ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CREATED WETLANDS IN ILLINOIS

Report Prepared by John A. Crawford1, Andrew R. Kuhns2, annd Paige Mettler‐Cherry3

1. Department of Biological Sciences, Lindenwood U,iversity, St. Charles, Mo 2. Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820 3. Department of Biological Sciences, Lindenwood Universtiy, Belleville, IL

Report Prepared For Contract: CD00E00730 United States Environmental Proteection Agency Region 5 77 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604‐3590

Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report 2014 (20): 1‐200

30 June 2014

Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign William Shilts, Executive Director

Illinois Natural History Survey Brian D. Anderson, Director 1816 South Oak Street Champaign, IL 61820 217‐333‐6830

Table of Contents Table of Contents...... 1 List of Tables ...... 2 List of Figures ...... 5 Introduction ...... 7 Objectives ...... 8 Methodology ...... 9 Amphibian Sampling ...... 10 Plant Sampling ...... 10 Water Quality ...... 11 Data Analysis ...... 11 Results ...... 14 Amphibian Sampling ...... 14 Plant Sampling ...... 17 Water Quality ...... 18 Discussion ...... 18 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 20 Literature Cited ...... 22 Appendices ...... 81 Appendix 1. Site localities for sampled wetlands ...... 82 Appendix 2. Environmental metrics of sampled wetlands...... 95 Appendix 3. Anuran occupancy of wetlands ...... 98 Appendix 4. Salamander occupancy of wetlands ...... 101 Appendix 5. Plant species lists for 80 wetlands ...... 104 Appendix 6. Plant richness, type and wetland indicator status for wetlands ..... 200

1 List of Tables Table 1. Conservation coefficients for the amphibian assemblage across the study area ...... 24

Table 2. Ecological assessment of amphibians encountered in east-central Illinois (PI assessment – J.A. Crawford) ...... 25

Table 3. Ecological assessment of amphibians encountered in east-central Illinois (PI assessment – A.R. Kuhns)...... 26

Table 4. Ecological assessment methodology for water quality using nitrate (NO3-N) and nitrite (NO2-N) levels ...... 27

Table 5. Occupancy rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area ...... 28

Table 6. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area ...... 29

Table 7. Model selection results of A. crepitans occupancy in breeding ponds ...... 30

Table 8. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. crepitans ...... 31

Table 9. Model selection results of A. jeffersonianum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 32

Table 10. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. jeffersonianum ...... 33

Table 11. Model selection results of A. maculatum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois...... 34

Table 12. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. maculatum...... 35

Table 13. Model selection results of A. opacum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 36

Table 14. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. opacum...... 37

Table 15. Model selection results of A. platineum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 38

Table 16. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. platineum ...... 39

2

Table 17. Model selection results of Ambystoma polyploid complex occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 40

Table 18. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for Ambystoma polyploidy complex ...... 41

Table 19. Model selection results of A. texanum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 42

Table 20. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. texanum ...... 43

Table 21. Model selection results of A. tigrinum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 44

Table 22. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. tigrinum ...... 45

Table 23. Model selection results of B. americanus occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 46

Table 24. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for B. americanus ...... 47

Table 25. Model selection results of P. crucifer occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 48

Table 26. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for P. crucifer ...... 49

Table 27. Model selection results of R. catesbeiana occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 50

Table 28. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. catesbeiana ...... 51

Table 29. Model selection results of R. clamitans occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 52

Table 30. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. clamitans ...... 53

Table 31. Model selection results of R. sphenocephala occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 54

3 Table 32. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. sphenocephala ...... 55

Table 33. Model selection results of R. sylvatica occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois ...... 56

Table 34. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. sylvatica ...... 57

Table 35. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east-central Illinois (using the 4x3 sampling method in 2012)...... 58

Table 36. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east-central Illinois (using the 4x2 sampling method in 2012)...... 59

Table 37. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east-central Illinois (using the 3x3 early sampling method in 2012 ...60

Table 38. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east-central Illinois (using the 3x3 late sampling method in 2012 .....61

Table 39. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east-central Illinois (using the 3x2 sampling method in 2012 ...... 62

4 List of Figures

Figure 1. Average standard error values from detection estimates across five sampling methodologies ...... 63

Figure 2. Underestimation (%) of conservation coefficients across five sampling methodologies ...... 64

Figure 3. Average amphibian species richness across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 65

Figure 4. Average amphibian conservation coefficient values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 66

Figure 5. Average canopy cover values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 67

Figure 6. Average pond slope values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 68

Figure 7. Average pond area values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 69

Figure 8. Average pond conductivity values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 70

Figure 9. Average pond dissolved oxygen values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 71

Figure 10. Average pond pH values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 72

Figure 11. Average plant species richness (including invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 73

Figure 12. Average plant species richness (excluding invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 74

Figure 13. Average plant conservation coefficient values (including invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 75

Figure 14. Average plant conservation coefficient values (excluding invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 76

