technically speaking
Vanessa Revelli [email protected]
I have been fascinated with autonomous vehicle tech- deployment. These fleets will nology for a long time. Well before it was a reality. This fall be deployed in early 2019 I was fortunate to experience it in person when I attended once the areas have been the International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS) mapped by Olli officials. in Chicago, IL. This mega-convention takes over McCor- “Olli is already transform- mick Place every two years, and the 2018 show broke new ing the way we think about records for booths and exhibiting companies, as well as transportation and it is showing us, from its deployment in the most exhibit space ever reported in the show’s 91-year Adelaide to its deployment at the University at Buffalo, that history with 2,123 booths representing 2,563 exhibiting autonomous vehicles can be safe, sustainable, and practi- companies spanning 1,424,232 sq. ft. of expo space. cal,” Rogers said. “It’s exciting to know that with each new There were many amazing exhibits, but my favorite was challenge a new audience will be exposed to self-driving Olli, a 3D printed autonomous shuttle created by Local technology. And, we look forward to the insights that will Motors (LM) and IBM. Not only did I get to see Olli in ac- come from each deployment as the ever-changing industry tion, I got to take a ride! It was very interesting to see how of autonomous vehicles continues to evolve.” Olli navigated other vehicles, pedestrians, and roadways California Congresswoman Doris Matsui, who served as in general. When riding Olli, seatbelts were a must as it is a judge on the panel evaluating the Sacramento entries, said quick to stop, leaving riders with a jerky experience on she is pleased that Sacramento State will get the chance to occasion. integrate Olli, and its innovative technology, into its campus. LM is taking this technology to the next level by doing “The Olli AV shuttle represents the direction our trans- real-world testing with its Olli fleet challenges. The winning portation is going in the near future,” Matsui said. “The entries for the first challenge (2018), were Phoenix, AZ, and nature of the landscape and route chosen by Sacramento Sacramento, CA. State ensure that safety is of the utmost importance dur- The first-of-its-kind global fleet challenge invites munici- ing this test period. I am eager to see students and faculty palities, campuses, and designated districts to propose a alike utilize this technology and make it a part of their daily short-term, local use for Olli, the world’s first co-created, lives. Exposure to this type of technology is an important self-driving, electric shuttle. Entries are evaluated by a first step.” panel of esteemed judges before an Olli fleet is deployed to To meet Olli, visit: youtu.be/K564rXrlZbc. a series of select locations. EVIT, Arizona’s first joint technical education district, earned the bid for the Phoenix-area Olli deployment, after being evaluated among several entrants. Sacramento (CA) State University earned the bid for the Sacramento-area Olli
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4 techdirections ◆ march 2019 March 2019 contents Vol. 78, No. 7
SPECIAL AUTOMOTIVE SECTION tool and Equipment Funding By Mark McKinney 12 A variety of ideas on how to get the funding you need to replace or expand your shop.
the Electrification of the truck By Jeff Bogue 14 Big changes are coming to the trucking industry all over the world. Over 15,000 confirmed orders for electrified commercial trucks and buses will be delivered between now and 2021. page 14 power prep—the importance of properly 16 disconnecting vehicle Batteries for Collision repairs. By Sean Guthrie INFORMATION TECH Potentially serious problems can occur when Jobs in Cybersecurity are Exploding: doing certain repairs on vehicles if the battery isn’t 24 why are women locked out? disconnected. By Sarah Gonser The prediction is that by 2026 cybersecu- Freevalve and Camcon: the race to Camless rity jobs will increase by 28%. Attracting 19 Engines By Jeff Bogue women to the field is becoming increasingly The possibility of a camless engine nears reality as necessary to help fill these jobs. manufacturers incorporate new technology to replace the camshaft. SPECIAL FEATURES teacher training opportunities GRAPHIC DESIGN 27 Excellent options for continuing education Starting a wraps Class from Scratch to keep your skills and knowledge up to 21 By Mark Podolak date. A look at how the program at Saddleback Community College in Mission Viejo, CA, was started, what the product Spotlight students learn, and different wrap techniques and tools. 28 A selection of excellent products to make your teaching efforts easier and more effective.
COLUMNS 2 technically Speaking Vanessa Revelli 6 the News report Vanessa Revelli 8 technology’s past Dennis Karwatka 10 technology today Alan Pierce 30 More than Fun
about the cover: Students use squeegee tools to smoothly install the adhesive graphic film on a car hood. Photo courtesy of roland DGa. page 21 cover design by Sharon K. miller. www.techdirections.com CONTENTS 5 steering and suspension, electri- cal, and air conditioning. It will also the news report provide the students with the ability to test for their MACS (Mobile Air Conditioning Society), Refrigerant vanessa revelli Handling Certification (EPA 609). [email protected] “We have employers considering using this option for training service New one-year technicians progress and become writers, clerical, management, and General automotive more skilled. Employers are looking other positions,” Martin said. “This Service Certification at sending new hires or prospective industry is just changing so fast. We Beginning in winter semester employees through the one-year will strive to use the resources we 2019, Kalamazoo (MI) Valley Com- certificate so they do not have to do have to do everything we can to keep munity College is offering a one-year the training in-house. This will ben- up with employer demand.” certificate program in General Auto- efit the program, the student, and For more information about the motive Service (GAS). Full implemen- the industry.” General Automotive Certificate, go to tation of the new program starts in Martin explained that the certifi- https://bit.ly/2BAoSbj. fall 2019. cate program is designed to provide “This was driven by our local a rapid path to entry-level technician Girls in tech announces employers and advisory committee skills. Students may enroll in the pro- New Coding Bootcamp that are desperate for technicians at gram independently, or employers Girls in Tech, a non-profit organi- any skill level,” said Kalamazoo Val- may choose to send their technicians zation focused on the empowerment, ley's Automotive Department Chair for training. education, and entrepreneurship Doug Martin. “It has led to a few The program teaches some of the of women in technology, has just agreements of understanding with foundational skills that area employ- launched CODE G: Level II. This new employers that want to see their ers require of their technicians who intermediate coding program is de- are starting in the repair industry. signed to teach web development Vanessa Revelli is managing editor If students are successful, they can using Python and help more women of techdirections. earn state certifications in brakes, obtain tech jobs.
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6 techdirections ◆ march 2019 CODE G's pilot bootcamp took CODE G was developed to help tors needed to end gender inequality place last month in San Francisco, intermediate-level coders build and in the tech industry. Bootcamps such CA, and more will take place through- improve their skills. After conversa- as CODE G are critical for closing out the year. tions with Girls in Tech's partners that loop from both a technical, skill- “CODE G: Level II is a great way who are committed to diversity, they building perspective and a practical, to learn and grow Python skills,” understood that one of the tech in- confidence perspective. says Girls in Tech Founder and CEO dustry's needs is to help talent with Working in conjunction with tech Adriana Gascoigne. “We're excited strong technical foundations bolster companies hiring talent every day, about this new iteration of the CODE their skills in order to pass technical Girls in Tech believes that education G program and all the opportunities tests with day-to-day, hands-on skills and new initiatives such as these can it offers participants.” that are critical for working as a web make a major difference for workers According to the National Science developer. entering the industry. Foundation, women are underrepre- Education and confidence building Visit https://girlsintech.org/ sented in the science and engineer- are two of the most important fac- programs/code-git/ to learn more. ing workforce, although the gap is shortening. Women make up half of the total U.S. college-educated work- force, however they only make up 29% of America's science and engi- neering workforce. Female scientists and engineers are concentrated in different oc- cupations than males; women comprise 62% of social scientists and 48% of scientists working in life sciences, but only 15% of engineers; of those 25% are in computer and mathematical sciences. Education and exposure to new, job market- ready skills is one big way to reduce that gap. The CODE G: Level II bootcamp consists of immersive 40-hour, five- day courses conducted in person for face-to-face mentorship with instructors. These courses are a mix of instruction, coding, experimen- tation, and deployment of original creations. Each CODE G: Level II bootcamp hosts approximately 20 participants broken up into four to five smaller groups. At the most recent CODE G: Level II bootcamp, participants worked on Python essentials, web develop- ment inside Flask, using Git for ver- sion control and interfacing Python sites with SQL databases, creating databases inside SQLAlchemy, and deploying Python code in cloud environments. Finished projects included a tech company employee satisfaction visualization tool leveraging Kaggle data, a Twitter search term visualiza- tion tool, and a dynamic web app for browsing California water quality data. www.techdirections.com NEWS REPORT 7 method worked well from the very beginning and Gestetner readily technology’s past found financing to open his Cyclo- style Company. About 100 employ- ees at his London factory were dennis Karwatka soon making the duplicators. [email protected] He called his special pen a Cy- clostyle for "cycle" (rotating wheel david Gestetner and His office printing System at pen tip) and "style" (from stylus, In the 19th century, before the job and traveled to Chicago where the Latin word for pen). Many of use of typewriters and Xerox ma- he made a living selling kites. The Gestetner's later products used a chines, the only way to make a few kites used a sturdy lacquered pa- modification of that word. The early copies of a document was to hand per called Japanese paper that had 1887 cyclostyle system sold for write each one. That was time con- about $12.50. Gestetner eventually suming and required checking each held at least 24 patents as he con- copy for errors. David Gestetner tinually improved the pen, stencil from Hungary made things much material, and other equipment. easier in 1881 with his unique pat- The popularization of the of- ented pen and wax paper stencil. It fice typewriter a few years later was the first piece of office equip- provided an ideal environment for ment that allowed production of his hand-cranked rotating-drum numerous copies quickly and inex- Neo-Cyclostyle duplicator. A sten- pensively. cil was neatly cut on a typewriter Gestetner was born in 1854, and then wrapped around a drum. about 80 miles west of Budapest. Ink inside the drum was driven He had three siblings and both of though the stencil by centrifugal his parents were involved with a force and printed a clean image restaurant business. Gestetner left on a sheet of paper as it was fed school at 13 to work for an uncle through. who made sausages. Four years The Gestetner Cyclostyle du- later, he apprenticed himself to plicator was in such demand that another uncle in Vienna who was a Gestetner established several inter- stock broker. david Gestetner in 1893 national branch offices. A related Part of his job was to hand write copying method called the mimeo- long, strong fibers. Gestetner graph process was controlled by moved to London in 1879 Thomas Edison and Albert Dick in where he found employment America. To avoid legal conflicts, with a printing company. He Gestetner agreed to sell his equip- lived in that city for the rest ment only in Europe. of his life. Gestetner began thinking of ways to make multiple copies in smaller runs of about 10 to 50 copies. His first innovation came just two years later. It was a hand-held pen with a small sharp-toothed rotating wheel an 1887 Cyclosstyle flat-bed duplicator at its tip. A user would write normally on wax-coated copies of the daily stock results— Japanese paper. That created lines there was no other way to generate of text that consisted of many tiny several copies of the same docu- holes—about 140 per inch—in the ment. Gestetner soon tired of the stencil. Gestetner then laid a sheet of Dennis Karwatka is professor emer- ordinary paper on a flat plate and itus, Department of Applied Engineer- placed the stencil on top. Rolling ing and Technology, Morehead (KY) ink over the stencil transferred the 1897 Cyclosstyle flat-bed duplicator, State University. written words onto the paper. The improved with rollers
8 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Bring Technology History to Life!
