Pre and Post Tsunami Coastal Maritime Zones of Planning and Land Use Policies and Issues in Sri Lanka

By

Dr. R.A.D.B. SAMARANAYAKE

IMPORTANCE OF EXTENT (ha) OF COASTAL HABITATS BY COASTAL ZONE DISTRICT

DISTRICT MANGROVES SALT DUNES BEACHES LAGOON OTHE MARSHES The Coast line is 1620 km in length MARSHES BARRIES BASIN WATER SPITS ESTUARIES BODIES ¾ 74 Divisional Secretaries’ Divisions with a coastal boundary - - - 112 - 412 15 122 497 - 207 3442 205 1604 2264 3461 2689 2772 39119 3428 2515 ¾ 24% of land area and 32 % of the total MANNAR 1261 5179 1458 912 3828 2371 308 population KILINOCHCHI 312 4975 509 420 11917 1256 1046 260 4963 2145 1103 45525 1862 149 ¾ MULLATIVU 463 517 - 864 9233 570 194 80 % of the tourist hotels 1491 1401 - 671 18317 2180 1129 1421 2196 - 1489 13682 2365 968 ¾ 67 % of industrial unites 292 127 357 1398 7235 1171 894 539 318 444 1099 4488 1526 200 ¾ 80% of annual coastal production MATARA 6 - - 191 - 234 80 187 185 - 485 1144 783 561 ¾ A large number of high priority 70 - 4 77 87 476 91 archeological, historical, religious, TOTAL EXTENT 8687 23819 7606 11800 158017 18839 9754 cultural scenic and recreational sites. ¾ Rich reserves including coral reefs, sea grass beds, mangroves and coastal wetlands. SOURCE : COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN 1997.

N Distribution of Coral Reefs in Coastal Waters of Sri Lanka N Location of well Known Basin Estuaries and Lagoons in Sri Lanka Jaffna Jaffna

Trincomalee #SThondaimannar Lagoon

Jaffna Lagoon #S Sri Lanka S# Lagoon & Estuaries Colombo Nanthi Kadal #S Mannar #SNayaru #SKokkilai Matara Vakarai #SKuchchaveli #SPeriyakarachchi #SSinnakarachchi Gulf of Silavaturai Pigon Island Mannar Trincomalee Bar Reef Wilpattu National Park #SUppuweli Marine Sanctuary Thambalagam Bay#S Koddiya Bay#S #SIlakkanthi #Sullakkalie Lagoon

Puttlam Lagoon Puttlam Lagoon#S #SUppar Lagoon Vakarai #SVandeloos Bay Munadal Lake#S #SBatticaloa Lagoon Batticaloa Chilaw Lagoon#S

Kalmunai

#S Lagoon #SPeriya Lagoon #SThandiadi Lagoon #SKomari Lagoon Colombo #SArugam Bay Lunawa Lagoon#S#SBolgoda Lake #SKandawara Bay

Kalutara Lagoon#S Kalutara #SDedduwa Lake Akurala Ruhuna (Yala) Karagan Saltern Little Basses Reef Madampe Lake Malala Saltren National Park #S #SOkandawara Bay # Kalametiya Lagoon # S# Bundala Saltern # #S #S#S# #S Embilikala Saltern Ratgama Lake #S# Koholankola Saltern #S # # #S Maha Saltern #S#S Lunama Lagoon #S# Marine Sanctuary Great Basses Reef Lake Kahanda Lagoon Hikkaduwa #S #S# Dodra Lagoon#S #S Mawella Lagoon Galle Matara River Polhena Reef Coaral Reef

1 Annexure : National Fish Production (1985 – 2005 in tones) Tourist Growth Trend 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004 2005 Tourist Growth Trend

Marine fishery Coastal 140 270 134 130 157 500 175,280 163,850 154,470 63 690

Offshore 2 400 11 670 60 000 84,400 90,830 98,720 66 710

Total 142 670 145 800 217 500 259,680 254,680 253,190 130 400 Tourist Growth Trends Number 32 740 38 190 18 250 36,700 30,280 33, 180 32 830 600,000 45,000.00 Rs mn Inland fishery 550,000 42,000.00 Total Production 175 410 183 990 235 250 296 380 284,960 286 370 163 230 39,000.00 500,000 36,000.00 450,000 33,000.00 Tourist 400,000 30,000.00 Arriva ls 350,000 27,000.00 Total Fish Production 24,000.00 Tourist 300,000 recipt Rs 21,000.00 Off shore/ Deep sea mn 250,000 18,000.00 Coastal 200,000 15,000.00 Inland and Aquaculture 150,000 12,000.00 9,000.00 100,000 6,000.00 50,000 3,000.00 0 0.00

