A Constrained Optimization Algorithm Based on the Simplex Search Method
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An Exhaustive Review of Bio-Inspired Algorithms and Its Applications for Optimization in Fuzzy Clustering
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 10 March 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0282.v1 Article An Exhaustive Review of Bio-Inspired Algorithms and its Applications for Optimization in Fuzzy Clustering Fevrier Valdez1, Oscar Castillo1,* and Patricia Melin1 1 Division Graduate of Studies, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Calzada Tecnologico S/N, Tijuana, 22414, BC, Mexico. Tel.: 664 607 8400 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 664 607 8400 1 Abstract: In recent years, new metaheuristic algorithms have been developed taking as reference 2 the inspiration on biological and natural phenomena. This nature-inspired approach for algorithm 3 development has been widely used by many researchers in solving optimization problem. These 4 algorithms have been compared with the traditional ones algorithms and have demonstrated to 5 be superior in complex problems. This paper attempts to describe the algorithms based on nature, 6 that are used in fuzzy clustering. We briefly describe the optimization methods, the most cited 7 nature-inspired algorithms published in recent years, authors, networks and relationship of the 8 works, etc. We believe the paper can serve as a basis for analysis of the new are of nature and 9 bio-inspired optimization of fuzzy clustering. 10 11 Keywords: FUZZY; CLUSTERING; OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS 12 1. Introduction 13 Optimization is a discipline for finding the best solutions to specific problems. 14 Every day we developed many actions, which we have tried to improve to obtain the 15 best solution; for example, the route at work can be optimized depending on several 16 factors, as traffic, distance, etc. On other hand, the design of the new cars implies an 17 optimization process with many objectives as wind resistance, reduce the use of fuel, Citation: Valdez, F.; Castillo, O.; Melin, 18 maximize the potency of motor, etc. -
An Improved Bees Algorithm Local Search Mechanism for Numerical Dataset
An Improved Bees Algorithm Local Search Mechanism for Numerical dataset Prepared By: Aras Ghazi Mohammed Al-dawoodi Supervisor: Dr. Massudi bin Mahmuddin DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE AWANG HAD SALLEH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF COMPUTING UUM COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA IN PARITIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) 2014 - 2015 Permission to Use In presenting this dissertation report in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from University Utara Malaysia, I agree that the University Library may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for the copying of this report in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by my supervisor(s) or, in their absence, by the Dean of Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this report or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to University Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from my report. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this project report, in whole or in part, should be addressed to: Dean of Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences UUM College of Arts and Sciences University Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok i Abstrak Bees Algorithm (BA), satu prosedur pengoptimuman heuristik, merupakan salah satu teknik carian asas yang berdasarkan kepada aktiviti pencarian makanan lebah. -
Revised Primal Simplex Method Katta G
6.1 Revised Primal Simplex method Katta G. Murty, IOE 510, LP, U. Of Michigan, Ann Arbor First put LP in standard form. This involves floowing steps. • If a variable has only a lower bound restriction, or only an upper bound restriction, replace it by the corresponding non- negative slack variable. • If a variable has both a lower bound and an upper bound restriction, transform lower bound to zero, and list upper bound restriction as a constraint (for this version of algorithm only. In bounded variable simplex method both lower and upper bound restrictions are treated as restrictions, and not as constraints). • Convert all inequality constraints as equations by introducing appropriate nonnegative slack for each. • If there are any unrestricted variables, eliminate each of them one by one by performing a pivot step. Each of these reduces no. of variables by one, and no. of constraints by one. This 128 is equivalent to having them as permanent basic variables in the tableau. • Write obj. in min form, and introduce it as bottom row of original tableau. • Make all RHS constants in remaining constraints nonnega- tive. 0 Example: Max z = x1 − x2 + x3 + x5 subject to x1 − x2 − x4 − x5 ≥ 2 x2 − x3 + x5 + x6 ≤ 11 x1 + x2 + x3 − x5 =14 −x1 + x4 =6 x1 ≥ 1;x2 ≤ 1; x3;x4 ≥ 0; x5;x6 unrestricted. 129 Revised Primal Simplex Algorithm With Explicit Basis Inverse. INPUT NEEDED: Problem in standard form, original tableau, and a primal feasible basic vector. Original Tableau x1 ::: xj ::: xn −z a11 ::: a1j ::: a1n 0 b1 . am1 ::: amj ::: amn 0 bm c1 ::: cj ::: cn 1 α Initial Setup: Let xB be primal feasible basic vector and Bm×m be associated basis. -
