2 MCALPINE-BELLIS, E. *; GIBB, A. C.; Friday Harbor Labs , 60-4 MCCASKEY, EN*; LEHNER, K; MURRAY-COOPER, M; Northern Arizona University ; [email protected] OZKAN-AYDIN, Y; HAWKES, EW; BENFEY, PN; GOLDMAN, Color Change and Movement Analysis of the Pacific Staghorn DI; Georgia Tech, Duke University, UCSB; [email protected] Sculpin, Leptocottus armatus Circumnutation Facilitates Effective Root-Surface Exploration of Analysis of habitat preference affords us valuable insight into the Rice Roots ecology and behavior of organisms, as well as shedding light onto Circumnutation is a pattern of undulatory growth observed in a various strategies of predator avoidance. To study defensive diversity of plants and their organs, including roots. Little is known strategies associated with habitat preference, and to better understand about the function of below-ground circumnutation, particularly in how behavior varies with fish size, we analyzed the movement root-surface interactions. Root tip traits that allow for seeking out patterns of an intertidal, sand-burying sculpin, Leptocottus armatus, cracks or biopores may be advantageous, as roots have been shown in a size range of individuals collected from the Puget Sound in to utilize these traits to penetrate into deeper soil strata. Washington. L. armatus employs a behavioral defense consisting of Understanding function of root circumnutation can not only help with rapid lateral movement of the body and pectoral fins to bury itself in crop breeding, but also can give insight into schemes for robots to sandy substrate. We expected predisposition for this behavior to vary navigate in constrained environments with minimal sensing. After with fish size as small fish may lack the musculature required to observing a root coiling phenotype on flat surfaces in displace sufficient sand to cover the fish's body. Fish provided with a non-circumnutating mutant rice roots, we hypothesized that root tip variety of naturally available substrates spent the majority of their circumnutation facilitates effective root-surface exploration. To test time in sandy substrate (relative to cobble), regardless of size and this, plates were made with holes equally spaced at different densities burial inclination. Consistent with our a priori expectations, to systematically model a surface environment of a compact soil complete burial was observed more frequently in larger fish and only horizon with biopores. Mutant and wild-type (WT) rice were grown when they were positioned on sandy substrate. We also found that, in in a clear gel-based media and a high-throughput automatic imaging addition to being less likely to bury, smaller fish moved further system acquired images to visualize the root growth. As hole density distances and more frequently during lab trials. Finally, we observed decreased, mutant primary roots showed reduced success (below that L. armatus of all sizes have a remarkable ability to produce rapid 50%) in finding a hole. WT primary roots had higher success (above color changes, a behavior that was previously undescribed. Color 80%), indicating circumnutation leads to effective flat surface changes appeared to be used to mimic substrate pattern and texture, exploration. We have begun to test such strategies in a macroscopic and were highly variable on an individual basis; however, larger fish pneumatically controlled planar soft robotic root. The novel design appeared to be able to produce more complex color patterns, relative enables the robot to extend from its tip, modeling root growth. to smaller individuals. Further, the robot possesses side-wall elements which enable tip undulation via periodic pressure changes. Future studies of the robot will test penetration probability varying nutation parameters.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 151 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e152

6-2 MCCLAIN, MA*; GALLAGHER, AJ; HAMMERSCHLAG, N; 2-6 MCCOY, D. E.*; SHULTZ, A. J.; VIDOUDEZ, C.; VAN DER DRYMON, JM; GRUBBS, RD; SMUKALL, M; GUTTRIDGE, TL; HEIDE, E.; TRAUGER, S. A.; HAIG, D.; Harvard University, DALY-ENGEL, TS; University of West Florida, University of Cambridge; [email protected] Miami, Mississippi State University Extension, Florida State The Corruption of Honest Signals: from Mate Choice in Red Birds University, Bimini Biological Field Station, Florida Institute of to Human Pregnancy Technology; [email protected] Mate choice is an evolutionary examination, where females select Connectivity and Relatedness in Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) males who pass a test of quality based on proxy measures (such as between the Gulf of Mexico and West Atlantic bright orange feathers). Herein, we report deceptive elements to Shark dispersal for the purposes of reproduction is generally poorly honest signaling in carotenoid-colored birds, compare this to the understood, including that of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier), a same phenomeon in embryo selection, and reference similar findings large, circumglobal, coastal-pelagic species. Learning more about the from the social sciences. First, we use scanning electron microscopy dispersal patterns of apex predators, like the tiger shark, will allow (SEM), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 for greater understanding of the conservation measures needed to spectrophotometry to comprehensively quantify coloration from protect this species and those like it. To gain insight into the microstructures and pigments in the tanager genus Ramphocelus. We reproductive evolution of these sharks, we have collected G. cuvier find four indicators of deceptive elements to this signal; for example, tissue samples from eight sites across the Gulf of Mexico and West males (but not females) evolved elaborate microstructures to amplify Atlantic. We use highly polymorphic microsatellite DNA fragment colors, and males and females within a species have equivalent analysis to examine relatedness of individuals within and between amounts and types of carotenoids (which is surprising if they are ocean basins, and use assignment testing to identify potential honest-because-costly). We propose that males have an evolutionary distribution corridors and critical habitat. Based on dispersal patterns incentive to mate regardless of quality, which may lead to the observed in other large coastal shark species, we hypothesize that corruption of honest signals. Mate selection is analogous to embryo there will be shallow structure between the different sample sites due selection: maternal bodies test proxy measures of embryo health, to geographic, environmental, and reproductive barriers. We further which are corrupted through selection on the differing interests of hypothesize that this structure will be male-biased, reflecting the parents and offspring ("parent-offspring conflict"). In fields such as female philopatry and dependence on coastal nursery habitat. health care and education, Campbell's and Goodhart's Laws state that once a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure. For example, test-taking ability supposedly measures school quality, but also determines school funding. This may cause "teaching to the test," where the proxy (test-taking) improves but educational outcomes stay the same or worsen. Through mate choice, embryo selection, and Campbell's/Goodhart's Laws, we show that honest signaling is susceptible to some degree of corruption.

28-6 MCELMURRAY, P*; BELL, S; CATHEY, S E; JUSTUS, S R; 81-6 MCELROY, EJ*; MCBRAYER, LD; College of Charleston, CREED, R P; BROWN, B L; Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech / Georgia Southern U.; [email protected] University of Alabama, Appalachian State University; [email protected] Defining acceleration performance during burst locomotion in Colonization Tradeoffs in Symbioses: A Collection of Interesting running animals Hypotheses Maximum speed and peak acceleration are important performance Symbiosis is an integral part of life, with most organisms on Earth traits for understanding variation in the evolution of morphology, engaged in symbiotic interactions ranging from mutualistic to biomechanics, ecology and behavior. Many animals rely on quick parasitic. Classic studies into symbioses looked at simple pairwise bursts of locomotion when escaping predators and capturing prey. interactions, like clownfish and sea anemones or pearlfish and sea Hence strong selective pressures can occur on these traits. A variety cucumbers. However, focusing on these pairwise interactions ignores of methods can be used to measure maximum running speed and, in the ways in which complex communities of hosts and symbionts general, we have a high degree of confidence in our ability to affect each other. Symbiosis research has not yet taken full advantage accurately and repeatedly estimate maximum speed. Estimation of of metacommunity theory, which describes interactions between peak acceleration is frequently achieved via high speed video and can spatially disparate communities of organisms affecting each other be quite inaccurate depending on the details of video capture and the through dispersal. Traditionally, this paradigm has been used to study method used to smooth and compute the second derivative of the communities along connected environmental patches. However, if we displacement data. Other methods, such as force plates and consider a host to be a patch, we can use metacommunity theory to accelerometers, allow for more direct estimates of acceleration but study how host controls, symbiont interactions, and dispersal affect have various limitations. We argue that we can avoid estimating peak the structure and diversity of symbiont communities. We have acceleration, and the issues associated with its estimation, by developed a framework based on classical tradeoffs in community redefining acceleration performance. A burst locomotor event is a ecology to help understand and categorize the attributes of both host movement that starts from a standstill and involves an accelerative and symbiont organisms that lead to successful maintenance of a phase up to a maximum speed. Limbed animals achieve such symbiosis. We propose that most of the diversity in regional movement by cycling their limbs wherein each footfall results in a symbiont communities (i.e. between hosts) is maintained by the substrate reaction force that causes the animal to accelerate forward colonization ability of a symbiont trading off with traits that increase and gain speed. In this context, it is the speed gained per step and the symbiont fitness on a host, such as competitive ability, fecundity, and number of steps that principally determine maximum speed. interaction intensity, as well as traits of the individual host and the Acceleration performance can thus be defined as the per step gain in abiotic environment. We have also used this framework to speed, which can accurately be estimated by overlaying footfalls onto demonstrate the ways global change can decouple symbioses. the velocity curve. This definition of acceleration performance avoids the errors associated with computing acceleration from video-based displacement data and is linked to how step-based accelerations generate maximum running speed.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 152 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e153

66-1 MCENTIRE, K D*; MAERZ, J C; HOWARD, J S; Trinity 86-5 MCGLASHAN, JK*; THOMPSON, MB; JANZEN, FJ; VAN University, University of Georgia; [email protected] DYKE, JU; SPENCER, R-J; Western Sydney University, University Plant Climbing by Salamanders as a Compensatory Behavior in of Sydney, Iowa State University, Charles Sturt University ; Relation to Climate [email protected] Developing rigorous ecological models is a fundamental goal of Synchronous hatching in freshwater turtles: metabolic and ecologists to forecast biotic responses to climate change. Many endocrine mechanisms models are amechanistic and lack integration of behavior, but Synchronous hatching is a form of environmentally cued hatching behavioral plasticity is increasingly recognized as an important (ECH) which allows embryos to alter hatching time in relation to the adaptive mechanism for species. We integrated biophysical and environment through phenotypic plasticity. In some turtles, agent-based models to examine how climbing behavior could affect synchronous hatching results from metabolic compensation or early the sensitivity of Plethodontid salamander activity time to climate. hatching, and has evolved to reduce variation in clutch incubation We used a temperature differential to stimulate plant climbing, which time and increase an individual's chance of survival. Hormones likely Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 reduced body temperatures and dehydration rates. The model showed play a critical role in enabling metabolic compensation and early climbing plants increased activity time in drier conditions, hatching. Thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids regulate particularly for smaller salamanders. The predicted importance of embryogenesis and are vital during birth/hatching events in many climbing behavior was highly sensitive to assumptions about the species. I compared the metabolic and endocrine mechanisms of threshold of water loss an individual was willing to tolerate. Because hatching synchrony in freshwater turtles. Hormone analyses activity time is associated with fitness, increased activity time could indicated there was no difference in triiodothyronine (T3) and moderate overall sensitivity to shifts in weather patterns. To test corticosterone concentrations during asynchronous development but whether thermal gradients predicted plant climbing, we collected concentrations increased in the yolk of the developing embryos repeated count data on terrestrial salamanders in the southern towards the end of incubation, which coincides with hatching. There Appalachian mountains across a range of microhabitats and weather was a clear physiological response to exogenous T3 applications, conditions. The probability a salamander was observed climbing which caused neonates to hatch earlier than expected but with no increased with greater soil temperature relative to air temperature, developmental or metabolic costs. These hormones might not which was consistent with model predictions of plant climbing as a regulate metabolic compensation, but they are likely important for compensatory behavior to extend activity. Compensatory behaviors, synchronous hatching. Comparing the mechanisms used to like climbing, have the potential to moderate the effects of weather synchronously hatch will further improve the understanding of the on salamander activity and fitness, which may dampen population different ways in which ECH has evolved in reptiles. sensitivity to climatic variation in rainfall or soil moisture. We used the field data to parameterize preliminary climate change models including climbing as a compensatory behavior.

88-5 MCHENRY, M/J*; SOTO, A; PETERSON, A; JOHANSEN, S7-7 MCHORSE, BK*; BIEWENER, AA; PIERCE, SE; Harvard J/L; LAIO, J/C; UC Irvine, NYU Abu Dhabi, Univ. of Florida; University; [email protected] [email protected] Modeling the Causes and Consequences of Digit Reduction in How fish predators pursue evasive prey Extinct Horses Predation is a fundamental interaction between species, yet it is Digit reduction is common in vertebrates, from theropods to largely unclear what behavioral strategies are employed by predators. marsupials. Extant horses (Equidae) are the most extreme living As a consequence, it is generally unknown what metrics of sensory example, with a single digit on each leg. Although the evolution of a and locomotor performance on a predator's approach matter most to single toe is remarkable, the selective driver has rarely been predation. We have conducted experiments that measure the quantitatively tested. The structural modifications necessary for kinematics of piscivorous interactions under laboratory conditions in high-performance locomotion on a single digit are also the interest of testing models of strategy. Separate studies on under-explored. Our work combines ecological, biomechanical, and bluefish, lionfish and zebrafish indicated that fish predators generally phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolution of use a strategy of pure-pursuit, which is distinct from the parallel digit reduction from multiple angles. The loss of side toes in horses navigation employed by aerial predators. This pursuit strategy has long been posited as a response to the spread of grasslands in the requires relatively little sophistication in sensing and motor control Miocene. Our work modeling niche overlap and diversification on the part of the predator, which may be appropriate to the dynamics shows a more complicated story, though: at broad temporal limitation of visually-guided behavior in an aquatic environment. and spatial scales, three-toed and single-toed horses are not found in This work has the potential to provide a basis for considering significantly different habitats, yet speciation and extinction rates predation during a predator's approach. across equid lineages do correlate with environmental shifts. Furthermore, lineages with reduced digits show lower extinction rates, suggesting some adaptive role. On an individual level, we have also demonstrated how positive allometry in the center digit can compensate for loss of important weight-bearing function in the side digits, which may have been a response to increasing body size or pressure for improved locomotor economy. Integrating methods from multiple fields has begun to reveal the complexity of digit reduction in equids, lending support to some historical hypotheses (such as the influence of body size) and rejecting others (such as habitat partitioning at a broad scale). Data from individual disciplines can answer small pieces of the evolutionary puzzle of digit reduction, but a holistic answer requires synthesizing data—both big and small—from multiple fields.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 153 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e154

81-2 MCINROE, B*; LIBBY, T; KODITSCHEK, DE; FULL, RJ; 40-6 MCKEE, AA*; MCHENRY, MJ; Univ. of California, Irvine; UC Berkeley, U Washington, U Penn; [email protected] [email protected] Identifying Control Modules in Complex, Dynamic Behaviors by How zebrafish use visual cues to evade predation Using Ground-righting in Geckos Predator evasion in fish is primarily facilitated by visual detection of Animals can synergistically employ multiple appendages and body a threat. In order to understand how prey fish evade predation, it is segments to perform behaviors. We hypothesize that these crucial to know which visual cue triggers an escape response. controllable components can be represented by sets of simple models Previous work suggests that the cues that are most predictive of (templates) that can be recruited in series or parallel to provide escape are the angle subtended on the eye by the edges of the multiple strategies for executing a maneuver. To further define our approaching predator ( ) and its rate of change ( ' ). We performed conjecture, we measured self-righting in geckos, H. frenatus, on flat, two sets of experiments to test which cues predict the timing of an rigid surfaces. Geckos self-righted successfully with average righting escape response in adult zebrafish. The first experiment found times of 0.22±0.03 s using complex dynamic appendage and body threshold values for and that best predicted the timing of an Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 motions including body bending/torsion, limb/tail ground contact, escape response in response to a projected black circle that expanded and coronal plane tail sweeps qualitatively similar to those observed at a variable rate. These results were consistent with a second set of in inertial air-righting. To attempt to isolate control modules, we experiments, which exposed fish to a live fish predator (Herichthys allowed geckos to right on a partially excavated rigid surface, where cyanoguttatus). This experimental series offers a strong behavioral only the torso and legs, but not the tail, could make ground contact. basis for how zebrafish respond to approaching predators. Geckos still righted successfully without tail contact, but the average righting time increased by 40%, except when geckos used a different strategy, swinging their tails in the direction opposite to body rotation. Recruiting the tail inertial control module resulted in righting performance comparable to tail contact with average righting times of 0.19±0.02 s. Gecko body-level behavior appeared invariant to the dichotomy in tail strategy, with shoulder rotation preceding hip rotation. From these experiments, we begin to develop composable templates for quadrupedal terrestrial righting, start to validate these models through dynamic simulations, and explore possible feedback control strategies for bio-inspired robots. Our results suggest that geckos employ the tail as a multifunctional motor module in parallel with a body torsion template to increase robustness to challenging environmental substrates.

S11-7 MCKENNA, KZ*; NIJHOUT, HF; Duke University; 47-1 MCMAHAN, S*; BHANDAWAT, V; Duke University; [email protected] [email protected] Exploring the role of insulin signaling in relative growth: a case Contribution of biomechanics and neural activity in determining study on wing-body scaling in Lepidoptera resting leg positions in Drosophila. Adult forms emerge from the relative growth of the body and its Limb size has a large effect on determining where it rests. A large parts. Each appendage and organ have a unique pattern of growth limb's resting position is predominantly determined by gravitational that influences the size and shape it attains. This produces adult size forces. As a limb becomes smaller, it is progressively dominated by relationships referred to as static allometries, which have received a passive forces. All control systems have to deal with these material great amount of attention in evolutionary and developmental biology. properties, but there are few measurements of these material However, many questions remain unanswered, e.g. What sorts of properties in an intact animal. We take advantage of genetic tools in developmental processes coordinate growth? And how do these flies to measure how the passive properties of the limb and active processes change given variation in body size? It has become control from motor neurons (MNs) work to determine the resting leg increasingly clear that nutrition is one of the strongest influences on position. In this study, we measure the angle of the coxa and size relationships. In insects, nutrition acts via insulin/Tor signaling femur-tibia joints at rest during both active (MNs are active), and to facilitate inter- and intra-specific variation in body size and passive (MNs are genetically silenced by expressing the green-light appendage size. Yet, the mechanism by which insulin signaling inhibiting chanelrhodopsin, GtACR1 in motor neurons using VGlut influences the scaling of growth remains unclear. Here we will promoter) stop positions. After reconstructing the passive and active discuss the potential roles of insulin signaling in wing-body scaling leg stops in a 3D space we see two distinct clusters for the two types in Lepidoptera. We analyzed the growth of wings in animals reared of stops. Using the passive limb configuration, we were able to on different diet qualities that induce a range of body sizes not measure the passive properties of each joint in the leg. The stop normally present in our laboratory populations. By growing wings in positions for passive and active stops were distinct, and indicate that tissue culture, we survey how perturbation or variation in insulin/Tor the active stops are being controlled by MNs. To test this hypothesis, signaling influences cell growth and cell proliferation. To conclude, and to characterize whether the distinct stop position during active we will discuss the implications of our findings for the development stops represent baseline MN activity, or whether there are dedicated and evolution of organismal form. MNs that control the joint position at rest, we will perform calcium imaging in the same experimental setup. Together, we will provide a quantitative description of the role that neural activity and passive forces play in the control of a fly's active resting leg position.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 154 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e155

70-3 MCNAMARA, GPJ*; KIRCHER, ; COHN, ; University of 98-7 MCWILLIAMS, S.*; PIERCE, B.; WITENZELLNER, A.; Florida; [email protected] LANGLOIS, L.; SPEAKMAN, J.; DEMORANVILLE, K.; Sexually dimorphic digit development in Anolis sagrei GOYMANN, W.; TROST, L.; BRYLA, A.; DZIALO, M.; Tetrapod digits are often characterized by sexually dimorphic digit SADOWSKA, E.; BAUCHINGER, U.; University of Rhode Island, proportions. For example, in male humans and mice, the second digit Sacred Heart University, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, is generally shorter than the fourth digit, and, as such, the second to Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) is generally <1. In females, by Jagellonian University; [email protected] contrast, the second and fourth digits are of similar length, giving The energy savings-oxidative cost tradeoff for birds during them a 2D:4D ratio >1. In previous work, our lab demonstrated that migration differences in the relative levels of androgen and estrogen signaling Elite athletes must eat well so that they acquire the fuels necessary during limb development underlie the sexually dimorphic 2D:4D for extreme feats but also so they can contend with the oxidative ratios in mice. Sexually dimorphic digit ratios have been described in costs and potential damage associated with peak metabolic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 a number of mammals and in a few non-mammalian species, performance. Here we show that the energy cost of long-duration including frogs, lizards and birds; however, the developmental basis flights for a migratory bird is related to the fatty acid composition of of these patterns has not been examined outside of mice. In this fat stores; however, this fat-mediated energy savings during long study, we investigated digit development in the iguanid lizard Anolis flight requires birds to contend with increased oxidative damage over sagrei to determine whether sexually dimorphic digit development is the long-term. We used diet manipulations to produce starlings with conserved between mammals and squamates. We show that A. sagrei adipose stores that differed in the relative amounts of certain mono- develops sexually dimorphic digit proportions, but the timing and and polyunsaturated fats (MUFA versus PUFA). These starlings were pattern of dimorphic skeletal growth are strikingly different from then flight-trained and successfully flew non-stop for 6 hrs in a development of digit dimorphisms in mammals. windtunnel during which we measured energy expenditure using the doubly-labelled water technique. Starlings with fat stores composed of relatively more of an essential omega-6 PUFA expended 11% less energy during these 6-hr flights than starlings composed of relatively more MUFA; however, this came at an apparent long-term cost in that the omega-6 PUFA-fed birds incurred significantly higher oxidative damage. Our study provides compelling evidence that avian athletes face a considerable tradeoff when deciding what to eat to enhance their performance. This may explain why migratory songbirds carefully discriminate between diets that differ only in their fatty acid composition, and consistently choose a specific ration of 18:2 to 18:1 because it may optimize the energy savings-oxidative cost tradeoff. Supported by NSF (IOS-0748349 to S.R.M. and B.J.P.) and NSC Poland (2015/19/B/NZ8/01394 to U.B.)

13-1 MEKDARA, PJ*; SCHWALBE, MAB; TYTELL, ED; Tufts 21-4 MELICHER, DM*; YOCUM, GD; TORSON, AS; University, Lake Forest College; [email protected] RINEHART, JP; United States Department of Agriculture, Tail synchronization of schooling giant danios is altered after Agricultural Research Service, University of Western Ontario; lateral line system ablation and regeneration [email protected] Schooling fish use multiple sensory systems to maintain position and Immediate transcriptional response of Megachile rotundata to a speed within a school, and disabling their flow sensing lateral line temperature pulse under a fluctuating thermal regime system is known to alter schooling behavior. The lateral line contains Insects demonstrate a remarkable ability to tolerate a broad range of two parts: an anterior portion that is affected mostly by oncoming internal temperatures caused by daily thermoperiod and seasonal flow as the fish swims forward, and a posterior portion that is more variation in ecological conditions. Fluctuating thermal regimes (FTR) affected by the side-to-side swimming movement. Therefore, the two have been shown to extend longevity and reduce mortality under portions may have different roles in maintaining behaviors, including long-term cold storage for multiple insect species by allowing schooling, navigating around complex obstacles, foraging, mating, recovery from accumulated chill injury. Under FTR the Alfalfa and predator detection. In this study, we examined schooling leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata are maintained at 6°C with a behavior in fish immediately after we ablated only their anterior daily warm pulse lasting one hour at 20°C with one hour ramping up lateral line, only the posterior, or the complete lateral line systems, and down. We profile the short-term transcriptional response of M. and we tracked the behavior at weekly intervals after the system rotundata to FTR by sequencing bees sampled before, during, and regenerated. We filmed schools of five giant danios, Devario after the warm pulse, compared to those held at Constant Low aequipinnatus, with two high-speed cameras and reconstructed the Temperature (CLT). We identify differentially expressed genes, 3D positions of each fish within a school. We found that fish with enriched functional classes of proteins, and pathways that respond to any of the three ablation treatments were able to maintain a normal the warm pulse and identify genes that may be associated with the position within the school immediately after treatment. However, fish protective effects of FTR. Specifically we focus on those associated with their anterior or entire lateral line system ablated could not with oxidative stress response, cell membrane and membrane-bound school normally one and two weeks after treatment, even though the proteins, and restoration of ion balance and contrast short-term hair cells regenerated, but those with the posterior lateral line ablated versus long-term response to chill injury. were able to school normally. Within the school, control fish generally synchronize tail beats. Immediately after treatment, all fish have difficulty maintaining tail beat synchrony. The effect persists for much longer for fish with the posterior lateral line ablation, compared with those that have the anterior ablation. By four weeks post-treatment, all treated fish could again school normally. These results indicate that the anterior and posterior lateral line serve different functional purposes during schooling.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 155 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e156

35-6 MENARD, SS*; WATSON, GM; University of North Carolina 42-2 MENDOZA, E*; AZIZI, E; MOEN, DS; Oklahoma State at Charlotte, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, University of University, University of California, Irvine; [email protected] Louisiana at Lafayette; [email protected] The Diversity and Evolution of Jumping Power in Anurans Epithelial Effects of Exposure to Streptomycin on the Tentacles of Jumping in anurans requires substantial mechanical power. However, the Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis while muscle power appears to be relatively invariant across species, Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as streptomycin, cause ototoxic jumping power is highly variable. Power amplification using stored effects in vertebrate animals, but damage to hair cells caused by elastic energy is thought to explain this discrepancy. However, the long-term exposure to aminoglycosides has not been studied in interspecific variation in the propensity to amplify power remains invertebrate animals. This study investigated the effects of poorly understood. One possibility is that differences in intrinsic streptomycin on the tentacle epithelium of the sea anemone, muscle properties due to size may limit the amount of power a Nematostella vectensis. The number of hair bundles located at the muscle can generate, leading to small species needing greater bases of tentacles of sea anemones significantly decreased in amplification than larger species. Alternatively, the microhabitat Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 response to streptomycin exposure. There was also a significant species inhabit may drive the variation. In this study, we used reduction in the number of mitochondria (labeled with MitoTracker) high-speed video to record jumping for 23 anuran species. in response to streptomycin exposure, at both the tips and bases of Additionally, we included unpublished jumping power data for one tentacles. Within 1 hour of streptomycin exposure, there was a species and jumping power data for 44 species from a previous study. significant increase in the number of nuclei that had been labeled Species were diverse in microhabitat use and body mass, and they with EdU, a thymidine analog. Within 4 hours of streptomycin came from across the phylogeny of all anurans. We used exposure, there was a significant increase in the number of nuclei phylogenetic comparative methods to compare the role of that had been labeled with Hoechst, a DNA stain. Together, the EdU microhabitat and body mass in explaining variation in power and Hoechst labeling results indicate an increase in cell proliferation, amplification across species. We found the strongest support for a possibly intended to replace hair cells killed by streptomycin. These model that included both body mass and a microhabitat category that findings indicate that long-term exposure to streptomycin is classified species as either burrowing or not. The effect of body mass destructive to the tentacle epithelium of sea anemones. suggests that interspecific variation in jumping power might be partly explained by intrinsic limitations of muscle. Anurans with small body mass may be able to achieve similar locomotor performance (e.g. take-off velocity) as those with larger body mass, but only by more effectively amplifying power. Additionally, the effect of microhabitat suggests that organisms that use the same limbs for both jumping and burrowing may experience a reduction in their ability generate jumping power. This may indicate a functional trade-off between jumping and burrowing.

92-2 MERESMAN, Y*; HUSAK, JF; BEN-SHLOMO, R; RIBAK, S2-4 MERRILL, L*; BARGER, AM; BENSON, TJ; University of G; Tel-Aviv Univ., Israel, Univ. of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN, Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; [email protected] of Haifa - Oranim, Tivon, Israel; [email protected] Landscape dynamics and immune function across a community of The Effect of Variation in Hindwing Morphology on Elastic Wing shrubland birds Deformation During Free-Flight in Scarab-Beetles Disease dynamics in wild organisms depend upon a suite of intrinsic Insects demonstrate a broad diversity of wing morphology and and extrinsic factors including host competence and different flight styles demanded by their environment. Among other immunocompetence, host community dynamics, and environmental things, the wing-vein arrangement determines the structural composition. There is good data on disease risk varying across the properties of the wing and therefore affects how a wing elastically landscape, but generally less information on whether and how host deforms during flapping flight in a manner that may be species immune defenses vary across the landscape. Furthermore, there is specific. Since insects lack intrinsic wing muscles, the wing's elastic strong empirical evidence that developing individuals of most species deformability may be important for fine tuning the aerodynamic have reduced immune function compared to adults, but other than a performance of the wings of insects adapted for different flight broad trend for individuals raised in more resource-rich environments styles. The relationship between the arrangement of specific wing having stronger parasite defenses, we have little data on how immune veins, wing deformability and the adaptation of insect-wings for function varies across the landscape in immature organisms. In this various flight styles are poorly understood. We examined the wing study we examined aspects of immune function in adults and vein arrangement of 20 scarab-beetle species (Coleoptera: nestlings of five bird species that co-occur in shrublands in the Scarabaeidae) differing in ecology and flight style using geometric Midwest US with relatively similar life-histories. In addition to morphometric analyses corrected for phylogenetic relatedness. Wing assessing interspecific variation and the relative values of nestlings deformations during free-flight were directly compared between compared to the adults, we examined whether immune function flower-chafers (Protaetia cuprea) and dung-beetles (Scarabaeus covaried with proportion of four different land-cover types at puncticollis), representing two extremes in ecology and divergence of different spatial scales around the nest. We found interspecific wing vein morphology. Sub-families within the Scarabaeidae variation in immune function as well as substantial differences in primarily differed in the vein arrangement at the distal leading-edge nestling immunological investment relative to adults. Furthermore, and at the proximal trailing-edge of the wing. Despite similar we documented covariance between some immune components and flapping kinematics, flower-chafer wings displayed larger proportion of land-cover types, although this varied by species and deformation and different distribution of the deformation compared age class. Our results highlight the importance of examining to the dung-beetles. These inter-species differences in the variation in immune function across the landscape, and in deformation magnitude and distribution could lead to different flight considering variation between nestlings and adults when assessing performance that matches environmental demands. competence levels for a given species.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 156 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e157

99-6 MESA CRUZ, B*; RHOADS, R; ZHAO, L; KROSCHER, K; CXL-0 MEYER, K.S.; PITTOORS, N.C.*; MULLINEAUX, L.S.; BROWN, J; KELLY, M; Elizabethtown College and Virginia Tech, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Northern Michigan Virginia Tech, Smithsonian Institution; [email protected] University; [email protected] Skeletal Satellite Cell Myogenic Activity in Hibernating American Interactive effects of temperature and biotic interactions influence Black Bears succession in subtidal fouling communities Bears are able to limit muscle atrophy during hibernation, a period of Fouling communities are excellent model systems for answering low metabolic rates, decreased physical activity, anorexia, and fundamental questions in ecology. They are easily accessible and adipsia. Even though skeletal muscle function and architecture is provide the opportunity for detailed manipulative experiments. A regulated through multiple physiological pathways, the role of major unanswered question in ecology is what mechanisms drive satellite cells (SCs), and their endocrine signaling, in hibernating succession. Many studies have described how communities change species remain understudied. We aimed to elucidate in vitro SC and develop over time, but very little is known about the underlying proliferation and differentiation associated with physical movement reasons why. We studied the mechanisms of succession in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 and serum myostatin in the American black bear (ABB) (Ursus invertebrate fouling communities in New England in order to americanus) during fall hyperphagia, hibernation, and spring activity. understand (1) how local water temperature influences the first We performed muscle biopsies and collected sera from adult males species to recruit to a substratum and (2) how interspecific and females (n= 2 and 4, respectively) at Virginia Tech's Black Bear interactions shape the community over time. Our results reveal Research Center. Our results show that: 1) SCs maintain their ability significant differences in recruitment and community composition at to proliferate in vitro at similar rates throughout all ABB metabolic two sites < 1 km apart, but with consistently different water states, including hibernation, 2) in vitro SC differentiation and temperatures. At each site, the first species to dominate the myogenic ability is increased during ABB hibernation, coinciding community (the hydroid Ectopleura crocea and the ascidian with a decrease in circulating serum myostatin, and 3) there are Botryllus schlosseri, respectively) inhibited the recruitment of some dramatically different nuclei fusion rates (i.e., differentiation) taxa but facilitated the recruitment of others. Both dominant species between males and females with cubs post hibernation, suggesting also degenerated when water temperature exceeded their tolerance that reproductive females face additional metabolic constraints limits at their respective sites, creating space for colonization by during spring arousal in order to maintain the integrity of skeletal other taxa. Our study demonstrates that multiple mechanisms of muscle. We propose that maintaining the SC proliferative and succession (facilitation, inhibition) may be at work in a single differentiation abilities during hibernation is an important potential community, and that interactive effects of local environmental pathway for limiting muscle atrophy during bear hibernation. conditions and biotic interactions influence succession. Many fouling Functional aspects of bear muscle conservation are interesting for species are non-native to their respective habitats. Our study shows understanding bear physiological adaptations to hibernation and also that in order to understand how these species become established in potentially for elucidating avenues to improve treatments for human new environments, both abiotic and biotic factors, as well as muscular disorders. interactions of these factors, must be taken into consideration.

48-4 MHATRE, N*; MALKIN, R; DEB, R; BALAKRISHNAN, R; 76-2 MICHAELIS, B. T.*; REIDENBACH, M.; University of ROBERT, D; University of Toronto, University of Bristol, Indian Virginia; [email protected] Institute of Science, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Science, Smelling time: using temporal variability in chemical cues to aid Bangalore; [email protected] odor-mediated search by lobsters Tree Crickets can make Optimal Tools Animals often use their sense of smell to locate food, identify mates Tree crickets are members of a very small group of insects who are and predators, and find suitable living habitats. Odor molecules are known to manufacture a tool. They use this tool, called a baffle to dispersed from their source by turbulent wind or water currents. In increase the loudness of their mating calls. Here we show that tree both terrestrial and aquatic environments, the instantaneous temporal crickets can optimize this tool. Using finite element modelling we and spatial distribution of odors is complex, and odor plumes are quantified the efficiencies of baffles of different designs and found often composed of filaments of chemicals at high concentrations that that design has a strong influence on tool efficiency. We then are adjacent to fluid with little or no odor. Navigation in turbulent conducted a series of experiments which tested whether the crickets chemical plumes has typically been considered a spatial information chose the best material for making the tool, and whether they problem where individuals aim to path towards higher concentration. modified it to make it acoustically optimal. Indeed, given the However, concentration information alone is too irregular in opportunity, tree crickets could made an optimal tool. Our analysis turbulent plumes to explain search speed and accuracy of many suggests that both tree cricket tool manufacture and optimization are animals that undergo search. Recent discoveries of bursting olfactory based on a simple behavioural heuristic that is likely to be inherited. neurons in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, suggest a mechanism Thus our data suggests that the flexibility required for tool for accurately sampling the temporal structure of chemical signals. optimization can be achieved by a simple and heritable behavioural We believe that incorporating a temporal element to chemical cues, programme. such as intermittency encoding, is necessary to provide plume information on time scales relevant for informing efficient search behavior. We use a computational fluid dynamics model, as well as full-scale flume experiments using planar induced fluorescence, to characterize the spatial-temporal signal encountered in a turbulent odorant plume.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 157 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e158

121-3 MIKUCKI, EE*; LOCKWOOD, BL; University of Vermont; 101-2 MILANI, L*; GHISELLI, F; University of Bologna, Italy; [email protected] [email protected] Winter warming threatens cold tolerance and survival in Natural heteroplasmy, mitochondrial inheritance and activity in diapausing Pieris rapae butterflies bivalve molluscs Temperate species of insects are annually tasked with surviving the Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of mitochondrial winter. Diapause allows these insects to survive harsh winter genome within an individual, a condition commonly reported as conditions. Diapause is a state of physiological dormancy unfavourable and affecting mitonuclear interactions. So far, no study characterized by decreased metabolic activity, developmental arrest, has investigated heteroplasmy at the protein level, and whether it and heightened environmental stress and cold tolerance. To date, the occurs within tissues, cells, or organelles. The only known environmental, hormonal, and genetic regulators of diapause have evolutionarily stable and natural heteroplasmic system in Metazoa is been well-described and characterized. However, since diapause is a the Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI), reported so far in ~100 complex program dependent on seasonal timing and temperature, bivalve species, in which two mitochondrial lineages are present: one Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 increases in extreme climatic events have the potential to negatively transmitted through eggs (F-type) and the other through sperm alter these processes, potentially leading to increased mortality in (M-type). Because of such segregation, the mitochondrial OXPHOS diapausing individuals. To better understand the effects of winter proteins reach a high sequence divergence (up to 52%) between the warming on diapause physiology, diapausing Pieris rapae butterfly two lineages in the same species. Gamete homoplasmy allows to pupae were exposed to short and long-term warming events, compare the biochemical activity and the evolutionary features of the mimicking those of concurrent and predicted climate patterns. Our two sex-linked variants, and the high sequence divergence between results show that diapausing pupae exposed to short and long-term F- and M-type proteins provides a unique opportunity to study their warming events had compromised cold tolerance levels (higher expression and assess level and extent of heteroplasmy. internal freezing temperatures) relative to control individuals not Immunolocalization showed heteroplasmy at the organelle level in exposed to the warming events. Additionally, warmed individuals undifferentiated germ cells of both sexes, and in male soma. Thus, experienced faster developmental timing, and lowered eclosion during gametogenesis only the sex-specific mitochondrial variant is success. Furthermore, results from global metabolomics assays maintained, possibly due to meiotic drive and/or selection of a suggest that biochemical traits important to diapause regulation and specific phenotype (such as membrane potential or membrane tag). maintenance can also be affected by winter warming patterns. These Molecular and phylogenetic evidence suggests that DUI evolved results suggest that continued winter warming patterns will pose from the common strictly maternal inheritance, so the two systems physiological challenges to overwintering temperate species that rely share the same underlying molecular mechanism, making DUI a on diapause. useful system for studying mitochondrial biology.

139-5 MILLER, L. A.*; BATTISTA, N.; OZALP, K.; University of 44-6 MILLS, KK*; BOWLING, BC; GUNDERSON, AM; OLSON, North Carolina, College of New Jersey; [email protected] LE; University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fluid transport and mixing in tubular insect hearts [email protected] Valveless, tubular pumps are widespread in the animal kingdom. For Why Are Some Marmots Black? The Genetics and Persistence of a example, insect hearts are typically long narrow tubes that drive Seemingly Harmful Trait in the North American Marmots blood using a peristaltic-like waves. In this study, we use the The hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) has a broad distribution in immersed boundary method to simulate flow in a tube using a North America, but melanistic (black) morphs are known only in and sinusoidal wave form. Simulations are performed in both two- and around Glacier Bay National Park in SE Alaska. The adaptive role of three-dimensions using parameters within the range of those melanism in hoary marmots is unknown. Melanistic marmots are observed for insects such as beetles, flies, mosquitoes, and moths. more visually conspicuous than their wildtype counterparts, and we We quantify the relationships between fluid flow, compression hypothesize they are more vulnerable to predation. However, black frequency, compression wave speed, and tube occlusion in long pelage may offer a thermoregulatory benefit as it should absorb more narrow heart tubes typical of insects.Our results show that fluid flow heat and reduce the need to sunbathe. Further, hairs dense with speeds produced by peristalsis are greater than the speeds of the melanin may better resist microbial degradation, as the pigment compression wave if the occlusion is sufficiently high; fluid flow is melanin is known to confer microbial resistance. To explain the pulsatile; flow direction may temporarily reverse even when adaptive significance of melanism in hoary marmots, we first sought contractions are unidirectional; and flow speed has a nonlinear to explain the genetic underpinnings of the trait. We have collected relationship with compression frequency when compression wave six melanistic and two wild-type hoary marmots from the Chilkat speed is held constant. Mountains outside Glacier Bay, collecting RNA-quality skin punches from each pelage color present on each marmot. I will present preliminary DNA sequence data of genes known to control pelage color in mammals from these individuals, as well as qPCR results demonstrating how these genes are expressed in skin growing hairs of different color. These will be compared to the same sequences from the hoary marmot's closest living relative, the critically endangered Vancouver Island marmot (M. vancouverensis), which is completely fixed for melanism over most of its body. I will also present scanning electron micrographs of individual marmot hairs of each color, which we examined for evidence of differential microbial degradation using methods from human hair forensics.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 158 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e159

103-5 MING, TY; SONG, JL; JIN, BW; LUO, HX; DU, RX; DING, 120-4 MINICOZZI, M.*; VON HIPPEL, F. A.; FURIN, C.; BUCK, Y*; Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, China, C. L.; Northern Arizona University, University of Alaska Anchorage; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, [email protected] Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Mechanical and Automation Sodium Perchlorate Induces Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, the Developing Stickleback Liver China ; [email protected] Perchlorate is a pervasive, water-soluble contaminant that How Fish Power Swimming -- a 3D Computational Fluid competitively inhibits the sodium/iodide symporter, reducing the Dynamics Study available iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis. Insufficient iodide In undulatory swimming of fish, muscles contract sequentially along uptake can lead to hypothyroidism and metabolic syndromes. the body to generate a bending wave that pushes against the water Because metabolism, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and produces thrust. Here, we use a 3D computational fluid dynamics (NAFLD) are tightly linked, we hypothesized that perchlorate would model coupled to the motion of the fish with prescribed deformation act as an obesogen and cause NAFLD by causing the accumulation Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 to study the force, torque, and power distributions along the fish's of lipids in developing threespine stickleback liver. We performed an body. We find that forces on the bodies of both the anguilliform upshift/downshift exposure regime (clean water to perchlorate swimmer and the carangiform swimmer are dominated by reactive exposed water or perchlorate exposed water to clean water) on forces; furthermore, the force on the caudal fin of the carangiform stickleback embryos at three concentrations (0 mg/L, 30 mg/L and swimmer is dominated by drag-like forces. The torque exhibits a 100mg/L) over the course of 305 days. Adult stickleback were wave pattern that travels faster than the curvature wave in both the euthanized, collected for histology, H&E stained and analyzed for anguilliform and carangiform swimmers, but the wave speed is their liver morphology. Specifically, we counted the number of lipid higher for the carangiform swimmer. The power output for the droplets, measured the area of each droplet and the total lipid area of anguilliform swimmer is concentrated on the anterior half of the a representative section of liver. We found that perchlorate treated body and is significantly negative on the posterior side of the body. fish showed greater numbers of lipid droplets, larger lipid droplets In contrast, most of the power is generated by the posterior part of and had a larger percentage of lipid in their liver than control fish. the body before the peduncle for the carangiform swimmer. The These data indicate that perchlorate is causing NAFLD and hepatic results explain the differences in the observed electromyography steatosis in stickleback at concentrations commonly found at patterns in fish with different swimming modes and explain the contaminated sites. These data also indicate the potential of tendon function in carangiform swimmers. perchlorate to act as an obesogen. Future studies should investigate the obeseogenic capacity of perchlorate by examining organ specific lipid accumulation. Work is also needed to determine the mechanisms by which perchlorate induces lipid accumulation.

123-4 MITCHELL, TS*; SHEPHARD, AM; SNELL-ROOD, EC; 37-7 MOEGLEIN, MK*; PARK, B; CACHO, NI; OLSON, ME; University of Minnesota; [email protected] EATON, DA; DONOGHUE, MJ; EDWARDS, EJ; Yale University, Delicious Ditches: Do Butterflies Prefer Sodium-Enriched National Autonomous University of Mexico, National Autonomous Host-Plants Typical of Salted Roadsides? University of Mexico, Columbia University; Sodium occurs in much lower concentrations in plants than in [email protected] animals and is often limiting in herbivore diets. As a consequence, Leaf Trait Evolution in Viburnum herbivores are attracted to sodium in many terrestrial ecosystems. Though plant leaves are critically important to plant survival, leaf Human activity, however, has drastically increased the availability of traits are highly variable in many characters, including blade shape, sodium in certain habitats where it was once rare. For example, we size, margin, and pubescence. Our study aims to expand our distribute tons of salts on roads during winter for de-icing, and these understanding of leaf trait evolution by taking a holistic view of the activities elevate the concentration of sodium in roadside soils and environmental, functional, and genetic pressures influencing leaf plants. This scenario is particularly interesting in the context of traits. We explore this using replicated evolution for leaf syndromes monarch butterfly (Danaus plexxipus) conservation, where roadsides in Mexican Viburnum, where species with large, pubescent, toothy are being restored as pollinator habitat, but the ecological (LPT) or small, glabrous, entire (SGE) leaf syndromes have arisen consequences of such restoration is unclear. Prior research has shown independently multiple times. We characterized microhabitat for that small increases of sodium in caterpillar diets can have positive individuals with different leaf syndromes at 17 sites in Mexico. We effects on adult performance, but large increases are toxic. Butterflies found that though our species with SGE leaves occupied similar may indeed be attracted to high sodium roadsides given that many environments, our LPT species occupied divergent environments species display "puddling" behaviors as adults, where they seek with respect to moisture. The LPT species also showed divergence in sodium and other minerals from carrion, dung or mud. Here we their ability to repel water when we measured leaf surface present data from an observational field study showing sodium levels wettability. We also investigated genotypic and phenotypic leaf trait in roadside milkweed plants are elevated in plants closer to the accessibility in a SGE by LPT hybrid swarm and found that in a well roadside, and along higher traffic roads. We also present data from a genetically admixed population we observed many leaf phenotypes series of field-and lab-based sodium preference trials using both outside of the parental syndromes. This suggests certain larvae and adults. Monarchs did not show significant preferences for combinations of leaf traits could be genetically available in Viburnum sodium-enriched plants at levels that are physiologically beneficial. but are selected against. They also failed to avoid sodium-treated plants with toxic sodium levels typical of high traffic roads. Though monarchs frequently use salty roadside habitats and this influences their phenotypes, they are unlikely seeking out roadside habitats because of this elevated sodium. However, our observations of both adult and larval behavior suggest they may indeed consume toxic levels of sodium in some sodium-enriched areas.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 159 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e160

S6-8 MONTOOTH, KL*; DHAWANJEWAR, A; MEIKLEJOHN, 124-3 MOORE, M.E.*; WIEGMANN, D.D.; BINGMAN, V.P.; CD; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; [email protected] Bowling Green State University; [email protected] Temperature-sensitive reproduction and the physiological and Shelter Fidelity and Homing Mechanisms in Phrynus evolutionary potential for Mother's Curse pseudoparvulus (Whip Spiders) The hypothesis that the strictly maternal transmission of The ability to effectively navigate and home is an essential behavior mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) affords an opportunity for the for animals that wander in search for food or mates and has been accumulation and fixation of mitochondrial variants that harm males widely studied in a variety of different species. Nocturnal whip but not females (i.e., the Mother's Curse) is tantalizing. Yet, direct spiders home after traveling on the forest floor and up various tree evidence that mutations in the mitochondria exhibit such trunks, which makes them ideal animals to study navigation sexually-antagonistic fitness effects is sparse. Male-specific mechanisms used in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. mutational effects may seem unlikely, given that the physiological Previous research into the sensory capabilities of whip spiders function of the mitochondria is largely shared between the sexes. suggests that olfactory cues play a significant role in homing while Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Nevertheless, male-specific effects could potentially occur if visual cues are minimally involved. The purpose of this study was sex-specific cell types or tissues have energy requirements that are two-fold. The first was to examine homing fidelity on a vertical differentially impacted by mutations in energy metabolism. Indeed, surface under laboratory conditions. The second was to examine the patterns of gene duplication and evolution suggest the resolution of underlying homing strategies these animals use to return to a shelter. potentially sexually-antagonistic effects of the mtDNA via the Phrynus pseudoparvulus were placed individually in an arena with evolution of male-specific expression of nuclear-encoded nine different possible shelters positioned on a vertical plane. Phase I mitochondrial gene duplicates. Here we employ a model of of the experiment allowed an animal to home freely for three days, mitochondrial-nuclear incompatibility in the fruit fly Drosophila to where only one shelter was open (designated the home shelter). In test whether there are sex-specific mechanisms underlying phase II of the experiment, the other eight shelters were opened, and temperature-sensitive sterility in males and females. We compare the nightly shelter occupancy was determined. In phase III, the home effects of this mitochondrial-nuclear incompatibility to generate shelter was swapped with the location of an alternative shelter as an sterility in males and females exposed to ecologically relevant high animal explored the arena to create cue conflicts. Preliminary results temperatures at different stages of development, as well as the reveal that whip spiders show homing fidelity in phase I and II of the cellular etiology of sterility in both sexes. We discuss the potential experiments. Within the cue conflict phase, individuals initially for Mother's Curse in this system in the context of the recent homed, which indicates the potential use of self-deposited chemical literature supporting or refuting the evolutionary potential for cues that emanated from the home shelter. After the first day of phase sexually-antagonistic effects of mitochondrial mutations. III, however, individuals were inconsistent in following the home shelter. This work indicates that whip spiders probably use multiple sensory cues to relocate shelters.

50-3 MOORE, J.M.*; OSBORN, K.J.; Florida Museum of Natural 3-6 MOORE, ME*; HILL, CA; KINGSOLVER, JG; MOORE, History, National Museum of Natural History; [email protected] Megan; Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; A Targeted Exon-Capture Phylogenomic Approach to Resolve the [email protected] Phylogeny of Chaetopteridae (Annelida) Mutually Assured Destruction: Repeated Heat Stress Kills The tube-dwelling family Chaetopteridae are unique among annelids Parasitoid Eggs and Disrupts Host Development in their remarkably tagmatized body plan. Their three-part bodies Repeated exposure to high daily temperatures can have large impacts have allowed morphological specialization for diverse mucus-net on ectothermic organisms, especially if those temperatures approach filter feeding strategies that vary considerably across the four genera the upper thermal limits. The effects of fluctuating, sublethal and ~100 species comprising the family. Recent phylogenetic temperatures have been explored for single organisms, but little is analyses have recovered Chaetopteridae as one of the earliest known with regards to multi-species systems. Cotesia congregata is diverging lineages, sister to all other Annelida except Magelonidae a hymenopteran parasitoid that uses the larval stage of the sphinx and Oweniidae. Despite recent progress, current understanding of moth Manduca sexta as a host for larval development. Host chaetopterid phylogeny is limited by low taxon and gene sampling, manipulation early in parasitization is crucial for successful wasp low gene tree congruence, and poor support at key nodes. development. Exposure to stressful conditions soon after oviposition Phylogenomic approaches offer solutions to these issues. Here, we holds the potential to disrupt physiological processes vital to C. employ a target capture approach to better resolve the phylogeny of congregata survival. Previous work in this system has shown that Chaetopteridae. Four published chaetopterid transcriptomes and the parasitized M. sexta caterpillars reared continually at 30°C±10°C Capitella teleta genome were used to identify homologous exon have no parasitoid emergence, and exhibit abnormal developmental regions for capture probe design. RNA probes were synthesized for traits. To explore the effects of temperature and repeated heat stress 790 exon regions and used for target capture of dual-indexed libraries on early parasitoid development, we subjected 3rd instar M. sexta for 46 taxa. Post-capture libraries were pooled and paired-end parasitized with C. congregata to one of two diurnally fluctuating sequenced using Illumina MiSeq with a 600 cycle kit. Sequence data "heat shock" treatments (daily maximum of 40°C or 42°C) for 1-4 were assembled and aligned for phylogenetic analysis. In addition to days. Under control conditions, wasp emergence occurred in all the full dataset, three data subsets (25%, 50% and 75% taxon parasitized M. sexta caterpillars. Our results from the "heat shock" occupancy) were used for phylogenetics. Concatenated, partitioned treatments show that both maximum temperature and the number of Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses exposures decrease the proportion of hosts with parasitoid were performed for each dataset, as well as species tree analyses emergence. Hosts without wasp emergence displayed abnormal under ML. Of 790 targeted regions, 604 usable loci were recovered. physiology and development, and inevitably perished as larvae. Our The phylogenies are highly congruent among analyses and generally results indicate that both the temperature and repetition of heat stress well-supported. The genera Chaetopterus and Mesochaetopterus have important consequences for host-parasitoid interactions. were recovered as well-supported sister groups, while paraphyly was confirmed in Spiochaetopterus and Phyllochaetopterus. The implications of the phylogeny for taxonomy and body plan evolution are discussed.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 160 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e161

73-3 MOORE, T Y*; BRUDER, D K; DAVIS RABOSKY, A R; 43-1 MOORE, MS*; BURE, CM; PATROSE, RP; RASHEED, AR; VASUDEVAN, R; Unversity of Michigan; [email protected] BOONE, BM; KNIGHT, JK; POTEREWICZ, GM; GROSS, VS; Decoupling coupled anti-predator signals with a bio-inspired snake RUSSELL, AL; DáVALOS, LM; Arizona State University, Mesa, robot Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, Pressure BioSciences, Inc., Venomous coral snakes and their harmless mimics exhibit Medford, Grand Valley State University, Allendale; conspicuous coloration and arrhythmic behavior patterns that deter [email protected] avian predators. Because these traits cannot be independently varied Analyzing the Proteomes of Bat Wing Biopsies to Uncover in living animals, it is difficult to determine the relative contribution Characteristics of Resistance to White-Nose Syndrome of each trait to the overall signal. Robots can be designed to Bat immune systems may first recognize Pseudogymnoascus independently vary traits that are coupled in nature, making it destructans (Pd), the causative agent of white-nose syndrome possible to mimic extant, extinct, and theoretical morphologies to test (WNS), in the skin where the pathogen invades, and characteristics evolutionary and ecological hypotheses. We have collected of immune defense may help explain differential disease and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 quantitative snake behavioral and color pattern data to design soft mortality across species. Yet, baseline expression levels of immune snake robots that enable the simultaneous study of both coloration system components (e.g. those that survey for pathogenic intruders) and behavior for the first time. Each of these robots is composed of and mechanisms of skin immune response upon exposure to Pd are an elastomer tube with cotton fibers wound around it. The fibers not well described among species. We optimized high throughput enact a volumetric constraint which imposes specific deformations mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics analysis using pools of such as extension, torsion, bending, and coiling upon pressurization three 2mm wing biopsies (average mass = 140 µg ± 62 µg) collected of the inside of the tube. By wrapping fibers in an appropriate from each of 155 bats across five species variably impacted by WNS. pattern, such deformations can be combined to mimic specific Our sample collection was designed to include two endangered snake-like motions under a varying internal pressure. These robots species showing resistance to WNS and to sample susceptible species are pneumatically actuated and made from biocompatible soft within and outside the affected area. Average total protein yield materials, making them safe and resilient enough to be used in the across all samples was 2.6% ± 2.6%. Nearly half of our samples field without risk of injuring live predators. By recording the (~47%) provided the ideal mass (>2 µg) needed for mass response of snake predators to these robots, we will gain a spectrometry. We are comparing MS results to generate skin protein mechanistic understanding of how multiple traits coevolve to form a profiles of resistant and susceptible species and are specifically complex signal. targeting small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which may underlie resistance and lead to an effective control. At least two species included in our study, Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis lucifugus, can be distinguished by their skin proteomes, which include differences in AMPs. Our results are being used to uncover mechanisms by which some species are protected from invasion by Pd and to predict how susceptible species may recover from Pd exposure.

116-6 MOORE CRISP, AL*; LEE, DV; Stockton University, 9-5 MORAN, C/J*; JEBB, K; YOUNG , C; GERRY, S/P; The University of Nevada, Las Vegas; [email protected] Citadel, Fairfield University; [email protected] Who digs, who hops, who tells your story? The Effects of Torpor Inducing Temperatures on Temperature To quantify oscillatory digging forces, Forces measured by the Fish Muscle tunnel-tube were analyzed using Fourier analysis as a function of As non-migratory fishes, labrids from the Northwest Atlantic must be frequency. The tunnel-tube was used here to quantify scratch-digging able to endure changes in temperature from 25 ° C to 0 ° C. During forces in three closely-related rodents: pocket gophers, kangaroo rats, the winter both tautog (Tautoga onitis) and cunner (Tautogolabrus and pocket mice. Animals from each species dug in soil from their adspersus) enter into a state of extended torpor where metabolic trapping site packed into the tunnel-tube. Digging frequency was activity is low. Cunner do this in inshore reefs while tautog make lowest in pocket gophers at 15 Hz and highest in kangaroo rats at 22 short migrations to deep reef/wrecks overwintering habitats. These Hz. This was unexpected as pocket mice have a lower body mass, but habitats experience different temperatures throughout the winter with dug at a frequency of 19 Hz, a slower speed than kangaroo rats 1.5x the inshore (cunner) habitat experiencing colder temperatures than their size. Scaling of digging frequency to body mass results in a the deep-water habitats. Additionally, the northern geographical scaling exponent of -0.15, hinting at elastic similarity. Results of the range of cunner is far greater than the tautog. Given the differences in Fourier analysis of force showed that vertical force scaled with body their overwintering behaviors and ranges, we predicted that muscle mass, and fore-aft force (into the digging substrate) scaled with acclimation will differ between these species. We tested the positive allometry. It remains unclear whether this trend reflects true hypothesis that cunner muscle will be better acclimated for operating positive allometry or digging specialization in pocket gophers vs the in colder temperatures using workloop experiments on the primary two smaller species. locomotor muscle (abductor superficialis). We found that cunner muscle acclimated for cold temperatures was faster to contract and relax than tautog muscle acclimated at the same temperature. Additionally, cunner produced more force and more power at colder temperatures. Tautog muscle was more affected by temperature than cunner muscle, while showing less plasticity to acute temperature changes. Given their more southern range and more thermally stable overwintering habitats we conclude that tautog muscle cannot acclimate to temperature as well as cunner. Given the projected poleward shift of temperate animals we expect that cunner and tautog will begin competing for habitat and prey resources in northern latitude where this type of competition never occurred previously.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 161 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e162

19-4 MOREHOUSE, NI*; ECHEVERRI, SA; BRUCE, M; LONG, 57-8 MORRIS, ZS*; PIERCE, SE; ABZHANOV, A; Museum of S; JAKOB , E; ZUREK, DB; U Cincinnati, UPittsburgh, UMass Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Amherst, UMass Amherst; [email protected] Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Department of Life Managing Distraction: How Male Courtship Displays Attract and Sciences, Imperial College London; [email protected] Retain Female Visual Attention in a Jumping Spider The role of craniofacial growth zones in shaping crocodylian Courtship displays are among nature's most exuberant expressions of snouts biodiversity. But why are they often so complex? One underexplored Crocodylian snout shape, the region of the skull in front of the eyes, possibility is that complex male displays function to manage female is tightly linked with dietary ecology. Some species, like Tomistoma distractedness. Female attention is limited, and must often be split schlegelii, have incredibly elongated snouts while others, like between mate assessment and other competing tasks, such as Osteolaemus tetraspis, have short, wide snouts. Although species foraging and predator avoidance. Thus male displays may evolve to form a continuum between these extremes, little is known about the effectively capture and retain female attention. We investigated this developmental processes that determine differences in snout length. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 hypothesis in the jumping spider Habronattus pyrrithrix, where male Prior study of Alligator mississippiensis revealed early facial courtship displays involve complex movement sequences, bright proliferation is distributed throughout the snout and, unlike birds, is colors, and vibrational songs. We used live interaction, video not constrained to an apical growth zone. Later stages with well playback, and eyetracking studies to better understand how male defined cranial cartilages lack obvious growth plates, similar to courtship traits capture, retain, and manipulate female visual post-hatching Anole lizards. To study how snout shape differences attention. First, we find high levels of female distractedness: in live arise, we injected EdU in ovo to quantify proliferation at key interactions, females only spent ~27% of their time facing displaying developmental stages in three species with different snout lengths (A. males, whereas males faced prospective mates >99% of the time. mississippiensis, O. tetraspis, and T. schlegelii). This marker, in However, male display elements such as first leg waves and third leg concert with histological staining, allowed us to test whether knee movements increase female attentiveness. In playback studies, differences in the rate of cellular proliferation are apparent from the male courtship waves are more effective than locomotory movements start of facial elongation or if differences in length are related to how at capturing female attention, and waving movements made males long proliferation is maintained during snout morphogenesis. more salient, particularly against complex and/or moving Although differences in facial shape are distinct as early as Ferguson backgrounds. In live interactions, males dynamically modulate their stage 17, patterns of proliferation at earlier stages are not. Our data waves: males increase their wave amplitude with increasing distance suggest a model wherein proliferation rate decreases earlier in blunt from females, and when background complexity increases, males species than slender species. Genes which modulate proliferation are, move closer to females to increase the salience of their waves. therefore, ideal targets for future studies of developmental Finally, eyetracker studies indicate that male colors and movements mechanisms for the evolution of crocodylian cranial diversity. influence where females direct the gaze of their moveable principal eyes. We discuss how female attention may have shaped male display complexity in this and other species.

19-1 MORRIS, DJ*; OUTOMURO, D; MOREHOUSE, NI; S4-3 MORTIMER, B; Univ. of Oxford, UK; University of Cincinnati; [email protected] [email protected] Understanding the Evolution of Color Vision Via Adaptive Walks Vibration Landscapes: the Role of Materials in Vibrational Through Discrimination Landscapes Information Transfer Color vision allows for increased discrimination of environmental For millions of years, organisms have been sensing vibrations stimuli, aiding organisms in identification of suitable resources amid generated by the moving world around them. The vibrations that complex backgrounds, navigation, and inter- and intraspecific visual propagate through and along solid materials are often overlooked, but communication. Different groups of organisms have evolved visual are an important information source for a wide variety of organisms, systems with different numbers of photoreceptor types, and with from worms and spiders to elephants and humans. The materials over different peak sensitivities. While numerous studies have focused on which vibrational information is transmitted collectively form the importance of photoreceptor sensitivities relative to ecological ‘vibration landscapes'. They are often heterogeneous, and impose function, few have investigated why the number of photoreceptors physical constraints on information transfer, including energy loss, varies between organismal groups. We quantitatively compared the distortion and filtering. Animals can mitigate these physical discriminability of additional photoreceptor types to the constraints through adaptations in vibration generation and sensing to discriminability available from simply adjusting photoreceptor peak suit particular material types. Some may choose which materials to sensitivities. We used receptor-noise-limited models to generate use for information transfer. One strategy that is employed by discrimination landscapes for visual systems with different numbers web-building spiders is to make their own vibration landscape for of photoreceptor types, using spectral datasets from different information transfer. Orb-weaving spiders can adjust the properties ecosystems. We employed an adaptive walk procedure mimicking of their silk materials and web structures to modify vibrational characteristics of photoreceptor sensitivity evolution, and we tracked information transfer. To achieve this, spiders have evolved a the moves through these discriminability landscapes while modifying uniquely tunable material, dragline silk, which is used as a additional visual system parameters. We then analyzed whether gains multifunctional material fibre for mechanical and sensing functions. in discriminability from the addition of photoreceptor types were greater than those achieved solely from photoreceptor tuning. Additionally, we compared discriminability landscapes between ecosystem-specific datasets to consider how landscape features may affect the evolutionary specifics of photoreceptor tuning.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 162 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e163

139-3 MOSS, A.G.*; MADIN, L.P.; Auburn University, Woods Hole 101-6 MOSSMAN, JA*; RAND, DM; Brown University; Oceanographic Institution; [email protected] [email protected] The ciliated groove of salps: A new perspective Mitochondria, sex and nuclear gene expression: Cursing the We examined the ciliated grooves of Pegea socia, Salpa maxima and Mother's Curse Cyclosalpa affinis by video and scanning electron microscopy of the Mitochondria perform many key roles in their eukaryotic hosts, from anterior ciliated pouch, to reveal details of the ciliary organization integrating signaling pathways through to modulating whole and activity. P. socia and S. maxima display very similar overall organism phenotypes. The >1 billion years of nuclear and organization, with lateral fields of cilia that beat with symplectic mitochondrial gene co-evolution has necessitated coordinated metachrony (i.e. waves in direction of the power stroke) that expression of proteins in the two-genome-encoded electron transport concentrate algal particles and transport them to the midline of the chain. How mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation modifies host ciliated groove inside the pouch. The algae, heavily wrapped in fitness has proved a challenging question but has profound mucus concentrate, are excluded from the anterior pouch by ciliary implications for evolutionary and medical genetics. In Drosophila, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 action and do not pass through a ciliary pump formed of knifelike, we have previously shown that when mtDNA haplotype substitutions flattened cirri. In contrast, single mucous-free styrene fluorescent are performed in isogenic nuclear backgrounds, the amount of particles pass through the ciliary pump directly into the bloodstream. genetic distance between mtDNA molecules is a poor predictor of The upper limit for particle passage is ~15 µm dia; they are forced at whole organism phenotypes. Crucially, underlying most phenotypic high speed into the blood, indicating that the particles are under variation is protein abundance, which is ultimately regulated by gene significant pressure. Particle size correlates with circulation access expression. Here, we tested the effects of mtDNA haplotype variation pore diameter in the radialmost regions of the pouch. C. affinis lacks on gene expression in Drosophila under standardized conditions. the pouch-enclosed ciliated complex and instead bears a serpentine Using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), we ciliary band that covers the posterior wall of the anterior chamber, in constructed a panel of mitonuclear genotypes that consists of roughly the same location as the ciliated groove pouch in P. socia factorial variation in nuclear and mtDNA genomes, with mtDNAs and S. maxima. Transport of fluids and associated algal particles is originating in D. melanogaster (2x haplotypes) and D. simulans (2x unclear in this species. There appears to be no access to the blood haplotypes). We show that mtDNA haplotype variation volume from the C. affinis ciliated band. Its primary function appears unequivocally alters gene expression in both females and males, and to be the clearance of material from the anterior chamber so that it mitonuclear interactions are pervasive modifying factors for gene flows into the orthogonally woven algae-collecting mucus net, which expression. In females, there was enrichment for egg shell-related arises from ciliated bands in the inhalent chamber. gene ontology terms with mtDNA haplotype variation, while males were enriched for chitinase activity-related genes. However, there was appreciable overlap between the sexes in those genes that were modified by mtDNA variation. We are now exploring these gene hubs in a systems biology context with the ultimate goal of characterizing predictable regulatory elements that are associated with mtDNA haplotype variation and gene expression.

78-1 MOTTOLA, G*; VASEMÄGI, A; NIKINMAA, M; ANTTILA, 21-2 MOYEN, NE*; SOMERO, GN; DENNY, MW; Stanford K; University of Turku, Swedish University of Agricultural Science; University; [email protected] [email protected] Heating Rate Affects Thermal Tolerance in Intertidal Mussels Phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance in three-spined During tidal cycles, intertidal animals may undergo large body sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from natural and thermally temperature changes as exposure between water and air alternates. polluted areas The California mussel Mytilus californianus (the dominant Climate change will increase both the average temperature of competitor for space on many shores) is a unique model for exploring environment but also the frequency and duration of extreme thermal how animals cope physiologically with extreme thermal stresses, as events as has been seen during summer 2018 in the whole northern they cannot behaviorally respond (e.g. seek shade). As such, mussels hemisphere. These heat waves have led to mass fish death events can provide important predictive information about how climate around the world. The ability of ectotherms to respond to these change will affect other intertidal animals. Cardiac thermal tolerance, sudden temperature changes can be exerted throughout a mechanism measured as the Arrhenius break temperature (ABT, temperature of phenotypic plasticity. There are, however, no studies how fish that when heart rate abruptly declines) or flat-line temperature (FLT, have experienced long term (decades) increase of temperature in their temperature when the heart stops), is an excellent index for habitat are able to respond to heat waves. The capacity of individuals quantifying a mussel's ability to cope with heat stress. Thermal to change their tolerance will, nevertheless, define survival capability tolerance tests entail heating mussels in air or water at constant rates of entire populations. We evaluate the thermal plasticity of critical until ABT and FLT occur. However, it is unknown whether heating thermal maximum (CTmax) in six populations of three-spined rate (which varies widely in the field) independently affects ABT or sticklebacks to a heat wave (increase of environmental temperature FLT, and if mussels acclimatized to different intertidal heights by 11°C for 8 days). Populations were from coastline and from areas respond differently. M. californianus from low- and high-zones (0.56 that have been warmed by ~10°C by nuclear power plants for four vertical m apart) were tested in air at various heating rates from 2.4 decades in Finland. Surprisingly, the decades of warming has not to 8.6 °C/h (spanning field measured rates), while measuring heart increased the thermal tolerance of sticklebacks. Yet, all the rate via infrared sensor. High- and low-zone mussels had similar individuals from each population were able to increase their tolerance ABT up until heating rates of ~5 °C/h, thereafter high-zone mussels' after the heat shock by 2.5-4°C ( p < 0,001 ), but again there were no ABT increased with heating rate while low-zone mussels' ABT significant differences between the populations. We propose that remained unchanged. FLT was unaffected by zone or heating rate. adaptive capacity to increase the upper thermal tolerance may be Overall, heating rate affects cardiac thermal tolerance in high- but not limited in three-spined sticklebacks. Yet, studied sticklebacks possess low-zone mussels. Therefore, heating rate needs to be accounted for some phenotypic plasticity to respond to heat waves as long as waves during lab-based tests comparing mussels from differing intertidal stay below their upper thermal limits. zones, and more importantly when predicting the ecological consequences of our warming climate.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 163 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e164

64-2 MUIJRES, FT*; KARáSEK, M; DE WAGTER, C; REMES, S1-7 MUIR, Christopher D; Univ. of Hawaii, Manoa; BDW; DE CROON, GCHE; Experimental Zoology Group, [email protected] Wageningen University, The Netherlands., Micro Air Vehicle Synthesizing evolution and physiology using leaves, trees, and math Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.; Organismal biology often advances through two iterative stages: 1) [email protected] analyzing models that integrate fundamental physical and chemical A Bio-inspired Free-flying Robot Reveals that Flies Use Torque laws with biology to predict which phenotypes natural selection Coupling in Rapid Banked Turns favors under what ecological conditions; and 2) testing model The evasive banked turn of a fly is among the most rapid flight predictions by comparing observed patterns of trait evolution with maneuvers in nature, which it executes using small adjustments in its that predicted by competing models. I use stomata, the microscopic wingbeat pattern. It is suggested that, after open-loop turn initiation, valves on the leaf surface that regulate carbon uptake and water loss, flies control the bank dynamics using a PI controller based on as a model system for addressing basic questions about organismal sensory input from halteres; the yaw rotations are suggested not to be physiology and evolution. In most plants, stomata are located only on Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 controlled throughout the maneuver, resulting in large sideslip at the the lower leaf surface, but many plants have stomata on both turn's end. We tested these notions, by replaying banked turns of fruit surfaces. The distribution of these phenotypes is highly nonrandom flies on a newly-developed bio-inspired flying robot. Like insects, the across flowering plants, indicating evolutionary constraint, but not robot steers by adjusting the motion of its flapping wings, and necessarily adaptation. To predict the distribution of phenotypes autonomous flight is achieved using on-board auto-pilot and sensors, under an adaptive hypothesis, I analyze an evolutionary physiological including a haltere-like gyroscope. The robot's banked turns, model based on leaf biophysics to ask how stomatal traits should controlled using a gyro-based PI-like controller, resembled those of evolve along light gradients. Compared to an alternative model of fruit flies remarkably well, suggesting that fruit flies use a developmental constraint, the evolutionary physiological model comparable controller based on haltere input. Yaw dynamics was explains several independent patterns of stomatal evolution in also similar between the fruit flies and robot, whereby both rotated flowering plants. The combination of integrative models and into the turn. This yaw movement reduced sideslip and might thus comparative biology indicate that stomatal evolution is an important increase escape performance. Because the robot's yaw control was part of adaptation to different light environments. More broadly, turned off, the yaw movement must have been produced passively. investigating stomatal evolution provides new insight into major Using an aerodynamic model of flapping flight, we showed that a questions about the evolution of organismal form that are especially translation-induced coupled yaw torque caused this yaw movement. to challenging to study. Because many flying animals tend to produce banked turns using flapping wings, the use of this mechanism might be more common in nature.

97-3 MUNLEY, KM*; DEYOE, JE; REN, CC; DEMAS, GE; 121-7 MUNOZ, MM*; SALAZAR, JC; LONDONO, GA; Indiana University; [email protected] CASTANEDA, MR; Virginia Tech, ICESI; [email protected] Melatonin mediates seasonal transitions in circulating androgen A test of the island effect in the physiological evolution of anoles. profiles and aggression in male Siberian hamsters Phenotypic evolution is often rapid on islands, resulting in numerous, Some seasonally-breeding animals exhibit equivalent or increased ecologically diverse species. Although adaptive radiation proceeds levels of aggressive behavior during the short-day (SD) photoperiods along various phenotypic axes, the island effect of faster evolution of the non-breeding season, despite gonadal regression and reduced has been mostly tested with regards to morphology. Here, we circulating androgen levels. While the mechanisms underlying SD leverage the physiological diversity and species richness of Anolis increases in territorial aggression are not well understood, previous lizards to examine the evolutionary dynamics of three key traits: heat work from our lab suggests that pineal melatonin (MEL) and the tolerance, body temperature, and cold tolerance. Far from an island adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are important in effect, we discovered faster heat tolerance evolution in mainland facilitating non-breeding aggression in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus lineages. Island and mainland anoles evolve toward distinct trait sungorus). To characterize the role of melatonin (MEL) in optima, with island taxa being more warm-adapted. Higher optima modulating seasonal transitions in aggressive behavior, we housed and slower evolution are consistent with the Bogert Effect, or male hamsters in long days (LD) or SD, treated them with either evolutionary inertia due to behavioral buffering. Correspondingly, timed MEL or saline injections, and quantified aggression after 3, 6, island lizards thermoregulate more than mainland species, despite and 9 weeks of photoperiodic housing. Furthermore, to assess occurring in similar thermal environments. Lower physiological whether MEL mediates seasonal shifts in gonadal and adrenal limits, in contrast, cannot be behaviorally buffered against selection androgen synthesis, serum testosterone (T) and DHEA and, not surprisingly, cold tolerance evolution did not differ between concentrations were quantified 36 h before and immediately habitats. Given ecological release from competitors and predators, following an aggressive encounter. LD hamsters administered MEL the costs of thermoregulation may be lower on islands. As a (LD-M) exhibited intermediate levels of aggression and basal T corollary, ecological opportunity on islands may actually slow, rather levels relative to LD and SD animals, and aggressive encounters than accelerate, evolution. Our results emphasize that physiological reduced serum DHEA levels, yet increased serum T levels. diversification is a key feature of adaptive radiation, and that Interestingly, LD and SD hamsters exhibited distinct relationships behavior can illuminate the numerous interactions shaping its between circulating androgen profiles and aggressive behavior, in evolution. which changes in serum T following an aggressive encounter (∆T) were negatively correlated with aggression in LD and LD-M animals, while ∆DHEA was positively associated with aggression in SD animals. Collectively, these findings suggest that SD hamsters transition from synthesis to metabolism of circulating androgens following an aggressive encounter, a mechanism that is likely modulated by MEL.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 164 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e165

S7-1 MUNOZ, MM*; PATEK, SN; MUNOZ, Martha; Virginia 111-7 MURPHY, DW*; OLSEN, D; KANAGAWA, M; KING, R; Tech, Duke; [email protected] KAWAGUCHI, S; OSBORN, J; WEBSTER, DR; YEN, J; Univ. of Biomechanics as a Pacemaker for Evolutionary Diversity South Florida, Georgia Institute of Technology, Australian Antarctic All biological motion is dependent on the fundamental laws of Division, Univ. of Tasmania, Georgia Institute of Technology; physics. Mechanical rules shape how organisms can move, feed, and [email protected] reproduce, thus impacting all aspects of evolutionary fitness. Here we Antarctic Krill Schools: Linking Three Dimensional Structure and discuss how the field of evolutionary biomechanics has developed Function into a deeply quantitative and integrative science, resulting in a much Animals may take up certain positions within collectively swimming richer understanding of how physics impacts the dynamic process of or flying groups in order to reduce their cost of locomotion or to evolution. Novel technologies are revolutionizing evolutionary enhance their ability to sense prey, predators, or conspecifics. biomechanics. New imaging methods and computing infrastructure Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) form massive schools which may allow the generation, storage and analysis of vast quantities of extend for several kilometers horizontally and for hundreds of meters Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 photographs, 3D scans and videos. Analytical approaches are vertically. The three-dimensional structure of such schools may accelerating by the development of machine learning techniques and reveal their adaptive advantage. We used stereophotogrammetric crowd-sourcing platforms. Concomitantly, evolutionary analysis of videos of Antarctic krill schooling in the laboratory to determine the the data, which requires the building of large time-calibrated internal structure of such schools. For krill with a mean body length phylogenies, is being facilitated by Next Generation Sequencing and of 34 mm (measured from telson tip to the front of the eyeball), the rapid advances in comparative phylogenetic methods. Now, more mean school density was 4244 animals m-3 at a mean swimming than ever, we are couching major biomechanical patterns - power speed of 68 mm s-1 and mean nearest neighbor distance of 47.1 mm. amplification, many-to-one mapping, mechanical sensitivity, to name With a polarity of 34°, the krill reached a similarly high level of a few - in a macroevolutionary framework. Combined, these organization as fish schools. The nearest neighbor position developments are rapidly elucidating the governing principles that distribution is anisotropic and shows a preference for Antarctic krill causally, and predictably, link physics to phenotypic diversity. to swim in the propulsion jet of their nearest neighbor, likely to sense its hydrodynamic signal. The distribution also shows that Antarctic krill avoid having a nearest neighbor overhead, possibly to avoid obstruction of the light it needs for orientation. Structure in the nearest neighbor position distribution is also likely created by the tight packing of elongated krill bodies within the school. Further, the distributions shed light on how various hydrodynamic mechanisms might lead to energy savings for krill swimming in schools.