1922-29 Cyclostyle hand-cranked drum duplicator
Called D. G. by most people, Gestetner married Sophie Lazarus in 1885 and they had seven children. He had few interests beyond his busi- ness and his family. His company grew to 6,000 employees in 1939 and Gestetner hired many of his family
The Technology's Past books present in-depth profiles of 152 notable people involved in applied science and technology, such as Nikola Tesla, George Washington Carver, Cyclostyle pen tips Orville and Wilbur Wright, Henry Ford, John Deere, Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Margaret Bourke-White, and members. He never retired and died Elihu Thomson, electric welder inventor. in 1939 while on a vacation in France. A modern-day tourist walking the The 8-1/2" x 11" books offer biographies that celebrate streets of London might notice blue hard work, persistence, and creativity. The high-quality plaques on buildings that honor paperbacks feature easy-to-follow explanations of inventions individuals who once lived there. A and technical processes and are loaded with illustrations. plaque was unveiled on Gestetner's former home in 2011 during a dedica- technology’s past, tion ceremony attended by his grand- son, two great grandchildren, and vol. 1 or 2, 272 pages each ...... $24.95 other relatives. Gestetner products SAVE on the set ...... Only $34.95 are still supported by Ricoh Com- Plus shipping & handling pany, Ltd.
References For details, visit www.eddigest.com/books Day, Lance, & McNeil, Ian. (1996). Biographical dictionary of the his- order online, fax your order to 734-975-2787, tory of technology. Routledge Pub- or call 800-530-9673 x300. lishers. Proudfoot, W. B. (1972). The origin of stencil duplicating. Hutchinson & Tech Directions Books & Media, PO Box 8623, Ann Arbor, MI 48107 Co. Publishers. www.techdirections.com TECHNOLOGY’S PAST 9 for Brain Science the researchers and PhD students developed and tested technologytoday the headband brain wave detection system. They also developed and tested the algorithms that would alan pierce allow this technology to eventually [email protected]; on Twitter @ TechToday_US become useful products after Brain- Co became an independent company Scientists are Now tapping our Brain waves from Harvard. The human body is controlled by Neuralink’s technology is ready and To interpret the brainwaves that the most amazing biological com- approved for human testing. their headband interface picks up, puter found in our natural world. At CES 2019 I found BrainCo. the scientists developed algorithms One can argue that ours is not the Founded in 2015, it has already made that convert the brain’s electrical largest brain found in nature, but it is signals into digital code that their the only one that can turn conscious computer programs can use to mea- thoughts into complex technologies. sure a wearer’s concentration and Recognizing the power of our focus. Their algorithms allow the brains is nothing new but trying to researchers to measure concentra- tap into our thoughts to create cy- tion. Their system includes programs borg human enhancements is no lon- and games that are designed to help ger science fiction. a wearer improve the attributes that One of Elon Musk’s the researchers or educators are go- newest technol- co ing to measure. ogy initiatives is Brain The neurofeedback that a wearer the creation of a photo 1 (above)— receives, as they complete tasks in company named the Focus1 BMi the different computer programs, are Neuralink. captures brain- designed to help them improve their The goal he set waves from its attention and focus during different for its scientists contact points on a types of learning activities. Photo and engineers is person’s skull 3 shows me wearing the BrainCO the development BMI at CES 2019 and working with of hardware that major strides in their software. My goal was to relax can allow the hu- tapping human my body and mind and focus my man brain to auto- brain waves with- matically interface out the need for
its thoughts with co brain surgery. The artificial intel- BrainCo technol- Brain ligence programs ogy was developed on the person’s photo 2—the BrainCo BMi uses by scientists, engi- computer or electroencephalogram (EEG) neers, and PhD stu- smartphone. technology, but with much dents from Harvard Neuralink is now fewer contact points on a per- University. hiring; if you feel son’s skull than a medical EEG. The Focus1 you have what headband that Elon Musk is looking for, you should they created (Photo 1), is an electro- complete the application process at encephalogram (EEG) interface that www.neuralink.com detects the electrical activity of a Musk’s Neuralink initiative ap- person’s brain through contact with pears to be looking to create their several points on a person’s skull. symbiotic bio-hacking cyborg con- The significant difference between nection using devices implanted the BrainCo brain-machine inter- inside peoples’ brains. I am sure face (BMI) and a medical EEG is the Musk will have no problem getting number of contact points that are volunteers for their implants when detecting a person’s brainwaves. You can see in Photo 2 that the BrainCo photo 3—My testing of their BMi Alan Pierce, Ed.D., CSIT, is a tech- BMI only makes contact with a lim- headband and software at CES made nology education consultant. Visit ited number of points on a person’s it clear to me that their 5,000 stu- www.technologytoday.us for past col- skull. dent study results could become an umns and teacher resources. At the Harvard University Center education game changer.
10 techdirections ◆ march 2019 games, exercises, and activities photo 4—the BrainCo that are designed to help students brainwave research study relax and improve their attention can selectively look at and focus. When the 5,000-student individual students. its brainwave study is completed the researchers and school researchers will have documentation administrators can, on that hopefully proves that their tech- the fly, measure their nology can, at a statistically signifi- attention to what is going cant level, improve a person’s ability on in the classroom. to concentrate and focus on different learning tasks. A successful research outcome will show that their system
Brainco can determine and measure each student’s learning style, and at the thoughts to control, only with my ers and educators can view indi- same time improve the overall per- mind, a car on the computer screen. vidual students and measure their formance of all the students in the They have now developed propri- attention levels on the fly during classroom. etary algorithms and neurofeedback classroom activities when the Focus1 The goal of FocusFIT is to use the programs and products for education hardware is being used (Photos 4 BMI neurofeedback, algorithms, and (FocusEDU), fitness (FocusFIT) and and 5). appropriate computer games and wellness (FocusNOW). The training programs include activities to help athletes reach their FocusEDU started out as a joint project between PhD students from the Harvard Center for Brain Science and the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Together they created photo 5— the FocusEDU program. BrainCo has Students signed up 5,000 students in what don’t have to they indicate is the “world’s largest be sitting at student brainwave study.” a computer Through the use of the headband for their brain interface and the proprietary brainwaves software, FocusEDU is studying the to be effectiveness of the headband’s abil- measured and ity to measure and increase student documented. attention and focus during different types of learning activities. Figure 1 shows how the brain study research- Brainco
best performance and fastest recov- ery times. The wellness program Fo- cusNOW has its own algorithms and software designed to help adults and seniors reduce stress and improve their focus and concentration.