9 9 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

COASTAL EROSION Coastal Issues

Sand MininMiningg CORAL MINING

2 Over Exploitation of Resources ECOSYSTEM TRANSFORMATION

WATER QUALITY DETERIORATION Tsunami Hits Sri Lanka 26th December 2004

Impact of Tsunami Interim Guidelines for Development Human ¾ Number of People Killed 35,322 ¾ Number of people injured 21,441 Activities (Chapter 8 of CZMP) ¾ Number of internally Displaced 516,150 Economic ¾ Value of lost assets US$900 million ¾ Number of lost live hoods 150,000 Buffer Zone (set back area) ¾ Number of houses damage 98,000 ¾ Proportion of fishing fleet destroyed 75% ¾ Extended salinated agricultural land 23449 acres • West and South coast -Kalaoya river mouth (Gange ¾ Damage to infrastructure ¾ Wadiya) to river mouth---- 100 meters Large Hotels 53 out of 242 Small Hotels 248 Related small enterprises 210 • East and North coast -Kirindioya river mouth to Social ¾ Widowed, orphaned and affected elderly and 40,000 disabled river mouth (Gange Wadiya) ---200 ¾ Health facility damage by tsunami 97 meters. ¾ Education facility damage by Tsunami 182 ¾ Universities 4 ¾ Vocational training centers 15 ¾ School children affected 200,000

3 After Tsunami Exemptions to be considered by CCAC Set Back (Buffer Zone) Exemptions

• An exemption implies a significant deviation from • Nationally important projects: Projects the intent of the set back guidelines stipulated in • which could demonstrate benefit to the public. the plan. Exemptions may be granted by the Include housing development, industries, Director only if the Coast Conservation Advisory tourism,public infra structure and constructions Council (C.C.A.C.) determines that there are related to national security. A detailed proposal compelling reasons for allowing an exemption should be submitted through their respective and recommends such exemption areas. ministries for the approval of Coast Conservation Advisory Council.

Continued... Continued... • Set back areas for small islands: 100m.for • Fisheries related buildings and infrastructure: west and south, 200m.for north and east All the infrastructure related to fisheries and Aquaculture, excluding dwelling units. • Set back areas for Head lands: High ground areas above 5 meter contour line from mean sea level , • Tourism related developments: with 25 M setback from the edge of the cliff.(13 sites) Not damaged buildings, less than 40% repair cost of the • Prohibition of dev. Activities within sand projects, buildings under construction ( not damaged) are • dune areas. allowed.Completely damaged (repair exceeds 40%) projects dune areas. be relocated in tourist zones.(TAFREN guidelines) • Prohibition of dev. Activities within national parks/ sanctuaries.

Research, Investigations, Studies Rehabilitation of Coastal Habitats Proposed determining new setback areas • Mangroves and other vegetation

• Preparations of contour maps in CZ • Sand dunes • Detailed technical study covering near shore bathymetry, coastal processes, etc., • Coral Reefs • Assessment of vulnerability areas for coastal hazards such as Tsunamis, cyclones etc., • Formulation of design criteria that should be used in area which are more prone to coastal hazardous. • Assessment of Socio Economic Impacts on set back standards

4 Green Belt Program Sand Dune Rehabilitation Program on “Coastal Green Belt” to rehabilitate , conserve and develop the coastal vegetation with the local NGOs and the community

Rehabilitation of Coast Protective Lessons Learned from Tsunami Structures Reconstruction & Rehabilitation

• Revetments • Equity and gaps • Groynes • Lack of coordination • Break Waters • Monitoring and measuring impact • Improve links to conflict affected communities • Integration of disaster risk concerns in CZM and development • Reduction of future vulnerabilities

Coastal Area Management • POLICY - COASTAL ZONE Frame Work in Sri Lanka MANAGEMENT PLAN (1990). - COASTAL 2000 : • INSTITUTIONAL - COAST CONSERVATION RESOURCES MANAGEMNET DIVISION (1978) STRATEGY FOR SRI LANKA’S COASTAL REGION (1992). - COAST CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT (1984). - REVISED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN (1997). • LEGAL - COAST CONSERVATION ACT NO. 57 OF 1981. - REVISED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN(2004) - COAST CONSERVATION (AMENDMENT) ACTNO. 64 OF 1988. Cont….

5 Institutional Structure of Ministry of Fisheries & Existing Organization Chart – Department of Coast Aquatic Resources Conservation

Coastal Zone Conflicting and Over lapping (C.C.Act no.57of 1981) Policies

• Urban Development Authority Act No. 41 of 1970

• Geological Survey, Mines and Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992

• Grater Colombo Economic Commission Law (BOI) Act No. 4 of 1978

Planning and Decision PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO CCA making Processes at the Local Level TO EFFECTIVELY DISCHARGE THE FUNCTIONS AND Integrated Coastal Area Management approach RESPONSIBILITIES OF CCD. • Fisheries cooperative societies • Village level committees •TO AVOID ISSUES ON OVERLAPPING AND CONFLICTING • Special area management coordinating committees, involving POLICIES WITH OTHER LEGISLATIONS

- Resource user groups •TO STRENGTHEN THE ROLE OF CCD IN COASTAL - Resource guardians (NGO, CBOs) RESOUCES MANAGEMENT - Resource Managers (Gov. Agencies, Local Gov.)

6 Lessons Learned and Future Needs • Survey and Research needs in CZM Thank you! • Strengthening of Enforcement

• Develop CZM capacity for all stakeholders

• Establish mechanism for integration and coordination

• Monitoring the coastal area management programme

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