Figure 15. Average number of invasive plant species across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 77

5 Figure 16. Average nitrate IBI scores across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 78

Figure 17. Average nitrite IBI scores across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 79

Figure 18. Average total water quality IBI scores across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois ...... 80

6 Introduction

The U.S. Clean Water Act mandates protection of the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of wetlands. Wetland mitigation, which can include creation and restoration, is typically used to achieve

“no net loss” of wetlands within the U.S. However, Dahl (2006) found that while overall wetland acreage increased in the U.S. between 1998 and 2004, the gains were due to construction of freshwater ponds that offset the loss of freshwater vegetated wetlands. Constructed wetlands usually fail to replicate hydrology and vegetation of the natural wetlands being replaced (Zedler and Callaway 1999; NRC 2001). Created ponds with abnormal hydrological cycles and vegetation often fail to provide adequate habitat for wetland-dependent wildlife (Pechmann et al. 2001; Vasconcelos and Calhoun 2006) and can have a negative effect on overall wildlife diversity within a region (Porej and Hetherington 2005). Thus, the net gains in acreage may not translate into net gains in ecological function.

Habitat loss and the current biodiversity crisis have received a great deal of attention over the past two decades. Currently, extinction rates for plants and animals are estimated to be 1,000 times higher than background rates from the fossil record (Baillie et al. 2004). Of the vertebrate groups that have been completely evaluated (birds, mammals, and amphibians), the IUCN found that 12% of all bird species,

21% of all mammal species, and 30% of all amphibian species were at risk of extinction (IUCN 2009).

While there are a number of factors that have contributed to these declines, it is widely accepted that the primary threat facing wildlife is habitat loss and degradation (Cushman 2006).

Amphibian assemblages make up an important ecological component of many ecosystems. They play a large role in food webs as both predators of invertebrates and prey of larger vertebrates (Davic and

Welsh 2004), and they often exceed the combined biomass of other terrestrial vertebrates within the system (Burton and Likens 1975; Peterman et al. 2008). Due to their unique life history cycle, amphibians can potentially supply a large proportion of the energy transfer between aquatic and terrestrial habitats

(Gibbons et al. 2006). Additionally, amphibians can serve as useful bioindicators of environmental change because they are sensitive to various forms of habitat alteration (Storfer 2003). Due to their

7 importance in wetland ecosystems and their status as an indicator taxon, amphibians can serve as a model for understanding the roles that seasonal wetlands play in ecosystem function.

Seasonal wetlands (also known as vernal pools) are shallow, depressional wetlands that occur throughout the Midwestern and Eastern U.S. Distribution and abundance of seasonal wetlands are regarded as an indicator of overall ecosystem health and are especially important to numerous species of plants and amphibians. In addition to their biological importance, these seasonal wetlands play critical roles in hydrology (surface water storage and groundwater exchange), biogeochemical cycling, and energy exchange (via amphibian production and dispersal) to adjacent terrestrial habitat. Despite their ecological significance within the landscape, seasonal wetlands typically receive minimal regulatory protection at both the federal and state levels because they are often small (less than 0.5 hectares) and hydrologically isolated (Lichko and Calhoun 2003).

Within Illinois, wetland conversion and drainage has been especially extensive where an estimated 90% of original wetland area has been lost (Suloway and Hubbell 1994). Therefore, protection of remaining wetlands and creation of functional replacement wetlands to mitigate unavoidable losses is a high priority within the state. Although the National Research Council (2001) report on compensating for wetland losses identified seasonal wetlands as one of the most difficult wetland types to create, wetland creation is listed as a Priority Action Campaign within the Illinois Wildlife Action Plan (IDNR 2005). In southeastern Illinois (Natural Heritage Districts 14, 21, and 22) more than 250 seasonal wetlands have been created at 14 different IDNR managed properties over the last decade (T. Esker and R. Jansen,

IDNR District Heritage Biologists, pers. comm.). However, follow up sampling to document the success or failure of these created wetlands is lacking (T. Esker and R. Jansen pers. comm.).

Objectives

The primary purpose of our study was to develop and implement a sampling methodology that evaluates overall health and function of created seasonal wetlands in the state of Illinois. All proposed objectives and activities of this project fall outside the scope of existing regulatory requirements due to

8 the small size and hydrological isolation of seasonal wetlands. Specific objectives addressed in this project include:

1) Development and refinement of individual amphibian, plant, and water quality monitoring

methodologies.

2) Development of analytical techniques to assess wetland condition.

3) Overall assessment of created and reference wetlands in east-central Illinois.

Methodology

To evaluate the effectiveness of constructed wetlands, it is important to examine how they function ecologically (Shulse et al. 2009). Mitigated wetlands are typically monitored for 3–5 years to determine if they meet site-specific performance standards (NRC 2001) and monitoring is usually focused on one taxon (e.g. plants, invertebrates, amphibians, etc.) or other indicator (e.g. water quality). These site-specific standards are normally subjective and lack comparisons to natural wetlands (Matthews and

Endress 2008).