45-3 MURPHY, C.*; DAILY, D.; MARX, M.; LAPSERITIS, J.; S9-9 MYDLARZ, LD; University of Texas Arlington; NEIMEYER, M.; JOHNSTON, E.; GUARENDI, A.; MOORE, M.; [email protected] Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Insights into coral disease and innate immune signaling using Life at New England Aquarium, International Fund for Animal genomic and proteomic approaches Welfare, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Cnidarians rely on the innate immune defenses based on self/non-self Department; [email protected] recognition, signaling and effector responses to kill pathogens and A Photogrammetric Method for Modeling Body Form in Stranded heal wounds. Like other invertebrates, the immune system of Large Whales cnidarians can be classified into several functional components and Large whale strandings offer fleeting opportunities to collect many of these elements have now been described in various morphology data on largely inaccessible species. Necropsies cnidarian model systems. These include pattern recognition performed in beach settings are subject to environmental variables receptors, both external and cytosolic, signaling such as NF-kb and that necessitate immediate research team mobilization and rapid data prophenoloxidase, effectors such as anti-microbial proteins, and collection. 3D data collection methods could dramatically increase wound repair including apoptosis, autophagy and cellular migration. the amount of information obtained during necropsy procedures and Specifically corals and the increase in coral disease outbreaks have allow for a complete model of the body form (including injuries) to presented opportunities to examine how immunity functions in be assembled. We explored a photogrammetric method that utilizes a directing disease phenotypes. This talk will describe new 360º series of photos around the animal to stitch together a 3D model experiments, approaches and meta-analyses in the Mydlarz lab to of the body. Photo collection requires only a single smartphone elucidate the coral immune response. Several examples will be camera and low-cost anchoring targets to be available on the beach. highlighted that have furthered our knowledge of the various stages This allows the photo collection portion of the process to be of the immune response include the immune response of corals to accessible to all stranding response teams. Advanced processing tools pathogen associated molecular patterns, immune response to an are required only in the analysis phase, allowing researchers to bank active infection of white plague and a late stage immune response to photo data and process images when image resources are available. a novel disease. Special emphasis will be on linking gene repertoires In preparation for applicability to large whales, we developed the to the signaling proteins and molecules as well as to cellular activity procedure on small marine mammal subjects, and further adapted it that lead to disease phenotypes. to large targets by taking data sets on inanimate objects such as large vehicles. Photo method variations were explored and tested to optimize data quality in an outdoor setting. The procedure was tested during two North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) stranding events, and 3D reconstructions were created for the carcasses. The reconstructions of the pectoral fins were utilized as a test case for conversion to CAD files and 3D printing of structures of interest.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 165 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e166

3-7 NADLER, LE*; ELLIS, HI; NELSON, A; TURNER, AV; 27-4 NAMES, G*; KRAUSE, J; ANGELIER, F; SCHULTZ, E; WILLIAMS, CL; ØVERLI, Ø; HECHINGER, RF; Norw. Univ. Life WINGFIELD, J; Univ. of California, Davis, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Sci., Univ. of San Diego, Univ. of California, San Diego, Univ. of Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, Kenyon College; California, San Diego; [email protected] [email protected] Are Parasites Always Detrimental? Costs of infection to final hosts Relationships between Avian Malaria and Immunomodulatory that forage on prey modified by parasites Hormones in a Hawaiian Honeycreeper Trophically transmitted parasites often adaptively manipulate their Invasive species are among the greatest contributors to modern intermediate host's phenotype. These phenotypic changes typically animal extinction. In particular, diseases are invading novel habitats increase transmission to the next host in the life cycle, through and hosts at unprecedented rates. Avian malaria, introduced to greater prey (intermediate host) capture by predatory final hosts. Hawaii in the early 1900s, has contributed to declines of numerous Although final hosts will incur some cost from harboring such Hawaiian honeycreeper species. The Hawaii Amakihi (Hemignathus parasites, mathematical modelling suggests that there can be a net virens) is the only honeycreeper that has maintained stable Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 fitness advantage to preying on manipulated food sources when the populations at low elevations (< 700m), where avian malaria is energy gained from the parasite "delivery service" outweighs the prevalent. Evidence suggests that low elevation Amakihi populations costs of infection. However, little work has quantified the costs of have evolved tolerance to malaria, but the mechanisms responsible infection to final hosts of parasites that are known manipulators. This for this tolerance remain unknown. We hypothesized that study has examined the costs of infection to final hosts of the immunomodulatory hormones play a role in tolerance to avian trematode parasite Euhaplorchis californiensis (henceforth referred malaria, thus predicting that hormone levels would differ between to as Euha). Euha infects the brains of the California killifish, low elevation (malaria-exposed) and high elevation Fundulus parvipinnis, and increases their frequency of conspicuous (malaria-unexposed) Amakihi. We measured three behaviors, making infected fish 10-30x more likely to be eaten by immunomodulatory hormones, corticosterone (CORT), testosterone final host estuarine birds. Euha is a generalist for its final host, (T), and prolactin (PRL), in Amakihi living at low and high theoretically capable of infecting any endotherm that eats infected elevations. While baseline CORT was consistent across elevation (p killifish. As a proxy for estuarine birds, we used lab-reared ducks and = 0.80), peak CORT (in response to restraint) was significantly chickens that were infected repeatedly for four weeks from ten days greater in high compared to low elevation males (p = 0.016). When post-hatching. In both species, we found no detrimental effects on considering all sampled males, difference in T across elevation was any trait examined, including growth, skeletal morphology, behavior, not detected (p = 0.58), but when taking age into account, second hematocrit, immune function, or energy metabolism. This study years (SYs) at low elevation had lower T compared to SYs at high provides evidence that trophically-transmitted parasites can benefit elevation (p = 0.016). Finally, PRL did not vary by elevation (p = predatory final hosts by making prey easier to capture, while exerting 0.11), but we found a relationship between PRL and breeding status minimal energetic costs. (p < 0.001) and a correlation between PRL and bird condition (p = 0.0052). Our results suggest that T and peak CORT may have a correlational relationship with avian malaria, and that these correlations are dependent on age and sex class, respectively.

92-6 NAMIKI , S; ROS , I; ROWELL, W; DE SOUZA, A; 69-3 NASH, CM*; GEORGE, AB; MCCORD, CL; WESTNEAT, DICKINSON, MH; KORFF, WL*; CARD, GM; Howard Hughes MW; University of Chicago, University of Chicago; Chapman Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, California Institute of University; [email protected] Technology; [email protected] Functional Biogeography: Patterns of SpatioTemporal Evolution Descending control of flight behavior in flies of Biomechanical Traits in the Triggerfishes (Balistidae) Animals exhibit an astonishing array of complex behaviors whose Due to the large variability among habitats and geographic regions, neural underpinnings remain largely unknown. In most animals, the fishes have evolved extraordinary morphological and functional brain affects these behaviors through communication with motor diversity to best utilize different environments. However, the centers in the body through a set of Descending Neurons (DNs) that relationships among geographic ranges, ecological processes, traverse the neck. We studied the role of DNs on flight control in the patterns of functional trait distributions, and multivariate shape fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using cell-type specific driver diversity are not well understood. In this study, we aim to examine lines we generated that target individual DNs, we leveraged these complex interactions through an integrative analysis of the optogenetics, calcium imaging and electrophysiology to interrogate spatial and phylogenetic distribution of biomechanical traits the function of Flight Descending Neurons (FDNs) innervating the associated with feeding and locomotion across a charismatic family wing and haltere neuropils in the ventral nervous system. We found of marine fishes, the triggerfishes. Triggerfishes (Balistidae) are a unique FDNs with bilateral pairs and population FDNs that form circumtropical family of approximately 42 species that occupy a small groups of cells with nearly identical arbors. One population of wide variety of ecological roles, with habitats ranging from complex FDNs, DNg02, contained up to fifteen pairs of morphologically coral reefs to the vast open ocean and diets ranging from planktivory identical neurons. By systematically activating subsets of these FDNs to durophagy. Previous studies have revealed that triggerfishes have using CsChrimson, we observed changes in wingbeat amplitude and converged on fin and cranial morphologies best suited for specific frequency during tethered flight. Although the wingbeat amplitude ecological functions. We integrate detailed multivariate shape data of was directly proportional to the number of FDNs activated, the body, fins, and jaw linkage mechanics of 27 species with frequency changes depended on the frequency level prior to comprehensive georeferenced coordinate data and fine-scale activation up to a specific setpoint. These results, as well as calcium ecological data in order to understand of the distribution of imaging, show unilateral activity of these cells in response to visual ecologically relevant biomechanical traits among taxon specific stimuli and suggests the use of population coding for flight control by biogeographic regions and across the phylogeny. Our results reveal the FDNs for modulating not only thrust responses during flight but show the relationships between the spatial distribution and evolution also turning. of triggerfish biomechanical and morphological diversity among geographic regions and species assemblages. NSF 1541547.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 166 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e167

70-1 NAVON, D*; HATINI, P; ZOGBAUM, L; OLEARCZYK, N; S12-8 NAYLOR, ER*; HIGHAM, TE; Univ. of California, ALBERTSON, RC; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Riverside; [email protected] [email protected] Attachment Beyond the Adhesive System: Assessing the Genetic architecture of coordinated plastic responses across Contribution of Claws in Gecko Clinging and Locomotion different traits in African cichlids A steadily improving grasp of the morphological and mechanical Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to respond quickly to basis of gecko adhesion continues to inspire innovation and changing environmental conditions, and may influence patterns of investigation of its adaptive significance. However, the role of claws future evolution by exposing new variants to selection. However, as an additional, ancestral attachment mode within this diverse clade relatively little is known about the genetic basis of plasticity - e.g., has largely been overlooked. Empirical assessment of pads and What are the genetic factors that influence the ability to mount a claws, including their employment under ecologically relevant plastic response? Are coordinated plastic responses across anatomical conditions, is needed to better inform evolutionary hypotheses and units mediated by many distinct loci or by a few "global" regulators? biomimetic development. As pads are most effective when setal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 To address these outstanding questions, we reared a hybrid cichlid contact is optimized (i.e., smooth surfaces), and claws engage via mapping population on alternate benthic/pelagic diet regimes, which penetration or interlocking with irregularities (i.e., rough surfaces), mimicked natural variation in foraging preference across cichlid geckos with both features may be well equipped to manage a variety species. We documented plasticity for an array of ecologically of substrates, as seen in some insects. Thecadactylus rapicauda relevant traits including craniofacial, whole body, pectoral fin, and occupies various arboreal and artificial substrates and exhibits an pharyngeal jaw shapes. We found a notable degree of correlation adept adhesive system and claws. Using wild- caught individuals among traits, which confirms a coordinated plastic response. We next (Nouragues Natural Reserve, French Guiana), we evaluated the sought to assess the degree of overlap in the genetic control of relative contribution of claws to clinging and locomotion on natural plasticity. To this end, we scanned the genome for plasticity loci and artificial surfaces: leaves, wood, sandpaper, and acrylic. Clinging across these distinct traits, and again observed a similar pattern of performance and locomotor trials were conducted before and after correlation in the genetic determination of plasticity. In all, our data partial claw removal; 3D microtopographical reconstructions from provide support for the existence of global regulators of plasticity, confocal microscopy were used to quantify test surface roughness. serve as an important step toward further characterizing the genetic As anticipated, clinging force declined post claw removal on basis of plasticity in cichlids, and provide a list of candidate loci for substrates with greater 3D surface roughness, including sandpaper future functional analyses, including an activin receptor gene that and a leaf with tall trichomes. Patterns of foot placement during may be key for plasticity in craniofacial, fin, and body musculature. locomotion (e.g., duty factor, timing of digital hyperextension) appear more complex across substrates of different roughness and incline. Our study advances future attachment inquiries and provides perspective for the potential correlated function and evolution of gecko toe pads and claws.

121-2 NEEL, L*; LOGAN, M; LOSOS, J; MCMILLAN, O; COX, 93-4 NEVELN, ID*; DALLMANN, CJ; SPONBERG, S; Georgia C; ANGILLETTA, M; Arizona State , Smithsonian Tropical Institute of Technology, Bielefeld University; [email protected] Research Institute, Washington Univ, Georgia Southern, Arizona When Time is Scarce, Timing is Almost Everything: a Comparative State; [email protected] Analysis of Fast vs. Slow Insect Locomotor Control Environmental heterogeneity, thermoregulatory strategy, and the A cockroach may be easy to spot on your kitchen floor, but their effects of climate change on ectotherms across latitude quickness makes them hard to catch. In contrast, a stick insect will Relative to higher latitude species, tropical ectotherms are thought to not easily escape once detected. Locomotion of these insects has long be thermal specialists and therefore especially vulnerable to been compared due to their divergent adaptations of speed range and anthropogenic climate change. Nevertheless, most tropical species morphology. Both have homologous muscles, motor units, sensors, live in closed forests which promote thermoconformity. and nervous centers that they use to control their six legs. However, Thermoconforming species experience the full range of temporal strategies of control are likely different. Specifically, spike rate codes thermal variation in their habitat, while species in higher latitude, of motor neurons have limited information bandwidth for fast heterogeneous habitats can thermoregulate to achieve narrow body behaviors, and a spike timing code may be necessary. Here we temperature distributions. Thus, while ectotherms living in higher investigate how the encoding of muscle activity differs between the latitudes experience greater annual and diel variation in temperature, two. In both animals, we compared activity from similar muscles in they may be thermal specialists relative to tropical forest species. We the coxa that extend the trochanter joint to the kinematic output of studied the thermal ecology and physiology of two closely-related the leg. At their preferred speeds, the stride frequency of cockroaches species occupying divergent thermal environments: Anolis sagrei is about five to ten times faster than that of stick insects. Therefore, lives in open habitat in The Bahamas and Anolis apletophallus occurs this motor unit spikes less often per stride in the cockroach than the in densely vegetated tropical forest in Panama. We evaluated the stick insect. Even though this discrepancy means the stick insect extent to which thermoregulatory strategy (thermoconformity versus motor unit has higher potential information capacity, similar amounts thermoregulation) was associated with specialization in thermal of mutual information are shared between the motor unit and leg physiology, and then modeled the effects of climate change on each movement in the cockroach and stick insect. Moreover, when timing of these species while explicitly taking behavior into account. We of motor unit activity is taken into account, encoded information hypothesized that A. sagrei in open, thermally heterogeneous habitats triples in the cockroach and only doubles in the stick insect. This may have narrower breadths for physiological performance compared comparison indicates that during fast locomotion, the timing of to A. apletophallus in the temporally stable tropics, due to differences muscle activity becomes more important for control compared to in thermal opportunity, which may reduce future performance under slow locomotion, although both strategies are important in each case. predicted warming scenarios. We discuss the importance of considering thermoregulatory strategies when predicting the fitness consequences of climate change on ectotherms across latitudes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 167 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e168

137-7 NEWHOUSE, DJ*; GONSER, RA; BALAKRISHNAN, CN; 35-3 NEWMAN, AEM; University of Guelph; East Carolina University, Indiana State University; [email protected] [email protected] Is it what's on the inside, or the outside, that counts? Effects of Impacts of parental genotypes on nestling gene expression season and urbanization on stress physiology and the microbiome. Parents can have profound epigenetic effects on offspring fitness. Urban environments are amongst the fastest growing and most Little, however, is known about the epigenetic impacts of parental widely distributed ecosystems in the world, and organisms colonizing care variation in offspring and how such variation may interact with these environments are subject to a wide suite of novel stressors and offspring genotype in natural systems. The white-throated sparrow selective pressures. While urban linked ecological changes have been (Zonotrichia albicollis, WTSP) provides an ideal system to well described, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms investigate the epigenetic effects of parental care in offspring. by which wildlife respond to these challenges is lacking. An WTSPs exist in two genetic morphs, tan and white, controlled by a organism's response to stressors is mediated by the chromosomal inversion. Morphs mate disassortatively, resulting in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a core component of the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 distinct parental care types: biparental care (tan male x white female) endocrine system and a key physiological mechanism connecting an and female-biased care (white male x tan female). Both parental care organism to its environment. In addition, the HPA axis exists in an types produce tan and white morph offspring, offering an opportunity intimate bidirectional relationship with the microbiome. Using wild to study how offspring morph interacts with parental care variation. grey squirrels, (Sciurus carolinensis), we seek to understand the To investigate parental care impacts in WTSP nestlings, we influence of the urban environment on stress physiology and the performed RNA-seq on WTSP nestlings experiencing the two microbiome by characterizing patterns in glucocorticoid and parental care types. We find 881 genes differentially expressed (DE) microbiome profiles among urban and ex-urban environments across between the two nest types and seven gene co-expression modules seasons. Subsequently, to probe the influence of HPA axis activity on correlated with parental care. These modules and DE genes microbiome structure and function, we performed a large-scale field up-regulated in female-biased nests primarily function in metabolic, experiment to manipulate glucocorticoids and assess corresponding catabolic, and stress related pathways resulting from the changes in microbiome profiles. Unfurling the relationships between overrepresentation of stress response and proteolysis genes. Nestlings urbanization, stress physiology and microbiome structure in wildlife also exhibit morph specific gene expression, driven by both innate provides an opportunity to understand how wildlife cope with, adapt immunity genes and strong co-expression of genes located in the to, or even exploit novel environments. chromosomal inversion. However, there is no apparent difference between morphs in their response to parental genotypes. We have demonstrated that differences in parental genotypes alter nestling metabolism and stress. This difference is likely driven by variation in parental care.

96-5 NGUYEN, K.H.*; ROHR, J.R.; GEMMELL, B.J.; University 134-2 NICHOLSON, DJ*; LOGAN, ML; COX, C; CHUNG, A; of South Florida; [email protected] DEGON, Z; DUBOIS, M; NEEL, L; CURLIS, JD; MCMILLAN, Examining the effects of temperature and viscosity on miracidial WO; GARNER, T; KNELL, RJ; Queen Mary University London; and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni Zoological Society of London; Smithsonian Tropical Research Schistosoma, a family of trematodes that causes human Institute, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Georgia Southern schistosomiasis, have aquatic miracidial and cercarial life stages that University , Georgia Southern University , Northeastern Univeristy, depend on a fixed energy reserve to swim and locate intermediate Arizona State University , Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, snail hosts and humans, respectively. As small, ectothermic Zoological Society of London, Queen Mary University London; swimmers, these trematodes are likely affected by changes in water [email protected] temperature and viscosity. However, their modes of locomotion Natural Selection on Morphology in a Tropical Lizard After a differ; miracidia use cilia while cercariae use a forked tail. Thus, Rapid Shift in Habitat Structure there is a need to quantify the effects of temperature gradients on The Earth's environment is rapidly changing, and this may have dire miracidial and cercarial movement. We used a high-speed camera to consequences for the world's biota. When environments change quantify the crossed effects of temperature (10°C, 20°C, 30°C) and rapidly, mean phenotypes in a population become mismatched with viscosity. We investigated the effects of temperature and viscosity local fitness optima. This mismatch can drive an increase in the independently by adding methylcellulose (MC), which maintained a strength, and form, of selection on traits linked with fitness. There is viscosity of 10°C regardless of temperature. We quantified a well-established relationship between the biomechanics of lizard swimming mechanics of miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma morphological traits and habitat structure. Previous studies on lizards mansoni and results show a positive effect of temperature on have found that longer limbs lead to greater performance on broader cercarial tail beat frequency, cercarial speed, and miracidial speed. perches, while larger toe-pads are favored at higher perch heights. High viscosity significantly reduced cercarial tail beat frequency and Using a tropical lizard system, we predicted that lizards with longer speed, but not miracidial speed between 20 and 30°C. There were hind limbs and larger toe pads would be favored on islands with positive interactions between temperature and viscosity for cercarial broader perches (larger trees). We transplanted approximately four tail beat frequency and speed, but not miracidial speed. Although hundred uniquely-marked slender anoles (A. apletophallus) from a high viscosity decreased miracidial speed, we found that colder single source population to six small islands in Lake Gatun, Panama. temperatures allow miracidia to move with a lower cost of transport. These islands differ in habitat structure from each other and from That is, miracidia travel farther at 10°C than 30°C and thus have a mainland Panama. We conducted mark-recapture over the breeding higher probability of encountering a snail host. Conversely, cercariae season in both the first (parental population) and second (F1) had poor swimming performance at 10°C and did not travel far. generations to estimate viability selection and the overall strength Because miracidia emerge earlier in the year when water and form of selection in each of these populations. We discuss our temperatures are cooler, our findings provide an explanation for such results in the context of the role of contemporary evolution in different body morphologies. mediating the responses of populations to rapid environmental change.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 168 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e169

71-9 NIEDERHAUSER, JM*; ZIADI, MP; BLAKELY, B; 101-8 NIITEPõLD, K*; PARRY, HA; KAVAZIS, AN; HOOD, WR; ANDERSON, RC; Florida Atlantic University; Auburn University; [email protected] [email protected] Starvation reduces mitochondrial function in the monarch butterfly Spatial pattern of song sharing in Bachman's sparrows Mitochondrial function is key to health, performance, and fitness. Song sharing is common among male songbirds, but the amount of Wild animals are exposed to changing environmental conditions song sharing between individuals varies depending on the which may result in stress to the individual. One such situation is geographical distance between territories. These variations are due to reduced food availability. Reduced food availability limits an differences in dispersal distances combined with specific song animal's ability to support energetically expensive processes such as learning periods. Thus, comparing spatial patterns of song sharing movement, reproduction, and somatic maintenance. While modest allows us to infer song learning strategies and dispersal behavior for dietary restriction often has positive effects on health in mammals, even the rarest or most secretive species. Song learning and dispersal invertebrates do not necessarily show the same response. Previous are unknown for the Near Threatened Bachman's sparrow (Peucaea work on butterflies has demonstrated that dietary restriction reduces Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 aestivalis), most likely because it spends much of its life hidden in reproductive output and does not extend lifespan. Metabolic flight the understory of pine flatwoods and prairies. Our objective was to capacity however appears to be conserved under stressful conditions. compare the number of songs shared among male Bachman's Here, we examined the effects of starvation on mitochondrial sparrows to understand broad patterns of song development and respiration in a long-distance migrant, the North American monarch dispersal. From 2016 to 2018, we recorded adult male sparrows using butterfly (Danaus plexippus). The monarch is an iconic species, yet targeted recording and long-term acoustic recorders, and we marked its populations have been in sharp decline in recent years. We used their locations. We determined their repertoires using a program reproductively active summer-generation monarchs that were developed in Matlab, and compared repertoires between males by subjected to 48 h of starvation. We found that starvation led to a visually comparing song spectrograms. Song sharing is greater at lower respiratory control ratio, indicating reduced mitochondrial closer distances, especially for neighbors, and then declines at greater performance. The effect was mainly due to starved individuals distances. These data suggest that Bachman's sparrows are having higher state 4 respiration, reflecting the increased uncoupling age-restricted learners, and that they attempt short dispersal distances of the resting state when available ADP has been converted into but will disperse farther if suitable territories are not available. By ATP. The result suggests that a relatively short period of starvation understanding how these imperiled songbirds disperse, we can make can have detrimental effects of mitochondrial performance and better decisions about conserving their populations. possibly flight performance and fitness. Compromised mitochondrial function may act as a mechanistic link between reduced availability of nectar-providing flowers in agricultural landscapes and decreasing monarch populations across North America.

S11-3 NIKLAS, Karl J; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; 94-5 NIKOLAKIS, ZL*; SCHIELD, DR; ORTON, RW; ROW, KR; [email protected] SMITH, CF; MEIK, JM; WATSON, J; MACKESSY, SP; CASTOE, Biophysical Effects on the Scaling of Plant Ontogeny TA; University of Texas at Arlington, University of Northern Physical laws influence the ability of organisms to exchange energy Colorado, University of North Texas; and mass with their external environments, which in the case of [email protected] plants is influenced by the size and spatiotemporal display of surface Genomic perspective of body size evolution in a rattlesnake area. In turn, energy-mass exchange rates affect the consumption of complex resources and thus plant growth and competitiveness. Representative Identifying the genomic underpinnings of quantitative characters physical laws and processes are reviewed, and empirical data and provides unique opportunities to explore the evolution of complex computer models are used to elaborate on how energy-mass traits, and whether variation in such traits are driven by unique or exchange rates, growth, and competitiveness are interconnected. This convergent molecular changes. The western rattlesnake species review shows that biophysical constraints on energy-mass exchange complex (Crotalus viridis - C. oreganus) represents an excellent rates significantly influence plant growth and plant-plant model system for studying the evolution of body size across different competition, while simultaneously also providing opportunities for lineages because there are multiple non-sister lineages that have adaptation and species coexistence. evolved significantly smaller body sizes. Here we aim to characterize the genomic architecture of body size variation in this group by leveraging population genomic RADseq data across all major lineages of the species complex and a chromosome-level genome assembly of the prairie rattlesnake (C. viridis). We use these data to test for signatures of positive selection within previously identified candidate loci that have been linked to body size variation across vertebrates, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Results from this study provide insight into the evolution of complex traits in multiple lineages. These results have implications for understanding the degree of canalization of growth pathways in natural populations of vertebrates.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 169 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e170

4-3 NOONAN, K.R.*; CHILDRESS, M.J.; Clemson University; 58-7 NOTAR, JC*; JOHNSEN, S; Duke University; [email protected] [email protected] Influence of physical structure and live coral cover on coral reef Sea Urchin Vision in Featureless vs. Spatially Complex fish community composition and habitat associations in a rapidly Environments changing reef environment Several species of sea urchin that inhabit spatially complex Coral reefs provide essential habitat for thousands of species, environments like kelp forests and coral reefs are known to have supporting much of Florida's economies. Unfortunately, coral reefs spatial vision, with acuities ranging from 10° to 33°. Researchers are transitioning from structurally-complex, coral-dominated have proposed that these urchins use this relatively poor vision to communities to relatively-flat, macroalgae-dominated community, find shelter from diurnal predators in dark crevices. However, triggering a loss in biodiversity and ecosystem function. Therefore, whether sea urchin species that inhabit flat, sandy areas also have understanding the relationship between physical structure and biotic spatial vision is unknown. Such habitats are much less spatially composition of coral ecosystems to reef fish diversity and how these complex and rarely offer dark places in which to shelter. Testing Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 communities respond to disturbance events like hurricanes and urchin species from these habitats can help us understand whether disease outbreaks is crucial for future reef management strategies. vision is widespread among the urchins or is only present in species We surveyed reef fish and benthic community structure on reefs in that inhabit environments that offer spatial complexity. Three sandy the middle Florida Keys, before and after a major hurricane and coral flat-dwelling species, Lytechinus pictus, L. variegatus, and Arbacia disease outbreak. Total reef fish abundance and species richness did punctulata (all n=30) were tested for spatial vision with an not change despite significant changes in relative cover of coral, orientation experiment. Animals were placed in the center of a round, algae, sponge, and soft corals. Herbivores decreased with decreasing featureless tank illuminated from above, with a black target of algal cover, while omnivores and predators increased with increasing angular size 9°, 25°, or 35° on the wall. Each urchin's movement ledges. Neon gobies decreased with decreasing coral cover and relative to the target was observed. None of the species of urchin shifted to using sponges and sea fans as cleaning stations. This responded to the targets, but some did respond to the visual cue of a research suggests that reef fish communities are robust to changes in researcher. When urchins were moved from their dark adaption physical structure and substrate cover, but substrate associated chamber to the experimental tank in the light, the animals moved species are most sensitive to a rapidly changing reef environment. away from the researcher. When urchins were moved to the experimental tank in darkness, however, the animals moved randomly. This suggests that shelter-seeking cues are not important to urchin species in flat, sandy environments, but that visual stimuli may elicit other behavioral responses.

26-4 NOVARRO, AJ; Swarthmore College; 48-1 NOWICKI, S*; DUBOIS, AL; PETERS, S; [email protected] RIVERA-CÁCERES, KD; SEARCY, WA; Duke University, Widespread and Misunderstood: An Integrative Approach to Durham, NC, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL; Thermal Ecology in the Eastern Red-Backed Salamander [email protected] The eastern red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is the most Song is not a reliable signal of general cognitive ability in a widely distributed Plethodon species, extending farther north than songbird any other lungless salamander. This species' geographic distribution Learned aspects of song have been shown to affect female mating raises two major questions: How does P. cinereus thrive across a preferences in a number of species of songbirds, including swamp wide range of temperatures, and does it possess thermal adaptations sparrows (Melospiza georgiana). One explanation for why female that will buffer the ecological consequences of climate change? To songbirds attend to learned song features is that these signal explore these questions, I first examined the effects of elevated attributes may convey reliable information about the cognitive temperature on metabolic hormone release rates and physiological abilities of males. This idea is based on the fact that brain performance across a latitudinal population gradient. Second, I development—and therefore song learning and the expression of performed a study to disentangle the environmental and evolutionary other cognitive abilities—should all be affected during development drivers of thermal limits across the geographic range of P. cinereus. by the same stressors, in accord with the "developmental stress Finally, I combined laboratory experiments, field observations, and hypothesis." We tested whether song is a signal of cognitive ability population models to explore the role of behavioral thermoregulation by relating five measures of song quality to five measures of in shaping physiological performance. By considering multiple cognitive performance in a cohort of 49 adult male swamp sparrows physiological metrics and sampling a large geographic area, I have whose songs were recorded in the wild and who were then brought identified several behavioral and physiological traits that promote into captivity for cognitive testing. The five song measures are performance, and likely fitness, across a wide range of temperatures repertoire size, mean and minimum vocal deviation (measures of in this species. Importantly, individuals collected from warmer vocal performance), and mean and maximum typicality (measures of localities possessed behaviors for coping with the energetic demands song learning). Cognitive performance was measured as the speed of elevated temperatures, whereas those from cooler localities did with which five cognitive tasks were mastered: a novel foraging task, not. Further, I found evidence that population- and clade-variation in a color association, a color reversal, a spatial learning problem, and a thermal traits will affect population responses to climate change. detour-reaching test. In general linear mixed models controlling for Together, these results highlight the importance of considering neophobia, none of the song measures predicted any of the cognitive multiple physiological metrics and sampling large geographic areas performance measures. Thus, our results do not support the to understand species' abundance and distributions, and to assess hypothesis that song attributes provide a reliable signal of general species' vulnerability to climate change. cognition in swamp sparrows.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 170 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e171

73-6 NUÑEZ, CMV*; RUBENSTEIN, DI; Iowa State University, 67-2 NYAKATURA, J.A.; Humboldt University, Berlin; Princeton University; [email protected] [email protected] Mother-infant communication in feral horses (Equus caballus): Analyzing the Locomotion of a Stem Amniote: Orobates pabsti what are they saying, why are they saying it, and what might it tell Understanding the locomotion of extinct vertebrates offers insight us about the mammalian juvenile stage? into their paleobiology and helps to conceptualize major transitions Much of the research regarding mother-offspring communication has in vertebrate evolution. Reconstruction of a fossil's locomotor focused on individual recognition between mother and offspring and behavior, however, remains problematic, because of the limited its role in subsequent bond formation. It remains unclear, however, if information preserved and lack of one-to-one correspondence mothers and offspring utilize auditory communication for the same between form and function. No quantitative and reproducible purposes or under the same conditions throughout the juvenile stage, approaches to reconstruct locomotor characteristics of stem amniote particularly after social connections have been sufficiently fossils are available, and generally methods suffer from overreliance established. Moreover, despite its critical role in mother-offspring on anatomical features, ambiguous locomotor information preserved Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 bond formation, research explicitly linking mother-infant in ichnofossils, or unspecific modelling of locomotor dynamics. We communication strategies to offspring survival are lacking. We attempted to reconstruct gaits of Orobates pabsti. We present an examined the communicative patterns of mothers and offspring in the integrative methodological framework that uses constraints from feral horse (Equus caballus) to better understand 1) the nature of quantified metrics for energetic efficiency, balance, dynamic mother-offspring communication throughout the juvenile stage; 2) similarity and precision of matching fossil tracks. Our framework the function(s) of mother- vs. offspring-initiated communication and; uses in vivo assessment of locomotor mechanics in four extant 3) the importance of mare and foal communication to offspring species to guide an anatomically informed kinematic simulation as survival. We found that 1) mares and foals differ in when and how well as dynamic simulations and biorobotics to filter the parameter they initiate communication; 2) the outcomes of mare- vs. space for plausible gaits. Our approach might be useful for similar foal-initiated communication bouts consistently differ; and 3) the research into the locomotion of key taxa to gain insight into communicative patterns between mares and their foals may be evolutionary transitions. Importantly, our quantitative and dynamic important to future offspring survival. We submit that these results reconstruction can be extended and revised according to future can help us to better understand the long-debated question: do the methodological advances. behaviors of young mammals confer delayed or immediate benefits to offspring? You'll have to come to the talk to find out…

63-4 O'BRIEN, HD; OSU Center for Health Sciences; S11-2 O'BRIEN, Devin; Colby College; [email protected] [email protected] Canine Evolution in a Saber-toothed Cat (Smilodon fatalis): Static Parallel Evolution of Selective Brain Cooling in Artiodactyls Scaling and Evidence of Natural Selection Selective brain cooling (SBC) is a mechanism by which artiodactyl The canines of saber-toothed cats are a classic example of an extreme mammals stabilize brain temperatures below rising body morphology, yet we know surprisingly little about how they evolved. temperatures. By lowering hypothalamic temperature, SBC Natural observation of these animals is impossible, and few extant significantly reduces evaporative water loss (≤6 liters/day). SBC is species have comparable morphology. As a result, we must infer the thus a hypothesized adaptation for surviving warming and drying strength and mode of selection that acted on saber-tooth canines from climates. This physiology is driven by counter-current heat exchange the fossil record, a practice that, until recently, was associated with a across a high surface area cerebral arterial meshwork called the high degree of uncertainty. Here, I review recently established carotid rete (CR). The CR functionally and anatomically replaces the methods for inferring the strength and mode of selection from internal carotid artery (ICA), delivering cooled blood to the brain. measures of static scaling. I then expand and improve upon these Absence of the ICA relegates different branches of the embryonic methods and apply them to a fossil population of saber-toothed cats aortic arches to supply the CR and brain. Compensatory branches (Smilodon fatalis) collected from the La Brea Tar Pits (Los Angeles, vary on a suborder-specific basis: Suinamorpha by aortic arches 2 USA; Merriam, 1912). I show how static scaling relationships can be and 3; Camelidamorpha by arch 3; and Ruminantiamorpha by arch 1. useful, reliable tools for inferring patterns of selection, especially in These divergent cranial arterial development patterns suggest that fossil organisms, and provide evidence that extreme canine there may be different mechanisms for achieving SBC within morphology in saber-toothed cats is the product of strong natural artiodactyls, and that the CR may be homoplastic. Here, I use selection. basicranial osteological correlates to survey aortic arch contributions to the CR across Artiodactyla. I then map these results onto a phylogeny of artiodactyls and use ancestral character estimation to infer the evolutionary history of CR development. This analysis infers independent evolution of the CR and SBC for each suborder. Features that arise via such homoplastic parallelism are typically considered to be the result of developmental constraints, rather than the result of adaptive responses to selective pressures. This is a surprising conclusion given the hypothesis that the CR and SBC are adaptations to hot, dry environments. Future studies should incorporate specimens from the fossil record to better parse between parallel and convergent evolutionary mechanisms that may underlie cerebral arterial patterns in artiodactyls.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 171 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e172

54-7 O'CONNOR, M.P.*; NEEMAN, N.; SPOTILA, J.R.; Drexel 53-5 O'DONNELL, M.K.*; DEBAN, S.M.; University of South University; [email protected] Florida; [email protected] Physiological influences on sea turtle remigration intervals The effect of substrate roughness and porosity on salamander cling Interannual, sometime cyclic, variation in numbers of sea turtles performance nesting on beaches complicates estimates of both population sizes Plethodontid salamanders have good clinging and climbing and trends and can affect population dynamics. We update and performance in their natural environments, enabling scansorial extend an earlier, probabilistic, physiologically-based model of the species to access food, shelter, or beneficial microclimatic conditions effects of variation in ocean temperature and resources on intervals through adhesive and gripping attachments to inclined, elevated, and between sea turtle nesting migrations. As with earlier models, inverted surfaces. Our testing has shown that plethodontid species simulations suggest that variation in temperature (and induced with different body sizes and morphologies have significantly variation in resource acquisition) might induce variation in sea turtle different cling performance on smooth acrylic surfaces. While remigration but is unlikely to create sustained cycles in migration. surface area of adhesion has been shown to affect performance, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Additional results from the refined model include: 1) predicted bolitoglossine salamanders with webbed feet have also been immediate responses to pulses of increased/decreased resources hypothesized to use foot suction to enhance attachment. We tested depends both on the magnitude of the resource pulse and on recent how a porous surface that eliminates suction affects cling resource levels, 2) time to return to a baseline depends primarily on performance in 14 species of salamanders. We found that porous historical and ongoing resource levels, 3) lower resource levels result surfaces had no effect on maximum cling performance, regardless of in prolonged ‘ringing' of the migration response around a baseline foot morphology, refuting the suction hypothesis. We also tested the and increased ability to support short term cycling of remigration. effect of surface roughness on cling performance. Surface roughness Hence lower resource levels would be expected to result in short term had a significant effect on maximum cling angle, and the effect cyclicity of migration rates. Attempts to match predicted variation in varied significantly among species depending on foot morphology migration rates due to historical temperature variation at several and attachment mechanism. Surfaces of intermediate roughness (grit leatherback nesting beaches were complicated by substantial local size 100 um to 350 um) resulted in the poorest attachment and regional variation in responses of resources (estimated by net performance for all species. Webbed species performed best on primary productivity) to variation in sea surface temperature. smooth surfaces, while species with long, dexterous toes showed significant improvement on the roughest surfaces (grit size 1000 um to 4000 um), switching from adhesive attachment on a smooth surface to a gripping attachment mechanism on rough surfaces. Studies of climbing mechanisms and performance and their relationship to surface properties may cast light onto how these animals have radiated into the largest family of salamanders in the world that occupy diverse habitats across an enormous geographical range.

S9-2 OAKLEY, Todd H.*; PICCIANI, Natasha; SWAFFORD, S1-2 OGBURN, R.M.*; EDWARDS, E.J.; DONOGHUE, M.J.; Andrew J.; OAKLEY, Todd; University of California, Santa Barbara; Southern Utah University, Yale University; [email protected] [email protected] Linking Plant Scaling Relationships and Ecology Multi-modal sensory systems and the journey to the origin of Corner's rules describe a set of plant morphological scaling animal phototransduction relationships between leaves, twigs, and branching density. These Learning how complex traits like eyes and other sensory systems scaling relationships are likely dictated by physiological and originate is fundamental for understanding evolution. One way to biomechanical constraints, and are likely to correlate broadly with a study trait origins is to trace the evolutionary history of their species' ecological strategy. In the angiosperm species that have been component parts. In this way, we can learn when the parts of studied to date, a broad but consistent relationship between leaves complex traits came together during evolution and perhaps and twigs has been remarkably well supported. However, most of the understand why and how they stayed together. To inform how eyes previously examined species are ecologically similar broad-leaved originated, our lab is reconstructing the evolutionary history of angiosperm trees of temperate North American and east Asian phototransduction, the cascade of protein interactions leading to forests. We followed a two-pronged approach - within a lineage and sensing photons. We find that opsin - the keystone protein of across ecological communities - to investigate ecological correlates phototransduction - has a dynamic and ancient evolutionary history. of variation in twig-leaf scaling. Within the lineage Viburnum, which Already in the first Bilaterian animals, there were at least nine demonstrates significant evolutionary lability in leaf size and shape, different opsins, even though no modern group retains all of these. we found consistent twig-leaf scaling relationships, with only several Despite similar genes and light sensitivity in some fungi, we do not showing extreme twig-leaf ratios (leaves that are either "too big" or find this opsin family outside of animals, indicating opsins arose "too small" for a given twig size). This indicates that during the from other GPCR genes within animals. We studied evolution of leaf morphological diversity in this clade, Corner's rules phototransduction in Cnidaria and discovered it to be used in sensory have been broadly maintained, suggesting that leaves and stems do cells adjacent to cnidocytes (‘stinging cells'). To previously known not evolve independently. We also tested whether the unique functions of chemo- and mechanosensation, we added ecological pressures of arid environments would result in different photo-sensation to the repertoire of factors that influence cnidocyte leaf-twig scaling in dryland angiosperms from across many lineages firing. We find modulation of cnidocyte firing by light in a diversity when compared with temperate broadleaved species. Our results of cnidaria, indicating the function could be ancestral and predate confirm that arid-adapted plants also show strong leaf-twig scaling, many separate eye origins in Cnidaria. While searching for but the relationship is different: for a given twig diameter the leaves animal-type opsins in fungi, we discovered certain zoospores to have are proportionally smaller compared to broad-leaved plants in multi-modal sensory systems, although using different molecular non-desert areas. These results within Viburnum and across mechanisms compared to Cnidaria. In general, we learn that the ecological communities demonstrate divergent but ecologically history of the senses is ancient and intertwined, often using similar or relevant patterns of twig-leaf scaling in angiosperms, indicating that homologous mechanisms, and often co-opting existing genes for new architectural "rules" are made to be broken. uses.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 172 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e173

S9-1 OKAMURA, Beth; Natural History Museum, London; 100-2 OKAMURA, B; Natural History Museum, London; [email protected] [email protected] Introduction A passion for colonies Extant early diverging metazoans (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Unlike you and I, many animals form physiologically-integrated Porifera) have survived in a changing and increasingly complex colonies of asexually-iterated modules - to me a bizarre and world. The interactions of these animals with their abiotic and biotic fascinating evolutionary trajectory that has resulted in complex and environments have shaped both their ancient and present-day patterns aesthetically-inspiring forms. This has motivated questions such as of development, phenotypes and, in turn, their environments. Many what drove the evolution of such a distinct life history? And what are of these interactions are mediated by chemicals that may function in the consequences of iterating units or modules to achieve an increase recognition (e.g. of predators, prey or suitable habitats) or are in organismal size and the associated development of differing deployed as effectors. The diversity of such chemical mediators is colony architectures? This led me to examine how variation in both now being revealed by whole genome and transcriptome sequencing ecological settings and colony morphologies impact resource Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 platforms along with technical advances in proteomics, acquisition - employing this as an approach for understanding the metabolomics and bioinformatics that provide insights on non-model consequences and perhaps drivers of coloniality in the animals that systems. The aim of this symposium is to develop a post-genomic we can study today. In this talk I will focus on how I have view on the forms, functions and origins of compounds that are periodically tackled this issue from its infancy inception as a PhD biosynthesized in early diverging metazoans in response to student to more recent times. environmental challenges and opportunities. Accordingly, symposium contributions will consider how these "simple" early-diverging metazoans exhibit a diversity of chemical responses to generate signaling, sensory, defensive and offensive capacities many of which are typically associated with "higher" animals. Our contributions address three general areas: the molecular basis of perception, chemicals deployed to deal with the biotic and abiotic environment, and the molecular cross-talk that characterizes intimate interactions amongst hosts, parasites and symbionts. Insights on the diversity of such chemical adaptations may afford new perspectives on the evolution of chemical mediators and promote a general understanding of functional biochemistry for an audience with fundamental interests in comparative and integrative organismal biology.

S3-1 OLBERDING, JP*; AZIZI, E; DEBAN, SM; ROSARIO, MV; 10-5 OLSEN, AM*; HERNÁNDEZ, LP; CAMP, AL; BRAINERD, Univ. of California, Irvine, Univ. of South Florida, West Chester EL; Brown University, George Washington University, University of Univ.; [email protected] Liverpool; [email protected] Energy flow in elastic structures: not so unusual Channel catfish use higher coordination to capture prey than to The past two decades have seen significant advances in our swallow understanding of energy flow in organismal movements, particularly When animals move they must coordinate motion among multiple in the role of elastic structures mediating energy flow to amplify or parts of the musculoskeletal system. While different behaviors attenuate power, or to recover energy during cyclic movement. While exhibit different levels of coordination it remains unclear what initially studied in a handful of extraordinary systems, storage of general principles determine what level of coordination is ideal for a energy in elastic structures is now recognized as broadly integral to particular behavior. One hypothesis is that velocity determines organismal movement. The role of energy transfer between the coordination levels as a result of differences in active versus passsive organism and environment is also recognized as critical to motor control. An alternative hypothesis is that coordination is understanding movement, including impact mechanics during determined by the extent to which the motor system engages in one striking, energy exchange with substrates, and even movement task (monotasking) versus multiple tasks (multitasking). To test these actuated by external energy sources. This symposium will explore hypotheses we measured motor coordination within the highly the diverse ways in which energy flows between structures in a vast kinetic skulls of channel catfish during feeding. We used X-ray array of organismal movements. Here we present evidence that the reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) and joint model use of elastic structures may be more widespread in vertebrate fitting to reduce the 3D movements of 7 skeletal elements into 8 musculoskeletal systems than previously believed and that such principal motions and cross-correlation to measure changes in motor mechanisms may play a critical role in movements other than integration, which we argue represent changes in coordination. We "extreme performance". Hybrid in vitro computer models of frog found that motion was significantly more coordinated (by 25%) hind limbs reveal that storage and release of elastic energy does not during prey capture than during transport, supporting the hypothesis require radically modified morphology, but simply the presence of that motor mono- versus multitasking determines coordination levels. sufficient elastic structures. Additionally, examination of tongue We found no significant difference in coordination between motions projection in plethodontid salamanders reveals that the evolution of grouped by speed or intraoral pressure. We propose that capture is elastic energy storage may require only relatively simple more coordinated to create a single fluid flow into the mouth morphological changes to existing structures, particularly the (monotasking) while transport is less coordinated so that cranial elaboration of elastic structures. Energy moving through elastic elements can more independently generate multiple flows to structures may be expected in any system where such a structure is reposition prey (multitasking). Our results demonstrate the benefits present, even if power is not amplified or attenuated beyond muscle of both high and low coordination for natural animal behaviors and capabilities. Mediation of energy flow by elastic structures may be the potential of motion data to reveal how the neural system critical for timing of movements and may optimize work done by structures animal movement. Funded by NSF grants 1612230, muscle. 1655756, and 1661129.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 173 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e174

S1-5 OLSON, Mark E. ; Univ. Nacional Autónoma de México; 2-3 ONG, J*; BONIER, F; Queen's University at Kingston; [email protected] [email protected] Plant Evolutionary Ecology In The Age Of The Extended Coping with thermal challenges: reaction norms of life history Evolutionary Synthesis traits in a burying beetle with biparental care Plant ecology is increasingly turning to evolutionary questions, just Most organisms encounter some degree of environmental variation as evolutionary biology pushes out of the strictures of the Modern throughout their lifetime. To succeed and thrive in different Synthesis into what some regard as an "Extended" Synthesis. As environments, individuals can express plastic phenotypes, including plant ecology becomes increasingly evolutionary, it is essential to plastic life history traits, to ensure some level of fitness across examine how aspects of the Extended Synthesis might impinge on conditions. Previous work has described how several traits relevant plant ecological theory and practice. I examine the potential of niche to fitness respond to different temperatures, but much of this work construction theory, developmental systems theory, and has focused on only one or a few traits, and overlooked the genes-as-followers adaptive evolution in providing novel interactions between traits. Few have considered the effects of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 perspectives for plant evolutionary ecology. I also examine the temperature on parental care - a highly labile trait that can have implications of overcoming dichotomies such as genetic vs plastic, important effects on fitness. Here, we take an integrative approach to biotic vs abiotic, genotype vs phenotype, and constraint vs study how organisms cope with temperature variation in their adaptation, and how shedding these traditional false dichotomies environment. We characterized thermal reaction norms of several life provides fertile opportunities for plant evolutionary ecologists. Along history traits and parental behaviours in the burying beetle the same lines, outgrowing vague concepts such as "stress" and Nicrophorus orbicollis. Both male and female N. orbicollis exhibit "constraint" and replacing them with more precise terminology in all complex parental care behaviours, including directly provisioning cases provides vastly increased causal clarity. As a result, the food to their larvae. We find that life history traits show varying synthetic path that plant ecologists are blazing, becoming more levels of plasticity across temperatures, and some traits exhibited evolutionary every year, bodes extremely well for the field, with vast family-level variation in reaction norms, which might reflect potential for expansion into important scientific territory. underlying heritable variation in plasticity. Temperature affected per capita parental care, offspring size, and brood size. We also found that eclosion success across temperatures varied between families, and that there may be constraints on parental care that prevent N. orbicollis from increasing overall levels of parental care sufficiently to buffer against challenging temperatures. Taken together, our results suggest that life history responses to temperature reflect the incorporation of several reaction norms, which vary among families and have important fitness consequences.

20-5 ONTHANK, KL; Walla Walla University; 110-7 ORR, TJ*; YAMADA, KY; SHAPRIO, M; DEARING, MD; [email protected] University of Utah, Auburn University; [email protected] Shouting into the Abyss or Preaching to the Choir? My Experience Diet Switching in mammalian herbivores: differential tolerances of Video Blogging My Research on YouTube. two woodrat species and their hybrids to toxic diets We are in an era in which public understanding of science is crucial Herbivores confront the possibility of being poisoned by their food, to the nearly all aspects of society. Nevertheless, large segments of which contains plant secondary compounds (PSCs). The mechanisms the American public are growing increasingly distrustful of the used by mammalian herbivores to metabolize PSCs are poorly scientific enterprise. In particular, a general lack of knowledge of the understood, particularly with respect to specialization on toxic diets. fundamental function of the scientific process creates fertile soil for We are investigating the evolution of dietary specialization in beliefs among the public such as a massive conspiracy among herbivores by studying dramatic diet changes in woodrats (Neotoma scientists on issues such as climate change. To help address the spp.). Starting approximately 18,000 years ago, populations of two widespread misunderstanding of the process of science, I began a woodrat species switched from feeding on juniper and cactus to diets video blog (vlog) on YouTube named "Octopodium". During the rich in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), a shrub containing high following three years I have posted thrice weekly videos following levels of toxic compounds. These different food sources have the progress of research in my lab during my summer field season. radically disparate PSC profiles and thus require different hepatic The goal of Octopodium is to communicate to an audience of enzymes for biotransformation. We assayed the ability to tolerate non-scientists how scientific research works on a day-to-day basis. creosote toxins in 12 populations of two species of woodrats (N. Over the course of these three years viewership has modestly but lepida, N. bryanti, and their hybrids). Some of these populations are steadily increased. To date, over 100 videos have been published to obligate creosote feeders, while others feed on the ancestral diet. In Octopodium and videos on the channel have been viewed over laboratory feeding trails, we determined the maximum tolerable dose 20,000 times. While I have found this mode of scientific (MTD) of creosote resin. MTD varied between species, with N. communication to offer a rich and in-depth view of the work of a lepida having the highest MTD, ~1.5 times that of N. bryanti. research scientist, it can also be incredibly time intensive. I hope Hybrids were intermediate. This pattern was evident across collection sharing my experiences in this type of science communication can sites, and within a site where both species occurred and creosote inspire and guide scientists interested in using this medium in the dominated the landscape. Surprisingly, access to creosote bush did future. not explain tolerance variation: we found no differences in MTD between populations within a species with or without access to creosote bush. Instead, MTD was negatively correlated with increasing distance from the proposed origin of creosote bush invasion in southwestern North America (R2=0.69, p=0.002). We are currently conducting genomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the genomic basis for dietary specialization on creosote bush.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 174 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e175

6-6 ORTON, RO*; SCHIELD, DR; ROW, KW; NIKOLAKIS, ZL; 50-5 OSWALD, JA*; ALLEN, JM; LEFEBVRE, MJ; STEADMAN, PERRY , BW; DEMUTH, JP; MACKESSY, SP; MEIK, JM; D; GURALNICK, R; University of Florida; University of Nevada, CASTOE, TA; Univ. of Texas, Arlington, Univ. of Northern Reno, University of Florida , University of Florida ; Colorado, Tarleton State University ; [email protected] [email protected] Variation in genetic diversity and differentiation across Using ancient DNA to elucidate extinct taxon relationships and to chromosomes in rattlesnakes reveal links between genome understand the historical biogeography of the Caribbean structure and speciation At the end of the Pleistocene (~13,000 years ago) a mass extinction Different genomic regions vary in mode of inheritance, rates of began that has resulted in a significant loss of Earth's biodiversity. recombination, and effective population size, which may result in Remarkably, many Pleistocene species survived on islands until they contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and evolutionary history. For were colonized by humans. In the Caribbean, large animals (e.g. species with genetic sex determination, distinct patterns of giant tortoises and ground sloths) along with many birds and small inheritance among the autosomes, sex chromosomes, and mammals survived until human colonization during the Holocene, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 mitochondria may provide particular insight into patterns of between 5,000 - 1,000 years ago. Here we focus on Bahamian hutia, demography and sex-biased gene flow. Here, we sampled genetic Geocapromys ingrahami, the only native terrestrial mammal in the variation from nuclear and mitochondrial RADseq loci from three Bahamas. This large rodent is thought to have been managed as a pairs of rattlesnake lineages (genus Crotalus, and interpreted these food resource by Amerindians soon after they colonized the islands. data using a chromosome-level reference genome for the Prairie Previous fossil and archaeological studies indicate Bahamian hutias Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) to compare and contrast patterns of were once widespread across the Bahamas and were able to inhabit a variation, population genetic structure, and differentiation among diversity of island settings. Today, extant hutia populations are genomic regions. Within populations, we find that sex chromosomes vulnerable and are limited to three small cays. We extracted ancient and mitochondria exhibit patterns of genetic diversity different from DNA from fossils of extirpated populations that yielded nearly autosomes, including nucleotide diversity ( ) and -based effective complete mitochondrial genomes from G. ingrahami from four banks population size estimates. We also find that between-population of the Bahamas. We found that an extinct northern subspecies of G. comparisons of differentiation (FST) and estimates of demographic ingrahami was genetically distinct from other populations history provide consistent evidence for allopatric divergence highlighting the loss of biodiversity in Bahamas. We also use these followed by secondary contact with gene flow across genomic data to place the Bahamian hutia in a wider phylogenetic context regions. Our results illustrate the power of interpreting population with other non-Bahamian hutia species. Our results augment the genetic variation in the context of chromosomal genome assemblies emerging understanding of human-caused biodiversity declines on for understanding the early stages of speciation, and demonstrate Caribbean Islands. consistent and sex-biased signals of gene flow in secondary contact in rattlesnakes.

53-7 OTHAYOTH, R*; THOMS, G; LI, C; Johns Hopkins 91-2 OUFIERO, CE*; ROCK, A; EISINGER, MB; LONGO, SJ; University; [email protected] WAINWRIGHT, D; Towson Univ., Duke Univ., Harvard Univ.; Animals and robots vibrate to explore locomotion energy [email protected] landscapes to make locomotor transitions The morphology and performance of a mutant knifefish with a Animals often move through complex terrain by transitioning dorsal fin between locomotor modes. For example, to traverse grass-like According to Dollo's Law the evolutionary loss of a complex feature beams, the discoid cockroach can push across, climb over, or roll its is irreversible, such that organisms can never completely regain or body to maneuver through gaps. Interestingly, the animal frequently return to an ancestral state. Among fishes, loss and subdivision of transitions from more difficult (slower) locomotor modes (e.g. fins is far more common than regaining lost fins, supporting Dollo's climbing, pushing) to the easiest (fastest) rolling mode. In addition, Law. For example, Gymnotiformes (knifefishes and electric eels) are its body vibrated vigorously during traversal due to oscillatory leg an order of weakly-electric freshwater fish that produce thrust pushing against the terrain. Inspired by these observations, we through undulation of an elongate anal fin (gymnotiform swimming), hypothesized that kinetic energy fluctuation from the seemingly and all species completely lack a dorsal fin. This dorsal fin loss is wasteful body vibration helps legged animals explore a locomotion seen in convergent Osteoglossiformes and Siluriformes, which also energy landscape and overcome potential barriers to find more swim with anal fin undulation, suggesting the lack of a dorsal fin favorable locomotor modes. We tested this hypothesis by studying may play a role in the performance of gymnotiform swimmers. how cockroaches and a robophysical model transitions from climbing However, a mutant form of the gymnotiform black ghost knifefish to rolling when traversing grass-like beams and modeling their (Apteronotus albifrons) that possesses an elongate dorsal fin has been locomotor-terrain interaction using a locomotion energy landscape. found among captive bred populations. The presence of this mutant We found that both systems overcame a lower potential barrier to fish challenges Dollo's law by suggesting that fin loss is reversible traverse by rolling than by climbing, i.e., the rolling mode was and these mutants provide an opportunity to examine the effects of terradynamically more favorable. In addition, as kinetic energy dorsal fin presence on gymnotiform swimming performance. The fluctuation decreased relative to mode-separating potential energy goals of this study were to 1) describe the morphology of this mutant barriers, the animal was more likely and needed a longer time to knifefish and 2) compare aerobic and anaerobic swimming transition from climbing to rolling. Kinetic energy fluctuation helps performance among mutant and wild type knifefish. We used µCT animals and robots overcome mode-separating potential energy scans to describe dorsal fin morphology, respirometry to measure barriers to explore the landscape to escape from less favorable modes swimming energetics, and sprint speed for anaerobic performance. and find more favorable modes. Our study demonstrates the Preliminary results show that mutant knifefish have regained both fin usefulness of locomotion energy landscape for understanding how rays and fin ray supports (pterygiophores), although the fin is not macroscopic, self-propelled, legged locomotors interact with terrain moved during swimming. We found no difference in swimming to probabilistically transition between locomotor modes, and is a step energetics and a reduction in sprint swimming performance. We in establishing terradynamics of locomotion in complex 3-D terrain. discuss these results in the context of Dollo's law and major evolutionary transitions of fins among fish.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 175 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e176

140-7 OURA, T*; MAEDA , M; TANAKA, H; Tokyo Institute of 19-7 OUTOMURO, D*; ZUREK, D/B; TAYLOR, L/A; CRONIN, Technology, Royal Veterinary College; [email protected] T/W; DHARMARAAJ, B; KUNTE, K; MOREHOUSE, N/I; Three-dimensional wing motions of a diving penguin University of Cincinnati, USA, University of Florida, USA, Penguins are wing-propelled diving birds capable of maneuvers such University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA, National Centre for as rapid turns or accelerations. Previous bio-logging studies and 2-D Biological Sciences, India; [email protected] motion analysis studies have revealed the basic swimming The evolution of colour vision across jumping spiders characteristics such as average swimming speed, dive depth, or In many animals, vision plays a central role in navigation, foraging, wingbeat frequency. However, the details of the 3-D wing and body and communication. The diversification of visual systems is thus kinematics are largely unknown, which will be the foundation of important for exploitation of new visual niches. Jumping spiders are understanding the hydrodynamic force generation mechanism by the visually guided predators with principal eyes that provide high spatial penguin wings (flippers). To obtain the 3-D kinematics, we recorded acuity and colour vision. They also exhibit major differences in a swimming penguin in a large water tank at an aquarium using colour signalling across species, particularly in the use of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 multiple waterproof video cameras at 60 frames per second. Based on long-wavelength colours. Given that most jumping spiders are the 3-D coordinates of the characteristic points on the penguins, the thought to have UV-green dichromatic vision, we hypothesized that wing kinematics such as stroke angle, sweepback angle, feathering jumping spider groups that use of long-wavelength colours in angle and angle of attack were calculated. The wing kinematics were communication may have evolved improved colour vision. Within a used to obtain instantaneous fluid dynamic forces with the comparative framework, we investigated the number and peak quasi-steady blade element method. The resultant forces were sensitivities of photoreceptor types in the principal eyes of jumping compared with the fluid dynamic forces obtained from the inverse spiders using microspectrophotometry. We identify one origin of dynamics by using the buoyancy force estimated from a simplified trichromacy, in the Harmochirines and Pellenines. We also report 3-D body model. We found that during turning maneuvers at slow two independent origins of tetrachromacy, one in the Euophryini and speed, the angle of attack of the inner wing was notably large up to a second in the Aelurillina. Trichromacy is achieved using spectral around 40° while the angle of attack of the outer wing was moderate, tuning via an intraretinal long-pass filter, whereas both instances of 25° or less. On the other hand, such drastic increase in angle of attack tetrachromacy are achieved by the addition of photoreceptors with was not observed during slow forward swimmings. This suggests that different spectral sensitivities. Jumping spiders thus represent a the penguin could be able to largely change the fluid dynamic force promising group for the study of repeated evolution of transitions of of its wings for maneuvering due to wide operational range of angle colour vision from dichromacy to tri- and tetrachromacy in terrestrial of attack. habitats. We discuss the potential role of predatory behaviour, sexual selection, light conditions and background complexity in the context of evolution of colour vision in this group of spiders.

97-7 OVERLI, O; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 22-7 OWEN, DAS*; SHERIFF, MJ; LANGKILDE, T; The [email protected] Pennsylvania State University; [email protected] Pigments, parasites, and personalities: The role of cortisol and Effects of Maternal Stress on Lizard Heart Rate melanocortin receptor gene variants Maternally-derived stress hormones, glucocorticoids, can induce In many vertebrate species, black eumelanin-based pigmentation phenotypic plasticity in many vertebrate taxa, and have consequences patterns correlate with social dominance and high stress- and for resulting offspring. We tested the hypothesis that increased disease-resistance. In salmonid fishes (genus Salmo and physiological stress of female eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus Oncorhynchus) fish with high incidence of black melanin-based skin undulatus) while gravid will elevate heart rates of mothers and their spots show proactive behavior, reduced post stress cortisol offspring. Increased heart rates may facilitate energy allocation to production, and harbour fewer ectoparasitic sea lice. Proximate deal with the environmental stressors, and can also speed molecular-genetic mechanisms for such trait associations has long development of offspring and decrease the amount of time in the remained enigmatic. Here I describe how a missense mutation in a vulnerable hatchling stage. Gravid females were dosed daily with classical pigmentation gene, melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), is topical corticosterone (CORT) until laying. Heart rate was measured strongly associated with distinct differences in steroidogenic five days after laying for mothers, and five days after hatching for melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) mRNA expression between hatchlings. We found that hatchlings of glucocorticoid-treated genetically selected proactive (low-responsive, LR) and reactive mothers had higher heart rates compared to hatchlings of control (high responsive, HR) lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). mothers. However, mothers from CORT-treated and control Molecular dynamics simulation predict that melanocortin 2 receptor treatments had similar heart rates. Maternal stress appears to alter the accessory protein (MRAP), needed for MC2R function, binds physiology of offspring at five days of age, potentially speeding rates differently to the two MC1R variants. Experiments in vitro of development and resulting in earlier sexual maturity and larger confirmed that trout MRAP interacts with the two MC1R variants body size, which could have important fitness benefits. Future work and MC2R. Furthermore, mRNA for both MC1R variants and MC2R should investigate the adaptive significance of these maternal are present in head kidney cells. It would appear that genetically stress-effect to determine whether these offspring have increased determined high vs low post-stress cortisol production is caused by fitness within high-stress environments. MC2R activity being modulated in part by different binding affinities of MC1R gene variants for MRAP. We also show experimentally that exogenous cortisol increase the expression of agouti signaling protein (ASIP) mRNA in skin, which explains the association between HR-traits and reduced skin melanin patterning. Hence, skin melanisation, like immune function and a range of other traits, is modulated by the steroid hormone cortisol. The production of this hormone is in turn controlled by both environmental and genetic factors and, peculiarly, pigment genes can be found among the latter.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 176 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e177

59-1 OZARKAR , S*; TAO, L; BHANDAWAT , V; Duke 88-2 OZKAN-AYDIN, Y*; CULVER, J; TENNENBAUM, M.J.; University ; [email protected] GOLDMAN, D.I.; BHAMLA, S.; Georgia Tech; Delineating the Relationship between Olfactory Receptor Neuron [email protected] Activity and Behavior in Drosophila Worm Blobs: Biophysical Principles of Survival in Worms via Different odors activate distinct combinations of olfactory receptor Aggregate Formation neurons (ORNs).These combinations are decoded by downstream Aggregate formation and clustering are common behaviors observed olfactory circuits to drive a variety of olfactory behaviors, including from bacteria to humans, and can facilitate the survival of the odor-modulation of locomotion.In this study, we will leverage the collective [Allee, 1978]. Worms have soft bodies with moist-skin and relative simplicity of the fly's olfactory system, and the availability of can thus individually suffer due to environmental stresses. Aquatic genetic tools to find the relationship between combinations of active worms (Lumbriculus variegatus , ~3 cm long) naturally aggregate ORNs, and the subsequent modulation of locomotion.This study into multi-cm diameter ensembles of thousands of worms knotted focuses on the 7 ORN classes (out of total 60) that are activated by together, forming an active viscoelastic ‘blob'; these are presumed to Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 apple cider vinegar, an odor that is attractive to the fly [1].We confer benefits, but systematic studies are lacking. We are interested employ an optogenetic approach to activate known subsets of these 7 to subject the collectives to evaporative, thermal and mechanical ORN classes to understand the contribution of each ORN class to the stresses and measure mortality and damage of individuals. Here, we modulation of locomotion in a circular arena, whose center is focus on thermal stresses, measuring the mortality rate as a function illuminated with light (odor-zone).As the fly enters the odor-zone, a of cluster size (N=1, 5, 10, 20 worms, 10 replicates per condition) known set of ORNs are activated.We measure how the distribution of under controlled laboratory conditions. When single worms were flies in the arena is affected by activating different subsets of ORNs, placed on a dry plate at room temperature and humidity (24 °C, and the motor mechanism underlying this change in distribution. 48%), they died after 56 ±16 min while in a cluster with 20 worms, Consistent with the previous study, we find that activating different animals perished after 342 ±24 min; the time to death scaled ORN classes changes different aspects of a fly's locomotion.By approximately linearly with N. To gain insight into the dynamics of comparing the effect of simultaneously activating multiple ORN the blob and the worms, we performed time-lapse imaging, tracking classes with that of activating each ORN class individually, we are the projected area (A) of the aggregate. Worms moved continuously able to obtain insight into the rules by which ORN activities are throughout all clusters, presumably to keep their surfaces moist. For integrated to affect behavior.We also make a generative model of N<20, the aggregate monotonically reduced total surface area by behavior (see abstract Tao, Ozarkar, Bhandawat) which allows us to shrinking into a circularly symmetric cluster. For N=20, the blob connect ORN activation pattern to the change in motor parameters to expanded for ~50 min until it achieved nearly double its projected the change in the distribution of flies in the arena. References: area, after which it decreased in size. Final A before death increased 1.Jung, S.H., Hueston, C. & Bhandawat,V .Odor identity dependent with increasing N. We hypothesize that larger clusters first search for programs underlie behavioral response to odors. Elife 4, doi: more favorable conditions before beginning a stereotyped shrinking 10.7554/eLife.11092 (2015) to reduce surface area to volume to avoid evaporative losses.

84-3 PADDA, SS*; GLASS, J; JOHNSON, D; STAHLSCHMIDT, 67-6 PADIAN, K; Univ. of California, Berkeley; ZR; U. Pacific; [email protected] [email protected] Limited Supplies: Effects of water and food limitation on life Launch Mechanics of Quetzalcoatlus and Other Large Pterosaurs: history traits in an insect A Test of Three Hypotheses Animal life histories are dependent on animals' ability to acquire There are three main hypotheses about how large pterodactyloids resources and to invest those resources into fitness-related traits, such may have launched themselves from the ground: (1) a running as growth, reproduction, and self-maintenance. Yet, animals may takeoff in bipedal posture, (2) a standing takeoff in bipedal posture, struggle to invest resources into several traits simultaneously due to and (3) a standing takeoff in quadrupedal posture, powered almost variation in resource availability. For example, food serves as a entirely by the forelimbs. Manipulation of fossils at the UT Austin currency for most biological processes (e.g., locomotion, Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory enabled us to test these reproduction, and somatic growth), and its availability exhibits hypotheses. (1) Thrust from the legs during running must exceed spatiotemporal variation. Water is also critical to maintaining cellular stalling velocity, but wingstroke amplitude, which with wingbeat homeostasis, and its availability can covary with food availability in frequency determines the thrust of the wings, is limited by shoulder nature (e.g., a drought can lead to a famine). The acquisition of these height, body size, and wing length. Because wing length is positively two resources may also be linked because water is needed to digest correlated with body size (and wingbeat frequency is negatively food. Thus, we used a 2 x 2 factorial design to investigate the correlated), large pterosaurs could not have achieved a stroke independent and interactive effects of water and food limitation on reaching 40° below the horizontal (considered minimally effective life history traits using the wing-dimorphic sand field cricket Gryllus for thrust) without leaping. So a simple running takeoff is unlikely. firmus. We placed newly molted females into two water treatment (2) The proximal hindlimb segments of most large pterosaurs were groups (water access or no access) at a constant temperature, while nearly as long as the forelimbs, and each set of bones was three times controlling access to dry food (food access or no access). After 5 the gleno-acetabular length. The erect parasagittal hindlimbs, days, we determined food consumption and survival, as well as proportionally longer relative to body length than those of herons and investment into somatic and reproductive tissues. Water limitation egrets, needed to effect a wing-assisted jump to bring the animal to reduced survival, investment into ovary and body mass, and food approximately three hip heights above the ground to enable a consumption. Also, food availability had a much greater effect on wingstroke to reach 40° below the horizontal. This appears possible, ovary and body mass when water was available. However, neither so (2) is plausible. (3) When the humerus is laterally extended, resource influenced investment into flight musculature, which is rotation effecting retraction of the forelimb is prevented by a bony important for dispersal from low quality environments. Our results stop at the deltopectoral crest. To retract the forelimb for a indicate that traits vary in their sensitivities to important resources quadrupedal launch, it must be supinated at least 135°, and thrust and resource-resource interactions, and they generally demonstrate must be provided by a sudden extension of the elbow and wrist that water limitation can modulate and overwhelm the effects of food joints, for which no adequate musculature is known. Hypothesis (2) availability on investment into key life history traits. appears to be the only plausible one.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 177 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e178

138-2 PAGÈS, F*; FABRE, AC; HERREL, A; ABOURACHID, A; 71-5 PALERMO, NA*; THEOBALD, JC; Florida International Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, National History Universtiy, Miami; [email protected] Museum, London; [email protected] Fruit flies shift their visual attention to compensate for fast optic Morpho-functional trade-off between physiology and flying ability flow during flight. in birds Flying fruit flies must compensate for the visual limitations of their The hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is one of the only strictly tiny compound eyes. Their small light-capturing aperatures admit folivorous birds and has a unique digestive physiology. Due to the little light, and this gets worse during flight, when images move foregut fermentation, their crop is hypertrophied which implies rapidly over the retina and reflect little light to any one spot. This is modifications of the scapular girdle. It has been hypothesized that it especially problematic in the faster regions of the visual field, could have functional implications by greatly reducing the sternal perpendicular to the direction of flight, but could be ameliorated by carina thus reducing the insertion site for the flight muscles. shifting attention forward, to slower regions of the flow field. To test However, this hypothesis remains to be tested. This study aims to for attention shifts, we measured steering responses of rigidly Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 quantify the morphology of bones that are functionally important tethered flies during simulated forward flight in a visual arena. We during flight: the sternum, the scapular girdle, and the humerus. To found that as forward speed increased, fruit flies responded more do so, a 3D surface geometric morphometric study was performed on strongly to turning cues presented directly in front, and largely each bone for more than 50 species of birds with different locomotor ignored cues presented out to the sides. These results are consistent abilities and diet. Basal metabolic rates from the literature were also with a shift in attention from peripheral to forward regions, in used in order to test for possible functional trade-offs between response to high speed forward motion. We further tested if such physiological parameters, flying ability, and the shape of each bone. shifts could affect other regions for other direction of optic flow, but Morphological differences in relation to diet and flying ability were found attention shifts only in the forward direction. This may be an explored using a Principal Component Analyses, phylogenetic adaptation to the normal flight patterns, which are characterized by multivariate analysis of variance and phylogenetic partial least square long forward bouts of flight with intermittent saccades. Because the regression. Our results show morphological differences for the bones processing that mediates the attention shift seems to be of the scapular girdle depending of the type of flight and diet. No direction-agnostic, the response may be trading off relationship was found between the metabolism and flight type and directional-selectivity for high-speed performance. the shape of each bone even when body mass and phylogeny were taken into account. In summary, the shape of scapular girdle of birds seems a very good indicator of adaptations for flight, its shape distinguishing good and poor flyers. The sternum is an exception in being mainly impacted by centroid size. This can highlight its multiple roles ranging from the protection of the internal organs to the insertion of flight muscles.