taking it a Step Further 1. If, in the near future, an implant or BMI headband could give you a cyborg link with your smartphone, how do you feel this would change our education system? 2. As a class assignment, compete to see which group can identify: co l The number of animals that
Brain have larger brains than us. l The number of animals besides Fig. 1—the algorithms chart the variability of student concentration and can us that use tools. Describe how these provide insight into the individual learning styles of each student. tools are used or made. www.techdirections.com TECHNOLOGY TODAY 11 Tool and Equipment Funding
By Mark McKinney
OES your program have would appear to be programs with money, requesting a donation, or ap- old, worn out equip- little funding, especially when it plying for a grant, properly formatted ment? Do you wish to comes to higher priced items on the and detailed advisory meeting min- purchase additional tools “want or needs list.” utes may significantly increase your for instruction? Are you Here are some tips and ideas to chances of receiving needed funding. Drepeatedly informed by your admin- acquire additional monies for your istration they do not have money for program. These may help you secure Meeting Minutes: any of these? Whether you are an additional funding to purchase tools l List all members in attendance. instructor new to automotive edu- and/or equipment, keep your pro- Include names and areas of represen- cation or a veteran, here are some gram both compliant with ASE, and tation, i.e. John Doe—xyz Ford, or to maintain Jane Smith—xyz Auto Parts. a high level l State location, date, and time of excel- of meeting. Include time of when the lence in meeting adjourned. instruction. l List all members who were ab- However, sent for this meeting (this quietly these ideas alerts absent members they were come with missed when you send them copies a price! You of the minutes). must be l Detail a review of previous com- methods which may provide some willing to do some additional work to mittee’s recommendations and their insight for acquiring additional fund- make most, if not all of these sugges- current status. Repeatedly listing in ing. tions become a reality. your meeting minutes that a previ- Through the years of network- ously recommended (anything?) has ing with schools, instructors, and advisory Council/Committee not been purchased by the district as education professionals, difficulties First and foremost, you need to of the date of this meeting, can even- in funding for tools, equipment, and have the support of your program’s tually garner additional attention. training aids, particularly in Automo- advisory committee. Utilizing your l Include an overview of any dis- tive Training, appear common. May- advisory committee to its fullest will cussion concerning program needs, be it should be re-phrased, the “lack provide documented of funding” for these items. support for your pro- Many of us have interacted with gram’s needs. Instruc- a school that seemingly has endless tors will likely share amounts of cash to fund programs. their program needs Even though these were few and far with your advisory between, I must admit, I always ex- committee. Therefore, perienced envy during those encoun- it is imperative to ters. The far more common situation properly document that sharing. This Mark McKinney is an ATech instruc- begins and ends with tor. This article is reprinted from the advisory meeting min- Januaray 2019 issue of ATech Educa- utes. If you are asking tor News. the administration for
12 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Automotive Focused direction, and recommendations by to only pay the other 50% of the of Informa- Section your committee. needs cost. It is recommend that you tion Act. l Include significant, quotable check with your school’s treasurer Apply for remarks by members if and when for additional information on this. multiple grants. appropriate. The general applica- l Make sure to email or snail mail Grants tion information will a copy of these minutes to each Don’t be afraid to apply for grant be similar on all grants, advisory member, even those not in monies. Often times, there may be i.e. school info, program attendance. grant money available to automo- details, name, place, etc. The tive repair programs. primary body of the proposal It is easy to say things will require the most work. How- like “I don’t know how ever, once you have the body of one to write a grant pro- written, many times all you have to posal”, “I do not know do is slightly modify it for a different where to search for proposal. grants”, or the inevi- Here are some automotive-related table “I don’t have time grants which may help you achieve to apply for a grant.” your goal: All grants are not rpM Foundation Grants created equal! Yes, https://rpm.foundation/apply-for- some grant proposals grant/ will require significant research, documenta- US department of Education l Be patient. It may take several tion, and properly formatted details. https://ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/ attempts to persuade the school’s If there is a grant available which pi/grntprgm.html administration to acquire equipment. requires this kind of work, seek out dENSo Don’t give up if it does not happen the help from one of your school’s http://www.densofoundation.org/ quickly. English teachers. They can be great grants/educational-grants/ help in this area. the College Grants Funding Sources However, many grants will require https://www.collegegrant.net/trade- Most career-technical schools only a moderate amount of work. school-grants/ have at least some access to Per- You will need to complete their ap- kins funding. The Carl D. Perkins plication which will likely require you Grants for automotive repair Career and Technical Education Act to write a story detailing your pro- programs of 2006 (Perkins IV) is a principal gram’s needs—why you need this, http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/ source of federal funding to states how will you utilize this during your afterschoolSnack/Grants-for-automo- and discretionary grantees for the instruction, how often will it be used, tive-repair-programs_12-10-2018.cfm improvement of secondary and and how you believe it will increase Our profession has seen a large postsecondary career and techni- student achievement. Write short, influx of new instructors in both cal education programs across the hard hitting sentences. Long winded nation. The purpose of the Act is to statements will likely lose the reader. develop more fully the academic, career, and technical skills of second- Grant writing Help ary and postsecondary students who Don’t be afraid to seek out as- elect to enroll in career and technical sistance when applying for a grant. education programs. For morer infor- Ask your advisory committee for mation on the Act, visit the Perkins help in preparing a grant applica- Collaborative Resource Network at tion. There may be someone on https://cte.ed.gov/legislation/about- your committee who has grant perkins-iv. writing experience. Know a college student? Ask them to Matching Funds review your work. Research— Some schools may have an op- look at successfully written portunity to utilize a piece of Perkins grants. Obviously, there is a lot of the secondary and postsecondary funding referred to as “matching information available on the internet education levels. For many, the lack funds” which essentially means they and at your local library. If you are of knowledge in this area appears can apply for Perkins monies that applying for a government grant, widespread. Ideas and suggestions will pay 50% of the needs cost. This you can request copies of previously for acquiring funding are always results in the school being required awarded grants through the Freedom welcome. www.techdirections.com AUTOMOTIVE 13 The Electrification of the Truck
By Jeff Bogue
T’S coming. We have all seen the intra-city loops and then return to a hybrid and fully electric commercial signs and it seems to be around central garage overnight for charg- vehicles for the next five years,” he the corner. The electrification ing might be the first units that grab said. of the truck is coming. From a market share. Or as Cummins is China has grabbed a lot of atten- the Tesla all electric, the Nikola hoping, the Hybrid Diesel will fill that tion lately for its aggressive electric Ihydrogen fuel cell truck, and now void. vehicle plans, but almost 60% of all even Cummins seems on the verge Motor carriers and ship- of jumping in with both feet. The pers around the world have electric truck is coming, but are we placed 15,325 confirmed or- ready? ders for electrified commercial UPS and GreenBiz Group funded trucks and buses worldwide a study last year on the electrifica- for delivery between now and tion of the truck and found that the 2021, with many in the truck- upfront cost of acquiring electric ing industry speculating that trucks is the single biggest obstacle the tipping point for truck to ownership. They also found that electrification has arrived. the two main drivers of switching to Most of the volume is account- electrification are the image boost ed for in non-binding orders and environmental benefits achieved reported by hydrogen fuel cell by fielding zero and near-zero emis- sion trucks. Respondents also said above, the that the savings those same trucks volvo FE can bring to a fleet over their oper- ating lifetime is the second biggest advantage. left, Cummins Those benefits were the top rea- power drive son for electrifying, according to 83% of the respondents. With the cost of the kilowatt-hour capacity falling with each passing year, the upfront costs are expected to fall to around $100 per kWh by 2023. That is a sig- nificant boost in initial investment electric truck maker Nikola Motor commercial electric vehicle orders costs, but the infrastructure may fall Co. and by customers of battery- placed are in the U.S., with China short where long haul vehicles are electric vehicle builder Tesla. receiving almost 24% of confirmed concerned. Trucks that make short Alastair Hayfield of Interact orders. South Korea has also an- Analysis told Trucks.com “There nounced plans to replace all 26,000 Jeff Bogue is an electronics special- are multiple billions of dollars be- of its natural gas-powered buses with ist focused on research and develop- ing invested in battery development fuel cell buses by 2030. And the or- ment. He works at ATech Training as a and production, and there are heavy ders keep coming in. product representative and contributor electric truck and bus subsidy pro- Nikola has already received pre- to ATech Educator News. This article grams in China, Europe, and parts of orders from U.S. Express and An- is reprinted from the November 2018 the U.S.” Costs are coming down and heuser Busch, and Tesla has pre-or- issue of ATech Educator News. it all adds up to “significant growth in ders from UPS, Pepsi-Co, Sysco, and