In order to evaluate overall health and function of created seasonal wetlands in Illinois, we sampled 80 seasonal wetlands (Appendices 1 & 2) during each of three field seasons (2011–2013).

During each field season, we sampled 18 reference wetlands, 20 created wetlands that were 2–3 years of age, 20 created wetlands that were 4–5 years of age, and 22 wetlands that were 6–7 years of age (as of the field season of 2011). Wetlands were located in Illinois Natural Heritage districts 14, 21, and 22 on IDNR managed properties (and one property that was owned by an IDNR land manager) to ensure accessibility.

Wetland health and function was assessed by examining three critical components of wetland ecosystems:

1) Plant diversity; 2) Amphibian diversity; and 3) Water quality. Each of these primary components was incorporated into an index of biological integrity (IBI) to determine how well the seasonal wetland was functioning within the ecosystem.

9 Amphibian Sampling – At each wetland amphibian surveys were conducted during three different time periods (February/March, April/May, June/July) in the 2011 field season. To increase the probability of detecting larvae and breeding adults, amphibian surveys were conducted during four different time periods (February-July) in the 2012 and 2013 field seasons. Due to yearly fluctuations in population sizes, variability in breeding phenologies, and suspected detection rates between species (i.e. rare species have lower detection rates than common species), wetlands were sampled for two nights per period in 2011

(total n = 6) and for three nights per period (total n = 12) in 2012 and 2013. By repeatedly sampling wetlands, we were able estimate occupancy and detectability rates using program PRESENCE 6.4.

We sampled for adult and larval amphibians using two techniques: passive sampling using minnow traps and active sampling using dip-net searches. Additionally, we noted any calling amphibians, observed amphibians, or presence of any amphibian egg masses upon each visit to a wetland. Numbers of minnow traps deployed and number of dip-net sweeps were scaled to the size of the wetland. All amphibians (and fish) were identified to species and assigned an age-class (adult ot larva). We recorded number of individuals per species captured in each sampling event. Results were used to calculate diversity values for the amphibian assemblage at each wetland (and generate subsequent conservation coefficients). In addition to the vegetation data that was collected (see plant sampling section), we recorded: site coordinates, wetland size, wetland slope, fish presence/absence, and canopy cover

(Appendix 2). This data was used to develop habitat models by employing regression analyses using an information-theoretic approach (AIC) in program PRESENCE 6.4 as well as in ANOVA (analysis of variance) models.

Plant Sampling – A stratified random plot design was utilized to sample the vegetation at each wetland. Four 50 m transects were established from the approximate mid-point of each wetland outward in the direction of adjacent upland vegetation, the direction of the transects were determined at each individual wetland as a result of surrounding habitat and topography. Vegetation was sampled for presence/absence along the entire length of each transect and recorded for each 20 m section. Trees greater than 5 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) were identified and dbh was measured. A 1 m2 cover

10 plot was randomly selected within each 20 m section to sample herbaceous vegetation which was identified by species and cover estimated. If woody vegetation was present, a 10 m2 plot was established on each 50 m transect and woody vegetation was identified and dbh was measured for trees greater than 5 cm dbh. Sampling of vegetation at each seasonal wetland occurred from April-September during the

2011-2013 field seasons.

Water Quality – The monitoring of water quality in aquatic habitats consisted of 1) measurement of physical and chemical water quality parameters in the field; 2) collection of raw water samples in the field, then transport (on ice) to the Public Service Laboratory at the Illinois State Water Survey in

Champaign, Illinois; and 3) completion of laboratory analyses for Nitrates (NO3) and Nitrites (NO2) in those raw samples. Water samples for NO2 and NO3 were collected by polyethylene dipper from throughout the wetland, mixed in a 2 gallon bucket, drawn into 30 ml syringe, and filtered (0.45µm nylon filter attached to the syringe) into new, pre labeled, 60ml Nalgene bottles that had been triple rinsed with deionized water. Field parameters were measured with a handheld YSI 556MPS from 2-4 different times during each of the field seasons. Values from field water quality parameters include water and ambient temperatures (± 0.15 ⁰C), dissolved oxygen (±2% of reading), hydrogen ion concentration (as pH; ±0.2 units), and specific conductivity (±0.5% of reading. Values from each sample at each wetland were averaged for subsequent analyses. Water samples were collected for analysis of NO3 and NO4 1-3 times per pond per year. In some instances, water samples and measurements could not be taken later in the season due to wetland conditions (i.e., ponds were dry).

Data Analyses – To investigate the relationships between amphibian occupancy and environmental variables, we used an information-theoretic approach to model selection (Burnham and

Anderson 2002). The information-theoretic approach allows one to select a best model (of the models that are tested) and rank the remaining models (Burnham and Anderson 2002). We followed methods developed by MacKenzie et al. (2002, 2005) to estimate occupancy probability of breeding ponds of amphibians as a function of the environmental covariates measured. All analyses were conducted with program PRESENCE 6.4 (http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html).