72-6 PALMER, R/M*; NIJHOUT, H/F; Duke University; 136-2 PALUH, DJ*; COLOMA, LA; BLACKBURN, DC; [email protected] University of Florida, Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Morphological Murals: The Scaling and Allometry of Butterfly Conservación de Anfibios, Florida Museum of Natural History; Wing Patterns [email protected] Butterfly wing color patterns exhibit arguably some of the most Evolutionary Lability in Life History, Morphology, and diverse morphological traits found in nature. Color patterns are a Performance in Andean Marsupial Frogs composite of three symmetry systems: basal, central and border, each Variation in life history traits has been hypothesized to drive many with a species-specific shape and location on the wing. Each of these macroevolutionary patterns of morphological variation. Anurans systems is comprised of morphological components that are thought exhibit the highest life history diversity of all terrestrial vertebrates. to be under different and independent developmental regulation. This The ancestral, and most widespread, reproductive condition is a raises an intriguing question: how does the color pattern scale with complex biphasic life cycle in which there is aquatic oviposition with variation in wing size? Does it scale as a single coordinated unit or free-swimming tadpoles that undergo a dramatic metamorphosis. do individual pattern elements show independent scaling Direct development (DD; lacking the tadpole stage) has repeatedly relationships? It seems reasonable to assume that in wings of evolved to presumably release species from water-dependent different sizes the distances between the signaling centers that control reproduction. Within the Andean radiation of marsupial frogs (genus the patterns will be different, and this would affect the positioning of Gastrotheca), species have transitioned between complex (biphasic) the pattern elements. In this study, we seek to uncover the and simple (DD) life-cycles multiple times, but the factors that relationship between the size and position of individual pattern promoted these transitions and the morphological consequences of elements and the overall size of the wing. We analyzed the color these events remain unknown. We hypothesized that biphasic patterns of Junonia coenia forewings and hindwings from animals Gastrotheca species have morphologically and functionally diverged reared on different diet qualities that induced substantial variation in from DD Gastrotheca due to disparate developmental mechanisms, overall size of the wing. We will describe trends of differential differential selective pressures early in ontogeny (aquatic versus scaling of pattern elements across the wing as well as the scaling of terrestrial), and dependence on aquatic habitats for reproduction. the signaling sources that induce the large eyespots that characterize Alternatively, elevation may better predict morphology due to local the color pattern of this species. To conclude, we will discuss the adaptation, as this radiation occupies an extensive altitudinal range, implications of our findings for the development and evolution of inhabiting lowland rainforest to alpine tundra. Using phylogenetic pattern element size, shape and position in the wing. comparative methods, we demonstrate that life history, body form, and locomotive strategies have been evolutionarily labile in Andean Gastrotheca. Montane species have morphologically diverged from lowland species multiple times, regardless of reproductive mode. Montane lineages have repeatedly evolved shortened hindlimbs, small toepads, and diminished locomotive abilities compared to lowland Gastrotheca species. These results suggest that the life history transitions in Gastrotheca are decoupled from shifts in morphology and habitat-use.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 178 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e179

126-2 PANKEY, MS*; MACARTNEY, KJ; GASTANALDI, M; 111-2 PAPASTAMATIOU, YP*; BODEY, TW; BRADLEY, D; GOCHFELD, DJ; SLATTERY, M; PLACHETZKI, DC; LESSER, FRIEDLANDER, AM; CASELLE, JE; FREEMAN, R; JACOBY, MP; University of New Hampshire, Escuela Superior de Ciencias DMP; Florida International University, University of Auckland, Marinas, University of Mississippi; [email protected] University California Santa Barbara, University of Hawaii/National Coincident shifts in symbiotic communities underlie convergent Geographic, University of California Santa Barbara, Zoological host evolution Society London; [email protected] Microbial symbionts play crucial roles in metazoan health and have Multiyear social stability shapes cryptic colonial behavior in an likely exerted considerable influence along evolutionary timescales. ectothermic marine predator We examined the impact of microbial composition on both sponge Colonial or highly social animals may show social stability with phylogeny and trait evolution by mapping 16S variants onto a animals forming social bonds with the same individuals over multiple supermatrix phylogeny encompassing over 1000 sponge specimens years. Often these social associations facilitate reproductive sampled throughout the Caribbean. Similar and predictable ancestral strategies, yet phenomenon of colonial sociality is primarily confined Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 shifts within the symbiont community both impact the tempo of host to mammals and birds. Measuring dynamic social associations in speciation and coincide with the evolution of host physiological wide-ranging marine animals in the wild is a considerable challenge traits. Together, these data support that microbial symbionts have and therefore knowledge of social stability in such animals is largely significantly impacted evolution in early metazoans. unknown. We used acoustic telemetry and Gaussian mixture modelling to build social networks for a population of grey reef sharks at a Pacific atoll. Sharks behaved similar to central place foragers, forming daytime groups in small core areas and dispersing over larger areas at night where they increased their activity. Movement networks were used to assign membership of individuals to specific clans which were then shown to be highly socially assorted. Furthermore, the same individuals formed associations over four consecutive years. We built a series of individual based models to determine if social foraging and passive information transfer could drive the formation of such social groups in reef sharks. Models suggest that passive information transfer would provide a large advantage over solitary hunting and that passive information transfer with CPF behavior would be more advantageous than more social foraging without a home range. Our models conform to analyses where we infer social foraging information based on leadership patterns in the acoustic data. We show that ectothermic marine predators can form groups with strong social stability and that potential drivers of group formation may be related to foraging and not reproduction.

73-5 PARMENTIER, E*; RAICK, X; VIGOUROUX, R; 104-5 PARSONS, ZM*; HERNDON, JD; STRANGE, JP; LOZIER, MéLOTTE, G; Univ. of Liège, Belgium, HYDRECo, French Guiana; JD; DILLON, ME; University of Wyoming, Utah State University, [email protected] University of Alabama; [email protected] Birth and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Piranhas Altitudinal variation in flight morphology and kinematics of (Serrasalmidae) common-garden reared bumblebees (Bombus vosnesenskii) Within piranhas, sound production is known in carnivorous species Altitudinal shifts present a potential means of tracking optimal whereas herbivorous species were thought to be mute. As these temperatures over short geographic distances in response to warming carnivorous sonic species have a complex sonic apparatus, we climates. Although upslope shifts may allow organisms to escape hypothesise that transitional forms could be found in some rising temperatures, decreased air density at higher elevations serrasalmid species. We investigate sound production in different increases aerodynamic and energetic costs of flight, potentially species covering all the Serrasalmidae phylogenetic tree to restricting upslope shifts for flying organisms. However, fliers could understand the evolution of the sonic mechanism in this family. The compensate for low air density through changes in morphology and results highlight the evolutionary transition from a simple kinematics. Bumblebees collected from high elevations have sound-producing mechanism without specialised sonic structures in relatively larger wings than those from low elevations, likely to the herbivorous species (Piaractus and Myloplus) to a sonic facilitate flight in thinner air. But whether such morphological mechanism involving large, fast-contracting sonic muscles vibrating changes result from developmental plasticity or adaptation is the swimbladder in the genera Pygocentrus and Serrasalmus. unknown. We caught queen Bombus vosnesesnkii from low (70 m Hypaxial muscles in herbivores primarily serve locomotion, but some asl) and high (1475 m asl) elevation sites in Oregon, USA. We reared bundles caused sound production during swimming accelerations, colonies from these queens in common-garden conditions in the meaning these muscles have gained a dual function. Sound laboratory and then subsequently measured flight morphology and production therefore seems to have been acquired through an kinematics in high elevation (2100 m) conditions. We will discuss exaptation event, i.e. the development of a new function (sound how morphology (body mass, wing area, and wing moments) differ production) in existing structures initially shaped for a different between common-garden reared and field-collected bumblebees and purpose (locomotion). In further evolutionary stages (Catoprion and how differences in morphology alter flight kinematics during Pygopristis), some bundles are distinguishable from other hypaxial hovering flight. Finally, we use a simplified aerodynamic model to muscles and insert directly on the swimbladder. At this stage, the estimate differences in energetics of flight between low and high primary function (locomotion) is lost in favour of the secondary elevation bees. function (sound production). In the last stage (Pygocentrus and Serrasalmus), the muscles and insertion sites are larger and the innervation involves more spinal nerves, improving calling abilities. The comparison of sounds and sonic mechanisms shows the evolution of acoustic communication corresponds to a trajectory where the initial exaptation event is then subject to adaptations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 179 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e180

S3-7 PATEK, S. N.; Duke University; [email protected] 13-5 PATEL, RN*; CRONIN, TW; Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore The power of extreme movement: evolution, behavior, and County; [email protected] biomechanics of mantis shrimp strikes Celestial and Idiothetic Compasses in a Path Integrating Mantis The biomechanics of fast mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) strikes Shrimp involves an uneven and extreme flow of energy from muscle Stomatopods, better known as mantis shrimp, are predatory contraction, spring-loading, latch-release, to a final, intense impact. crustaceans which commonly inhabit holes in benthic marine Slowly-contracting, force-modified muscles load springs that are environments for use as burrows. Many stomatopod species forage at controlled by latches. These slowly-loaded springs ultimately drive extended distances from these burrows before returning back to their the extraordinary accelerations of mantis shrimp strikes - shifting homes, risking predation. Previous work had uncovered that the actuation from muscle to a springy material. Here I examine how mantis shrimp, Neogonodactlyus oerstedii use landmark navigation extremely fast biological systems, particularly mantis shrimp, offer in parallel with a path integration system to efficiently return to their an insightful lens on fundamental issues in integrative, organismal burrows after foraging. Path integration requires an animal to possess Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 biology, facilitated by features such as the spatial and temporal a compass sense to infer its orientation in space and an odometer to separation of the muscle, spring, latch, and weapon. I consider the measure the distance it travels in given directions. In order to begin implications of extreme movement in behavioral contexts ranging to discern what compass cues inform the path integrator of N. from fights to feeding, and across multiple scales of analysis ranging oerstedii, individuals were placed in circular arenas under open skies from individual variation in behavior on up to the tempo and mode of with their burrows hidden from view. During foraging, animals were evolutionary change. Nonetheless, these systems present significant rotated 180 degrees on platforms placed in the center of these circular challenges, such as requiring exceptional technology for visualizing arenas. Under clear and partly cloudy skies, rotated animals exhibited movements over sub-millisecond and millimeter scales, and homeward paths oriented towards the burrow despite being passively obtaining measurements of the power output of elastic structures. rotated. In contrast, under heavily overcast skies, rotated animals The burgeoning interest in biomimetics and bioinspiration, alongside exhibited homeward paths oriented in the opposite direction of the a growing field of evolutionary biomechanics, is propelling forward burrow. These results indicate that N. oerstedii uses a celestial integrative and interdisciplinary insights from extreme biological compass when available. However, when celestial cues are obscured, movements. N. oerstedii appears to rely on an idiothetic (internally referenced) compass during path integration. Future work will aim to uncover which specific cues inform the celestial and idiothetic compasses of N. oerstedii.

S9-5 PAUL, VJ*; FREEMAN, CJ; AGARWAL, V; Smithsonian 63-3 PEELE, EE*; SULIKOWSKI, J; YOPAK, KE; University of Institution, Georgia Institute of Technology; [email protected] North Carolina Wilmington, University of New England; Chemical Ecology of Marine Sponges [email protected] The chemical ecology and chemical defenses of sponges have been Hot Brains: The Effect of Temperature on Brain Development in investigated for decades; consequently, sponges are among the best the Little Skate (Leucoraja erinacea) understood marine organisms in terms of their chemical ecology, Cartilaginous fishes experience indeterminate growth, where both from the level of molecules to ecosystems. Over ten thousands brain and body grow continually throughout their lives. This natural products have been reported from marine sponges, and characteristic suggests that environmental conditions may impact although relatively few of these sponge compounds have been overall development of the brain. Since neural growth has been studied for their ecological functions, they have been demonstrated to linked with life history traits such as life span, reproductive output, serve as chemical defenses against predators, microorganisms, mate selection, ability to avoid predators and find prey, changes in fouling organisms and other competitors. Sponges are hosts to an brain size and/or brain organization can have functional implications unrivaled diversity of microorganisms, with over 30 microbial phyla on the fitness consequences of environmental change in these found in these associations to date. Microbial community species. The effects of increased rearing temperature were studied on composition and abundance is highly variable across host taxa, with a brain development in the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Eggs continuum from diverse assemblages of many microbial taxa to those cases were collected from a breeding stock of L. erinacea and placed that are dominated by a single microbial group. Microbial into either ambient or 5° above ambient seawater conditions, and communities expand the nutritional repertoire of their hosts by neonates were placed into a nursery tank at the same rearing providing access to inorganic and dissolved sources of nutrients. Not temperature after hatching. To better understand how brain size and only does this continuum of microorganism-sponge associations lead organization may be affected after exposure to increased to divergent nutritional characteristics in sponges, these associated temperatures, brains were imaged using magnetic resonance imaging microorganisms and symbionts have long been suspected, and are (MRI) and brain region volumes were compared between the two now known, to biosynthesize some of the natural products found in treatment groups. Trends indicate differences in brain size between sponges. Modern ‘omics' tools provide ways to study these treatment groups and are particularly localized to the telencephalon sponge-microbe associations that would have been difficult even a and olfactory bulbs (F1,15 = 4.56, p<0.05). Results from behavioral decade ago. Metabolomics facilitate comparisons of sponge studies of neonate L. erinacea were combined with neuroanatomical compounds produced within and among taxa, and metagenomics and data to study the possible connection between increased rearing metatranscriptomics provide tools to understand the biology of temperature and behavioral abnormalities in these skates. host-microbe associations and the biosynthesis of ecologically Determining the effects of increased temperature on neural relevant natural products. phenotype and behavior aids in understanding the consequences of environmental stressors on brain development in this species and will indicate how they may fare in a changing climate.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 180 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e181

90-4 PENNEY, CM*; BURNESS, G; WILSON, CC; Environmental S2-11 PEPIN, Kim, M.*; WEBB, Colleen, T.; WILBER, Mark, Q.; and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado State Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Department of Biology, Trent University, Fort Collins; [email protected] University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Ontario Ministry of Scaling individual-level immunology to the population level Natural Resources, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J provides risk assessment from convenience samples 7B8; [email protected] Infections in most animal species cause an antibody response that can Transgenerational effects of elevated temperature on the upper be captured with a model of within-host antibody kinetics. thermal tolerance of lake trout and brook trout Individual-level variation in the deterministic infection curve can be Global average temperature is rising, however, the capacity of quantified using antibody quantity data from individuals sampled ectotherms to cope with climate change isn't thoroughly understood. over time with known infection times. This variation and prediction Some can respond to long-term changes in temperature through of the infection curve then can be used to infer time of infection in transgenerational plasticity (i.e. thermal experiences can be passed on serosurveillance samples collected once from individuals with Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 to offspring, improving their ability to tolerate warmer temperatures). unknown times of infection. With estimates of infections times, it is Previous studies have observed this in fish that are warm-adapted or possible to derive important population-level metrics for risk eurythermal, but it's unclear whether cold-adapted, stenothermal assessment such as force of infection - the rate that susceptible ectotherms are capable of the same response. This study examines individuals become infected - and understand how risk changes in transgenerational plasticity in lake trout and brook trout to determine time. We apply this approach to convenience samples of antibodies whether there's potential for these fish to cope with anticipated to influenza A in feral swine to determine seasonality in disease risk warming. If transgenerational plasticity is possible in cold-adapted, and spatial spreading patterns. We compare our individual-based stenothermal ectotherms, then trout will be better suited to a warmer method of inferring population-level processes to risk assessment environment if their parents had also experienced a warm methods that use seroprevalence analyses (a common method of environment. To test this, we acclimated adult trout to optimal or assessing spatio-temporal patterns of risk using serosurveillance elevated temperatures, then crossed these fish to produce offspring data). Inference of seasonal risk dynamics and spatial spreading from parents of matched and mismatched temperatures. At the fry using the individual-based approach differ from seroprevalence stage, the offspring were also acclimated to an optimal or elevated analyses. The seroprevalence patterns are tightly coupled to the temperature and their thermal tolerance was determined by sampling design, but our individual-level approach allows for measuring their critical thermal maximum and metabolic rate during inference of spatio-temporal risk patterns that differ from the an acute temperature challenge. Transgenerational plasticity was sampling design. Our analyses demonstrate a method for improving evident in both species since offspring performed best when their risk assessment in wildlife disease surveillance programs, and can be environment matched that of their parents. Future experiments will used to improve our understanding of the role of individual-level explore the influence of transgenerational plasticity on proximate variation in driving disease dynamics. mechanisms underlying thermal tolerance.

31-3 PERAMBA, K. B.; EDSINGER, E.*; Marine Biological S1-8 PEREDO, EL*; CARDON, ZG; Marine Biological Laboratory; Laboratory; [email protected] [email protected] Imaging the neuromuscular systems of cephalopod arms and Calm vs. panicked: contrasting responses of desert-derived and suckers. aquatic green microalgae during desiccation and rehydration The boneless bodies of octopus, squid, and other cephalopods owe Desiccation tolerance in the vegetative state (DT) is an essential their structural integrity and functional diversity in part to exquisitely adaptive trait for colonization of land. DT has evolved independently arranged muscle fibers that permeate, shape, and power the body. in multiple lineages of terrestrial green algae, including in the algal The arms and suckers of octopus, for instance, are exceptional in ancestor of all seed plants. Scenedesmaceae is a particularly powerful both prehensile dexterity and in strength. The suckers themselves are group of microalgae for the study of DT because the group includes highly engineered modular structures that operate individually but multiple, independently-evolved desert-dwelling species and very also act with local coordination, each sucker having its own little closely-related aquatic taxa. Desiccated desert algae recover ganglion that wires into an overhead nerve cord running through the photosynthetic activity immediately when rehydrated, whereas their arm. The suckers are mechanical in their suction and also serve aquatic relatives display very limited to no recovery upon tactile and chemosensory functions. The sophistication, modularity, rehydration. Desert-evolved taxa also minimize accumulation of and hierarchy of the arms and suckers system, and its potential reactive oxygen species during water loss. Gene expression patterns interface with neuroscience, biomechanics, and robotics is enticing during desiccation and rehydration reveal that during desiccation, but powerful tools for live and whole-mount imaging are largely desiccation-tolerant taxa first downregulate photosynthesis and unestablished. Recent advances in microscope systems, dyes, and energetic metabolism then notably increase expression of genes and clearing agents enable imaging of sub-cellular structure in the context transcription factors traditionally associated with stress in the broad of gross anatomical features, for instance, the muscle fibers and green plant clade, including Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins, ganglia of entire arm suckers in octopus hatchlings. Here we small Heat Shock Proteins and oxidoreductases. The controlled characterize the spatial arrangement of nerves and muscles in response in desert-evolved taxa contrasts with an overall whole-mount arms of different species of cephalopods using upregulation of gene expression observed in the aquatic taxa, fluorescent dye and label-free methods and various imaging consistent with a state of cellular emergency during desiccation. approaches, including confocal, light sheet, and polarized light These data suggest that desiccation tolerance may rely on both the microscopy. In addition, we develop a behavioral assay to capture coordinated expression of multiple (potentially ancient) genes and sucker dynamics of octopus hatchlings during the process of grip and pathways protecting cellular structures from damage, and the release from a substrate, a first step to enabling readouts of neural induction of regulatory networks that control an ordered cellular and muscular activity in suckers using genetically encoded shutdown under unfavorable conditions. The shift towards a more fluorescent biosensors, like GCaMP to visualize calcium dynamics. quiescent metabolism during stress might be as important for DT as the induced expression of well-recognized, stress-related proteins.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 181 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e182

58-3 PEREZ, LK*; KWIATKOWSKI, MA; GUMM, JM; Stephen F. 38-5 PEREZ-GUERRA, D*; GARDUÑO-PAZ, MV; Austin State University, Stephen F. Austin State University; MENDEZ-SANCHEZ, JF; ADAMS, CE; Midwestern State USFWS; [email protected] University, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Opsin Diversity in Anurans de México, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Among major vertebrate groups, anurans are understudied with Environment, Glasgow University; [email protected] regards to their visual systems and how they function. In this study, Morphological plasticity in Girardinichthys multiradiatus: a we sampled North American anurans representing diverse high-altitude fish endemic to Upper Lerma, Mexico evolutionary and life histories and which likely possess visual Phenotypic plasticity is any change in the characteristics of an systems adapted to meet different ecological needs. Using standard organism in response to a signal from the environment. These molecular techniques, we obtained sequences for rhodopsin (Rh1) differences in morphology are important because they provide and three cone opsins (LWS, SWS1, and SWS2A) expressed in information on survival strategies of organisms. Morphological anuran retinas. Changes to the amino acid sequence of opsins can variation induced by the consumption of different prey seems to be Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 result in shifts in the wavelength sensitivity of a visual pigment and common in fish, expanding the threshold of possible prey in a limited thus can alter dim-light and color vision. We identified variable sites, environment. Girardinichthys multiradiatus is a viviparous species including those with polarity changes, by comparing specific amino endemic to the Lerma river basin, unique due to its confined acid positions across taxa. Variation within the transmembrane distribution and abundance. We determined the morphological regions of each opsin indicate possible spectral tuning sites, variation of Girardinichthys multiradiatus induced by two types of suggesting variation in dim-light and color vision among anuran diets: Hyalella sp. and Daphnia sp. of two different populations of clades. Current phylogenetics do not fully explain patterns of anuran the Alto Lerma Basin. For the determination of morphology, the opsin evolution. Preliminary results suggest that selective pressures captured organisms subjected to two months of experimentation were relating to ecology and light environment may be driving changes to photographed and analyzed with using geometric morphometry. The anuran visual systems. This work provides an exciting framework to results showed that individuals fed Hyalella developed thin bodies, further our understanding of anuran vision. compact eyes, compact heads, thin caudal peduncles and they tend to thin out towards the caudal fin. In contrast, individuals that were fed Daphnia have robust bodies, large eyes, robust heads, robust caudal peduncles and they tend to widen toward the caudal fin. These morphotypes correspond to effective morphologies related to optimal efficiency of predation of benthic and limnetic organisms and to optimal swimming efficiency for hunting them, which shows a plastic response in G. multiradiatus explaining the survival of the species in unfavorable habitats.

139-6 PETERS, JM*; MAHADEVAN, L; Harvard University; 140-2 PETERSEN, JC*; RAMSAY, JB; Westfield State University; [email protected] [email protected] Distributed control of ventilation by honeybee-inspired robots Walking on Chains: Anatomy and Functional Morphology of the Honeybees actively ventilate their nests by flapping their wings at the Walking Appendages in Sea-Robins entrance of the hive in response to high air temperatures. Individual Fish fin rays (lepidotrichia) are typically composed of paired and bees respond only to local temperatures but collectively they are able segmented structures (hemitrichia) that help support and change the to coordinate large-scale, efficient flows by separating inflow and shape of the fins to affect water flow. Yet, marine fish that are outflow in space. This spatial separation arises not due to direct members of the family Priontinae (sea-robins) have specialized communication or coordination between bees, but due to the pectoral fin rays that are separated from the pectoral fin and used like interaction between distributed fanning behavior, airflow and limbs to walk along the seafloor. While previous kinematic studies temperature. We designed a system of honeybee-inspired robots have supported the use of these specialized fin rays as walking composed of temperature sensors, DC fans, and analog control appendages, there is little information on how the morphology of the circuitry. We distributed these robots at the entrance of a heated "walking-rays" and associated muscles facilitate underwater walking. chamber and quantified the behavior of the robots, the flow they Here we examine the musculoskeletal anatomy and flexibility of the collectively generate and the temperature profile along the entrance walking-rays and pectoral fin rays in two species of sea robin, of the chamber during ventilation bouts. This artificial system allows Prionotus evolans and P. carolinus using gross dissection, microCT, us to experimentally probe questions related to the physical and materials testing. Our main goals were to determine what mechanisms of self-organization in this system, which are difficult to structural modifications may be present in the walking rays that observe in the honeybee system. would promote the use of these flexible chain-link rays as supportive structures capable of propelling the fish forward along the seafloor. Our results revealed enlarged processes for muscle attachment and novel S-shaped bone segments forming the dorsal hemitrich of the walking rays. The three-point bending tests of the walking fin rays revealed a significant reduction in flexibility when bent dorsally or rostrocaudally. This increased rigidity rostrocaudally may support the ray once it is depressed into the seafloor and enters the propulsive phase. The novel S-shape segments of the hemitrichs may also promote the directional rigidity of the walking rays of sea-robins. These novel features, which are also used for prey detection, may have allowed these benthic fish to conserve energy while foraging on the seafloor. Furthermore, the features of the ray morphology may be applicable in robotics or the development new lightweight prosthetics.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 182 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e183

40-7 PETERSON, AN*; MCHENRY, MJ; Univ. of California, 8-4 PFEIFFENBERGER, JA*; TYTELL, ED; Tufts University; Irvine; [email protected] [email protected] The Coupled Strategies of Lionfish and Prey Fish Ontogenetic scaling of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the During predation, the interplay of predator and prey behaviors body of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus determine the outcome of an interaction. These interactions are The bodies of fishes are composed of flexible materials that interact guided by the coupled strategies of both animals, which are difficult mechanically with the fluid around the fish. While the behavior and to determine through observation alone. To examine the relationships mechanics of fish swimming have been studied for decades, few between predator and prey strategies, we used a combination of studies have investigated the role of internal body mechanics in experiments and mathematical modeling of red lionfish (Pterois swimming performance. Fish generate propulsive forces by volitans) as they pursued green chromis (Chromis viridis). The activating muscles that bend their bodies from side to side. The lionfish used a pure pursuit strategy, where they attempted to internal viscoelastic body mechanics therefore determine how maintain a zero bearing regardless of prey maneuvers. The green effectively these muscle forces can produce whole-body propulsive Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 chromis were capable of swimming faster than the lionfish but forces. In this study, we measured the viscoelastic mechanical generally exhibited avoidance swimming only when the lionfish properties of the bodies of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis machrochirus, moved within a close threshold distance. Kinematics of observed over a range of sizes, from 65 to 170 mm SL. We used an oscillatory behaviors validated our computational model, which we used to bending apparatus in which fish were connected to a servomotor, evaluate the strategies of both predator and prey. This approach has while the other end of the fish were attached to a six-axis force the potential to offer a framework for understanding predator-prey transducer. The bodies were then bent back and forth at different interactions in a diversity of animals. frequencies (1 - 7 Hz) and amplitudes (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 degrees) while body torques were measured with the force transducer. We made these measurements at two body regions: between the 1st and 3rd dorsal fin ray and between the 1st and 3rd anal fin ray. We aim to answer several questions, including (1) does the fish body have a resonant frequency?, (2) do the body regions differ mechanically?, and (3) How do these properties change across ontogeny? We found that body torques increased with increasing amplitude, but remained unchanged across frequencies, indicating that the body does not have a resonant frequency in the range of normal swimming frequencies. Local flexural stiffness on the other hand increase with frequency, but remained unchanged with increasing amplitudes. Both body torques and local flexural stiffness increased with increasing body size.

40-2 PHILSON, CS*; FOLTZ, SL; DAVIS, JE; Radford University; 112-3 PODOLSKY, RD; College of Charleston; [email protected] [email protected] Sensitivity of Dynein-ATPase to pH in Sperm of the Sea Urchin Plasticity in Songbird's Environment-Behavior Interactions at a Arbacia punctulata Supplemental Feeder External fertilization exposes gametes to variation in environmental Identifying the nature of a songbird's behavioral response to dynamic conditions, including temporal and spatial variation in seawater pH. environmental conditions may help us understand their potential to Gametes may be especially vulnerable to changes in pH because they cope with future environmental change. In this study, we compared are small and lack homeostatic capacities. In addition, sperm of many the ambient environmental conditions during a species' "normal" organisms rely on a mechanism of suppression in the testes that is feeding behaviors to the conditions during displacement behaviors regulated by the presence of high CO2/low pH. As a result, sperm are (an uncommon event where a bird removes another bird from the naturally pre-disposed to be sensitive to low seawater pH, which can feeding perch). Our results show house sparrows (Passer domesticus) pose a risk to fertilization under acidified conditions by reducing have the largest degree of variation in environmental conditions sperm activity. Our work with sea urchins has demonstrated that between normal and displacement feeding events, while near-future (50-100 y) predicted changes in seawater pH reduce eastern-tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) have the least of the sperm motility and fertilization success, and that these effects vary seven species studied. We also identified relationships between between populations. To address one mechanism that could underlie environmental conditions and specific species-species displacement this effect, I examined the pH sensitivity of dynein, a encounters. Overall, these results help us map the nature of microtubule-associated ATPase that regulates energy use by sea interactions between the environment and the behavioral plasticity of urchin sperm. Using a microassay of inorganic phosphate production, songbirds via this uncommon, but potentially important behavior. I tested kinetics and stability of dynein under a set of pH and temperature conditions, using sperm from two populations of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata from different latitudes. Dynein was highly sensitive to pH within a range that included near-future predicted conditions and that showed negative effects on sperm motility and fertilization. Populations differed in the sensitivity of dynein to pH and temperature. Dynein is therefore one component of sperm physiology that appears susceptible to ocean acidification, providing a possible mechanism that connects effects at the molecular level to whole organism performance.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 183 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e184

98-5 POFF, M*; OWERKOWICZ, T; California State University, 14-1 POORBOY, DM*; BOWERS, EK; SAKALUK, SK; San Bernardino; [email protected] THOMPSON, CF; BOWDEN, RM; Illinois State University, Ablation of rostral conchae does not affect heat exchange in the University of Memphis; [email protected] upper respiratory tract of the domestic chicken Experimental cross-fostering of eggs reveals effects of territory Respiratory turbinates in the nasal cavities of endothermic quality on reproductive allocation vertebrates are known to play an important role in heat conservation Parental and territory quality are often correlated in birds, and both and dissipation. In birds, cartilaginous rostral and middle conchae factors influence the resources allocated to offspring. Surprisingly, protrude inward from the nasal capsule, increasing the surface area of the relative contribution of these two components of parental the respiratory epithelium, decreasing the distance to the respiratory investment remains obscure. We experimentally decoupled the airstream, and thus improving the efficiency of heat and water normal covariation between parental quality and territory quality to exchange. How important either of the conchae is to heat test the hypothesis that territory quality influences prenatal and conservation at low ambient temperatures and dissipation at high postnatal reproductive allocation. Territories were categorized into Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 temperatures is not known. To determine the role of the rostral low-, intermediate-, and high-quality based on fledging success of concha, we performed a bilateral surgical excision in hatchlings of nesting attempts in nestboxes over a previous 6 year period. To the domestic chicken, and sham operated control animals. We decouple covariation between territory quality and individual quality, measured exhaled air temperatures in adult chickens (n=5 per nestbox entrance size was increased on high-quality territories and treatment) under mild sedation across a 10-40°C range and at 30% left small on poor-quality sites because house wrens (Troglodytes relative humidity. With the animals breathing with a closed beak, aedon) prefer small over large entrances to their nest sites. We found there were no significant differences in exhaled air temperatures at a significant prenatal effect of territory quality on nestling the external nares between experimental and control animals at any provisioning: when reared on intermediate-quality territories, of the tested ambient temperatures. When breathing with an open nestlings hatching from eggs produced on low-quality territories beak, exhaled air temperatures at the glottis were significantly were provisioned at a higher rate than those hatching from eggs different only at ambient 40°C, with the experimental animals having produced on high-quality territories. We propose that the increased a slightly (1.0°C) warmer breath, but also a slightly higher (0.9°C) provisioning was brought about by increased nestling begging core temperature (t-test, p<0.05). Our results suggest that either the mediated by a maternally derived compound transferred to the eggs rostral concha does not participate in heat exchange in the nasal of stressed females in poor-quality habitat. cavity, or the middle concha compensates for the loss of its rostral counterpart. Loss of the rostral concha may exert an effect on the trachea's ability to dissipate heat at high ambient temperatures, but does not improve its countercurrent exchange at low temperatures.

46-3 POS, KM*; KOLMANN, MA; GAO, TR; GIDMARK, NJ; 36-2 POTTS, LJ*; TEETS, NM; Univ. of Kentucky ; Univ. of Massachusetts Lowell, George Washington University, [email protected] University of Chicago, Knox College; [email protected] Overwintering Spiders: Physiological Responses to the Winter Evolutionary history versus dietary niche as factors shaping Season pharyngeal jaw structure in cyprinid fishes Winter provides many challenges for terrestrial arthropods. Low Anatomy is the product of both evolutionary history and temperature, freeze-thaw cycles, precipitation and extreme weather environmental pressures. The family Cyprinidae (order events negatively impact the survival and fitness of these organisms. Cypriniformes) is a hugely diverse group of fishes, 300 of which are Most arthropods overwinter in a dormant diapause state and cease endemic to North America. The oral jaw of minnows is edentulous functions like activity, growth, and feeding. However, a select few and the entirety of mechanical prey processing occurs via the arthropods remain active during winter, and the ability to maintain pharyngeal jaws. Individuals from this clade feed on myriad prey and activity and continue foraging and growing are thought to provide a occupy nearly all freshwater habitats, making them a phenomenal selective advantage by enhancing spring reproduction. In this study, model system for studying the interplay between diet and we investigated physiological and biochemical adaptations to winter evolutionary history in shaping anatomy. Here, we used conditions in a winter active wolf spider, Schizocosa stridulans. For micro-computed tomographic (CT) imaging of 243 species of North this species and other winter active arthropods, winter activity American minnows to evaluate how anatomical specialization, requires the capacity to maintain locomotion at low temperatures, evolutionary history, and dietary ecology have shaped morphology in preserve energy balance with limited food availability, and tolerate this clade. We utilized phylogenetic data established for this clade, extreme cold events. We hypothesized that winter activity in S. linear landmark-based metrics, and geometric morphometric shape stridulans is accompanied by a low critical thermal minimum analyses to capture anatomical variation and compare morphological (CTmin) and the ability to grow and maintain energy balance in the diversity. We see trophic convergence among genera, and winter. We tested CTmin of spiders kept in experimental incubators considerable variation in morphology of several traits: 1) muscle in the lab. It is much lower than other recorded spiders or insect taxa, attachment area (a proxy for muscle force); 2) relative size of the averaging -4˚C. We show that these spiders are able to continuing ligament spanning left and right hemi-mandibles (a proxy for growing throughout the winter, with a field-collected dataset, and strength and range of motion and skeletal flexibility); and 3) jaw that nutrient profiles reflect that growth with increased levels of elongation (a proxy for gape). These functionally important metrics protein across the winter months and a decrease in lipids. In ongoing of bone (hemi-mandibles) and ligament were negatively correlated analyses, we are using metabolomics to identify putative yet they evolve independently. Moreover, there is extensive overlap cryoprotectants and other metabolic changes that may support winter in morphospace, suggesting that convergence is widespread among activity. Taken together, this work provides critical insights into the minnow dietary guilds. Our results show a recent burst in physiological and biochemical adaptations that permit this spider to diversification with most variation occurring at the extant tips of the be among the small handful of species that remain active in winter. phylogenetic tree for both functional and geometric morphometric traits.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 184 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e185

95-7 POWERS, SD*; GRAYSON, KL; MARTINEZ, E; AGOSTA, 10-3 POWERS, AK*; BERNING, DJ; MANNING, A; SJ; Virginia Commonwealth University, University of Richmond, NZOBIGEZA, N; GROSS, JB; Harvard Medical School, Univ. of Eastern Illinois University ; [email protected] Cincinnati; [email protected] Ontogenetic Variation in Metabolic Rate-Temperature Sensing in the dark: asymmetrical skulls may help blind cavefish Relationships in Larvae of an Invasive Ectotherm find their way Predicting the response of organisms to environmental change The colonization of extreme environments is typically accompanied requires a mechanistic understanding of physiological performance, by extreme morphological changes. Life in complete darkness has including how it varies with ontogeny. We present data on the driven the evolution of a suite of troglobitic features in the blind thermal sensitivity of mass specific resting metabolic rate (RMRm) in Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus), such as eye and pigment five larval instars of a laboratory strain of the invasive gypsy moth loss. While regressive evolution is a hallmark of obligate (Lymantria dispar). Available data for this relationship are often cave-dwelling organisms, putatively adaptive, constructive traits limited to a particular life stage or age group and are measured over a commonly arise as well. Here, we combine quantitative analysis with Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 narrow range of temperatures that does not encompass the behavioral studies to begin to characterize mechanosensory temperature at which metabolic rate is maximized (Tmax). As a result, neuromast patterning and function in the cavefish cranium. predictive models may simply assume that metabolic rate increases Previously, we discovered that cavefish harbor numerous cranial with temperature over the "normal" physiological range and that the bone asymmetries: fluctuating asymmetry of individual dermal bones slope of the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature is and directional asymmetry in a dorso-cranial bend of the skull biased invariant within species. In each instar, we observed that across a toward the left. This asymmetry is mirrored by the asymmetrical wide range of physiologically relevant temperatures (13-38°C), patterning of cranial neuromasts. We explored the relationship RMRm reached Tmax around 31°C and then decreased as temperature between facial bones and neuromasts using in vivo fluorescent continued to increase. We found similar estimates of Tmax across co-labeling, micro-computed tomography, and quantitative trait loci instars and similar thermal sensitivities (slopes). The exception was (QTL) association studies. We found an increase in neuromast the 1st instar, which exhibited higher thermal sensitivities on both density within dermal bone boundaries across three distinct sides of Tmax. Overall, the relationship between RMRm and populations of cavefish compared to surface-dwelling fish. We temperature was similar, but not invariant across the larval stage. reasoned that a bend in the dorsal region of the skull may expose This type of information can help provide a mechanistic more neuromasts to water flow on the opposite side of the face, thus understanding of how organisms respond to their thermal enhancing sensory input and spatial mapping in the dark. We tested environments, including how invasive species like gypsy moth this using a behavioral assay to assess swimming direction in fish spread across the landscape. with a leftward bend in the skull compared to fish with no bend. Our results suggest that facial asymmetry may have evolved as a mechanism to enhance sensory input in the absence of light.

132-5 PRAKASH, M; COYLE, SM*; FLAUM, E; LI, H; 86-7 PRAKASH, V.N.*; BULL, M.S.; PRAKASH, M.; Stanford KRISHNAMURTHY, D; Stanford University; [email protected] University; [email protected] Coupled Active Systems Encode Emergent Behavioral Dynamics of Epithelial Tissue Fracture and Healing Dynamics Govern Fast and the Unicellular Predator Lacrymaria olor Extreme Plastic Shape Changes in Trichoplax adhaerens Multiple active systems in a cell work together to produce Epithelial tissues typically act as barriers and provide support to sophisticated cellular behaviors such as motility and search. organs and embryos, but during development, these tissues also However, it is often unclear how this coupling specifies the complex display a dynamic, fluid-like behavior. During morphogenesis, emergent dynamics that define such behaviors. As a model system, epithelial tissues undergo both elastic (reversible) and plastic we analyzed the hunting strategy of Lacrymaria olor, a unicellular (irreversible) shape changes often characterized by local cell predatory ciliate that uses extreme morphological changes to extend, rearrangement mechanisms such as intercalation and rosette contract and whip an apparent "cell neck" over many body lengths to formation, which are primarily orchestrated by genetic programs (e.g. capture prey. Tracking millions of unique subcellular morphologies drosophila). Here, we have discovered a novel fracture-based over time revealed that these fast dynamics encode a comprehensive mechanism by which epithelial tissues can exhibit fast and extreme local search behavior apparent only at longer timescales. This plastic shape changes in a simple, flat, early divergent animal - hunting behavior emerges as a tug-of-war between active sub-cellular Trichoplax adhaerens. These animals continuously glide on structures that use surface cilia and cortex contractility to deform the substrates using ciliary traction to generate mechanical forces - which structure of the neck. The resulting search space can be described lead to real-time organismal shape changes and also induce local mathematically using a small number of normal shape modes that stresses in the tissue. The epithelium is surprisingly able to sustain change amplitude rapidly during hunts. The distribution of these local physiological fracture holes (~min), which can either enlarge or shape modes in space and time reveals a transition point between ‘heal' (~hr), resulting in permanent plastic shape change and tense and compressed neck morphologies at the mean neck length, topological cell rearrangement, with similarities to actomyosin such that new shapes are readily sampled by repeatedly extending purse-string healing. We employ live microscopy, novel bead-based and retracting across this critical length. Molecular perturbations to tagging and engineering mechanics analysis to quantitatively the cell-signaling controller show that coupling between ciliary and demonstrate how forces mainly govern tissue fractures. We also use contractile programs is needed to maintain this length/shape agent-based active elastic sheet models & simulations to uncover relationship; neither system alone provides the dynamic repertoire of how ‘soft zones' in tissues are created to enable morphological shapes necessary for comprehensive search. Our results highlight the solid-to-liquid tissue transitions. We reveal how tissue fractures and utility of coupling antagonistic active systems as a strategy for healing play a critical role in the entire life cycle of these animals - encoding or engineering complex behaviors in molecular machines. during their (i) continuous shape change, and (ii) asexual reproduction, where an individual animal ‘splits into two' by binary fission.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 185 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e186

128-5 PRAVIN, S*; HAN, E; JAEGER, H; HSIEH, ST; Temple S7-11 PRICE, SA*; CORN, KA; FRIEDMAN, ST; LAROUCHE, O; University, The University of Chicago; [email protected] MARTINEZ, CM; ZAPFE, K; WAINWRIGHT, PC; Clemson Toe Spacing Induces Particle Jamming During Intrusion Into University, Univ. of California, Davis; [email protected] Granular Media The fish shapes project. Harnessing the power of data science, Legged, terrestrial animals use a variety of foot shapes for moving museum collections and undergraduate researchers to quantify across diverse terrain. Granular substrates such as sand, snow and body shape evolution across teleost fishes. cobbles display complex behavior that can range from solid to fluid Teleosts account for 96% of all fish species, nearly half of extant in a step. The effects of foot morphology on the dynamics of vertebrate diversity, and exhibit a spectacular variety of body forms interaction between feet and granular substrates remain poorly from deep-bodied moonfish to elongate eels. However, attempts to understood. The goal of this study was to characterize the effect of comprehensively explore general patterns in the relationship between toe spacing on foot-ground interactions. To this end, we measured body shape, functional morphology and ecology across teleosts have the force response to the intrusion of two parallel square rods into dry been limited by data availability. We present a morphological dataset Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 poppy seeds while varying rod gap spacing. This interaction was also of eight functionally relevant size and shape variables, combining numerically simulated using the discrete element method length, depth and width measurements as well as seven fin spine (LIGGGHTS®), and the total force on the two intruders was length measurements on more than 13000 specimens from 6000+ calculated. We hypothesized that total force would decrease as the species in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History gap between the two rods increased, with the greatest force produced collections. The resulting morphospace spans the phylogenetic at a zero gap. Our results show, however, that a peak in the total diversity of teleosts and encompasses 90% of extant families and force occurs at a gap of ~3 particle diameters, which was 20 % 96% of living orders. Integral to the data collection were our 30+ greater than the force at large separation (>11 particle diameters), undergraduate researchers, who spent 18 months immersed in a beyond which total produced force plateaued. We propose that this coordinated research experience. When analyzed in a phylogenetic peak in force is the result of particle jamming between the two framework our data enables us to identify the primary axes of shape intruders. To quantify the degree of particle jamming, interparticle diversification across teleosts, describe trends in shape diversity over forces at different gaps were calculated. As expected, the total time and identify combinations of shape and ecological, number of strong forces—identified as force chains—in the particle environmental and functionally relevant biological traits that are domains indicated greater particle jamming at gaps surrounding the common, rare or not found in nature. Our initial analyses indicate peak force. These findings indicate that gap size between toes can that the primary axes of variation and the effect of specific ecological significantly affect total force response to granular intrusion, and traits on rates of morphological evolution are highly dependent on particle jamming can play a determining role in identifying the the taxonomic scale of the analyses. This highlights the difficulty of optimal gap spacing between toes to maximize force response. inferring global macroevolutionary patterns from smaller scale analyses and vice versa.

30-5 PROVENCHER, C; CHAN, JC; SPILLANE, J; PLACHETZKI, 129-2 PROVINI, P*; BRUNET, A; VAN WASSENBERGH, S; DC*; University of New Hampshire; [email protected] Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; [email protected] Focusing in on the origin of opsins and phototransduction Intra-Oral Hydrodynamics of Suction Feeding in Fishes All modes of animal vision depend on opsin proteins of the G protein To capture prey by suction, fishes generate a high velocity flow of coupled receptor (GPCR) class. Opsins are present across animals water entering the mouth and exiting at the back of the head. and cnidarian opsins were first described more than a decade ago. Although the hydrodynamics associated with suction feeding is After much progress, fundamental questions stemming from the prominent to catch food successfully, difficult optical access to the paucity of opsin data representing the major lineages of Cnidaria buccal cavity makes it still poorly understood. Here, we used the persist. Recent phylogenomic analyses have clarified cnidarian technique of X ray particle tracking, which we optimized to quantify relationships and provide a comprehensive set of genome-scale intra-oral flow dynamics in three dimensions. This method requires datasets that could ameliorate these issues. Here we describe a new the use of at least two X ray sources and radio-opaque particles of bioinformatic approach called Phylogenetic Focusing that densities close to that of the fluid medium. We specifically designed progressively circumscribes complete orthologous clades of interest small, approximately neutrally buoyant radio-opaque particles within their larger gene families. We applied phylogenetic focusing composed of 1.4 mm diameter polystyrene foam spheres with an to a selection of 60 cnidarian and 25 outgroup genome-scale datasets insert of an X-ray absorbing metal marker. Two individuals of Carp and find that the GPCR neighborhood within which opsins reside is (Cyprinus carpio) were implanted with 0.35 mm diameter populated by several, previously undescribed clades of non-bilaterian radio-opaque markers on the upper jaw, lower jaw, hyoid, GPCRs including major radiations in sponges, ctenophores and suspensorium, branchial arches, opercula, skull and pectoral girdle, cnidarians. This finding challenges the view that melatonin receptors in order to link the quantified water motions with skeletal kinematics, are the close evolutionary sister to opsins and highlights a hidden using XROMM methods. Fishes were filmed during capturing and diversity of GPCRs in the close vicinity of opsins. In addition, intra-oral manipulation of food and surrounding flow tracer particles. cnidarians are inferred to have inherited the full complement of opsin This analysis allowed us to obtain a more complete view on the 3D types but have lost several of them in a lineage specific manner, kinematics of both the animal‘s cranial system and intra-oral water leaving anthozoans as the cnidarian clade that best represents the during feeding. ancestral cnidarian opsin palate. Finally, the rate of opsin gene duplication and loss is significantly higher for many cnidarian taxa as compared to other animal lineages, indicating a tumultuous evolutionary history for cnidarian opsins.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 186 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e187

25-4 PRUETT, JE*; FARGEVIEILLE, A; WARNER, DA; Auburn 81-1 QUINN, BL*; XI, SY; HSIEH, ST; Temple University, University; [email protected] Harriton High School; [email protected] Maternal nest choice and the effects of nest microclimate on egg Can learning facilitate perturbation recovery following limb loss in survival in the brown anole tarantulas? Maternal nest choice plays an important role in the development of Some vertebrates and many arthropods can voluntarily lose an embryos in oviparous species. Embryos are subject to the conditions appendage (i.e., autotomize) during antagonistic encounters. Yet, chosen by the mother, and in many species, display a high degree of how animals alter limb use to accommodate the loss of locomotor plasticity in response to developmental environment. The sensitivity limbs is poorly understood. A recent study showed intact wolf of these embryos to their surroundings places a great amount spiders using an alternating tetrapod gait, and switching to a more importance on the conditions females select. Nesting behavior varies stable alternating tripod gait after autotomy of two limbs. We widely across species with reproductive strategies. The brown anole hypothesized that spiders use learning to expedite autotomy-induced (Anolis sagrei), for example, exhibits fixed clutch size, laying one gait changes and will switch gaits more rapidly after a previous limb Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 egg every 7-10 days across an extended reproductive season that can loss event. We acquired hatchling tarantulas (Davus pentaloris) that last from April to October. Anoles present an interesting system for had never lost limbs prior to our study. We recorded dorsal views at studying the effects of nest site choice for many reasons. First, anoles 500 fps (Photron SA-3), first with all limbs intact (control) and then have well-documented plastic responses to developmental conditions following removal of two limbs from one tetrapod. Upon limb such as incubation temperature and moisture. Second, the extended regeneration, we recorded more control trials and then autotomized nesting season means females are nesting in very different climatic the same two limbs. We calculated relative limb phases to categorize conditions across the season. To quantify maternal nesting behavior the spiders' gaits. Autotomy had no significant effect on running and determine effects of developmental conditions on survival in the speed (F=1.32, p=0.28) and basic stride kinematics were different brown anole, we searched for maternal nest sites using both targeted from control only following the first autotomy. Duty factor did not and randomized searching methods, and we incubated eggs in the change (F = 1.51, p = 0.22) among all treatments. However, stride field for most of their developmental period. Mothers chose nest sites length increased (F = 12.56, p < 0.0001) and stride frequency with higher moisture and lower temperatures relative to what was decreased (F = 8.00, p < 0.0001) following the first autotomy only. In available at random across the nesting season. However, nesting control trials, the alternating tetrapod gait was used in the majority of behavior varied among sampling periods with mothers choosing the trials (32 of 42). Following limb autotomy, we observed a more shaded sites in the hotter part of the season. This result was temporal shift from using the ablated tetrapod gait to the alternating paralleled in the egg placement study with survival probability of tripod gait; but the rate of this shift did not appear to differ between eggs decreasing with increasing nest temperature. the autotomy treatments. These results suggest that there are multiple strategies for adapting to limb loss and that learning is not necessarily a critical component of this compensatory process.

136-6 RADER, JA*; HEDRICK, TL; UNC Chapel Hill; 78-7 RAGSDALE, AK; MILLER, K; COLOMBO, RE; MENZE, [email protected] MA; SCHREY, AW*; University of Otago, Dunedin , Georgia Aerodynamics, not load, predicts avian wing thickness Southern University, Savannah, Eastern Illinois University, The wings of flapping fliers must be strong enough to resist the Charleston, University of Louisville, Louisville; aerodynamic and inertial loads placed on them while also [email protected] maintaining an aerodynamically appropriate shape for producing the DNA Methylation is Altered in Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis requisite forces during flapping and gliding flight. The balance of macrochirus, as Consequence of Anthropogenic Thermal Stress these pressures differs among species with different flight styles and Epigenetic mechanisms can change gene expression and phenotypes ecologies and wing morphology is expected to vary accordingly. In in response to environmental stress. Power plant-cooling lakes addition to 2D shape traits, such as aspect ratio, 3D attributes of wing emblemize anthropogenic temperature changes and two lakes in morphology including camber and thickness may also vary Illinois exhibit characteristics essential to studying temperature significantly among species, and contribute to structural and induced phenotypic changes. We compared populations of Bluegill aerodynamic function. North American raptors (Falconiformes) sunfish in the power plant-cooling Lake Coffeen which is 2-6 ºC display a range of flight and hunting styles and vary in body mass by warmer to populations in the nearby ambient Lake Mattoon. Bluegill more than an order of magnitude, providing an opportunity to explore in the thermally-elevated lake have a shorter lifespan, show a how wing morphology scales with body size, how it varies with decrease in growth performance, and population structure is skewed flight behavior, and what constrains it. We collected 3D shape data towards younger fish. We performed MS-AFLP to determine if DNA from 200 individuals encompassing 19 raptor species, as well as two methylation differed between fish from the thermally-elevated and species of New World vultures (Coragyps atratus and Cathartes ambient lake. We identified significant epigenetic differentiation aura) using a laser scanner (NextEngine, Inc.) and analyzed 2D and between specimens from both lakes and we identified five loci with 3D shape variables from the wing scans using custom programs in increased, and two loci with decreased DNA methylation among MATLAB and R. We hypothesized that if structural stiffness was the individuals in the thermally-elevated lake compared to the ambient paramount pressure, wing thickness should be best predicted by lake. Further, our results show differentiation in the frequency of bending load (proportional to mass*wing length). Conversely, if methylation among sites between lakes, while sites within the wing thickness is constrained by the aerodynamics of the wing, it thermally challenged lake did not differ. These results suggest that should be best predicted by 2D attributes such as wing length and DNA methylation is an important mechanism contributing to the chord. We found that, in phylogenetically corrected and uncorrected observed phenotypic variation in Bluegill from thermally-elevated models, wing thickness is better predicted by 2D attributes of wing lakes compared to ambient lakes. We then used epiRADseq to shape (PGLS, r2=0.97, p<0.001) than by bending load (r2=0.66, generate 185,166 fragments to compare broad scale genomic ∆AIC=244.9, p<0.01) or body mass (r2=0.71, ∆AIC=173.4, p<0.01), differences in DNA methylation among fish from Lake Coffeen, suggesting that 3D wing shape, at least in the Falconiformes, is Lake Mattoon, and Bluegill collected in Puerto Rico, which serve as aerodynamically, rather than structurally constrained. a geographically disjunct group with higher ambient temperatures. We will compare results between MS-AFLP and epiRADseq.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 187 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e188

35-4 RAHMAN, MD/S*; THOMAS, PETER; University of Texas 100-4 RAMASWAMY, S.S; SANE, S.P.*; National Centre for Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, University of Texas Marine Biological Sciences, TIFR; [email protected] Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX; [email protected] The role of water and pheromones in mound-building behavior in Effects of environmental hypoxia on reproductive endocrine termites functions, molecular and epigenetic signals in Atlantic croaker Mound-building termites construct build tall structures using the soil Knowledge of the effects of environmental exposure to hypoxia on available from their surroundings. These mounds house their entire critical physiological functions is essential for accurate predictions of subterranean colony, which consists of a queen, who generates major its chronic impacts on aquatic organism. Marked disruption of and minor workers, soldiers and reproductive alates that take wing reproductive and endocrine functions was observed in Atlantic when the ambient humidity conditions are favourable. In addition to croaker collected from the hypoxic region in the northern Gulf of the termite colony, termites also farm a fungus strain that exclusively Mexico. Recent research has shown that growth and its physiological grows within the mound and helps the termites digest wood. When upregulation is also impaired in hypoxia-exposed marine fish. building or repairing mounds, large numbers of termites are recruited Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Expression of IGFBP, a growth inhibitory protein, and HIF-1alpha, to the building site where they then perform repetitive actions which an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor, were upregulated in croaker involves regurgitating soil, rolling it into small boluses that are then tissues collected from hypoxic environments. Preliminary field and used as the building bricks. For the clay to stick it must contain laboratory studies indicate that hypoxia exposure also causes water. Because this activity occurs throughout the year ranging from epigenetic modifications, including increases in global DNA heavily rainy monsoons to very dry summers, we studied how water methylation in croaker. Epigenetic modifications can be passed to content influenced building rates. We conducted a series of offspring and persist in future generations no longer exposed to the experiments which reveal that specific water content in the soil environmental stressor. Collectively, the results indicate that enables termites to maintain optimal building rates. This activity is environmental hypoxia exposure disrupts major physiological collective, and also requires chemically mediated (perhaps through functions in a marine teleost species critical for maintenance of fish pheromones) recruitment of termites to ensure sustained building populations. activity. We also show that this chemical is quite stable to temperature increases in excess of what termites would experience in their natural habitat.

27-6 RAMSAY, CR*; ROHR, JR; University of South Florida; 101-1 RAMSEY, AJ*; MCCAULEY, DE; MANDEL, JR; [email protected] University of Memphis, Vanderbilt University; Order of Infection Impacts Disease Progression in Frogs [email protected] Co-infecting pathogens interact with each other and their Patterns of cytonuclear linkage disequilibrium differ between environment, the host, but foundational concepts from community heteroplasmic and homoplasmic individuals of wild carrot, Daucus ecology, such as priority effects, have rarely been used to understand carota (Apiaceae), a gynodioecious plant species co-infection. Here, we tested how the timing of infection with Cytonuclear linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the non-random common and deadly amphibian pathogens impacts pathogen load, association of alleles between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes host growth, and survival; hypothesizing that larger time lags (ptDNA or mtDNA). Patterns of cytonuclear LD can indicate between pathogen exposures will lead to a greater competitive admixture of divergent populations, cytonuclear selection, advantage for the initial pathogen. We infected post-metamorphic non-traditional organellar inheritance, or the occurrence of more than Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) with Ranavirus, the one type of mtDNA or ptDNA within an individual (heteroplasmy). fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a nematode Aplectana Gynodioecious plant species are known to exhibit biparental hamatospicula, or two of the three pathogens either sequentially or inheritance of organelles, creating heteroplasmy. We used the simultaneously. Prior infection with other pathogens altered gynodioecious plant species, Daucus carota, or wild carrot, to Ranaviral and A. hamatospicula pathogen loads, significantly investigate cytonuclear LD. We genotyped 265 individuals from two increasing Ranaviral pathogen loads for co-infected versus singly North American regions, 136 from the Olympic Peninsula, infected hosts and changing A. hamatospicula pathogen load Washington State and 129 from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. depending on co-infecting pathogen. Time since previous infection We used 15 nuclear microsatellites, one SNP and one was important for Bd infected hosts, but whether a longer time since insertion-deletion (indel) located in the mtDNA, and one indel infection increased or decreased loads depended on the co-infecting located in the ptDNA to calculate nuclear-nuclear LD, cytonuclear pathogen. Finally, infections with Bd and Ranavirus decreased host LD, and LD between each pair of organellar loci. We were further growth and survival. These results suggest that the order of infection able to identify over 100 individuals heteroplasmic for one of the can impact disease progression, and that some secondary infections mitochondrial SNPs and over 30 individuals heteroplasmic for the can exacerbate consequences for hosts while others can ameliorate plastid indel. Thus, we were able to calculate the same sets of them. cytonuclear LD values for individuals that are heteroplasmic and homoplasmic (non-heteroplasmic) for the mitochondrial SNP and plastid indel. When considering heteroplasmy or homoplasmy as the cytotype, no non-random associations were found, and LD values were low. However, when considering the SNP or indel variant as the cytotype, differences were found in the LD values between heteroplasmic and homoplasmic groups. In particular, the range of LD values increased when found in the heteroplasmic state.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 188 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e189

101-7 RAND, DM*; MOSSMAN, JA; Brown University; 23-3 RANGE , RC; Auburn University; [email protected] [email protected] Evolution of Anterior-Posterior Axis Specification and Patterning: Mitonuclear epistasis, genotype-by-environment interactions and Insights from the Sea Urchin Embryo personalized genomics of complex traits in Drosophila The early specification and patterning of cell fates along the primary Mitochondrial function requires the coordinated expression of dozens body axis of many metazoan embryos relies on a gradient of Wnt of gene products from the mitochondrial genome and hundreds from signaling. In most embryos this patterning mechanism depends the nuclear genomes. The systems that emerge from these primarily on high levels of localized canonical Wnt/&beta-catenin interactions convert the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe into signaling around one pole of this embryonic axis, which will form energy for life, while regulating a wide range of other cellular endoderm/endomesoderm, and localized Wnt signaling antagonists processes. These facts beg the question of whether the gene-by-gene around the opposite pole that typically aid in specifying the interactions (GxG) that enable mitochondrial function are distinct ectodermal and neuroectodermal territories. We have recently shown from the gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) that fuel for the first time in any embryo that the deuterostome sea urchin Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 mitochondrial activity. We examine this question using a Drosophila integrates information from three different Wnt signaling branches model of mitonuclear interactions in which experimental (Wnt/&beta-catenin, Wnt/JNK, and Wnt/PKC pathways) to specify combinations of mtDNA and nuclear chromosomes generate pairs of and pattern early regulatory states along the embryonic mitonuclear genotypes to test for epistatic interactions (GxG). These anterior-posterior axis. Here, we present new functional evidence mitonuclear genotypes are then exposed to altered dietary or oxygen suggesting that the three Wnt branches interact through several environments to test for GxE interactions. We use development time extracellular Wnt signaling modulators (Wnt1, Wnt8, Wnt16, to assess dietary effects, and genome wide RNAseq analyses to sFRP1/5, sFRP1, Dkk1, Dkk3 and Wif-1) and receptors (Fzl5/8 and assess hypoxic effects on transcription, which can be partitioned in to Fzl1/2/7). Our data also suggest these Wnt branches also interact mito, nuclear, and environmental (GxGxE) contributions to these through intracellular transduction molecules (e.g. PKC, NFAT, and complex traits. We find that mitonuclear epistasis is universal, and ATF2) and the transcriptional gene regulatory networks they activate. that dietary and hypoxic treatments alter the epistatic interactions. These data represent the first steps in our strategy to use a We further show that the transcriptional response to alternative combination of high-throughput genome-wide assays, molecular mitonuclear interactions has significant overlap with the manipulations, and gene regulatory network analysis to produce a transcriptional response to alternative oxygen environments. Gene systems-level model of how this Wnt signaling network governs coexpression analyses suggest that these shared genes are more anterior-posterior axis specification in the sea urchin embryo. central in networks of gene interactions, implying some functional Importantly, evidence from functional and expression studies in other overlap between epistasis and genotype by environment interactions. embryos strongly suggests that aspects of this fundamental These results are discussed in the context of evolutionary fitness, the developmental mechanism are conserved in deuterostome embryos. genetic basis of complex traits, and the challenge of mapping genotypes in to phenotypes.

89-2 RANK, NE*; MARDULYN, PM; HEIDL, S; ROBERTS, KT; 7-3 RAO, C*; LIU, H; Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba ZHANG, B; DAHLHOFF, EP; Sonoma State University, University University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; of Brussels, Santa Clara University; [email protected] [email protected] Mitonuclear interactions influence performance and reproductive Aeroacoustic Noise Suppression and Aerodynamic Robustness in characters in a montane leaf beetle Owl-inspired Leading-edge Serrations Mitonuclear interactions are implicated in many evolutionary Owls are a master to achieve silent flight in gliding and flapping processes. Evidence suggests that they reduce fitness in individuals flights under natural turbulent environments owing to their unique with mismatched mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, but this is wing morphologies, normally characterized by leading-edge poorly understood in natural populations. We investigated serrations, trailing-edge fringes and velvet-like surfaces. How these mitonuclear interactions in the beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis. morphological features affect aerodynamic force production and Populations live along altitudinal transects that impose temperature aeroacoustic noise suppression is of significance for aerodynamic / and oxygen stress. We analyzed variation along a 75 km latitudinal aeroacoustic control in biomimetic designs of owl-inspired transect and found that the nuclear metabolic enzyme locus PGI and adaptations for various fluid machineries. In this study, we address a mitochondrial protein-coding COII diverge more than other genes. large-eddy simulation-based study of owl-inspired single feather We measured reproduction and development of BC beetles in nature wing models with and without leading-edge serrations over a broad and performance and infection level by Wolbachia bacteria in the range of angles of attack (AoAs) from 0° to 20°. Our results laboratory. We found that females homozygous for the PGI genotype show that leading-edge serrations can passively control the common in northern populations laid more eggs if they had the laminar-turbulent transition over the upper wing surface, and hence mitochondrial haplotype common in the north, while females stabilize the suction flow. We also find that there exists a tradeoff homozygous for the PGI allele most common in south laid more eggs between force production and turbulent flow control (i.e. if they had the southern haplotype. Larval development showed a aeroacoustic control): poor at lower AoAs but capable of achieving similar pattern. In the laboratory, adults with matched genotypes ran equivalent aerodynamic performance at higher AoAs > 15° faster and had higher mitochondrial enzyme activities than those with compared to the clean model. Furthermore, through mimicking mismatched genotypes, especially after heat exposure. In contrast, wind-gusts under a longitudinal fluctuation in free-stream inflow and running speed and male mating success showed mismatch at low a lateral fluctuation in pitch angle, it is revealed that the elevation, suggesting that environmental hypoxia may affect serration-based passive flow control mechanisms and the tradeoff mitonuclear interactions. Finally, we found that Wolbachia level is hold independently to the wind-gust environments, demonstrating the negatively related to recovery from thermal stress exposure, but the aerodynamic robustness associated with the leading-edge serrations. pattern depends on mitochondrial and nuclear genotype. Taken together, these data suggest that mitonuclear interactions significantly alter performance and fitness in beetles living along natural thermal and oxygen gradients.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 189 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e190

30-2 RASHID, SB*; TASSIA, MG; HALANYCH, KM; MOSS, AG; 13-2 RAUSCHER, MJ*; BI, CX; FOX, JL; Case Western Reserve Auburn University; [email protected] University; [email protected] Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Evolution in Ctenophora Imposed Haltere Oscillations Influence Head and Wing Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are conserved zinc-dependent Movements of Tethered Flying Drosophila endopeptidases found across all kingdoms of life. They are members Like other flies, fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) possess a set of of a diverse protein family characterized by their catalytic domain, modified hind wings called halteres that beat in time with the Metzincin, and are divided into subfamilies based on domain forewings and act as an inertial sensory system. These modulate fast architecture and functional properties. Other major functional reflexes stabilizing the head and wings of these insects against domains found in MMPs are the N-terminus propepetide domain unexpected movements, mediated by direct projections of haltere which plays a regulatory role and the hemopexin domain. MMPs mechanosensory neurons to neck and wing-steering motoneurons. play roles in tissue remodeling events, such as wound repair and While many aspects of these circuits have been described in rigorous regeneration, and activate other proteins through proteolytic activity, electrophysiological studies, it remains unresolved how haltere Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 namely signaling pathways regulating immunity. This class of afferents encode inertial information and what aspects of haltere metalloproteinases has been widely studied in vertebrate model mechanosensation are ultimately involved in behavior. Here, we systems but less so in early diverging metazoans that lack "complex" modulate aspects of haltere kinematics and observe behavior in an extracellular matrix structures. Thus, MMP's ancestral role in effort to address these questions. Adult Drosophila were tethered to metazoans has yet to be determined. Ctenophores are planktonic, rigid pins and suspended in an insect flight arena, with which the fly marine invertebrates which recent molecular studies have placed as was shown either a uniform visual background stimulus or a periodic the earliest diverging extant group of animals. Furthermore, grating stimulus designed to elicit an optomotor steering response in ctenophores have been shown to exhibit rapid wound repair and the head and wings. Concurrent with this visual stimulation, a regenerative properties suggesting involvement of MMPs. In this dorso-ventral movement of one of the halteres was induced via a pair study, we analyze transcriptomic and genomic data through of electromagnets, acting on an iron filing glued to the haltere bulb. bioinformatics pipelines to reveal the presence of putative MMPs Under every visual context, the imposed haltere movements followed amongst ctenophore and other non-bilaterian taxa. Primary putative the magnetic stimulation frequency with close fidelity, and were homologs were filtered through a series of inclusion criteria accompanied by an identifiable jitter in power spectral density including size and domain presence. Each of the MMP amino acid estimates of the head yaw and wing leading edge angle timeseries. In sequences include: a highly conserved cysteine switch motif in the the case of the visual motion stimulus, this jitter appeared to be N-terminus indicating the presence of the propeptide domain, a superimposed on the visual system response, and did not prevent the zinc-dependent catalytic domain, and the signature hemopexin. flies from showing normal optomotor head and wing responses. Phylogenetic relationships amongst MMP homologs were inferred These findings lay the groundwork for an estimation of the "transfer through the construction of gene trees. function" connecting haltere mechanosensation with its downstream targets during particular behavioral contexts.

36-6 REED, KA*; BLEAU, JM; MUNDEN, TMN; LEE, SG; 28-5 REICH, HG*; RODRIGUEZ, IB; LAJEUNESSE, TC; HO, TY; PARK, HK; COVI, JA; Univ. of North Carolina at Wilmington, Penn State University, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Korean Polar Research Institute, Univ. of North Carolina [email protected] Wilmington; [email protected] Iron limits coral symbionts' survival to heat stress Keep calm and sleep on: how to survive as a zooplankton in an Trace metals are critical to the persistence of micro-algae (e.g. Antarctic freshwater lake phytoplankton). Mutualistic endosymbionts, Symbiodiniaceae, Antarctic zooplankton in freshwater lakes produce embryos capable deliver and receive nutrients from their reef-building hosts, stony of extended periods of dormancy when conditions are inhospitable corals. Linking the connection between macro (carbon, nitrogen, for active life-stages. In light of this life history strategy, it is phosphorus) and micro-nutrient (trace) quotas in relation to energy surprising that this study is the first extensive analysis of cycling between host and symbiont is pertinent to understanding the overwintering strategies, dormancy, and post-dormancy development holobiont's ability to withstand stress events. It is hypothesized that in a freshwater Antarctic zooplankton. In the present study, exposure to increased iron availability (and subsequent iron post-dormancy development of embryos of Boeckella poppei was sequestration) may enhance the organism's ability to maintain characterized using light and electron microscopy. The resulting homeostasis during stress events. To test this hypothesis, Breviolum developmental profile was used to assess the effects of anoxia and spp. (formerly Symbiodinium clade B) cultures were exposed to a sub-zero temperatures on subsequent development and hatching full-factorial set of temperatures and iron concentrations. During success. Embryos of B. poppei survived incubation in native exponential growth, cultures were sampled for nutrient content (trace sediment at -12°C, but survivorship decreased at -24°C and no metals and major nutrients), chlorophyll, pigments, and successful hatching occurred from embryos incubated at -80°C. In photosynthetic physiology to evaluate Breviolum spp. condition. addition to sub-zero temperatures, embryos may face anoxic Preliminary results indicate that heat stress halts growth and conditions in Antarctic lakes. The present study demonstrates that photosynthesis at cultures exposed to low iron concentrations embryos continue to develop under severely hypoxic conditions, but whereas counterparts at higher iron concentrations are able to persist. can survive anoxic conditions for at least 90 days in a dormant state. By combining a broad suite of physiological approaches, we have To investigate the underlying mechanisms of dormancy and created the baseline for a Breviolum spp. iron stress index to assess post-dormancy development, 31P-NMR was used to examine the compounding effects of iron limitation and heat stress on the intracellular pH and phosphate containing compounds during stability of coral-algal symbioses. resurrection from dormancy. Preliminary data demonstrates the existence of shifts in intracellular pH and phosphate containing compounds during the first 48 hours of post-dormancy development. This study establishes the foundation for research on the susceptibility of Antarctic freshwater zooplankton to climate change and anthropogenic influence.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 190 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e191

106-5 REINKE, B*; CAYUELA, H; HOEKSTRA, L; JANZEN, F; 49-5 RESH, C. A.*; MAHON, A. R.; Central Michigan University; BRONIKOWSKI, A; MILLER, D; Pennsylvania State University, [email protected] Université Laval, Iowa State University, Iowa State University; Improving the Efficiency of DNA Extraction from Samples [email protected] Collected for Environmental DNA Surveillance Comparing ectotherm senescence using a hierarchical model Early detection is paramount to effective management and regulation An age-dependent decline in survival, called senescence, is a of rare species in aquatic and marine ecosystems. Successful early ubiquitous trait in animals. Due to their reduced metabolism, detection relies on timely results of species surveillance and specialized adaptations, and extended longevity, ectotherms such as monitoring. As a result, approaches have been developed using turtles are thought to have low rates of senescence relative to other molecular tools to sample environmental DNA shed from targeted animals. Using long-term mark-recapture datasets and a hierarchical species. This noninvasive approach is cost and time efficient for senescence model that incorporates growth, we compared the rates of monitoring species that are threatened, endangered, or recently senescence of turtles and snakes for the first time. We found that introduced. Time efficiency from sample collection through data Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 senescence rates vary both within and among species and we discuss analyses and maintaining sterility to avoid contamination are crucial. the importance of using long-term data from wild populations to However, current protocols require nearly 48 hours to complete, from study age-dependent changes in survival. Estimating patterns of sample collection through availability of DNA for downstream senescence is just one practical application of jointly estimating analyses. Here, we aim to reduce sample processing time through a survival and growth; our model can also be used to improve series of modifications to current methods. To do this, we sampled understanding of life-history trade-offs between growth and survival. water for environmental DNA analyses from aquaria containing brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We compared DNA recovered (total and species specific) in standard 48-hr DNA extractions to amounts of DNA from our modified extraction methods. By quantifying DNA obtained from both protocols and comparing the results, we can determine differences between the methods and subsequent analyses can be modified to expedite results. This is especially important for targeted eDNA monitoring, where rapid results are critical. Modifying these protocols can also provide economic benefits, in terms of supply and labor costs. The scientific and economic benefits of this study will have an immediate impact on scientists completing early detection studies in applied molecular research.

93-3 REVZEN, S; Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 9-3 REYES, CL*; BENSON, B; LEVY, M; PIRES, A; PECHENIK, [email protected] JA; DAVIES, SW; Boston University, Tufts University, Dickinson Moving with more legs is different: a geometric mechanics College, Tufts University; [email protected] perspective Effects of ocean acidification on Crepidula fornicata physiology Most animals walking on land are not bipeds like us, nor are they and gene expression across two life history stages quadrupeds like our close land-vertebrate relatives -- they have six or In addition to warmer ocean temperatures, increased atmospheric more legs, and usually move with three or more legs in contact with carbon dioxide emissions are causing reductions in seawater pH, the ground at any time. Some new experimental results from robots termed ocean acidification. Here, we conducted a controlled and theoretical insights from mechanics suggest that such animals, laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of pH stress (pH 8.0, even if they are running quickly and have sliding contacts, are 7.6, 7.5) across two life stages of the common slipper shell snail moving in a regime akin to low Reynolds number swimming, and are Crepidula fornicata, an abundant and resilient species native to the in the "principal kinematic case" of geometric mechanics. I will littoral zones of Eastern North America. Shell and tissue growth rates present both empirical results and theoretical motivation in support of were measured in 4 and 8 day old larvae and in juveniles 4 days after the claim that moving with more legs is fundamentally different, and metamorphosis. The percentage of larvae that had become competent in many ways simpler to control and analyze. to metamorphose under the different pH rearing conditions was quantified on days 10 and 12. Genome-wide gene expression was profiled and correlated with these physiological data across all treatments and time points. We show that larvae exposed to pH 7.6 developed significantly less tissue relative to larvae exposed to pH 8.0. Larvae reared at lower pH (7.6 and 7.5) took longer to become competent to metamorphose, and gene expression data showed significantly different profiles across life stages and between treatments. This study highlights the importance of assessing the influence of ocean acidification across life history stages and demonstrates how transcriptomic plasticity can allow highly resilient organisms like C. fornicata to acclimate to drastically altered environmental conditions in the face of climate change.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 191 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e192

28-3 REYES, ML*; GERARDO, N; PARKER, B; Clayton State S3-4 REYNAGA, CM*; AZIZI, E; Duke University, University of University, Emory University, University of Rochester; California, Irvine; [email protected] [email protected] Trade-offs of power amplification on compliant substrates The Impact of symbiotic bacteria on reproductive strategies and From frogs to fleas, many biological systems utilize power wing polyphenism in pea aphids responding to stress. amplifying mechanisms to achieve fast accelerations. Power Environmental stressors can influence phenotypic plasticity and amplification can have varied performance outputs using the same set life-history characteristics. The response to stress may be further of components. To better understand how the quality of the latch can altered by the presence beneficial symbionts. Pea aphids optimize for varying conditions, we reduce the complexity of the (Acyrthosiphon pisum) harbor facultative symbionts that can provide system to a lower level of organization where we can independently protection against natural enemies and pathogens. Furthermore, control the latch dynamics and mechanical properties of the aphids under stress are able to produce winged progeny that may be substrate. Here, we ask how latch quality and substrate stiffness better able to migrate to safer habitats. The interaction between affects elastic energy recovery from compliant substrates. We present Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 symbiosis and phenotypic plasticity, and their interactive effect on a simple hypothetical model that explains key features of latch aphid fitness, remains unclear. In this study, we investigate how dynamics on compliant substrates. We test this model, which stress via crowding drive shifts in fecundity and production of suggests less-rigid (less ideal) latches perform optimally on winged offspring, and how symbionts influence the process. In the complaint substrates. We develop a reduced in vitro muscle winged morphotypes, energy needed for wing maintenance may lead preparation to test the performance of the latch mechanism on to trade-offs with other traits, such as reproduction or symbiont compliant substrates. We use the plantaris muscle-tendon-unit of a maintenance. Thus, we explore the influence of symbionts on bullfrog (Lethobates catesbeianus) as the motor and spring in-series production and fitness of wing/wingless morphs across two connected to two servomotors; one that simulates unlatching (rapid generations. Crowding resulted in increased production of winged muscle shortening as a result of joint extension) and a second that offspring and shifts in fecundity rates, however, presence of simulates a reactive complaint substrate. We test elastic energy symbionts did not interact with crowding. Stress on first generation recovery during tendon recoil from various compliant substrates and mother aphids did not have cross-generational impacts on second latch velocities. We found slower latch velocities recover more generation adults, where variation in fecundity was strictly based on energy from compliant substrates. Our work decouples the latching the presence of secondary symbionts and presence/absence of wings. mechanism to test key features of latch and spring dynamics on Our study suggests a complex interaction between beneficial variable substrates. We suggest ‘less-ideal' latches may be most symbionts and environmental stressors. Winged aphids have the optimal for efficient performance on variable substrates regardless of advantage of being able to migrate out of danger with more ease, but relative compliance. energy needed for wing production and maintenance may come with reproductive costs for their mothers and for themselves, and, in certain cases, these costs are altered by symbionts.