14 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Anheuser Busch. The bulk of electric released any horsepower specs for of torque. This is said to allow the truck deliveries through 2021 will be their semi. vehicle to maintain a speed of 65 heavy-duty models, but the medium- The Tesla is like all things Tesla, mph fully loaded (80,000 lbs) up a 6% duty electric and hybrid models of- a little over the top, but with a 0.36 grade. Impressive to say the least. fered by Volvo, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, drag coefficient design it only uses What makes these trucks so and Cummins will be an ever-growing approximately 2 kWh of electricity special is that they use hydrogen market that seems on the verge of every mile. The truck recently trav- fuel cells to generate their electric- jumping ahead. eled unescorted for a week from the ity, have an estimated range of Volvo has several models of its FL electric medium-duty truck that it will start offering next year. The base electric FL produces up to 248 hp and 313 lb.-ft. of torque. It has tesla Semi a gross vehicle weight of 35,274 pounds. It takes about 1.5 hours to fully charge the batteries with DC fast charging. Where rivals such as Freightliner and Tesla are placing motors at the wheels of their electric trucks, Volvo has taken a different approach. The FL has a single powertrain with one electric motor and has a range up to 186 miles depending on its configura- tion. Nikola truck It has enough battery capacity that its cost of operation is on par with a diesel counterpart when used for refuse collection. The initial sales will be in Europe, but the company is in talks with the California Air Resources Board and others to in- troduce the electric versions of the FL and its larger FE electric truck in the U.S. factory to the J.B. Hunt Trucking 1,200 miles per fill up, and release Cummins has introduced its take headquarters in Arkansas. The un- zero emissions. The Nikola One and on the hybrid with its Cummins veiling of the prototype was in 2017 Two are expected to start shipping PowerDrive. The PowerDrive offers and they are expected to start mak- in early 2020; Nikola has stated that both parallel and series operation ing deliveries sometime in early 2020. they have already received over going between two hybrid and two According to Tesla, they have around 8 billion in pre-orders. They have pure electric modes of operation. 2,000 pre-orders at this time. also stated that pre-orders can be The system has completed more The last big rigs in line are the made with no deposit. That is con- than six million miles of combined Nikola One and the Nikola Two, the fidence. operation in both the U.S. and Nikola One being a Sleeper Cab and Trucking worldwide is changing China, and work is underway to the Nikola Two being a Day Cab. and the electric truck is here. These introduce it to the European market. These are fully electric hydrogen- vehicles won’t be showing up in The flexibility and economy of the powered semi-trucks. The trucks shops anytime soon, but the fleet system has resulted in a reduction use a 320 kWh EV battery supplying technicians could be working on of emissions of up to 80% compared six motors with a combined output these in the next few years and for a to conventional diesel -driven ser- of around 1,000 hp and 2,000 lb.-ft. long time to come. vice vehicles. The Tesla all-electric semi has Comparison of Electric trucks four independent motors powering powertrain range(miles) Hp the behemoth, has a fully loaded (80,000 pounds) acceleration of 0-60 Volvo 1 186 248 in about 20 seconds, and has rated Cummins Parallel/Single Varies Varies ranges of 300 to 500 miles per charge Tesla 4 300-500 1,000 (depending on battery configuration and load-out). As of yet Tesla has not Nikola 6 1,200 1,000 www.techdirections.com AUTOMOTIVE 15 working on a hybrid? don’t attempt to disconnect the Hv battery or any of its related components without proper training and safety equipment.
The Importance of Properly Disconnecting Vehicle Batteries for Collision Repairs
By Sean Guthrie
attery disconnecting ergy into the metal to weld the tip of the primary battery takes care is an operation that oc- the machine to the panel. those, too, of the standard vehicle operations, curs—or at least should are 110 V current, and again they, the starter, engine control, and other occur—on nearly every too, take an intense energy. basic features. the auxiliary battery car that is repaired. Weld- When the vehicle’s battery is con- will handle things like navigation, Bing discharges substantial energy in nected, a path to all of its electrical advanced air conditioning systems, order to generate heat to melt metal. systems potentially exists. the en- lighting, and other high-power-using It’s easy to understand the amount of ergy from the welders can therefore accessories. heat required to melt metal; now re- over-energize and thus damage the It is critical to know if the vehicle alize that during welding the metal is electrical components. any time a being worked on has just one battery reaching that temperature instantly. welder or dent puller is used, the bat- or multiple batteries. Disconnecting For this instant melting of metal, a tery should be disconnected. only the primary battery will not suf- focused and intense amount of ener- there is one more area that al- fice in proper electronic protection gy is needed. Car computer systems ways requires the battery to be dis- during welding, SrS repair, or other operate on 12 V DC current, with connected prior to repair, and that is repairs that require the primary bat- some sensors using a 5 V reference. when working on SrS components. tery to be disconnected. the auxil- Welders operate on no less than 110 In addition to disconnecting the iary battery may not be located near V aC current and when grounded to battery, most OeMs specify a period the primary battery or even within the vehicle body, represent a real risk of time that you must wait prior to eyesight. It is critical to pull repair to every eCU on the vehicle. even a disconnecting any of these system procedures to discover if a vehicle stud gun or a dent puller sends en- components to avoid accidental has additional batteries and if so deployment. where they are. Sean Guthrie is a contributing edi- Vehicles are now often equipped the high voltage batteries used in tor for aBrN and the director of opera- with two batteries: a primary battery hybrids is a story all by itself. these tions for Car Crafters Collision Centers and an auxiliary battery. With the large vehicles have an auxiliary 12 V bat- in Albuquerque, NM.. This article is array of computer systems, vehicles tery in addition to the HV battery. reprinted from the January 2019 issue today are having to share responsibili- Don’t attempt to disconnect any HV of ABRN. ties across multiple batteries. battery or HV system component
16 techdirections ◆ march 2019 without proper training and safety equipment. Fig. 1—recalibrations or initializations With a little bit of research and l some general understanding, every- Honda states the importance of an occupant detection system one can agree that it is necessary to reset after a battery disconnect, and a steering angle sensor relearn disconnect the vehicle’s battery dur- may even be required after disconnecting the battery. ing most repairs. The hurdle instead l volkswagen says you must cycle the key and then perform a guid- is how it should be done and the dan- ed fault code finding by using a diagnostic tester. gers if it is not done correctly. l General Motors says you may have to program the volatile memo- The best comparison is with com- ry, and for cars with stop/start, it may not function until the car sits puters. The proper way to shut down for 3 hours after programing. a computer is to follow the shutdown steps through the operating system. l toyota states that utilizing their techstream to memorize steering We’ve all pushed the button and angle sensors may be required, and without doing so, systems like forced a computer off—or worse yet lane departure, parking guidance, and precollision system will not unplugged them. The reboot after operate. power door locking systems may, too, need to be reinitial- that is time-consuming and at times ized. nerve-racking. The computer goes l Nissan states you must reset electronic systems by utilizing a scan through and performs self-checks, tool. asks if it should open in safe mode, l Ford has in repair procedures for some of their vehicles that a bat- and then finally opens up. tery monitoring system reset after installing a battery is required. Cars today are computers with wheels, and they don’t want to have l BMw requires a battery registration process. their power plug pulled. If this hap- l porsche requires fault codes be reset after a battery disconnect/ pens, there are going to be some reconnect. repercussions or at least some steps to reboot them correctly. l Chrysler ustates yo must check the pCM for any stored battery dis- The short list in Fig. 1 covers connect trouble codes and clear if required. needed recalibrations or initializa-
www.techdirections.com AUTOMOTIVE 17 tions that may be required when necting/reconnecting, jump starting tors are specifically regulated to no reconnecting a battery for the ma- has gotten a bit more temperamen- more than 13.5 V; thus, the comput- jority of vehicles being produced tal. ers are not designed to handle any today. It is possible to make the Reconnecting a battery from a more voltage. same statement for every vehicle dead system wakes up the comput- Since the person who jump- started the Porsche failed to follow disconnecting the the proper procedure, it created a vehicle’s battery is hefty repair bill, delayed the comple- not a simple mat- tion of the vehicle, and created a CSI ter of removing the issue and lack of trust in the repairs. cable anymore. Be High-end luxury automobile makers sure to follow the are not the only ones that have these oEM procedures requirements. prior to disconnec- Remember that most auto manu- tion and be aware facturers do not produce their own of any needed reca- computer systems. There are a lim- librations or initial- ited number of companies who pro- izations that may duce modules, computers, and sen- be required when sors for all the auto manufacturers. reconnecting. This means that the same company Pete meier producing electronics in a high-end super car can be producing—and manufacturer that is producing cars ers, and the computers have a pro- likely are producing—electronics in today. Of course, that list would be cess to deal with it. A system with the cars that you see in your shop even longer. The point of the list is some charge is neither awake nor every day. to show that it is quite possible that asleep. Hitting that system with more Proper safe repairs are critical. just disconnecting a battery will than 12 V instantly can cause serious Shops and techs cannot afford the require some sort of calibration or damage. code clearing. A quick example is a Porsche that In addition to the scanning, it may required a $3,200 repair from a jump be necessary to perform other acts start that was performed incorrectly. to bring the vehicle to pre-discon- The proper procedure states utilizing nect condition. The simplest of these anything other than another vehicle is to recalibrate the windows auto to start a flat battery will cause dam- function. Manufacturers that require age to the computer systems. that reset include Honda, Acura, When using a jump box, the small anna m Subaru, Nissan, Infiniti, Toyota, batteries inside may not be capable Scot Lexus, Volkswagen, Audi, and GM. of handling the current draw from This list of course isn’t all-inclusive, a starter, dropping below 12 V and this is the electrical connection for as there may be some that have been thus creating a spike of voltage when a BMw Safety Battery terminal, a py- missed and others may require it on first connected and subsequent rotechnic device that is designed to their new models. drop when the car is trying to start. disconnect the battery in the event The point is that from recalibrat- The smaller jump boxes are utilizing of an accident. ing steering angle sensors to reset- lithium batteries which may have a ting auto window functions, discon- fully charged voltage of upwards of liability of performing improper necting and reconnecting is not as 15 V. repairs. Ensuring that proper repair simple as it once was. The only way Similar voltage is produced by procedures are followed is critical, to know what may be required is a charger placed in start mode. In whether it is with something as in- to consult the repair procedures, order to reduce the amperage load depth as structural sectioning or perform a scan, and ultimately a test from the starter, charger, and jump with something as seemingly simple drive and function test to ensure all box, manufacturers increase the out- as a battery disconnect/jump start. features work correctly. put voltage. This allows the starter The only way to ensure the vehicle When working with vehicles it to rely on voltage to accomplish its will leave the shop in as good of con- is always possible that a battery necessary wattage output instead of dition as it was in before the accident gets drained. Shops do not typically amps, thus having less drain on the is to follow OEM repair procedures drive vehicles or leave them running jump box or charger. The problem and guidelines! for long periods of time, so batter- with this is that the computer sys- ies never get an opportunity to get tems may not be equipped to handle Examples and data shared by Jake charged. Just like battery discon- the increased voltage. Most alterna- Rodenroth from asTech.