11 We used a two-step process to address a priori hypotheses on amphibian occupancy of breeding ponds. First, we modeled detection probabilities while holding site occupancy constant. Second, we tested the a priori occupancy models simultaneously with the best model for detection probability incorporated

(Bailey et al. 2004; MacKenzie et al. 2005). All continuous environmental covariates (canopy cover and pond slope) were standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation for each variable. Standardization of continuous covariates is necessary to avoid problems with parameter estimation in program PRESENCE. Environmental covariates were tested for multicollinearity and covariates with R > 0.5 were not included in the same model (Graham 2003). Using two environmental site covariates, we built 4 a priori models (for each species) to test hypotheses predicting occupancy of breeding ponds in the study area. The environmental variables we selected (and subsequent models we built) were based on previous studies detailing their importance to amphibians. The predictive models are:

1) NULL (intercept only); 2) CANOPY (percent canopy cover); 3) SLOPE (degree of bank slope); and 4)

GLOBAL (canopy cover and pond slope).

For each model, we calculated the AIC value corrected for small sample sizes (AICc), which is a measure of model fit adjusted for the number of parameters (Burnham and Anderson 2002). AICc values were corrected for overdispersion (quasi-likelihood; QAICc) when necessary (Burnham and Anderson

2002). Overdisperion (ĉ > 1.0) was assessed using goodness-of-fit tests on the global occupancy model and simulated using 10,000 bootstrap samples. Generally when ĉ ≤ 4.0 there is adequate model structure to describe the variation in the dataset (Burnham and Anderson 2002). We ranked all candidate models according to their AICc (or QAICc) values, and the best model had the smallest value. We also calculated

ΔAICc (or ΔQAICc), which is the difference in AIC between each model and the best model in the set.

AIC differences less than two are considered to indicate little difference between models, while differences of 4–7 indicate considerably less support for the model with the higher AIC value although it may have some empirical support (Burnham and Anderson 2002). We then calculated Akaike weights

(ωi) to determine the weight of evidence in favor of each model and we examined the model averaged point estimates (β) and confidence intervals to determine the importance of each parameter in the model

12 set (Burnham and Anderson 2002). If confidence intervals fail to bound zero, they indicate the parameter significantly affects species occupancy. To determine the probability of breeding pond use, we used model averaging techniques by obtaining averages of site estimates from models with ΔAICc (or

ΔQAICc) < 7.

Due to their importance in wetland ecosystems, there is a need to develop rigorous but rapid sampling methods to assess wetland function based on amphibian diversity. In order to determine the most appropriate sampling strategy, we sampled 80 total wetlands in east-central Illinois during the 2012 field season (February-July). Each wetland was sampled once every five weeks (over a twenty week period), with three samples during each week (12 total samples). We then evaluated the effect of removing sample periods on species detection estimates and wetland conservation coefficients (an indicator of amphibian diversity). The four tested periods were: 1) 4x2 – four sampling periods with two samples in each period; 2) 3x3 Early – three sampling periods starting in February/March with three samples in each period; 3) 3x3 Late – three sampling periods starting in March/April with three samples in each period; 3x2 – three sampling periods with two samples in each period. All detection analyses were conducted with program PRESENCE 6.4.

Following the protocol of Shulse et al. (2009), each amphibian species was assigned a numerical conservation coefficient (Table 1). To obtain these coefficients, two of the project PI’s (J.A. Crawford and A.R. Kuhns) independently assessed the ecology of each species and assigned a score between 1 and

10 for three ecological criteria .– sensitivity to disturbance, rarity of the species within Illinois, and range of the species within Illinois (Tables 2 and 3). The three scores for each category were averaged to obtain the conservation coefficient (CC). The two CC’s developed for each species from each PI were then averaged. Higher scores indicate higher conservation priority. An individual wetland was then given an overall score by summing the total value of CC’s from each species encountered during field sampling in

2011-2013.

An IBI for water quality was developed by scaling values and assigning scores between 1 and 10 for Nitrate and Nitrite levels independently (Table 4). These two scores were then summed and divided

13 by two to give each wetland its own water quality IBI score. Conservation coefficients for plant species were based on scores for three variables; sensitivity to disturbance, rarity of species within Illinois and the range of the species. Scores for each variable were ranked on a scale of 0-10, with 10 indicating the highest conservation value. Sensitivity to disturbance was based on natural history descriptions examined from the USDA Plant Database, US Forest Service, Illinois Natural History Survey, Steyermarks’s Flora of Missouri by Yatskievych (1999) and Mohlenbrock’s Vascular Flora of Illinois (2002). Species were assigned a score of 5 if they were of concern for declining populations, 8 if they were listed as threated and 10 if they were listed as endangered either at the federal or state level. Values for range were determined by the number of Illinois counties included in the range. That value was divided by the total number of counties (102) to determine a percentage which was then converted to a value 0-10 (>100%=0,

90-99=1, 80-89=2, 70-79=3, 60-69=4, 50-59=5, 40-49=6, 30-39=7, 20-29=8, 10-19=9, 1-9=0).