133-6 RICCI, C/A*; FUESS, L/E; MANN, W/T; CHAKRABARTY, 14-6 RICE, MA*; GALINDEZ, S; OPHIR, AG; Cornell University; J; JINKS, L/R; MYDLARZ, L/D; University of Texas at Arlington; [email protected] [email protected] Female biased sex ratios lead to multi-male mating and mixed Proteomic Characterization of Immune Responses and paternity in socially monogamous female prairie voles Post-infection Dynamics of Eunicea calyculata to late stage When, how often, and with whom to mate are fundamental questions Eunicea Black Disease that directly impact the mating system of a population and that have Coral reefs are highly productive ecosystems that have been facing tremendous implications for the evolutionary process in general. drastic declines in recent decades. Increased frequency in disease Although these questions have been fairly well studied in males, outbreaks contribute considerably to these declines, yet many coral comparatively few studies have focused on investigating female diseases are poorly understood. In 2013, a novel disease infecting mating tactics or reproductive decision-making. Here we asked how soft corals in the genus Eunicea was observed in Florida, USA. This differential access to mates influences the occurrence of mixed disease was identified by extreme black pigmentation resulting from paternity and overall reproductive success in socially monogamous melanin deposition into the coral tissue. The etiological agent of this female prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ). We created male- and disease is as of yet unknown and was thus generically named female-biased sex ratios of prairie voles living in semi-natural "Eunicea black disease" (EBD). In diseased corals, previous outdoor enclosures for approximately four weeks. After trapping, we histological analyses demonstrated tissue disorganization and ran paternity analyses to determine the identity and number of mating previous transcriptomic analyses show a disruption of growth and partners females had and the number of offspring each female reproductive processes. Here we present further characterization of produced. Counter to our original expectation, we found that when EBD-infected corals using proteomic techniques to deepen our males outnumbered females, females had fewer mating partners and understanding of coral disease dynamics at the molecular level. mixed paternity was rare. However, when females outnumbered Proteins from healthy and diseased coral samples were identified and males, females had multiple partners and high rates of mixed quantified using nanospray mass spectrometry. Preliminary results paternity. Although we did not determine which animals had formed show increased expression of proteins involved in inflammatory pairbonds, these data are consistent with other studies that suggest pathways in diseased corals, suggesting inflammation as a primary that males preferentially impose pairbonding on females through response to the pathogen responsible for EBD. Antimicrobial mate guarding. This idea is reinforced by the result that females' elements were also upregulated in diseased corals, along with GTP reproductive success (number of offspring) increased as a function binding elements and nitric oxide producing elements. These data the number of male mating partners they had, regardless of the sex layered with previous transcriptomic data can inform late-stage ratio context. consequences of infection and can therefore provide insight into coral resilience after a disease outbreak.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 192 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e193

S3-6 RICHARDS, Christopher T.*; EBERHARD, Enrico A.; 96-3 RICHARDS-ZAWACKI, CL*; ROBAK, M; COLLINGS, Amber J.; The Royal Veterinary College, University of ROLLINS-SMITH, L; RICHARDS-ZAWACKI, Corinn; University Portsmouth; [email protected] of Pittsburgh, Tulane University, Vanderbilt University; Energy flow across segments in multi-body systems: a case study in [email protected] frogs Effects of temperature on the efficacy of amphibian skin defenses A frog jump is both simple and difficult to comprehend. The A clearer understanding of how changes in the environment affect centre-of-mass (COM) follows a 2D path; it accelerates diagonally the immune defenses of animals is needed in order to predict the upward, then traces a predictable arc in flight. Despite this simplicity, impact and dynamics of emerging wildlife diseases. Due to its the leg segments trace intricate trajectories to drive the COM both dramatic effects on the physiology of animals, their microbiomes, upwards and forwards. Because the frog sits crouched with sprawled and their pathogens, temperature may be a key variable modulating legs, segments must pivot, tilt and twist; they solve a long-recognised the level of protection an animal's defenses can provide. We problem of converting non-linear 3D motion of the leg segments to investigated how temperature and two cutaneous defenses, the skin Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 linear 2D motion of the COM. We use mathematical approaches microbiome and antimicrobial peptides, affect the susceptibility of borrowed from robotics to address: How do frogs manipulate the frog hosts to infection by the causative agent of amphibian flow of kinetic energy through their body to influence jump chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). To do this, trajectory? We address: 1) Transfer of motion through kinematic we manipulated either the bacterial community or antimicrobial transmission and 2) transfer of motion through dynamic coupling of peptides present in the skin mucus of susceptible hosts prior to segment mass-inertia properties. We used a quaternion-based exposing them to Bd under two different ecologically relevant approach to explore how non-linear leg motions convert to nearly temperatures. We predicted that frogs with reduced skin bacterial linear/planar torso motion for effective jumping. We found that communities and antimicrobial peptides would be more susceptible segment rotations follow nearly linear paths not in Euclidean space, (i.e., less resistant to and/or more tolerant of Bd infection) than frogs but in 4D unit quaternion space. The shank acted as a steering rod to with intact or augmented (by addition of a known antifungal transmit motion from hip and ankle joints to influence upward versus bacterium) mucosal defenses. However, we also predicted that these forward motion of the torso. Additionally, we developed a interactions would be temperature dependent, with higher multi-body simulation to explore how segment acceleration induces temperatures increasing the protective capabilities of skin defenses. rotations at neighbouring segments (without bi-articular muscles). While temperature alone seems to have impacted the likelihood and Frogs famously extend their back early in jumps. We found that this intensity of Bd infection, a frog's ability to survive (i.e., tolerate) a ilio-sacral joint rotation causes counterbalancing torques which are heavy Bd infection was best explained by interaction between potentially used to tune the extent and timing of elastic energy temperature and the cutaneous bacterial community. Both storage-release in tendons. Thus, this inertial coupling mechanism is temperature and exposure to Bd affected the production of likely crucial not only for fine-tuning the flow of kinetic energy antimicrobial skin peptides, with frogs at higher temperatures among segments, but also for modulating the direction of travel. producing more peptides and also surviving longer with a heavy Bd infection. These results may have important implications for the disease mitigation strategies for amphibians and other taxa threatened by disease in a changing climate.

108-7 RICHTER, MM*; SCALF, CE; PULLUM, KB; COOPER, 125-3 RIDDELL, EA*; IKNAYAN, K; WOLF, BO; SINERVO, B; LN; ASHLEY, NT; Western Kentucky University; BEISSINGER, SR; Univ. of California, Berkeley, Univ. of New [email protected] Mexico, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz; [email protected] Effect of Polar Daylight on the Adrenocortical Response to Stress Evaporative cooling stress links body mass to the collapse of desert in Arctic-breeding Passerine Birds bird communities Animals that spend the summer in Utqia vik, AK (71°N, 156°W) Climate change threatens to increase rates of extinction by pushing experience 24h daylight for >2 months. Among species that organisms beyond their physiological limits, but we still lack an experience these conditions are two migratory passerine birds, the adequate understanding of the mechanisms that link organismal Lapland longspur (Lapponicus calcarius, LALO) and the closely stress to population-level responses to climate change. Ecological related snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis, SNBU). LALO nest in predictions of climate change are primarily hindered by the complex open tundra and can experience high rates of nest failure (~16% nature of the climate-organism relationship and the lack of long-term success, 2018), whereas SNBU are cavity nesters and have high ecological responses to climate. Here, we evaluated the potential for fledging rates (~83% fledge, 2018). For this study, we were physiological stress associated with homeothermy to predict the interested in whether these different predation pressures altered the recently discovered collapse of the desert bird community over the daily rhythms in adrenocortical response. We hypothesized that last century. We developed a physiologically-structured model to LALO (exposed to high predation) would exhibit little to no hourly predict the stress associated with offloading excess heat via variation in adrenocortical response to stress compared with SNBU evaporative cooling as a mechanism driving decline. Our analysis (low predation). Free-living birds of both species were captured revealed that the degree of evaporative cooling stress on hot days throughout the polar day and blood samples were collected at <2 predicted the decline in occupancy over the last century. (baseline), 10, and 30 min post-capture. Plasma was assayed for Large-bodied species experienced a greater increase in EHL demand corticosterone concentration using ELISA. For LALO, no discernible than small-bodied species given the same change in air temperature diurnal rhythm in corticosterone levels was detected. SNBU, over the last century. These predictions also provided a mechanistic however, showed a significant rhythm in baseline corticosterone understanding underlying intraspecific reductions of body mass in levels (Circwave harmonic regression, p=0.02, f=4.09, r2=0.1007), response to warm climates, a pattern described by Bergmann's rule. but not in stress-induced levels. This study suggests that a lack of Empirical reductions in body size from our species resulted in as diurnal variation in ground-nesting LALO may represent an much as 13% savings in water needed for homeothermy on an adaptation to the round-the-clock predation experienced at their average day in the desert. Our predictions of future responses to nests. climate change suggest a high probability for further population declines in desert environments due to stress associated offloading excess heat under future climate change.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 193 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e194

128-6 RIESER, JM*; ASTLEY, HC; GONG, C; CHONG, B; 24-4 RIFAI, NM*; MYKLES, DL; Colarodo State University, SCHIEBEL, PE; RANKIN, JW; MICHEL, K; NICIEZA, A; Colorado State University; [email protected] HUTCHINSON, JR; HATTON, RL; CHOSET, H; GOLDMAN, DI; Effects of Molt Induction Methods on Cyclic Nucleotide Ga Tech, Univ. Akron, Carnegie Mellon, Royal Vet College, Univ. Phosphodiesterase Expression in the Decapod Crustacean Molting Oviedo, Oregon State, Carnegie Mellon; Gland [email protected] cAMP and cGMP, as second messengers, mediate the suppression of Comparative geometric mechanics of animal locomotion in the crustacean molting gland (Y-organ or YO) by molt-inhibiting dissipative environments hormone (MIH). When MIH levels decrease, the YO transitions from Biological terrestrial locomotors navigate through a wide range of the basal to the activated state and the animal enters premolt; such a terrain, from tall grasses to forest floors to the yielding sandy transition requires mTOR. During mid-premolt, the YO transitions to substrates of the desert. These movements result from the coupling of the committed state, in which the YO becomes insensitive to MIH. environmental interactions with cyclic self-deformation patterns Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) convert cAMP and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 generated by animals. In animal movement on and within granular cGMP to AMP and GMP, respectively, and therefore can modify the media, body inertial effects are small compared to dissipation; response of the YO to MIH. Seven PDE contigs were extracted from further, granular Resistive Force Theory provides an accurate model the YO transcriptome. qPCR was used to quantify the effects of molt of these highly damped interactions. These features, along with a induction by multiple limb autotomy (MLA) or eyestalk ablation low-dimensional representation of self-deformation patterns, allow (ESA) ± mTOR inhibitor rapamycin on the expression of PDE 1, 2, for the application of a general locomotion framework, geometric 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 in Gecarcinus lateralis YO. In response to MLA, mechanics, which was introduced by particle physicists in the 1980's all PDEs were expressed at their highest levels in the intermolt YO. to study swimming microorganisms. Recent advances in the theory mRNA levels declined during premolt and reached their lowest levels have enabled application of this framework to continuous and hybrid in postmolt. In response to ESA, the mRNA levels of PDE4, 5, 7, 9, systems and thus allow systematic comparison of body coordination and 11 showed no significant changes by 7 and 14 days post-ESA. patterns and morphology for locomotion of limbless and limbed Rapamycin had no significant effect, as PDE mRNA levels were animals. We find that undulatory snakes and lizards swimming comparable to those of controls at all time points, indicating that within granular media use waveforms predicted to produce PDE expression is not regulated by mTOR. The qPCR results were near-maximal displacements per undulation cycle. We find that the consistent with RNA-Seq data, showing similar trends of PDE coordination between foot placement and spinal flexion observed in expression in both MLA and ESA ± rapamycin. The data suggest that salamanders walking on the surface of granular media produces transcriptional regulation does not contribute to the reduced near-maximal displacements per gait cycle. These results highlight sensitivity of the committed YO to MIH; the increased PDE activity the broad applicability of these tools to understand coordination and during mid and late premolt is likely regulated post-transcriptionally. self-deformation patterns in dissipative environments. We posit that Supported by NSF (IOS-1257732). movement on and within other dissipative environments (e.g., muds and leaf litter) could be amenable to these tools.

13-4 RIMNICEANU, M*; SPONBERG, S; Georgia Institute of 55-1 RITSON-WILLIAMS, R*; CUNNING, R; NUNEZ-PONS, L; Technology; [email protected] SOGIN, E; NELSON, C; FORSMAN, Z; WILLIS, S; GATES, R; Moths are distractible fliers. ALBRIGHT, R; California Academy of Science, Shedd Aquarium, Animals moving in natural environments experience many Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Max Planck Institute for Marine simultaneous sensory cues. Visual scenes comprise task-relevant and Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii Institute of irrelevant cues, and self-generated motion of the background. As Marine Biology; [email protected] vision research often uses salient widefield or target tracking cues, it Integrating Genomics to Better Understand Coral Resilience to remains unclear how animals parse multiple competing visual Bleaching stimuli. Manduca sexta hawkmoths hover and track moving flowers. Rising seawater temperatures threaten corals and bleaching events We explore how they contend with 3 types of external visual cues are increasing in extent and frequency. In both 2014 and 2015 corals that may distract or aid in flower tracking: a stationary widefield cue, in Hawai‘i had extensive bleaching in response to high seawater a stationary target (vertical bar) and an oscillating bar target. These temperatures. We tagged 40 pairs of coral colonies of two species, cues may be ignored, linearly summed with the flower cue, or Montipora capitata and Porites compressa, and tracked their fate for become distractors, which we assess as non-linear, context-specific three years. Within each species the tagged corals were selected so effects on flower tracking. Figure/ground discrimination work in flies that one individual coral colony that bleached was adjacent to one suggests that widefield cues may be processed independent of target colony that retained its dark color. We collected 23 tissue samples of motion, predicting no effect of the widefield cue on flower tracking. each coral colony over a three year time period that encompassed two Linear dynamics typically capture moth flower tracking and describe consecutive bleaching events and the recovery period after both the combination of multimodal sensory cues. We find that neither bleaching events. Using amplicon sequencing we characterized the predicts the response to multiple visual cues. A stationary widefield Symbiodinium community in each species of coral (ITS-2) and found cue improved flower tracking performance, decreasing tracking error that different coral species had different communities of at flower frequencies between 1.1Hz and 2.3Hz, where moths Symbiodinium. The microbiome also differed between the coral typically lag the flower and overshoot its position. In contrast, the species and was also different between bleached and unbleached oscillating visual cue did not impact flower tracking at any frequency colonies (16S). Using qPCR we quantified the clade and abundance except that of the bar, suggesting linearity. However, the specific of Symbiodinium in M. capitata over two years and found rapid gain and phase response at this frequency could not be predicted by recovery of symbiont abundance after bleaching but little symbiont linear combination or a rescaling of the bar stimulus. We conclude shuffling. Using ezRAD we did not detect loci that correlated to that given two distinct visual motion cues with differing task bleaching resistance but we did uncover hidden genetic diversity relevance, the signals combine nonlinearly to affect the primary task. within P. compressa. Overall, there was less than 10% mortality in Moths are distractible fliers, which may enable them to tune the tagged coral colonies. By integrating analyses on the same coral responses to cues in a context dependent way, for example to balance colonies we can study the factors that might contribute to how corals foraging and predator avoidance. resist and recover from thermal stress.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 194 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e195

107-7 RIVERA, AS; Univ. of the Pacific; [email protected] 75-6 RIVEST, EB*; JELLISON, BM; NG, G; SATTERTHWAITE, An Open Education Resource (OER) textbook and curriculum for EV; BRADLEY, HL; WILLIAMS, SL; GAYLORD, B; Virginia EvoDevo Institute of Marine Science, Bowdoin College, Univ. of California, Evolutionary Developmental Biology (EvoDevo) seeks to explain Davis, Univ. of California, Davis, James Madison University; many of the confusing and fascinating patterns we see in nature, [email protected] igniting student interest immediately. Moreover, it is highly Effects of Global Environmental Change on Marine Systems: integrative - allowing students with backgrounds in either Genetics, Insights from Sensory Ecology Development, Evolution, or Anatomy and Physiology to explore Human-caused environmental change will have many non-lethal and other fields from a steady reference point. Despite this, there is no indirect impacts on organisms due to altered sensory pathways, with recent textbook suitable for the undergraduate/first year graduate consequences for a plethora of ecological interactions. An integrated classroom. This places the burden on each instructor to summarize view of how multiple aspects of environmental change will impact the last 15 years of progress in the field. To alleviate this, I have multiple sensory pathways and consequently ecological processes is Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 created a free open source EvoDevo curriculum consisting of a core needed to better anticipate broader consequences for marine textbook as well as reading and discussion guides for external ecosystems. Here, we present a synthesis of effects of global change sources. The entire curriculum can be edited, remixed and augmented on marine sensory ecology. Our literature review supports several in LibreTexts, making it a useful starting point for a custom course. predictions for how particular sensory pathway steps are affected by The curriculum is designed for sophomores through first year grad aspects of environmental change. Global ocean change impacts students and does not assume any coursework past Introductory production and reception/processing of cues and signals in similar Biology. Discussion questions range greatly in difficulty and ways, likely through physiological stress. The energy budget may be complexity, giving both beginner and more advanced students reallocated to prioritize physiological maintenance over the function challenging topics to consider. Currently, the course contains of these sensory steps. Global ocean change affects transmission of modules on Developmental Processes (Fertilization, Cleavage, and cues/signals in other ways. During transmission, cues/signals are Gastrulation), EvoDevo concepts (Patterning, Evolvability, Novelty, directly influenced by conditions of the environment outside of the and Regionalization), and primers on Genetics and Gene Regulatory organism. Finally, a relatively small number of studies have been Networks. While some of these topics are covered in other conducted at the interface of global environmental change and undergraduate-level courses, my curriculum uses EvoDevo marine sensory ecology. We highlight key knowledge gaps that merit case-studies to make the topics relevant to the class. EvoDevo is a further investigation, including how effects on individual sensory broad and quickly moving field, making it particularly amenable to processes will integrate to shape species interactions. Because many an Open Textbook. Students, researchers, and instructors are invited ecological and evolutionary interactions rely on sensory processing, to edit, enhance, and add to the current topics with the ultimate goal impairment of sensory pathways may be a primary mechanism of creating a resource pool of EvoDevo teaching modules that can be underlying impacts of global ocean change on marine ecosystems. mixed and matched for individual courses.

111-4 ROBART, AR*; NAVARRO, W; ZUNIGA, H; WATTS, HE; 25-5 ROBERTS, NS*; MENDELSON, TC; University of Maryland Washington State University ; [email protected] Baltimore County; [email protected] Social Pairing Influences Behavior and Physiology Near Measure of a Mate: The Role of Male and Female Pattern Termination of Migration in a Facultative Migrant Elements in Conspecific Mate Choice Spring migratory movements of obligate migrants are consistent, Behavioral isolation is a powerful reproductive barrier, often both in terms of where animals travel to and from, as well as when responsible for the maintenance of species boundaries between these movements occur. In contrast, facultative migrants have closely species. In sexually dimorphic species where males are unpredictable migrations that vary both spatially and temporally. showy, females are often attributed as the choosy sex; thus, many While recent studies have examined the environmental cues used to studies of behavioral isolation focus on the role of female preferences initiate facultative migration, it is still unclear what information for conspecific male stimuli. There is also good evidence that male facultative migrants use to terminate their migratory movements. We phenotype between species are more distinct than female phenotypes, examined whether the addition of a social partner influences the lending to this idea that female mate choice is the driving factor in termination of migratory behavior in pine siskins (Spinus pinus), a the maintenance of species boundaries. However, there is increasing nomadic, irruptive migrant. We videotaped birds in late spring to evidence for the role of male mate choice, suggesting that males of assess their nocturnal activity as an indicator of migratory status sexually dimorphic species may play a larger role than formerly (migratory/non-migratory) and then either paired birds that differed thought in behavioral isolation. In the banded darter (Etheostoma in their migratory status or left migratory and non-migratory birds zonale) data show that males have strong preferences for conspecific unpaired as controls. We videotaped birds immediately after pairing females when presented with both a conspecific and heterospecific and again 10 days later. We also measured body parameters that are female stimuli. Previous studies have shown that male color and indicative of migratory preparations when birds were initially pattern are both important factors in mate recognition for female E. assigned a treatment and at the end of the experiment. Migratory and zonale, however there has been no comparable study done to identify non-migratory control birds did not change their nocturnal activity how males recognize conspecific females, which lack the elaborate levels during the experiment, but the paired migratory birds and species-specific ornamentation present on males. Using a decreased their nocturnal activity. The decrease in nocturnal activity machine learning approach, we identified which pattern elements of in the paired migratory birds was evident on the first night after male and female E. zonale were able to significantly predict pairing. Paired migratory birds also decreased their mass and fat species-identify significantly above chance. We then used animated deposits. These results suggest that social pairing can quickly darter stimuli and video-playback to test the role of female color and synchronize not only migratory behavior, but also physiology. This pattern elements on male mate choice. would increase group cohesiveness and the likelihood that individuals that migrate together would ultimately terminate movements at the same time, which may ultimately facilitate the transition to breeding.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 195 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e196

S3-2 ROBERTS, TJ; Brown University; [email protected] 35-5 ROBERTSON, JK*; BURNESS, G; MASTROMONACO, G; Some Challenges of Playing with Power Trent University, Peterborough, The Toronto Zoo, Toronto; Many studies of the flow of energy between the body, muscles, and [email protected] elastic elements highlight advantages of the storage and recovery of Stress-induced peripheral hypothermia: Role of the sympathetic elastic energy. The spring-like action of structures associated with nervous system in avian thermal modulation muscles allows for movements that are less costly, more powerful Overwhelming evidence suggests that both acute and chronic stress and safer than would be possible with contractile elements alone. But physiology can be predictive of condition, thermoregulation, and these actions also present challenges that might not be present if the survivorship, and are therefore measures of interest to ecologists. pattern of energy flow were simpler, e.g., if power were always Over the past 30 years, however, the role of the sympathetic nervous applied directly from muscle to motions of the body. Muscle is under system (SNS) in mediating stress-induced physiological changes has the direct control of the nervous system, and precise modulation of been alarmingly neglected for favor of glucocorticoid driven activity can allow for finely controlled displacement and force. processes. For this reason, we investigated the influence of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Elastic structures deform under load in a predictable way, but are not time-averaged SNS activity on stress-induced, thermal profiles, using under direct control, thus both displacement and the flow of energy captive, wild-caught Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus; are at the mercy of the mechanical interaction of muscle and forces n = 20). Recent research has suggested that the temperature of associated with movement. Studies on isolated muscle-tendon units peripheral tissues (specifically, tissues surrounding the eye) is highlight the challenges of controlling such systems. A carefully responsive to acute stress in birds. Here, we tested whether such tuned activation pattern is necessary for effectively cycling of energy stress-induced, peripheral hypothermia is maintained under chronic between tendon and the environment; most activation patterns lead to stress exposure, using a paired experimental design whereby each futile cycling of energy between tendon and muscle. In individual was exposed to a thirty day period of randomly assigned, power-amplified systems, "elastic backfire" sometimes occurs, where daily stressors (nstressors = 6, time per exposure = 20 min), and a energy loaded into tendon acts to lengthen active muscles, rather than control period of equivalent duration. Thermal profiles were accelerate the body. Classic models of proprioception that rely on monitored daily using remote infra-red thermography and compared muscle spindle organs for sensing muscle and joint displacement between treatment types. Secondly, we investigated whether illustrate how elastic structures might influence sensory feedback by peripheral thermal profiles were best explained by time-averaged decoupling joint movement from muscle fiber displacements. Exactly SNS or glucocorticoid profiles, by quantifying deposition of what challenges complex flows of energy within muscles, elastic metanephrine, normetanephrine, and corticosterone in feathers grown elements and motion might present to sensory-motor mechanisms is throughout experimentation, and testing correlations with mean eye largely unexplored. temperature across individuals. Our results support persistent, peripheral hypothermia under chronic stress exposure (p = 0.024, t = -2.19, nmeasurements = 7967), when ambient temperature is accounted for. Correlations between temperature of peripheral tissues and time-averaged endocrine profiles will be discussed.

S11-1 RODRIGUEZ, RL*; EBERHARD, WG; Biological Sciences, 23-7 RODRIGUEZ, LF*; COLE, J; FENNER, J; COUNTERMAN, Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA, Escuela de Biología, Univ. de B; Mississippi State University; [email protected] Costa Rica, Costa Rica; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, GENETICS OF STRUCTURAL COLORATION IN PIERID Panama; and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State Univ., BUTTERFLY WINGS USA; [email protected] Butterfly wing color patterns result from an arrangement of Sexual Selection and Static Allometry: the Importance of Behavior monochromatic scales containing both chemical pigments and a and Function delicate architecture that can cause interference or diffraction of Extreme trait elaboration and showiness are the reason Darwin light, generating iridescent colors. The latter mechanism, structural recognized sexual selection as distinct from natural selection. coloration, serves essential functions such as conspecific recognition, Extreme trait sizes, and disproportionately large traits in large mate choice, and communication in many species. Despite the individuals, were thought to be part of this pattern. However, traits ecological importance of this trait, little is known about the molecular under sexual selection vary widely in how they scale on body size (in mechanisms underlying the development of structural-based color allometry), from positive (as just mentioned) to negative allometry patterns. The Southern Dogface butterfly, Zerene cesonia, exhibits (with large individuals having disproportionately small traits). To sexually dimorphic development of ultraviolet wing reflectance. explain this variation, we note that size per se has different Males posses a UV patch on the forewing that results from nanoscale consequences in different types of sexual competition. In interactions structures on the wing scales, which are absent in females. This involving weapons and threats, disproportionately large traits in large dimorphism offers an excellent opportunity to explore the genetic individuals are favored due to the combination of two reasons: larger mechanisms involved in pattern formation and cyto-structural individuals usually win in physical fights; and threats are used by variation. We used RNA-seq data from imaginal wing discs through smaller individuals to avoid unwinnable fights with larger late larval and pupal development to identify genes involved in the individuals. In addition, the reproductive payoffs from threats are regulation of color pattering and scale structure formation. We often higher for large males, and larger males need greater identified clusters of co-expressed genes that correspond to the differences in trait sizes to successfully threaten other large males pre-pattering and structural scale differentiation stages. In the latter, due to Weber's Law. Positive allometry is thus predicted for we found differential expression of the doublesex gene (dsx); structures (including many weapons) used in threats. Courtship however, we did not find the typical splicing patterns of dsx found in signals, in contrast, convey many types of information to the female other insects. We are working on the structural and functional that are not necessarily related to the male's size, so positive characterization of a novel female dsx transcript, and exploring the allometry is not predicted. A comparative study of the allometry of pathways involved in pre-patterning of the male UV patch. Our male traits with "pure" threat vs "pure" courtship signal functions results offer some of the first insights into genetic mechanisms that yielded strong support for these predictions, throwing light on the regulate scale structural coloration. range of allometries that have evolved in sexual traits.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 196 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e197

138-6 ROGALLA, S*; SHAWKEY, MD; D'ALBA, L; Ghent 58-6 ROGERS, LS*; VETTER, BJ; MENSINGER, AF; University University; [email protected] of Minnesota Duluth, University of Washington; Dark or Bright for a Faster Flight? The Thermal Impacts of Wing [email protected] Coloration on Flight Performance The Effect of Light Stimuli on Dark-Adapted Visual Sensitivity in Flight performance is a critical aspect of avian biology. However, Invasive Silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. few studies have yet addressed the impacts of wing coloration on nobilis) Carp birds' flight. Dark colors are known to absorb more solar radiation Since the accidental introduction of silver (Hypophthalmichthys than light colors, which would lead to a faster increase in surface molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp into the southern part of the temperature. A warmer dorsal wing surface could lead to decreases in United States in the 1970's, these fishes have migrated northwards air density above the wing and in turn decrease the drag. Yet, solar through the Mississippi River Drainage and now threaten the heat gain can be extremely sensitive to changes in wind speed, which Laurentian Great Lakes. To control the further expansion of these in our case resembles the flight speed. In this study, we tested the invasive carp, fisheries managers have been working to develop Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 prediction that darker wings, that are exposed to the direct radiation effective non-physical barriers, which include underwater strobe of the sun, heat up to higher temperatures than brighter wings. We lights used either alone or paired with sound and/or bubbles. To further suggest that the temperature difference would persist even optimize the use of potential optical deterrents, it is necessary to during flight, hence including high aerial convection rates. We tested understand the visual sensitivity of the fishes and the impact these the impact of solar energy and flight speed on the surface non-physical barriers have on the visual system. Using the temperatures of differently colored wings in three steps: 1) We electroretinogram (ERG) technique, dark-adapted silver and bighead modeled the temperatures for altering solar radiation intensities and carp were found to possess broad visual sensitivity between 470 nm wind speeds. 2) We took reflectance measurements and thermal to 620 nm, with peak spectral sensitivity at 540 nm and 560 nm, images of live birds that were exposed to changing intensities of solar respectively. To assess the impact of strobe light on vision, radiation to compare those temperatures with our predicted values. 3) dark-adapted silver, bighead, and common carp (Cyprinus carpio), We exposed differently colored stuffed wings in a wind tunnel and were exposed to three different 5-second trains (100, 200, or 500 ms measured their surface temperatures for altering radiation intensities on/off flashes) of white light (760 lumen) and the recovery of visual and wind speeds. The heating experiment in the wind tunnel served sensitivity was determined by measuring the b-wave amplitude of the as a sensitivity analysis to test the interactions of various factors ERG. For all species, the longest recoveries were observed in during flight: The impact of solar radiation, wind and wing coloration response to 500 ms flash trains. Recovery to > 50% for silver and on wing surface temperature as well as the impact of wing surface bighead carp took up to 360 s, while common carp took up to 240 s. temperature on air density above the wing. With this study we want Recovery time to ≥ 90% for silver carp took 702.0 s ± 89.8 (mean ± to show to what extend flight is affected by wing coloration, solar 1 SE), bighead carp 648.0 s ± 116.0, and common carp 480 s ± radiation and flight speed. Thereby we may address a new important 180.0. The results suggest that exposure to strobe light can factor in avian flight and migration. temporarily depress visual sensitivity, which may render optical barriers less effective.

40-5 ROGERS, D.C.; University of Kansas; 42-4 ROGERS, DD*; PERLMAN, BM; AZIZI, E; LAPPIN, AK; [email protected] California State Polytechnic Univ., Pomona, Univ. of California, Predatory Anostracans Alter Growth of Prey Anostracans Irvine; [email protected] (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) Effects of Temperature on Dragonfly Nymph Prey-Strike The fairy shrimp genus Branchinecta has two, giant, predatory Performance species (B. gigas and B. raptor) that prey primarily on the normal During the aquatic nymphal stage, dragonflies possess a modified sized congener B. mackini, and to a lesser extent on B. readingi. labium that functions as a high-speed raptorial appendage used in These prey species occur commonly in temporary pools across prey capture. During labial protraction, a preparatory phase of slow western North America, while the two predatory species are limited protraction is followed by the release of a latched knob-like structure to far fewer locations. I observed that the prey species are far larger in the elbow region of the labium, which results in a fast strike phase and more physically robust in basins where the predator is present during which the appendage rapidly accelerates. The strike phase than in other sites. Though field collections and lab cultures, I found appears ballistic in nature, where relatively slow muscle contraction that the prey species growth rates (length and volume) were different during the preparatory phase stores energy in associated elastic depending upon whether a predator species was present or not, and elements, and this energy is recovered via rapid recoil of the elastic was different in the presence of each predator species. Prey species structures once the latch disengages to produce a high-speed growth rates not only increased greatly in the presence of the movement. We hypothesized that the performance (e.g., velocity, predatory species, but matched the growth rate of the predator acceleration, work, power) of the non-ballistic preparatory phase species present. This increased growth rate only occurred when the should be thermally dependent, whereas the performance of the predator species was present, and could be induced when water from prospectively ballistic strike phase should have low thermal cultures or wild populations of the predatory species was added to dependence. To test this hypothesis, individual nymphs were imaged predator free prey cultures, even from populations that had never (two cameras at 1000 Hz) capturing prey (California blackworm) at encountered the predator species in the wild. Predator species 15C, 25C, and 30C. We found that temperature affects the average actively consumed smaller prey species individuals of subsequent and peak velocity of labial protraction during both the preparatory cohorts, but ignored the larger, first cohort individuals, unless no and strike phases. The effect on the preparatory phase was expected, other prey was present. This suggests that the prey species have given that the shortening velocity of ectotherm muscle is known to be found a "size refugium", where they may be too large for predator temperature dependent. For the strike phase, high observed velocities consumption, and that this change in growth rate is triggered by some indicate the presence of a ballistic component to the movement. sort of kairomone produced by the predator. The fact that populations However, because strike phase performance also is thermally which have never encountered the predator species also demonstrate dependent, it cannot be a purely ballistic movement like those this change in growth, suggests that these species encountered each observed in some invertebrate and vertebrate systems. other early in their evolution.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 197 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e198

84-5 ROHR, JR*; CIVITELLO, DJ; COHEN, JM; ROZNIK, EA; S5-2 ROMERO, L. Michael; Tufts University; SINERVO, B; DELL, AI; University of South Florida, Emory [email protected] University, Memphis Zoo, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, National How Truly Conserved is the "Well-Conserved" Vertebrate Stress Great Rivers Research and Education Center; [email protected] Response? The Complex Drivers of Thermal Acclimation and Breadth in The vertebrate stress response is considered to be a highly conserved Ectotherms suite of responses that are evolved to help animals survive noxious Thermal acclimation capacity, the degree to which organisms can environmental stimuli. The two major pathways of the stress alter their optimal performance temperature and critical thermal response include the catecholamine release that is part of the limits with changing temperatures, reflects their ability to respond to autonomic nervous system and comprises the immediate temperature variability and thus might be important for coping with fight-or-flight response, and the slower release of corticosteroids global climate change. Here, we combine simulation modelling with from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that help orchestrate analysis of published data on thermal acclimation and breadth (range longer-term responses. These two pathways are present in every Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 of temperatures over which organisms perform well) to develop a vertebrate yet examined, and the anatomical and physiological framework for predicting thermal plasticity across taxa, latitudes, architecture underlying these pathways are consistent. Despite these body sizes, traits, habitats and methodological factors. Our synthesis structural similarities, however, recent data indicate substantial includes >2000 measures of acclimation capacities from >500 temporal and species variation in the actual regulation of these species of ectotherms spanning fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates pathways. For example, activation of both pathways varies from freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. We find that body seasonally in some species but not others, and responses of both size, latitude, and methodological factors often interact to shape pathways can be extensively modulated by an individual's previous acclimation responses and that acclimation rate scales negatively experience. Given this variation, it is perhaps not surprising that it is with body size, contributing to a general negative association proving difficult to correlate individual stress responses with between body size and thermal breadth across species. Additionally, differences in fitness outcomes. The likely solution is to focus on we reveal that acclimation capacity increases with body size, multifactorial downstream measurements of catecholamine and increases with latitude (to mid-latitudinal zones) and seasonality for corticosteroid function, rather than solely on hormone titers. Moving smaller but not larger organisms, decreases with thermal safety beyond hormone titers could help clarify how the stress response can margin (upper lethal temperature minus maximum environmental increase fitness. temperatures), and is regularly underestimated because of experimental artefacts. We then demonstrate that our framework can predict the contribution of acclimation plasticity to the IUCN threat status of amphibians globally, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity is already buffering some species from climate change.

76-1 ROSA, M; PADILLA, DK*; Conneticut College, Stony Brook S1-4 ROSELL, JA; Instituto de Ecología, Univ. Nacional Autónoma University, Stony Brook University; de México; [email protected] [email protected] Understanding the Causes of Diversity of a Multifunctional When Size Doesn't Matter: Food Choice By Bivalve Larvae Structure: the Case of Bark in Woody Plants Bivalves are some of the most important suspension feeders in Most biological structures carry out multiple functions. Focusing on aquatic systems. Adult bivalves pump water with cilia on the ctenidia only one of these functions to make adaptive inferences overlooks (gills) and capture particle on the gills. Adults are highly selective in that manifold selection pressures and tradeoffs shape the the algae they remove from the water column. Recent work has characteristics of a multitasking structure. Focusing on single shown that selectivity on the gills depends on passive mechanisms functions can only lead to a partial picture of the causes underlying resulting from the interactions between physicochemical properties diversity and the evolutionary origin of the structure in question. We of algae and the mucus of individual species of bivalves. Larvae of illustrate this discussion using bark as a study case. Bark comprises bivalve do not have gills, and instead use crowns of large cilia, on the all the tissues surrounding the xylem (wood) in woody plants. velum, for both locomotion and feeding. We conducted experiments Broadly, bark includes an inner and mostly living region and an outer to determine whether similar properties of algae are important for and mostly dead one. Of all plant structures, these two main regions particle selection for feeding as for adults. We found that larvae of have the most complex anatomical structure and ontogenetic origin different species of bivalves feed at different rates on different involving two (sometimes three) different meristems. Traditionally, species of algae when presented alone as well as in combination with the wide morphological, structural and functional diversity of bark other algae. In some cases, there were differences in the algae or has been interpreted as the result of the selective pressures imposed particle consumed by the larvae, independent of size. We also found by fire regime. However, recent research has emphasized that in that in some cases larval feeding preferences changed through addition to fire protection, bark carries out several other crucial ontogeny, suggesting that the mechanisms for food selection are functions for plants including translocation of photosynthates, different than for adults. storage of starch, water, and other compounds, protection from herbivores, pathogens and high temperatures, insulation, mechanical contribution, photosynthesis, and is likely involved in xylem embolism repair. All these functions are crucial for plant performance and are involved in synergistic (e.g., storage of water and insulation) and trade-off relationships (e.g., protection from fire vs photosynthetic activity). Focusing on only one of these functions (e.g. protection from fire) will provide an incomplete picture of the selective forces shaping bark diversity and will severely hinder our incipient understanding of the functional ecology of this crucial region of woody stems.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 198 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e199

83-2 ROSENDALE, AJ*; DUNLEVY, ME; MCCUE, MD; 7-1 ROSS, S.D.*; NAVE, G.K.; SOMERS, K.; DAVIS, B.; BENOIT, JB; Mount St. Joseph University, University of Cincinnati, GRUSZEWSKI, H.; HALL, N.; POWERS, C.; SCHMALE, D.G.; Sable Systems International; [email protected] Virginia Tech; [email protected] Molecular, physiological, and behavioral shifts during prolonged Aerial dispersal devices inspired by autorotating plant seeds starvation in the American dog tick Autorotating winged seeds known as samaras flutter gracefully to the Ticks are obligate blood feeding arthropods that spend most (> 95%) ground from towering maple and ash trees. The extended fall of the of their lives off host in an unfed state where they must contended seeds provides an inspiration for artificial devices that gently deliver with extended periods of starvation between blood meals. The sensors or other packages, dropped from aircraft or drones. We have success of these arthropods as vectors of disease depends on their designed and tested 3D-printed replicas as well as scaled-up versions ability to survive prolonged off-host periods; however, little is known of maple seeds which can carry a payload safely to the ground when about the underlying mechanisms associated with tick starvation. In dropped from a significant height. This design could be used to this study, we examined the transcriptomic, bioenergetic, and disperse sensors or provide a parachute-less airdrop of needed Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 behavioral changes of American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, supplies in an emergency situation. as starvation progressed. Ticks utilized glycogen and lipid, and later protein as energy reserves as starvation continued with the mobilization of endogenous nutrients being facilitated by proteolysis and autophagy. Tick metabolic rate was expectedly low, but showed a slight increase as starvation extended beyond 12 weeks, possibly reflecting an increase in energetically costly processes such as host-seeking behaviors. Starved ticks had higher activity levels, increased questing behavior, and augmented expression of genes related to feeding. The shifts in gene expression and associated behavioral and physiological processes are critical to allowing these parasites to exploit their ecological niche as extreme sit-and-wait parasites.

85-5 ROSVALL, KA*; GEORGE, EM; BENTZ, AB; Indiana 36-7 ROWSEY, LE*; REEVE, C; SPEERS-ROESCH, B; University University, Bloomington; [email protected] of New Brunswick; [email protected] Seasonal changes in aggression, testosterone, and gene regulation Do Thermal Constraints on Physiological Performance Drive in a cavity-nesting bird: insights on the challenge hypothesis in Winter Dormancy in Fish? females Winter dormancy (an inactive, fasting, slow metabolism state) is used The challenge hypothesis suggests that variation in testosterone (T) by certain fishes to endure the frigid and food-poor winter and thus secretion is shaped by trade-offs between competition and parental persist at poleward latitudes. However, little is known about the care in male vertebrates. Female competition is also widespread; mechanisms and drivers of winter dormancy. Temperature affects however, it is not clear whether or how the challenge hypothesis physiological and biochemical processes, with performance being applies to females. Here, we explore this issue in a series of studies facilitated at temperatures close to the thermal optimum (Topt) and using a seasonal comparative approach with the tree swallow constrained at the thermal extremes. We hypothesized that winter (Tachycineta bicolor), a cavity-nesting bird for which challenges dormancy is a response to constraints of low temperature on from prospecting rivals pose a threat to territorial females. In this physiological performance. We measured the thermal sensitivity of system, more aggressive females are more likely to obtain a nesting three key physiological performance metrics (burst swim cavity, and trade-offs between aggression and maternal care are performance, maximum metabolic rate, and aerobic scope) in the influenced by T. We show that, during territorial establishment, winter-dormant cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), which we females are capable of elevating T, and gene expression analyses determined enters dormancy below 7.3±0.6°C. Performance was suggest that they actively produce the potent androgen measured after (i) acute exposure to temperatures between 2-26°C or dihydrotestosterone as well. During incubation, T levels rapidly (ii) long-term acclimation (5+ weeks) to 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14°C. As decline, but seasonal changes in aggression do not mirror these expected, performance declined with cooling below the Topt in both hormonal shifts. Gene expression analyses of muscle and brain exposure groups. In acutely exposed fish, the thermal sensitivity of suggest that androgen processing may be sustained from territory performance was much greater below the dormancy threshold establishment through incubation, perhaps providing local, temperature than above, suggesting a major constraint of cold. tissue-specific mechanisms that may support aggression when However, at 2°C, acclimated cunner had greater performance systemic T levels are low. These seasonally variable patterns of compared to acutely exposed cunner; thermal sensitivity of behavior, hormones, and gene expression hint at potentially adaptive acclimated fish was lower than acutely exposed fish (Q10 of 1.1-2.0 tissue-level mechanisms that may allow females to respond to social vs. 3.9-4.3 between 2-8°C, respectively). Thus, dormant cunner competition while also mitigating trade-offs with parental care. compensate for effects of winter cold on swimming and aerobic performance, similar to cold-active species. We conclude that thermal constraints on anaerobic swim performance and aerobic metabolism are not major drivers of winter dormancy in fishes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 199 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e200

S5-7 RUBENSTEIN, DR; Columbia University; 5-6 RUBI, TL*; KNOWLES, LL; DANTZER, B; University of [email protected] Michigan; [email protected] Epigenetic mechanisms for plasticity in coping with environmental Museum epigenomics: characterizing DNA methylation across a change range expansion using natural history collections If organisms are to persist in the face of climate change, they must be Ancient DNA researchers recently discovered that historic and able to deal not only with increasing temperatures, but also greater ancient tissues retain in vivo patterns of DNA methylation, climatic variation. One of the primary ways animals cope with suggesting that such marks could be used to infer epigenetic variation environmental change is through phenotypic plasticity, the ability to in past populations and study how epigenetic effects change over respond to environmental cues through phenotypic adjustment. In time. We extend this approach to traditionally-prepared museum birds, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis allows specimens. We present a novel method for characterizing individuals to rapidly adjust their responses to environmental change. genome-wide cytosine methylation at base-pair resolution (double Despite much work exploring HPA function under different digest RADseq combined with bisulfite treatment). We use this Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 environmental conditions, we still lack a thorough understanding of method to characterize methylation patterns over the course of a how the HPA axis has evolved in species living in naturally variable Great Lakes-area range expansion in the white-footed mouse and unpredictable environments. Using superb starlings (Peromyscus leucopus) and a non range-expanding, sympatric (Lamprotornis superbus), which inhabit a range of East African congener, the woodland deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). environments where rainfall varies within and among years, I will Using specimens collected over the past 80 years, we describe spatial explore the molecular mechanisms that underlie plasticity in the HPA and temporal trends in global and locus-specific cytosine axis. First, I will show how annual variation in rainfall during methylation. We explore these results and discuss the challenges and development influences plasticity in the form of DNA methylation of future directions of epigenetics research using museum specimens. the glucocorticoid receptor, which in turn affects their fitness later in life. Next, I will explore how patterns of DNA methylation in other HPA-related genes, as well as across the entire starling genome, vary with rainfall during development. Finally, I will compare patterns of DNA methylation across the genome from birds collected along an ecological gradient spanning hundreds of kilometers that varies in the degree of rainfall variability and predictability. Together, these studies demonstrate how environmental uncertainty shapes the HPA axis, allowing organisms to respond plastically to environmental change and maximize their fitness in unpredictable environments.

95-5 RUCKER, HR*; PARKER, MR; James Madison Univ.; 91-7 RUDDY, BT*; PORTER, ME; Florida Atlantic University; [email protected] [email protected] Decrypting Female Attractivity in Garter Snakes Volitional swimming kinematics of schooling blacktip sharks Pheromones are utilized by many species as sexual signals driving (Carcharhinus limbatus) in the wild mate choice, and pheromone production in vertebrates hinges on sex Annually, populations of blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) hormone action. Female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis move along the coastline, forming dense aggregations at the southern parietalis) produce a skin-based sex pheromone used by males for terminus of their migratory route, where shallow clear water provides mate detection and selection. Estradiol is necessary for pheromone a unique opportunity to study swimming kinematics of large upper production, yet the specific mechanisms within the skin are trophic level predator in the wild. We quantified the undulatory unknown. Central to this is the metabolism of testosterone to kinematics during straight volitional swimming of C. limbatus in estradiol via the enzyme aromatase. We hypothesize that female varying group sizes, compared kinematics of animals within an garter snakes synthesize estradiol locally in the skin and maintain aggregation, and quantified school shape and density. We pheromone production via tissue-specific regulation of aromatase. hypothesized that the presence of isotropic schooling formations and Further, we hypothesize that female attractiveness, and therefore greater animal densities enables reductions in tail beat frequency pheromone production, can be inhibited by targeting aromatase (TBF), tail beat amplitude (TBA), undulatory wave form (BC), and activity. Using qPCR, we detected sexually dimorphic expression of strouhal number (St). Furthermore, we hypothesized that sharks aromatase in the skin (3.5-fold increase in females; t20=2.30, swimming in isotropic formations will show a reduction in TBF, P=0.032). To inhibit aromatase activity, we treated females with a TBA, BC, and St as their placement within the school moved known aromatase inhibitor (fadrozole; FAD). Females received posteriorly. We used an aerial drone and motion tracking software to either FAD injections (100 µg/mL; n=10 females) or control obtain 4K video from schools of varying sizes. Sharks in groups were injections (saline; SHAM; n=10) three times a week for six months. tracked to determine individual swimming kinematics, school Pheromones were isolated from snake shed skins, and blood plasma density, and the outer perimeter of the school was traced to determine was collected to determine circulating estradiol. In the den the next school shape. Our data suggest that sharks swimming in more dense spring in Manitoba, Canada, SHAM and FAD females were groups have a significant reduction in St and TBF compared to differentially attractive based on bioassays with wild males. FAD sharks swimming alone. Individuals positioned posteriorly in females attracted ~50% less courtship than wild females in two isotropic schooling formations show a significant decrease in St and different bioassays (competition: F2,22=6.54, P=0.007; mating ball TBF. A previous study showed that increased acceleration resulted in test: F2,24=22.454, P=<0.001). Collectively, our results are the first to increased metabolic rates of this species. Our data suggest there may indicate a key role for tissue-specific aromatase expression in be a hydrodynamic benefit for blacktip sharks swimming in vertebrate pheromone production. aggregations, which may impact shark energy budgets as they engage in associative behavior and maximize efficiency in long distance migration.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 200 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e201

47-2 RUIZ, C*; THEOBALD, J; Florida International University; 99-4 RUMMEL, AD*; SWARTZ, SM; MARSH, RL; Brown [email protected] University; [email protected] Steering Responses to Motionless Stimuli in Flying Fruit Flies Regional thermal specialization in bat wing muscles: a Flying insects are exquisitely sensitive to optic flow, which they use proximal-distal temperature and thermal sensitivity gradient to guide flight and correct perturbations from their intended course. As nocturnal fliers, bats must maintain a rapid wingbeat frequency in Motion however, can be fabricated by using light adaptation or light the face of thermal conditions that likely result in net heat loss from movements over spatial and temporal patterns, producing the illusion their poorly-insulated wings. Because rate-related processes in of optic flow. We tested the responses of flying fruit flies to stimuli muscle slow at cooler temperatures, temperature effects in the wing known to produce the sensation of motion in humans, and found muscles may impair flight performance. Bats maintain a quantitative differences. Illusions that are readily apparent to humans proximal-to-distal temperature gradient during rest and activity: elicited no response from flies. We discuss the implications for continuous measurements of internal muscle temperature during different mechanisms underlying motion perception in walking and wind tunnel flights indicate that the distal wing muscles of Carollia Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 flying animals. perspicillata operate at up to 12°C below core body temperature (Tb), while the more proximal pectoralis muscle remains near Tb during flight. Thus, during normal flight, different muscles of the flight apparatus may operate at vastly different temperatures. We predicted that the contractile properties of the pectoralis would be specialized to operation near Tb, and thus more sensitive to temperature than those of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL), a distal wing muscle. We previously measured the contractile properties of the ECRL in C. perspicillata at 22, 27, 32, and 37°C in vitro, and here measure the same properties over that temperature range for the pectoralis. Both muscles decline in performance below 37°C, but pectoralis performance was more sensitive to declining temperature than the ECRL for shortening velocity and several time-dependent isometric properties. Isometric force production is also highly thermally sensitive in the pectoralis. These results support our prediction that a proximal, thermally insulated muscle will be highly temperature sensitive, while a distal, thermally variable muscle will be less temperature sensitive, and suggest that endotherms compensate for temperature effects due to regional variation in body temperature.

17-7 RUPP, AE*; MOON, BR; University of Louisiana Lafayette; 29-4 RUPPERT, KM*; BARE, EA; KLINE, RJ; RAHMAN, MS; [email protected] University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; [email protected] Feeding Mechanisms and Digestive Anatomy of Mud Snakes, Development of a New Environmental DNA Assay for Detection of Farancia abacura the Rio Grande Siren in Highly Turbid Water Feeding on elongate prey occurs in many vertebrates, including Environmental DNA (eDNA) assays have become a major aspect of snakes. However, few publications have addressed the complexity of amphibian surveys in the past decade. These methods are highly consuming elongate vertebrate prey. Some snakes can consume prey sensitive making them well-suited for monitoring rare and elusive just as long as, and sometimes longer than, themselves, although species. Current efforts to study the Rio Grande siren in the Lower doing so takes considerable time and effort. Mud Snakes, Farancia Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) have been hampered due to the cryptic abacura, are thought to be specialist feeders on elongate prey. This nature of these aquatic salamanders. Arid conditions in the LRGV diet makes Mud Snakes a useful model for understanding how snakes further add to the difficulty in studying this species, as many water consume and digest large and elongate prey. Mud Snakes are bodies they inhabit are ephemeral, constraining sampling efforts to a widespread and abundant but secretive and difficult to find in large short window after heavy deluges. Additionally, sirens are known to numbers for research, which has limited research on this species cease activity and reside underground when breeding ponds are dry. compared to other widespread snakes. We have recorded videos of Conventional sampling efforts are require extensive man-hours to be Mud Snakes feeding on amphibians in order to describe and quantify effective, which is not always possible within the required sampling the capture and consumption of elongate prey. From these video data, window. We here discuss the development of a novel eDNA assay we have identified variation in prey handling by Mud Snakes of technique for this elusive species quantified via probe-based qPCR. different size classes and on different prey items. We have also This study has found a small, handheld, coffee filtration apparatus to studied retention of ingested prey to determine whether or not prey be a viable replacement for small-pore filters and bulky vacuum size limits digestion. This research also includes the first quantitative pumps, which are not capable of filtering the large amounts of turbid data on feeding in hatchling Mud Snakes. water required for siren detection. This methodology holds great promise for the assessment of Rio Grande sirens in the LRGV and for potential adaption to other south Texas amphibians also breeding in these highly turbid water bodies.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 201 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e202

S12-12 RUSSELL, A.P.*; GAMBLE, T.; RUSSELL, Tony; Univ. of S12-1 RUSSELL, Anthony P.*; STARK, Alyssa; HIGHAM, Calgary, Marquette Univ.; [email protected] Timothy; RUSSELL, Anthony; Univ of Calgary, Canada, Villanova Dissecting the evolution of the gekkotan adhesive system: one or Univ., PA, Univ. California, Riverside, CA, .; [email protected] more origins? Understanding gecko adhesion: toward an integration of Gecko toe pads have been investigated for over 200 years, and evolutionary, ecological biomechanical and biomimetic interest in them has burgeoned since the turn of the millennium. approaches. Geckos are very diverse (~1700 species). About 60% of species have The remarkable, climbing abilities of geckos have attracted the toe pads comprised of a hierarchy of morphological specializations attention of biologists for over 200 years. The progress they made involved in effecting adhesion and release. Toe pads are complex towards understanding gecko adhesion up to the year 2000 is adaptations and their evolutionary history remains contentious. Since reviewed. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of gecko the 1950s arguments advanced advocating either a single or multiple adhesion catalyzed an explosion of interest in this phenomenon from origins of toe pads have been hampered by the poor resolution of 2000 onwards and resulted in the participation in gecko-inspired Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 gekkotan interrelationships. Employment of recently-constructed research of an increasing number of biologists, along with physicists, (from 2012 onward) robust, molecularly-based phylogenies of the chemists, materials scientists, and engineers. Many such investigators Gekkota has failed to resolve the question of one or more origins of took up the challenge of adapting the principles of gecko adhesion to the adhesive system, largely because toe pads have been assessed as the fabrication of synthetic simulacra and the applications to which a single attribute, with scant attention being paid to their anatomical these can be put. Others were stimulated to undertake field and diversity. To attempt to rectify this we examine 34 features of gecko laboratory studies to explore the evolution and field-relevant digits and investigate each using model-based ancestral state deployment of the gekkotan adhesive system, and to elucidate how it reconstruction. In this initial approach we undertake a pan-gekkotan became interpolated into the mechanics of lizard locomotion. We overview to determine what, if any, broad-scale patterns exist. We briefly review these more recent contributions and suggest how find few characters common to all pad-bearing geckos, with greater interaction between various camps of investigators can particular features instead characterizing more restrictive clades, potentially accelerate progress in both the understanding of the consistent with multiple origins of toe pads. We recognize that more mechanisms of gecko adhesion and the application of its principles refined studies within families will be needed to elucidate finer for technological advancements. The "gecko effect" provides an details of pattern. Exploration of this issue is important not only for example of natural nanotechnology that originally arose at least 100 understanding the evolution of the adhesive apparatus of geckos (and million years ago, and on multiple independent occasions since then. for what that can tell us about the evolution of complex adaptations), This mosaic history provides the opportunity to assess what is but also for gaining greater insights into which of its features are necessary and sufficient for its functioning. Integration between essential to model in biomimetic applications of its functional teams that study the biological system, and those who design attributes. bio-inspired synthetics will lead to a deeper level of understanding in three core areas (ecology and evolution; function, biomechanics and performance; and material science) and an invigorated impetus for the development of eco-inspired synthetics.

17-5 RUTLEDGE, KM*; SUMMERS, AP; KOLMANN, MA; S9-3 RYAN, JF*; BOBKOV, YV; BABONIS, LS; Whitney University of California Los Angeles, University of Washington, Laboratory for Marine Bioscience; [email protected] George Washington University, UCLA; [email protected] Reframing the origin of neurons Killing them softly: the structure and function of the jaws of a The question of whether ctenophore neurons have evolved durophagous freshwater river ray (Potamotrygon leopoldi) through independently has caused widespread uncertainty about the origin of ontogeny nervous systems in animals. Arguments for the independent origins Durophagous predators consume hard-shelled prey items such as of animal nervous systems have centered on the absence of bivalves, gastropods and large crustaceans. Most of them conserved "neural" genes and neurotransmitters in ctenophores. Here mechanically crush heavily mineralized prey. This is expensive both we reconsider this question by examining the developmental origin from the point of view of the bite forces involved and the stresses of neurons across animals. We present examples from the literature inflicted on the predator's skeleton. It is quite common for of neural cell types deriving from cell lineages that exclusively give durophagous taxa to shift from softer prey to hard prey at some point rise to non-neural cell types in other animals. We further show that in ontogeny, implying that it is relatively harder for small animals to neural progenitor cells also give rise to non-neural secretory cells in crush their way into prey. Batoid fishes (rays, skates, sawfishes and numerous animal taxa. Together, these patterns reflect the labile guitarfishes) have independently evolved durophagy multiple times, nature of cell identity and underscore the futility of arguing for the despite the challenges associated with crushing prey harder than their homology of neural cell types. Rather, we advocate for the concept of own cartilaginous skeleton. Potamotrygon leopoldi is a durophagous a single origin of a generic secretory cell in the stem of all animals to freshwater ray endemic to the Xingu River Basin in Brazil, with a better understand the early evolution of neurons and the potential loss jaw morphology superficially similar to that of distant relatives, like of neural cell types in sponges and placozoans. Lastly, we present eagle rays (Aetomylaeus). We examined how the resistance to unpublished electrophysiology data suggesting that ctenophore bending and mineralization of the jaws changed over ontogeny in P. neural cell types have similar electrical properties to those of leopoldi (n = 5, 14-45 cm disc width), using computed tomography cnidarians and bilaterians. Together, these ideas offer a new (CT) scanning to calculate the 2nd moment of area of the jaws. P. perspective from which to evaluate current data and outline specific leopoldi has lower jaw stiffness relative to other durophagous experiments that could newly illuminate the evolution of neural cell elasmobranchs and the skeleton nearest the jaw joints is stiffer than types; this in turn will lead to a better understanding of animal that beneath the dentition. While jaw stiffness has similar material nervous systems, including our own. distribution over ontogeny, mineralization under the teeth increases. Neonate rays have low jaw stiffness and poor mineralization, suggesting that P. leopoldi may not feed on hard prey early in life. These differences in the shape, stiffness and mineralization of the jaws of P. leopoldi compared to its distant durophagous relatives suggest there are many solutions for crushing hard prey with a soft skeleton.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 202 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e203

68-6 RYAN, DS*; STUTZIG, N; SIEBERT, T; WAKELING, JM; 14-4 RYELAND, J*; SPENCER, RJ; UMBERS, KDL; HOUSE, Simon Fraser University, University of Stuttgart; [email protected] CM; Western Sydney University; Passive and Dynamic Muscle Architecture during Transversal [email protected] Loading for Gastrocnemius Medialis in Man Male-parental care adjustments with differing levels of paternity in External forces from our environment translate to transverse loads on a polyandrous bird our muscles. Studies in rats showed that transverse loads affect In the majority of bird species whom employ biparental care, males muscle force in the longitudinal direction, where increases in provide decreasing levels of care with increasing uncertainty of transverse load decreased maximum longitudinal force. Changes in paternity. In the male-only parental care system, relatively muscle architecture during contraction may contribute to the uncommon in birds, providing care for young that the male has not observed force decrease. The aim of this study was to quantify sired, can have high detrimental effects on current additional mating's changes in pennation angle, fascicle dimensions, and muscle as well as on his future fecundity. It therefore follows, that if males thickness during contraction under external transverse load. are able to unambiguously determine paternity, then they may adjust Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 Electrical stimuli were elicited to evoke maximal force twitches in investment in the form of parental care to match their own levels of the right calf muscles in man. Trials were conducted with transverse paternity in a clutch. The Australian emu, Dromaius loads of 2, 4.5, and 10 kg. An ultrasound probe was placed on the novaehollandiae, is a socially monogamous ground nesting bird, with medial gastrocnemius in line with the transverse load to quantify male-only parental care. Parental care for this species is architectural muscle characteristics during muscle twitches. predominantly in the form of incubation, with precocial chicks Ultrasound images were enhanced and quantified using manual requiring only protection from the father. It therefore is an ideal digitization and image transformations. Transverse loading of the species for easily studying the influence of parentage on incubation muscle resulted in a decrease in the initial muscle thickness and behaviour in a male-only parental care species, as well as assessing pennation angle, with higher loads causing greater decreases. During whether females mate more and lay more eggs of a larger size in the twitches the muscle belly and fascicles transiently increased in nest of males who provide greater parental care. In this study we thickness and pennation angle. The increase in muscle thickness was measure nest attendance and maintenance, clutch size, egg size and reduced with greater transverse load, and the increases in pennation hatching success, to determine how these features correlate with angle and fascicle thickness were also reduced. Maximum twitch molecular paternity. By studying what features of emu mating and force decreased with increased transverse loads. The 2, 4.5, and 10 nesting behaviour predict patterns of molecular parentage, we aim to kg of transverse load showed a 9, 13, and 16% decrease in better understand the trade-off between parental care and additional longitudinal muscle force, respectively. Transverse load impacts mating's, in a male-only parental care system. muscle deformation and contraction dynamics. This study showed that increased transverse loads caused a decrease in ankle moment, muscle thickness, pennation angle, and deformation of the fascicles.

S2-6 RYNKIEWICZ, EC*; CLERC, M; BABAYAN, S; 121-1 SALINAS, S*; GOLDEN, SQ; SCHERTZING, CL; IRVINE, PEDERSEN, AB; Fashion Institute of Technology, Queens Medical SE; MUNCH, SB; Kalamazoo College, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, University of Glasgow, University of Edinburgh; Service; [email protected] [email protected] Variation at Extreme Thermal Environments Under Constant and Variation in Pro-Inflammatory Immune Responses Among- and Fluctuating Temperatures Within-Individual Wild Wood Mice Impacts Parasite Infection Climate change is increasingly exposing populations to rare and Dynamics novel environmental conditions. Theory suggests that extreme The immune system is a host's main defense against infection, but conditions will expose ‘hidden' phenotypes, with a concomitant how a host responds to parasites can vary between the site of increase in trait variation. Although some empirical support for this infection and more systemic changes in immune phenotype. Host exists, it is also well established that physiological mechanisms responses may also depend on physiological condition, demography change when organisms are exposed to constant vs. fluctuating (body condition, age, sex), and coinfection by other parasites. Such temperatures (most experiments to date have been conducted under sources of variation, inherent in natural populations, can significantly constant conditions). To determine the effect of normal, rare, and impact the scale and strength of the immune response. Here we novel temperatures on the release of hidden variation, we exposed characterized how these factors drive variation in the fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, to five fluctuating and four proinflammatory response in wild wood mice, and in turn, how this constant temperature regimes. We then measured each individual's variation impacts parasite infection dynamics. We longitudinally length-at-age (weekly over 60 days), critical thermal maximum, 5 measured pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations (TNF-alpha), morphometric traits, and fluctuating asymmetry. Length-at-age for immune gene expression at the local and systemic within-host scale both constant and fluctuating conditions decreased with temperature, (spleen and gut lymph nodes), and infection with the gut nematode and variance decreased with temperature under fluctuating conditions Heligomosomoides polygyrus and several other coinfecting parasite but increased and then decreased in constant temperatures. CTmax in species. Drug-treating individuals against gut nematodes both treatments increased with increasing water temperature, while differentially impacted inflammation in males and females at the variance decreased in warmer waters. No consistent pattern in mean systemic scale (spleen), and hosts of different ages varied at the local or variance was found across morphometric traits or fluctuating scale (gut lymph nodes). We also found that reproductively-active asymmetry. Our results suggest that variance can decrease as the mice had lower local inflammation, potentially the result of environment becomes more stressful, so it may be difficult to competition for resources between immunity and reproduction. establish comprehensive rules for the effects of rarer environments Measuring parasite infection dynamics of the wider parasite on trait variation. community revealed that variation in pro-inflammatory responses may also impact coinfecting parasites at multiple scales, with potentially significant implications for parasite spread, coinfection prevalence, and how targeted treatments may impact host condition or susceptibility to reinfection.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 203 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e204

46-7 SANDES DE SOUZA, AP*; SMITH, NM; WILSON, RS; 26-2 SANDFOSS, MR*; LILLYWHITE, HB; Univ. of Florida, University of Brasilia, Brazil, University of Sydney, Australia, Dept. of Biology; [email protected] University of Queensland, Australia; [email protected] Water relations of an insular population of Florida cottonmouth Predicting success in physical activities: combining studies of sport snakes, Agkistrodon conanti. and animal performance to enhance both disciplines Seahorse Key (SHK) is a continental island near coastal Florida that Just as biologists seek to link phenotypes to fitness, sports scientists lacks permanent sources of fresh water and is inhabited by a large try to identify the traits that determine athlete success. Both population of Florida Cottonmouth snakes, Agkistrodon conanti. disciplines would benefit from collaborations, but few of the tools Because cottonmouths on the mainland are strongly associated with used in one field are used to advance the other. In this study, we used freshwater habitats, conspecifics on SHK likely have developed an analytical approach common in evolutionary biology to isolate alternative strategies for maintaining water balance. We used a mix traits associated with success in a specific sporting activity - soccer of field and laboratory experiments to investigate the possible performance. We also used a deconstructive approach common in stresses and adaptations related to dehydration within the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 sports science that could offer new insights into the study of physical cottonmouth population on SHK. Our objectives were to 1) measure performance and its influence on adaptation in nature. Specifically, the hydration status of free-ranging snakes on SHK in relation to we quantified the sprinting, dribbling, passing, and control rainfall patterns, 2) compare the drinking threshold of cottonmouths performance of 30 elite Brazilian junior footballers, and showed from island and mainland populations and 3) compare seawater (SW) which traits were associated with success in a custom-designed drinking behavior of island and mainland snakes when in a small-sided soccer game (3 attackers vs 1 defender). Practically, our dehydrated state. We predicted cottonmouths on SHK are using study identifies a clear set of performance traits that can be used to rainfall to maintain water balance, and that SHK and mainland identify talented midfield soccer players. In addition, our data show snakes would differ in their dehydration tolerance and seawater the benefits of deconstructing a highly complex team-sport into drinking behavior. Our results show 1) cottonmouths captured on smaller sub-activities that can be more easily studied, an approach SHK were more likely to be in a dehydrated state as time increased that could be beneficial for studying animal performance in nature. since last rainfall, 2) snakes from SHK and mainland populations showed no difference in drinking threshold and 3) cottonmouths from island populations avoided drinking high salinity water (>15% SW) while mainland snakes showed no preference. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that populations of cottonmouths inhabiting islands have developed behavioral and physiological adaptations to survive within this novel habitat.

133-3 SANDMEIER, FC*; LEONARD, KL; TRACY, CR; DRAKE, 70-2 SANGER, TJ*; CZESNY, B; HARDING, L; DHINDSA, S; KK; ESQUE, T; NUSSEAR, K; GERMANO , J; Colorado State Loyola University Chicago; [email protected] University-Pueblo, University of Nevada, Reno, US Geological Normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis in the lizard Survey, University of Nevada, Reno, Department of Conservation, Anolis sagrei New Zealand; [email protected] Understanding normal craniofacial morphogenesis in a wide range of Tools to understand seasonality in health: quantification of vertebrates will shed light on whether similar or distinct processes microbe loads and analyses of compositional ecoimmunological are modified to generate the remarkable diversity in adult form. data reveal complex patterns in tortoise populations Understanding the developmental bases of craniofacial Using data from six wild tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations, malformations will shed further light on potentially sensitive we quantified seasonal differences in basic immune system developmental process that are most easily affected by genetic and measurements and microbial load in the respiratory tract, pertinent to environmental perturbations. To date, the embryology and molecular this species' susceptibility to disease. We used multivariate analyses regulation of craniofacial development has not been examined in of immune measures to detect trends in temporal and spatial variation squamates, lizards and snakes. Using a battery of imaging in immune function. We stress the importance of using centered techniques-uCT scanning, fluorescent in situ, and electron log-ratio (clr) transformations of leukocyte counts as necessary for microscopy-we have investigated craniofacial morphogenesis in the the correct analysis of compositional data. Lymphocytes numbers lizard, Anolis sagrei. Compared to more commonly studied species, increased and decreased temporally in opposition to cells involved in chickens and mice, we observe a unique shape to the craniofacial innate inflammatory processes (heterophils and eosinophils). We prominences. The expression of key patterning molecules, Shh, Fgf8, created a quantitative PCR assay for the potential pathogen, and Bmp4, parallels this unique morphology. We have not observed Pasteurella testudinis, and tested animals for P. testudinis, as well as a distinct frontal ectodermal zone. We previously reported an for the known respiratory pathogens Mycoplasma agassizii and M. increased rate of craniofacial malformations in lizard embryos that testudineum. We found very little disease and suggest that P. experienced thermal stress. We have further narrowed this window to testudinis is a prevalent, commensal microbe in these tortoise the period of facial morphogenesis, during the peak period of cell populations. We determined that analysis of P. testudinis loads is a proliferation and facial prominence outgrowth. Increases in the tool to study natural fluctuations in microbe levels in tortoise severity or duration of the thermal insult generate more severe respiratory tracts. Our analyses showed that both the potential for craniofacial malformations. Our preliminary data suggest that these inflammatory responses and microbe levels are highest in the spring malformations are the result of disrupted Shh signaling. Together for healthy tortoises. The genetic and statistical tools we used are these results increase our understanding of the molecular regulation easily applicable to other wildlife systems and provide the necessary of vertebrate craniofacial development and on a thermally sensitive data to quantify species-wide trends in health and test hypotheses processes of craniofacial development that may be common among pertinent to host-microbe dynamics. vertebrates.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 204 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e205

S7-2 SANTANA, SE*; ARBOUR, JH; CURTIS, AA; STANCHAK, 73-4 SASSON, D/A*; JOCSON, D; FOWLER-FINN, KD; Saint KE; Univ of Washington; [email protected] Louis University, Washington State University; Integrating Traditional and Modern Approaches to Study [email protected] Morphological Evolution in Bats: Where Is The Point of The thermal sensitivity and quantitative genetics of mate attraction Diminishing Returns? signals and preferences in the treehopper, Enchenopa binotata The fields of comparative morphology and evolutionary biology have The treehopper Enchenopa binotata uses substrate-borne vibrational undergone a modern renaissance due to increased accessibility to signals that travel through the plant stem for sexual communication. powerful computational and imaging methods. These have allowed Males produce mate attraction signals to which females respond—if more accurate documentation, measurement and modeling of those signals match their preferred frequency (Hz)—to initiate pair morphological complexes across an unprecedented spectrum of formation. Treehoppers live in thermally variable environments, and species, and more rigorous tests of evolutionary hypotheses. nothing is known about how their signals and preferences may Comparative morphologists and biomechanists have particularly change with temperature, and nor whether genetic variation in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 benefited from X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and diffusible responses to temperature exist. Here, we tested for the thermal iodine-based contrast enhanced CT (diceCT), a suite of imaging sensitivity and heritability of signal traits and preferences using a techniques that allow the observation and measurement of small full-sib, split-brood quantitative genetics design. Using a vibrational and/or otherwise inaccessible anatomical structures, and the creation playback experiment, we tested the frequency of male signals and of highly accurate three-dimensional renditions for biomechanical female peak preference across five ecologically relevant temperatures modeling. But, do the larger datasets generated through these (21 - 33° C). We then calculated the heritability of 1) signal methods always confer greater power to test hypotheses when frequency (males) and preference (females), and 2) the signal and compared with more traditional methodologies? And, where is the preference thermal reaction norms. We found that both male signals point of diminishing returns when using these tools? Here, we and female preference positively correlate with temperature, but only contrast the advantages and difficulties of using data-rich CT male signals were significantly heritable. We also found no methods versus traditional approaches in the study of skull and jaw significant genetic variation in the thermal reaction norms (i.e. no adductor anatomy, function, and macroevolution in bats. We also gene by environment interaction) for either male signals or female show how modern imaging tools can, and sometimes should be, preferences. Overall, while treehopper signals and preference are integrated with traditional approaches (e.g., dissections) to thermally plastic, the lack of variation in thermal sensitivity between quantitatively study muscle function and evolution. By contrasting signals and preferences, and lack of variation across genotypes, traditional and modern tools, we illustrate how and when small data suggests that mate-pair formation should not be disrupted by changes may be preferable over big data, and vice versa, and how different in temperature. methodologies can complement each other in comparative analyses of morphology and function.

67-7 SATHE, EA*; CHRONISTER, NJ; DUDLEY, R; Univ. of 43-2 SAVAGE, AE*; TRUJILLO, A; HOFFMAN, EA; SAVAGE, California, Berkeley; [email protected] Anna; University of Central Florida; [email protected] Incipient Wing-Flapping Enhances Aerial Performance in a Spatiotemporal phylogeography of immune genes in the Robotic Glider frog-fungus disease system Fossils intermediate to theropod dinosaurs and modern birds show Immune gene diversity is linked to disease susceptibility in a wide well-developed flight feathers on both fore- and hindlimbs that variety of animal taxa, particularly relationships between Major indicate aerodynamic function. To test the biomechanical Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) polymorphism in vertebrates functionality of these transitional structures, we evaluated flight and resistance to specific pathogens. While MHC polymorphism is a performance of a robotic model with forewings of two sizes activated significant predictor of chytridiomycosis susceptibility across over a range of wing flapping kinematics. The robot was launched at vertebrate taxa, we lack a spatiotemporal understanding of how fixed height via catapult with the wings either held in fixed position immune gene diversity and disease pressure have interacted to shape laterally, or when flapping at different combinations of three population persistence. In amphibians, the fungal disease wingbeat frequencies and three stroke amplitudes. Wing length, for chytridiomycosis has caused the decline or extinction of hundreds of all frequency-amplitude combinations, was the most important species, prompting numerous genetic and immunogenetic parameter in determining horizontal distance travelled and total time investigations into disease susceptibility. Here, we use the aloft. Wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude contributed widespread North American frog Rana pipiens and compare positively and equivalently to horizontal distance and total time aloft, mitochondrial and MHC diversity over space (continent-wide) and when compared to fixed-wing gliding. Rudimentary wing flapping at time (1970s-present) to identify whether phylogeographic patterns of low frequencies and amplitudes thus improves aerodynamic diversity and population stability are consistent with MHC-based performance for gliders at physical scales relevant to the origins of functional genetic diversity. Additionally, we compare MHC allelic vertebrate flight. In combination with recent paleontological findings diversity across Rana pipiens populations to MHC diversity in other of four-winged avian precursors, these results further buttress the anuran taxa, and test whether populations that are declining in the hypothesis of an aerial origin for flapping flight in birds. western USA have reduced immunogenetic diversity or lack known protective MHC alleles and supertypes. Ultimately, we aim to understand how frogs are responding to disease on a broad spatial scale by resolving whether immunogenetic adaptation is a central driver of population persistence or if neutral demography dictates evolutionary trajectories.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 205 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e206

S3-5 SAWICKI, GS*; ABBOTT, E; NEWZEK, T; PATEK, S; S11-9 SAXENA, Aditya; SHARMA, Virag; GUTIERREZ, Haydee; WALL, C; SCHMITT, D; Georgia Institute of Technology; ERBERICH, Joel; TAN, Fayth; ELLIS, Caroline; HILLER, Michael; [email protected] COOPER, Kimberly*; UC San Diego, Max Planck Institute, Exploring the Limits of Muscle-based Latch Systems for Power Dresden, University of California, San Diego; [email protected] Amplification What Big Feet You Have! Scaling Skeletal Proportion During Animals can amplify the mechanical power output of their muscles Development and Evolution as they jump to escape predators or strike to capture prey. One Our long arm bones allow us to reach for objects that our short mechanism for amplification involves muscle-tendon (MT) systems fingers grasp and manipulate with remarkable dexterity. Since in which a spring element is pre-stretched while held in place by a skeletal proportion is integral to vertebrate animal form and function, ‘latch' that prevents immediate transmission of muscle power to the the variety of limb proportions is also a striking aspect of species load. In principle, this storage phase is followed by a triggered diversity. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms that release of the ‘latch', and elastic energy released from the spring determine the different lengths of individual limb bones in any Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 element enables muscle to exceed its maximum power limit species. Here, we leverage the extreme hindlimb proportion of the (Pamp=Pmt/Pmax muscle >1.0). Latches enable power amplification bipedal jerboa (Jaculus jaculus) and its close evolutionary by increasing the muscle work generated during storage and reducing relationship to the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) to identify the duration over which that stored energy is released to power a genes that underlie differential skeletal growth. Although expression movement. Previously described biological ‘latches' include: skeletal levels diverged throughout the genome over approximately 55 levers, anatomical triggers, accessory appendages and even million years since the last common ancestor of the two species, antagonist muscles. In fact, many species that rely on high-powered differences at only 10% of orthologous genes are associated with the movements also have a large number of muscles arranged in skeletal growth rate differences that contribute to limb proportion. antagonist pairs. Here, we examine whether antagonist muscles can These include genes that are expressed in multiple growth plates, be useful as active latches to achieve controlled power amplification. which may be locally tuned by modular enhancers, and genes with We developed a computer model of a frog hindlimb driven by a more regionally restricted expression. Most of these genes had no compliant MT. We simulated MT power generated against an inertial known growth plate function, even though many are developmental load in the presence of an antagonist muscle ‘latch' (AML) with transcription factors or are associated in other tissues with signaling relaxation time varying from very fast (10ms) to very slow (1000ms). networks that are critical regulators of skeletal elongation. We show The fastest AML produced power amplification (Pamp =5.0) while that two of these, a retinoic acid antagonist and a BMP signaling the slowest AML produced power attenuation (Pamp =0.43). inhibitor, are sufficient to modulate skeletal growth. Together, these Notably, AMLs with relaxation times shorter than ~300ms also findings suggest that the evolutionarily increased growth rate of the yielded greater power amplification (Pamp >1.20) than the system jerboa foot occurred in part by releasing growth potential that is driving the same inertial load using only an agonist MT without any restricted in mouse metatarsals. AML. Thus, animals that utilize a sufficiently fast relaxing AML ought to be capable of achieving greater power output than systems confined to a single agonist MT tuned for maximum Pamp against the same load.