18 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Freevalve and Camcon: The Race to Camless Engines
By Jeff Bogue
have been watching this race The internal combustion engine VVT was and is a great improve- for a few years now and it looks is an air pump. It breaths in fresh air ment over the regular performance like something is going to hit and expels exhaust gases. This might or fuel economy camshaft options the fan pretty soon. I keep seem over simplified, but that is what of vehicles before, but it does have muttering “What took so long, it is and does. As the pistons move its drawbacks. The engine keeps Ihaven’t we been talking about this up and down, the intake and exhaust firing while the cam is repositioning for a while?” valves open and close to facilitate itself, thus giving less than opti- I remember discussing the possi- the breathing process. mal performance between the two bility of a camless engine a few years Something has to tell the valves modes of operation. Being a sys- back and it just seemed like some when to open, how far impossible musings around a torn to open, and finally down engine in someone’s garage when to close. That with a refrigerator full of, uh, adult is the job of the cam- beverages. Now I can honestly say shaft. The camshaft “About time!” is physically turned It seems a simple enough concept. by the crankshaft via Remove the cam and control each a pulley system that valve individually, electronically, in operates by a rubber real time, giving the engine exactly timing belt or a metal what it needs when it needs it. timing chain. When I was in the military we It sounds compli- used solenoids to open and close cated and it is. Not all kinds of things. Electro-mechan- only has this basic ics was my specialty. When I saw design been the op- the Freevalve concept several years erating system since the beginning, tem that offers both performance ago I called an old Navy buddy and it is inefficient and complicated, and fuel economy, there is still no said “Tadaaa” almost like I had performance being limited to either middle ground. stuffed the camless engine in the horsepower and torque, or fuel ef- Regarding the Camless Engine car myself. ficiency. there are two schools of thought. A Needless to say, I am not nearly Automotive manufacturers have British company called Camcon and the car guy these engineering gu- been trying to engineer their way a Swedish company called Freevalve rus are. To be honest, saying these around this compromise for years. (a sister company of Koenigsegg, the gentlemen are car guys is like saying The best attempts came back in car manufacturer) have taken differ- Pythagoras was a math guy. the late ’80s and early ’90s with the ent approaches to answer the same VVT (variable valve timing) sys- questions. Jeff Bogue is an electronics special- tems. These systems would physi- With Camcon’s IVA (Intelligent ist focused on research and develop- cally shift the camshaft either for- Valve Actuation), electromechani- ment. He works at ATech Training as a ward or back to change the timing cal actuators are housed on top of product representative and contributor events of the valves, thus giving the the engine, each controlling a short to ATech Educator News. This article engine both a performance boost camshaft that manages a single valve is reprinted from the December 2018 and a fuel-efficient mode when or valve pair. As the system allows issue of ATech Educator News. needed. complete flexibility, benefits include
www.techdirections.com AUTOMOTIVE 19 more sophisticated cylinder deacti- inder arrangement. It can be retrofit- causing a more complete burn in the vation, more low-down torque, and ted to an existing engine that wasn’t cylinder. more high-speed power as situations designed for it. You’d have to modify FreeValve engines offer several demand. The system can reposition or delete the timing drive and rede- benefits over conventional engines the lobes of the small electrically sign the cylinder head to remove the other than the controlling of the driven cams as quickly as the engine conventional valvetrain and insert individual valves. requests it. the electrical actuators. Their engi- 1. The camless engine has fewer Mark Gostick of Camcon stated neers say it’s not difficult to do. The moving parts. As a result there is less “We can effectively change the cam- block, the bulk of what comprises an horsepower-robbing friction. shaft every time the engine turns engine, could be left “more or less” 2. The camless engine design over.” Autocar says Jaguar Land unchanged. allows the engine to be smaller and lighter than a conventional engine. The 1.6-liter turbocharged engine is 44 lbs. lighter than conventional engines. 3. The camless engine is more efficient. The 1.6-liter turbocharged engine offered a 47% increase in horse power (230 hp), a 45% increase in torque (236 lb.-ft.), and a 15% increase in fuel efficiency. 4. The engine uses port injec- tion instead of direct injection. This would save money as less-expensive fuel pumps and regulators can be used because of the lower pressures Rover is showing interest and offer- The next engine on the list is the at the fuel rail. ing technical help to Camcon, and QamFree engine from FreeValve. This 5. As all four valves per cylinder both indoor and road testing is in the is an entirely new engine design, of are controlled individually, exhaust cards. Camcon says the setup could which Koenigsegg is not unfamiliar pressures can be controlled more be only two-three years from produc- with, having built some of the most accurately. This eliminates the need tion if adopted by a major automo- innovative engines in the world and for the wastegate and associated tive supplier. jamming them into cars. controls for the turbocharger. The IVA system has two interest- The QamFree engines use elec- Both engines showcase different ing things to its advantage. tronic actuators with pneumatic designs on the engine. Innovation 1. The IVA system is a desmo- and hydraulic controls to open and is taking place with new technology dromic system. This means that close the valves. When a camshaft and experimentation of application. not only do the electronically opens and controlled cams control how and closes a when the valves open, they also valve, the physically control how and when cam profile they close. This removes the reli- doesn’t ance on valve springs to push the allow the valve back closed after their timing valve to event. completely The desmodromic system open- open and ing and closing the valves removes close all at any bounce or “floating” of the valves once. As the at high RPM ratings. Both Indy cars cam rotates, and Ducati motorcycles use desmo- the lobe dromic systems to get their incred- of the cam ibly high RPM ratings (over 11,000 gradually RPMs each). opens the 2. The IVA System is backwards valve until it is completely open Neither engine is market ready, but compatible. IVA works on any kind and then gradually closes. both companies are racing to get of piston-driven internal combustion In the FreeValve engine, the valve them in the hands of the consumer. engine, naturally aspirated or forced completely opens and closes almost The FreeValve engine has already induction, gasoline or diesel, large or instantaneously. This makes the fuel- been showcased in test vehicles in small displacement, inline- or V-cyl- air mixing a more complete process China.