To perform the overall assessment of created and reference wetland condition in east-central

Illinois we used ANOVA (analysis of variance) models. We tested for significant differences (P < 0.05) among the four treatment groups (reference wetlands, wetlands constructed in 2004-2005, wetlands constructed in 2006-2007, and wetland constructed in 2008-2010) for the following variables: 1) Canopy cover (%); 3) Pond slope (°); 4) Pond area (m2); 5) Pond conductivity (S/m); 6) Pond dissolved oxygen

(DO); 7) Pond pH.; 8) Amphibian species richness; 9) Amphibian conservation coefficients; 10) Plant species richness (including and excluding invasives); 11) Plant conservation coefficients; and 12) Water quality conservation coefficients.

Results

Amphibian Sampling – During the 2011-2013 field seasons a total of 16 amphibian species were captured across the 80 ponds sampled (Appendices 3 & 4): Acris crepitans (Blanchard’s cricket frog);

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Jefferson salamander), A. maculatum (spotted salamander), A. opacum

(marbled salamander); A. platineum (silvery salamander); A. texanum (small-mouthed salamander), A. tigrinum (tiger salamander), Bufo americanus (American toad); Bufo fowleri (Fowler’s toad); Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor (gray treefrog complex); Pseudacris crucifer (spring peeper), P. triseriata

14 (western chorus frog), Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog), R. clamitans (green frog), R. sphenocephala

(southern leopard frog), and R. sylvatica (wood frog). Ambystoma jeffersonianum and A. platineum are part of a polyploidy species complex so some analyses group the results of these two species. Of the 16 species encountered, R. sphenocephala had the highest naïve occupancy and P. triseriata had the highest estimated site occupancy whereas A. opacum had the lowest naïve and estimated site occupancy across the landscape (Table 5). Rana sphenocephala had the highest estimated detection rate, while B. fowleri had the lowest rate of detection (Table 6). The global model fit the data well for 13 of 16 species (A. crepitans ĉ = 4.19; A. jeffersonianum ĉ = 1.56; A. maculatum ĉ = 2.27; A. opacum ĉ = 2.69; A. platineum

ĉ = 1.76; Ambystoma polyploid complex ĉ = 1.99; A. texanum ĉ = 3.33; A. tigrinum ĉ = 2.43; B. americanus ĉ = 2.67; B. fowleri ĉ = 12.69; H. chrysoscelis/versicolor ĉ = 15.41; P. crucifer ĉ = 2.71; P. triseriata ĉ = 8.67; R. catesbeiana ĉ = 1.89; R. clamitans ĉ = 3.22; R. sphenocephala ĉ = 2.92; R. sylvatica

ĉ = 1.92) so we proceeded with further analyses; occupancy model results for B. folweri, H. chrysoscelis/versicolor and P. triseriata are not presented due to lack of model convergence.

We held the detection probability (p) constant when assessing site occupancy for 13 species encountered where model convergence was achieved. Of the 4 a priori models, the CANOPY model best predicted the occupancy of breeding ponds for A. crepitans (Table 7). This model included only the canopy cover covariate, which was the only variable from the model averaged point estimates for which the estimate of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 8). For A. jeffersonianum the GLOBAL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 9). This model included both the canopy cover and pond slope covariates, however neither variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 10). For A. maculatum the

CANOPY model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 11). This model included only the canopy cover covariate, which was the only variable from the model averaged point estimates for which the estimate of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 12). For A. opacum the

NULL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 13). This model included no covariates, and neither variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not

15 overlap zero (Table 14). For A. platineum the CANOPY model best predicted breeding pond occupancy

(Table 15). This model included only the canopy cover covariate, however neither variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 16). For the Ambystoma polyploid complex the CANOPY model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table

17). This model included only the canopy cover covariate, which was the only variable from the model averaged point estimates for which the estimate of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero

(Table 18). For A. texanum the NULL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 19). This model included no covariates, and neither variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 20). For A. tigrinum the NULL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 21). This model included no covariates, and neither variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 22). For

B. americanus the SLOPE model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 23). This model included only the pond slope covariate, which was the only variable from the model averaged point estimates for which the estimate of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 24).

For P. crucifer the NULL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 25). This model included no covariates, however the pond slope variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 26). For R. catesbeiana the CANOPY model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 27). This model included only the canopy cover covariate, which was the only variable from the model averaged point estimates for which the estimate of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 28). For R. clamitans the NULL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 29). This model included no covariates, however the canopy cover variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 30). For R. sphenocephala the NULL model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table

31). This model included no covariates, and neither variable from the model averaged point estimates of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 32). For R. sylvatica the CANOPY model best predicted breeding pond occupancy (Table 33). This model included only the canopy cover covariate,

16 which was the only variable from the model averaged point estimates for which the estimate of beta had a confidence interval that did not overlap zero (Table 34).