112-4 SCHATZ, A*; MCDOWELL , J; RIVEST, EB; Virginia 6-7 SCHIAVON, L; BATTISTOTTI, A; MARINO, IAM; Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary; [email protected] DULIERE, V; CODOGNO, G; BEONI, S; DAL BORGO, L; DE Physiological mechanisms of carry-over effects due to BIASIO, L; SOAVE, N; LA MESA, M; ZANE, L; PAPETTI, C*; environmental salinity experience of Crassostrea virginica larvae University of Padova, Italy, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Because oysters can experience varied environmental salinity Sciences, Brussels, Belgium, Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR), regimes between life stages, performance of juveniles and adults may Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Ancona, Italy; be impacted by carry-over effects. Carry-over effects are potential [email protected] mechanisms of acclimatization: adjustments that allow an individual In Cold Blood: Speciation, Introgression and Hybridization in to sustain physiological function across changing environmental Antarctic Fish conditions during its lifetime. Larval development under different Correct species identification is essential to assess biodiversity and salinity regimes requires varied amounts of osmoregulation, a basal species richness in ecosystems threatened by environmental changes metabolic process, causing shifts in energy budget allocation that such as in the warming Antarctic waters. Recent findings suggest we may impact juvenile physiology, and conceivably stress tolerance, have just begun to appreciate how complex is the notothenioid making this an important area of focus. Oyster larvae from a radiation and species identification. This study aims to expand our commercial oyster hatchery were exposed to three different salinities knowledge about the two notothenioid genera Chionodraco and (13, 15, and ambient salinity at the commercial hatchery) from two Lepidonotothen. By means of population genetics and otolith shape days post-fertilization. Juveniles from each larval treatment were analyses, we intend to ascertain whether and how extensive is the then placed in two Chesapeake Bay tributaries of differing salinity interspecific gene exchange within genera, how many species they regimes. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and total include and what species are taking part in the system. By means of a alkalinity experienced during larval and juvenile phases were Lagrangian modelling approach, we want to test hypothesis about documented. To detect physiological mechanisms of carry-over possible routes of dispersal of Antarctic fish species and what is the effects, growth, total lipid, total protein, total antioxidant, and ratio of geographic scale of the interspecific exchange. So far, genetic results glutathione to glutathione disulfide were measured in both larval and indicate that hybridization occurs among species within the two juvenile stages. Larvae under the lowest salinity had faster growth, genera although not extensive enough to prevent species and assessments of juvenile performance show whether this success diversification, while otolith morphology analysis enables the translates into better growth and stress tolerance under different approximate separation of species-specific clusters. Oceanographic environmental conditions. Studying how larval environmental patterns suggest alternative routes of dispersal that could support the experience might carry-over to effect juvenile performance will transport of larval stages. Ecological barriers to interspecific further understanding of potential acclimatization strategies for this reproduction could constrain the impact of hybridization in sympatric species with future environmental change. Chionodraco and Lepidonotothen species. This study is expected to contribute an overall picture of the two genera in terms of distribution and genetic structure, providing tools and protocols to assist the identification of species and hybrids as a valuable resource also for other Antarctic notothenioid species.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 206 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e207

41-6 SCHIEBEL, PE*; RIESER, JM; ASTLEY, HC; HUBBARD, 77-5 SCHNITZLER, CE*; NGUYEN, A-D; KOREN, S; GAHAN, AM; DIAZ, K; GOLDMAN, DI; Georgia Institute of Technology; JM; BARREIRA, S; SANDERS, SM; PHILLIPPY, A; MULLIKIN, [email protected] J; CARTWRIGHT, P; NICOTRA, M; FRANK, U; BAXEVANIS, Mechanics of Snake Slithering on Deformable Substrates. AD; Whitney Lab, University of Florida , NHGRI, NIH, SARS, Elongate, limbless animals from the microscopic C. elegans to eels University of Pittsburgh , University of Kansas, NUI-Galway; and snakes move in both fluid and terrestrial habitats using flexural [email protected] waves of the body. Swimming in fluids is well-understood and New Kid on the Block: Placing the Hydractinia Genome within the dependent on the speed and size of the locomotor and the properties Context of Established Cnidarian Genomes of the media. However, little is known about undulatory motion in Cnidarian genomes provide a framework for exploring fundamental materials like mud, rotting flora, and granular matter (GM) where the biological processes such as embryonic development, regeneration, surroundings provide propulsion while yielding but, unlike fluids, self-recognition, and aging. We are focusing on the colonial may be permanently deformed by the interaction. We begin the cnidarian Hydractinia, a hydrozoan representative that has incredible Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 search for principles by studying lateral undulation on the surface of regenerative ability largely due to a lineage of migratory stem cells dry homogeneous GM. The desert dwelling snake Chionactis known as ‘i-cells'. In this system, one can study gene function using occipitalis travels quickly (30-80 cm/s N=10 individuals, 32 trials) several established functional genomics tools, including using a stereotyped shape. Surface drag measurements revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. We have generated high-quality, the ratio of thrust to drag forces, a critical component in undulatory high-coverage genome and transcriptome assemblies for H. echinata motion, did not depend on speed or depth; like C. elegans the snake and its sister species, H. symbiolongicarpus, using PacBio long-read motion was non-inertial. We developed a surface resistive force and Dovetail-based strategies for the genome and Illumina data for theory (RFT) which revealed the snakes' waveform maximized the transcriptome. The length of the genome assemblies are 419 Mb center-of-mass speed given a constraint on peak muscle power. We for H. echinata (84x coverage, 1,582 scaffolds, N50 of 1.51 Mb) and explored the real-world impact of changing waveform using a 308 Mb for H. symbiolongicarpus (94x coverage, 392 scaffolds, N50 robophysical model, a 10-link robot snake. When the robot of 3.31 Mb), placing them among the most contiguous invertebrate re-encountered previously disturbed material the effectiveness of the genomes. Similar to Hydra, both genomes are AT-rich (65%) and motion was reduced-often the robot completely failed to make highly repetitive (>50%). We are using a comparative genomics forward progress-and RFT over-predicted performance. The snakes' approach that includes ortholog clustering to determine how closely waveform is in the regime where motion is like that in a frictional these genomes resemble other established cnidarian model genomes. fluid; by limiting material yield the animal avoids contending with Our results reveal both the conserved features and extensive the memory-dependent effects that led to robot failure. evolutionary novelties contained within these Hydractinia genomes.

132-6 SCHRAFT, H*; BAKKEN, G; CLARK, R; San Diego State 68-8 SCHULZ, AK*; WU, JN; HU, DL; Georgia Institute of University, University of California Davis; [email protected] Technology ; [email protected] Infrared-sensing snakes select ambush orientation based on Elephants wrap their trunks around objects to better distribute thermal backgrounds forces Sensory information drives the ecology and behaviour of animals and Elephants are the construction cranes of the animal kingdom with the some animals are able to detect environmental cues unavailable to us. ability to move and lift unwieldy objects with their trunks. In this For example, rattlesnakes use infrared (IR) radiation to detect prey. experimental study, we examine the kinematics of an elephant lifting The IR sensory system should best detect warm prey animals against a barbell. We show that the elephant trunk has several constraints to cool and thermally uniform backgrounds. In addition, prey may be lift an object in this fashion. The trunk forms a J shaped structure more easily detected at thermal transitions, i.e. areas where contrast with two sections of the trunk forming arch-like shapes to resist between a moving target and background changes rapidly. We tested deformation. To resist the bar sliding from the elephant's grip, the whether rattlesnakes select ambush positions with backgrounds that elephant must also wrap the tip of its trunk around the bar, in offer strong thermal contrast with endothermic prey and/or wrapping angles that increase with the amount of weight. We backgrounds with thermal transitions. We tracked free-ranging rationalize both the shape of the trunk and wrapping angle using sidewinder rattlesnakes Crotalus cerastes to their selected ambush mathematical models involving the trunk's elastic modulus. While sites and recorded 360° near-ground thermographic panoramas from wrapping the trunk increases both its angle and area of contact to lift the center of the ambush site. A computer simulation then moved a the barbell. These findings may inspire work in elephant-inspired soft simulated prey item across the panorama and computed contrasts at robotics. each azimuth. Rattlesnakes did not choose ambush directions that offered stronger contrast than average, but they did choose directions with stronger thermal transitions. Selecting such ambush directions presumably facilitates prey capture at night when visual cues are reduced. Future laboratory and field work will determine whether strike probability and success are indeed higher when facing thermal backgrounds with strong thermal transitions.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 207 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e208

81-5 SCHWANER, MJ*; FREYMILLER, GA; WHITFORD, MD; 90-3 SCHWARTZ, LC*; TRUEBANO, M; HILBISH, TJ; HIGHAM, TE; CLARK, RW; MCGOWAN, CP; University of University of South Carolina, Plymouth University; Idaho, Moscow, San Diego State University, San Diego, University [email protected] of California, Riverside; [email protected] The Physiology and Transcriptomics of Thermal Tolerance in Tail Rotation Facilitates Active Body Reorientation during Escape Mytilus Mussels Responses in Kangaroo Rats (D. deserti) Climate change has already resulted in range shifts of a variety of Desert kangaroo rats (D. deserti) use erratic leaps to evade predation species, as well as changes in the timing of various phenological by snakes. During these vertical jumps, these animals rotate their events. As climate change continues these biological effects will relatively long tail, as well as their body, through the air. Previous become more pronounced. This work concerns the effects of behavioral research on tail use in these rodents suggested that the tail warming waters on the physiology and gene expression of blue is mainly used for balance. Video recordings show large tail swings mussels. The blue mussel species complex is comprised of the in combination with a change in body orientation. Given these congeners Mytilus trossulus, M. edulis, and M. galloprovincialis, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 observations, we hypothesized that these kangaroo rats use their tail which form a biogeographic replacement series with respect to to change body orientation in the aerial phase of the escape response temperature. We focus on the cold-temperate M. edulis and the in addition to use it for balance. To test this hypothesis, we collected warm-temperate M. galloprovincialis, which are physiologically and video data from kangaroo rats in the field, while they performed the genetically distinct, yet hybridize readily, forming extensive hybrid leaps as a response to a self-built, artificial predator attack simulator. zones. Closely related, but physiologically distinct species make For analysis we quantified rotation in the yaw plane for both the ideal systems for studying the impacts of climate change, and this body and the tail from take-off to landing. In the yaw plane, the tail system is especially valuable due to the presence of natural hybrids. performs one full rotation in approximately 0.14 - 0.2 seconds while In this study we sampled individuals from putatively pure the body turns 35 - 55 degrees during the aerial phase (when legs are populations on either side of a hybrid zone and acclimated them to retracted). This suggests that kangaroo rats use their tail actively to either 15°C or 23°C for 14 days in order to evaluate the animals' change orientation while airborne and that they likely need to reach response to persistent, lower level warming. Feeding rate and certain jump height to have sufficient time to perform enough tail respiration rate were recorded at the end of 14 days, and RNA was rotations to actively change orientation before touching the ground. extracted from the gills for RNA-seq. We showed that, despite being Future analysis will include body and tail angle change in the roll and in close geographic proximity these populations differentially pitch plane, as well as analysis of the head rotation with respect to respond to sub-lethal temperature challenges. We then conducted an the body. exploratory analysis of the transcriptional responses of these populations to identify putative regulatory differences that may provide the basis of species-specific differences in physiological responses to chronic sublethal temperature challenges. Future studies will utilize hybrid individuals to assess the co-segregation of physiological and transcriptomic adaptations of these two species in relation to changing climate.

S5-10 SCHWARTZ, Tonia/S; SCHWARTZ, Tonia; Auburn 117-2 SCHWARZ, D*; HEISS, E; KONOW, N; University; [email protected] Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University of Massachusetts Using Transcriptomics to Further our Understanding of the Lowell; [email protected] Divergent Effects of Stressors on Physiology, Life History and Three-dimensional mandibular movements during chewing in a Fitness salamander Not all environmental stressors are equivalent in terms of how they Food processing describes any kind of mechanical reduction or shape the life history and fitness of an organism. Yet, we have preparation of food items prior to deglutition. The most commonly limited understanding of where in the processing of different used processing mechanism in gnathostomes is ‘chewing'. Chewing environmental stressors divergence occurs and how this translates to is defined as any form of intraoral processing by rhythmic jaw the organismal level. Additionally, the response to a stressor maybe movements and represents the most common processing mechanism be dependent upon the context in which it is received — i.e., the in tetrapods. Non-mammalian tetrapods typically have a hinge-like other stressors the animal may experience in their environment or jaw joint that only permits simple arcuate (open/close) movements of their genetic background. Transcriptomics can be used to the mandible during chewing. By contrast, the specialized jaw characterize the genomic responses in a context specific manner and systems in most mammals permit complex 3-D movements of the translate these responses to how they effect the cellular, mandible involving propalineal (longitudinal) as well as transverse physiological and organismal levels. Here I discuss what we have (lateral) movements. However, only limited information is available learned from multiple "molecular stress response" studies that on intraoral processing mechanisms in reptiles and lissamphibians. In include analyses at the transcriptomic level. I specifically focus on fact, it was generally accepted that many reptiles and most how transcriptomic responses to different stressors can diverge lissamphibians do not process food intraorally but rather swallow it (despite having a similar corticosterone responses), how genetic whole and unreduced. Here, we use biplane high-speed fluoroscopy background can alter the response to a stressor, and how a primary and 3D kinematics analyses to show that the neotenic salamander stressor can alter the response to a secondary stressor. These studies Siren intermedia not only uses intraoral food processing but also use ecologically relevant environmental stressors with either Daphnia relies on a mandibular motion pattern involving propalineal (11.72 ± where we can directly measure fitness (i.e. lifetime reproductive 3.49 % of cranial length) as well as transverse (4.95 ± 2.05 ° angular output), or in reptiles where we can link tissue-specific displacement at the mandibular symphysis) movements. The transcriptomic responses to physiology and life history. mandibular motion pattern seen in Siren involves a complexity not previously documented for non-mammal tetrapods. Our data on intraoral food processing in lissamphibians also challenge the commonly held view that complex chewing movements are restricted to mammals.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 208 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e209

58-2 SCHWEIKERT, LE*; CAVES, EM; FITAK, RR; SOLIE, SE; 3-3 SCKRABULIS, JP*; MESSNER, ML; MCWHINNIE, RB; SUTTON, TT; JOHNSEN, S; Duke University, Nova Southeastern ANSARI, HD; RAFFEL, TR; Oakland University; University; [email protected] [email protected] Patterns and Predictors of Spectral Sensitivity Variation in Fishes Environmental Predictors of Avian Schistosome (Swimmer's Itch) Of all vertebrates, why fishes show the greatest diversity in spectral Abundance Among Michigan Inland Lakes sensitivity remains an open question in the field of sensory ecology. Avian schistosomes are snail-borne trematode parasites Over the past several decades, rod and cone spectral sensitivity data (Trichobilharzia spp.) that can cause a nasty skin rash in humans have been amassed for hundreds of fish species, yet varying trends when their cercariae mistake us for their normal bird hosts. The aim across clades make it difficult to identify the major factors of this study was to investigate the spatial drivers of Trichobilharzia influencing variation in this trait. Here, rod and cone λmax spp. cercaria abundance throughout Northern Michigan inland lakes. (photoreceptor class peak sensitivity) and chromacy (photoreceptor For 38 sites on 16 lakes, we measured and assessed several dozen class number) values were compiled for a meta-analysis examining potential environmental predictors that we hypothesized might drive Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 the ecological basis and functional significance of spectral sensitivity overall cercaria abundance, including local densities of intermediate diversity in fishes. Examining rod sensitivity, linear models that and definitive hosts, temperature, water chemistry parameters, water correct for phylogenetic relatedness showed that rod λmax values, clarity and growth rates of algal periphyton (snail food), physical varying over just 64 nm, are best predicted by habitat and depth. A characteristics of each lake and local site, zebra mussel (Dreissena potential influence of environmental temperature was also identified, spp.) abundance, and local abundance of predatory crayfish. We also as fishes in temperate latitudes had longer wavelength rod λmax than measured daily abundance of schistosome cercariae in the water over those in the tropics. Examining patterns of cone spectral sensitivity a 5-week period, with support from local citizen scientists who showed that trichromacy was most common, ultraviolet λmax values collected and preserved filtered water samples for later qPCR were found exclusively in trichromacy and higher chromacy levels, analysis. The best and highly significant predictor of cercaria and increasing chromacy, including from tetra- to pentachromacy, abundance was host Stagnicola spp. snail density, suggesting that significantly increases sensitivity range. Using a recently developed intermediate host abundance is the primary driver of avian method of multivariate phylogenetic latent liability modeling, depth, schistosome abundance in these lakes. We also found a significant diet, body coloration, and body size of fishes were found correlate to negative relationship between cercaria abundance and submerged chromacy level; however, after applying phylogenetic correction, the aquatic vegetation, possibly due to direct negative effects of only remaining correlated predictor was depth. Together, this work vegetation on cercaria survival or movement (i.e., influx from shows ecological patterns of spectral sensitivity across ray-finned deep-water offshore snail beds). If these effects are found to be fishes, stressing the importance of considering phyletic heritage in causal, then managing the abundance or types of vegetation in the studies of spectral sensitivity and suggesting that selection can act on riparian zone could provide new tools for reducing swimmer's itch even the smallest differences in sensory ability. risk in northern MI lakes.

S4-7 SEAGO, AS; NSW Department of Primary Industries; S10-5 SEARS, MW*; RIDDELL, EA; ANGILLETTA, MJ; Clemson [email protected] University; [email protected] The Evolution of Photonic Crystals in Beetles Shifting environmental stressors across ontology in vertebrate Insect structural colors span an astonishing range of optical effects ectotherms and photonic mechanisms, from simple thin-film reflectors and Many organisms experience distinctly different abiotic environments diffraction gratings to three-dimensional photonic crystals. This talk across their lifetimes. For instance, in terrestrial oviparous species, explores the evolutionary origins of that structural diversity and its developing embryos experience microclimates selected by their growing potential for biomimetic engineering. mothers without the opportunity for behavior to alleviate any stresses of that environment; whereas, adults are mobile and can use behavioral strategies to offset thermal and hydric stress. Further, as a consequence of body size, juveniles become more independent from environmental stresses as they grow to adulthood. With larger body size, physiological trade-offs can become more important in mediating stress. Here, we review data to explore how the relationships between the abiotic environment and trade offs between behavior and physiology shift across life stages in salamanders and lizards.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 209 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e210

88-1 SEBENS, KP; University of Washington; [email protected] 113-4 SECOR, S.M.*; KAY, J.C.; PERRY, B.W.; CASTOE, T.A.; Evaluating Trait-Environment Interactions Using Measures of SECOR, Stephe; University of Alabama, University of Texas, Performance Linked to Fitness and Population Response Models Arlington, University of Texas, Arlington; [email protected] As environmental conditions change in space and time, they alter The Underlying Mechanisms that Drive Divergent Intestinal fitness through effects on processes including energy acquisition, Phenotypic Responses to Feeding in Snakes mechanical performance, metabolic cost, growth rate, survivorship Snakes exhibit a clear dichotomy in the capacity to regulate intestinal and reproductive output. Organisms can respond by altering their performance with each meal. Frequently-feeding species narrowly morphology, material composition, physiology and life histories via regulate intestinal function with feeding, whereas infrequently phenotypic plasticity or by genetic change in populations. feeding species up and down regulate intestinal form and function Researchers considering the interaction of environmental variables with the start and finish of each meal. Driving this divergence in and traits typically concentrate on particular components of fitness, postprandial response is the lack of any change in microvillus length although methods exist to calculate a population level estimate of and absorptive surface for frequently-feeding snakes compared to the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 average fitness, for a set of identical individuals with a designated set 3- to 5-fold lengthening of the microvilli and matched increases in of traits. Such models can also estimate future population responses intestinal function with feeding characteristic of infrequently-feeding in the field, based on predicted environmental change (e.g. climate species, a response that is reversed after digestion has completed. We change). Components of fitness (performance measures) are not are taking advantage of this distinct dichotomy in intestinal response always good predictors of fitness or population response; they can and the link between form and function, to explore the signaling, differ in both direction and magnitude. As an example, one set of cellular, and molecular mechanisms that underlie these divergent environmental conditions could maximize growth and lifetime responses. Our comparative approach is allowing us to identify reproduction, but could also result in higher mortality (e.g. specific gene expression programs and regulatory pathways wave-induced dislodgment), and thus lower fitness, compared to an responsible for the synthesis, mobilization and insertion of energetically less optimal environment. Here, energetics models microvillus and membrane proteins involved in the postprandial formulated for growth and allocation are combined with models that remodeling of the brushborder membrane for infrequently feeding calculate population growth rate. Both intertidal and subtidal snakes. Our results indicate that feeding activates pathways related to invertebrates are used as examples, where there is a hypothesized the nucleation and elongation of actin filaments for energetic trade-off between shell and attachment production infrequently-feeding species. Centered in such pathways are the (affecting survivorship), and how energy is allocated toward growth, regulatory activities of Rho-family GTPases, known regulators of final size and reproduction. Here, one such model is used to examine cytoskeleton dynamics and proposed regulators of microvillus effects of environmental variability on fitness, fitness components, formation. Although the phenotypic responses of the intestine are and phenotypic variability in critical traits (including body size) and convergent among infrequently-feeding snake lineages, explored is to determine an optimal set of conditions where fitness is maximized. whether the underlying molecular programs have evolved independently. Support provided by NSF IOS (SMS) 0466139 and IOS 1656138 (SMS & TAC).

60-1 SENDALL, KM*; MONTGOMERY, RA; STEFANSKI, A; 29-7 SENNER, N.R.*; SASSER, K.T.; WOLF, C.J.; VELOTTA, REICH, PB; Georgia Southern Univeristy, University of Minnesota; J.P.; SCHWEIZER, R.M.; STAGER, M; CHEVIRON, Z.A.; [email protected] University of South Carolina, University of Montana; Effects of experimental warming on invasive Rhamnus cathartica [email protected] as compared to native temperate and boreal tree species The Effect of Aerobic Performance on High-Elevation Deer Mouse Boreal Forest Warming at an Ecotone in Danger (B4WarmED) is a Survival manipulative open-air experiment in northern Minnesota, addressing Physiological traits are often hypothesized to directly influence the potential for climate warming to alter tree function and species fitness. Relatively few studies, however, have actually been able to composition at the boreal-temperate forest ecotone. The goal of this quantify this link, nor investigate how the relationship may vary study was to compare plant traits of tree species from three groups across environmental gradients. One such physiological trait (invasive temperate, native temperate, and native boreal) grown frequently thought to be correlated with fitness is aerobic under two temperature regimes (ambient and warmed 3.4 °C) to performance: numerous studies have found evidence that enhanced determine whether an aggressive invasive species is differentially aerobic performance has evolved at high elevations where the partial sensitive to climate warming than common native species. We pressure of oxygen is significantly reduced. What remains unclear, present data collected over four years on tree seedling growth, leaf though, is how strongly and regularly selection is acting on emergence and senescence, leaf gas exchange rates, and leaf nutrients populations and whether the strength of that selection varies with of 11 species. Native boreal species showed a decline in growth elevation or levels of connectivity among populations. To explore the under the warming treatment, while native temperate and the link between physiology, gene flow, fitness, and elevation, we invasive temperate (Rhamnus cathartica) species generally quantified how an individual's aerobic performance affected the responded positively to warming. However, the invasive R. survival of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, along two transects cathartica showed the largest increase in growth. This growth spanning an elevational gradient in the Colorado Rockies from 2200 response to warming by the invasive species does not appear to be - 4300 m. We found that the strength of selection on aerobic traits driven by differences in growing season length, as all species was strong at mid-elevations — from 2200 - 3000 m — but weak at extended their growing season in the warmed plots. Specific leaf area higher elevations. Furthermore, higher elevation populations exhibit (SLA) of both native groups did not vary among treatments, but SLA reduced phenotypic variation, as well as reduced genetic variation for of R. cathartica declined significantly in the warming treatment, genes under selection. This suggests a history of strong selection at causing increased area-based leaf nitrogen concentrations. high elevations, but also that high-elevation populations may now be Area-based photosynthetic rates followed a similar pattern, locally adapted. Thus, although extreme environments are thought to increasing in the warming treatment for R. cathartica, but remaining regularly push extremophiles close to the edge of their physiological stable or declining in the two native groups. Our growth and leaf trait capabilities, consistent directional selection may enable populations results suggest that invasive R. cathartica may outgrow and to become locally adapted to even the harshest conditions. outcompete the native species in northern Minnesota under climate change.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 210 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e211

137-6 SERB, JM*; SMEDLEY, GD; AUDINO, JA; Iowa State 20-4 SETH, D*; KACZMARCZIK, M; Villanova University, Univ., Univ. São Paulo; [email protected] Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University; Evolution of morphologically complex eyes in the Pectinoidea [email protected] (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Integration of Biology and Engineering for K-12 Students Eyes have evolved numerous times during the evolution and Integration in science, technology, engineering and mathematics diversification of molluscs. One of the most diverse families of (STEM) education is becoming increasingly important to enhance bivalves, the scallops (Pectinidae), have a complex sensory system students' creative thinking and problem-solving skills and to teach that includes several hundreds of eyes on a single animal. These students how different disciplines work in harmony, especially single chambered eyes include a mirror-like reflector lining the back biology and engineering. While integration between biology and of the eye which focuses light onto a double-retina system in the engineering is found in higher education and graduate research, we middle of the eye. Other lineages in the superfamily Pectinoidea less have yet to successfully transfer such ideas to formal or informal morphologically complex eyes. To understand phenotypic evolution, K-12 programs. The most common form of integration seen involves Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 the Pectinidae needs to be placed in a deeper phylogenetic the use of technology while teaching traditional science topics; for framework within the Pectinoidea. We reconstructed a molecular example, using a tablet to learn about anatomy. The goal of our phylogeny for 60 species from four of the five extant families within project is to develop, implement and assess a new five-step the Pectinoidea using a five gene dataset (12S, 16S, 18S, 28S rRNAs framework that can allow K-12 biology, applied science, and and histone H3). Our analyses give consistent support for the engineering educators to present material to students in an integrated non-monophyly of the Propeamussiidae, with a subset of species as manner. The framework enables the educator to explore biological the sister group to the Pectinidae, the Propeamussidae type species as principles related to a physiological system, such as an animal, that sister to the Spondylidae, and the majority of propeamussiid taxa can be quantified or explained using common engineering principles sister to the Spondylidae + Pr. dalli. This topology represents a such as conservation of energy, buoyancy etc. Initial studies, previously undescribed relationship of pectinoidean families. Our including online interviews and surveys, show great interest from results suggest a single origin for eyes within the superfamily and educators but also significant skepticism because of lack of likely multiple instances of loss associated with habitat shifts. preparation and knowledge in both fields simultaneously. Therefore, in addition to providing the framework, our long-term goal is to develop a repository of integration ideas, tools and activities that teachers with all educational backgrounds can adopt without it demanding extensive time, cost or preparation. This framework also serves as a guiding model for the development of bio-inspired educational tools for museums and K-12 classrooms. We believe the integration of STEM disciplines in K-12 programs can expose future scientists and engineers to the collaborative and innovative nature of STEM fields, and therefore increase their interest and engagement in the respective fields.

12-1 SHANKAR, A; HOYVEN CISNEROS, IN; GRAHAM, CH; 60-2 SHARPE, S. L.*; UNGERER, M.C.; NIPPERT, J.B.; Kansas POWERS, DR*; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, George State University, choose title; [email protected] Fox University, Newberg, OR, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Effects of Drought Stress Across Population and Life Stage in Wild [email protected] Foxtail Millet Setaria viridis Deep vs Shallow Torpor: Nocturnal Body Temperature Drought is a major source of abiotic stress for plants, and poses an Management in Hummingbirds increasing threat to conservation, economic activities, and agriculture Torpor (controlled reduction in body temperature and metabolic rate) as climate change increases the stochasticity of precipitation events is a key energy saving strategy for small heterotherms. In worldwide. Drought tolerance varies widely in the plant kingdom, hummingbirds, past studies show exclusive use of deep torpor where both between species and across differently adapted populations body temperature declines with ambient temperature down to a within species. Water stress leads to decreased photosynthetic species-specific minimum body temperature. Because hummingbirds capacity, and can diminish vegetative growth and reproductive have among the highest metabolic rates of all vertebrates, and store allocation, both of which have serious consequences for agricultural little body fat during the day, maximizing their energy savings at and bio-energy crops. Previous work has shown that the effects of night by using deep torpor seems an efficient energy management drought stress also vary across different life stages. My research strategy. However, extensive use of deep torpor could have examines the physiological and transcriptomic responses to water physiological and fitness consequences, and rewarming costs, limitation across life stages in the wild foxtail millet, Setaria viridis, particularly on cold nights, could reduce net energy savings. Given a close relative of the agriculturally important foxtail millet, Setaria these potential disadvantages of deep torpor, a shallower form of italica. In a drought stress experiment using 9 S. viridis populations torpor might be a better energetic strategy in some cases. From a from diverse geographical locations, population significantly combination of open-flow respirometry measurements and infrared influenced the number of days that plants took to reach a imaging (all under near-natural temperature and light cycles) on 16 photosynthetic rate of zero. Flowering was found to be negatively hummingbird species in Arizona and the Ecuadorian Andes, we correlated with drought tolerance. Further experiments will compare found that some species are capable of using both deep (~30°C photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence levels, flowering surface-temperature depression) and shallow (8-12 °C time, seed production, and gene expression patterns in differently surface-temperature depression) torpor (sometimes on the same adapted populations of S. viridis exposed to drought stress at three night), while others almost never use deep torpor. When in shallow different life stages (pre-reproductive, bud-stage, and flowering). torpor hummingbirds do not exhibit the immobility that is This research will help elucidate the effects of population adaptation characteristic of deep torpor, perhaps suggesting that shallow torpor and life stage on drought stress response in a close relative of an offers some level physiological restoration characteristic of sleep, important agricultural crop. while continuing to provide some energy savings. Further, the increased responsiveness during shallow torpor could result in more rapid response to potential predators.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 211 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e212

44-1 SHEPHARD, AM*; SNELL-ROOD, EC; Univ. of Minnesota; S7-9 SHERRATT, E*; SANDERS, KL; The University of Adelaide, [email protected] Australia; [email protected] Costs of adaptive plastic responses to stressors: genetic variation in Tiny heads: the evolution of microcephalic sea snakes hormetic responses to heavy metals in a butterfly Snakes exhibit a diverse array of body sizes and shapes, contrary to Organisms today face a range of stressful environments unknown in common belief that they have a simplified body plan. Among living their evolutionary pasts. Understanding the mechanisms that promote snakes, arguably the most extreme shape changes along the population survival in novel environments is important not only for pre-cloacal body axis are seen in fully aquatic sea snakes providing insight into how organisms may adapt to rapidly shifting (Hydrophiinae) in the genera Microcephalophis and Hydrophis. anthropogenic environments, but also how organisms have adapted to These ‘microcephalic' sea snakes have tiny heads and dramatically past changes. One form of phenotypic plasticity, known as hormesis, reduced forebody girths that can be less than a third of their hindbody might play a key role in facilitating organismal survival in novel girths. Previously we have shown that this morphology has evolved environments. Hormesis is a phenomenon where exposure to low multiple times in species that specialise on hunting eels in burrows. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 levels of stress in early life induce developmental changes that prime Furthermore, our research has attributed this variation to evolutionary the organism to better tolerate subsequent stress exposure later in life. changes in vertebral patterning during embryo development and Evidence for hormesis is widespread, and such effects have been divergence in postnatal somatic growth patterns. Yet to be examined reported in diverse taxa in response to hundreds of stressors (e.g., is what happens to the morphology of the heads of these so-called chemical stress, temperature, and ionizing radiation). While the microcephalic species. Here we use micro-CT reconstructions of benefits of hormesis are clear, its pervasiveness raises an important skulls and geometric morphometric methods to characterise skull question: why are hormetic responses not produced all the time but shape variation in sea snakes. Examining neonate, juvenile and adult instead require a sensitizing stress exposure to occur? I conducted a snakes across ~40 species, we show that microcephalic species not multiple-family experiment rearing cabbage white butterflies (Pieris only have a reduced head size, but their skull shape is most similar to rapae) across a broad range of dietary zinc doses to test whether young individuals of regular Hydrophis sea snakes. Microcephaly families with greater hormetic responses to zinc face a tradeoff with thus appears to have evolved by heterochronic processes, with the fecundity under control conditions - in other words, the ability to skull resembling a neotenic form. Our findings suggest that mount a hormetic response is itself costly. Preliminary results convergent evolution of microcephalic sea snakes has evolved indicate genetic variation for survival, development time and body through external selection pressures acting on developmental size on zinc-dosed diets with some families showing apparent pathways, such that through shifts in growth and timing, dramatic hormetic (i.e., positive) responses to low zinc doses. This work will morphologies can repeatedly evolve. inform models of plastic and evolutionary rescue, theory on costs of plasticity, and emerging observations on costs of hormesis.

S11-4 SHINGLETON, AW; Univ. of Illinois at Chicago; 83-4 SHORT, CA*; HAHN, DA; University of Florida; [email protected] [email protected] Which line to follow? The utility of different line-fitting methods to How Do Flies Sense Their Protein Stores? Hexamerin Proteins and capture the mechanism of morphological scaling Reproductive Behavior in the Caribfly, Anastrepha suspensa Bivariate morphological scaling relationships describe how the size Adequate nutritional stores are a prerequisite for the initiation of of two traits co-varies among adults in a population. In as much as reproductive behavior, particularly the competitive, energetically body shape is reflected by the relative size of various traits within the demanding behavior exhibited in tephritid fruit fly leks. Absence of body, morphological scaling relationships capture how body shape protein in the adult diet can delay male lekking behavior. To varies with size, and therefore have been used widely as descriptors coordinate reproductive behavior with nutritional stores, animals of morphological variation within and among species. Despite their must have mechanisms to measure their nutritional stores. While extensive use, there is continuing discussion over which line-fitting hormones have been implicated in signaling stored carbohydrate and method should be used to describe linear morphological scaling fat in both vertebrates and insects, the mechanisms indicating stored relationships. Here I argue that the ‘best' line-fitting method is the protein remain unknown. However, the fat body has been implicated one that most accurately captures the proximate developmental in communicating amino acid feeding in insects. One potential mechanisms that generate scaling relationships. Using mathematical indicator of protein nutritional status is the hexamerins, a family of modeling, I show that the ‘best' line-fitting method depends on the proteins secreted by the fat body that can act as an amino acid store. pattern of variation among individuals in the developmental We hypothesized that adult male Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha mechanisms that regulate trait size, and the morphological variation suspensa, fed protein will accumulate LSP-2 faster and begin calling this pattern of developmental variation produces. For Drosophila behavior earlier than males without protein in the adult diet. Male A. traits, this pattern of variation indicates that major axis regression is suspensa were raised with and without protein in the adult diet, the best line-fitting method. For morphological traits in other assayed for calling behavior, and then qRT-PCR and western blotting animals, however, other line-fitting methods may be more accurate. I were used to measure LSP-2 transcript and protein abundance. We provide a simple web-based application for researchers to explore found that protein feeding increases LSP-2 transcript and protein how different line-fitting methods perform on their own abundance in A. suspensa adult males. Protein feeding also advances morphological data. the onset and increases the frequency of male calling behavior. Post hoc analysis suggests that LSP-2 titers are not elevated directly after calling behavior, but LSP-2 may stimulating the development of reproductive tissues, allowing reproductive behavior to proceed. Overall, my results suggest that circulating LSP-2 coordinates protein stores with reproductive behavior in A. suspensa males, supporting a more general role for LSP-2 in sensing protein status in flies.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 212 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e213

57-2 SIA, T*; ADHIKARI, H; DAVIDSON, B; Swarthmore 133-8 SIMPSON, JS*; LENKER, KL; WILSON, CA; EJOTRE, I; College; [email protected] KURPIERS, L; REEDER, D; FIELD, KA; Bucknell University; Mitotic rounding influences fate specification [email protected] Dividing cells tend to round up through a loss of adhesion Using transcriptomics to identify patterns of gene expression accompanied by increased intracellular tension. This process of associated with disease transmission in African fruit bats mitotic rounding has a well characterized role in proper chromosome (Epomophorus labiatus) and spindle alignment. However, the potential impact of this process Although bats appear to be reservoir hosts for many diseases on cell signaling and fate specification has not been investigated. We including zoonoses, how they respond immunologically to these study the impact of mitosis on cell signaling in the the invertebrate pathogens without succumbing to them is poorly understood. This chordate, Ciona robusta. During Ciona development, four heart can pose a challenge when attempting to predict spillover to humans, founder cells undergo an asymmetric division each giving rise to a with the ultimate goal aimed at disease prevention. Comparing tail muscle progenitor and a heart progenitor. Previous research has factors such as the environment, proximity to humans, reproductive Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 shown that the induction of the heart progenitor is caused by the stage, and diet, to certain gene expression profiles, especially polarized, mitotic redistribution of fibroblast growth factor receptors focusing on immune genes can assist in further identification of (FGFR) onto the adherent ventral membrane. In this study, we spillover dynamics. For this pilot study, transcriptomic gene investigated the role of mitotic rounding in FGFR redistribution. To expression analysis was used with spleen tissue from eight African inhibit mitotic rounding, we employed fruit bats (Epomophorus labiatus), comparing expression between 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), a selective blocker of a pregnant and non-pregnant bats. RNA was isolated from samples Na+/H+ exchange pump. We found that application of EIPA just collected in sub-Saharan Africa and next generation sequencing was prior to founder cell division led to the expansion of the adherent performed. We then analysed differential gene expression using a de membrane domain and depolarization of FGFR redistribution. Our novo transcriptome assembly with DRAP, pseudo-alignment with results suggest that mitotic rounding can impact trafficking of Salmon, and differential expression analysis with DESeq2. Although membrane proteins including key signaling components, thereby pregnancy has generally been considered a period of immune influencing cell fate specification. compromise in mammals, preliminary results showed pregnancy was not the primary variable determining variation in gene expression in these bats. We identified 251 differentially expressed transcripts using an FDR cutoff of 0.05. Some of these genes appear to function in immune responses and may contribute to disease spread. Further investigation with larger sample sizes, compared across multiple covariates, and including samples during various seasons will enhance the knowledge of bat immune responses in regards to their ability to be reservoir hosts. This information can aid in prevention of disease, as bats and humans continuously interact.

36-3 SINCLAIR, BJ; Western U; [email protected] 78-5 SIROVY, KA*; KELLY, MW; Louisiana State University; Insect cold acclimation: Underlying mechanisms and opportunities [email protected] for extrapolation Intraspecific variation in the stress response of the Eastern Oyster, Most insects modify their thermal tolerance in response to Crassostrea virginica, to salinity changes within the northern Gulf environmental cues. We often simulate this in the laboratory with a of Mexico variety of low temperature treatments, and use these to both draw Anthropogenic activity is rapidly shifting environmental variables, inferences about the mechanisms underlying cold tolerance and to causing an urgent need to understand how organisms will respond to make predictions about the capacity for cold tolerance in the field. I changing conditions. This is especially important for oysters as they will discuss the costs and benefits of experimental designs used to provide essential ecosystem services including water filtration, induce acclimation responses, and identify several approaches that shoreline stabilization, and habitat for other marine invertebrates. may improve the ecological relevance of laboratory acclimation Within the northern Gulf of Mexico, salinity is one of the most studies. I will then synthesise recent -omics-based work from my important variables impacting Crassostrea virginica and is expected laboratory and others to explore our understanding of the to change rapidly over the coming century. Our objective is to mechanisms underlying cold acclimation, and the extent to which improve our understanding of how the eastern oyster will respond to those studies are supported by physiological, structural, and salinity changes by addressing a major gap concerning the potential biochemical data. Finally, I will suggest some ways in which we can for local adaptation to drive differential stress responses across use this nascent mechanistic understanding to inform our ability to populations. Specifically, we will focus on the role of gene predict cold tolerance potential in the field. expression changes because shifts in gene expression across populations are often crucial for adaptation to an environmental change. To approach this objective, adult oysters were collected from two sites in Louisiana which naturally differ in their salinity regimes. These oysters were placed in common garden conditions, spawned, and the resulting juveniles were outplanted to either a high or low salinity site. After 15 months of exposure, TagSeq was used to measure the gene expression of juveniles from both treatments. We expect that at both sites there will be differentially expressed genes between individuals with different parental origins representing localized responses to salinity stress. We expect this to be most noticeable at the low salinity site, as this represents the most stressful condition. Differentially expressed genes can provide insight into mechanisms underlying population differences in the physiological response to salinity stress.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 213 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e214

109-7 SKANDALIS, DA*; LUNSFORD, ET; LIAO, JC; Whitney 68-1 SLEBODA, DA*; ROBERTS, TJ; Brown University; Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida; [email protected] [email protected] The interaction of intracellular fluid and extracellular collagen Optogenetic dissection of cholinergic and dopaminergic efferent influences active contractile force in skeletal muscle neuron function in the lateral line system of zebrafish suggests a Skeletal muscle is a composite of fluid-filled muscle fibers and linear microcircuit model fibrous connective tissues. Recent evidence suggests that the An effective mechanosensory system mitigates sensory overload by interaction of incompressible cells and tensile extracellular collagen discriminating between mechanical signals emanating from the influences fundamental mechanical behaviors of muscle, such as the environment and those created by the organism's movements. We development of tension during passive deformation. We study this regulation, termed corollary discharge, in the fish lateral hypothesized that similar interactions between fluid and collagen line. We backfill and optogenetically record calcium activity from could influence muscle force produced during active contraction. To cholinergic and dopaminergic efferent neurons (transgenic test this, we applied 5 psi squeezes to isolated bullfrog muscles Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 GCaMP6s). Cholinergic efferent activity was tightly synchronised mid-contraction and measured the effect on force. Muscles were with calcium activity of identified spinal motoneurons but squeezed using a small, rapidly inflatable cuff that surrounded the dopaminergic activity was not. This suggests cholinergic neurons are middle third of the muscle belly. In separate experiments, we the source of the corollary discharge, and dopaminergic activity has measured the effect of squeezing a series of physical models of other modulatory actions. This conclusion was supported by muscle. Models consisted of fluid-filled latex tubes (representing photoablation of the cholinergic cell bodies: spontaneous afferent muscle fibers) reinforced by stiff, helically-wrapped thread activity is typically partially or completely suppressed during swim (representing extracellular collagen fibers). The angle at which bouts, but this effect is greatly diminished with photoablated collagen wraps muscle fibers varies as a function of muscle length, cholinergic efferents. From a simple model of the function of the hair and models were built with a range of physiologically realistic cell complex, in which efferents act on hair cells to mediate wrapping angles to represent muscle at various lengths. Squeezing spontaneous afferent excitation, we predict that the information muscle at short lengths reduced isometric contractile force by as content of an afferent connected to one hair cell in a neuromast much as -11.8% ± 0.05% (average ± SD at 0.9 L0), while squeezing should be the same as for an afferent making multiple connections. muscle at longer lengths had a neutral or slightly positive effect on Intriguingly, optogenetic recording of calcium activity in individual force (ex. +3.1% ± 0.01% at 1.3 L0). This pattern was replicated by hair cells (GCaMP6s) indicates that in a given neuromast, only a few the physical models, which either decreased or increased force hair cells are active at a time, and the majority of hair cells may depending on the wrapping angle of their reinforcing fibers. Our instead act as a reserve pool in case of damage. Thus despite fairly results suggest that the distribution and pressure state of fluid within complex wiring patterns and multiple innervating cell types, we muscle are mechanically important, and that their effect on isometric propose that the hair cell complex is functionally a relatively contractile force depends on the geometry of fibrous collagen in the straightforward linear microcircuit. extracellular matrix.

107-3 SLEE, JS*; MCLAUGHLIN, JS; DeSales University, Penn 102-7 SMALL, TW*; BRIDGE, ES; BEBUS, SE; SCHOECH, SJ; State University, Lehigh Valley; [email protected] University of Memphis, University of Oklahoma; Making it Stick: A CURE Designed to Introduce Students to the [email protected] Scientific Process and the Host Response to Foreign Materials Free-living, lower stress-responsive Florida scrub-jays Often overlooked in many cell biology laboratory and cell culture (Aphelocoma coerulescens) perform better on an associative courses; suspension cells represent an important aspect of cell learning test biology and cell culture. Most primary cell cultures and cell lines are The rapid stress-induced elevation of plasma glucocorticoids (GC) is adherent cells which grow in monolayers on surfaces. However, well documented in a variety of animals, and these elevated GC other cells such as hematopoietic cells, certain tumor cells, and cells levels are known to strongly influence behavior, learning and of the immune system are suspension cells which are memory. In many species, the magnitude and time course of anchorage-independent meaning they grow and divide in solution. increased GCs varies greatly among individuals. In Florida THP-1 cells are a commercially available, spontaneously scrub-jays, these individual differences are repeatable throughout the immortalized monocyte-like cell line derived from the peripheral adult lifespan, which indicates they are a persistent aspect of the blood of a patient with acute monocytic leukemia. These cells are an individual's phenotype. These differences are also correlated with excellent model for suspension cell culture, and studies of the behaviors in jays, such as parental care, and are predictive of annual immune system. Researchers have used THP-1 cells to study the host reproductive success and life span. Previous work found that response to implantable devices and biomaterials in vitro. Tissue temporarily captive yearling jays varied in their performance on an contacting surfaces of implantable materials initiate a host associative learning test, but these differences were not associated inflammatory response characterized by many events, one of which with differences in GC stress-responsiveness. However, the captive includes macrophage attachment to the surface, which ultimately conditions could have impacted performance on the test and the leads to degradation and failure of the material. Using the THP-1 performance of the yearlings may not be representative of older jays. adhesion assay embedded in this CURE, students can participate in To test if the stress-response phenotype of free-living, adult jays the scientific process by testing substances which may prevent the covaries with their performance on an associative learning test, we host inflammatory response to implantable devices and biomaterials. used a SmartFeeder design, controlled by radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, to target specified jays. Four uniquely colored feeders were aligned 3 meters apart within a jay territory; each was programed to feed only one jay at that site. Thus, each jay was "rewarded" by a specific colored feeder which no other jays could use. Feeder positions were reorder once a day for 4 days and each feeder recorded visitations from assigned and unassigned jays. Lower GC stress-responsive jays performed better on the associative learning test, but the patterns of feeder visits suggested that other factors, such as differences in social learning, may contribute to these findings.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 214 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e215

15-5 SMITH, K/M*; CHILDRESS, M/J; Clemson University ; S1-10 SMITH, Stacey D.; University of Colorado-Boulder, CU [email protected] Boulder; [email protected] Ecological Conditions Influencing the Resiliency of Coral Evolutionary trajectories through color space: Hitting the hotspots Transplants in the Middle Florida Keys and minding the gaps The severe loss of coral cover over the past 30 years has increased The distribution of phenotypes observed in nature is shaped by reef restoration efforts and many have turned to transplanting coral interactions among intrinsic factors, such as the architecture of fragments. However, not all transplants are equally successful and developmental pathways, and external factors, such as the the the ecological conditions necessary for transplant resiliency in the strength and direction of selection. Flower color offers a powerful face of disturbances are not well understood. To address this lack of system for understanding how developmental constraints affect knowledge, we combined a long-term reef community census with a natural variation given that the wide diversity of colors across study of transplant survival on 15 reefs in the Florida Keys. A total of angiosperms has evolved by modifications of just a handful of 276 coral fragments of five species were transplanted and pigment pathways. In this talk I will review the relationship between Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 photographed quarterly from June 2013 to June 2018. During this the structure and regulation of pigment pathways and period, two species were exposed to two acute thermal stress events macroevolutionary patterns of color diversity. Studies across multiple (2014, 2015) and four species endured a category four hurricane taxa demonstrate that flower color intensity is highly labile and (2017). In general, Siderastrea siderea showed higher resiliency to controlled by rapidly evolving transcriptional activators and bleaching compared to Porites asteroides, and the amount of repressors. By contrast, changes in floral hue can involve coordinated competitive fleshy algae best explained individual variance in the changes in multiple genes and in some cases, multiple pathways. propensity for bleaching. Porites asteroides, Siderastrea radians, and Moreover, the order of these changes appears to be evolutionarily Orbicella faveolata had the highest survival after a physical constrained, leading to gaps in the space of possible phenotypes. disturbance with more than 50% of transplants surviving. Acropora Although the exact mechanistic basis for these phenotypic gaps cervicornis transplants were most susceptible to physical disturbance remains unclear, a combination of mathematical modeling and with only 16% survival. The reef complexity directly surrounding the experimental manipulations offer a path for probing the boundaries coral transplant influenced the survival of A. cervicornis and O. of color space. Overall, these studies of pigmentation may provide a faveolata corals, but not P. asteroides or S. radians transplants. Local model for understanding how the molecular dynamics of topography and species composition rather than regional developmental pathways divide the continuous space of possible characteristics, such as depth and distance to shore, explained more phenotypes into discrete character states. variation in coral resiliency. These results suggest some species are more resilient to thermal stress while others are more resilient to physical disturbance and local conditions may be the best predictors of transplant success.

11-1 SMITH, KAH*; LEE, ECS; RAINBOW, MJ; Queen's 25-6 SMITH, HE*; HOOVER, SR; SALMON, M; SEAMAN, H; University; [email protected] COPPENRATH, CM; HIRSCH, S; PERRAULT, JR; Florida The relationship between soft tissue function and morphology in Atlantic University, Loggerhead MarineLife Center; the talus during dynamic in vivo activities [email protected] The human foot has evolved to facilitate obligate bipedal locomotion. Effect of the Fire Ant Pesticide Hydramethylnon (AMDRO®) on There are many theories but little data on the in vivo function of the the Nest Survival and Hatchling Orientation of Loggerhead Sea bones in the foot and how they contribute to efficient bipedal Turtles locomotion. For example, the talus serves as the mechanical link Invasive fire ants are voracious predators of ground nesting birds and between the hindfoot, midfoot, and proximal segments but its in vivo reptiles, and are spreading rapidly throughout tropical and temperate function during locomotion has never been non-invasively measured. climates. The pesticide AMDRO® has been widely used on marine The purpose of this study was to use a unique dataset of in vivo foot turtle nesting beaches to protect nests and hatchlings from these bone surfaces in motion to understand how the talus inverts during predators, but no studies have been done to thoroughly assess its loading, and then everts during propulsion. The talus is uniquely effect on any reptile species. In other vertebrates, contact with passive because its motion is dictated by ligament and cartilage AMDRO® can result in visual impairment, dermal abrasions, and contact forces. Three or more tantalum beads were inserted into the reduced reproductive success. In this field study, we examined its talus, calcaneus, tibia, fibula, cuboid, navicular and the first impact on hatching success, emergence success, and orientation metatarsal. A CT scan was acquired to generate bone surface files behavior in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in Juno Beach, and digitize the beads. The beads were then tracked using biplanar Florida. Pesticide granules were placed on the sand above the nest videoradiography (250 Hz) during hopping and jogging. Ligaments days in advance of an emergence; corn grit granules served as the were modeled using anatomical texts and bony landmarks. We found vehicle control and were placed above nests for comparison to the that the cervical ligament (CL) resists eversion while the anterior AMDRO® treated nests. Sand samples were collected to determine if tibiotalar part of the deltoid ligament (DLAT) resists inversion. We the toxicant persisted in the environment, and preliminary analyses further examined whether these two ligaments act to balance each indicate that the pesticide remained in the sand after dosing. We other by computing moment arms and ligament elongation. The CL found that the toxicant had no effect on hatchling morphology, and DLAT had opposite moment arms. The moment vectors were hatching success, or emergence success. It also had no effect on the oriented nearly opposite to each other (175+/-2 degrees). Opposing ability of hatchlings to orient toward the ocean (a visually mediated movements elongated these ligaments as well. Coupling this response). However, we did notice more ant and crab predators at information with rotation axes may enable comparative studies that treatment nests than are normally seen at our study site. Thus, while can infer subtalar and midtarsal function from ligament insertion AMDRO® might not directly impact reproductive success or locations. This information can be further explored to determine how hatchling behavior, it had the unanticipated effect of possibly these ligaments may have controlled the talus in early humans increasing nest vulnerability to predators. leading to a greater understanding of the evolution of bipedal gait in humans.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 215 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e216

1-3 SMITH-VIDAURRE, G.*; ARAYA-SALAS, M.; WRIGHT, 24-3 SNOW, JW*; DEORAS, N; MACLEOD, SG; SHIH, SR; T.F.; New Mexico State University, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, JOHNSTON, B; ADAMES, T; Barnard College, Columbia Cornell University ; [email protected] University; [email protected] Monk parakeets exhibit strong individual signatures but weak Newly Eclosed HoneyBees Have an Immature Heat Shock acoustic convergence over higher social scales Response Despite a longstanding interest in the evolutionary origins and A highly conserved system of cellular stress responses is involved in maintenance of vocal learning, we know little about how sociality maintaining proteostasis, the homeostasis of protein synthesis, influences vocal learning in natural populations. Naturalized folding, function, and degradation, in the face of diverse populations provide exciting opportunities to study vocal learning as environmental insults. One branch of this network is mediated by the cultural patterns develop in real time. Monk parakeets (Myiopsitta Heat Shock Response (HSR), which we characterized previously in monachus) have established naturalized populations across the world adult honey bees. In other species characterized to date, aging, both through the global pet trade. Naturalized monk parakeets in the as a function of time and reproductive potential, results in proteome Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 United States converge on shared call types at nesting sites, breakdown and a decreasing ability to mount responses by the HSR. suggesting that learned calls serve to signal group membership. It By contrast, we found that newly eclosed honey bees have an remains unclear, though, whether such learning processes are a immature heat shock response compared to older adult bees. The general characteristic of the species or have changed during honey bee HSR increases in induction magnitude during transition to introduction. We examined patterns of geographic variation in the nurse and forager stages. This finding represents a first report of a native range to test the generality of the "signaling group species for which the HSR increases in potential with age. Future membership" hypothesis across multiple social scales in monk work aims at understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in parakeets. We recorded contact calls across 405km in Uruguay. We upregulation of HSR capacity with age and placing these findings in used spectrographic cross-correlation and random forests to measure the context of the needs of the honey bee colony. acoustic similarity and compared similarity values across social scales and geographic distance using generalized dissimilarity modeling and Mantel tests. We found low acoustic similarity within nesting sites, groups and pairs compared to individuals, and only a weak relationship between acoustic similarity and geographic distance. These results suggest that monk parakeets may not converge on shared contact calls in their native range, in contrast to previous findings with naturalized populations and other parrot species. This study serves as a baseline to ask why vocal learning processes differ among native and naturalized populations, perhaps influenced by social structure during introduction.

41-3 SOCHA, JJ*; HERNANDEZ, P; OSSENKOPP, S; GRAHAM, S6-4 SOKOLOVA, Inna; University of Rostock; M; ZAMORE, S; Virginia Tech, William Fleming High School; [email protected] [email protected] Mitochondrial adaptations to fluctuating oxygen levels in Tongue-sticking: A static tongue flick in flying snakes hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalves Tongue-flicking in lizards and snakes is used primarily for chemo- Mitochondria play a central role in ATP provisioning, redox and Ca2+ and mechanosensation. This behavior is characterized by sweeping, homeostasis, cellular signaling and life death decisions of aerobic vertical movements of the tongue, with variations that include single organisms. Animal mitochondria are extremely sensitive to bouts or high-frequency oscillations that occur multiple times per fluctuating oxygen (O2 ) levels such as occur during tissue ischemia second. In previous studies of flying snakes (genus Chrysopelea), we and/or environmental hypoxia. In hypoxia-sensitive organisms, observed what appeared to be tongue protrusion without oscillatory hypoxia and especially post-hypoxic reoxygenation cause flicking, occurring only in the context of locomotion. To investigate mitochondrial injury due to the elevated production of reactive this behavior, we studied tongue movements of Chrysopelea paradisi oxygen species, Ca2+ overload and damage to the mitochondrial during locomotion with a setup designed for gap crossing. This setup membranes and enzymes; yet many hypoxia-tolerant species consisted of two artificial branches oriented horizontally and (including intertidal invertebrates) can endure frequent suspended 1.5 m above the ground, with a gap of about 21 cm. Two hypoxia-reoxygenation due to the diurnal and/or tidal O2 cycles high-speed cameras (Photron APX-RS) were used to record tongue without apparent ill effects on mitochondrial integrity and function. behavior at 200 fps, while a synchronized motion capture system The mechanisms of such exceptional mitochondrial robustness are (Vicon) recorded the three-dimensional position of the head. Snakes not yet fully understood. I will discuss the mitochondrial responses to often exhibited tongue protrusion without vertical movement, a intermittent hypoxia in marine intertidal mollusks emphasizing the behavior that we term as a ‘tongue-stick'. Specifically, the snake potentially adaptive functional and proteomic changes of the protruded the tongue after entering the gap, and retracted it just prior mitochondria as well as the modulation of cellular protection and to reaching the target branch. In between, the tongue remained stress response pathways (including antioxidant defense, autophagy extended in a static posture as snake translated forward. We also and apoptosis) that might contribute to high tolerance to fluctuating recorded snakes slithering prior to entering the gap, and as a control, O2 levels in these organisms. I will also discuss the current across the branches but with the gap closed. Tongue-sticking knowledge gaps with an outlook to future studies needed to shed occurred in both conditions, indicating that this behavior is not light on mitochondrial adaptations to frequent oxygen fluctuations restricted to gap crossing. In contrast, tongue-sticking was not and evolution of metabolism in extremely variable environments as observed when snakes were at rest, congruent with informal well as identify potential targets for future therapies to protect observations in their lab habitat enclosures. The function of sensitive mammalian tissues from stress-induced injuries (e.g. during tongue-sticking is unclear, but its association with locomotion ischemia-reperfusion). suggests a possible non-chemosensory role.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 216 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e217

25-7 SOMJEE, U*; WOODS, A; DUELL, M; KOHN, G; MILLER, 30-3 SONDHI, Y*; THEOBALD, J; KAWHARA, AY; Florida CW; University of Florida, Gainesville, Smithsonian Tropical International University, Miami, University of Florida, Gainesville, research Institute; [email protected] FIU; [email protected] The metabolic costs of maintaining a sexually selected weapon Evolution of Light Sensing Opsins in Insects Horns in antelopes, tusks in elephants and antlers in deer are all Insects typically have three to five functional opsins responsible for examples of animal weapons. The largest and most exaggerated of detecting different wavelengths of light and these opsins are essential these structures are often used in competition among males for to see colour. Nocturnal and diurnal insects have vastly different mating opportunities with females. These large structures are conditions in which their visual system function, both in the amount predicted to be energetically expensive for animals to maintain and of background illumination as well as spectral properties of the visual carry. Yet, the costs associated with the metabolic maintenance of stimuli they need to detect. This results in different selective these traits for individuals of different sizes remains a major gap in pressures on their visual genes and quantification of the purifying or our understanding of positive size scaling. We examine an insect diversifying selection acting on different opsins can be used to infer Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 with enlarged hind legs used as weapons in male-male combat. We their relative importance for day and night vision. There has been an capitalize on the behavior of this insect, which autotomizes its increase in the number of insect genomes and transcriptomes publicly sexually selected weapon (without regeneration), to isolate the available and we use these data to examine the evolution of opsins metabolic rate associated with maintenance of these traits. Using across insect lineages. We use a phylogenetically informed flow-through respirometry we measure the aerobic cost of the annotation approach to identify opsins and model rates of evolution weapon by measuring CO2 production rates before and after of opsins and duplication and deletion events. We detect multiple leg-autotomy. We find that larger males had proportionally larger opsin duplications and deletions as well as different rates of sequence weapons for their body size, and that larger males also had evolution between opsins; we also test if this linked to their diel proportionally higher metabolic rates compared to females or to activity period. We find that UV opsins in particular have small males. A sexually selected weapon accounted for a large significantly different rates of selection between some nocturnal and proportion (23%) of energy expenditure at rest, and metabolic diurnal insects and discuss the possible biological reasons behind the enzyme assays reveal highly metabolically active tissue, suggestive differential rates of selection. We explore some of these ideas such as of high metabolic maintenance costs of these weapons. These the effect of light level on colour perception in the UV and the role of energetic maintenance costs remain a largely unexplored avenue to UV reflectance in plant-pollinator interactions. understand the forces that shape the positive size allometries of sexually selected weapons so ubiquitous in nature.

141-7 SONG, H; Texas A&M University, College Station; 91-5 SOTO, A*; MCHENRY, MJ; Univ. of California, Irvine; [email protected] [email protected] The making of a locust: a closer look at reaction norm evolution The hydrodynamics and control of prey pursuit in zebrafish Locusts are grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae (Insecta: A fish predator's survival depends on the ability to chase down prey. Orthoptera) that can form dense migrating swarms through an Many fish predators move in discrete, burst-and-coast bouts of extreme form of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity, in which activity. To understand the biomechanics of active pursuit with cryptically colored, shy individuals (solitarious phase) can transform intermittent swimming, we conducted predation experiments in into conspicuously colored, gregarious individuals (gregarious phase) zebrafish. Zebrafish accelerated and turned toward their prey during in response to increases in population density. This syndrome of each tail beat. The amount of turning could be predicted by the coordinated changes is known as locust phase polyphenism and the bearing angle at the end of the previous coast phase and was two phases that can result from locust phase polyphenism are among correlated with the lateral excursion of the tail fin. To investigate the the most striking coordinated alternative phenotypes known. While mechanisms of directional control, we developed a biomechanical locusts have the most dramatic expressions of density-dependent model that simulates active pursuit. Further, we quantified the forces phenotypic plasticity, recent studies suggest that non-swarming generated by free swimming fish executing turning maneuvers using grasshopper species that are phylogenetically close to locusts also a novel particle image velocimetry and motion tracking method. This show traces of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity. A work provides insight into the biomechanics of active pursuit of a comparative quantification of density-dependent reaction norms broad diversity of aquatic predators. across locusts and non-swarming grasshoppers that belong to the same genus shows that different components of locust phase polyphenism have followed independent evolutionary trajectories and have not evolved in a coordinated fashion. An evolutionary scenario of how locusts have evolved from grasshoppers and how some grasshoppers have lost their ability to swarm is presented in a phylogenetic framework.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 217 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e218

107-1 SPAIN, D.*; CHAVEZ, B. ; MENDOZA, V. ; Dominican 71-4 SPEISER, DI*; CHAPPELL, DR; KINGSTON, ACN; Univ. of University of California; [email protected] South Carolina; [email protected] An Ocean Acidification Case Study: Non-Science Majors vs The Eyespots of Chiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) are Associated Science Majors with Spatial Vision A case study was used to introduce ocean acidification to Research on visual systems has focused primarily on the paired undergraduates enrolled in an environmental course for non-science cephalic eyes found in many taxa, but these are not the only eyes in majors and an introductory research course for science majors. The the natural world. It is likely that we have much to learn from instructor facilitated class discussions on ocean chemistry and carbon distributed visual systems that include dozens or hundreds of separate dioxide emission data was provided to review and analyze. The next light-detecting structures. To better understand relationships between month, students were given a survey asking questions about the case the structure and function of distributed visual systems, we are study content. The preliminary survey results for both student comparing how morphological differences between light-sensing populations were encouraging in that most of the multiple choice structures in chitons relate to the visually-guided behaviors of these Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 content questions were answered correctly. For example, all students animals. Sensory organs - termed aesthetes - are embedded within the recalled that increased carbon dioxide emissions were shown in the shell plates of all chitons. In some species, the aesthetes are Keeling Curve. However, when asked to write short answers the interspersed with small eyes. In other species, each aesthete is science majors wrote more detailed and accurate descriptions. While associated with an eyespot. Previously, we established that the eyes these datasets include two student populations, this ongoing project of chitons are associated with spatial vision. Here, we find that will include four courses investigating the use of case studies in chitons with eyespots also engage in behaviors consistent with spatial undergraduate science courses. vision. For example, we find that Chiton tuberculatus orients to static objects with angular sizes as small as 10°. We also note morphological differences between species of Chiton that may be relevant to vision: the eyespots in some species (e.g. C. tuberculatus) lie underneath shell material that is transparent and convex, whereas eyespots in other species (e.g. C. marmoratus) are associated with overlying shell material that is transparent, but flat. We also find that the eyespots of Chiton are separated by narrow angles (0.5°) similar to those observed between the ommatidia of high-acuity apposition compound eyes. Lastly, we explore the degree to which chitons may gather spatial information by comparing input between photoreceptors within neighboring light-detecting structures rather than comparing input between photoreceptors within the same structures.

74-6 SPENCE, AR*; TINGLEY, MW; University of Connecticut; 53-2 SPENCER, TS*; HU, DL; Georgia Institute of Technology; [email protected] [email protected] Response to novel thermal and hypoxic challenges from Sniffing Scaling Study for Superior Sensing populations across a hummingbird's elevational range Mammals such as dogs are known for their keen sense of smell and Species ranges are shifting to track thermal or precipitation regimes have been relied upon for their ability to find odor sources. A key in response to global climate change. For species with large component to the mammalian sense of smell is the dynamic sniff distributions that contain a broad range of abiotic conditions, cycle. We find the rate at which mammals sniff scales at responses to novel abiotic conditions of newly colonized areas may approximately the same rate as their maximum possible sniff be dependent on the adaptation and acclimatization to the frequency. We rationalize this trend due to the limits of their environment of the source population's location. Differential respiratory anatomy and physiology. Lungs of all mammals are population responses have been shown to reduce performance on the constrained to approximately the same pressure whereas the leading edge of ranges of invertebrates by reducing the effectiveness geometry of the system increases with body size. This scaling of local adaptations, although similar research in endothermic argument and other literature suggests that mammals sniff as quickly vertebrates is lacking. Montane habitats provide a natural as possible. Conversely, we find through oscillatory wind tunnel experimental framework because species with wide elevational experiments and computational simulations that lower sniffing ranges experience systematic changes in temperature and oxygen. In frequencies provide better odor collection in straight, rectangular this experiment, we collected Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) channels. We proceed from rectangular channels to investigating the from three different elevations across their elevational range: 0 effect of biological nasal cavity shapes helping to mitigate odor meters above sea level (asl), 1000 meters asl, and 2500 meters asl. collection. We apply insights gleaned from our biological and We performed two metabolic tests to examine aerobic performance experimental results to design an electronic nose pre-concentrator for and thermal tolerance, hovering metabolic rate and torpor use and improved chemical sensing. efficiency, respectively. We performed these tests at the middle of the species elevational range to understand metabolic efficiency inside of the range. We subsequently performed these tests again at 3500 meters asl, 1000 meters above their elevational range limit, to test how the source populations respond to novel temperature and oxygen regimes. We collected dry mass of heart, lungs, liver, and intestinal tract to account for aerobic performance. This study will provide information on whether populations along the elevational gradient will react differently to elevational range shifts associated with global climate change, providing a step forward to mechanistically testing limits of a species ability to respond to global climate change.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 218 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e219

137-1 SPILLANE, JL*; LESSER, MM; MACMANES, MD; 121-4 SPRANGER, RS*; SINERVO, B; Univ. of California, Santa PLACHETZKI, DC; University of New Hampshire; Cruz; [email protected] [email protected] Thermal Acclimation Potential of Ambystoma and Dicamptodon Sponges: Degenerate Form or Ancestral State? Salamanders The ability of organisms to co-opt genes for new purposes, or to An ectotherm's ability to acclimate to changes in environmental neofunctionalize gene duplicates, is a major focus of evolutionary temperature may provide a buffer from extinction. Acclimation biology and comparative genomics. However, relatively less capacity reflects the ability of an individual to alter its critical attention has been paid to the role of gene loss as a driver of adaptive thermal limits and performance as a function of temperature. Here, shifts in organismal biology. Loss of function evolution has been we assessed the acclimation capacity for members of the genus shown repeatedly in microbial species living in close relationships Ambystoma, and a cool-adapted relative, Dicamptodon. Because with host taxa, and in the host taxa themselves. Poriferans, with their members of these genera may have evolved a capacity to acclimate diverse microbiome communities, are excellent candidates for due to their variation in life history strategies, we hypothesized that Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 horizontal gene transfer and gene loss that could result in degeneracy obligate paedomorphic species will have little capacity for of morphological traits and loss of gene families. Here we develop a acclimation, while metamorphic and facultative paedomorphic catalogue of reference-based gene presence/absence from estimates species will have the highest acclimation capacity. We raised larvae of orthology across a selection of metazoan genome-scale datasets. of Ambystoma mexicanum, Dicamptodon ensatus, Ambystoma We then apply a stochastic model for binary trait evolution mavortium, and Ambystoma macrodactylum in our lab under conditioned on gene presence/absence data across lineages and gene treatments of 15, 18, and 21 °C, which reflect predicted climate categories. Using this model, we find evidence of widespread gene change scenarios, and allowed them to acclimate for 4-6 weeks. After loss in sponges compared to other lineages, and our findings are a 3-hour cooling period, we measured the thermal preference of each consistent with the hypothesis that extant sponges represent a individual in aquatic gradients for two hours. The larvae were then degeneration of ancestral complexity. transferred to a second temperature in a block design (15, 18, 21 °C) for 4 weeks of acclimation and we again measured thermal preference. Our results indicate that A. mexicanum, an obligate paedomorph, is unable to adjust its thermal preference with rising temperatures and show little capacity for acclimation (p<.047). Facultative paedomorphs, like A. mavortium and D. ensatus, and metamorphic A. macrodactylum show increasing thermal preference with temperature and show a greater capacity for acclimation. The greater acclimation capacity suggests that these species will not just survive the elevated temperatures expected under climate warming, but maintain normal function, while A. mexicanum will not be able to adjust as successfully.

106-3 SRYGLEY, RB; USDA-Agricultural Research Service; 141-2 ST. JOHN, ME*; MARTIN, CH; Univ. of North Carolina, [email protected] Chapel Hill; [email protected] Parental Photoperiod Prolongs Egg Diapause in a Montane The cascading effects of aggression on trophic innovation and Population of Mormon crickets reproductive isolation within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes To persist in variable climates, many organisms adopt switching Behavioral changes in a new environment are often assumed to between phenotypic states as a way of hedging their bets. Variable precede the origins of evolutionary novelties. Here, we examined release from egg dormancy is a form of bet hedging that has major whether an increase in aggression is associated with a novel effects on population dynamics. Conventionally, Mormon crickets scale-eating trophic niche within a recent radiation of Cyprinodon are thought to require a single winter to hatch, but at high elevation pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We measured (2400 m) in the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, the population was aggression using multiple behavioral assays and used transcriptomic shown to be biennial with development in the first summer arrested analyses to identify candidate gene pathways underlying aggression in a early embryonic stage known as ‘egg diapause.' However, when across three sympatric species in the San Salvador radiation males and females from the Bighorn Mountains were collected in (generalist, snail-eating specialist, and scale-eating specialist) and August and paired in the lab, all but one of 43 females laid some eggs two generalist outgroups. Surprisingly, we found increased that reached late embryonic stages called ‘embryonic diapause' and behavioral aggression and differential expression of hatched after a single winter. Critical daylength is typically shorter as aggression-related pathways in both the scale-eating and snail-eating altitude or latitude increases. Reaching embryonic diapause prior to specialists. Our results indicate that aggression is not unique to loss of growing degree days for development is essential for hatching scale-eating specialists. Instead, selection may increase aggression in the following spring. Without sufficient time to reach embryonic other contexts such as niche specialization in general or mate diapause, egg diapause is an alternative overwintering strategy for competition. Alternatively, increased aggression may result from montane Mormon crickets. I tested the hypothesis that a critical indirect selection on jaw size, pigmentation, or metabolism—all traits parental daylength exists in the Bighorn Mountain population of which are highly divergent in this system, exhibit signs of selective Mormon crickets for which the eggs that are laid remain in egg sweeps, and may have pleiotropic effects on aggression. diapause and delay development until the following summer. To test Additionally, we discuss whether androgen levels vary across pupfish whether photoperiod serves as the parental cue, mating pairs were set species, and how varying levels of aggression affect mate preference in the same daily temperature and humidity profiles with twenty pairs and feeding behavior. on short daylength (12:12) and twenty pairs on long daylength (15:9). Females in short daylength laid more eggs that delayed development. They were also more likely to lay inviable eggs. Other fitness measures, such as hatchling mass, nymphal survivorship, and adult mass were not different between parental treatments. Diapause termination distributed over multiple years probably constitutes a bet-hedging strategy in an unpredictable environment.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 219 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e220

S10-7 STAGER, M*; CHEVIRON, Z; University of Montana; 31-6 STANDEN, EM*; TURKO, AJ; University of Ottawa, Canada, [email protected] University of Guelph, Canada; [email protected] An analytical framework for dissecting complex traits: a case study The art of unsticking: Biomechanics of terrestrial adhesion in the of avian physiological flexibility to cold acclimation amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus Individuals maintain a dynamic regulatory system that may confer The mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus is a small the flexibility to reversibly match their phenotype(s) to fluctuating amphibious fish that inhabits tropical mangrove swamps. During the environmental conditions. This process often involves dramatic dry season, these aquatic habitats can disappear, forcing fish to seek modification across multiple subordinate traits. However, the relative water elsewhere or burrow into logs and debris until water returns. influence of these component traits on whole-organism performance Water conditions in these habitats can also become acutely is poorly understood in natural systems. As a case study, we explore unfavourable (e.g. hypoxia, elevated H2S, too hot), and mangrove the contribution of subordinate phenotypes to a complex, multi-level rivulus respond by escaping onto land. Conspecific aggression can trait related to cold tolerance in a wild avian system by combining also cause fish to leave water and travel over land to unoccupied Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 assays of gene expression, tissue-level- and whole-animal physiology pools. Mangrove rivulus have developed a dynamic locomotory in a novel network analytic framework. Our work indicates that repertoire and they readily move between water and land with a large organismal performance is disproportionally influenced by few amount of control. Rivulus emerse from water in an explosive subordinate traits. We use these findings to guide suggestions for a behaviour and readily stick above the water line to mud, wood and purpose-driven approach to studying the mechanistic basis of leafy substrates (in the wild), or glass and plastic (in the lab). The dynamic phenotypes more generally. We discuss the pros and cons of fish can easily adhere to vertical and even inverted horizontal alternative analytical techniques for use with these multifaceted surfaces and surface roughness and humidity do not appear to hinder datasets and the interpretation of the results. Our results shed light on their performance. More impressively mangrove rivulus perform the mechanisms underlying seasonal phenotypic flexibility, and controlled ‘unsticking' maneuvers and can gain height by jumping provide a general analytical framework for other evolutionary studies from vertical surface to vertical surface in a seemingly organized and of similarly complex physiological traits. directional manner. This study uses high-speed video and force measurements in combination with fine anatomical description of the fins, scales, and trunk musculature to determine the mechanisms used to control adhesion-based maneuvering in these tiny fish. Body orientation and surface area contact are highly variable during unsticking events suggesting that another smaller scale mechanism is acting to provide precise control for surface adhesion. Preliminary data points to skin surface structure as a possible mechanism to control release timing during unsticking events in this tiny amphibious fish.