Chapter 6: Gradient-Free Optimization
AA222: MDO 133 Monday 30th April, 2012 at 16:25 Chapter 6 Gradient-Free Optimization 6.1 Introduction Using optimization in the solution of practical applications we often encounter one or more of the following challenges: • non-differentiable functions and/or constraints • disconnected and/or non-convex feasible space • discrete feasible space • mixed variables (discrete, continuous, permutation) • large dimensionality • multiple local minima (multi-modal) • multiple objectives Gradient-based optimizers are efficient at finding local minima for high-dimensional, nonlinearly- constrained, convex problems; however, most gradient-based optimizers have problems dealing with noisy and discontinuous functions, and they are not designed to handle multi-modal problems or discrete and mixed discrete-continuous design variables. Consider, for example, the Griewank function: n n x2 f(x) = P i − Q cos pxi + 1 4000 i i=1 i=1 (6.1) −600 ≤ xi ≤ 600 Mixed (Integer-Continuous) Figure 6.1: Graphs illustrating the various types of functions that are problematic for gradient- based optimization algorithms AA222: MDO 134 Monday 30th April, 2012 at 16:25 Figure 6.2: The Griewank function looks deceptively smooth when plotted in a large domain (left), but when you zoom in, you can see that the design space has multiple local minima (center) although the function is still smooth (right) How we could find the best solution for this example? • Multiple point restarts of gradient (local) based optimizer • Systematically search the design space • Use gradient-free optimizers Many gradient-free methods mimic mechanisms observed in nature or use heuristics. Unlike gradient-based methods in a convex search space, gradient-free methods are not necessarily guar- anteed to find the true global optimal solutions, but they are able to find many good solutions (the mathematician's answer vs. -
Title: a Memory-Integrated Artificial Bee Algorithm for Heuristic Optimisation
Title: A memory-integrated artificial bee algorithm for heuristic optimisation Name: T. Bayraktar This is a digitised version of a dissertation submitted to the University of Bedfordshire. It is available to view only. This item is subject to copyright. A MEMORY-INTEGRATED ARTIFICIAL BEE ALGORITHM FOR HEURISTIC OPTIMISATION T. BAYRAKTAR MSc. by Research 2014 UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE 1 A MEMORY-INTEGRATED ARTIFICIAL BEE ALGORITHM FOR HEURISTIC OPTIMISATION by T. BAYRAKTAR A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Research February 2014 2 A MEMORY-INTEGRATED ARTIFICIAL BEE ALGORITHM FOR HEURISTIC OPTIMISATION T. BAYRAKTAR ABSTRACT According to studies about bee swarms, they use special techniques for foraging and they are always able to find notified food sources with exact coordinates. In order to succeed in food source exploration, the information about food sources is transferred between employed bees and onlooker bees via waggle dance. In this study, bee colony behaviours are imitated for further search in one of the common real world problems. Traditional solution techniques from literature may not obtain sufficient results; therefore other techniques have become essential for food source exploration. In this study, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used as a base to fulfil this purpose. When employed and onlooker bees are searching for better food sources, they just memorize the current sources and if they find better one, they erase the all information about the previous best food source. In this case, worker bees may visit same food source repeatedly and this circumstance causes a hill climbing in search. -
An Improved Bees Algorithm for Training Deep Recurrent Networks for Sentiment Classification
S S symmetry Article An Improved Bees Algorithm for Training Deep Recurrent Networks for Sentiment Classification Sultan Zeybek 1,* , Duc Truong Pham 2, Ebubekir Koç 3 and Aydın Seçer 4 1 Department of Computer Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul 34445, Turkey 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; [email protected] 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Istanbul 34445, Turkey; [email protected] 4 Department of Mathematical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are powerful tools for learning information from temporal sequences. Designing an optimum deep RNN is difficult due to configuration and training issues, such as vanishing and exploding gradients. In this paper, a novel metaheuristic optimisation approach is proposed for training deep RNNs for the sentiment classification task. The approach employs an enhanced Ternary Bees Algorithm (BA-3+), which operates for large dataset classification problems by considering only three individual solutions in each iteration. BA-3+ combines the collaborative search of three bees to find the optimal set of trainable parameters of the proposed deep recurrent learning architecture. Local learning with exploitative search utilises the greedy selection strategy. Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) learning with singular value decomposition (SVD) aims to Citation: Zeybek, S.; Pham, D. T.; handle vanishing and exploding gradients of the decision parameters with the stabilisation strategy Koç, E.; Seçer, A. An Improved Bees of SVD. Global learning with explorative search achieves faster convergence without getting trapped Algorithm for Training Deep at local optima to find the optimal set of trainable parameters of the proposed deep recurrent learning Recurrent Networks for Sentiment architecture. -