From the 2012 comparison of sampling methodologies analyses, we found that as sample number decreased detection estimates consistently increased (Tables 35-39). Overall, we found that decreasing the total number of samples from 12 resulted in a significant increase (p = 0.046) in the standard error values for detection estimates (Figure 1) as well as wider (and less precise) confidence intervals. Additionally, when fewer than 12 samples were used, amphibian conservation coefficients were significantly underestimated (p < 0.001; Figure 2). Overall, the sampling regime that included 12 samples had conservation coefficient values 8.41% higher than sampling regimes with 9 or fewer samples.

Across all three field seasons there was a significant difference in both amphibian species richness (p = 0.010) and conservation coefficient (p = 0.001) among wetland treatment groups. The average species richness and amphibian conservation coefficient were highest in reference ponds and lowest in ponds created during 2004–2005 (Figures 3 & 4). Further, there were significant differences among pond treatments in canopy cover (p = 0.002), pond slope (p < 0.001), pond area (p < 0.001), pond conductivity (P =0.002), pond dissolved oxygen (p < 0.001), and pond pH (p = 0.001). Canopy cover was highest in the reference ponds and lowest in ponds created during 2004–2005 (Figure 5). Pond slope was steepest in ponds created during 2008–2010 and shallowest in ponds created during 2006–2007 (Figure

6). Pond area was greatest in reference ponds and smallest in ponds created during 2006–2007 (Figure 7).

Pond conductivity was greatest in reference ponds and smallest in ponds created during 2008–2010

(Figure 8). Pond dissolved oxygen was highest in ponds created in 2004–2005 and smallest in reference ponds (Figure 9). Pond pH was highest in ponds created in 2008–2010 and lowest in ponds created in

2006–2007 (Figure 10).

Plant Sampling – A total of 363 unique plant species (Appendix 5) were encountered from 2011-

2013 with an average of 99.4 species per conservation area (Appendix 6). There were no significant differences among the treatment groups for total species richness including invasive plants (p = 0.498) or for total species richness excluding invasive plants (p = 0.467). Species richness (both including and

17 excluding invasive species) was highest at ponds created in 2006–2007 and lowest at reference ponds

(Figures 11 & 12). Similarly, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups for total plant conservation coefficient scores including invasive plants (p = 0.856) or for plant conservation coefficient scores excluding invasive plants (p = 0.763). Plant conservation coefficient scores (both including and excluding invasive species) was highest at ponds created in 2004–2005 and lowest at reference ponds (Figures 11 & 12). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the number of invasive species present (p = 0.680) among the treatment groups (Figure 15).

Water Quality – There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in IBI scores for nitrates (p = 0.533), nitrites (p = 0.927), or total water IBI (p = 0.826). Nitrate IBI scores were highest in ponds created in 2004–2005 and lowest in reference ponds (Figure 16); nitrite IBI scores were highest in ponds created in 2006–2007 and owest in reference ponds (Figure 17); total IBI scores were highest in ponds created in 2004–2005 and lowest in reference ponds (Figure 18).

Discussion

Pond conductivity was significantly greater in reference ponds. Conductivity is directly related to total dissolved solids and thus, the reference ponds have a higher amount of TDS. This may be because they are larger or it could be because the reference (established) ponds are better at capturing and sequestering particulate matter. Dissolved oxygen was significantly lower in reference ponds despite the significantly larger size of these ponds. While our study is primarily focused on species richness, abundance of amphibians (adults and larvae) is greater in reference ponds. With this greater biomass, a greater amount of dissolved oxygen may be consumed and result in the differences we observed. The oldest created ponds (2004-2005) had significantly lower canopy cover values than reference or ponds created in 2006-2007). At the time of their construction, land managers were working under a no tree removal mandate. This might have resulted in accessibility issues for pond construction equipment, requiring ponds being placed in the open or along woodland edges. Ponds created in 2008-2010 had significantly more embanked slopes than either reference or other created ponds. The reasons for this difference are unclear as the same equipment operator created all of the created ponds regardless of age.

18 The majority of the 2008-2010 created ponds were in District 14 so it may be that the habitats in these sites demanded a greater slope for pond creation, or water retention, on the landscape. Finally, reference ponds were significantly larger than the three created pond age categories.

Our study protocol allowed us to examine occupancy rates of individual species based upon the parameters recorded. Pond slope was a significant determinant of occupancy for two species. Whereas B. americanus preferred ponds with a steeper slope, P. crucifer preferred less embanked ponds. This dichotomy is likely related to the hydroperiods of these ponds. Steeper sloped ponds have a greater volume of water, dry more slowly, and therefore are more likely to support predatory fish than ponds that cover a similar area. Both adults and tadpoles of B. americanus are toxic and therefore not effected by fish predation. This is not the case for P. crucifer who is more likely to breed in a pond with a shorter hydroperiod and avoid fish presence. Canopy cover also appears to be a driving force in species occupancy. While A. crepitans occupancy is inversely related to canopy cover, in Ambystoma maculatum,

A. platineum, A. jeffersonianum, Rana catesbeiana, R. clamitans, and R. sylvatica an increase in canopy cover increased the likelihood of presence.