60-5 STANTON, DS*; HARPER, SJ; BRLANSKY, RH; Univ. of S12-2 STARK, Alyssa Y.; Villanova University; Florida IFAS-CREC, Lake Alfred, Washington State Univ., Prosser; [email protected] [email protected] Stick or Slip: Adhesive Performance of Geckos and Gecko-inspired Using RNAscope As A Diagnostic Tool To Identify Two Citrus Synthetics in Wet Environments Viroids in Plant Tissues The gecko adhesive system has inspired hundreds of synthetic Viroids are small circular single-stranded RNA virus-like organisms mimics principally focused on replicating the strong, yet reversible that cause disease on economically important crops such as potato, properties of the natural system. Indeed, geckos can attach and tomato, hops and citrus, reducing plant growth, vigor, and yield. detach with relative ease while scaling vertical and even inverted Viroid infections in plants are largely diagnosed by RT-PCR, by dot surfaces. Perhaps even more remarkable, they can do this amidst blot hybridization, or PAGE-gels. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) spatially and temporally dynamic environmental conditions, was one of the first viroids characterized and the causal agent was including variation in substrate surface quality, temperature, and shown to be a short 371 nucleotide single-stranded RNA molecule. humidity. For geckos native to the tropics, substrates they utilize wet Citrus cachexia viroid (CVd II) is a similar viroid discovered 10 from high humidity and frequent rain. Paradoxically, van der Waals years later that has been shown to be 300 nucleotides long and is the forces, the principal mechanism for gecko adhesion, reduce to zero causal agent of some cases of xyloporosis. Due to their small size when substrates separate even slightly by entrapped water layers. A locating these RNAs in plant tissue has been problematic. Traditional series of laboratory studies show that geckos maintain their adhesive plant in situ hybridization studies are often limited by specificity of performance in many wet conditions, despite the negative binding, limited target signal amplification. Additionally, traditional repercussions of water in their environment. The mechanism for this in situ hybridization methods are limited to a single specific probe is not fully clarified, and likely ranges in scale from the chemical and designed from a known viroid sequence. RNAscope (Advanced Cell material properties of the gecko's contact structures (setae), to their Diagnostics Inc., Newark, CA), however is a novel in situ locomotor biomechanics and decision making behavior when hybridization method that has been developed to hybridize double Z encountering water on a substrate they move across. Current work probes along an RNA sequence up to 1kb long to which a scaffold is has focused on applying our results from the natural system to built to allow for greater amplification of signal for each Z probe. synthetic gecko-inspired adhesive systems, and improving their The scaffold contains multiple binding sites for the detection enzyme performance in wet conditions. Gecko-inspired synthetic adhesives when bind to a colorimetric or fluorometric substrate. Here we have also provided a unique opportunity to test standing hypotheses present data showing that RNAscope can be used to detect CEVd and about the natural system in non-pristine, semi-natural conditions CVd-II in citrus petioles, stem, and root tissues. Additionally, a replicated in the laboratory. RNAscope duplex assay can be used to detect co-infection of viroids. RNAscope has broad application in plant research including the detection of plant RNAs and RNAs of Plant pathogens.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 220 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e221

S8-2 STAYTON, C. Tristan; Bucknell University; 123-3 STEELE, AN*; MOORE, PA; Bowling Green St. Univ.; Univ. [email protected] of Michigan Biological Station; [email protected] Moving beyond the peaks: combining multivariate performance Defining Exposure: Contribution of Exposure Paradigm surfaces in studies of ecomorphological diversification Characteristics to Impairment of Aquatic Organisms Adaptive landscapes have inspired evolutionary research for nearly a Aquatic ecotoxicology has undergone vast growth in the century. Until recently such landscapes have mostly served as understanding and modeling of the spatially and temporally dynamic metaphors rather than quantitative frameworks for research. Current nature of toxicants in fluvial aquatic systems (Corwin et al. 1997; methods which utilize landscape frameworks for research primarily Schindler et al. 1995). However, in classic laboratory toxicity tests employ evolutionary modelling, usually fitting data to used to define regulatory standards, organisms are subject to static Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models to make inferences about adaptive exposures that use a set of highly controlled exposure conditions peaks. Recently alternative methods have been developed which (Asifa et al. 2016; Santos Miron et al. 2004). Thus, contaminant utilize combinations of performance surfaces - multivariate effects resulting from static toxicity testing are disparate from the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 visualizations of relationships between phenotype and functional results of exposure conditions experienced by organisms in natural performance - to explore features of adaptive landscapes and explain systems (Neal and Moore 2017; Harrigan and Moore 2017). The the distribution of species in phenotypic space. I illustrate these new purpose of this study is to understand the effects of the structural methods using data on turtle shell shape and information on characteristics (concentration, duration, and frequency) of temporally performance for three shell functions - strength, hydrodynamic and spatially variant toxicant plumes on aquatic organisms to efficiency, and self-righting ability. The performance surfaces for construct a realistic definition of exposure to apply to environmental these functions are given varying weights and then combined to assessment. Current research has not evaluated the effects caused by obtain a set of predicted performance optima in shell shape space. all exposure paradigm characteristics nor determined which The distribution of actual turtle shells in shape space significantly characteristic or combination of characteristics causes the most overlaps these optima, particularly when the distribution of both detriment to organisms. This study used escape response of F. virilis optimal and "near optimal" (performance values within 99% of the crayfish from the predatory odor of M. salmoides following exposure maximum) locations are considered. The performance surface to the herbicide, atrazine. Atrazine was delivered in pulses to flow methods outperform modelling-based approaches in locating through exposure arenas for a total of 47 hours while manipulating reasonable adaptive peaks and explaining the shape of the phenotypic the concentration, frequency, and duration of the herbicide pulses. distributions of turtle shells. In addition, these methods provide Escape response of crayfish was analyzed and resulted in treatment information about the relative importance of the individual functions dependent reduction in olfactory response to predatory odor. These in guiding turtle shell evolution and potentially in determining findings aid to elucidate the relative contribution of these fitness. Performance surface-based methods show great promise for characteristics of exposure to negative effects on organisms. allowing researchers to more directly connect functional performance with macroevolutionary patterns of diversification, and to explain the distribution of species across phenotypic space.

109-4 STEIN, LR*; SINNER, M; IFFERT, RQ; HOKE, K; Colorado 57-4 STEINWORTH, BM*; JEAN, GH; RYAN, JF; State University; [email protected] MARTINDALE, MQ; Univ. of Florida Whitney Laboratory for Sex on the brain: Effects of reproduction on brain and behavior in Marine Bioscience, University of Miami; [email protected] Trinidadian guppies Are Hox genes involved in asexual reproduction in the The experience of reproducing is one of the most important life upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea? history events for many organisms. Yet although there is a rich Hox genes have long been known to control embryonic formation of literature documenting the physiological and behavioral changes that the anterior-posterior axis in bilaterians, and more recent work has organisms undergo during reproductive events and how this affects shown them to be necessary for the formation of the oral-aboral axis future reproduction, our understanding of how these changes during cnidarian embryogenesis. Here we investigate the role of Hox influence behavior in other contexts is limited. Here, we investigate genes during asexual reproduction using the upside-down jellyfish, the effects of reproduction on aggression, exploration, and Cassiopea. Cassiopea is a scyphozoan that reproduces sexually at the anti-predator behaviors across three populations of male Trinidadian medusa stage and asexually at the polyp stage. The clones produced guppies ( Poecilia reticulata). We additionally examined changes in asexually behave like larvae: both use cilia to swim with the future neural activation in response to a model predator across experienced aboral pole facing forward. What genetic signals control the and virgin males. 24 hours after reproduction, males were less active, formation of these larva-like clones? Are Hox genes re-deployed in more cautious, and less aggressive than their virgin brothers, and somatic tissue, or is this new individual's body axis patterned by a showed greater neural activation in areas of the brain associated with different mechanism? To answer these questions, we present fear. However, many of these behaviors returned to pre-reproduction phylogenetic analyses of Hox genes from Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, levels after three or seven days. Our results suggest that reproduction Staurozoa, and Cubozoa, as well as both both Hexacorallia and alters behavior and neural activation over short timescales in Octocorallia within Anthozoa. For the Cassiopea genes identified in Trinidadian guppies, providing insights into adult behavioral this phylogeny, we characterize spatial and temporal expression by in plasticity and how these changes may influence life histories and situ hybridization. During embryogenesis, Cassiopea Hox genes are reproductive success. expressed in spatially restricted domains along the oral-aboral axis, consistent with a role in axial patterning and similar to patterns present in other cnidarians. Some Hox genes are also expressed during asexual reproduction in similar patterns, suggesting these genes serve a role after embryonic development to pattern the asexually produced individual. Characterizing the cnidarian Hox genes and understanding the full extent of their roles will provide insight into the Hox complement of the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor and the origin of both cnidarian and bilaterian body forms.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 221 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e222

60-3 STEVEN, JC*; COLLAR, DC; BRODIE III, ED; DELPH, LF; 137-3 STEWART, JR*; MENDEZ DE LA CRUZ, FR; East Christopher Newport University, University of Virginia and Tennessee State Univ., Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Mountain Lake Biological Station, Indiana University; [email protected] [email protected] Novel Placental Structure in the Mexican Lizard, Mesaspis The relationship between genetic and functional architecture in viridiflava. leaf, physiological, and flower traits in Silene latifolia Yolk sac placentation is a distinctive characteristic of the evolution Plants with indeterminate inflorescences require sustained rates of of squamate viviparity yet knowledge of the patterns of variation is photosynthesis to support continued flower production and thus limited because placental development has been described in increased fitness. In dioecious species, flower size and number relatively few lineages. Gerrhonotine lizards (Family Anguidae) are tradeoffs may also favor a greater number of smaller flowers in males of interest in exploring placental evolution because viviparity is the to increase overall pollen production, but genes expressed during predominant reproductive mode within this lineage. We studied development affect both leaves and floral organs, resulting in a placental ontogeny using light microscopy for an embryological Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 potential conflict between photosynthetic rate and flower number. series of the Mexican gerrhonotine lizard, Mesaspis viridiflava. The We investigated the quantitative genetic and functional architecture placental interface of this species is dominated by yolk sac among leaf, physiological, and flower traits in Silene latifolia in an placentation. The unusual placental structure is a specialization for effort to determine whether functional tradeoffs reflect constraint in maternal-fetal exchange incorporating elements of the yolk underlying genetic correlations, and whether the net functional cleft/isolated yolk mass complex, a shared, derived trait for squamate relationship between performance variables is similar to the tradeoff reptiles. Although this extraembryonic membrane system is a between performance traits. We grew 595 plants of known pedigree prominent feature of placental evolution among squamates, the in a greenhouse and measured flower size and number, leaf size and unique attributes of placentation in M. viridiflava are supported by a thickness, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration. We found a weak novel pattern of yolk sac vascular development. A prominent feature negative functional correlation between photosynthetic rate and of the placenta is a zone of uterine and embryonic epithelial cell flower number in both sexes, and a stronger negative genetic hyperplasia located at the upper shoulder of the yolk mass, often correlation between these performance traits in males but not extending above the yolk mass. Phylogenetic variation in the yolk sac females. Thicker leaves resulted in increased photosynthetic rate but placenta is likely to reflect variation expressed in oviparous reduced flower number in performance gradients in males, and the antecedents as well as specializations for maternal - fetal exchange underlying genetic correlations for these traits mirrored this pattern. arising subsequent to the evolution of viviparity. The yolk sac However, the net functional relationship between performance placenta of M. viridiflava exemplifies both characteristics. Placental variables was close to 0. Integration among the measured traits may specializations of this species are consistent with a pattern of mitigate the constraints of this functional tradeoff. matrotrophic embryonic nutrition and have evolved in a unique lineage specific developmental pattern.

70-5 STEWART, TA*; LEMBERG, JB; SHUBIN, NH; University S2-12 STEWART MERRILL, TE*; HALL, SR; RAPTI, Z; of Chicago; [email protected] CáCERES, CE; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Indiana The dorsoventral patterning and asymmetry of paired fins University; [email protected] Limbs are asymmetrical in the dorsoventral axis—skeleton, Variable Immunity and its Consequences for Disease musculature, epithelial appendages, innervation, and sensory endings Epidemiological theory often treats host susceptibility as a fixed all exhibit this polarity. It is less clear whether pectoral and pelvic constant. Is this assumption accurate and how do deviations from it fins, which are homologous to limbs, exhibit similar asymmetries affect our understanding of infectious disease? I explore the causes and, if so, when they might have evolved. Here we present a and consequences of variable susceptibility in a one-host one-parasite comparative study of anatomy and developmental genetics and argue system: the zooplanktonic host, Daphnia dentifera, and its fungal that dorsoventral asymmetries are plesiomorphic among the paired parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata. From June to December 2017, I fins of gnathostomes. Micro-CT data from the pectoral and pelvic tracked Metschnikowia epidemics in six naturally occurring Daphnia fins of several species, including Danio rerio (Actinopterygii), the populations and measured host susceptibility and its underlying little skate Leucoraja erinacea (Chondrichthyes) and Tiktaalik roseae immunological traits to identify its relative role in driving epidemic (Sarcopterygii), show that asymmetries are common among both the emergence. I found that epidemics could not be predicted from dermal and endoskeletal systems of paired fins. We also test whether Metschnikowia exposure alone but depended critically on the the developmental and genetic mechanisms that establish interaction between parasite exposure and host susceptibility. dorsoventral asymmetry in limbs are shared with paired fins. Using Daphnia hosts were exposed to low levels of Metschnikowia for laser microdissection and RNA sequencing, we compare gene months preceding epidemics, and epidemics only emerged when expression in the dorsal and ventral portions of developing paired Daphnia immune defenses declined to a critical minimum. Host fins in L. erinacea. Comparing these results to what is known of susceptibility showed strong variation across scales, from the mouse and chick development, we discuss how the breaking of individual-level to the within- and among-population levels, and I dorsoventral symmetry might have occurred in the earliest paired discuss the extent to which ecological factors may be driving this fins. variation.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 222 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e223

50-6 STOCKER, MR*; NESBITT, SJ; KLIGMAN, BT; PALUH, S4-10 STODDARD, M. C. *; LING, L; WEAVER, J. C. ; Princeton DJ; BLACKBURN, DC; MARSH, AD; PARKER, WG; Virginia University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Wyss Tech, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard; Petrified Forest National Park; [email protected] [email protected] The Earliest Equatorial Record of Anurans: New Fossils from the The Avian Egg: A Marvel of Evolution and Engineering Late Triassic of Arizona The eggs laid by modern birds are the products of more than 150 Crown-group anurans originated more than 200 million years ago, million years of evolution, resulting in a sophisticated package though only a few fossils from high latitudes chronicle the first 60 designed to balance a range of competing demands. The egg must be million years of their evolution and distribution. We report fossils tough enough to prevent external damage but weak enough to permit that represent the first anurans known from the Late Triassic, as well a chick to hatch. It must resist bacterial contamination but allow gas as the earliest equatorial record for anurans. These small fossils exchange between the chick and the outside environment. The egg consist of complete and partial ilia with anteriorly directed, elongate, satisfies these requirements, which is especially remarkable given Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 and hollow iliac blades, unmistakable anuran characteristics. These that it forms in under 24 hours: its calcium carbonate shell is one of ilia are more similar to those of crown anurans than to those of their the fastest-forming biominerals in nature. From an evolutionary Early Triassic relatives Triadobatrachus from Madagascar and perspective, bird eggs are fascinating because they come in a great Czatkobatrachus from Poland, both of which are high latitude variety of shapes, sizes, colors, and structures despite the fact that records. This series of new anuran fossils demonstrate that anurans they serve the same essential function: to nourish and protect a chick were present in the Late Triassic in the equatorial region of Pangea. until it hatches. What selective pressures influence the diversity of Furthermore, the presence of anurans in the Early Jurassic in the egg phenotypes? From an engineering perspective, eggshell is same stratigraphic sequence (Prosalirus bitis from the Kayenta impressive because it is a strong, lightweight material, yet we Formation of Arizona) suggests that anurans survived the climatic understand relatively little about its biomechanical properties outside aridification of this region in the early Mesozoic. This regional of chickens. What is the relationship between the structure and anuran survival of the end-Triassic extinction event could have been function of eggshell? In addition, how do eggs form in the avian the result of recolonization or clade turnover. These new fossils oviduct? Here, we explore these questions through the lenses of highlight the importance of targeted collection of microfossils and evolutionary biology, biophysics and mechanical engineering, which provide further evidence for the presence of crown-group together provide an integrative picture of the form and function of representatives of modern orders of terrestrial vertebrates prior to the avian eggs. end-Triassic extinction.

47-4 STROTHER, JA*; HANEY, WA; Oregon State University; 116-3 STRUBLE, MK*; DONATELLI, C; STANDEN, E; GIBB, A; [email protected] Northern Arizona University, Tufts University, University of Ottawa; Identifying the neural encoding of respiratory cues in zebrafish [email protected] The nervous system has a central role in the regulation of the Burial Behavior in Elongate Fishes of the Salish Sea cardiovascular and ventilatory systems in vertebrates. Oxygen, Multiple groups of fish have evolved burial behavior, and there are a carbon dioxide, and arterial pressure in the blood are monitored by range of biomechanical mechanisms that enable differently shaped sensory neurons including neurons of the glossopharyngeal and vagal fishes to bury into the substrate. We examined fishes currently sensory ganglia. These sensory neurons project into the hindbrain, classified as Zoarcoids, suborder Zoarcoidei, a group that includes where signals are integrated by complex circuits that are still not several elongate families of fish, including the Zoarcidae (eelpouts), fully understood. Neurons of the hindbrain then synapse onto Pholidae (gunnels), Anarhichadidae (wolffishes), and Steicheidae preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic (pricklebacks). These fishes often live in near-shore or intertidal nervous systems, which ultimately innervate the target organs and regions where they navigate complex environments, populated by control heart rate, vasomotor tone, and ventilatory rate. Larval seagrasses and rocks. Some species within Stichaeidae and the zebrafish are an ideal system in which to examine how cues are closely-related Pholidae are known to remain above the water line encoded by sensory neurons and integrated by hindbrain neural during low tides, where they remain hidden beneath rocks and gravel, circuits, since their small size and optical transparency enables while other Stichaeid and Pholid species remain in subtidal zone and approaches that are difficult in other animal models. To address these do not naturally bury. To observe and quantify burial behavior in questions, we recorded the responses of neurons of the vagal sensory these elongate fishes, we collected individuals representing five ganglion in larval zebrafish to a range of respiratory cues including species found in the Salish Sea (San Juan Island, Washington), low oxygen and high carbon dioxide. Responses were quantified by performed a behavioral analysis, and compared burial biomechanics expressing the fluorescent calcium indicator GCaMP6F in these among different species. We documented disparities in burial neurons, imaging these neurons using in vivo multi-photon tendencies, which suggests that while some fishes that are reluctant microscopy, and taking fluorescence as a measure of neural activity. to bury into the substrate may lack the ability to bury because of We found that individual cells exhibited characteristic profiles in some as-yet-unidentified aspect of their morphology, other fishes are their response to different cues. biomechanically capable of burial but are not behaviorally inclined towards burial which may suggest a relatively recent behavioral shift in habitat preferences. We found that elongate fishes can bury themselves using a variety of behavioral processes, two of which have not previously been described in fish. We also note that, although elongate fish burial-behavior shares similarities with both terrestrial and aquatic locomotion, it possesses features which are not present in either and represents a unique mode of locomotion in elongate fishes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 223 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e224

60-7 STUBBS, RL*; FOLK, RA; SOLTIS, DE; CELLINESE, N; 7-4 STUBBS, A. L.; Univ. of California, Berkeley; University of Zurich, University of Florida; [email protected] [email protected] Phylogenomics Resolves Relationships within an alpine-Artic plant Sound attributed to "sonic attacks" on U.S. diplomats in Cuba clade (Micranthes, Saxifragaceae) and Reveals Evolutionary spectrally matches echoing cricket Processes and Historical Biogeography Staffing at the United States Embassy in Cuba was greatly reduced Flora endemic to the cold habitats of the Northern Hemisphere, i.e., following a potential "sonic attack" on U.S. personnel. The sound mountains and Arctic, provide important models for investigating linked to these attacks was recorded by U.S. personnel and released diversification and disjunctions, given both the intense climatic by the Associated Press (AP). The call of the Indies short-tailed fluctuations that have occurred during the Quaternary and the cricket (Anurogryllus celerinictus) matches the recording in duration, fascinating biogeographic patterns found in these regions. pulse repetition rate, power spectrum, and pulse rate stability yet the Micranthes (Saxifragaceae), a clade of small-flowered herbs temporal pulse structure in the recording is unlike any natural insect comprising 80 species, is an ideal group for investigating the source. When the cricket call is played on a loudspeaker and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 evolution and diversification of plants in montane and Arctic recorded indoors, the interaction of reflected sound pulses yields a ecosystems, which are especially vulnerable to climate change. Over recording virtually indistinguishable from the AP sample. This one-third of all species of Micranthes are cold-adapted—in provides strong evidence that a cricket rather than a "sonic attack" or comparison to only four percent of all known vascular plant other technological device is responsible for the sound in the released species—suggesting that this group is specialized for these recording. conditions. This assumption is further supported by the fact that many of the cold-adapted Micranthes have a suite of specialized morphological and reproductive traits not seen in low-elevation and low-latitude species of this clade, including leaf succulence, strongly asymmetric corollas, and asexual reproduction through bulbils. This research explores the evolution and geographic spread of cold-adapted plants through both phylogenomics using Micranthes as a model. This goal was accomplished by reconstructing a time-calibrated phylogeny based on hundreds of low-copy nuclear markers, and in conjunction with a phylogeny reconstructed from the majority of the plastome. These genes were analyzed in multiple downstream analyses to elucidate the patterns of diversification in this group. Together, these investigations provide insights into speciation and biodiversity at multiple spatial and phylogenetic scales.

68-4 SULLIVAN, CM*; CARR, JA; TYTELL, ED; Emmanuel 48-7 SUMMERS, A.P.*; BLOB, R.W.; BUTLER, M.A.; FARMER, College, Salem State Univ., Tufts Univ.; [email protected] C.G.; FASSBINDER-ORTH, C.A.; HERNANDEZ, L.P.; MOORE, Muscle response to lengthening and shortening perturbations at I.T.; MULLER, U.K.; SATTERLIE, R.A.; WILLIAMS, S.H.; various activation and perturbation phases. SUMMERS, Adam; Friday Harbor Labs, Clemson University, During locomotion, animals often must cope with unexpected forces. University of Hawaii, Trinity College, Dublin, Creighton University, These perturbations may cause an increase or decrease in length of George Washington University, Virginia Tech, CSU Fresno, their muscles. Although animals may sense these perturbations and UNC-Wilmington, Ohio University; [email protected] change the way they are moving to compensate for them, the muscles Integrative Organismal Biology - a journal of the Society for themselves, separately from the nervous system, may help to integrative and Comparative Biology compensate for perturbations. I investigated how brief shortening and We are excited to announce the launch of Integrative Organismal lengthening perturbations at different phases affect muscle force Biology, an open access journal that will serve as an organizing during sinusoidal length changes. Muscle samples from silver center for our field. Recent efforts to define grand challenges have lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) were studied using a modified made clear the need to integrate across disciplines that form modern work loop protocol, in which small lengthening and shortening organismal biology. SICB has flourished, demonstrating there is a perturbations were added on top of an overall sinusoidal oscillation. critical mass of biologists who value and benefit from the diversity of While being lengthened and shortened at 1Hz, the muscle was thought and approaches that span the society's divisions. There is a activated electrically at four phases. We also applied lengthening or pressing need for an intellectual outlet that showcases our best shortening perturbations at four phases. During each perturbation, we integrative endeavors. For example, we have comparative estimated the maximum force, stiffness and damping of the muscle. endocrinologists fundamentally interested in the ecology and We compared these quantities between lengthening and shortening evolution of their study organisms, neurobiologists working on the perturbations. We also compared how the muscle segment returns to biomechanics of feedback systems, and physiologists making its baseline oscillation after each perturbation. For both types of advances in behavior and ecology. Integrative Organismal Biology perturbations, if the perturbation is applied while the muscle is being (IOB) will give structure to the broad field and serve as a signpost for lengthened, the forces are high . If the perturbations are applied funding agencies, foundations, and national policy discussions. during shortening, the forces are lower. Moreover, when the muscle Integrative Organismal Biology will define and push the edges of segment is relatively short, the damping response is stronger than the integrative and comparative biology, putting it on stage with, and elastic response. Overall, we find that muscle responds differently to complementing, more reductionist and abstract flavors of biology. lengthening and shortening perturbations, and the response depends IOB will be: (1) explicitly and fundamentally integrative; showcasing on both activation and perturbation phase. work that is broader than a typical disciplinary journal; (2) open-access; and (3) a voice for diverse authors through inclusive and empowering policies, including double-blind peer review, and an explicitly constructive peer review process.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 224 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e225

57-1 SUR, A*; RENFRO, A; MEYER, NP; Clark University, S3-10 SUTTON, GP; University of Lincoln; [email protected] Worcester, MA; [email protected] The two Borelli laws for jumping animals Investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis Borelli's law is 500 year-old constraint on how high an animal can in the annelid Capitella teleta jump. The argument is simple, as animals get larger, their ability to Evolution of nervous systems (NSs) has been an enigma. NS generate mechanical energy and their mass both go up at the same architectures vary widely across Metazoa. Such diversity relies on rate. Consequently, the net height of the jump (related to the energy the developmental mechanisms controlling neurogenesis i.e. the divided by the mass) is independent of size. We will show that the generation of neurons from neural precursor cells (NPCs). Similar available energy density per mass, however, is different depending genes regulate neurogenesis in some ecdysozoans, deuterostomes, on the underlying biomechanics of the jump - animals that generate a and cnidarians; however, there are similarities as well as differences jump with muscle contractions approach a different energy density in how certain neurogenic homologs are deployed across clades. For limit than animals that power their jumps with spring loaded power example, NPCs maintain their proliferative state via upregulation of amplification systems. There are thus two ‘Borelli's laws', one for Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 SoxB1 factors in both vertebrates and insects. In contrast, proneural muscle powered jumpers and one for spring driven jumpers. Which homologs (e.g. Achaete-Scute and Neurogenin) promote fate of these two laws an animal follows is a consequence of its size, with specification of NPCs in insects but induce cell-cycle exit and it being much more energy efficient for large animals (mass greater differentiation in vertebrates. Neurogenesis is largely unexplored in than 1 kilogram) to power their jumps with direct muscle contraction, the third major bilaterian clade, Spiralia, and spiralian data would while it is more energy efficient for small animals (mass smaller than enable better reconstruction of NS evolution. We examined 1 gram) to power their jumps with springs. I will show where these neurogenesis in the spiralian annelid Capitella teleta using two energy limits are, the underlying principles that cause these fluorescent in situ hybridization and pulse-chase labeling with the limits, and how these limits constrain the jumping heights of various thymidine analogs EdU and BrdU. In C. teleta, apical sized animals. Excitingly, frogs (which exist in the mass range neuroectodermal cells express homologs of soxB1, neurogenin and between 1 gram and 1 kilogram) exist in a ‘half way' zone between ash while basal cells express neuronal markers like elav1 and these two biomechanical size limits, providing an intermediate kind synaptotagmin. We identified the spatial localization of proliferating of jumping mechanism: ‘direct muscle contraction enhanced by a cells within the developing neuroectoderm and correlated that with power amplifying spring'. marker gene expression in order to better understand the progression of neurogenesis in C. teleta. Moreover, we also examined co-expression of neurogenic homologs to understand possible co-regulation within a gene regulatory network. Our data indicate a hierarchical regulation of these genes in a manner similar to that in insects and future gain- and loss-of-function studies will test these relationships.

37-8 SWAFFORD, AJM*; OAKLEY, TH; UC Santa Barbara; 61-5 SWIDERSKI, DL*; ZELDITCH, ML; Univ. of Michigan, Ann [email protected] Arbor; [email protected] Insights into Early Sensory Evolution from Sensorimotor Systems Divergence Deferred: Dynamic Changes in Ecological Opportunity in Unicellular Zoospores of a Fungus Produce a Late Burst Radiation in Ground Squirrels Complex sensory suites often underlie critical questions in Unlike early bursts, late bursting radiations have an initial shift to a organismal biology because of their profound influence on the new adaptive zone followed by a long quiescent period before ecology and evolution of species. However, the majority of sensory diversity or disparity begin to increase. This late burst pattern system research has been focused only on animals leaving questions challenges the notion that ecological opportunity giving access to the about early sensory system evolution, which require broad adaptive zone makes the entirety of zone available in one stroke. In comparative frameworks, unanswered. To better understand the the squirrel subfamily Xerinae, one lineage remained arboreal and evolution and integration of early sensory systems we have turned to retained the arboreal diet and two lineages shifted from arboreal to the ‘early diverging lineage' of fungi, which include the terrestrial habits, adopting novel diets that required less gnawing and Blastocladiomycota. These fungi have retained a single-celled more mastication; all three invaded new continents. We examine the propagule called a zoospore. They are highly motile, diploid cells influence of these ecological and geographic transitions on the that use either phototaxis or chemotaxis to control their swimming. evolution of mandibular size and shape. The arboreal one exhibits an Here, we describe the first multimodal sensorimotor system in fungi, early burst in size and shape, but neither terrestrial lineage follows simultaneously integrating light and chemical cues to control this pattern. Both terrestrial lineages diverge from tree squirrels in dispersal and settlement in unicellular zoospores. We find that only shape preceding their invasion of new continents. One, invading the zoospores of Allomyces arbusculus exhibit both phototaxis and Africa, undergoes little additional change in size or shape. The other, chemotaxis, and that closely related Allomyces species do not share invading North America, undergoes a large initial divergence this multisensory system. This diversity of sensory modalities within (separating chipmunk and ground squirrel lineages) but no further Allomyces provides a rare example of a genus showing rapid sensory change until ground squirrels undergo late bursts of size and shape system evolution in response to the gain or loss of individual senses. more than 10 Ma later. The timing of morphological divergence in Taking advantage of this newfound framework, we use North American ground squirrels corresponds closely to the timing of pharmacological knockdowns to reveal that multisensory systems in grassland expansion on that continent. These results suggest that Allomyces co-opt new ion channels in order to integrate novel senses subdividing the ground squirrel adaptive zone may not have been into existing behaviors. These studies into zoospore biology reveal possible until the grasslands, themselves, expanded and diversified. deceptively complex sensory systems and variation hidden in these When ecological opportunity arises from new trophic relationships, previously unassuming unicellular fungi. Understanding how these the evolutionary pattern of the consumer may depend on that of its systems evolve and contribute to diversification is a step towards a new dietary resources. deeper understanding of how organisms perceive, interact, and adapt to their environments.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 225 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e226

141-3 SWITZER, C.M.*; DANIEL, T.L.; Univ. of Washington; 103-1 TACK, NB*; DU CLOS, KT; GEMMELL, BJ; University of [email protected] south florida; [email protected] Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): How bees weigh exploration vs. Exploring the Benefits and Limitations of Eel-like Swimming exploitation of pollen sources Eel-like locomotion is generally regarded as a metabolically efficient What factors determine where animals choose to forage in the face of mode of swimming due to the low cost of transportation (COT) uncertain food rewards? Foragers face a challenging problem - visit observed during steady swimming. Key to this efficiency is the the best known location or explore new locations where rewards are ability to exploit pressure gradients that passively generate sub uncertain. Though theoretical approaches suggest that foragers may ambient pressure fields that enhance forward thrust along most of the decrease exploration over time, few experiments have explicitly length of the body. However, a major drawback of anguilliform examined animals' strategies in uncertain environments. Of the locomotion is its inability to perform as adequately at velocities experiments that have been conducted, many allow foraging insects greater than 1 body length per second (BL s-1). This suggests that in to visit flowers to collect nectar. Though many insects require both addition to physio-morphological constraints the mechanical Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 nectar and pollen to survive, pollen-foraging is understudied. limitations of this mode of locomotion are driven by complex Bumblebees provide an ideal system to study pollen-foraging, animal-fluid interactions. We assess the relative contribution of both because their pollen-collecting behavior (floral sonication) can be reactive and sub-ambient suction forces at different speeds to identify easily quantified. They vibrate their flight muscles to shake pollen the limiting factors of eel-like locomotion. Measurements of from flowers, suggesting that floral sonication is likely more metabolic activity, swimming kinematics and non-invasive pressure energetically costly than nectar foraging. Using accelerometers, we fields were made for steady swimming coral catfish (Plotosus built an automated system to quantify bees' transitions between lineatus). High-speed, high-resolution particle image velocimetry flowers - one flower delivered pollen when sonicated and another did (PIV) and respirometry data was collected using a modified 5L not. We found transitions between the two flowers were rare (initially Brett-type swim tunnel. They revealed the influence of distinct body 5-10%). Over time, however, the chance of transitioning from the kinematics on the formation of flow structures along the body that unrewarding flower to the rewarding flower increased (from 9% to result in a low COT at speeds of 0.5-1.0 BL s-1 and higher COT at 27%), and the probability of staying on the unrewarding flower velocities outside this range. During efficient swimming, two decreased (from 89% to 72%). Bees did not visit the rewarding protovortices are always present and retained along the body at a flower exclusively but maintained a constant ~6% chance of given moment and may allow suction forces to dominate over transitioning away from the rewarding flower (i.e. exploring the reactive forces. Although such flow structures were also observed at environment). This may be an adaptive strategy to keep bees from higher swimming speeds, increased anterior lateral displacement of missing out on flowers that release pollen at different times of the the body and posterior lateral velocity may result in the presence of day or to keep bees from continuing to visit flowers that are releasing dominant reactive forces. These lateral losses in kinetic energy may diminishing resources. Overall, this work fills a knowledge gap, to eventually result in no net acceleration of the fish and thus render help us understand how pollinators make decisions when foraging for anguilliform locomotion impractical. pollen as they gain experience in an uncertain environment.

19-2 TAFF, CC*; ZIMMER, C; VITOUSEK, MN; Cornell 107-6 TAFT, NK; University of Wisconsin -Parkside; [email protected] University; [email protected] Tiny Earth: A new model for laboratory-based undergraduate Plumage Manipulation Alters Social Interactions and Reproductive courses Success in Female Tree Swallows The Tiny Earth network is a new model that I have recently Signals that mediate repeated social interactions have the potential to incorporated into my research-based laboratory course for sophomore drive dynamic feedback between signaling phenotype, physiology, undergraduates, Research Process in Biology. The Tiny Earth model and the social environment. In gregarious species, social interactions is based on a network of instructors and students that are are ubiquitous, but the consequence of each individual interaction is crowdsourcing antibiotics from the soil. This allows instructors and probably quite small. Thus, for signals that mediate the frequency or students to develop original research projects that have the potential nature of repeated interactions, costs and benefits likely arise through to address the real-world problem of increased antibiotic resistance. the accumulation of many minor interactions. Tree swallows are Students work in pairs to develop original, testable hypotheses about semi-colonial breeders and are gregarious throughout the year. We how to test soil for new antibiotic-producing microbes from local previously found that the brightness of the white breast feathers in soils. As a vertebrate morphologist, the prospect of crowdsourcing female tree swallows is correlated with nest visitation patterns, antibiotics from the soil was a bit daunting, but the benefits have far corticosterone levels, and stress resilience. Based on these results, we outweighed the cost of the learning curve. I used the Classroom hypothesized that integration of this suite of traits might be Undergraduate Research Survey (CURE) survey to measure the maintained by the experience of repeated social interactions that are learning gains of the students in this course to national means for mediated by signaling. In this study, we experimentally dulled female students participating in similar courses or more traditional mentored breast feathers during the breeding season. Using a network of RFID undergraduate research projects. While the sample size is small, readers installed at each nest box, we identified ~40,000 instances of students in the course had comparable or higher learning gains to an individual visiting a box at which they were not part of the national means in several key areas including: skill in interpretation breeding pair. Relative to controls, dulled females had significantly of results, readiness for more demanding research, understanding the more repeated female visitors at their box but significantly fewer research process, tolerance for obstacles faced in the research male visitors and these effects persisted throughout the breeding process, ability to integrate theory and practice, understanding how season. As a result of color manipulation, dulled females fledged scientists work on real problems, ability to analyze data and other significantly more offspring at their own nest despite having similar information, ability to read and understand primary literature, clutch sizes and initiation dates as control females. At this time, the clarification of a career path, understanding that scientific assertions mechanism resulting in increased fitness is unclear, but is consistent require supporting evidence, and learning to work independently. with reduced harassment by males and increased investment in The Tiny Earth model is an excellent way to provide more breeding effort as a response to the altered social environment that undergraduate students with high-impact original, laboratory-based females experienced. research experiences, particularly at smaller, primarily undergraduate research institutions with more limited resources.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 226 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e227

138-4 TANAKA, H*; KAWAHARA, A; AIZAWA, M; 102-2 TANNER, RL*; GLEASON, LU; DOWD, WW; Washington YAMASAKI, T; Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yamashina Institute State Univ., California State Univ. Sacramento; for Ornithology; [email protected] [email protected] Measurement of Flexural Stiffness of Hummingbirds' Feathers Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of inter-individual and Its Aerodynamic Effect in Hovering variation among intertidal mussels Hovering hummingbirds generate aerodynamic lift during both Microclimate differences within heterogeneous habitats, such as the downstroke and upstroke by rotating their wings along with spanwise rocky intertidal zone, have the potential to shape population-level direction. Since their wings are composed of radially-spread multiple responses to changing environmental conditions. However, the feathers, passive flexural deformation of each feather is expected to relationship between temporal and spatial variation in microclimate contribute the rotational twist of the wings. Flexural stiffness of the and inter-individual physiological variation remains poorly resolved. feathers and its distribution in the hummingbird wing, however, are Here, we use a population of rocky intertidal zone mussels, Mytilus still largely unknown. In this study, we directly measured the flexural californianus, to investigate the interaction between microclimate Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 stiffness of feather shafts of a museum specimen of hummingbirds as and biochemical/physiological responses. We have previously shown well as several other species of small birds by cantilever bending that stressful conditions promote high inter-individual variation in tests for multiple locations aiming to quantify the features of antioxidant capacity; conversely, relatively benign conditions distributed flexural stiffness of the hummingbirds. Moreover, in correspond with higher inter-individual variation in oxidative order to investigate its effect on lift generation in hovering, we damage. This mismatch between "defense" and "damage" may have created wing models from polyimide films and UV-laser-cut CFRP roots within strategies at the biochemical network level and result (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) artificial feather shafts mimicking from maintaining a window of sublethal damage with variable the measured flexural stiffness. The bending tests revealed that the defense. For this study mussels originated from either wave-protected flexural stiffness exponentially increased with the distance from the or wave-exposed sites, after a common garden, and after outplant to feather tip. It was also found that the inner feathers were notably less either low or high intertidal field sites. From extracted gill tissue, the stiff than the other leading feathers in hummingbirds, unlike other de novo transcriptome was mapped using Bowtie, annotated with small birds. By comparing the wing model for hummingbirds with BLAST2GO, and assembled in Trinity. Proteins were identified that for other small birds using an electric flapping mechanism based on the transcriptome and quantified using Scaffold. mimicking hummingbird hovering, we found that increased Differential variability was calculated using the median absolute flexibility of the inner feathers induced further rotational torsion at deviation, and investigated for potential dependency on differential distal region, resulting in increase in lift and decrease in power expression results. Resulting correlation networks for both consumption. This suggests that stiffness of the hummingbird differential expression and variability were analyzed in Cytoscape. feathers have evolved to adapt for their unique hovering flight. Using these transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we can explore whether highly variable networks, or key regulators thereof, are possible avenues of selection under stressful environmental conditions.

20-7 TANNER, RL; Washington State Univ.; 59-2 TAO, L*; OZARKAR, S; BHANDAWAT, V; Duke University; [email protected] [email protected] Social change for climate change: communication tactics from the Mechanisms underlying attraction to odor in walking Drosophila National Network for Ocean and Climate Change Interpretation Thorough characterization of the behavioral strategy by which Communicating climate change research to the public, or even animals search an environment and how this pattern is affected by researchers outside of the field, can be tough. Linguistic and framing sensory stimuli is an important step for understanding the neural research has shown that communication differs in comprehension, processes that give rise to these behaviors. The Drosophila olfactory "stickiness" (or how well the message is remembered), and system is an excellent model organism to study these strategies transferability (or how well a listener can relay a lesson to others). because of its relative simplicity, the availability of genetic tools and The National Network for Ocean and Climate Change Interpretation because odors have a marked effect on its locomotion. In this study, has developed a series of tested metaphors and communication we uncover the statistical nature of odor modulation of locomotion tactics based on social science research that rely on shared societal and propose a simple model that captures much of the variability in values. We present a tested metaphor to explain the mechanism of attraction. We created an 8 cm diameter circular arena with a 2.5 cm climate change called the "heat trapping blanket" and show how it concentric circular region illuminated with red light. We expressed can be used as a component of a larger climate communication. the red-light activated channelrhodopsin, Chrimson, under the control Through simple metaphors like the "heat trapping blanket", climate of Orco-Gal4 (Orco-Gal4; UAS-Chrimson) to activate a large change research is threaded through shared societal values of fraction of all ORN classes in the presence of red light. These flies protection and responsible management, culminating in a call to were previously reported to exhibit strong attraction to red light. We action for the audience. Much of the presented material here is show that fly locomotion can be modeled as sequences of sharp covered in greater depth in our offered workshops; more information turns, directed runs, and stops. We found that there are two is available at www.climateinterpreter.org. Scientists have a mechanisms underlying attraction to odors: First, activation of ORNs responsibility to participate in community conversations about changes the distribution of stops, runs and turns. These kinematic climate change - here we present an effective, formulaic method for changes explain a small, but significant fraction of the attraction to framing climate change presentations, whether it be to the public or odor. Second, and a far more important mechanism, is an increase in fellow scientists. the density of sharp turns and tight control of turn direction around the light border. We then created a simple generative model of locomotion. The synthetic flies we generate using our model not only replicate the level of attraction, but also approximate the temporal progression of attraction in the presence of odor and the variability in attraction. These results have important implications for neural control of odor-modulation of locomotion.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 227 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e228

133-7 TAPPER, SJ*; NOCERA, J; TATTERSALL, G; BURNESS, 83-6 TAPPER, S; NOCERA, JJ; BURNESS, G*; Trent University, G; Trent University, University of New Brunswick, Brock University of New Brunswick; [email protected] University; [email protected] Is the energy expenditure of breeding birds limited by the risk of Body temperature regulation during the acute phase response in overheating? zebra finches Breeding birds may spend many weeks feeding their nestlings, In birds, acute stress generally causes an increase in core body resulting in a sustained increase in parental energy expenditure. But temperature. During this stress-induced hyperthermia, blood flow is what sets the limit on how hard an individual works, especially if redirected from peripheral tissues such as the bill and legs, which there are potential fitness benefits of raising more nestlings? The heat then causes a decrease in skin temperature. While this mechanism is dissipation limit theory proposes that maximum sustained rates of understood, less is known about how peripheral tissues are involved energy expenditure are constrained by an individual's capacity to in body temperature regulation during illness (i.e. the acute phase dissipate metabolic heat (Speakman and Krol 2010). To test this, we response). To determine if immune-challenged birds direct body heat studied breeding tree swallows, an aerial insectivore in which both Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 using the same mechanism as birds experiencing stress, we injected parents forage for up to 15 hours per day. We predicted that if an zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) with a bacterial endotoxin and individual's capacity for sustained energy expenditure were limited monitored skin temperature and core temperature using infrared by the risk of overheating, then individuals with increased capacity to thermography and thermal PIT tags respectively. Results concerning dissipate heat would have higher nestling feeding rates. To increase the degree and timing of changes in skin temperature relative to core heat dissipation capacity we experimentally increased the size of the temperature will be discussed. brood patch in breeding females, by trimming the overlying feathers. Males do not have a brood patch and were un-manipulated. We also implanted temperature-sensitive passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, which allowed us to monitor body temperature and feeding rates remotely. As predicted, females with experimentally enlarged brood patches had higher nest visitation rates than both un-manipulated females and males. These data support the hypothesis that risk of overheating limits parental provisioning performance in this species.

38-2 TAVERNE, M*; FABRE, AC; DUTEL, H; TADIC, Z; 89-1 TAYLOR, HA*; PARK, NR; KAVAZIS, AN; HOOD, WR; FAGAN, M; HERREL, A; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Auburn University; [email protected] Paris, Natural History Museum, London, School of Engineering, Variation in Mitochondrial Complex Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Hull, Department of Biology, Zagreb, School of Engineering, Hull; the Unfolded Protein Response in the Brain of Mice with Region [email protected] and Parity Phenotypic diversification in insular populations of Podarcis Reproduction is associated with a significant increase in energetic lizards: how do diet and bite force drive variation in skull demand, particularly among small female mammals. When these morphology? demands are particularly high, or the animal is under stress, the cost Changes in the environment drive diversification in morphology as of reproduction can reduce future reproductive performance and survival is intricately related to the constraints associated with the longevity. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels has new habitats. Islands are strong selective environments since they been proposed to underlie this relationship. While empirical tests of provide only a limited amount and diversity of resources, thus this theory have been equivocal, relatively few studies have increasing the intensity of competition compared to mainland evaluated change within the brain. Prolonged exposure to excessive populations. Previous studies have highlighted that changes in diet levels of ROS has been shown to impair cognitive ability. Further, are associated with changes in skull geometry and bite force in correlations have also been found between the number of insular lizards. However, little is known about the functional reproductive bouts a female has and the risk of developing consequences of skull shape differences in association with access to neurological disorders. These correlations suggest there is a link food resources on islands. The present study explores whether insular between relative parity and brain damage over a lifetime. With this lizards have converged on similar morphologies in relation to diet investigation, we compare mitochondrial complex activity, oxidative and variation in bite force. The heads of 140 individuals across two damage, antioxidants and the linked, unfolded protein response in the closely related species of Podarcis lizards from 16 islands across the forebrain, midbrain, and the cerebellum of 3 groups of the of ICR lab Adriatic were CT-scanned, 3D surfaces of both skull and mandible mice. These age-matched mice include 1) a group of were extracted and compared using 3D geometric morphometrics. non-reproductive mice, 2) a group of mice that had 1 reproductive Maximal bite force was measured for each individual and food items event, and 3) a group of mice that had 4 reproductive events. were identified after stomach flushing. We tested whether changes in Preliminary data suggests that antioxidant levels vary between diet were correlated with bite force, and whether changes in bite forebrain, midbrain, and the cerebellum, but damage and antioxidants force were associated with variation in skull shape. We predict that did not vary with parity. The impact of treatment on mitochondrial higher bite forces will allow the inclusion of more plant matter and/or function via complex activity and the unfolded protein response will harder prey in the diet. Moreover, we predict changes in skull shape be discussed. associated with higher bite forces. The present study will provide new insights on how insular environments select for different phenotypes and whether these differences are related to diet and biting performance.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 228 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e229

93-7 TAYLOR, J.R.A.; University of California, San Diego; 68-5 TAYLOR-BURT, KR*; BIEWENER, AA; Harvard University; [email protected] [email protected] Biomechanics of crab skeletons on land Is the lateral gastrocnemius tuned for a mallard duck's preferred As crabs made the evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial cycle frequency? environments, they faced a shift in the mechanical challenges Mallard ducks use different strategies for increasing speed when imposed on their skeletal support systems. Exacerbating the moving over land vs. in the water. Notably, they increase leg cycle challenges of transitioning to land is the need to accommodate two frequency in order to go faster on land but prefer to use a constant fundamentally different modes of skeletal support- rigid and cycle frequency (2.6 Hz) across their full range of speeds during hydrostatic. As the largest arthropods to inhabit both environments surface swimming. Stride frequency and stride length interact to and use two distinct skeletons, crabs are an interesting system to determine where leg muscles act on the length-tension and examine biomechanical adaptations in skeletal support systems. I force-velocity curves. The lateral gastrocnemius (LG) is a large ankle hypothesized that terrestrial crabs would have modified morphology extensor in ducks that is important for powering surface swimming. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 to enhance mechanical stiffness in both the rigid and hydrostatic We wanted to test whether the LG was tuned to operate at 2.6 Hz; phases, which would provide more support against greater specifically, does it produce maximal work or power at 2.6 Hz? We gravitational loading. Using the terrestrial blackback land crab, used the work loop technique to examine in situ LG work and power Gecarcinus lateralis, and the aquatic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, I production at 3 frequencies: 2.6 Hz, the in vivo condition, as well as a measured and compared body mass, merus morphology (dimensions, lower (1 Hz) and higher (4 Hz) frequency. We performed muscle cuticle thickness, and I) and mechanics (EI, E, critical stress, and work loops at submaximal stimulation and used a constant length hydrostatic pressure) of rigid and hydrostatic stage crabs excursion, stimulation duty factor, and phase at stimulation onset that encompassing a range of sizes (C. sapidus: 1.5-133 g, N ≤ 24; G. mimicked literature values for in vivo muscle excursion and lateralis: 22-70 g, N ≤ 15). Results revealed that rigid G. lateralis has activation patterns. For all ducks we examined (n=6), work decreased similar merus morphology [merus length/merus diameter (L/D) and with increasing frequency because the muscle had time to develop cuticle thickness/merus diameter (T/D)] and mechanics (EI, critical higher forces at lower frequencies. In 3 ducks, power increased with stress) to C. sapidus. In contrast, hydrostatic land crabs differ from frequency, and in the other 3, power was higher at 2.6 Hz than at aquatic crabs by having different morphology (thinner cuticle) and lower or higher frequencies, suggesting that 2.6 Hz might permit mechanics (greater internal pressures). These results suggest that the maximal LG power production for some animals. Alternatively, a 2.6 rigid crab body plan is inherently overbuilt and sufficient to deal with Hz cycle frequency may represent a compromise between work and the greater gravitational loading that occurs on land, while power production, at least for the LG. Additional studies are needed mechanical adaptations are important for hydrostatically supported to examine the effect of cycle frequency on work and power crabs. The hydrostatic skeleton of crabs appears to experience greater production in other mallard leg muscles and to determine whether 2.6 challenges with gravity and, as a result, may impose greater Hz has a hydrodynamic significance. constraints to crab growth on land.

102-5 TEETS, NM*; KAWARASAKI, Y; POTTS, LJ; GANTZ, JD; 101-3 TEETS, NM; DIAS, V; SCHETELIG, MF; HANDLER, AM; PHILIP, DP; DENLINGER, DL; LEE, RE; Univ. of Kentucky, HAHN, DA*; University of Kentucky, International Atomic Energy Gustavus Adolphus College, Hendrix College, Miami Univ., Ohio Agency, Justus-Leibeg University, United States Department of State Univ.; [email protected] Agriculture, Univesity of Florida; [email protected] Rapid Cold Hardening Provides Sublethal Benefits in an Antarctic Making macho males by transgenic overexpression of a Extremophilic Insect mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica, is the world's southernmost Many environmental stressors generate reactive oxygen species and a insect and the only insect endemic to Antarctica. Larvae of this substantial body of work indicates that key life history traits from species are highly tolerant of a variety of environmental stressors and mating performance and sexual selection to longevity are mediated can survive freezing down to -20°C in the laboratory. However, field by oxidative stress. Here, we test the hypothesis that transgenic microhabitat temperatures rarely approach -10°C, indicating that overexpression of a key antioxidant enzyme reduces oxidative most freezing events are sublethal. To cope with sudden drops in damage and enhances mating performance in the context of oxidative temperature, the midge is capable of rapid cold hardening (RCH), a stress. We have previously shown that females choose males with rapid acclimation response that enhances cold tolerance. Previous higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity when exposed to work has demonstrated that RCH protects against lethal freezing at oxidative stress prior to mating in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha extreme temperatures, but the extent to which RCH provides benefits suspensa, a species with a highly demanding lek mating system. Here during sublethal freezing is unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis we generated seven transgenic Caribbean fruit fly lines that that RCH promotes faster recovery, preserves energy balance, and overexpress mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a key protects against protein and tissue damage following sublethal antioxidant enzyme that metabolizes damaging superoxide radicals. freezing. Larvae were either directly frozen at -9°C for 24 h, or given After exposure to severe oxidative stress, two of the lines with 2 h of RCH at -5°C prior to 24 h at -9°C. Larvae exposed to RCH intermediate MnSOD overexpression showed enhanced mating before freezing recovered more quickly and resumed normal performance relative to sterilized wild type males. In these two lines, movement well before those that were directly frozen. Furthermore, improvements in mating performance and climbing corresponded larvae that underwent RCH had higher metabolic rates 2 h after cold with a reduction in oxidative damage to lipids, indicating that stress. Thus, RCH preserves metabolic function and allows larvae to MnSOD overexpression protects flies from oxidative stress at the resume normal activity more quickly following a bout of freezing. In cellular level. Taken together, our results show a clear link between ongoing analyses, we are testing the ability of RCH to maintain oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity and male performance, and our tissue integrity, conserve energy, and modulate stress-protein work shows promise for applications using transgenic approaches to expression. Taken together, this work will indicate the extent to enhance the efficacy of insects released as components of area-wide which RCH preserves function at the molecular, cellular, and pest management strategies such as the sterile insect technique. organismal levels following ecologically relevant freezing events.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 229 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e230

99-7 TENGLER, M*; BRYAN, A; REICHMUTH, C; THOMETZ, 10-1 THANDIACKAL, R*; MELO, K; PAEZ, L; KANO, T; NM; University of San Francisco, Alaska Department of Fish and ISHIGURO, A; IJSPEERT, AJ; Harvard University, École Game, University of California, Santa Cruz; [email protected] Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Tohoku University; Physiological Development of Locomotor Muscles Influence [email protected] Diving Capacities in Free-Ranging Bearded Seals Undulatory swimming control with local exteroceptive sensory Seals must store and efficiently use oxygen while diving and feedback foraging at depth. Like all mammals, they store oxygen in their Control of undulatory swimming is due to the interplay of central and lungs, blood, and muscle, but the physiological properties of skeletal peripheral mechanisms. It has been observed that centrally muscles play a disproportionately large role in defining diving distributed neural networks along the spinal cord, so-called central capacities. Further, pups are not born with the same physiological pattern generators (CPGs), contribute to spontaneous rhythm abilities as adults, with muscle oxygen stores typically beginning to generation in a variety of animal species (e.g. lampreys, leeches or develop at the onset of independent foraging. Bearded seals salamanders). On the other hand, local feedback loops exist that are Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 (Erignathus barbatus) are large ice-dependent Arctic seals. They able to modulate and alter the activation patterns along the body. dive to the seafloor to search for and consume benthic fish and However, much less is known about these feedback mechanisms and invertebrates, and use sea ice as a platform to rest between foraging because it has proved difficult to analyze their contribution isolated bouts. In this study, we examined the physiological development of from the central nervous system, corresponding models have become bearded seal locomotor muscle (longissumus dorsi). Samples were valuable tools for investigations. Some models have described CPGs obtained from subsistence harvested bearded seals (n = 37) of together with local proprioceptive feedback loops involving stretch different ages collected at Point Hope, Alaska. All muscle samples receptors and attempted to quantify their respective contributions. In were analyzed for both myoglobin content and non-bicarbonate our recent study we present a new model that incorporates buffering capacity. We found clear and progressive ontogenetic exteroceptive sensing by means of local pressure/force trends in skeletal muscle physiology, which indicate that young measurements. The model is based on phase oscillators with local bearded seals are at a physiological disadvantage in diving and force feedback and simple muscle models. We used both simulation foraging ability when compared to adults. These data provide insight and a robot to test our model and made two major findings. (1) into potentially sensitive life-stages, during which individuals are Travelling waves of undulation can emerge spontaneously in the likely constrained in their behavior. Ultimately, defining age-specific absence of any central coupling along the body and feedback loops diving capacities and physiological limitations can inform can take over the role of synchronizing the oscillatory centers. (2) In understanding of bearded seal habitat use and aid in predicting the absence of CPGs, (centrally coupled) purely sensory-driven behavioral responses to environmental change. oscillations can generate coherent traveling waves along the body. Our results highlight the importance of body-environment interaction for pattern generation in undulatory swimming and suggest that incorporation of local force and/or pressure sensing and feedback provides redundancy and robustness for undulatory swimming control.

29-5 THAWLEY, CJ*; HALL, JM; KOLBE, JJ; University of Rhode 29-6 THOMAS, S*; PURRENHAGE, JL; FOSTER, A; LOUCEK, J; Island, Auburn University; [email protected] ROEDER, A; BRANCH, TL; MOORE, F BG; NIEWIAROWSKI, P Turn Up the Lights In Here: Impacts of Artificial Light at Night on H; The University of Akron, University of New Hampshire; Anoles [email protected] As anthropogenic global change increases, one aspect of urbanization Spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) breeding population that affects many species is artificial light at night (ALAN). ALAN is structure and dynamics across 20 years at a northeastern Ohio known to have serious implications for nocturnal taxa, but we do not pond have a good understanding of how it affects many diurnal animals, Long-term demographic data are essential tools for interpreting and including reptiles. While anole lizards are considered to be strongly predicting the population structure and dynamics of long-lived diurnal and adapted to specific photic environments, many anole species. Furthermore, an understanding of the ecological factors species thrive in human-altered habitats where ALAN is prevalent. shaping such data allows for insights to be shared across populations Previous research exposing brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) to ALAN in in divergent contexts or for which information is limited. Here, we the lab shows that ALAN can induce earlier reproduction and present findings from a 20 year ongoing mark-recapture study of increase growth and reproductive output. Research in the field shows spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) breeding at a that exposure to ALAN can increase wariness and decrease drift-fenced pond in northeastern Ohio, USA. This breeding endurance. To illuminate the impacts of ALAN in a real-world population has fluctuated over an order of magnitude across the study scenario, we conducted a field experiment introducing a common period, ranging from less than 200 to greater than 2000 individuals. form of ALAN, landscape lighting, into a previously unlighted Consistent with many other amphibian populations, we also found habitat within an urban matrix. Over a two-month period, we that sex ratios here skew strongly male, and overall population monitored sleeping perches, survival, growth, body condition, and dynamics are largely male-driven while female numbers have physiology of brown anoles and crested anoles (Anolis cristatellus). remained relatively stable. For individuals, we found the capacity for We found that anoles did not avoid artificially lighted areas and did extensive iteroparity and longevity, but a majority of this population experience higher light levels at sleeping perches in ALAN participates in only a single breeding bout. Additionally, we treatments. Anoles sleeping in artificially lighted locations had lower investigate the role of various ecological factors in shaping the blood glucose. ALAN exposure also reduced follicle size in females observed dynamics, focusing on sources of variation in larval growth and altered egg mass, suggesting impacts on energy availability. As and mortality that vary considerably across breeding ponds. Finally, urban and human-developed areas continue to grow, ALAN will we compare our findings with those from other long-term studies of increasingly affect both urban exploiters and urban-tolerant this unusually well-studied genus in order to identify general patterns organisms. Considering the ecological impacts of ALAN as an and suggest areas for future inquiry. evolutionarily novel disturbance is important to future studies of urban ecology and conservation.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 230 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e231

98-3 THOMETZ, NM*; ROSEN, D; REICHMUTH, C; Univ. of San 72-5 THOMPSON, DB; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Francisco, Univ. of British Columbia , Univ. of California, Santa [email protected] Cruz ; [email protected] The Ontogeny of Static Allometry is Not So Simple for Seasonal Energetics of Ice-Dependent Arctic Seals Reveal the Grasshoppers: Genetic Variation for Nutrient Sensitive Plasticity is Metabolic Consequences of Different Molting Strategies Masked by Size-Dependent Compensatory Growth Ice-dependent Arctic seals, including bearded (Erignathus barbatus), Grasshoppers develop larger head width and shorter leg length, ringed (Pusa hispida), and spotted (Phoca largha) seals, are uniquely relative to body size, when fed low nutrient, silica rich grasses affected by sea ice loss. These species use sea ice as a substrate for compared to sibs fed a diet of high nutrient grasses. To elucidate how various critical functions, including rest, giving birth, nursing, underlying genetic variation and plasticity of growth generate static predator avoidance, and foraging. They also rely on sea ice during allometry in Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera; Acrididae), I the annual molt, when they shed several layers of epidermis and fur measured head and leg size of three nymphal instars and adults raised and grow a new coat. To facilitate this process, seals haul out for on either a low or high nutrient diet within a half-sib quantitative Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 extended periods, increase blood flow to the skin, and maintain genetic experiment. A doubly-multivariate MANOVA of head elevated skin temperatures. Molting is assumed to have a significant growth, leg growth, and growth period per instar was used to analyze metabolic cost, which would increase if appropriate haul-out how these variables and additive genetic variation for plasticity (G x substrate were unavailable; however, molting costs have only been E interaction) contribute to scaling of functional allometry (trait x quantified for a few species. Working with trained seals, we tracked instar x G x E). Genetic variation for diet-induced plasticity of head changes in coat condition and seasonal energetic demands to identify and leg size varied through ontogeny, as did genetic variation for key periods when the loss of sea ice may have the greatest impact. plasticity of growth in 3rd and 4th instar nymphs. Despite extensive We documented the timing, progression, and duration of the visible genetic variation in plasticity of head width and leg length in the 4th molt for bearded (n=2), ringed (n=3), and spotted (n=4) seals. In instar, the static allometry between head and leg was stable within addition, we used open-flow respirometry to track fine-scale changes each diet because the patterns of G x E were concordant for head in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of six seals for a minimum of width, leg length and their coordinated growth. However, genetic one year. We observed clear patterns in seasonal costs that related to variation for 4th instar morphological plasticity was suppressed in the distinct molting strategies of each species. For species that molted adults by negatively size-dependent compensatory growth in the last over a short interval (spotted: 36±4.6 days, ringed: 29±2.5 days), period of ontogeny. Bivariate reaction norms of adult head and leg RMR increased on average 26-47% across the molting period. In size were parallel with diet specific scaling but no G x E. Thus, the contrast, molting over a longer interval (bearded: 107±14.8 days) hemimetabolous ontogeny of seemingly simple allometry between appeared to limit the cost of molting as indicated by a stable annual functional body parts comprised qualitatively different patterns of RMR. This study highlights the relationship between molting nutrient sensitive growth rates and periods and compensatory or strategy and seasonal energetic requirements and provides targeted growth, all relevant to understanding development and quantitative data that can be used to assess species-specific evolution. vulnerabilities to changing conditions.

123-1 THOMPSON, WA*; SUBBIAH, S; CLEARY, R; LASEE, S; 63-2 TIMMER, CM*; BERGMAN, DA; Grand Valley State KARNJANAPIBOONWONG, A; ANDERSON, TA; University of University; [email protected] Georgia, Texas Tech University; [email protected] From the dinner pot to smoking pot; how a better understanding of Chronic Toxicity of Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and cannabidiol could alleviate anxiety and modulate hunger Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to Northern Bobwhite Anxiety affects approximately 1/3 of the US population and presents This project's primary objective was to characterize any adverse in many different forms, ranging from social to panic disorders. It impacts of PFAA to birds, with growth, development, and survival as also presents with high comorbidity for other mental disorders. One the primary endpoints. PFAAs are a class of persistent, treatment is Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) which anthropogenic pollutants used in a wide variety of products for their allow for increased activation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors. SSRIs non-reactivity, including in aqueous firefighting foam (AFFF). come with an extensive list of side effects, which can fail to maintain Secondary endpoints included examining how much accumulation of quality of life. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabis derived compound the target chemical occurs in liver tissue and how the body burden of which has been shown to decrease anxiety by activation of multiple PFOA and PFHpA, the two target PFAAs of this study, are altered by subtype 5-HT amine receptors. CBD has few side effects, is not egg deposition. Furthermore, this project attempted to assess how psychoactive, and exhibits anti-psychotic properties. CB1 receptors much of the target chemical was present in egg yolk and how much can have bound CBD where it acts as an allosteric inhibitor of juvenile quail retain after one month of growth. Chronic toxicity of anandamide resulting in decreased drive for food. The current the two target compounds was tested using Northern Bobwhite as the understanding of CBD's mechanisms is limited specifically in model species. Adult birds were exposed to drinking water invertebrates where to date limited published articles involve containing 20 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, and 0.1 ng/mL of the target chemical behavior and cannabinoids. Decapod crustaceans, specifically over the course of study (90 days). Residue analysis was conducted crayfish, have emerged as a novel approach to studying drugs of on adult and juvenile liver tissue as well as on eggs. Neither PFHpA abuse. Within the neural structures of the crayfish tails are 5-HT or PFOA reduced hatching success, reproduction, or adult or juvenile receptors that control tail-flips, a withdraw reflex when placed into a Northern bobwhite survival at 1.860 or 1.745 µg/kg/day, fight. Serotonin has also been linked to aggression and decision respectively. However, it did appear that chronic ingestion of PFOA making for engaging in fights with other crayfish. Additionally, (1.745 µg PFOA/kg/day) may significantly increase the weight of evidence currently suggests CB1 receptors are present at hatchling birds after one week, an effect observed in other neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and may have an impact on mobility. vertebrates. Furthermore, residue analysis confirmed that female We are evaluating CBD effects on the NMJ. Crayfish administered birds do reduce their body burden of both PFOA and PFHpA through with CBD or 5HT will have physiological recordings of tail tissue, deposition to eggs. assessment of amount of food consumed, and determine if CBD alters aggression and time spent engaging in paired fights of equal size. Statistical analysis of CBD and 5HT treated crayfish behaviors will lead to better understanding of crayfish and how it could impact humans.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 231 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e232

53-4 TINGLE, JL*; SHERMAN, BM; HIGHAM, TE; Univ. of 93-2 TIRUMALAI, AS*; MCMAHAN, SB; HALL, SB; BISWAS, California, Riverside, N/A; [email protected] T; BHANDAWAT, V; Duke University, Loyola University of New Body Size and Shape Influence Kinematics of Sidewinding Orleans; [email protected] Locomotion in the Rattlesnake Crotalus cerastes Neuromechanical Model of Fly Leg Size plays a major role in how organisms move through their Hexapod animal models, such as cockroaches and stick insects, have environments. Children negotiate obstacles differently than adults do, proven to be very useful in the development of biomimetic robots. To and they also move their short legs at a much higher frequency to understand hexapod neural control and apply it to robots, we first achieve the same speeds as walking adults. Many animals face these need to understand both the biomechanics of insect limbs and the sorts of challenges as they grow. Controlling for size, morphology interplay between neural activity and limb actuation. We will also matters for locomotion. We studied how body size and shape investigate this problem in Drosophila because our knowledge of its affect sidewinding locomotion in the rattlesnake Crotalus cerastes. genetics make it possible to investigate single leg control in We collected various morphological measurements and high-speed completely intact animals. We began our investigation by estimating Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 video for 73 sidewinders ranging in size from 8 to 272 g. Previously, the passive properties of the limb: all motor neurons in tethered flies we demonstrated that morphology scales isometrically, meaning were optogenetically deactivated into a ‘passive' state where the only young sidewinders are essentially miniature adults. New analyses forces present are those produced by the tissue viscoelasticity and show that the shape of the wave formed by the body during gravity. We use these passive kinematics to compute passive muscle sidewinding also shows geometric similarity across sizes, but that torques and determine the fly's joint tissue material properties, other kinematic variables, such as the height lifted or duty factor for namely the torsional modulus and damping constants. Our individual points along the body, scale with negative allometry. experiments reveal that the cuticle and passive muscles at the Differences in body shape such as elongation ratio or tapering affect Coxa-Femur and Femur-Tibia joints function as linear angular kinematic variables such as acceleration, wavelength, and wave springs with some viscosity. Next, we model the 3D kinematics of amplitude. These size and shape effects could play a role in habitat the fly's legs using an actuated damped spherical double pendulum use as snakes grow, and they could also contribute to intraspecific which we derive using Lagrangian mechanics. This model accounts behavioral differences. for all of the torques present in the passive case, and actuation is provided by a spiking neuronal network which modulates the stiffness of springs in the joints of the pendulum model. We fit this model to 3D data from actively moving flies suspended from a tether. Finally, we describe how the model recapitulates neural control of fly leg kinematics using mutual information and transfer entropy, which describe correlation and informational flow between observable signals, respectively.

126-3 TITUS, BM*; MEYER, C; BERUMEN, ML; S10-4 TOBIN, Kerrigan; SADD, Ben M.*; Illinois State University, BARTHOLOMEW, A; REIMER, JD; YANAGI, K; RODRIGUEZ, Normal, IL; [email protected] E; American Museum of Natural History, National Museum of In the Heat of the Moment: Host Immunity and Parasite Natural History, King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology, Resistance in the Face of Thermal Shifts and Stress American University of Sharjah, University of the Ryukyus, Natural Thermal extremes and abrupt shifts in temperature will impose History Museum and Institute- Chiba; [email protected] physiological stress on organisms, and may increase susceptibility to Systematics and Species Delimitation of the Clownfish-Hosting Sea other extrinsic factors, such as disease. It has been implied that Anemones: Are There Really Only 10 Host Species? ongoing changes in the thermal environment are negatively The relationship between clownfishes and sea anemones is one of the influencing bumble bees and their functioning as key pollinators, but most recognizable examples of symbioses on the planet. There are 30 we have limited information of causal effects of temperature on described species of clownfishes, which have adaptively radiated to relevant measures of bumble bee health. To fill this void, we have live with sea anemones, but only 10 nominal species of host used the model host-parasite system of bumble bees and their anemones. Why does the diversity of clownfishes exceed that of the trypanosome parasite Crithidia bombi, together with life history and host anemones? Given the co-dependent nature of the mutualism, immune measures. We have specifically investigated the thermal their broad geographic and ecological distribution, and that all 10 mismatch hypothesis, which predicts reduced performance following host species are only described morphologically, we hypothesize that an abrupt shift away from an acclimation temperature, and the many host anemone species are cryptic species complexes. We use thermal stress hypothesis, which suggests costs experienced under the bubble-tip sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor, the species that extremes will compromise an organism's ability to function, hosts the greatest number of clownfishes, as a case study to including the fighting of infections. Results suggest that infection demonstrate the extent to which species level diversity in host outcomes may be robust to thermal variability within the range of anemones is likely underdescribed. Using samples spanning the normal daily temperatures, but that exposure to realistic heatwaves entire geographic range of E. quadricolor, we take a molecular can be detrimental to bumble bee immunity and other fitness-related species delimitation approach using traditional and high-throughput traits. Underlying these effects may be antagonistic relationships sequencing to demonstrate that E. quadricolor harbors at least three between the heat stress and immune responses. Overall, the results cryptic species. These include an endemic species in the Red Sea, suggest that thermal variability will have important consequences for and lineages in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, respectively. Our bumble bee physiology and biotic interactions, and with ongoing slowly evolving Sanger sequence dataset recovers a fully supported climate change these effects could compound with other bumble bee (Red Sea, (Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean)) topology, suggesting the E. life cycle effects to the detrimental of fitness and population health. quadricolor complex has an ancient Paratethyan origin that likely pre-dates the origin of the clownfish symbiosis. These are the first data that suggest the presence of cryptic host anemone diversity in the clownfish symbiosis. Our findings have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of the entire symbiosis

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 232 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e233

106-6 TOBLER, M*; CULUMBER, ZW; Kansas State University, 112-5 TONG, C.S. D*; CHAN, K.Y. K; Hong Kong University of University of Alabama in Huntsville; [email protected] Science and Technology , Swarthmore College; Parent-Offspring Conflict, Ecology, and Life History [email protected] Diversification in Livebearing Fishes Temporal variability modulates pH impact on larval sea urchin Major shifts in life history evolution - such as the transition from pre- development to post-fertilization maternal provisioning in viviparous organisms - Coastal organisms reside in highly dynamic habitats. Global climate require complex morphological and physiological adaptations. The change is expected not only to alter the mean of the physical conditions under which these striking transitions arise remain conditions experienced in these habitats, but also the frequencies unknown. Theory postulates that parent-offspring conflict can drive and/or the magnitude of fluctuations of these environmental factors. diversification in maternal provisioning strategies, but alternative One such factor is pH of the ambient water. There is an increasing hypotheses focusing on sexual selection and ecological adaptation number of studies that investigate if diel variations in pH would have been neglected. We use comparative phylogenetic methods with alleviate the impact of ocean acidification. However, no study to date Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 94 species in the family Poeciliidae to show that repeated shifts from has studied the role of frequencies and initial conditions of the lecithotrophy (pre-fertilization provisioning) to matrotrophy fluctuations on organismal performance. Here, we exposed larval sea (post-fertilization provisioning) preceded concomitant changes in urchin Heliocidaris crassispina to constant and fluctuating pHs. sexual selection, establishing a previously missing causal link Consistent with published results, reduced pH alone (pH 7.3) did not between shifts in life history and mating systems. Bi-directional affect larval mortality but reduced the growth of larval arms in the evolution along the lecithotrophy-matrotrophy continuum is not static pH treatment . The relative negative impact of changes in pH, consistent with conflict hypotheses that predict ever increasing levels computed as Log Response Ratio, on larval arm was smaller when of matrotrophy once post-fertilization provisioning evolved. We also larvae were exposed to pH fluctuations, especially when the pH showed that variation in matrotrophy was correlated with high change is not frequent (48 hr vs 24 hr cycle). Our observations primary productivity and low competition, consistent with further highlight that larval urchin are particularly sensitive to predictions of theoretical models of ecological adaptation. We changes in pH during the first 24 hours of development: such that propose a novel paradigm of matrotrophy evolution, emphasizing larvae exposed to the control condition (pH 8.0) during the first day interactions between conflict-mechanisms and ecological sources of performed better than those first experienced the low pH (pH 7.3). selection. Specifically, natural selection mediated by resource Our observations suggest that larval responses to climate change availability may counterbalance evolutionary trends mediated by stress could not be easily predicted only from exposure to mean parent-offspring conflicts. Under this paradigm, bi-directional conditions. Instead, further work on understanding the rate of evolution in maternal provisioning strategies is a mere consequence physiological response as well as the real-time environmental of shifting balances between natural selection favoring lecithotrophy conditions along the dispersive pathway is key to predicting and conflict-fueled increases in matrotrophy. organismal responses in the future ocean.