20 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Starting a Wraps Class from Scratch
By Mark podolak
ARK Podolak never Podolak described the compre- format inkjet printer, a 30" Roland knew where his love of hensive, two-day experience: “The VersaCAMM SP-300i printer/cutter, cars would lead him. Born-to-Wrap workshop taught me and a Roland GX-400 large-format A graphic design and all the basics. I just kept raising my cutter, the shop’s production envi- graphic communica- hand, and Matt [Matt Richart, of Digi- ronment was ready to go. Mtions instructor at Saddleback Com- tal EFX Wraps] answered every ques- “The Rolands produce consistent, munity College in Mission Viejo, CA, tion. He was very encouraging,” said quality prints and are easy to use, Mark was tapped by his department Podolak. In the workshop, Podolak which makes teaching my class that in 2017 to lead a new vehicle wraps learned each step in designing, print- much easier,” noted Podolak. class—two weeks before it started. ing, and installing a vehicle wrap. Podolak’s one-credit vehicle wrap To assist Podolak with the class, class is called Introduction to Vehicle Educating the Educator Saddleback print “I was asked to be the replace- technician Will Bald- ment instructor,” said Podolak. win was also sent “The only problem was, I had never for training, attend- designed, produced, or installed a ing a Born-to-Wrap wrap.” To prepare him for his new workshop held on role, Saddleback sent Podolak to the campus of famed Roland’s Born-to-Wrap workshop, NASCAR team Rich- held at Roland DGA headquarters in ard Childress Racing Irvine, CA. The class was led by ex- in Welcome, NC. perts from Louisville, KY-based Digi- Fortunately, tal EFX Wraps, renowned for their Saddleback’s ve- vehicle wrap installation and busi- hicle graphics shop ness management instruction. already had top- of-the-line printing Mark Podolak is a graphic design technology in place. and communications instructor, Sad- Outfitted with a 64" Saddleback College’s 64" roland versaEXprESS dleback Community College, Mission Roland VersaEX- rF-640 large-format inkjet printer prints colorful Viejo, CA PRESS RF-640 large- graphics for installation on vehicles.
www.techdirections.com GRAPHIC DESIGN 21 Wrap Design and Application. His held instrument about 4" wide. The vehicle. For post-heating, the stu- first class had just seven students, squeegee is gripped with a thumb on dents practice using a circular mo- but one year later, the enrollment one side and all four fingers on the tion with the heat gun, holding it a had grown to 27 and has stayed other, and is held at an angle, with few inches away from the material strong since. The class spans two the finger knuckles actually touching and heating each section for a total weekends and packs in 40 hours of the material as it’s being squeegeed. of 5-10 seconds. Richart points out learning activities. Richart tells his students, “we’re not that different films require different using the squeegee like a snow shov- post-heating temperatures, generally tools of the trade el. We’re making overlapping strokes, ranging from 160-220°. Today’s heat The first day of class, every stu- so only about 1" to 1-1/2" of the guns come with temperature sen- squeegee blade is pressing down sors, so installers can verify when on the film with each stroke.” the material has been heated to the Squeegeeing is a painstak- desired temperature. ing job which, if done right, lets the air escape and results in a Hands-on learning smooth, glass-like wrap surface. Podolak deliberately designed his In his Born-to-Wrap classes, Rich- Saddleback Community College Wrap art emphasizes the importance Class curriculum to be hands-on. The of applying the correct amount of very first day he teaches his students pressure on the squeegee. “Too the Hinge Method over seams. “We little pressure, and your mate- destroy some vinyl. Then we use a rial will not adhere. Applying too heat gun to restore the vinyl to its much pressure won’t damage the original glass-like finish, and they film, but it can create wrinkles,” reapply it,” he said. “You can see that he said. they are excited to get their hands on Students are also introduced the material.” to a heat gun which has two im- Richart further explains the Hinge portant functions in vehicle wrap Method: “The Hinge Method is a installation. The first is to help technique for taking a large piece stretch and loosen the material of vehicle graphics film and laying around complex areas with lots of it on a surface with minimal distor- Students practice removing excess vinyl curves and angles, such as bum- tion or wrinkling,” said Richart. “It’s from lettering before installation. pers, mirrors, and door handles. especially helpful if you are working “With heat, the material becomes by yourself, and can be used when dent takes a mandatory shop safety more malleable, and any wrinkles working on both flat and gently test (S/P2). Podolak also acquaints or imperfections can be drastically curved surfaces.” them with the tools needed to pro- duce and install vehicle graphics. He demonstrates the printers producing vehicle graphics, and the vinyl cutter contour-cutting letters and graphics. Saddleback’s During the class, all three of the hands-on vehicle machines are kept busy. “Keeping wraps class has print production flowing throughout students apply- the day is important to ensure we ing vinyl on the can teach all aspects of the vehicle very first day. wrap process. Fortunately, our Ro- land devices are really robust. We’ve had zero repairs, and the image qual- ity, print speeds, and cutting accu- racy are great,” said Podolak. Podolak also introduces students to the other tools used for vehicle graphic installation, including mag- decreased or eliminated,” notes For the Hinge Method, students nets, masking tape, squeegees, and a Richart. first lay the graphic material on heat gun. The second use for a heat gun the surface to be wrapped, using During the course, students is the important final step of post- masking tape or magnets to hold it get very familiar with the vehicle heating, which allows the material in place. They then use additional graphics squeegee, a small hand- to closely adhere to the shape of a masking tape or magnets to divide
22 techdirections ◆ march 2019 the graphic in half. This “hinge” created by the magnets or tape ef- left, students fectively divides the surface into left practice using a and right halves. heat gun to warm Students then flip up one side of the material and the material and peel the backing reduce wrinkling. paper away from the adhesive film, all the way up to the hinge. They cut away the backing paper along the Below, students line where it meets the hinge. Then, use specially starting from the hinge side, students designed slowly begin squeegeeing the mate- squeegee tools to rial to the surface of the vehicle. They smoothly install then repeat the process on the other the adhesive side. According to Richart, the second graphic film. side is easier to squeegee flat since the first side provides a tacked-down adhesive film base to gently pull against, allowing backing on students to lay the material down a corner of with few wrinkles or distortions. the graphic, “While new vinyl materials have readjust the some give built into the material, position of installers should not rely on creating the graphic more than an inch or two of stretch,” and tack said Richart. “Any more than that down the ex- and you risk having distortions.” He posed corner also noted that newer materials can of material to actually float or slide a bit over the the vehicle. surface of a vehicle after the backing This becomes is removed, so they can be accu- a pivot point. rately positioned before being tacked Then they down with a squeegee and adhered remove the with a heat gun. remainder After Podolak’s students have of the film’s backing, move to the designing their Future mastered the Hinge Method, the opposite corner of the graphic and Later in the course, the students class starts working with larger, 3' surface (e.g., top right to bottom learn to design stickers, using Adobe × 3' squares of vinyl. “By the end of left), and tug on the material to cre- Illustrator to create their designs the first weekend, I demonstrate the ate a bit of tension and smooth any and VersaWorks RIP software to Triangle Method,” said Podolak. “Stu- wrinkles. The remaining two corners send them to the Roland machines dents can then begin applying partial are handled in the same manner, tug- for printing and cutting. “The Versa- door and hood graphics.” ging and tacking opposite corners. Works RIP software is intuitive and The Triangle Method is another “Just like a bedsheet, you want to tug easy for the students to learn,” said professional technique used during on and tack down the material in that Podolak. “We approach the work vehicle wrap installation. Richart triangle shape to create a smooth systematically, and the students pick compares the Triangle Method to surface,” added Richart. it up very quickly.” making a bed. “When you lay a sheet When Podolak’s students become To keep the students focused on on the bed, you match the corners a little more advanced with their their future, Podolak brings in guest to the actual corners of the bed, skills, he teaches them how to wrap speakers from local sign shops to smooth over the surface to remove the more complex areas of the vehi- talk about careers in signmaking as any large wrinkles, and tuck in the cle, such as door handles, side-view well as vehicle graphics design and sheet on diagonal corners,” he said. mirrors, and bumpers. installation. “It’s a similar process when you are Throughout the class, Podolak Although most of Podolak’s vehi- working with a large piece of adhe- emphasizes careful work and good cle graphics students are 18-22-year- sive vinyl, such as a graphic for a technique. “Techniques like the olds, there are always a few older hood or door.” Hinge Method and the Triangle students in the class. Every student To begin the Triangle Method, Method can help students save time has his or her own reason for taking students are taught to lay the mate- on installations in the future, while the course. “Some students just want rial smoothly over the area to be guaranteeing a smooth, durable wrap to wrap their own cars, some want to covered. They then peel back the for their customers,” he said. Continued on page 27. www.techdirections.com GRAPHIC DESIGN 23 Jobs in Cybersecurity Are Exploding: Why Are Women Locked Out? How high schools are trying to attract girls to this lucrative tech field
By Sarah Gonser
HE four members of Team Gathered around a large wooden jobs available in cybersecurity, ac- Throckmorton, playing ju- table in the computer room at Red cording to CyberSeek, a website that nior agents for a cyberse- Bank Regional High School, the girls, tracks the cybersecurity job market. curity firm, are up against working on school-issued black Dell Globally, research indicates there will a wily gang of hackers. laptops, snack on lunch from brown TTo detect and ultimately thwart the paper bags and occasionally help cyber criminals, who are masquerad- themselves to Oreo cookies from ing as legitimate business owners, a communal pack. Erin O’Kane, a the Bureau of labor the ThrockAt himortons must solve 10th grader, fills an index card with Statistics predicts that a series of increasingly difficult chal- numbers as she decodes a classified jobs for cybersecurity lenges beginning with figuring out message online. Seated across from analysts in the U.S. will her, Hannah Gazdus, a junior grow 28% by 2026. and a member of The Team
eport That Must Not Be Named, is r using her lunch period to scan a block of Python code for green- be a shortage of 1.8 million cyberse- echinger
h highlighted text, which indicates curity professionals by 2022.