The Simplex Algorithm in Dimension Three1
The Simplex Algorithm in Dimension Three1 Volker Kaibel2 Rafael Mechtel3 Micha Sharir4 G¨unter M. Ziegler3 Abstract We investigate the worst-case behavior of the simplex algorithm on linear pro- grams with 3 variables, that is, on 3-dimensional simple polytopes. Among the pivot rules that we consider, the “random edge” rule yields the best asymptotic behavior as well as the most complicated analysis. All other rules turn out to be much easier to study, but also produce worse results: Most of them show essentially worst-possible behavior; this includes both Kalai’s “random-facet” rule, which is known to be subexponential without dimension restriction, as well as Zadeh’s de- terministic history-dependent rule, for which no non-polynomial instances in general dimensions have been found so far. 1 Introduction The simplex algorithm is a fascinating method for at least three reasons: For computa- tional purposes it is still the most efficient general tool for solving linear programs, from a complexity point of view it is the most promising candidate for a strongly polynomial time linear programming algorithm, and last but not least, geometers are pleased by its inherent use of the structure of convex polytopes. The essence of the method can be described geometrically: Given a convex polytope P by means of inequalities, a linear functional ϕ “in general position,” and some vertex vstart, 1Work on this paper by Micha Sharir was supported by NSF Grants CCR-97-32101 and CCR-00- 98246, by a grant from the U.S.-Israeli Binational Science Foundation, by a grant from the Israel Science Fund (for a Center of Excellence in Geometric Computing), and by the Hermann Minkowski–MINERVA Center for Geometry at Tel Aviv University. -
11.1 Algorithms for Linear Programming
6.854 Advanced Algorithms Lecture 11: 10/18/2004 Lecturer: David Karger Scribes: David Schultz 11.1 Algorithms for Linear Programming 11.1.1 Last Time: The Ellipsoid Algorithm Last time, we touched on the ellipsoid method, which was the first polynomial-time algorithm for linear programming. A neat property of the ellipsoid method is that you don’t have to be able to write down all of the constraints in a polynomial amount of space in order to use it. You only need one violated constraint in every iteration, so the algorithm still works if you only have a separation oracle that gives you a separating hyperplane in a polynomial amount of time. This makes the ellipsoid algorithm powerful for theoretical purposes, but isn’t so great in practice; when you work out the details of the implementation, the running time winds up being O(n6 log nU). 11.1.2 Interior Point Algorithms We will finish our discussion of algorithms for linear programming with a class of polynomial-time algorithms known as interior point algorithms. These have begun to be used in practice recently; some of the available LP solvers now allow you to use them instead of Simplex. The idea behind interior point algorithms is to avoid turning corners, since this was what led to combinatorial complexity in the Simplex algorithm. They do this by staying in the interior of the polytope, rather than walking along its edges. A given constrained linear optimization problem is transformed into an unconstrained gradient descent problem. To avoid venturing outside of the polytope when descending the gradient, these algorithms use a potential function that is small at the optimal value and huge outside of the feasible region. -
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation The simplex method was invented by George B. Dantzig in 1947 for solving linear programming problems. Although, this method is still a viable tool for solving linear programming problems and has undergone substantial revisions and sophistication in implementation, it is still confronted with the exponential worst-case computational effort. The question of the existence of a polynomial time algorithm was answered affirmatively by Khachian [16] in 1979. While the theoretical aspects of this procedure were appealing, computational effort illustrated that the new approach was not going to be a competitive alternative to the simplex method. However, when Karmarkar [15] introduced a new low-order polynomial time interior point algorithm for solving linear programs in 1984, and demonstrated this method to be computationally superior to the simplex algorithm for large, sparse problems, an explosion of research effort in this area took place. Today, a variety of highly effective variants of interior point algorithms exist (see Terlaky [32]). On the other hand, while exterior penalty function approaches have been widely used in the context of nonlinear programming, their application to solve linear programming problems has been comparatively less explored. The motivation of this research effort is to study how several variants of exterior penalty function methods, suitably modified and fine-tuned, perform in comparison with each other, and to provide insights into their viability for solving linear programming problems. Many experimental investigations have been conducted for studying in detail the simplex method and several interior point algorithms. Whereas these methods generally perform well and are sufficiently adequate in practice, it has been demonstrated that solving linear programming problems using a simplex based algorithm, or even an interior-point type of procedure, can be inadequately slow in the presence of complicating constraints, dense coefficient matrices, and ill- conditioning. -