36-1 TORSON, A/S*; DOUCET, D; ROE, A/D; SINCLAIR, B/J; 69-1 TRAN, LL*; BUTLER, MA; University of Hawaii at Manoa; University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Great Lakes [email protected] Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario; [email protected] Color variation and the diversification of Megalagrion damselflies Overwintering of the Asian long-horned beetle: Metabolic rate, Identifying conspecifics from heterospecifics is an important task in cold tolerance, transcriptome, and metabolome multi-species communities. Vision is an important modality for An insect's capacity to survive low temperatures throughout winter is odonates where coloration may provide important signals for critical for range expansion in temperate regions. To cope with these conspecific communication. The Hawaiian damselflies (Megalagrion stresses, many insects enter a state of developmental arrest known as spp.) compose an adaptive radiation that shows impressive color diapause. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) variation both between species and sexes. Male colors range from red is a wood-boring, forest pest species native to China and the Korean to green, yellow, blue, violet, or black, often with multiple color peninsula that has a complex life history spanning one to three years. patches within an individual. These damselflies have diversified into ALB can overwinter as eggs or any larval instar, but little is known multiple habitat types, ranging from standing pools to high elevation about its overwintering physiology. In this study, we measure streams to terrestrial vegetation, and are often found in multi-species metabolic rates, thermal sensitivity and cold tolerance strategy of communities. Therefore coloration may play an important role in the ALB larvae from an invasive, North American population before, ecological diversification of this clade. We collected spectral during, and after exposure to chilled temperatures. We then use this reflectance measurements on the eyes, face, thorax, and abdomen of initial characterization to inform targeted metabolomics of larval multiple species from five of the main Hawaiian Islands. In addition hemolymph and fat body and tissue-specific RNA-seq of we measured reflectance of environmental substrates and sampled subesophageal ganglion, midgut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, and ambient light spectra. We conducted an analysis of color and contrast fat body. variation in multiple damselfly communities. The extreme color variation of this clade may provide key insights into the diversification of adaptive radiations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 233 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e234

S9-11 TRAYLOR-KNOWLES, Nikki G. *; VANDEPAS, Lauren; 99-2 TUNE, T*; IRVING, T; SPONBERG, S; Georgia Tech, Illinois BROWNE, William E. ; University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Tech; [email protected] Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, X-Ray Diffraction Resolves how Lattice Spacing Explains the University of Miami; [email protected] Workloop Differences of Two Muscles with Identical Steady State Ctenophore Immunity: A Journey Into The Unknown Properties Innate immunity is an ancient physiological response critical for Muscle is energetically versatile, achieving widely varying work protecting metazoans from invading pathogens. It is the primary outputs depending on the task. Many steady state measurements of pathogen defense mechanism among invertebrates. While innate muscle properties (force-length, force-velocity, and twitch response) immunity has been studied in many different marine organisms are used to predict how it will behave under dynamic conditions. including molluscs, crustaceans, and cnidarians, this important However, even when these properties are known, it can still be pathogen defense mechanism has not been characterized in impossible to predict dynamic workloops. Two muscles in the ctenophores. The ctenophores comprise an exclusively marine, cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis have nearly identical classical steady Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 non-bilaterian lineage that diverged early during metazoan state muscle properties and share innervation, but one is a brake and diversification. The phylogenetic position of ctenophore lineage one is a bifunctional motor. Previously, we discovered the first suggests that characterization of the ctenophore innate immune consistent difference between these two muscles - a 1 nm difference system will reveal important features associated with the early in the actin-myosin spacing within their sarcomeres. However, it is evolution of the innate immune system. Here we present an analysis still unclear how these passive differences could affect muscle of genetic components of the ctenophore innate immunity pathway. dynamically without causing differences in their steady state We also have used cell biological approaches to identify and macroscopic behavior. Using the BioCAT x-ray beamline at the characterize ctenophore phagocytes that display macrophage-like Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Lab, we measured the behavior when challenged with a pathogen. We discuss the lattice spacing of both muscles during dynamic workloops and implications of these findings in ctenophores and how they inform isometric twitches. We found that in isometric twitches, one muscle's our understanding of the evolution of the metazoan innate immune lattice spacing increased to the same value as the other muscle, system. causing the spacing difference to vanish under steady state conditions. A difference in spacing under passive but not active conditions means that during cyclic workloops the lattice spacing changes were larger in one muscle than the other. This increased transient correlated with an earlier and higher rise in force that enables a region of positive work in the workloop. A 1 nm transient difference in actin-myosin spacing mediates the difference in the work output of the two cockroach muscle but also predicts their identical quasi-static properties. These results indicate that multiscale dynamics from the nanoscale to the macroscale can mediate categorical changes in muscle function during locomotion.

27-3 TYLAN, C*; LANGKILDE, T; Pennsylvania State University; 43-3 TYLER ROLLMAN, B*; TROY ROWAN, ; BEN RYAN, ; [email protected] CAROL FASSBINDER-ORTH, ; Creighton University; Surviving the Invader: What Branches of the Immune System are [email protected] Altered by Multigenerational Exposure to a Novel Predator? Buggy Creek virus Dynamics within Swallow Bugs (Oeciacus Anthropogenic ecosystem alterations, such as the introduction of vicarious) invasive species, are a common perturbation affecting many animals. Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) emergence and re-emergence has Such stressors can have fitness-relevant consequences, including for rapidly increased in recent years, causing a rise in arboviral-related immune function. The eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) mortalities and morbidities. Members of the Cimicidae family, such has been dealing with invasive stinging fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) as human bed bugs (Cimex lectularius & Cimex hemipterus), for over 70 years and exhibit associated morphological, behavioral, typically do not transmit human viruses. However, cimicids are and physiological adaptations. We conducted a suite of immune known to be alphavirus vectors in other mammalian hosts, implying assays on lizards caught from sites with long histories of fire ant they could be capable vectors for human viruses. Buggy Creek virus invasion and lizards from fire ant free sites. Our results build on (BCRV) is a unique arbovirus transmitted by swallow bugs earlier findings of suppressed immune function of lizards within fire (Oeciacus vicarious), a cimicid ectoparasite, to cliff swallows ant invaded populations to show that some portions of the immune (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). Swallow bugs exist within cliff swallow system are affected by a history of fire ant invasion (e.g. nests year-round while cliff swallows are only present in the Midwest cell-mediated immunity), whereas others remain unaltered (e.g. US during early summer to breed and raise young. This creates a superoxide production by phagocytes). We also found that lizards large window of minimal blood meals for the bugs and no host for from fire ant invaded sites have a higher ectoparasite load than BCRV. While cytopathic viral levels correlated with this stagnant lizards from sites without fire ants, which can also affect immune period, viral RNA levels remain relatively unchanged year-round, function. This variability in the responses of different aspects of the showing abnormal viral persistence. Monthly characterization of immune system to invader-induced stress may reveal which portions swallow bug and BCRV dynamics is needed for better understanding of the immune system are most vital to survival, and those that may of this viral persistence in a non-typical insect vector. Samples of be sacrificed in times of elevated stress. swallow bugs were collected monthly from five sites across southwest Iowa and southeast Nebraska. After sorting swallow bugs by age in each sample, the bugs were homogenized, and the homogenate extracted through a 0.22-micron filter. This filtrate was used to characterize the viral population found within the swallow bugs from this time point. Characterization of BCRV included infectious viral titer, cell toxicity and apoptotic activity due to BCRV, and viral RNA quantification and qualification. Results show BCRV virulence spikes and adult swallow bug populations plummet when the host is present, indicating a dynamic time within this system.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 234 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e235

103-8 TYTELL, E.D.; Tufts University; [email protected] 51-2 UEHLING, J.J.*; TAFF, C.C.; WINKLER, D.W.; VITOUSEK, How body shape and mechanics interact for swimming M.N.; Cornell Univ.; [email protected] performance in (physical models of) fishes: Volumetric flow Early life conditions influence adult response to stressors in a visualization, forces, and power free-living passerine Fish bodies vary widely in shape, from streamlined torpedo-like fish Early life conditions may have large impacts on the ways animals to very flat, almost disc-like shapes, and many variations in between. respond to stressors as adults; however, it is difficult to monitor most Their bodies also differ in their internal mechanical properties: some free-living animals over the course of their lives to assess the effects fish have very stiff bodies, while others can be extremely flexible. of these early conditions. Here, we test the prediction that How do these properties work together to influence the swimming environmental conditions experienced during critical developmental performance of different fish species? A parameter called the stages impact the hormonal mediators of the response to stressors in "effective flexibility," which combines length, aspect ratio, stiffness, adults. To do so, we use a long-term dataset of Tree Swallows and bending frequency, has been shown to capture much of the (Tachycineta bicolor) with records from both natal development and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 dynamics of thrust production in flexible rectangular panels. It is not adult breeding. Specifically, we focus on how adults respond to known how well it approximates the behavior of more complex stressors during incubation and provisioning of nestlings via bodies like those of fish. I used elastomer models of fish, based on corticosterone (CORT) responses because, in this population, adult the body shape of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), to vary CORT levels during these stages predict reproductive success. We shape and material properties separately. I actuated the models using saw no effect of developmental conditions on baseline CORT during a single sting, rotating back and forth in the pitch axis, and measured incubation, or on baseline CORT or stress-induced CORT response thrust, lateral force, and mechanical power requirements. I also during provisioning. However, we saw a negative relationship quantified the three-dimensional flow patterns behind each model between average temperature during the incubation stage of using a TSI V3V volumetric particle image velocimetry system. For development and stress-induced CORT response during adult all models, all forces increase with increasing frequency. At incubation, suggesting that conditions during development can frequencies that correspond to the same effective flexibility in influence the way Tree Swallows respond to challenges as adults. We different shape and stiffness models, the forces have a complex found no relationship between chick CORT phenotype and relationship with both shape and stiffness. probability of fledging or recruitment, demonstrating that the relationships seen in adults are unlikely to result from differential survival of chicks with different CORT phenotypes. Fully understanding the mechanisms that link natal conditions to adult CORT phenotypes requires studies of juveniles post-fledging, a poorly understood life stage. Overall, our results suggest that early life conditions can have long-term impacts on individuals and their reproductive success.

80-2 UNSWORTH, CK*; TARCHICK, MJ; MCINERNEY, SJ; 32-7 UNSWORTH, CK; ABUHASHIM, WA*; BRANNOCH, SK; ASTLEY, HC; University of Akron; [email protected] SVENSON, GJ; ASTLEY, HC; University of Akron, Case Western The Effects of Crocodilian Tail Serrations on Surface Water Reserve University, Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Disturbance [email protected] Semi-aquatic animals possess specialized morphological features that Biomechanics of the Praying Mantis Foreleg Strike affect the hydrodynamics of locomotion. Crocodilians have laterally Praying mantises (Mantodea) catch prey by rapid motion of their compressed, serrated tails used for propulsion in aquatic specialized forelegs, quickly ensnaring smaller insects. Due to the environments and balance during terrestrial walking, however the high speed requirements to catch quick prey items, a mantis must hydrodynamic function of tail serrations is unknown. Most accelerate their limb segments rapidly, which depends upon crocodilians ambush terrestrial prey at the shoreline, which requires mechanical power. While organisms can increase mechanical power camouflage and stealthy movement in shallow water. We output by increasing muscle mass, the alternative is to couple muscle hypothesize that serrations disrupt large-scale flow structures from with an elastic tissue to generate relatively greater power than could tail movements and correspondingly reduce visible surface be attained with muscle alone. In this phenomenon, known as disturbance. To test this hypothesis, we translated 14" long 3-D power-amplification, elastic potential energy is stored in elastic printed panels with evenly spaced triangular serrations directly under structures and rapidly released, resulting in power outputs beyond the water surface with a linear actuator; a panel with no serrations those of muscle, as seen in the flea jump. This research investigates was used as a control. Waves were visualized by recording the the foreleg strike of the Chinese Mantis (Tenodera sinensis) reflection of a fan-beam laser on the water surface in the path of the capturing live prey (Periplaneta americana) to determine whether panel using a GoPro HERO6. From the video of the laser reflection, power-amplification is used in the mantis strike. In our preliminary a waveform was extracted, filtered, and processed using Continuous data, we recorded two strikes at 700 frames/second with two Wavelet Transform (CWT), which detects non-stationary spatial Edgertronic high-speed cameras, tracked the points in three disturbances at a continuous range of frequencies. In our preliminary dimensions. In these strikes, the distal tip of the tarsus reaches an analyses, global power spectra were calculated from three videos average maximum velocity of 0.746 m/s, with an average peak each of serrated and control panels, with the magnitude of power acceleration of 60.7 m/s2. These values suggest purely muscular positively correlating with visible surface disturbance. We observed a actuation, though further evaluation is needed using inverse 27% decrease in magnitude of power from the control to the serrated dynamics to compute joint angular acceleration, torque, and power panel indicating that serrations did reduce visible surface disturbance. across individual foreleg segments (coxae, trochanter, femora, tibiae, Understanding the effects of serrations on fluid flow could contribute tarsi) to identify coordination and control patterns and which joints to bio-inspired noise or turbulence reducing engineered systems, are primarily responsible for generating power. The apparent lack of while using CWT to characterize surface disturbance creates a unique power amplification in T. sinensis forelegs suggests that trade-offs framework to study interface dynamics in a three-phase system. may preclude some animals from using it, such as the dual function of T. sinensis forelegs for both prey capture and locomotion.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 235 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e236

105-7 USHERWOOD, JR; The Royal Veterinary College; 33-3 VALLEJO-PAREJA, MC*; DAZA, JD; MAISANO, JA; [email protected] RANDLE, C; THIES, ML; University of Florida, Gainesville, Sam The indiscrete walk-run transition and skewed forces of young Houston State University, Huntsville, University of Texas, Austin; children match peak power minimization, as is suitable for short [email protected] bipeds A characterization of miniaturized lizard skull traits based on a The muscles of smaller animals, with their briefer stance times, are meta-analysis disproportionately more challenged - compared with larger animals - Squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) that are derived by the demands of producing instantaneous power as opposed to from large- or medium-sized ancestors, and have acquired skull mechanical work. A simple model is developed to find vertical force lengths that are less than or equal to 15 mm, are considered profiles and stance durations that minimize either limb mechanical ‘miniaturized.' Morphological characteristics associated with work or peak power demands during bipedal locomotion. The model miniaturization have been identified in at least 21 of the 68 predicts that work minimization is achieved with a symmetrical recognized squamate families, however, some of these characteristics Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 vertical force profile, consistent with previous models and have been studied only in a few species and the available information observations of adult humans, and data for 487 participants does not adequately represent the diversity within Squamata. Here, (predominantly 11-18 years old) required to walk at a range of speeds we evaluate all previously proposed skull characteristics associated at a Science Fair. Work minimization also predicts the discrete with miniaturization and explore a published morphological dataset walk-run transition familiar for adult humans. In contrast, modeled of 437 skull characteristics for 204 squamates to identify additional peak limb mechanical power demands are minimized with an early characteristics. The meta-analysis allows us to compile 21 traits skew in vertical ground reaction force that increases with speed, and associated with miniaturization. We find that phylogenetic history stance durations that decrease steadily with speed across the work and skull design influence the way in which species become minimizing walk-run transition speed. The peak power minimization miniaturized, therefore there are not universal features that can be model successfully predicts a continuous walk-run gait transition that found in all miniaturized species. We corroborate general traits that is quantitatively consistent with measurements of younger children are found in the majority of miniaturized squamates including: (1.1 to 4.7 years) required to locomote at a range of speeds but free to reduction of the post-temporal fenestra; reduction of the select their own gaits. supratemporal fenestra; elongation of the skull; shifting of the occipital condyle to the posterior-most margin of the skull; and reduction of the paraoccipital process. We identified additional characteristics including: reduction in the number of postdentary bones, not only in fossorial species; loss of the splenial bone; and reduction in the number of dentary teeth. This meta-analysis indicates that jaw morphology is especially affected by miniaturization, therefore variation in this structure should be explored further in small reptiles, including living and fossil groups.

S4-8 VAN CASTEREN, Adam*; CROFTS, Stephanie; Washington 17-8 VAN MEER, NMME*; WELLER, HI; MANAFZADEH, AR; University in Saint Louis, University of Illinois at KACZMAREK, EB; SCOTT, B; GUSSEKLOO, SWS; WILGA, Urbana-Champaign; [email protected] CD; BRAINERD, EL; CAMP, AL; Wageningen UR, Brown U, U Biomaterials to structure: exploring the interplay between tooth Illinois Urbana-Champaign, U Alaska Anchorage, U Liverpool; materials, structure, and function [email protected] One of the main functions of teeth is to induce fracture, reducing Food capture, transport and swallowing in white-spotted bamboo food items to an ingestible size and increase the surface area of food sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) to promote more efficient enzymatic digestion. A lifetime of regular After capturing food, there are at least two equally important steps in use subjects teeth to a great deal of potential damage, via contact feeding: food transport and food swallowing. Previous studies in with foods, with themselves, and other external contaminants of the aquatic vertebrates have found that water currents transport food oral cavity. Enamel, often the main contact tissues of teeth is under from the mouth towards the esophagus (i.e. the hydrodynamic almost constant threat of mechanical damage. This highly tongue), and that oral cavity expansion generates this flow. They mineralized biological composite exhibits a structural hierarchy of were, however, limited by technology and unable to visualize the organization, thus allowing enamel to be optimized for seemingly food position within the animal. We used X-ray Reconstruction of competing selective pressures. Its high mineral content bestows the Moving Morphology (XROMM) to track the pathway of food in 3D material with high hardness and stiffness whilst the remnant proteins in three white-spotted bamboo sharks, allowing us to measure food and structural arrangement provide the material with a surprising and cartilage movement during transport and swallowing. Gape degree of toughness protecting against fracture. In addition to width, ceratohyal and pectoral girdle elevation, and food changes in material structure, different tooth morphologies also serve displacement were analyzed for each feeding bout. We found that to control the damage dealt by everyday use. Patterns of tooth food moves with a ratchet-like motion once inside the oropharynx. specializations associated with different diets have been well Caudally-directed motion of the food occurs during hyoid elevation, documented across taxa, mammalian and otherwise, and the and the food appears to be stationary during ceratohyal depression, functional significance of different tooth shapes remains a topic of perhaps held in place by branchial basket compression. Hyoid interest. Here we present recent methodological advances and results elevation compresses the oral cavity, so the shark likely generates that are allowing researchers a deeper understanding of the behavior water currents through the oropharynx to push food backwards. Food of enamel and teeth. Tooth function is a complex set of interactions is pushed into the esophagus by hydrodynamics as well. Despite a between tooth biomaterials, tooth-food interactions, and overall tooth smaller range of motion of the ceratohyal and pectoral girdle, food structure. Such a viewpoint allows a greater understanding of the velocity is higher. This indicates that branchial basket compression selection pressures that are shaping dental optimizations at many might push food into the esophagus. Hence, water currents generated scales. by cranial cartilages and branchial basket compression are key elements in moving food towards and into the esophagus. These actions are as important as food capture for animal survival.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 236 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e237

59-4 VAN NEST, BN*; DALY, KC; WILLIS, MA; Case Western 129-4 VAN WASSENBERGH, S; Muséum National D'Histoire Reserve University, West Virginia University; [email protected] Naturelle, Paris; [email protected] Blocking an Olfactory Corollary Discharge Circuit Impairs Odor Three-dimensional patterns of water flow in a cross-step model of a Plume Tracking in Manduca sexta filter feeding fish The nervous system of a behaving animal must be able to distinguish Recent studies on how fish filter food particles out of the water have sensory signals arising from its own movement from sensory signals identified the importance of vortices that form ‘hydrocyclonic nets' arising from the environment. This is accomplished by modulating that repel zooplankton away from the filter surface formed by the gill sensory input via a corollary discharge circuit (CDC), which relays rakers, and concentrates them within the buccal cavity. Furthermore, information from motor networks to the relevant sensory circuits. physical models in flow tanks showed that similar vortices keep part Visual-, auditory-, and proprioceptor-motor CDCs have previously of the branchial sieve void of adhering particles, and thus avoid been described in many systems, but until recently, olfactory-motor clogging. One of these models, a simplified representation of the CDCs were unknown. In moths, a pair of mesothoracic-deutocerebral morphology of the ram filter feeding paddlefish, is the cross-step Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 histaminergic neurons (MDHns) project from flight sensorimotor model by Sanderson and co-workers published in Nature centers in the mesothoracic neuromere to the antennal lobes (ALs). Communications in 2016. Apart from flow visualization with dye We recently demonstrated that MDHn spiking activity is correlated and local flow magnitude measurements, the hydrodynamics of this with wingbeat motor output, and application of histamine to the cross-step model remain unclear, which limits our insight in the links MDHns sharpens AL projection neuron entrainment to odor stimuli. between the filter's geometry, flow patterns and filtration Likewise, application of a histamine H2 receptor antagonist reduces performance. I quantified the 3D-hydrodynamics of the cross-step projection neuron entrainment and inhibits odor detection and model with ‘ribs' at 90° and solved particle tracks using the discrimination. Here we test the effects of blocking the MDHn circuit computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent. The model on a moth's ability to track an odor plume in a wind tunnel. shows the importance of the resistance by the gill rakers (represented Cimetidine (an H2 receptor antagonist) or saline vehicle was injected by a nylon mesh in the physical model, and a ‘porous media model' bilaterally into the ALs of tobacco hornworm moth (Manduca sexta) in the computational model) to establish the vortices. As predicted, males. Cimetidine-injected moths successfully tracked sex the zone on the filter where no particles were retained showed a low pheromone plumes, but their flight dynamics were significantly pressure and a strongly shearing flow. The vortices consistently different than controls: cimetidine-injected moths flew slower, had showed a helical pattern with a ventral-to-dorsal flow direction. smaller course angles, and had longer inter-turn durations than Calculation of the paths of neutrally buoyant spherical particles of a controls. These results are consistent with the observed effects of H2 range of sizes did not show the repelling action of the vortex to cause receptor antagonists on reduced preparations. separation from the flow. Therefore, the current computational model predicts that filtration by this model is occurring by cross-flow or dead-end filtration the level of the gill rakers instead of more medial inside the mouth cavity.

94-3 VANDER LINDEN, AR*; DUMONT, ER; Univ. of 106-4 VAUGHT, RC*; BONDURIANSKY, R; DOWLING, DK; Massachusetts Amherst, Univ. of California, Merced; School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC [email protected] 3800, Australia, UNSW Australia, Evolution and Ecology Research Combat Behavior Predicts Morphology of Cervical Vertebrae in Centre and School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science, Male Ruminant Mammals Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; [email protected] Bovids (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope) and cervids (deer) belong to Mitochondrial and X chromosome (Mito-X) Genomic Interactions the clade Ruminantia and possess distinct and varied cranial and Implications for the Evolution of Sex Differences appendages in the form of horns and antlers. These appendages are In metazoans, mitochondria follow a strict mode of maternal used as sexual display organs and as weapons in intraspecific combat inheritance. In theory, maternal inheritance will render selection between males for access to mates. Intraspecific combat in these ineffective in removing mitochondrial DNA mutations that are species takes many forms, including head-on collisions (ramming); explicitly male-harming. Similarly, in species with XY sex attempting to stab an opponent's head or body with horn tips determination, the X chromosome spends two-thirds of its (stabbing); rearing and clashing downwards with horns (fencing); or evolutionary existence inside of females (since females are XX and interlocking antlers or horns while vigorously pushing and twisting males XY), which theory suggests could also lead to the (wrestling). Some aspects of horn morphology, horn and antler accumulation of sexually-antagonistic fitness variation. Furthermore, material properties, and skull morphology have been linked to this female-bias in the inheritance of the X chromosome increases the combat behaviors in bovid and cervid species, but the role of the rate of co-transmission between allelic combinations on the X cervical vertebrae and supported neck musculature in opposing the chromosome and mitochondrial genome to 67% (versus 50% for forces generated during fighting has not been explored. We autosomal-mitochondrial allelic combinations), which should quantified biomechanically relevant linear measurements of the facilitate female-specific co-adaptation between mitochondrial and cervical vertebrae (C1 - C7) of 49 ruminant species and regressed nuclear genomes, but potentially at the expense of male performance. them on sex-specific body mass averages to obtain size-standardized Here, we test this hypothesis. We first created genetic strains of the measure of vertebral morphology. We then used phylogenetic fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which possess one of five ANOVA to assess differences in morphology among species that mtDNA haplotypes and five X chromosome genotypes, in all display primarily ramming, stabbing, fencing, and wrestling combat possible combinations, in an otherwise standardized autosomal styles. In males, we found that wrestlers had significantly longer background. We used these strains to explore whether genetic centra than rammers, stabbers, or fencers, while rammers had combinations of mtDNA haplotype and X chromosome exert significantly wider centra and prezygapophyses. However, we found sex-specific, potentially sexually-antagonistic effects on longevity. no significant relationship between vertebral measurements and Our work helps elucidate the contribution of sexual asymmetry in the fighting style in females. These results suggest an adaptive role for inheritance of particular genomic regions to the evolution of sex the cervical vertebrae in resisting forces generated by male differences in life-histories. intraspecific combat in ruminant mammals.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 237 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e238

17-6 VAZ, D/F, B*; HILTON, E/J; Virginia Institute of Marine 140-3 VEGA, CM*; CHADWELL, B; ASHLEY-ROSS, MA; Wake Science, College of William and Mary; [email protected] Forest University, Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine; Ontogeny of the Plainfin Midshipmen, Porichthys notatus [email protected] (Batrachoididae: Batrachoidiformes) Turtling the salamander: the role of lateral undulation in Batrachoidiformes is a monophyletic group of mostly benthic, sprawling locomotion ambush-predatory fishes. Species of the genus Porichthys, the Lateral undulation of the vertebral column is an important midshipmen, are unique in this order for having photophores and characteristic of sprawling postured tetrapod locomotion. The goal of being relatively pelagic. Despite inhabiting deeper habitats than other this study was to determine the role of the lateral movement of the Toadfishes, species of Porichthys build nests in intertidal rocky trunk vertebrae in terrestrial locomotion of tiger salamanders habitats, similar to other Batrachoidiformes. Previous ontogenetic (Ambystoma tigrinum). This was done by artificially limiting trunk studies have described only the external larval morphology of few flexibility by attaching a 2-piece "shell" around the body between the species of Batrachoidiformes, and data on the skeleton and soft pectoral and pelvic girdles. Adult tiger salamanders (n =3, SVL = 9 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 tissues are lacking. Ontogenetic data are important for understanding cm-14.5 cm) walked on a 1 m trackway under three different homology and the phylogenetic relationships among taxa. An conditions: no shell, flexible shell (tygon tubing), and rigid shell ontogenetic series of the early life stages of Plainfin Midshipmen, P. (PVC tubing). Trials were filmed in a single, dorsal view using a notatus (5 to 28 mm TL), was collected during the summers of 2017 Kodak Playsport camera (30 fps). Kinematic markers were located and 2018, and skeletal ontogeny was investigated using on the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints of the forelimb. A cleared-and-stained specimens. Changes in the neural and muscular custom-written MATLAB program was used to track the midline and system were examined by staining whole specimens with the forelimb movements of the salamanders and analyze kinematic Phophomolybdic Acid and CT-scanning them at resolution of 5.7 variables. Average and maximum curvatures over (1) the entire microns. The development of the vertebral column occurs in an midline and (2) restricted trunk/tail regions were compared over anterior to posterior direction, as in other percomorph fishes. When multiple strides. Curvature over the whole midline was higher in the larvae hatch from the corion, the basidorsal elements of the first flexible and rigid shell treatments compared to the control. This trend vertebrae are already present. The third dorsal-fin spine, previously seems to be driven by an increase in curvature in the tail region, proposed to be absent in Porichthys, was observed in early stages (7 perhaps to compensate for the shells. Curvature in the trunk region mm TL), but is reabsorbed before larvae become free swimming (25 was lower for the rigid shell treatment compared to the flexible shell mm TL). The brain displays allometric growth, having an optic lobe and control. The reduction of lateral flexion results in one region of that is almost one-half of the length of the brain in early stages (5-8 the body results in compensatory movements in other regions. mm TL); it becomes less than one-quarter of brain length in free-swimming juveniles (>30 mm TL). Individual portions of the adductor mandibulae complex are completely distinct in all observed stages.

109-6 VELAZQUEZ, AM; PALUSO, JM; BOUCHER, TJ; 75-5 VENABLE, CP*; LANGKILDE, TL; The Pennsylvania State BRANNOCH, SJ; SVENSON, GJ; MARTIN, JP*; Colby College, University; [email protected] Cleveland Museum of Natural History; [email protected] Eating toxic invasive ants turns lizards off eating native ants Comparative morphology of motor control in praying mantises Invasive species can act as prey, sometimes having detrimental Adaptations of control systems (motor control circuits in the brain) effects on native predators that consume them. Some native species and effectors (limbs and body segments) are both required to suit an can avoid eating noxious invasive prey. In some cases, these invaders animal's movements to its environment. Praying mantises are similar to palatable native species. If exposure to noxious (Mantodea) offer a unique opportunity to explore these relationships. invasive prey alters native predator consumption of similar native While all mantises are predators that use their forelegs to grasp prey, prey, this could alter diets of native predators and have important diverse species are specialized for movement on different substrates ecological consequences. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis (grasses, bark, leaves, etc.), hunting strategies (ambush or pursuit), or invicta acts as an invasive prey source within the southern range of mode of movement (climbing or running). We report comparative the eastern fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus. Juvenile fence lizard morphological studies on the central complex (CX) of the insect diets are comprised largely of ants, but eating fire ants can prove brain, which controls and directs movement, and the limbs and body lethal, however, lizards can quickly learn to avoid eating them. We segments of mantises. Using confocal microscopy and micro-CT tested whether prior exposure to (and subsequent avoidance of) imaging, we created 3D reconstructions of the major neuropils of the invasive fire ants will reduce the subsequent consumption of a central complex (including the protocerebral bridge, fan-shaped palatable native ant species. We allowed juvenile lizards to eat either body, ellipsoid body, and lateral accessory lobes). The morphology invasive fire ants or palatable native ants for 5 days (training period) and relative volumes of these regions cluster into three subgroups of and then tested their subsequent consumption of the native ant over species: 1) highly cryptic, ambush specialists, 2) pursuit specialists, the next 5 days. We found that lizards that ate fire ants during their and 3) generalists that both pursue and ambush prey. A parallel training period were less likely to subsequently consume palatable analysis of the structure of the forelegs from two-dimensional images native ants. These results suggest that eating invasive prey can lead and three-dimensional scans revealed that only species with special native species to avoid similar palatable native species which, in resemblance to sticks and grasses deviate significantly from the cases like our where this may form the basis of their diet, could have average morphology. These results begin to describe a potentially important effects that may cascade throughout the ecosystem. rich example of the interaction between evolutionary history, the control of movement, and the physical form of an animal.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 238 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e239

22-4 VERNASCO, BJ*; HORTON, BM; RYDER, TB; MOORE, IT; 49-2 VINDIOLA, BG*; DAVIS, TJ; Florida Atlantic University; Virginia Tech, Millersville University, Smithsonian Institution; [email protected] [email protected] Assessing and Comparing Nest to Surf Mortality of Florida's East Reduced cooperative behavior as a cost of high testosterone in male and West Coast Loggerhead Sea Turtle Hatchlings wire-tailed manakins During the crawl from the nest to the surf, sea turtle hatchlings face The seasonal regulation and social responsiveness of androgens have many threats, both natural and anthropogenic, which can affect their been modeled by the Challenge Hypothesis, and one of the primary ability to successfully locate the surf zone. As a species managed for suggestions is that maintaining high levels of androgens can be recovery, collections of accurate demographic data are critical. costly. Indeed, many studies have suggested that high levels of Currently, data gaps exist in the current hatchling production androgens can reduce parental care, be immunosuppressive, and estimates; they omit hatchling mortality occurring between increase mortality rates. However, one potential cost of testosterone emergences from the nest and entering the surf. Consequently, that has yet to be considered is that of reduced cooperative behavior. hatchling recruitment to the oceanic life stages may be Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 In many species, cooperation is key to reproduction and/or survival. overestimated. In this study, we identify nest-to-surf mortality and Male wire-tailed manakins (Pipra filicauda), for example, perform possible threats to hatchlings on Florida's east and west coast coordinated male-male courtship displays, and males engage in beaches. We compare how threats impact survival of hatchlings and long-term display partnerships with other males. Individual variation identify how threats differ between coasts and across years in cooperative behavior has fitness consequences, as more (2017-2018). Predators identified include ghost crabs, foxes, cooperative individuals have higher reproductive success. Here, we raccoons, night herons, and fire ants. Anthropogenic impediments use both observational and experimental approaches to determine such as sky glow and barriers, varied by site. By identifying the whether and how androgens mediate variation in cooperative relative magnitudes of threats and threats specific to particular behavior among male wire-tailed manakins. Observationally, we nesting locations, we are able improve hatchling recruitment measured the relationship among display behavior, cooperative estimates and inform local wildlife managers of site-specific risks, so behavior, and circulating androgen levels. Experimentally, we that they can use the most appropriate mitigation approaches to measured display and cooperative behaviors before and after reduce the decline of local populations. administering a testosterone implant. Our observational results show that individuals with higher levels of androgens engage in relatively fewer cooperative displays. Similarly, experimentally increased testosterone levels reduced the proportion of an individual's displays that were cooperative. Our findings suggest that androgens mediate variation in male cooperative display behavior and that reduced cooperative behavior is a potential cost of high testosterone.

S5-8 VITOUSEK, Maren N*; TAFF, Conor C; ZIMMER, Cedric; 62-1 VOMPE, A/D*; EISENLORD, M/E; WINNINGHAM, M; ARDIA, Daniel R; Cornell University, Franklin and Marshall HARVELL, C/D; Cornell University; [email protected] College; [email protected] Ecology and transmission mechanisms of Labyrinthula zosterae in Stress and success: The role of variation in the efficacy of negative beds of Zostera marina seagrass feedback in the glucocorticoid stress response Seagrasses inhabit only a small fraction of the world ocean; yet, they Effectively coping with stressors may involve not only mounting a provide important ecosystem services such as juvenile salmon vigorous stress response, but efficiently and effectively terminating nurseries and atmospheric carbon sequestration. Globally, seagrass this response to return to normal behaviors and physiological beds are susceptible to Seagrass Wasting Disease (SWD). Eelgrass processes. Yet while the phenotypic and fitness effects of mounting a Wasting Disease (EGWD) is the variant of SWD occurring in strong hormonal stress response have been widely studied, much less eelgrass (Zostera marina). Entire beds of eelgrass can be infected and is known about whether individual variation in the ability to destroyed. EGWD is caused by the amoebozoan slime mold terminate the stress response through negative feedback influences Labyrinthula zosterae (LZ). The transmission of LZ in field as well performance and fitness. Recent findings in free-living tree swallows as the functional morphology of LZ colonies have not been (Tachycineta bicolor) have begun to elucidate the role of individual extensively studied. In our study, field experiments at different sites variation in negative feedback in predicting both resilience to and in 2017 and 2018 showed that sentinel blades deployed inside and recovery from challenges. The efficacy of negative feedback is outside eelgrass beds both develop new infections, suggesting the typically measured through circulating glucocorticoid levels, but the likely transmission of LZ through the water column. Infection downstream effects of varying GC levels are mediated through prevalence, severity, and disease lesion number were not different receptor binding. Ongoing experiments are also beginning to between inside and outside eelgrass bed treatments after two weeks illuminate how receptor expression, and potential epigenetic of incubation in the field and were significantly higher than in mediators of receptor expression, may influence individual variation infection baseline control plants. Colony morphology was also in negative feedback, and its fitness effects. Overall, our results studied via phase contrast and confocal microscopy. Analysis of suggest that the ability to rapidly terminate the stress response collected environmental samples (including water, sediment, through negative feedback may be an important determinant of why associated algae, and epibiont) would provide finer resolution on the some individuals, and some populations, cope with challenges more location of LZ in situ and is currently being carried out. effectively than others.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 239 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e240

S5-6 WADA, H; Auburn University; [email protected] 17-4 WAINWRIGHT, DK*; COLLAR, DC; GEMMEL, BJ; Damage-fitness model: Integrating stress physiology models LAUDER, GV; Harvard University, Christopher Newport Over the last decade, several theoretical models have been put forth University, University of South Florida; to describe how animals respond to an adverse environment and how [email protected] this response changes throughout the animals' lives and physiological Fish scales: Structure, diversity, and hydrodynamic function demands. These models capture the context- and condition- Fish scales are bony plates that cover the body of fishes in dependent nature of stress responses. However, application of the overlapping patterns. Most past work on fish scales used models has been limited thus far because each model addresses two-dimensional microscopy to qualitatively study structural different aspects of the problems facing the field of stress biology. features. Although valuable in describing major features of scale Thus, there is a need for a unifying framework that integrates diversity, a full understanding of the form and function of scales existing models of stress physiology and incorporates changes in requires study of their three-dimensional (3D) morphology and physiological demand with life history stages and age, intricate surface patterning. 3D morphology both increases our knowledge of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 relationships among physiological systems, and biphasic nature of the morphological diversity of fish scales, and also helps inform stress responses. Here, I describe a new framework of the possible functions, such as protection and drag reduction. To that Damage-Fitness Model. In this model, regulators, such as DNA end, we have imaged and quantified 3D fish scale morphology in repair, inflammatory response, and glucocorticoids, change detail in single species, across species, and in vivo. Our results reveal constantly and act as anti-damage mechanisms to minimize damage considerable previously unrecognized scale variability both within caused by a stressor. When the anti-damage regulators are and among species. Furthermore, our in vivo measurements of scale insufficient or inappropriate, damage accumulates. Previous studies topography demonstrate that mucus and epidermis have the potential indicate that these damages directly impact reproductive to greatly alter surface topography, with implications for the performance, disease risks, and survival. The types of stress hydrodynamic function of fish skin surfaces. Preliminary analyses of responses, the threshold at which stress responses are initiated, and flow over fish scales with and without mucus indicate that mucus the magnitude of the responses are shaped by developmental and changes near-surface flows in ways that reduce drag. We also present current environments. How those environments and stress response comparative surface topography data from 59 species of damselfishes phenotypes alter fitness outcome will be discussed. and provide the first evidence that scale morphology responds adaptively to ecologically driven selection. Altogether, we argue that scales represent an important but largely unexplored axis of functional and morphological diversity in bony fishes. Our morphological, comparative, and functional data combine to portray the interactions between scales and mucus as well as their function and ecology to build a foundation for understanding the vast diversity of fish scales.

76-3 WALDROP, LD*; HE, Y; KHATRI, S; New Mexico Tech, UC 35-8 WALKER, B.G.*; VILLANUEVA, C.; BERTELLOTTI, M.; Merced; [email protected] BOERSMA, P.D.; Fairfield University, Universidad Nacional del Hairy noses and fast computers: exploring odor capture with hair Comahue, Universidad del Chubut, University of Washington; arrays using computational modeling [email protected] Many animals rely on gathering information from their environments Potential of epigenetic effects in penguin chicks hatched in by capturing chemical signals (odors) from environmental fluids. tourist-disturbed areas of breeding colonies in Argentina Odor capture is commonly accomplished in aquatic crustaceans and Penguins are charismatic birds that people want to see in the wild. insects with arrays of hair-like chemosensory sensilla. The How such tourist visitation affects birds at breeding colonies arrangement of sensilla in these arrays differ broadly between worldwide has been the focus of extensive study. In Magellanic animals living in air and water. The physical properties between air penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) we have shown that penguins and water also differ, including density, viscosity, and the diffusion appear relatively robust to tourist visitation. There are, however, rates of odorant molecules. In this study, a computational some interesting physiological impacts on penguins that experience advection-diffusion model of odor capture by a hypothetical sensilla tourist visits, particularly in colonies with higher levels and a longer array was used to determine how the physical differences of air and history of visitation. We compared two colonies with different levels water affect the morphology of sensilla arrays. We use this model to and history of tourism, and show that in eggs laid in the tourist area explore the space associated with three parameters characterizing the of the most visited Magellanic penguin colony in Argentina - Punta arrangement and kinematics of sensilla arrays (gap-width-to-diameter Tombo - recently hatched chicks show an unexpectedly high ratio, Reynolds number, angle of the array with respect to flow). glucocorticoid stress response, regardless of where the eggs were Through uncertainty analysis of the model, we find that there are incubated/hatched (as determined via egg exchange studies). In should be distinct signals in the variance of these parameters in contrast, both in eggs laid in areas at Punta Tombo without tourist aquatic and terrestrial animals. visits, and in eggs in both tourist-visited and un-visited areas at a less extensively visited Argentine colony - San Lorenzo - eggs produce chicks with the expected low "hyporesponsive" glucocorticoid stress response regardless of where they are hatched. We discuss the potential of this phenomenon as an epigentic effect passed to chicks from parents. Future research will be directed to determine the potential causes and effects of this response.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 240 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e241

20-3 WALTERS, LJ*; SCHNEIDER, K; TRIPP, M; University of 31-5 WANG, S; LI, L; CHEN, Y; KENALEY, CP; WAINWRIGHT, Central Florida; [email protected] DK; WOOD, RJ; WEN, L*; Beihang University, Harvard University, Using Peer Coaches to Enhance Curriculum-Based, High-Impact Boston College, Harvard University; [email protected] Practices for Undergraduates The detachment of remora: kinematics, dynamics, and a High-impact educational practices (HIPs), including undergraduate bio-robotic model research, service-learning, study abroad and community engagement, Remoras have the extraordinary ability to attach to a wide variety of produce successful students with the critical thinking skills, marine surfaces as well as to detach rapidly. To investigate how communication proficiency, and the ability to solve complex remoras detach, we conducted experiments on living remoras problems. Yet, growing the number of HIP opportunities at an (Echeneis naucrates), and further developed and evaluated a institution, especially a large institution, remains a challenge. Here bio-robotic remora disc. We captured and analyzed synchronized we review a model that embeds faculty-selected, peer HIP Coaches, high-speed videos, measured external normal and shear forces, and as a resource for the students in undergraduate courses. Coaches the inner disc chamber pressure of living remoras (body length: 28 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 receive a small scholarship in exchange for 30 hours of assistance ±1.0 cm) during the attachment and detachment processes. Results and their role in each course was determined by the faculty mentor to from the high-speed videos show that living remoras can detach best match each unique course agenda. A pilot in 2015 with 4 within 220 ms, with a maximum detachment angular velocity of 6.4 faculty, 8 coaches and 250 students, was successful. In the spring rad/s. To achieve rapid detachment, remoras fold down the disc 2018 semester, the model grew to include 21 faculty, 37 coaches, and lamellae away from the attached surface, and then curl the disc lip 1111 undergraduates. Everyone wins with this model - faculty can upward (away from attached surface) starting from the disc anterior. maximize HIP student learning and success, peer coaches receive Using contrast stained µCT of Remora remora, we showed that the leadership experience, and the undergraduates in the course receive muscle around the soft disc lip can trigger/initiate the disc lip's needed and wanted high-impact experiences that positively impact curling motion. Based on the described kinematic and morphological their lives and livelihoods. features, we developed a multi-material bio-robotic disc (whose stiffness spans from 0.5 Mpa to 200 Gpa) that enables both attachment and detachment. Detachment in the bio-robotic disc mimics the motion of a biological lamellae and the disc lip, and the contact has been visualized through the FTIR approach. During detachment, we found that the pulling force of the robot is reduced by over 250 times compared to that of the fully attached state. Repeated underwater attachment and detachment were demonstrated through incorporating the biomimetic disc on an underwater swimming robot. We hope that this study will inform the development of an untethered robotic system for underwater hitchhiking in realistic aquatic environments.

115-1 WANG, J*; TRAN, H; CHRISTINO, M; WHITE, CH; ZHU, 110-2 WARBURTON, EM*; KHOKHLOVA, IS; VAN DER J; WAINWRIGHT, DK; LAUDER, GV; BART-SMITH, H; DONG, MESCHT, L; DOWNS, CJ; DLUGOSZ, EM; KRASNOV, BR; Ben H; University of Virginia, T.C. Williams High School, Harvard Gurion University, Hamilton College, University of Tennessee; University; [email protected] [email protected] Understanding Thunniform Swimming: Kinematics and Effects of flea infestation on offspring quality in a desert rodent: Hydrodynamics evidence for parasite-mediated transgenerational phenotypic Hydrodynamics and force production mechanism of thunniform plasticity swimming is numerically studied by using a tuna-inspired Parental effects may beneficially alter offspring phenotype if parental underwater vehicle (TunaBot) in forward swimming. The numerical environment sufficiently predicts offspring environment. Parasitism modeling approach employs a sharp-interface is a common stressor across generations; thus, parental infestation immersed-boundary-method (IBM)-based incompressible flow could reliably predict the likelihood of infestation for offspring. Few solver. The three-dimensional, time-dependent kinematics of the experiments involving parasitism and maternal effects exist and none body-fin system of the TunaBot is obtained via a stereo-videographic investigate this relationship across multiple generations. We technique. A high-fidelity computational model is directly investigated how maternal and grandmaternal infestation with fleas reconstructed based on the experimental data. The primary objectives (Xenopsylla ramesis) affected offspring in a desert rodent (Meriones of the computational effort are to quantify the thrust performance of crassus). We used a fully-crossed design to examine litter size (LS), the TunaBot at different Reynolds number as well as to establish the pup body mass at birth (PBM), and pup mass gain before weaning mechanisms responsible for thrust production. Comparisons in body (PMG) for combinations of maternal and grandmaternal infestation kinematics, hydrodynamic performances, and wake structures are status. No effect of treatment on LS or PBM was found. However, made between the TunaBot and an Atlantic bluefin tuna at similar maternal and grandmaternal infestation status significantly affected swimming condition to bring insight in understanding the difference PMG, a proxy for maturation, in male pups. These pups gained in thrust producing mechanism between TunaBot and live significantly more mass before weaning if maternal and thunniform swimming fish and to provide potential suggestions in grandmaternal infestation status matched, regardless of treatment. improving the hydrodynamic performance of swimming underwater Thus, pups whose mothers and grandmothers experienced similar vehicles. risk of parasitism could reach sexual maturity more quickly than those pups whose mother's and grandmother's infestation status did not match. These results support the contention that parents can receive external cues, such as risk of parasitism, that prompt them to alter offspring provisioning. In turn, this provisioning is beneficial if the parental environment matches that of the offspring. Thus, parasites could be a mediator of environmentally-induced maternal effects and could affect host reproductive fitness across multiple generations.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 241 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e242

136-5 WATANABE, A*; FELICE, RN; MAISANO, JA; MÜLLER, 132-4 WATKINS, MJ*; BROWN , HM; RUBEGA, MA; University J; HERREL, A; GOSWAMI, A; NY Institute of Technology, Old of Connecticut ; [email protected] Westbury, University College London, London, University of Texas, Hiding in Plain Sight: Do Brown Trout Background Match in Austin, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Muséum national d'Histoire Simple Environments? naturelle, Paris, Natural History Museum, London; In structurally complex environments, fish have two choices when [email protected] faced with predation: flee or hide. Habitat degradation tends to First Squamate-Wide Phenomic Analysis Reveals Conserved structurally simplify aquatic habitats, resulting in limited access to Pattern of Cranial Integration Underlying Mosaic Skull Shape hiding spots. Since juvenile fish are most at risk from Evolution predator-induced mortality, habitat degradation may affect juveniles Large-scale evolutionary studies typically have invoked extrinsic disproportionally. We examined background matching, in which factors (e.g. environment), but intrinsic factors, such as animals position themselves over areas that are not visually similar to developmental constraint, ultimately shape the variation available to themselves instead of fleeing, as a possible behavioral response in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 natural selection. While comprehensive studies on cranial evolution predator-naïve brown trout (Salmo trutta) when exposed to a great in birds and mammals have analyzed how patterns of trait covariation blue heron decoy in a simple environment. We recorded overhead have influenced their diversification, parallel investigations into other video of predator-naïve brown trout exposed to a heron decoy and a major vertebrate clades remain elusive. With >10,000 known extant control in tanks with randomly distributed dark substrate patches species, squamates (lizards, snakes) exhibit remarkable variation in over a light-colored floor. We digitally tracked trout position during cranial morphology and ecological modes. To identify the integrated reactions to the decoy and control using DLTdv6 through MATLAB, structures that underpin their cranial disparity, we present the first and tracked pathway, distance moved, and time spent over dark squamate-wide analysis of cranial shape harnessing a new, versus light substrate. Our results showed strong support for high-dimensional geometric morphometric dataset comprising predator-naïve fish responding to a heron decoy. Fish exposed to a ~1,000 3D landmarks and ~200 modern and extinct species. With heron decoy deviated from the shortest path away from the heron this rich phenotypic dataset, we identify a shared set of highly decoy, and spent more time over dark substrate. We found that group integrated regions in lizards and snakes despite their fundamental size influences trout response, with larger groups of fish more likely differences in form. Meanwhile, we find no evidence that the to remain in light areas during exposure to the heron decoy. Our data magnitude of trait integration within those regions has constrained or suggests that small groups of predator-naïve brown trout attempt to promoted phenotypic evolution across squamates. In fact, our background match, possibly due to greater chances of predation on a analyses demonstrate highly mosaic patterns across these cranial single fish. Our research has implications for predation outcomes for regions that dictate morphological novelty and disparity, particularly predator-naïve brown trout, such as hatchery-raised fish, in degraded those associated with fossoriality, major changes in diet, and and simplified environments. elaborate cranial ornamentations. Our results also suggest that earlier ossifying regions exhibit weaker trait integration. Collectively, this study highlights the incredible potential of an emerging class of comparative studies that combines high-density morphological data with modern evolutionary analyses.

80-1 WATSON, DA*; KAHN, HA; DIAMCO, RC; DICKERSON, 122-2 WATSON, CM*; DEGON, Z; KROGMAN, W; COX, CL; AK; University of Central Florida; [email protected] Midwestern State University, Georgia Southern University, Noble On the survival of water striders during raindrop impacts Research Institute; [email protected] Water striders are abundant in areas with high humidity and rainfall. The adaptive significance of an ontogenetic shift in coloration Raindrops can weigh 20 times the insect and some pelagic species among skinks. spend their entire lives at sea. In this combined experimental and Many organisms possess antipredator traits that confuse, decoy, or theoretical study, we use high-speed videography to film raindrop startle predators to decrease mortality from predation. Paradoxically, collisions on water striders and dynamically scaled mimics. some of these antipredator traits are present only in juveniles, with Raindrops force the insect subsurface upon direct impact. As the antipredation traits lost during ontogeny. While potential drivers of ensuing cavity collapses, the strider is shot into the air alongside a ontogenetic loss of antipredation traits can include shifts in predators, Worthington jet. We show the insect's rigid exoskeleton, low density, prey, or intraspecific competition, the specific factors that drive the resistance to wetting when briefly submerged and its ability to regain loss of antipredation traits with ontogeny are not well known. We an equilibrium rest state, render it impervious to impacting droplets. studied the ontogenetic loss of the bright-blue tail of skinks, which In the event of cuticle wetting, raindrops become dangerous and diverts predatory strikes away from vital body parts towards the tail. submersion makes the water strider incapable of penetrating the We used 1) a survey of morphology and body size of three skink air-water interface from below, which appears impossible without the species, 2) a clay model study of predation rates, and 3) a study of aid of a plastron. Indirect impacts elicit jumps as the strider body and tail energetics to determine the factors that drive maneuvers surface perturbations. Our findings show water striders ontogenetic loss of the blue tail. We found that the blue tail is lost at are robust to adverse environmental conditions and augurs well for the same size among three different species of skinks, which implies the development of biomimetic robots. similar selective forces drive the loss of the blue tail among these species. We also found strong support that the ontogenetic shift in coloration is related to differences in predation pressure with increased size, and not differences in energetics of tail loss. Our findings illustrate how predation can drive complex expression of antipredation traits, which has implications for understanding the evolution of phenotypic diversity.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 242 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e243

S6-6 WATSON, Eric T.*; EDMANDS, Suzanne; University of 85-3 WATTS, HE*; ROBART, AR; ROBY, C; RITTENHOUSE, Southern California; [email protected] JL; SEWALL, KB; BOWERS, JM; Washington State University, Mitonuclear coevolution and the genetics of speciation in Tigriopus Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech; [email protected] californicus. Examining the potential role of glucocorticoid signaling in the Eukaryotic biology is genetically encoded by a nuclear genome and regulation of seasonal nomadic migration one or many cytoplasmic genomes. The division of labor between Most of what is known about the mechanisms regulating the these organelles requires their functional and evolutionary integration transition to a migratory state comes from studies of species that and has important implications in evolution, conservation, and make obligate migrations - regular and predictable movements to and medicine. The mitochondrial genome is especially prone to from the same locations. In contrast, very little is known about the accumulating deleterious mutations which may disrupt mitonuclear regulation of nomadic migrations, which occur unpredictably in integration thus favoring the recurrent evolution of nuclear restorers space and/or time. For some nomadic migrants, there is a seasonal of mitochondrial function. In addition, uniparental inheritance may component to their movements, with a temporal window when Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 contribute to an ‘asymmetric sieve' resulting in sex-specific fitness migration is most likely to occur. In one such nomadic species, the effects especially in hybrids. Mitonuclear conflicts may therefore be pine siskin (Spinus pinus), we have found that increasing spring day an important driver of postzygotic isolation between diverging lengths stimulate physiological preparations for migration and populations. Here, we present recent work on the genomic signatures expression of migratory restlessness. Here, we examine the potential of mitonuclear coevolution across eight populations of the copepod role of changes in glucocorticoid signaling - implicated in other Tigriopus californicus and investigate the possibility of sex-specific forms of migration - in the transition to a nomadic migratory state. genetic architecture for postzygotic isolation. Populations of T. Using captive wild-caught pine siskins, we compared circulating californicus show extreme mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) divergence, corticosterone levels and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with an average of 19.6% nucleotide divergence across the genome, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) mRNA in key brain regions in as well as high levels of amino acid differentiation. Nuclear encoded birds before and after the onset of spring migratory restlessness. We genes predicted to interact with mtDNA and products show elevated found no change in circulating corticosterone levels as birds rates of protein evolution, indicating compensatory nuclear evolution. transitioned to a migratory state. We similarly found no differences In fourth generation recombinant inbred lines between populations, in the expression of GR or MR in the hypothalamus or hippocampus hybrid incompatibility is distributed widely throughout the genome of birds expressing spring migratory restlessness compared to those with males suffering almost ten times the amount of hybrid sampled before the onset of migratory restlessness. Our results do not incompatibility than females. Together, these results reveal the suggest a significant role for changes in glucocorticoid signaling in potential importance of mitonuclear coevolution as a driver of the expression of a seasonal window for nomadic migration in pine population differentiation and the evolution of hybrid incompatibility siskins. These results are in contrast to evidence for a role of as well as the presence of sex-specific genetic architecture of hybrid glucocorticoid signaling in some obligate migrations and in other incompatibility in T. californicus. forms of facultative migration.

89-5 WEAVER, R.J.*; HILL, G.E.; Auburn University; 123-2 WEIGHMAN, KK*; MOORE, PA; Bowling Green State [email protected] Univ.; Univ. of Michigan Biological Station; [email protected] Exploring links between mitochondrial divergence, hybridization, Modeling Dynamic Exposure in Flow and carotenoid metabolism in animals In flowing environments, the movement and distribution of A key question in evolutionary biology concerns the mechanisms by anthropogenic chemicals are determined by the degree of turbulent which sexual displays serve as uncheatable signals of condition. It flow. As such, toxicant exposure for stream organisms is shaped by has been proposed that the process of metabolizing dietary flow. Whether a toxicant enters a stream through runoff or via carotenoids into sexual signals may be the basis for honest signaling groundwater contamination plays a large role in how that toxicant for many color displays. Most animal diets contain only yellow will move through the stream environment. The interaction of the carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin. To display red carotenoid toxicant mode of entry and stream hydrodynamics creates coloration, animals must metabolically convert these yellow spatio-temporal variation in toxicant concentration. In different carotenoids to red. Numerous studies on birds, fish, and reptiles have locations within a stream, the processes which give rise to chemical demonstrated that the hue and saturation of red carotenoid-based plume structure will vary as a function of local stream characteristics. color displays is associated with the condition and quality of Using an electrochemical recording system to extract data for the individuals. We recently proposed that carotenoid-based ornaments frequency, magnitude, and duration of exposure in artificial stream are an index signal of mitochondrial performance because the systems, we gain insight into how toxicant "hot spots" form in conversion of yellow dietary carotenoids to red carotenoids shares a streams with different flow characteristics. From these pathway with redox reactions of mitochondrial respiration. Here we measurements, geographic information systems and interpolation test predictions of this hypothesis by comparing how the effect of techniques can be used to predict chemical distribution throughout hybridization on carotenoid metabolism differs between hybrids of habitats. These methods were utilized to compare patterning of species with either deep or shallow mitochondrial divergence. We toxicant "hot spots" in streams of different flow velocities, with both find that hybrids show breakdown in carotenoid metabolism when mode of toxicant introduction (groundwater or runoff) and organism the parental species are deeply diverged, and vigor when parental position in the water column (benthic, mid water column, or surface) species are shallowly diverged. We discuss the results in the context taken into consideration. Variation in the structure of chemical of the evolution of honest signaling from carotenoids in animals. exposure was used to construct three-dimensional toxicant hot-spot maps, accounting for the spatial and temporal fluctuations of fine scale exposure. This project aids in developing more realistic appraisal techniques for impacts of chemical pollution in flowing environments. Experimental systems must be designed to account for temporal and spatial variability in chemical concentrations at scales relevant to organisms of interest.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 243 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e244

S9-12 WEIS, Virginia M; Oregon State University; S10-9 WELCH, AM*; INFANTE, A; REINING, A; College of [email protected] Charleston, SC, Academic Magnet High School, Charleston, SC, In Sickness and in Health: The Role of Innate Immunity in the South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics, Regulation of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Mutualisms Hartsville, SC; [email protected] Corals engage in a mutualistic symbiosis with intracellular When You Get Salty: Developmental Timing and the Consequences photosynthetic dinoflagellates. This intimate partnership forms the of Salinity Exposure in Toad Tadpoles trophic and structural foundation of coral reef ecosystems. This Salinization of freshwater ecosystems is an emerging environmental presentation will examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms concern, as rising sea levels, intensified storm surge, road deicing underlying the establishment, maintenance and breakdown of the salts, and land use changes can contribute to increased salinity in symbiosis in coral- and anemone-dinoflagellate partnerships. Host freshwater habitats. Elevated salinity can increase the demands of innate immunity and symbiont strategies for modulating this immune osmoregulation in freshwater organisms, and amphibians are response are central to the stability of the symbiosis. During onset particularly at risk due to their semi-aquatic life cycle and permeable Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 and maintenance of symbiosis these mechanisms include skin. Tolerance to environmental challenges may vary during lectin-glycan signaling, upregulation of the immunosuppressive development, with individual- and population-level impacts TGF-beta pathway and changes in the sphingolipid rheostat and dependent on the timing of exposure relative to the timing of complement pathway. Coral bleaching, a severe threat to the health vulnerability. In addition, among larval amphibians, the life history of reefs worldwide, is caused by global warming and results from consequences of various stressors can vary with the timing of dysbiosis: the collapse of the symbiosis. Studies suggest that coral exposure to stress. We manipulated timing and duration of exposure bleaching is a host innate immune response to a compromised and to elevated salinity during larval development of southern toad stressed symbiont. This evidence includes increased nitric oxide (Anaxyrus terrestris) tadpoles, across three experiments, and levels, and host cell apoptosis and autophagy in heat-stressed examined effects on survival, larval growth, and timing of and size at animals, all well-known immune mechanisms in other systems to metamorphosis. Tadpoles exposed to elevated salinity early in eliminate detrimental microbial invaders. Finally, I will discuss the development were the least tolerant, suggesting an increase in international effort to rapidly develop a sea anemone model system tolerance during larval development. Life history effects also to advance genetic techniques and new tools for the field to help save depended on the timing of exposure, suggesting a potential constraint severally threatened corals. related to a loss of developmental plasticity leading up to the metamorphic transition. Our results suggest that elevated salinity is most likely to affect population dynamics when experienced early during larval development. Further, through life history effects, even sublethal salinity exposure in the larval environment may influence success in subsequent life stages.

129-3 WELLER, HI*; MANAFZADEH, A; OLSEN, AM; 21-3 WELLING, EM*; BURNETT, L ; MCELROY, E; University HERNANDEZ, LP; CAMP, AL; BRAINERD, EB; Brown of Charleston, SC, College of Charleston; [email protected] University, George Washington University, University of Liverpool; Aerobic scope of cultured juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, [email protected] at high summer water temperatures An XROMM Study of Intra-oral Transport and Swallowing in Many estuarine organisms are frequently exposed to high water Catfish temperature and the accompanying reduction in water oxygen Most fish feeding studies focus on prey capture, especially during concentration. High water temperature also increases fish metabolic suction feeding. The other half of a feeding event - getting prey from rate and therefore overall oxygen demand. Both routine and the mouth to the gut - is just as essential for successful feeding. But maximum metabolic rates (RMR and MMR, respectively) increase this occurs inside the mouth, hidden from view, making it difficult to with temperature to maximum values at their optimum temperatures, study how fishes handle prey intra-orally. In order to track intra-oral and then decrease as temperature increases past optimum. Aerobic transport and swallowing, we used X-ray Reconstruction of Moving scope is the difference between MMR and RMR and represents Morphology (XROMM) to study feeding in channel catfish aerobic metabolic capacity that can be used for activities such as (Ictalurus punctatus, n = 3). We marked the prey and seven bones on locomotion, foraging, and digestion. Thus, reduced aerobic scope at the left side of the head, recording a total of 25 feeding events. By non-optimal temperatures may inhibit physiological performance and reconstructing the 3D trajectories of the prey beads in the oral and alter behavior. This study investigates the effect of high temperature buccal cavities, we were able to track how the fish move prey on aerobic scope and swimming performance of juvenile red drum. through the mouth, and the point at which the prey passes through the Oxygen consumption was measured at four temperatures mimicking esophagus. Prey moves through the oral cavity at high velocities as a summer temperatures in South Carolina: 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, and continuation of the suction event, but comes to a full stop once it 33°C. Fish were starved, and RMR was measured overnight using reaches the pharyngeal basket, where it then moves in a slower, more respirometry. After RMR measurements, fish were exercised and complex path before being passed to the esophagus. This slow phase placed back into the respirometer to estimate MMR. RMR was 13.47 coincides with little motion in the head and no substantial mouth ± 0.67 (mean ± S.E.) mmol kg-1 h-1 at 24°C and increased with opening or hyoid depression, suggesting that pharyngeal raking, temperature to a maximum value of 17.49 ± 0.87 mmol kg-1 h-1 at rather than hydrodynamic manipulation, is responsible for prey 33°C. MMR and aerobic scope peaked at 27°C (56.02 ± 2.82 and transport in the buccal cavity. By contrast, once the prey is past the 39.99 ± 2.73 mmol kg-1 h-1, respectively) and decreased at esophagus, its motion is tightly correlated with a "gulping" motion temperatures lower and higher than this optimum. RMR demanded a (hyoid depression, pectoral girdle retraction, and mouth opening) in larger proportion of the oxygen consumed as water temperatures the head. Our results indicate that catfish use phases of pharyngeal increased, resulting in decreased aerobic scope. However, aerobic and hydrodynamic manipulation to direct prey into the esophagus, scope did not decrease significantly at the highest temperature tested, but how these gulping motions are moving prey in the esophagus is and so performance in the wild may not be reduced at high summer unclear. temperatures.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 244 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e245

54-3 WELLS, CD*; YERRACE, S; RAUTU, TS; SPENCER, D; S6-10 WERNICK, RI; CHRISTY, SF; HOWE, DK; SULLINS, JA; SEBENS , KP; Univ. of Washington; [email protected] RAMIREZ, JF; SARE, M; PENLEY, MJ; MORRAN, LT; Population distribution and predator-prey relationships of the giant DENVER, DR; ESTES, S*; Oregon State University, Portland State frilled anemone Metridium farcimen in the San Juan Islands University, Emory University; [email protected] In the northeast Pacific, the giant frilled anemone Metridium Sex and mitonuclear adaptation in experimental C. elegans farcimen forms dense aggregations on subtidal ledge and boulder populations communities and underneath floating docks in marinas. M. farcimen To reveal phenotypic and functional genomic patterns of mitonuclear is a competitive dominant, excluding many of the other invertebrates adaptation, a laboratory adaptation study with Caenorhabditis that occupy primary space on walls and ledges, but details on its elegans nematodes was conducted in which independently evolving distribution and how the population is controlled are poorly lines were initiated from a low-fitness mitochondrial electron understood. The distribution of M. farcimen was studied through transport chain (ETC) mutant, gas-1. Following evolution, two extensive surveys at twelve locations in the San Juan Island distinct classes of lines representing different degrees of adaptive Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 archipelago. Current, light, and temperature at these sites was response emerged—a low-fitness class that exhibited minimal or no compared with the density of M. farcimen. Anemones were improvement compared to the gas-1 mutant ancestor, and a distributed along vertical walls in shallow communities (less than 18 high-fitness class containing lines that exhibited partial recovery of meters), but become more abundant on sloping and horizontal wildtype fitness. Many lines that achieved higher reproductive and surfaces deeper. M. farcimen populations are highly impacted by competitive fitness levels were also noted to evolve high frequencies both light and current, but not temperature, preferring light levels of males during the experiment, consistent with adaptation in these insufficient to grow kelp and other tall macroalgae and current high lines having been accompanied or facilitated by outcrossing. A enough to reduce sedimentation and deliver sufficient food. Abiotic highly non-random pattern of mitochondrial DNA mutation was and biotic factors help control this species from becoming an observed within high-fitness gas-1 lines, with parallel fixations of omnipresent competitive dominant. nonsynonymous base substitutions affecting gene products residing within ETC Complex I alongside the nuclear-encoded GAS-1 protein. Individual characterization of one of these mutations suggest that it was causal in the line's fitness recovery. Results provide convincing evidence for adaptation via mitonuclear epistasis, and indicate that mtDNA can be an important contributor to such evolution. Results will be discussed within the context of current hypotheses regarding mitonuclear adaptation and the evolution and maintenance of outcrossing.

16-3 WESTERMAN , E.L.*; RATHER , P.A.; HERZOG, A.E.; 37-5 WESTERMEIER, A*; SACHSE, R; POPPINGA, S; KöRNER, ERNST, D.A.; University of Arkansas , University of Arkansas; A; BORN, L; MADER, A; BISCHOFF, M; GRESSER, GT; [email protected] KNIPPERS, J; SPECK, T; University of Freiburg, Plant The effect of experience on mating behavior in Heliconius Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden (PBG); Freiburg Center for butterflies Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University Many animals have the ability to learn mate preferences. There is of Stuttgart, Institute for Structural Mechanics (IBB), University of current debate over how this preference learning impacts speciation, Freiburg, Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden (PBG); as it is hypothesized to either enhance reinforcement, or facilitate the Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Stuttgart, development of hybrid swarms. Heliconius butterflies, and Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE), Heliconius melpomene specifically, are a good model system for this University of Stuttgart, Institute for Textile and Fibre Technologies area of research, because they have been used extensively for the (ITFT), University of Freiburg, Plant Biomechanics Group and study of hybridization, mate selection, and speciation and have a Botanic Garden (PBG); Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and widespread diversity of color morphs. It remains unclear whether Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) ; these butterflies can learn to prefer certain mates, and if previous [email protected] social experience shapes adult mating behavior. Here we test whether Biology, biomechanics and biomimetic potential of Aldrovanda previous social experience influences male mate preference for vesiculosa underwater snap-traps different H. melpomene races. We conducted no-choice behavioral The scarcely investigated aquatic waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda assays to determine if latency to court and how often males courted vesiculosa, Droseraceae) possesses the fastest snap-traps within the (vs no courtship) differed between naïve males and males with carnivorous plants (closure within 20 ms). The motion is induced by previous exposure to a young, sexually mature, virgin female. To a small bending deformation of the midrib and the closure of the further test whether assortative courtship preference is learned in H. kinematically coupled trap lobes. However, the underlying actuation melpomene, males were either paired with a female who shared their principle was thought to be purely hydraulically driven. Using a phenotype, or one who did not. Preliminary results suggest that reverse biomimetic approach incorporating biological experiments unsuccessful courtship has a negative effect on future male courting and complementary computer simulations via Finite Element models, propensity, as experienced males court less often than naïve males. we were able to identify a combination of turgor change and the This negative effect of failed courtship on future courting efforts may release of prestress as the driving forces of the movement, most be influenced by male innate preference, as there was a stronger probably speed-boosting the trap. We furthermore investigated water effect of experience on males paired with females of their own displacement during trap closure, the trap narrowing motion after fast phenotype than for males paired with conspecific females with closure and additionally, ecological aspects by analysing different wing patterns. These results suggest that previous social Aldrovanda's natural prey spectrum. Moreover, going beyond experience may influence male mating behavior in Heliconius biology, the geometric motion principle of Aldrovanda served as butterflies. inspiration for the development of a biomimetic compliant shading device named Flectofold.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 245 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e246

117-6 WESTNEAT, MW; University of Chicago; 30-7 WHEELER, LC*; SMITH, SD; University of [email protected] Colorado-Boulder; [email protected] Mapping Anatomical Structure to Biomechanical Function in Computational Modeling of Anthocyanin Pathway Evolution Musculoskeletal Lever and Linkage Systems Alteration of metabolic pathways is a key component of the Musculoskeletal mechanisms yield output motion and force evolution of new phenotypes. Flower color is a striking example of transmission determined by the configuration of anatomical the importance of metabolic evolution in a complex phenotype, components and the dynamics of muscle contraction. Computational wherein shifts in the activity of the underlying pathway lead to a models of these systems can help us to understand how morphology wide range of pigments. Although experimental work has identified maps to function at different levels. How do we test for functional common classes of mutations responsible for transitions among convergence in biomechanics? How do we define functional colors, we lack a unifying model that relates pathway function and characters and determine when they are similar or equivalent? This activity to the evolution of distinct pigment phenotypes. One study expands previous lever and linkage modeling, with software challenge in creating such a model is the branching structure of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 for more complete path analysis of linkage motion and simulation of pigment pathways, which may lead to evolutionary trade-offs due to structure-function relationships in a wide range of mechanisms, both competition for shared substrates. In order to predict the effects of simple and complex. Levers are often characterized as having shifts in enzyme function and activity on pigment production, we one-to-one mapping, yet by incorporating muscle we find that simple created a simplified kinetic model that mirrors the structure of levers are conclusively one-to-many. Four-bar linkages have been anthocyanin pigment pathway. This model describes the production claimed to yield many-to-one (convergent) mapping, whereas of the three major types of blue, purple and red pigments, and simulations show that structural changes in four-bar linkages map to accordingly, includes multiple branches and substrate competition. unique sets of primary functional variables (vector direction and We studied the behavior of this model by first identifying a magnitude of motion) so that linkages are in fact one-to-one. state-space with realistic, functional parameter combinations. We However, similar to levers, the dynamic role of muscle in powering then stochastically evolved the pathway between defined optima and linkages gives every individual linkage system a one-to-many mapped the evolutionary trajectories onto the state space. This capacity. Examples from cranial systems show that some approach allows us to quantify the probability density of trajectories biomechanical traits diverge and evolve due to linkage changes, and through the state space and identify constraints. Finally, we test others in which muscle morphology is modified but linkages remain whether the observed trajectories and constraints match with static. A protocol for defining convergent and divergent functional experimental observations, i.e., the predominance of mutations which characters is proposed. Computational linkage modeling helps us to change color by altering enzyme expression as opposed to function. conclude that the geometry and physiology of muscles are critical to These analyses provide a theoretical framework which can be used to accurate estimations of lever and linkage function, that a more predict the consequences of new mutations in terms of both pigment detailed path analysis of mechanical behavior helps to avoid some phenotypes and pleiotropic effects. pitfalls of linkage comparison, and that multiple mechanical variables and levels of design should be considered when defining convergent or equivalent biomechanical systems.

80-5 WHITEHEAD, JG*; SOCHA, JJ; Virginia Tech; 68-3 WHITNEY, C; DALEY, M; NISHIKAWA, K*; Northern [email protected] Arizona University, Royal Veterinary College; Do mallards landing on water exhibit tau theory strategies? [email protected] Birds are well known for their ability to fly. To avoid injury, a Muscles as length-dependent force generators. successful flight also demands a safe and precise landing. Previous Current models perform poorly at predicting muscle force during studies have shown that birds regulate landing through a visual dynamic movements, especially for fast movements. We used a new collision avoidance strategy, known as general tau theory. Tau theory muscle model to predict muscle force in running guinea fowl. Lateral predicts that collision can be avoided by regulating tau, the distance gastrocnemius (LG) length, activation and force were measured by to collision divided by the rate of change of that distance. Birds not Daley et al. (2011). Data were recorded while guinea fowl ran on a only regulate tau, but tend to keep the rate of change of tau itself treadmill modified so that obstacles were encountered at various constant; this is termed tau-dot constant. However, most studies on phases of the step cycle. Trials included level running, 5 and 7 cm the biomechanics and control of landing in birds have been obstacles, and speeds from 1.8 - 4.5 m/s. The new model includes a conducted with a perch in a laboratory setting, and its relationship to damped contractile element (CE) in series with a spring representing other landing modalities is unknown. In this study, we filmed birds extracellular matrix. The CE is in series and parallel with a damped landing in the wild to test if regulation of tau is present in a natural titin spring. The titin spring wraps around a pulley that represents habitat. We filmed mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) landing on water thin filaments. The CE rotates the pulley, adjusting the length and at a local pond using three video cameras (GoPro Hero 4), with stiffness of the titin spring. The pulley translates when applied forces recordings synchronized post-hoc using sound. We used a 0.94 m stretch or shorten the muscle, which changes the length and force of wand to spatially calibrate the volume in conjunction with Argus 3D the titin spring. Free parameters include two spring constants, three tracking software. The kinematics of landings were obtained by damping constants, and an activation factor that varied from trial to manually digitizing natural landmarks on the bird. Based on 23 trial. Parameters were optimized locally and globally using a landings, mallards exhibit a diverse range of landing trajectories, high-performance computer. Muscle length and activation are the with approach angles as great as 40° relative to the water surface, and model inputs, and force is predicted in each time step. Results show impact speeds from 0.8 to 7.5 m/s. Tau is highly linear regardless of that the model accurately predicts in vivo forces during perturbed and landing trajectory or impact speed, with a mean linear correlation level gaits (average R2 = 0.67-0.88). Data and simulations show that coefficient of -0.983 (p< 0.001). These results suggests that mallards force is related, not to onset or amplitude of EMG, but rather to: 1) use tau and tau-dot constant strategies, as seen in perch landing onset and magnitude of the stretch that occurs when the foot hits the behavior. ground during active shortening; and 2) muscle length at ground contact. Results demonstrate how adding titin can improve prediction of in vivo forces during running over level terrain as well as when negotiating obstacles, and also suggests that some muscles depend on small stretches during active shortening for force production.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 246 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e247

29-3 WILBER, MQ; CHINN, SM*; BEASLEY, JC; PEPIN, KM; 98-4 WILBUR, SM*; KITAYSKY, AS; BARNES, BM; National Wildlife Research Center, USDA & Colorado State Univ., WILLIAMS, CT; Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks; [email protected] Univ. of Georgia, National Wildlife Research Center, USDA; Tissue-Specific Telomere Dynamics in Hibernating Arctic Ground [email protected] Squirrels (Urocitellus parryii) Selection for agricultural crops predicts space use of a rapidly Hibernation is a strategy used by some mammals to survive in the expanding invasive species in North America face of resource scarcity and is thought to confer increased longevity. Invasive alien species (IAS) can have significant ecological and However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) released in some tissues economic impacts upon invading new habitats by substantially during periodic rewarmings may induce oxidative damage and altering ecological interactions and ecosystem-level processes, and accelerate cellular aging, which presents a life-history trade-off in cost billions of dollars through impacts to agriculture, infrastructure hibernators. Telomeres, or the dynamic end-caps of chromosomes, and human health. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the most can shorten in the presence of ROS, and an individual's telomere successful and detrimental IAS, worldwide. As ecological length may reflect the degree of accrued oxidative damage. The Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 generalists, they quickly adapt to new environments within their objective of this study was to determine telomere length dynamics introduced range. We used an extensive GPS database of wild pig throughout the hibernation season in arctic ground squirrels movement across the U.S., continuous-time movement models, and (Urocitellus parryii). We hypothesized that telomere shortening resource selection functions to address use and selection for would be most pronounced in tissues that support arousal episodes. agricultural resources and assessed how the availability of DNA was extracted from liver, heart, and brown adipose tissue non-agricultural resources on a landscape affected the use of and (BAT) of 46 individuals sampled either at the middle or end of selection for agricultural resources. At the home range scale, pigs hibernation. qPCR was used to determine relative telomere length used the most abundant crop type in proportion to its availability, and (RTL) for each tissue. Sex or age (juvenile vs. adult) did not affect increased canopy cover decreased the amount of time spent in telomere length in any tissue measured. In juvenile females, RTL in agricultural resources. Within-home range, presence of crops affected BAT was significantly shorter at late hibernation than at movement trajectories and varied by time of day where pigs tended mid-hibernation, whereas RTL in liver and heart were not different to move toward crops in the evening and away in the morning. Wild between hibernation stages. BAT is the organ that generates heat pigs also traveled more slowly in areas of high canopy cover and during periodic rewarmings throughout hibernation. With were most likely to select for crops during peak planting and BAT-associated thermogenesis comes a substantial increase in ROS, harvesting periods, and selected for crops less often when which may be shortening telomeres in this tissue. This study uses a non-agricultural resources were abundant. Our results provide the multiple-tissue approach to address the life-history trade-off between first large-scale evidence that wild pig crop-use predictably changes longevity and cellular aging in a hibernating mammal. with the availability of non-agricultural resources across spatial scales. Accurate estimates of agricultural crop-use can improve projection of crop damage and aid in predicting resource-use and movement across a large landscape, especially in terms of population expansion.