Due to their importance in wetland ecosystems, there is a need to develop rigorous but rapid sampling methods to assess wetland function based on amphibian diversity. While our detection rates for prolonged and summer breeding amphibians were high, the detection rates for early spring breeders were lower in year one of sampling. Our original protocol did not adequately sample for early spring breeders while adults are in the ponds. For year two (2012) of sampling we proposed to increase sampling during the early spring sampling period in an attempt to improve our detection probabilities. This could be accomplished by either trapping for an additional night in the early sampling period, by adding a second sampling period early in the spring, or both. While, adding a single night to the initial sampling period would better fit our rapid assessment mandate, sampling for an entire separate period, would better account for the highly variable climatic conditions that dictate early spring amphibian breeding bouts.

In order to determine the most appropriate sampling strategy, each wetland was sampled once every five weeks (over a twenty week period), with three samples during each week (12 total samples).

19 We then evaluated the effect of removing sample periods on species detection estimates and wetland conservation coefficients (an indicator of amphibian diversity). We found that decreasing the total number of samples from 12 resulted in a significant increase (p = 0.046) in the standard error values for detection estimates as well as wider (and less precise) confidence intervals. Additionally, as sample number decreased detection estimates consistently increased. When fewer than 12 samples were used, wetland conservation coefficients were significantly underestimated (p < 0.001). In lieu of a generic metric such as species richness, wetland conservation coefficients provide an adjustment for a species’ tolerance of disturbance, its rarity, and its distribution. Overall, the sampling regime that included 12 samples had conservation coefficient values 8.41% higher than sampling regimes with 9 or fewer samples (range 6.82-

10.29%). Our results indicate that rapid assessment methodologies for amphibian assemblages with fewer than 12 samples in a season may overestimate detection values (which can lead to faulty occupancy models) and underestimate wetland conservation coefficients.

Lastly, we found no significant differences in amphibian species richness or amphibian conservation coefficients. Vegetation transects not differ between pond categories in either native or invasive plant species compositions nor were there any significant differences in water quality IBI scores.

These overall results seem to indicate the the created wetlands in the three different age classes have similar ecological functions when compared to reference wetlands on the landscape.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Through three years of repeated sampling of 80 wetlands in east-central Illinois, we have found that created wetlands seem to have similar ecological function as reference wetlands. However, it is important to note that while created wetlands appear to function similarly for amphibians, that is likely due to the presence of reference wetlands at each of the conservation areas. If there were no reference wetlands at a conservation area, it is unlikely that we would observe similar amphibian conservation coefficients between reference and created wetlands due to the limited dispersal capabilities of amphibians. Also of note, is that this study is one of the first of its kind to compare the effectiveness of

20 different assessment strategies (i.e., using multiple indicators – amphibians, plants, and water quality).

Despite the differences in these indicators, we arrived at similar endpoints using all three metrics.

In order to preserve wetland function and increase the effectiveness of created wetlands, we would recommend building wetlands with a greater diversity of pond sizes to accommodate climatic fluctuations. Additionally, while we intensively sampled amphibians through various life stages (egg masses, breeding adults, aquatic larvae), we do not have data on the ultimate success of created wetlands from a population dynamics standpoint. We strongly urge future studies to assess metamorphic success and subsequent recruitment into the population to ultimately assess the effectiveness of this restoration technique. Finally, while there is a need for rapid assessment methods, we urge caution when attempting to use such techniques. We found that as one decreases the number of samples within and across sampling periods, assessment (i.e., amphibian conservation coefficient scores) can be significantly affected.

21 Literature Cited

Baillie, J.E.M., C. Hilton-Taylor, and S.N. Stuart. 2004. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A Global Species Assessment. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Bailey L.L., Simons T.R., Pollock K.H. 2004. Estimating site occupancy and species detection probability parameters for terrestrial salamanders. Ecological Applications 14:692–702.

Burton, T.M., and G.E. Likens. 1975. Salamander populations and biomass at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Ecology 56:1068–1080.

Burnham, K.P. and D.R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multi-model inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York , NY, 488 pp.

Cushman, S.A. 2006. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: a review and prospectus. Biological Conservation 128:231–240.

Dahl, T.E. 2006. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous United States 1999-2004. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 112 pp.

Davic, R.D., and H.H. Welsh Jr. 2004. On the ecological role of salamanders. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35:405–434.

Gibbons, J.W., et al. 2006. Remarkable amphibian biomass and abundance in an isolated wetland: implications for wetland conservation. Conservation Biology 20:1457–1465.

Graham M.H. 2003. Confronting multicollinearity in ecological multiple regression. Ecology 84:2809– 2815.

IDNR. 2005. Illinois Wildlife Action Plan. Accessed at http://dnr.state.il.us/orc/wildliferesources/theplan/

IUCN. 2009. Red list summary statistics. Accessed at http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/

Lichko, L.E., and A.J.K. Calhoun. 2003. An evaluation of vernal pool creation projects in New England: project documentation from 1991-2000. Environmental Management 32:141– 151.