The the presence of suspicious com- Attracting and retaining quali- for mands. fied workers to the field—especially If the creators of the girls- women—has become a critical is- Gonser only online cybersecurity com- sue across sectors, from banking to
Sarah petition Girls Go CyberStart are health care, aviation, and govern- successful, some of these high ment. “Can we staff up fast enough to Photos: schoolers will get hooked on the be able to protect the power systems Hannah Gazdus, a junior at red Bank re- quickly expanding and well-pay- of the United States, the weapons gional High School, and a member of the ing field of cybersecurity and, systems, the financial systems? team that Must Not Be Named, plans to in the process, help offset one Because, right now, we do not have study science or engineering in college. of technology’s deepest gender anywhere near enough people to do the Girls Go challenge appeals to her gaps: Just 11% of cybersecurity any of that,” said Alan Paller, director because she likes solving puzzles. professionals today are women. of research for the SANS Institute, a Employers in the United cybersecurity training company that how to log into one of the gang mem- States, and countries worldwide, face created the Girls Go Cyberstart chal- ber’s social media accounts by crack- a critical shortage of professionals lenge. And yet, said Paller, the on- ing a password reset form. trained in protecting corporate and ramp for women into cybersecurity government computer networks and remains obstructed. “If we block en- Sarah Gonser is a contributing systems from cyberattack. As these try for women, we’re blocking 50-70% writer, The Hechinger Report. This attacks grow more frequent and of the talent,” he said. “When I walk article was originally published on sophisticated, jobs in information se- into a high school Cisco Networking The Hechinger Report website, www. curity are expected to skyrocket. The class, I’ll see 30 boys and one girl. hechingerreport.org. The Hechinger Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts Girls are being told loudly: ‘You are Report is a nonprofit, independent that jobs for cybersecurity analysts not invited.’” news website focused on inequality in the U.S. will grow 28% by 2026. With a median wage of $92,600, and innovation in education. Currently, there are 285,681 unfilled cybersecurity jobs pay enough to
24 techdirections ◆ march 2019 vault workers into the upper-middle teacher at red Bank regional High especially once girls reach middle class and beyond. Cybersecurity School whose classes focus on sys- and high school. work typically requires a bachelor’s tems, networking, cybersecurity, and “the elephant in the room is degree in computer science or pro- forensics. the lead organizer of the that girls ‘can’t do math good’,” gramming, a few years of experience school’s Girls Go challenge, she in a related field such as networking, credits nonprofit organizations software development, or systems like Girls Who Code and code.org engineering, and in some cases, an for impressing upon schools the information security certification. importance of teaching digital at red Bank regional, 40 girls, skills and competence. divided into 14 teams, signed up to “In my experience at the high play Girls Go CyberStart. the push school level, it’s not that girls to get girls into computer science is are being shut out of technol- newly backed by a statewide man- ogy exactly, a bigger issue is date that requires all New Jersey that they’re not self-identifying,” high schools to offer computer sci- Galante said. “I’m seeing boys ence by next school year, and that realize in high school, ‘I can do makes the course mandatory for this,’ so they’re getting to the in an effort to get more girls at red graduation beginning in 2022. right college so they can take Bank to participate in the cybersecurity During the 2015-16 school year, courses in this field. they’re just challenge, teacher Mandy Galante, just 39% of New Jersey high schools way ahead of the game.” center, recruited girls from nontech with advanced Placement programs In an effort to reach more classes, including a dozen from a offered an aP computer science girls for the Girls Go game at creative writing class. “we want to get class, mirroring the limited availabil- red Bank, for example, Galante the girls who never even thought of ity of such classes in high schools recruited girls from non-tech doing this,” she said. nationwide. Of New Jersey’s 1,111 classes, including a dozen from said Smith. “But when you look at standardized tests and Sat scores, tech-Enabled Earners girls are scoring just as well as boys Middle-skill positions made up nearly 50% of U.S. job postings in 2016, in math and science. In some cases, according to Burning Glass. Even basic digital skills, such as experience they are actually doing better. the with spreadsheets, offered more opportunities for these job seekers. question isn’t about competence, it’s l Non-digital an issue of decision-making about l Basic digital Skills only what to pursue. When a preponder- ance of women are making decisions l advanced digital Skills that will affect their lifelong earnings l occupation-Specific Skills potential, we need to ask why, and what is it about our culture that is telling women: ‘this is where you belong’?” In a report she recently co-wrote Each l represents 100,000 job postings on the gender wage gap, Smith found that although women are now gradu- Source: Burning Glass ating from college in greater numbers than men, and are pursuing SteM computer science graduates in 2016, a creative writing class. “We want to degrees more than ever before, they only 15 percent were women. get the girls who never even thought still earn 81¢ for every dollar earned of doing this,” she said. by men when wages are averaged tech-Enabled Earners For women, barriers to entry into across job sectors. She also found Middle-skill positions made up cybersecurity, and the tech field that when women choose majors nearly 50% of U.S. job postings in in general, begin long before high in well-paying sectors, they tend to 2016, according to Burning Glass. school, said Nicole Smith, a research then select the least lucrative sub- even basic digital skills, such as professor and chief economist at the majors. For example, 54% of women experience with spreadsheets, of- Georgetown University Center on majoring in SteM fields concentrate fered more opportunities for these education and the Workforce. “Our in biological and life sciences, which job seekers. parents make decisions early on are among the majors with the low- “We’ve made tremendous in- about what boys and girls should be est-paying career prospects, but only roads in just the last few years,” doing,” she said. “the social condi- 17% select majors in the more lucra- said Mandy Galante, a technology tioning starts really early.” tive field of engineering. www.techdirections.com IT 25 The Girls Go challenge is an effort noted, they rarely make it to the aims to alleviate the cybersecurity to equalize the cybersecurity play- leaderboards and thus fail to garner workforce shortage. ing field, or at least to plant a seed of attention and awards, which among “Anecdotally, we know that there’s interest in cybersecurity at the high competitors creates a deeper inter- an emphasis in cybersecurity on be- school level. This past winter, in its est and connection to the field. ing self-taught, self-driven, and adver- first year, 6,654 girls across 16 states “We’ve learned over the years that sarial,” said Merritt. “I think it’s time and the territory of American Samoa winning shiny stuff, and having peo- to figure out if this is just growing ple make a big deal out of you, helps pains within a relatively new field— young people believe in themselves cybersecurity is maybe 10 years old “at a high school and be attracted to something,” said as a subspecialty—because there are level, cybersecurity Galante. “But even though girls were a lot of things happening in cyberse- doesn’t need to build participating—in small numbers—in curity that are of big concern.” challenges like CyberPatriot, this rec- When the Girl Scouts Research In- on coding—you could ognition wasn’t happening for them. stitute, a unit connected to the Girls be an arts major and The boys, who have so much more Scouts, surveyed its membership get into cybersecurity experience in gaming, were the ones for its own STEM study, it found that … though once [girls] being recognized.” 74% of the girls expressed interest In spite of increasing numbers of in science, technology, engineering, get to college, they’ll women pursuing STEM degrees, only and math—yet only 13% said those definitely need to learn 26% of computing jobs in the U.S. are fields would be their first choice for some coding.” filled by women. Like cybersecurity, a career. Fifty-seven percent said that Mandy Galante, a the broader field of jobs related to if they did enter a STEM field, they technology teacher at Red computing faces a labor shortage would have to work harder than a Bank Regional High School with 1.1 million job openings pro- man just to be taken seriously. in New Jersey jected by 2024. At Red Bank Regional, after the When women do opt to major in weeklong Girls Go challenge, neither STEM fields such as cybersecurity, Team Throckmorton nor The Team participated in the game. In order for they frequently leave the field after That Must Not Be Named scored schools to access the game, the SANS a brief tenure, according to a 2011 sufficient points to win at the na- Institute asked governors’ offices report by the Georgetown Univer- tional or state level. On the final nationwide to partner in its promo- sity Center on Education and the scoreboard for New Jersey, Team tion. Winners each receive a $100 gift Workforce. “Even when women do Throckmorton placed 73rd out of 168 certificate and an all-expense-paid well and excel in college in technol- trip to a conference in Chicago for ogy, they divert into teaching math women in cybersecurity. The winning or science, or into fields like biology Just 11% of team’s host school receives a $1,000 or pharmaceuticals—fields that are cybersecurity award. predominantly female and pay lower professionals Melissa Vuong, 15, is a sophomore wages,” said Smith, the Georgetown at Red Bank and a member of team economist. This may be due in part today are women. Throckmorton. With zero coding ex- to priorities. When considering a perience, she was primarily drawn to new job, men value salary above the opportunity to collaborate with other factors, the Georgetown report teams in the state, while The Team her team. “It’s super fun working found. Women, on the other hand, That Must Not Be Named placed together,” she said. “And it’s my first prioritized proximity to home; work- 97th. Still, after playing Girls Go this time playing a game like this, so it’s a ing environment, and workplace winter, 70% of the players nation- challenge, but I like it.” communication; and prospects for wide said they are now interested Girls Go is not the first online upward mobility. in a cybersecurity career, compared challenge designed to attract young Workplace environment is clearly with 36% prior to playing the game, people to cybersecurity, though it is a factor, especially in cybersecurity according to a survey by the SANS the only game specifically for girls. where teams tend to be small and Institute. The Air Force Association’s Cyber- therefore perhaps more intense. Mar- One of those newly cyber-en- Patriot online competition and Gen- ian Merritt, the industry engagement thused students was Brigid Clanton- Cyber camp, funded by the National lead for the National Initiative for Cy- Calnan, a junior at Red Bank. “Right Security Agency and the National bersecurity Education, points to the now, I’d say I’ve gone from pretty Science Foundation, are aimed at at- hyper-competitive, noncollaborative, much zero interest in cyber security tracting high schoolers to the cyber- war-terminology-oriented nature of to really being pulled in that direc- security field, though they do tend cybersecurity as a major concern for tion,” she says. “And I’d love to play to appeal primarily to boys. While women. The initiative, a unit within the game again, if it happens again some girls do participate, Galante the U.S. Department of Commerce, next year.”