133-1 WILCOXEN, TE*; WEBER, R; ZIMMERMAN, LM; 32-2 WILGA, C*; DITSCHE, P; JACKSON, P; NATEKIN, E; Millikin University, Millikin University ; [email protected] FERRY, L; DUMONT, E; University of Alaska Anchorage, Arizona Effects of Elevated Corticosterone on Immune Response to State University, University of California Merced; Aeromonas hydrophila in Northern Leopard Frog Tadpoles [email protected] Stress is known to have far-reaching effects on vertebrate immune The Function Of Tessellated Cartilage In Shark Jaws defenses; however, it remains unclear to what extent stress hormones, Sharks routinely feed on prey that have bony parts, yet the jaws and such as corticosterone (CORT), influence different components of support structures are composed of cartilage. However, the cartilage immune defense in larval amphibians. The purpose of this study was of shark jaws is unique in being tessellated: mineralized blocks of to identify whether exogenous CORT has an effect on innate and cartilage interconnected by ligaments surround the inner core of acquired immunity of Northern Leopard Frog tadpoles, Lithobates hyaline-like cartilage. Tessellated materials are thought to resist pipiens, when exposed to an opportunistic pathogen, Aeromonas fracture while stiffening the element and still allowing flexion hydrophila. We hypothesized that by elevating CORT, the tadpole compared to non-tessellated elements. Here, we tested the jaw and immune defenses would be altered. In order to test innate and hyoid cartilages of several shark species in compression to determine acquired immunity within the tadpoles, we conducted two if mineralization and stiffness varies by diet, feeding mode, and jaw experiments. In the first experiment, we exposed one group to suspension. The level of mineralization, as measured by percent exogenous CORT and maintained a control group without exogenous mineralization of the cross-section of the area tested, is greater in the CORT, with neither exposed to A. hydrophila. In the second upper and lower jaws than the hyoid cartilages (hyomandibula, experiment, we exposed all tadpoles to A. hydophila, but again only ceratohyal). The cartilages become stiffer when tested with exposed one group to exogenous CORT. We used a bacteria killing increasing compressive load in a material testing system, as theorized assay to assess innate immunity and an A. hydrophila ELISA to in the literature. Not surprisingly this change in stiffness as measured measure IgM and IgY antibodies generated in an acquired immune by Young's Modulus is greater in the jaws than in the hyoid elements response. We found that the CORT dosed tadpoles killed and also increases with greater mineralization. Stiffness and significantly more A. hydrophila than the control tadpoles. mineralization in the cartilages also varies by jaw suspension type Conversely, tadpoles dosed with CORT for an extended period of and feeding style. A complicated relationship exists between time had significantly lower plasma IgM and IgY against A. cartilage stiffness and shape that appears to allow the jaws of sharks hydrophila. Our findings suggest that stress has differential effects on to bend slightly around prey that is harder than the jaws. In-vivo jaw innate and acquired immunity in larval Northern Leopard Frogs cartilage strain varies by an average of 10% indicating that the jaws similar to that seen in adult frogs. do bend around objects placed in the mouth. This combination of stiffness and compliance appears to contribute to fracture resistance in the jaws of sharks.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 247 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e248

66-3 WILLIAMS, CT*; CHMURA, HE; GLASS, TW; Univ. of 15-3 WILLIAMS, SD*; PATTERSON, MR; Northeastern Alaska Fairbanks; [email protected] University; [email protected] Biologging physiological and ecological responses to climate Resistance and Robustness of the Global Coral-Symbiont Network change Warming induced coral bleaching is a major environmental stressor Global climate change is rapidly affecting ecosystems world-wide by occurring on reefs. The coral holobiont, the coral host and its altering species' ranges, disrupting trophic interactions, and, in some associated microorganisms, is a unique, complex system of symbiotic cases, causing population declines. As such, there is widespread interactions that can be represented as a network. We have interest in developing new methodologies that will facilitate studies determined the global coral-Symbiodiniaceae network's resistance to of climate change responses across taxa. In this talk, we will discuss temperature stress by developing a model to simulate an studies of phenology, thermal biology, and microhabitat selection, environmental "attack" (warming) on the network. Interactions and show how the use of biologging in this research is improving our (links) between coral species and algal symbionts (nodes) are ability to understand and forecast species' responses to climate weighted by considering individual thermotolerances and creating a Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 change. One advantage of the biologging approach is that it can combined threshold for each association. As temperature increases, facilitate the measurement of traits at the level of the individual, links are removed when their threshold is surpassed. A coral is permitting research that investigates how physiological and considered bleached when it has no more links. Resistance to behavioral plasticity mitigates the negative consequences of climatic temperature stress was determined from the response of the network variation. We advocate for increased use of biologgers in climate to the bleaching model. Warming caused network breakdown in change research, and increased biologging in experimental ways that differed from randomized networks, supporting that manipulations, to document and understand species' responses that network structure and specific thermotolerances affect temperature may otherwise be difficult to study. stress resistance. Ecological robustness, how much perturbation is needed to decrease a network's nodes by half, was determined for multiple link and node removal models. Networks were more robust to link removals than to node removals. Of the link removals, removing links according to the bleaching model resulted in the lowest robustness. Natural networks will maintain a higher level of stability under environmental stressors compared to random networks, because of their interactions, unless those interactions are susceptible to a certain stressor, as is the case for coral reefs. The global network of coral-Symbiodiniaceae interactions and their associated thermal thresholds is non-random, and this architecture leads to a higher sensitivity to environmental perturbations.

138-5 WILLIAMSON, CJ*; SPELT, A; WINDSOR, SP; University 30-6 WILLIS, SC*; CHANG, BSW; ROCHA, LA; California of Bristol, UK; [email protected] Academy of Sciences, University of Toronto; [email protected] Energy Saving Flight Strategies of Urban Gulls Sexy red fish in the deep blue see: photosensory evolution across The city is a complex environment to navigate as a bird; the wind depth in sexually dimorphic coral reef fishes interacts with buildings and other urban infrastructure to create areas Gene expression and coding sequence changes both facilitate of strong up- and down-drafts. During the breeding season, urban adaptive evolution at the molecular level, but to what extent? nesting gulls spend 40% of their time in flight, flying to and from Because the functional significance and mechanistic pathways are foraging locations through these complex wind-scapes. Choosing relatively well understood, phototransduction is an excellent domain appropriate flight paths has the potential to substantially reduce their to test the patterns of molecular adaptation and their import to energetic flight costs which could be key for breeding success. We diversification. Among vertebrates, coral reef fishes are known for used GPS backpacks to track 11 Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus their hyperdiversity, but there is a clear juxtaposition between fuscus) over two breeding seasons in the city of Bristol. The loggers lineages inhabiting shallow euphotic reefs and those from deeper collected a GPS fix and a one-second burst of 20 Hz three-axis mesophotic habitats, which differ in the prevailing light intensity and accelerometer data up to every 4 seconds, allowing us to measure the spectrum. Phylogenetic data show that repeated transitions between flight paths of the gulls and characterise their flight modes. habitats have occurred, suggesting that depth drives diversification in Meteorological forecasting data and machine learning techniques reef fishes. Intriguingly, the Athiadinae or anthias fishes, which are were used to identify the most commonly used flight strategies and very common and colorful inhabitants of shallow reefs, also includes associated environmental predictors. It was found that the gulls used many mesophotic species which are similarly colorful and sexually a combination of orographic soaring and thermalling strategies; dimorphic in the red-yellow hues that are reduced in the adapting their flight paths in response to local conditions to make blue-dominated spectrum at these depths. By analyzing RNA-seq energy savings of up to 66%. Computational fluid dynamics models data from the eyes of two mesophotic and two euphotic non-sister of the wind in the city were then used to characterise the complex lineages of Pseudanthias, we determined that adaptation to spectral aerodynamic environment available to the gulls, and path planning environment included both expression and coding changes in opsin optimization techniques were used to understand the potential genes: deep and shallow lineages preferentially express different energetic savings available to the birds and to investigate the paralogs of the green-sensitive Rh2 genes, while the trade-offs involved between energy expenditure and flight time. constitutively-expressed blue-sensitive SWS2B gene exhibited There is potential for using these flight strategies in the design of parallel differences in codon positions that likely cause differences in path planning algorithms for small unmanned air vehicles operating spectral sensitivity. We will also discuss the relevance of these in similar environments. changes to patterns of biofluorescence in anthias fishes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 248 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e249

114-6 WILNER, D*; GREENWAY, EV; CIRINO, LA; MILLER, 123-5 WILSON, RS*; AMIR ABDUL NASIR, AF; CAMERON, S; CW; Univ. of Florida; [email protected] VON HIPPEL, F; University of Queensland, Northern Arizona Environmental Effects on Behavior and Fitness: The Impact of University; [email protected] Temporary Nutritional Deprivation on Future Reproduction in the Manganese contamination affects the motor performance of wild Leaf-footed Cactus Bug (Narnia femorata) northern quolls Environmental conditions can have strong effects on an organism's Neuromotor deficits are one of the first signs of manganese (Mn) development, morphology, and fitness, often eclipsing the effects of toxicity in humans and laboratory animals. However, the impacts of genotypic variation. Diet, in particular, is known to have remarkable Mn exposure on the motor function of wild animals remains largely impacts on morphology and behavior across taxa. We investigated unknown. Here, we assessed the impact of chronic exposure to Mn the impact of natural variation in seasonal diets on reproductive from active mining operations on Groote Eylandt, Australia on the behavior and success, using the leaf-footed cactus bug (Narnia motor function of the semi-arboreal northern quoll (Dasyurus femorata), a hemimetabolous insect that feeds on a seasonally hallucatus), an endangered species. The three motor tests Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 fluctuating resource. When seasonal variation causes a period of poor conducted—maximum sprint speed on a straight run, nutrition to coincide with a critical stage of development, how does it manoeuvrability around a corner, and motor control on a balance affect future reproduction? Newly eclosed adult females were beam—showed that elevated Mn body burden did not diminish allowed to mature on one of two, naturally occurring, seasonal diets, performance of these traits. However, quolls with higher Mn body providing either excellent or poor nutrition (cactus with or without burden approached a corner at a significantly narrower range of fruit). Then, after approximately 2 weeks (the age at which these speeds, due to a significantly lower maximum approach speed. insects typically become sexually mature), they were each provided Slower speeds approaching a turn likely reduce success at catching excellent nutrition and a potential mate. We observed mating prey and avoiding predators. Given that maximum sprint speed on a behavior (receptivity and mating duration) for three hours, and we straight run was not affected by Mn body burden, but maximum then quantified fecundity (number of eggs laid) and fertility (eggs speed entering a corner was, slower speeds approaching a turn may hatched) for 32 days, as well as obtaining female and male reflect compensation for otherwise impaired performance in the turn. morphometric data. Preliminary analysis suggests that diet did not impact a female's likelihood to mate, nor the proportion of her eggs that were viable, but it did affect her reproductive output by impacting the number of eggs she laid. These results may have implications for the impacts of environmental change on behavior, fitness, and population growth.

97-6 WILSON, RC*; LEMASTER, MP; LUTTERSCHMIDT, DI; 27-7 WILSTERMAN, K*; ALONGE, MM; ERNST, DK; LIMBER, Portland State University , Western Oregon University, Portland CA; TREIDEL, LA; BENTLEY, GE; UC Berkeley, Las Positas State University; [email protected] College; [email protected] Leptin promotes reproductive behavior in red-sided garter snakes A test of the energy limitation hypothesis: acute food restriction (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) prevents sickness behavior but not the immune response in female The endocrine mechanisms that mediate to what extent an individual zebra finches invests in reproduction are poorly understood. Because reproduction When animals experience immune challenges, they often suppress a is an energetically expensive activity, a hormone indicating accurate range of behaviors. This suppression of activities is termed sickness energy stores is a likely candidate for regulating reproductive behavior and appears to be a ubiquitous response in controlled investment. In numerous mammalian species, leptin accurately settings. However, when more than one physiological challenge is indicates fatty acid stores and influences reproductive hormones and presented to an individual simultaneously, such as occurs in more behavior. To determine if the role of leptin is conserved across taxa, natural settings, expressing sickness behavior may not always be we injected red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) advantageous. One hypothesis, the energy limitation hypothesis with recombinant mouse leptin and measured reproductive behavior. (ELH), predicts that animals simultaneously faced with an immune We injected females with 0, 7, or 70 µg of leptin once a day for three challenge and food restriction will suppress their immune response days. Because female snakes become unattractive upon mating, only once they reach a minimum threshold body mass. Experimental females were subjected to a single mating trial. Male snakes were tests of the hypothesis are needed to support its utility. We injected with 0, 3, or 30 µg of leptin once a day for three days and challenged female zebra finches with immune activation then subjected to a mating trial each day. We scored female and male (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection) alone or in combination with mating behavior using ethograms. Although exogenous leptin did not acute food restriction (FR) and compared behavioral and affect female receptivity score, it significantly increased the physiological measures of the immune response among these groups proportion of females that copulated. Of the females that copulated, (VEH-only, LPS-only, LPS+FR and VEH+FR). Regardless of food leptin did not affect latency to copulate or the duration of copulation. availability, LPS injection elicited a similar immune response as In male snakes, we found that leptin increased both courtship score measured via a bacterial killing assay (BKA). However, an increase and the number of copulations a male performed. Leptin did not in time spent resting (a typical sickness behavior) was only observed influence latency to copulate, duration of copulation, the order of in LPS-only birds, whereas LPS+FR individuals were behaviorally mating, or copulatory plug mass in males. In summary, the effects of indistinguishable from VEH+FR birds. Strikingly, LPS+FR females leptin may be sexually dimorphic: exogenous leptin increased did not lose more mass that LPS-only birds, demonstrating that body consummatory reproductive behavior in females, whereas it mass was not the proximate signal causing the switch in behavior increased both appetitive and consummatory reproductive behavior expression. Thus, our data do not provide clear support for universal in males. These data implicate leptin as a possible hormonal utility of the ELH. Our data highlight the need for additional mechanism regulating individual variation in reproductive dimensions, including social and real-world environments, to be investment. applied in the conceptual frameworks that predict and explain animal responses to environmental challenges.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 249 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e250

S9-7 WINNIKOFF, JR*; WILSON, TM; BACHTEL, TS; 110-3 WITTMAN, TN*; COX, RM; University of Virginia; FRANCIS, WR; BUDIN, I; THUESEN, EV; HADDOCK, SHD; [email protected] Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, The Evergreen State Testing for fitness costs of parasitism in wild lizards (Anolis sagrei ) College, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, University of with sustained-release formulations of the anti-parasite drug California, Berkeley; [email protected] Ivermectin Combing Transcriptomes for Secrets of Survival in the Deep Sea Parasites interact with nearly all free-living organisms and can Hydrostatic pressure influences the physiology of deep-sea animals impose substantial fitness costs on their hosts. Accordingly, through multiple mechanisms, such as altering enzyme kinetics and parasitism is predicted to be a significant selective force shaping the increasing phospholipid membrane viscosity. The Ctenophora, or evolution of host phenotypes. However, studies testing this "comb jellies", have repeatedly colonized most of the water column, prediction are challenged by the difficulty of both measuring from sea level to ~7 km deep, where ambient pressure is about 700 selection and achieving long-term manipulations of parasites in the atm. Consequently, we have chosen these animals as a system for wild. In particular, current anti-parasite drug formulations (1) are not Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 studying biochemical adaptation to pressure in an evolutionary well characterized for the non-model host species typically used in context. Here we discuss ways to identify molecular determinants of studies of selection, (2) are not commercially available at pressure tolerance by comparing the transcriptomes of 34 ctenophore concentrations suitable for many of these species, and (3) require species. These bioinformatic techniques can be applied to a variety of short-term dosing schedules that are incompatible with long-term environmental parameters. Correlations of protein-coding sequence sampling required to measure fitness. To address these challenges, to habitat depth are probed functionally through a cloning/reciprocal we developed a method for the long-term removal of nematode and mutagenesis experiment in which ctenophore pyruvate kinase arthropod parasites from the brown anole, Anolis sagrei, a small orthologs are expressed and assayed over a 900-atm pressure range. lizard that is ideally suited for long-term studies of natural selection. We also present a phylogenetic comparative analysis of fatty acid First, we confirmed that oral delivery of Ivermectin, a broad composition in ctenophores vis-a-vis regulating membrane viscosity spectrum anti-nematode and anti-arthropod drug, is effective at at high pressure, and search for transcriptomic signatures of this lowering nematode burden in captive A. sagrei. Next, we adapted critical biochemical trait. Our immediate objective for the approaches techniques from the drug development literature to create a presented is to characterize the scope of convergent evolution in biodegradable, in situ-gelling injection for the sustained release of ctenophores: When lineages adapt independently to a similar habitat, Ivermectin. We characterized the appropriateness of this compound does homoplasy appear at the scale of metabolic pathways? Of in vivo over a period of four months in captive anoles. Finally, we genes? Of individual amino acid sites? More broadly, our methods tested this technique using a mark-recapture study of drug-treated are intended to have utility for any investigator exploring and control-injected males (n = 70) and females (n = 85) to mechanisms of extreme environmental tolerance though related characterize the impact of nematode parasites on survival in a wild species' transcriptomes. population of Anolis sagrei. While our work was done in Anolis sagrei, these techniques are generalizable and should allow for the long-term removal of nematodes and arthropods in a variety of host species.

8-6 WOELFER, J*; AMSON, EA; ARNOLD, P; BOTTON-DIVET, 102-3 WOLF, SE*; BELTRAN, SE; SANDERS, TL; ROSVALL, L; FABRE, AC; VANHETEREN, AH; NYAKATURA, J; KA; Indiana University, Dominican University, Oklahoma State Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Museum fuer Naturkunde, University; [email protected] Berlin, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Muséum national When mom takes a sick day: sex-specific telomere dynamics in d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, response to early postnatal stress Muenchen; [email protected] Early life stress can have long-term effects on many phenotypic Does scaling of morphology depend on locomotor ecology? The qualities, including telomere dynamics. Telomeres are the case of the sciuromorph rodent femur guanine-rich, protective ends of chromosomes that shorten with The scaling of morphology has been investigated for over a century. accelerated growth and exposure to stressors, and prior work However, only a few studies have considered that the scaling effect suggests that telomeres in male and female animals may differ in might depend on the loading regime determined by the locomotor sensitivity to stress. Here, we tested how a mild maternal stressor behavior of an animal. The sciuromorph rodents constitute an influences offspring telomere dynamics during postnatal insightful object to investigate how the interplay of body mass and development in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and asked locomotion affects the postcranial morphology. Thy can be whether sex predicts the effects of stress on a suite of traits. categorized into arboreal, fossorial, and aerial locomotor groups, Specifically, when chicks were 5 days old, we injected mothers with each including a body mass range spanning two or three orders of either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which elicits a 24h magnitude. We analyzed univariate and multivariate (shape) femoral sickness response. In the week following treatment, we measured parameters for 139 out of approx. 300 species. PGLS regressions chick growth, telomere length, and restraint-induced corticosterone were used to test whether intercepts and slopes differ relative to body (CORT). We found that within 24h post-injection, LPS females mass for the derived fossorial and aerial groups when compared to decreased nest visitation rate, resulting in a short-term reduction in the ancestral arboreal one and whether all slopes differ from chick growth relative to controls. Consequently, telomere dynamics isometry. Most of the univariate parameters scaled with isometry, differed between treatments, and stronger effects were observed in suggesting that scaling adjustments have not played a significant role males. Males from LPS nests also exhibited dampened stress for most of the femoral features. The sizes of the femoral head and reactivity (i.e. CORT elevation), which was positively correlated condyles, the width of the patellar groove and the in-levers of the with telomere length, suggesting that changes in telomere length may muscles attaching to the major and lesser trochanters displayed a be mediated by CORT. However, chicks from experimental and lower scaling exponent in fossorial when compared to arboreal control nests did not differ in morphology at 12 days old, suggesting species. The shape of the lesser trochanter exhibited differences in that stress-exposed chicks may carry cryptic physiological variation scaling among locomotor groups, manifested in the orientation and that could manifest later in life. While additional research is protrusion from the shaft. We suggest that these femoral features had necessary to identify the mechanisms underlying these sex-specific a functional significance during the ecological diversification of patterns, our results provide novel insights into sex-specific sciuromorph rodents. vulnerability to early-life stress.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 250 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e251

64-5 WOLF, Z.*; VOGT, D.; LAUDER, G.V.; Harvard University, 59-3 WOLFF, GH*; RIFFELL, JA; Univ. of Washington; Wyss Institute; [email protected] [email protected] Studying fish locomotion using a multi-segmented soft robotic, Smell-O-Vision: Functional Imaging of Odor-Evoked Activity and pneumatically-actuated model Neuromodulation in the Mosquito Antennal Lobe Previously at SICB, we introduced the "pneufish," a soft robotic fish Mosquitoes primarily use olfaction to seek out host animals or plants model with two actuators (pneunets) attached to a flexible passive and they can remember odors associated with positive or negative foil. Pneunets consist of a series of connected, segmented chambers experiences. However, which odors can be learned differs from molded from silicone rubber, that can be pressurized. When pressure species to species. Those odors associated with a preferred host may is increased, each chamber expands and pushes against its be learned more readily than less salient odors. Since anatomical neighboring chambers, resulting in a net lengthening and curvature of neural circuitry of the olfactory system is highly conserved across the pneunet. Attaching a pneunet to each side of a flexible foil mosquitoes, we hypothesized that neuromodulation by dopamine ‘backbone' creates an actively controlled swimming fish model via mediates species-specific differences in olfactory learning behaviors. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 programmed digital pressure regulators. Assembled pneufish were We thus localized the dopamine precursor, tyrosine hydroxylase in suspended in a recirculating flow tank, attached to an ATI 6-axis the antennal lobes of four mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, force-torque sensor, and we measured thrust, lateral forces, and the Toxorhynchites amboinensis, Anopheles stephensi and Culex amplitude of trailing edge oscillation during locomotion. Pneufish quinquefasciatus. Each species had a distinct pattern of dopaminergic were activated pneumatically using a large range of parameters, innervation to the antennal lobes. Additionally, concentration of focusing on frequency, water flow speed, maximum and minimum dopamine was markedly heterogenous across antennal lobe subunits air pressure, and foil stiffness. Results showed strong interactions called glomeruli. To understand the relationship between between stiffness and frequency, while frequency on its own had a neuromodulation and olfactory learning, we used 2-photon calcium rather small effect on performance. We then expanded the pneufish imaging in the brains of Ae. aegypti expressing gCaMP6 to record model to include four pneunets, arranged in pairs sequentially down odor-evoked activity in the antennal lobes. Mosquitoes were the foil, to make the "quad pneufish" model. Using this quad stimulated with the odor chemicals 1-octen-3-ol, hexanoic acid, or pneufish apparatus, we continued to investigate the model's linalool and we identified glomeruli tuned to respond to each odor. performance across a parameter space, adding activation phasing, We then used quantitative immunohistochemistry to assay dopamine differential air pressure between front and back pneunet pairs, and expression levels in the identified glomeruli. These results will be the effect of pneunet orientation on the model's performance. These discussed in the context of mosquito performance in learning to additional parameters allowed us to investigate the performance of associate each odor with an aversive stimulus in a classical different activation patterns in a more complex biomimetic fish-like conditioning paradigm. The effects of dopamine on olfactory model, allowing the quad-pneufish apparatus to be used as a model learning in mosquitoes may have broader implications for uncovering for investigating the effect of different patterns of body deformation general principals of olfaction and memory in insects and other on aquatic propulsion. animals.

97-1 WOLFORD, D.M.*; DAVIS, J.E.; Radford University; 74-1 WONG, S*; BIGMAN, JS; DULVY, NK; Simon Fraser [email protected] University; [email protected] Investigating the Effects of Juvenile Hormone and Royal Jelly on The metabolic basis of life histories in fishes Lasiodora parahybana All life acquires energy through metabolic processes, and then that Here I describe the results of an on-going study, in which we are energy is allocated to survival, growth, and reproduction. Thus, investigating the interactive effects of major royal jelly peptides metabolic rate is thought to be closely related to life-history traits as (MRJP) and juvenile hormone (JH) on growth, health and behavior in it governs how energy is allocated among competing functions. the salmon-pink bird eating tarantula (Lasiodora parahybana). Previous work suggests that life-history traits, such as somatic and Currently, there have been no studies to determine whether or not population growth rate may explain some of the variation in the arachnids possess MRJP receptors. This study not only aims to relationship of basal metabolic rate and body mass in endotherms. explore that possibility, but also explores both the possibility of However, few studies have examined the relationship of metabolic MRJP and JH interactions in arachnids and to determine the rate and life-history traits in ectotherms. Here, we ask whether life relationship between hormonal modulation, health, and overall history explains variation in metabolic rate. Specifically, we behavioral traits. Along with physiological and morphological examined whether somatic growth rate, age at maturity, maximum measures addressing health, growth, and anatomy, we also explore size, and population growth rate were related to metabolic rate in 100 interactions and patterns describing behavioral syndromes related to bony and 25 cartilaginous fish species while accounting for proactive and reactive strategies, how they may vary within phylogenetic non-independence. Somatic growth rate and maximum individuals and how they may be impacted by hormonal treatments. size, and population growth rate were positively related to metabolic rate, while age at maturity was negatively related. Together, these traits explain significant variation in metabolic rate. Further, metabolic rate has strong phylogenetic signal, indicating that closely related species have more similar metabolic rates than more distantly related species. Understanding the physiological basis of life-history traits, which are difficult to estimate for data-poor and threatened species, has the potential to improve conservation and management efforts as life histories and especially population growth rates are closely correlated to extinction risk.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 251 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e252

59-6 WOOD, T/C*; MOORE, P/A; Bowling Green State University; 26-6 WOODS, HA*; LARKIN, BG; DAHLHOFF, VC; Univ. of [email protected] Montana, MPG Operations, LLC; [email protected] Dietary Cues from Fish have Indirect Effects on Aquatic Plant Thermal ecology of small ectotherms in mosaics of plant-generated Communities Mediated by Changes in Crayfish Behavior. microclimates: aspens and aspen leaf miners Many prey animals use olfactory cues for predator detection and will Small ectotherms live in microclimates, which can vary in complex change their behavior to avoid the predator. The olfactory cues ways in space and time. A key factor driving microclimatic released by predators are unique mixtures of chemicals that are complexity is irradiance—relative sunniness or shadiness. We determined by the species of the predator, the predator's physical examined how sun versus shade drives patterns of temperature condition and diet. Some prey species can differentiate changes in the diversity in aspen canopies (Populus tremuloides), and the diet of the predator which may alter the prey's antipredator response. consequences of those patterns for small, leaf-mining caterpillars If different predator dietary cues lead to shifts in the foraging (Phyllocnistis populiella). In particular, we evaluated whether behavior of prey, then changes in predator diet could have indirect exposure to direct sunlight (1) alters larval growth rates by Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 effects on the species on which prey forage. A tri-trophic interaction systematically altering distributions of daytime temperatures; or (2) involving Micropterus salmoides, Faxonius rusticus, and three increases risk of mortality from short-term exposure to lethally high species of freshwater macrophytes (Myriophyllum exalbescens, temperatures without significantly altering the overall diurnal Elodea canadensis, & Chara spp.) was used to test the hypothesis distribution of temperatures. We distinguished these possibilities by that differences in the diets of predatory fish can change crayfish experimentally shading leaves in the field and measuring effects on foraging behavior and produce indirect effects in macrophyte leaf temperature and on larval growth and survival. We also communities. The predatory M. salmoides were fed four different estimated larval thermal performance curves (for growth) using diets consisting of commercial fish food, F. virilis crayfish, F. short-term, lab-based exposure to constant temperatures, and upper propinquus crayfish, and F. rusticus crayfish. Four F. rusticus were lethal temperatures in the field using custom-built, heat-shock then placed into mesocosms with samples of each plant species and devices. Our data suggest that intra-canopy variation in the position, were allowed to feed while being exposed to odors from different orientation, and relative irradiation of leaves drives high levels of predator diet treatments. The crayfish showed significant differences spatial and temporal variation in leaf temperature—but that the high in plant consumption across the various predator diets. Different temperatures reached by sun-exposed leaves are transient enough that predator diets also changed the foraging preferences of the crayfish, they are more important in driving risk of exposure to lethal causing them to feed selectively on different plant species depending temperatures than they are in shifting larval performance within the on the predator diet treatment applied. These results demonstrate that permissive range of temperatures. prey animals are sensitive to predator dietary cues and that these cues can mediate indirect effects of predators on other species in aquatic communities.

132-1 WRENSFORD, KC*; GUTIEREZ, JA; COOPER, WE; S7-4 WRIGHT, Natalie A*; WITT, Christopher C; TOBALSKE, BLUMSTEIN, DT; Univ. of California, Berkeley, Univ. of Bret W; Kenyon College, University of New Mexico, University of California, Los Angeles, Purdue University Fort Wayne; Montana; [email protected] [email protected] Biomechanics of Flight Across the Avian Tree . Does interpath angle Influence escape behavior: An empirical test Linking predictable, repeatedly observed evolutionary patterns in with yellow bellied marmots. morphology to their functional implications is vital to understanding Escape theory provides a critical conceptual framework for studying how and why those patterns have evolved. Here we use multiple the effects of predation risk, including the effects of the costs of datasets to link evolutionary changes in flight morphology to their fleeing on flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the ecological drivers and functional implications. We have found that predator-prey distance at which escape is initiated. Economic escape across the avian tree, bird species restricted to islands tend to evolve models, however, have been limited to predictions based on smaller flight muscles and longer legs than their continental relatives. individual factors, even though multiple factors may simultaneously This predictable evolutionary pattern is strongest on small islands affect prey escape decisions. The race-for-life model incorporates the with fewer predators. The relaxation of predation pressure may lead effects of multiple risk factors to predict FID, including the speed, to a shift to a Bauplan less suited for rapid takeoff. However, the distance and direction to a refuge for both predator and prey. The precise functional implications of these morphological changes for inter-path angle (the angle between the paths of the predator and prey takeoff and flight are not well known. We tested how these to the refuge) captures the effect of direction of escape on FID. To morphological differences affect flight performance using a novel assess the role of inter-path angle on the escape behavior of comparative dataset of takeoffs for 16 species from five orders, yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), we documented ranging body size from 4.1g to 130g. Both across and within species, escape responses by free-living members of this species in response birds with larger flight muscles reached faster peak take-off to human activity. The race-for-life model's equation successfully velocities and exhibited a greater reliance upon the wings relative to calculated FID using data measured in the field. Our analyses the leg thrust during takeoff. We conclude that when island bird revealed effects of inter-path angle on FID consistent with findings populations evolved smaller flight muscles and longer legs, it of previous studies. However, these effects were not consistent across resulted in a shift toward leg-dominated take-off mechanics, reduced contexts. These findings support the expectation that marmots take takeoff velocity, and reduced capacity to escape from predators. both distance and escape trajectory into account when assessing predation risk. Future studies involving diverse prey taxa will serve to assess the generality of the race-for-life model as a framework for understanding prey escape behavior.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 252 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e253

4-6 WRIGHT, R*; NUTTALL , M; DAVIES, S; Harvard Medical 48-3 WRIGHT, T.F.*; DERRYBERRY, E.P.; New Mexico State School, Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Boston University, University of Tennessee Knoxville; [email protected] University; [email protected] One Trait or Many: Reexamining the Multidimensional Nature of Coral gene expression signatures of a mass die-off event in the Vocal Learning Texas Flower Garden Banks Vocal learning has evolved repeatedly and independently in several In July 2016, the pristine East Bank of the Texas Flower Garden lineages of birds and mammals. This pattern of evolution begs Banks National Marine Sanctuary experienced unprecedented mass interesting questions about both the selective advantages of this mortality of multiple invertebrate species, which caused highly complex cognitive trait and the neurogenetic mechanisms that give localized reductions in coral cover. As part of a scientific team tasked rise to it. Vocal learning is commonly treated as a binary trait that with identifying the cause of the devastation, we collected gene species either possess or lack entirely. This binary view has been a expression samples from affected and unaffected coral colonies to useful starting place for examining the origins of vocal learning, and determine the physiological consequences of the event on tissues has furthered our understanding of the neuroarchitecture and gene Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 from two congeneric coral species (Orbicella franksi and Orbicella expression specializations that are shared across vocal learning taxa faveolata) from both the East (affected) and West (unaffected) like humans, songbirds and parrots. This binary framework is also Banks. At the affected site, we preserved three types of tissue misleading though, as specific components of the learning program - samples: apparently healthy colonies (no symptoms), affected such as the timing, extent and nature of what is learned - vary widely colonies along the lesion of tissue loss progression, and healthy among species. This variation led Brenowitz and Beecher (2005a,b) tissues from affected colonies (i.e., at least 30 cm away from lesion). to argue that vocal learning should be viewed as a multi-dimensional Genome-wide gene expression libraries (N = 76) were prepared trait in which different dimensions may be under different selective in-house and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Both forces and governed by different mechanisms. They argued that such coral species exhibit similar gene expression patterns across tissue a framework would be particularly powerful when combined with a types. Apparently healthy tissues from affected colonies show no comparative perspective. Here we revive and expand this framework significant differences in overall gene expression compared to tissues by describing six discrete dimensions of vocal learning and from completely healthy colonies, but many genes are differentially discussing evidence of variation in each within and across species. expressed in the affected tissues relative to both healthy tissue types. We then highlight several recent examples of work that focus on one Gene enrichment analysis suggests that affected coral tissues were of these dimensions and examine either evolutionary hypotheses experiencing oxidative stress and up-regulating genes related to explaining this variation or neurogenetic mechanisms that underpin mitochondrial processes, suggesting that hypoxia may have played a it. We end by discussing how new tools and analytical approaches to role in the mass mortality event on the reef. These data also highlight test these hypotheses and highlight key areas in which a the diagnostic power of an affordable next-generation sequencing multi-dimensional framework, coupled with a comparative methodology using ecological samples. perspective, will rapidly advance our understanding of why and how vocal learning has evolved.

11-7 WRIGHT, MA*; PIERCE, SE; Museum of Comparative 108-1 WROBEL, ER*; MOLINA, E; KHAN, NY; AKINGBEMI, Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, BT; LORENZ, WW; MENDONCA, MT; NAVARA, KJ; University Harvard University, USA; [email protected] of Georgia , Auburn University, University of St. Andrews, Functional Morphology of the Hip Joint during Mammalian University of Georgia; [email protected] Evolution Responsiveness of the chicken germinal disk to testosterone and Mammals are a morphologically and ecologically diverse clade. They corticosterone inhabit environments around the world from oceans to treetops and Female birds skew offspring sex ratios based on environmental and display a range of locomotory behaviors that includes running, social stimuli, but the mechanism mediating these skews remains climbing, swimming, and digging. In contrast to living mammals, the unknown. Growing evidence suggests that testosterone and ancestors of mammals, non-mammalian "pelycosaurs", are corticosterone may influence sex chromosome segregation, as they traditionally reconstructed as simple terrestrial quadrupeds with skew sex ratios when experimentally elevated immediately before. It limited ecological scope. The transition from "pelycosaurs" to is unknown whether the germinal disk (GD) contains receptors for mammals is characterized by a postural shift that greatly impacted these hormones and whether any receptors present allow the GD to locomotor behavior. The limbs of "pelycosaurs" were abducted to the respond genomically to treatment with testosterone and side, and they moved with a sprawling gait, analogous to lizards and corticosterone. We collected ovarian follicles at 5h pre-ovulation salamanders. The limbs of mammals, however, are positioned (just before chromosome segregation) and 20h pre-ovulation (when underneath the body and operate primarily in a parasagittal plane of sex chromosomes are arrested), and measured androgen receptor motion. To understand how reorientation of the limbs during (AR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protein levels via Western mammalian evolution impacted musculoskeletal function, we built blot. ARs and MRs were present in both the GD and non-GD virtual hindlimb models of two taxa, Dimetrodon milleri and regions. AR protein levels were higher in the GD region than the Monodelphis domestica, to represent "pelycosaurs" and mammals, non-GD region, but MR protein levels did not differ between regions. respectively. For each model, we determined hip joint range of Next, we tested whether short-term treatment of hens with these movement in three orthogonal planes and estimated moment arms for hormones changed expression patterns of genes affecting meiosis. all major muscles of the proximal hindlimb. Three functional We had 3 treatments (n = 50 hens each): Injection of (1) 1.5mg T in differences were found in mammals compared to "pelycosaurs": 0.5ml of peanut oil (2) 1.5mg of CORT in 0.5ml of peanut oil, and increased flexion-extension range of motion, reduction of (3) control oil injection, all at 5h before ovulation. We collected GDs abduction-adduction moment arms, and acquisition of from hens 1.5h after injection and, using RNA-sequencing, we joint-stabilizing flexion-extension muscles. These functional changes identified 4 genes differentially expressed between the corticosterone are underpinned by a relative decrease in the width of the pelvis, and control group that are of interest. This work revealed that ovarian bringing muscle origins closer to the hip center of rotation. Our follicles contain receptors that respond to these hormones, and that findings demonstrate a structural change associated with multiple these hormones may influence gene expression to mediate offspring functions and illustrate how musculoskeletal reorganization led to sex. dramatic shifts in locomotory behavior during mammalian evolution.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 253 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e254

64-7 WU, K*; NOWAK, J; BREUER, KS; Brown University; 79-4 WU, C*; HOWLE, LE; MCGREGOR, AE; MCGREGOR, R; [email protected] NOWACEK, DP; Marine Science and Conservation, Duke Scaling of the Performance of Passive-Pitching Robotic Flapping University, USA, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Wings in Hovering Flight Duke University, USA, School of Life Sciences, University of Many animals have evolved the ability to engage in flapping flight as Glasgow, UK, High Def Aerial Surveying Ltd, UK; a method of sustained hovering in aerial environments. Within this [email protected] category, there exists a large range of wing geometries, flapping Computational fluid dynamics simulations of a 10m North Atlantic kinematics, and corresponding flight strategies. A key feature present right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in the flapping flight of some insects is wing rotation along the Drag occurs when an object moves through a fluid due to the longitudinal axis (pitching), which controls the lift and drag forces viscosity of the fluid. Accurate estimations of drag on marine animals generated on the upstroke and downstroke. Evidence suggests that are required if one wants to investigate the locomotive cost, the prominent characteristics of this wing pitching behavior- pitch propulsive efficiency, and, in our case, the impacts of entanglement Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 reversal during stroke transitions and maintenance of a high angle of while the animal is carrying fishing gear. In this study, we performed attack during the mid-stroke - are influenced by inertial and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis over a 10m (length of aerodynamic forces with largely passive contributions from the wing animal, LOA) static right whale model in a commercial flow solver hinge joint, which can be accurately modeled as a torsional spring. In (SolidWorks Fluid Simulation 2015) to obtain baseline this work, we study the relationship between aerodynamic, inertial measurements of drag on the animal. Swimming speeds covering and elastic forces in the regulation of wing pitch and the generation known right whale speed range (0.125 m/s to 8 m/s) were tested. We of forces in hovering flight with passive-pitching flapping wings. We found a weak dependence between drag coefficient and Reynolds demonstrate an experimental system consisting of an underactuated number. At a swimming speed of 2 m/s, we analyzed the boundary robotic model of a two degree of freedom wing with a prescribed layer thicknesses, the flow regimes, and drag components. We found wing stroke and an elastic wing hinge joint. We measure wing the thickest boundary layer at the lateral sides of the peduncle kinematics and aerodynamic forces over a range of wing geometries, whereas the boundary layer thickness over the outer part of the flukes hinge stiffnesses, and flapping frequencies. Our results reveal a was less than 1.7cm. Laminar flow occurred over the anterior ~0.6 consistent dependency of the lift coefficient on the Cauchy number LOA and fully turbulent flow from ~0.8 LOA to the fluke notch. On (the ratio of aerodynamic pressure to elastic stiffness) over a range of surfaces of the flukes outside of the body wake region, flow was parameters. The lift coefficient initially increases with Cauchy laminar. Our most significant finding is that the drag coefficient number, attains a maximum, then gradually declines, a finding which (0.0071-0.0059) of a right whale, which is associated with the is consistent with previous results (Ishihara et al, 2009) for a system morphology the animal, for swimming speeds ranging from 0.25 m/s in a very different flow regime. to 2 m/s is approximately twice that of many previous drag coefficient estimates for cetaceans.

55-3 WUITCHIK, DM*; ALMANZAR, A; BENSON, B; 44-4 WYNEKEN, J*; LOLAVAR, A; LASALA, J; Florida Atlantic BRENNAN, S; CHAVEZ, D; LIESEGANG, M; REAVIS, J; Univ.; [email protected] SCHNIEDEWIND, M; TRUMBLE, I; DAVIES, SW; Boston Lethal Phenotypes and Cryptic Consequences from Extreme University ; [email protected] Developmental Conditions in Sea Turtles Genomic Basis of Convergent Phenotypic Responses to Thermal Reptile species that lay their eggs and leave them unattended to Extremes in a Temperate Coral incubate depend upon nest environments to be benign and promote Thermal stress affects organisms on multiple levels of biological successful hatchling production. Successful embryonic development organization, from cellular stress to behavioural thermoregulation. requires a relatively narrow range of thermal and hydric conditions. Typically, an individual's responses to cold and heat stress at the Concerns about the effects of changing climates on incubation cellular level are divergent; however, their behavioral responses may environments tend to focus upon on thermal maxima and thermal be similar at thermal extremes. Astrangia poculata is a temperate effects on embryonic sex. Here we describe developmental outcomes stony coral that lives subtidally on the East coast of the United States in sea turtles that include phenotypes that are associated with and experiences large temperature ranges throughout the year (3 oC hyperthermia and desiccation. We find an increase in frequency of to 25 oC). To examine how A. poculata responds to these thermal morphological anomalies in hatchlings that incubated for all or part extremes across behavioral and molecular scales, we conducted two of development at or above previously presumed lethal temperature. common garden thermal stress experiments (cold, heat) and Scute abnormalities are the most common anomaly. However, we monitored behavioral responses to food stimuli and measured also identified a variety of craniofacial anomalies and flipper genome-wide gene expression. Behaviorally, both cold and heat malformations. Several anomalies that were previously rare included stress caused polyp retraction and individuals appeared to enter extreme hyperlordosis and cranial neural tube defects were found in quiescent-like states. In contrast, gene expression profiling across the nests with high incubation temperatures. Turtles that incubated under two experiments revealed functionally divergent responses to the two extremely warm dry conditions hatched from nests with poor overall thermal extremes at the molecular level, relative to control success. We documented several cryptic phenotypic effects that can conditions. We found that the molecular underpinnings behind the result in delayed mortality or reduced likelihood of survival including quiescent-like behaviors observed under both heat and cold stress variation in growth rates and gastrointestinal anomalies. Mortality were associated with distinct functional pathways, and a wide range was often associated with yolk sac inflammation, short or incomplete of genes were identified as core thermal response genes within each intestines, and rectal stenosis. Together these observations suggest stressor. These results illustrate how identical behavioural responses that hyperthermia and desiccation during the development of these can be underscored by significantly different mechanisms and ectothermic species may contribute additive negative impacts to the highlight how a temperate stony coral can physiologically withstand populations that previously have not been appreciated. such a broad range of ambient environmental temperatures.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 254 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e255

127-4 XU, NW*; DABIRI, JO; Stanford University; 34-3 XU, RU*; ZHANG, X; LIU, HAO; Graduate School of [email protected] Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan, Shanghai Stimulation of latent enhanced propulsion in free-swimming Jiao Tong University and Chiba University International Cooperative jellyfish Research Centre (SJTU-CU ICRC), Shanghai, People's Republic of External control of freely swimming jellyfish can facilitate testing of China; [email protected] hypotheses regarding the evolution of efficient locomotion. It also Dynamic Flight Stability in Hovering Bumblebee Can be Enhanced enables an approach to soft robotics that simultaneously addresses by Passive Feathering Mechanism: A Computational Study longstanding challenges related to actuation, control, and power Insects with flapping wings require agility towards ambient requirements in applications such as ocean monitoring. Here, we disturbances to maintain airborne and stabilization. Insects adopt present a biohybrid robot that uses implantable microelectronics to subtle changes in wing kinematics to overcome the perturbations, and induce swimming in native Aurelia aurita. Measurements show that passive feathering, which indicates passive response of feathering propulsion can be significantly enhanced by driving the body angle toward aerodynamic and inertia torque , is highly possible to Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 contraction frequency above natural behavior, with an observed peak exist in insect. To investigate the stability of insect with passive enhancement up to three times faster than natural swimming. feathering mechanism, bumblebee model is used with 6 degrees of However, biological constraints at higher frequencies can decrease freedom in rigid body assumption, and 1 degree of freedom for each swimming performance. The existence of latent enhanced separate wing in wing feathering direction. One directional performance has implications for the evolution and ecology of perturbations are applied to body. Body attitude angles are compared swimming animals, and it can potentially be leveraged to expand the in passive feathering system and active feathering (wing feathering performance envelope of biohybrid robots relative to native animals. angle remains the same as experimental values under perturbation) in several strokes. It shows that under symmetric perturbation, stability of passive system and active system behave similarly while under asymmetric perturbations, roll stability of passive system is enhanced through the different passive reaction of two wing hinges toward perturbation. Passive feathering mechanism reduces wing hinge complexity, and makes it a promising for Micro Air Vehicle design and stability.

86-4 XU, LC*; WANG, VR; NUNES, C; SAITO, A; KOYAMA, T; 64-1 XUAN, Q*; OTHAYOTH, R; LI, C; Johns Hopkins University; SUZUKI, Y; Wellesley College, Gulbenkian Institute, Gulbenkian [email protected] Institute; [email protected] In silico experiments reveal the importance of randomness of Developmental mechanisms of life history trade-offs: varying JH motions in cockroach's winged self-righting titers lead to distinct PG activity in Manduca and Drosophila Terrestrial animals must self-right when overturned to survive. The Life history trade-offs lead to various strategies that maximize discoid cockroach Blaberus discoidalis can dynamically self-right by fitness, but the developmental mechanisms underlying these opening its wings to push against the ground while flailing its legs to alternative strategies continue to be poorly understood. In insects, induce body vibration. Interestingly, although wing and leg motions trade-offs exist between size and developmental time. The fruit fly, are oscillatory, they both have a substantial degree of randomness. Drosophila melanogaster, for instance will sacrifice a larger size for Here, we test the hypothesis that randomness in these motions is a faster life cycle. Contrastingly, the tobacco hornworm, Manduca useful for self-righting. We developed a multi-body dynamics sexta, takes a longer time to reach its final adult stage in order to simulation of a cockroach-inspired self-righting robot, with maximize their adult body size. Recent studies in Drosophila have simplified body morphology and controlled, modifiable motions. The suggested that the prothoracic gland plays a key role in determining robot repeatedly opened and closed its wings and oscillated an the timing of metamorphosis. In this study, we compared the growth appendage mimicking flailing legs to induce body vibration. We first and gene expression of prothoracic glands in Drosophila and validated the simulation against robot experiments and then used it to Manduca to begin to understand how the life history trade-offs might perform experiments in silico to study the effect of randomness. With be diverge. Our findings suggest that differences in juvenile hormone strictly periotic wing and appendage oscillations (no randomness), production determines the nutrient-dependency of prothoracic gland the robot self-righted at a modest probability (62 ± 11 %) within 5.0 activity and that the prothoracic glands is the focal gland that ± 0.8 seconds. After randomness was introduced, however, the robot mediates differences in life history strategies. almost always self-righted (99 ± 4 %) within 3.6 ± 0.7 seconds. By systematic parameter variation, we discovered that an appropriate phase offset between wing and appendage oscillations when the body pitched up was critical to self-righting. Strictly periotic wing and appendage oscillations limited the coupled oscillator system to visit only a small number of phase offsets, often causing it to be trapped near failure limit cycles. Added randomness in wing and appendage oscillations allowed the system to explore a diversity of phase offsets, increasing its probability to escape failure limit cycles and self-right. Our study reveals the importance of coordination between body parts and the usefulness of randomness of motions in self-righting.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 255 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e256

139-2 YAEGER, J. M.*; AMTHOR, A. E.; LUNA, M.; NOEL, A. 116-2 YAMAMOTO, KY*; VANGLA, P; FROST, JD; Georgia C.; NADLER, J. H.; Georgia Tech Research Institute; Institute of Technology; [email protected] [email protected] 2D and 3D laboratory studies to understand tunneling behavior of Passive Fluid Transport Properties and Biomimetic Potential of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis in different soil conditions Aerial Orchid Roots Bio-inspired geotechnics is an emerging field with potential to find Epiphytic orchids absorb water and nutrients passively via insights and solutions to geotechnical engineering problems. For specialized aerial roots, which contain a spongy outer layer of dead instance, ants perform tunneling using highly optimized techniques to cells known as the velamen radicum. When exposed to precipitation, minimize the amount of energy expended to build a nest and this layer saturates within seconds and can retain water for hours, excavate stable nest structures by adapting to environmental acting as a temporary reservoir for the orchid. Until now, no attempt conditions. By sensing the environmental conditions at the tunnel has been made to replicate the aerial orchid root structure for passive face, ants utilize a feedback loop system to optimize the excavation fluid transport. Here, we investigate the physical structure of roots process. Therefore, studying the excavation behavior of ants in Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 using optical microscopy and SEM. We also measure the relative different soil conditions can provide insights to improve the design humidity uptake of roots in a sealed container to determine whether and construction of tunnels and potentially develop smart excavation roots can condense water vapor. In addition, we characterize the fluid technologies. This study explores the excavation behavior of ants in distribution behaviors of root sections and detached velamina using monolayer and distinct layers of soil with different particle sizes and fluorescent video imaging. Initial results indicate that fluids spread densities by analyzing the nest geometry and digging rates. For this rapidly across the surface area of the velamen with a consistent time purpose, a series of 2D and 3D laboratory experiments were carried dependence and without significant directional bias. The relative out. Timelapse photography images were recorded as ants excavated humidity tests show that orchid roots do not condense water vapor, in 2D-effective rectangular acrylic chambers containing the soil suggesting an entirely passive fluid absorption mechanism. These samples. Image analysis techniques were then used to capture the results demonstrate that the aerial orchid root structure shows geometry, digging rates, and cumulative volume of soil excavated. In potential for fluid transport applications, such as fluid redistribution the case of 3D experiments, the geometry of the nest was analyzed in diapers or water harvesting in arid environments. from paraffin wax castings, and the total volume of excavation was estimated using the volume of wax placed in the nest. Based on the results, changes in particle size and density do not influence average tunnel diameter, however from the digging rates and volume of soil excavated, there is a preference for soils with lower densities and smaller particle size.

114-1 YANG, Y*; RICHARDS-ZAWACKI, CL; Univ. of 7-5 YANG, D*; ROCHO-LEVINE, J; MOORE, M; SHORTER, K; Pittsburgh; [email protected] JOHNSON, M; University of Michigan, Dolphin Quest, Oahu, Can male contest limit assortative female preference in a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of St, Andrews; polymorphic poison frog? [email protected] Assortative mate preferences (i.e. preferring mates of a similar In-Vivo Measurements of Bottlenose Dolphin Skin Under Pressure phenotype to one's self) are hypothesized to limit gene flow and Loading accelerate reproductive isolation among young lineages. However, Bio-logging tags that enable behavioral studies of marine mammals male-male competition can restrict, and may, in many mating are often secured using suction cups to minimize impact to the systems, override female preference. The strawberry poison frog animals. However, suction cup performance is dependent on the (Oophaga pumilio) is one notable example of a species with dramatic dynamics of the attachment surface. Marine mammal skin is made up phenotypic divergence that may be involved in reproductive of tissue layers that possess viscoelastic properties and exhibit a isolation. Female mate preferences have co-diverged with color in nonlinear stress-strain relationship during loading, but in-vivo most populations tested, but the extent to which such assortative measurements of the tissue at the attachment sites are lacking. preferences can effectively reduce gene flow among color morphs Further, the highly integrated tissue layers that make up the skin are when accompanied with male-male competition is not clear. Here, not distributed uniformly, resulting in a variable viscoelastic we experimentally evaluated the relative importance of composite. The goal of this research is to characterize the response of color-mediated female preference and male-male competition, testing the composite tissue under vacuum loading. In our preliminary work, the hypothesis that male territorial contest results limit the female a static suction cup (SSCup), a half-dome device equipped with a from choosing her preferred color. We first set up a dyadic contest linear variable differential transformer, was used to measure the peak between two different colored males; upon establishing a stable skin displacements under three types of loading (static step vacuum hierarchy (i.e. a clear winner and loser), we introduced a female with loading, repetitive loading, and creep/relaxation) at three different a preference for the loser male's color. This breeding trio was kept sites (Site 1: anterior to the blowhole; Site 2: above the pectoral fin; together until they produced tadpoles, which we then genotyped to Site 3: below the dorsal fin) on six bottlenose dolphins. The results reveal paternity as direct evidence of reproductive success. Results indicate Site 3 is stiffer than Sites 1 or 2 and shows little hysteresis, showed that females were more likely to (but did not exclusively) while Sites 1 and 2 have comparable force vs displacement curves. mate with the winner male that had the less attractive color. Our While promising this system only measures the maximum results highlight the importance of male-male competition, a deformation of the skin. To enable full field deformation and strain less-studied part of sexual selection, in shaping the process of measurements, this study presents a portable 3D-printed device that phenotypic divergence and speciation. uses digital image correlation to make full field deformation and strain measurements of skin. These results will lead to a better understanding of the tissue and facilitate improved suction cup design.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 256 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e257

72-1 YEGIAN, AK; Harvard University; [email protected] 107-5 YEN, J.*; LI, W.; Georgia Institute of Technology; Bigger Bipeds, Shorter Arms: Inter-Limb Scaling in Hominins and [email protected] Theropod Dinosaurs Teaching Biologically Inspired Design Humans have relatively short arms compared to their hominin At Georgia Tech, we teach an interdisciplinary bio-inspired design ancestors. Traditionally, the evolution of shorter arms relative to the class with teams made up of biology, mechanical engineering, legs has been interpreted as a gradual behavioral transition from materials science, biomedical engineering, and generalist locomotion (including climbing) to near-obligate architectural/industrial designers. Bio-inspired design provides a bipedalism. This interpretation is supported by R.M. Alexander's framework for teaching the fundamentals of interdisciplinary work, Dynamic Similarity hypothesis, which states that two animals of including how to find, read and understand biology papers, how to different sizes have similar gaits if they travel at the same decompose problems, and how to ensure that a biological dimensionless speed AND are isometrically scaled. However, I understanding will translate to solving their technical challenge. challenge the notion that inter-limb isometry is a condition for Ultimately in the course, students use these biological "wonders of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 similarity in bipeds. Instead, I argue that similarity is conditioned on the world" to create better and more sustainable engineered designs. having the same mass-specific joint stiffness at the shoulder during The resulting student innovations are always astonishing; but more arm swing, and that longer legs require relatively shorter arms for importantly, the students learn how to communicate and work across similarity. I derived a simple quantitative arm swing similarity model disciplines. This bio-inspired design framework provides one way for using walking data from humans, and show that the model teaching the next generation how to deal with today's complex, reasonably predicts fossil hominin arm lengths for all but the earliest multi-disciplinary design challenges. species. I conclude that a behavioral transition is not necessary to explain the evolution of limb proportions in hominins, and that the modern human walking gait may have evolved much earlier in the hominin lineage than thought. When the same model is applied to non-avian theropod dinosaur limbs, they too fall along an arm swing similarity scaling relationship. The similarity model outperforms isometric models in both taxa, and has the strength of being derived from first principles. Furthermore, the swing similarity model is generalized and can be applied to leg swing in the future. Surprisingly, insights into why human arms are relatively short may have led to an answer to the age-old question of why T. rex arms were so short: bigger bipeds require relatively shorter arms for similar arm swing mechanics.

63-1 YOPAK, KE*; MCMEANS, BC; MULL, C; FEINDEL, KW; 84-6 YOUNGBLOOD, JP*; VANDENBROOKS, JM; KOVACS, KM; LYDERSEN, C; FISK, AT; COLLIN, SP; Univ of ANGILLETTA , MJ; Arizona State University, Midwestern North Carolina Wilmington, US, Univ of Toronto Mississauga, University; [email protected] Canada, Simon Fraser University, Canada, Univ of Western Dynamics of heat tolerance during development of locusts Australia, Australia, Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway, Univ of Predicting how organisms will respond to climate change requires a Windsor, Canada; [email protected] detailed understanding of how all life-stages respond to heat stress. A Small Brain and a Big Nose: Comparative Brain Morphology of Indeed, an animal's heat tolerance changes during development, but the Greenland and Pacific Sleeper Sharks the physiological mechanisms underlying these changes remain Variability in the size and complexity of the brain and its major unknown. One proposed mechanism, known as oxygen limited regions in cartilaginous fishes is often associated with habitat and/or thermal tolerance, occurs when metabolic demand during warming specific behavior patterns, providing a link between brain form and outstrips the energy supplied by aerobic respiration. Although this specialized function. The Greenland (Somniosus microcephalus) and hypothesis has minimal support from studies of adult insects, early Pacific sleeper (S. pacificus) sharks are two of only a few shark life-stages with less developed respiratory systems may be more species known to occur in the Arctic and are among the longest susceptible to oxygen limitation. For example, as locusts develop, living vertebrates ever described, though many aspects of their their capacity to deliver oxygen increases with each successive instar. behavior, life history, and basic biology remain poorly understood. Further, oxygen may become increasingly limited as locusts Among the most distinctive characteristic of Somniosus spp. is the approach their next molt since the tracheal system does not grow presence of ocular lesions. Despite a presumed visual impairment during an instar. Here, we evaluated whether these ontogenetic shifts caused by this parasite, coupled with the fact that locomotory muscle in oxygen delivery correspond with changes in heat tolerance in the power is often depressed at cold temperatures, these sharks remain South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata) and the American capable of capturing active prey, including pinnipeds. Therefore, the locust (Schistocerca americana). We measured changes in heat central nervous system of these two unique shark species was tolerance both within and among instars, as well as the effect of examined as a way of predicting the relative importance of different hypoxia on heat tolerance in each of these stages. Hypoxia decreased sensory modalities in predatory behavior. Using magnetic resonance the survival of 1st-instar locusts at high temperatures, but did not do imaging, we assessed relative brain size and brain organization of S. so for survival of any other instars. Within the 6th and final instar, microcephalus and S. pacificus in the context of a broad range of heat tolerance decreased as animals progressed through the instar, but other shark species (n=117). Notably, the region of the brain there was no effect of hypoxia on heat tolerance at any time during responsible for motor control (cerebellum) is small and lacking in the 6th instar. These results suggest that oxygen limitation explains foliation. Further, the development of visual brain regions are some of the ontogenetic variation in heat tolerance in locusts, but relatively reduced, while the olfactory brain regions are among the other variables can play a more important role depending on the largest of any shark species described to date, suggestive of an life-stage. olfactory-mediated prey tracking behavior in a slow moving predator.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 257 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e258

38-7 ZELDITCH, ML*; LI, J; SWIDERSKI, DL; Univ. of Michigan, S10-11 ZERA, Anthony/J; University of Nebraska; [email protected] Ann Arbor, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder; [email protected] Time has come today. The importance of hormonal circadian Stasis of Functionally Versatile Specialists rhythms underlying daily-rhythmic life history adaptation Long-term stasis seems paradoxical, but several ecological Seasonal changes in the hormonal regulation of life history traits are hypotheses could explain persistence of a morphology for millions of recognized as an important aspect of life history adaptation and have years despite dramatic environmental change. Testing those attracted considerable attention. Yet, corresponding daily cycles in hypotheses, however, can be complicated owing to processes that hormones and life histories have barely been investigated. This topic either mimic or mask long-term stasis. What might seem like will be reviewed with particular focus on the dramatic long-term stasis could instead be due to a rapid, recent adaptive morph-specific daily cycle in the blood titer of juvenile hormone radiation; conversely, a few highly divergent forms might mask (JH) in morphs of the cricket Gryllus firmus that differ in life history. persistence of an ancestral morphology in otherwise static lineages. Recent transcriptome profiling indicates that the morph-specific JH We examine diversification and divergence of jaw shape in three tree circadian rhythm is associated with extensive morph-specific cycles Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 squirrel lineages, one considered a living fossil (Sciurini), which of gene expression. Failure to investigate daily variation in endocrine underwent a recent Neotropical radiation. Another (Callosciurinae), and molecular traits not only results in the failure to recognize an was tentatively interpreted as a living fossil but it contains several important aspect of adaptation, but also can lead to serious errors in distinctive morphologies including some extreme specialized forms. interpreting the adaptive basis of observed variation. The third (Pteromyini) has never been viewed as static. We find that Sciurini is half as disparate as Callosciurinae and Pteromyini. Apart from two ecologically specialized morphs, Sciurini occupies a single, stable adaptive peak. Despite its greater disparity, Callosciurinae is nearly identical to Sciurini in its stationary variance; its disparity is elevated by a larger number of adaptive peaks, many unique to a single species, and more extreme forms. In both lineages, the static morphology is specialized but is functionally versatile; these squirrels can eat the hardest nuts of the tropical rainforest although most have broad diets, also eating soft fruits, insects and small seeds. In contrast, Pteromyini is not static; in this lineage, disparity accumulates over time, at a far lower rate in a clade of specialized folivores. Our analysis supports a variant of classic hypothesis: static lineages comprise functionally versatile specialists within a broad adaptive zone because those specialists behave as ecological generalists much of the time.

86-8 ZHANG, LL; SEAVER, EC*; University of Florida; 56-5 ZHANG, Y*; HILL, G.E; GE, Z; PARK, N; TAYLOR, H; [email protected] ANDREASEN, V; KAVAZIS, A.N; BONNEAUD , C; HOOD, Heads or Tails: Transcriptomic Insights into Annelid Regeneration W.R; University of Memphis, Auburn University, University of Whole body regeneration is widespread in the animal kingdom, Exeter; [email protected] although surprisingly little is known about diversity in the genetic Effects of Mycoplasma gallisepticum on mitochondrial function basis of regeneration ability in a comparative context. The diverse and oxidative stress in house finch regeneration abilities and straightforward body plan segmentation in As a major physiological system centrally involved in cellular annelids offer a unique opportunity for comparative regeneration renewal and repair, immune function is an essential component of studies. For example, the segmented worm Capitella teleta is capable body maintenance and survival. Immune defenses can be of regenerating posterior segments but incapable of anterior energetically expensive. Hence, the activities of metabolic active structures. To identify molecular signatures of regeneration, we organs, such as liver, can be expected to be elevated as a result of employed RNA sequencing to examine gene transcription across immune defense activation. On the other hand, some pathogens can multiple stages of regeneration after amputation, and between be immunosuppressive which would decrease immune response anterior and posterior regeneration, in C. teleta. Our study suggests eventually leads to low levels of metabolic capacities in organs. two global biological processes during regeneration, an early wound Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) is a bacterium that is a well-known healing and a subsequent developmental patterning process. We pathogen of domestic chickens, turkeys and songbirds. In house finch identified 685 differentially expressed genes during posterior (Haemorhous mexicanus), in addition to causing a respiratory regeneration, including genes involved in stress response, infection, it would also infect the conjunctiva of the eye causing extracelluar matrix remodeling, cell migration behavior, signaling, conspicuous swelling. In order to study the activities of immune neurogenesis and myogenesis. We observed a number of putative defense system, we measured mitochondrial respiration, reactive early prepatterning genes that have dynamic expression patterns oxygen species production, and oxidative damage in livers of house during regeneration. Many axial patterning genes involved in Wnt finches infected with or without Mg. To our surprise, MG did not and TGF-beta/BMP signaling were significantly differentially changes both basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration capacities regulated during regeneration. Several genes encoding homeobox or mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production rate. However, domain proteins were also significantly regulated. Comparison Mg infected finches showed lower oxidative lipid and protein analysis between anterior and posterior regeneration pinpoint a few damage in liver when compared to uninfected counterparts. This differential expressed genes related to cell adhesion and result supported the immunosuppression hypothesis, where Mg development. The results point to previously undescribed decreased immune function of infected house finches. Low metabolic mechanisms for organizing regeneration in annelids and will be a demand caused by immunosuppressive property of Mg could result valuable resource for further research in regeneration biology. in relatively low oxidative damage for infected house finches.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 258 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e259

115-5 ZHANG, D*; GABALDON, J; ROCHO-LEVINE, J; VAN 115-3 ZHU, JJ; WHITE, CH*; WAINWRIGHT, DK; DI SANTO, V; DER HOOP, J; MOORE, M; SHORTER, K; University of Michigan, LAUDER, GV; BART-SMITH, H; Univ. of Virginia, Harvard Univ., Dolphin Quest, Oahu, Arhus University, Woods Hole Oceanographic Harvard Univ.; [email protected] Institution; [email protected] Design and Performance of a High Speed Thunniform Swimming Investigating bottlenose dolphin swimming biomechanics using Platform biologging tags, tracking data, sensor fusion and estimation Bio-inspired "fish-like" robots come in a multitude of designs but are Marine mammals must function effectively during extended periods usually limited by slow speed, energy inefficiency, and high cost. without access to atmospheric oxygen during behaviors such as Furthermore, few comprehensive comparative studies exist between migration or foraging. How efficiently these animals swim directly such vehicles and their biological counterparts. We developed a affects oxygen management and determines both dive duration and thunniform robotic platform to study essential components of activity levels that can be maintained. Therefore, an understanding of thunniform locomotion: kinematics, morphology, tail beat frequency, energetic cost during these behaviors is critical for determining the swimming speed, cost of transport, power consumption, Strouhal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 physiological (and thus behavioral) envelope of diving animals, and number, and thrust. The platform achieved a maximum tail beat the consequences of anthropogenic stressors on their fitness. frequency of 15 Hz which is comparable to tuna fish, and its However, direct measurements of energetic cost or external forces maximum speed is 4.0 BL/s. High speed video captured the (thrust for propulsion or drag on the body) are challenging for large swimming mechanics of the platform from the ventral view at 1000 swimming animals. Recent work has been conducted to directly frames/s. Midline kinematics extracted from these videos were measure the thrust created by swimming bottlenose dolphins using analyzed and compared against corresponding biological data, particle image velocimetry. But, these studies are limited by specifically the Atlantic mackerel fish (Scomber scombrus). We camera-based kinematic data collection in controlled environments found that the effective angle of attack of the mackerel's caudal fin is that restrict data collection to a few fluke strokes of straight-line within the optimal range for dynamic stall except during the swimming, and are not practical for use with wild animals. As such, transition between tail beat directions. Conversely, the Tunabot's energetic expenditures of free-swimming whales and dolphins can be rigid tail experiences effective angles of attack beyond deep dynamic estimated only by using proxies such as heart rate, respiration rate or stall for most of the tail beat period. This difference suggests the body acceleration. Further, experimental validation of these proxies mackerel produces superior thrust by retaining the leading edge has been limited. This work seeks to create the knowledge necessary vortex, whereas the platform's caudal fin quickly releases its leading to estimate mechanical work, a key contributor to the overall edge vortex. metabolic cost of free-swimming cetaceans. Here we present new estimation algorithms to combine data from multi-sensor tags and models of swimming kinematics to estimate per-stroke work and power during swimming. These estimates were evaluated in a controlled experimental environment with managed animals during controlled swimming tasks.

115-2 ZHU, R*; WANG, J; DONG, H; BART-SMITH, H; Univ. of 1-2 ZIADI, P*; BLAKELY , B; CERBONE, B; ANDERSON, R; Virginia; [email protected] Florida Atlantic University, Florida Atlantic University ; Computational Study of Tuna-Shaped Panel with Simultaneously [email protected] Heaving and Bending Motion Testing hypotheses about song type matching and song sequences We consider the propulsive performance of an unsteady heaving and in songbird vocal repertoires bending foil with shape inspired by Thunniform swimmers such as In order to extract meaning from a communication signal, it is tuna, computationally studying a parameter space of frequencies and important to understand both the context of the communication (e.g., phase offsets between heave and bend motions. The phase offset intrasexual competition or courtship) as well as how an individual's between the heaving and bending motions proves to be critical in vocal units are organized and delivered. In this project, we aim to determining the propulsive performance and flow structure of the understand how Bachman's sparrows structure the delivery of their fish-shaped panel. To maximize thrust, the heave and bend motions large "primary" song type repertoires (>45 song types) and the have to be in-phase but not completely ( ~ 330°), while to maximize potential role that song delivery patterns play in intraspecific vocal efficiency, the bending motion needs to lag the heave motion by interactions. In a field study we presented male Bachman's sparrows about quarter of period, which results in a motion of caudal fin at with simulated territorial intrusions and each subject received two modest angle of attack. song playback treatments: 1) songs played in the sequence in which the subject bird sang them during a natural bout of undisturbed broadcast singing (ABCDE), and 2) songs played in a jumbled order (e.g., CEADB). We compared responses to the two playback treatments and found no differences in song type matching, song rate, song type switching frequency, or aggressive behaviors. While there was a low incidence of song type matching during both treatments, subjects tended to song type match to the playback more frequently when songs were presented in the birds' own sequence (the song sequence produced during undisturbed broadcast singing) compared to songs played in a jumbled sequence. In ongoing analyses, we are using Markov models to test for predictable song delivery patterns in individual Bachman's sparrows during undisturbed singing, in response to simulated territorial intrusion, and during natural counter-singing interactions between neighbors. We will also test whether neighbor dyads, which tend to share song types in common, also share song sequences in common. Ultimately, we seek to understand the role that vocal unit sequences may play in agonistic communication.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 259 SICB 2019 Annual Meeting Abstracts e260

102-6 ZIMMER, C*; ROSVALL, KA; ARDIA, DR; TAYLOR, AR; 70-8 ZOGBAUM, L; NAVON, D; ALBERTSON, RC*; Bryn Mawr BENTZ, AB; TAFF, CC; VITOUSEK, MN; Cornell University, College, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst; [email protected] Ithaca, Indiana University, Bloomington, Franklin and Marshall Foraging Environment Influences Shape and Genetic Architecture College, Lancaster, University of Alaska, Anchorage; of Cichlid Gill Raker Anatomy and Reveals New Roles for [email protected] Hedgehog Signaling Differential MR and GR Expression in the Tree Swallow Brain is The pharyngeal skeleton of bony fishes is an exquisitely evolved Associated with Individual Variation in Stress Physiology foraging structure, with nearly every bone along the buccal cavity Glucocorticoids (GCs) are central coordinators of metabolic modified to directly interface with prey items. The gill rakers (GRs) processes and responses to challenges. Because of the diversity of and pharyngeal jaws (PJs), in particular, are critical for filtering and adaptive traits they mediate, it is predicted that individual variation in processing food. These structures are highly diverse across teleost the regulation of glucocorticoid signaling systems could influence the lineages and vary according to foraging niche. Moreover, plasticity ability to survive or reproduce. Thus, many studies have investigated of the pharyngeal skeleton in response to diet shifts has also been Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/59/Supplement_1/e1/5315465 by NEOMED Library user on 01 July 2020 the relationship between circulating glucocorticoids and fitness noted for several species. The relative contribution of genetics and proxies. However, because the downstream effects of GCs depend on the environment in shaping the pharyngeal skeleton remains poorly the receptors to which they bind, understanding variation in receptor understood. Here we explore the gene-by-environmental effects on expression may be crucial for understanding hormone-fitness cichlid GRs and PJs by rearing both pure bred species and their F3 relationships. GCs bind to two primary receptors, the high affinity hybrids in different foraging environments. We find that anatomical low capacity mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the low affinity differences between species are dependent on the environment, high capacity glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We determined if owing to one species exhibiting a greater degree of plasticity than the patterns of MR and GR gene expression in the hippocampus, other. Further, the genetic architecture of these traits is largely hypothalamus, and pituitary gland predict individual differences in distinct between foraging environments. We did, however, note baseline and stress-induced GC levels, and the efficacy of negative several "hotspots", whereby multiple pharyngeal skeletal traits map feedback in breeding female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). to a common genomic region. One of these, for GR number, maps to MR gene expression in the hypothalamus was positively correlated the ptch1 locus, previously implicated in cichlid oral jaw shape and with baseline and stress-induced GC levels. Birds with higher GR plasticity. Since Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has not previously been expression in the hypothalamus and higher MR expression in the implicated in GR development, we explored functional roles for this pituitary gland were characterized by having both high stress-induced pathway in the zebrafish model. We show that the Hh pathway is GC levels and strong negative feedback. This GC profile has been both necessary and sufficient to maintain plasticity in GR number. previously shown to confer greater stress resilience. These patterns These data provide novel insights into the gene-by-environmental therefore highlight important neuroendocrine mechanisms that may effects that shape key aspects of the cichlid feeding apparatus. influence the degree to which challenges affect organismal phenotypes.

January 3-7, 2019, Tampa, FL 260