A Branch-And-Bound Algorithm for Zero-One Mixed Integer
A BRANCH-AND-BOUND ALGORITHM FOR ZERO- ONE MIXED INTEGER PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS Ronald E. Davis Stanford University, Stanford, California David A. Kendrick University of Texas, Austin, Texas and Martin Weitzman Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (Received August 7, 1969) This paper presents the results of experimentation on the development of an efficient branch-and-bound algorithm for the solution of zero-one linear mixed integer programming problems. An implicit enumeration is em- ployed using bounds that are obtained from the fractional variables in the associated linear programming problem. The principal mathematical result used in obtaining these bounds is the piecewise linear convexity of the criterion function with respect to changes of a single variable in the interval [0, 11. A comparison with the computational experience obtained with several other algorithms on a number of problems is included. MANY IMPORTANT practical problems of optimization in manage- ment, economics, and engineering can be posed as so-called 'zero- one mixed integer problems,' i.e., as linear programming problems in which a subset of the variables is constrained to take on only the values zero or one. When indivisibilities, economies of scale, or combinatoric constraints are present, formulation in the mixed-integer mode seems natural. Such problems arise frequently in the contexts of industrial scheduling, investment planning, and regional location, but they are by no means limited to these areas. Unfortunately, at the present time the performance of most compre- hensive algorithms on this class of problems has been disappointing. This study was undertaken in hopes of devising a more satisfactory approach. In this effort we have drawn on the computational experience of, and the concepts employed in, the LAND AND DoIGE161 Healy,[13] and DRIEBEEKt' I algorithms. -
Arxiv:1706.05795V4 [Math.OC] 4 Nov 2018
BCOL RESEARCH REPORT 17.02 Industrial Engineering & Operations Research University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720{1777 SIMPLEX QP-BASED METHODS FOR MINIMIZING A CONIC QUADRATIC OBJECTIVE OVER POLYHEDRA ALPER ATAMTURK¨ AND ANDRES´ GOMEZ´ Abstract. We consider minimizing a conic quadratic objective over a polyhe- dron. Such problems arise in parametric value-at-risk minimization, portfolio optimization, and robust optimization with ellipsoidal objective uncertainty; and they can be solved by polynomial interior point algorithms for conic qua- dratic optimization. However, interior point algorithms are not well-suited for branch-and-bound algorithms for the discrete counterparts of these problems due to the lack of effective warm starts necessary for the efficient solution of convex relaxations repeatedly at the nodes of the search tree. In order to overcome this shortcoming, we reformulate the problem us- ing the perspective of the quadratic function. The perspective reformulation lends itself to simple coordinate descent and bisection algorithms utilizing the simplex method for quadratic programming, which makes the solution meth- ods amenable to warm starts and suitable for branch-and-bound algorithms. We test the simplex-based quadratic programming algorithms to solve con- vex as well as discrete instances and compare them with the state-of-the-art approaches. The computational experiments indicate that the proposed al- gorithms scale much better than interior point algorithms and return higher precision solutions. In our experiments, for large convex instances, they pro- vide up to 22x speed-up. For smaller discrete instances, the speed-up is about 13x over a barrier-based branch-and-bound algorithm and 6x over the LP- based branch-and-bound algorithm with extended formulations. -
University of Birmingham Bees Algorithm for Multimodal Function
University of Birmingham Bees algorithm for multimodal function optimisation Zhou, Z.; Xie, Y.; Pham, D.; Kamsani, S.; Castellani, M. DOI: 10.1177/0954406215576063 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Zhou, Z, Xie, Y, Pham, D, Kamsani, S & Castellani, M 2015, 'Bees algorithm for multimodal function optimisation', Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Proceedings. Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science . https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406215576063 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.