26 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Teacher Training Opportunities
Continuing education options that provide a great way for career-technical and StEM educators to catch up with current technology, upgrade skills, and further their graduate education. preparation for awS® additional opportunities Certified welding roland offers Basics and Beyond, a 2-Day Hands-On inspector/Educator Examination Born to Wrap Workshop. Upcoming workshops June 17-28. This two-week course is designed to enable will be held at Louisville, KY, Benicia, CA, and students to be prepared to the take the exam, given on the Welcome, NC. Visit www.rolanddga.com for de- 10th day of the course to ac- tails. cepted applicants. The test will Shopbot offers 2.5-day Digital Fabrication for Edu- be given in Troy, OH, to those cators Training at their Durham, NC, headquar- people authorized by AWS. For ters. Upcoming classes: June 13 - 15, July 18 - 20, an application packet, visit and August 8 - 10, 2019. Call 888-680-4466. www.welding.org. technology Education Concepts, inc. (tEC) Hobart institute of welding offers personalized one-on-one training in Con- technology cord, NH. Email [email protected] or 937-332-9500 call 1-800-338-2238. wrap, from page 23. make it a hobby, and others are here to build a career,” Podolak a student carefully said. “We get a wide variety.” installs a partial trail- er wrap installation wrapping Up for Boy Scout troop the Semester 872 along a seam in In the fall of 2018, Podolak’s the trailer. class took on a very special final project. They produced and in- stalled a partial wrap of a 7' × 14' trailer for Boy Scout Troop 872. The wrap was designed by Gloria Turnbull, a current Saddleback student who had taken Podolak’s very first wrap class, and whose son was in Troop 872. “It was the coolest vinyl wrap I’ve ever been instructor Mark involved with, because my former podolak stands student designed it, and current and next to the former students all turned out to completed wrap help,” recalled Podolak. for Boy Scout “It’s important that our students troop 872, which are familiar with the industry-stan- was designed, dard equipment and techniques as produced, and they head out into the world,” Podol- installed by his ak said. “The deeper your knowledge current and former goes, the more valuable you are to students. employers.” www.techdirections.com TEACHER TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES 27 the newest and best product spotlight for CtE and StEM classes red devil Box Furnaces for Heat treating welding training Curriculum HIWT offers world-class cur- riculum materi- als on all major processes based on AWS ® Entry Level SENSE crite- ria (QC10 and EG 2.0). Our complete training programs include DVDs, Lucifer Furnace’s Red Devil Series instructor guides, box furnaces are ruggedly designed and student workbooks. Designed with input from instructors, video units for reliable, affordable, energy- modules present core information and model proper technique so efficient heat treating. Harden, draw, students can work independently and anneal to 2,200°F. Prewired, easy with the aid of their workbooks and to install, safe, simple, and dependable coaching from their instructor. Visit operation. Made in the USA. Custom our website to see a complete line of options include floor stands and alter- offerings. nate doors. Dual chamber, space-saving Hobart institute models and furnaces/ovens for use with of welding technology atmosphere also available. Excellent, 937-332-9500 economical introduction to metallurgy. www.welding.org lucifer Furnaces, inc. www.luciferfurnaces.com 800-378-0095
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More Than Fun Answers
Math in the water watch the Speed limit! 17.05 cm It is not possible to average 60 mph no Share your teaching Let x = depth of water matter how fast you come back. If the experiences Using the Pythagorean distance from New York to Chicago is with your peers! Theorem, 900 miles, then it would take 30 hours Want to get published? (x + 10)2 = x2 + 212 to get there at 30 mph To average 60 We are looking for articles about x2 x x2 + 20 + 100 = + 441 mph over the whole trip of 1,800 miles, what is going on in the career- 20x = 341 you would have to make the trip in 30 technical and STEM education x = 17.05 hours, but you already used 30 hours fields! going there, so you would have to make Articles should be 1,000-2,000 the return trip in zero hours. words and should cover issues facing the field, a description of Electro-mechanical analogies your experiences with an effective 1—D A battery stores electrical energy in its chemical components. lesson plan or teaching technique, A water tower stores water with the potential energy it has due to its or tips for other teachers. height. Submissions should be emailed 2—A A fuse has the lowest current capacity of any component in to [email protected]. an electrical circuit and will fail first like the weakest link in a chain. Please put “Article Submission” in 3—B A rectifier permits the flow of electricity in one direction but the subject line. Please also include offers a high resistance in the opposite direction. The pawl on a ratchet photos and drawings, if appropriate. permits the rotation of its shaft in one direction, but engages the ratch- If you have an idea you want to et to stop rotation in the opposite direction. pitch to make sure it would be a 4—E A rheostat is an adjustable resistor used to change the good fit, send Vanessa an email, amount of current in an electrical circuit. A faucet can change the [email protected]. amount of water flowing from a pipe. Want your students on the cover? 5—C A transformer can step up or step down the voltage from its We are also looking for high- primary to secondary windings. A belt and pulley system can speed quality vertical photos for cover up or slow down the rotation of shafts by using pulleys having different use. Photos should show students diameters. engaged in education activities. Send your photos to vanessa@ always problems! techdirections.com. The student must get 104 questions correct with 16 wrong answers. 104 - 1/4(16) = 100 www.techdirections.com MARKETPLACE 29 more than fun <
Math in the Water Henry Wadsworth Longfellow introduced the fol- lowing in his novel Kavanaugh: When the stem of a water lily is vertical, the blos- Watch the Speed Limit! som is 10 centimeters above the surface of a lake. If An automobile went from you pull the lily to one side, keeping the stem straight, New York to Chicago at an aver- the blossom touches the water at a spot 21 centime- age rate of 30 mph. How fast ters from where the stem formerly cut the surface. would it have to come back to How deep is the water? make the average speed for the Puzzle devised by David Pleacher, www.pleacher.com/mp/mpframe.html round trip 60 mph? Puzzle devised by David Pleacher, www.pleacher.com/mp/mpframe.html
Electro-mechanical Analogies Some common electrical components function the same way common mechanical devices do. If you can see an analogy between them, you have an understanding of their operating principles. See if you can match the electrical components (1-5) with the mechanical devices (A-E) that operate similarly. —Robert Balin, Cypress, CA. 1. Battery 2. Fuse 3. rectifier 4. rheostat 5. transformer
a B C d E
Always Problems! How many problems must a student get right to score 100 on a 120 question test if the teacher gives one point for each correct answer but sub- tracts 1/4 point for each wrong answer? Puzzle devised by David Pleacher, www.pleacher.com/mp/mpframe.html
See answers on page 29.
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30 techdirections ◆ march 2019 Each 18" × 24" poster features a brief biographical description and a timeline of key life events.
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