MacKenzie, D.I., J.D. Nichols, G.B. Lachman, S. Droege, J.A. Royle and C.A. Langtimm. 2002. Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one. Ecology 83:2248-2255.

MacKenzie D.I., Nichols J.D., Royle J.A., Pollock K.H., Bailey L.L., Hines J.E.. 2005. Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Academic Press. 344 pp.

Matthews, J.W., and A.G. Endress. 2008. Performance criteria, compliance success, and vegetation development in compensatory mitigation wetlands. Environmental Management 41:103–141.

Mohlenbrock, R.H. 2002. Vascular Flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. 493 pp.

NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Compensating for wetland loss under the Clean Water Act. National Academy Press., Washington, D.C.

22

Pechmann, J.H.K., R.A. Estes, D.E. Scott, and J.W. Gibbons. 2001. Amphibian colonization and use of ponds created for trial mitigation of wetland loss. Wetlands 21:93–111.

Peterman, W.E., J.A. Crawford, and R.D. Semlitsch. 2008. Productivity and significance of headwater streams: population structure and biomass of the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus). Freshwater Biology 53:347–357.

Porej, D., and T.E. Hetherington. 2005. Designing wetlands for amphibians: the importance of predatory fish and shallow littoral zones in structuring of amphibian communities. Wetlands Ecology and Management 13:445–455.

Shulse, C.D., R.D. Semlitsch, and K.M. Trauth. 2009. Development of an amphibian biotic index to evaluate wetland health in northern Missouri. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, ASCE, pp. 2657–2667.

Storfer, A. 2003. Amphibian declines: future directions. Diversity and Distributions 9:151–163.

Suloway, L. and M. Hubbell. 1994. Wetland resources of Illinois: an analysis and atlas. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 15:1–88.

Vasconcelos, D., and A.J.K. Calhoun. 2006. Monitoring created seasonal pools for functional success: a six-year case study of amphibian responses, Sears Island, Maine, USA. Wetlands 26:992–1003.

Yatskievych, G.A. and J.A. Steyermark. 1999. Steyermark’s Flora of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation in cooperation with the the Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 991pp.

Zedler, J.B., and J.C. Callaway. 1999. Tracking wetland restoration: do mitigation sites follow desired trajectories? Restoration Ecology 7:69–73.

23 Table 1. Conservation coefficients for the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois.

Species Conservation coefficient ______

Acris crepitans 2.0

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 9.0

Ambystoma maculatum 7.5

Ambystoma opacum 7.5

Ambystoma platineum 9.0

Ambystoma texanum 4.0

Ambystoma tigrinum 5.5

Bufo americanus 1.5

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 3.5

Pseudacris crucifer 4.0

Pseudacris triseriata 1.5

Rana catesbeiana 1.0

Rana clamitans 2.0

Rana sphenocephala 3.5

Rana sylvatica 7.5

24 Table 2. Ecological assessment of amphibians encountered in east-central Illinois (PI assessment – J.A. Crawford).

Species Disturbance Rarity Range Conservation Coefficient ______

Acris crepitans 3 1 1 2

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 8 10 10 9

Ambystoma maculatum 8 7 8 8

Ambystoma opacum 8 8 8 8

Ambystoma platineum 8 10 10 9

Ambystoma texanum 5 3 3 4

Ambystoma tigrinum 6 8 3 6

Bufo americanus 1 2 1 1

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 4 4 2 3

Pseudacris crucifer 6 4 4 5

Pseudacris triseriata 1 2 1 1

Rana catesbeiana 1 1 1 1

Rana clamitans 2 2 1 2

Rana sphenocephala 4 4 5 4

Rana sylvatica 8 8 7 8

25 Table 3. Ecological assessment of amphibians encountered in east-central Illinois (PI assessment – A.R. Kuhns).

Species Disturbance Rarity Range Conservation Coefficient ______

Acris crepitans 3 2 2 2

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 8 9 9 9

Ambystoma maculatum 8 7 6 7

Ambystoma opacum 8 7 6 7

Ambystoma platineum 8 9 10 9

Ambystoma texanum 4 4 3 4

Ambystoma tigrinum 6 5 3 5

Bufo americanus 3 2 2 2

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 4 5 4 4

Pseudacris crucifer 5 4 4 4

Pseudacris triseriata 2 3 2 2

Rana catesbeiana 1 1 1 1

Rana clamitans 2 2 1 2

Rana sphenocephala 3 3 2 3

Rana sylvatica 8 7 7 7

26 Table 4. Ecological assessment methodology for water quality using nitrate (NO3-N) and nitrite

(NO2-N) levels.

NO3-N (mg/L) IBI Score NO2-N (mg/L) IBI Score ______

Less than 0.1 10 Less than 0.01 10

0.10-0.19 9 0.010-0.019 9

0.20-0.29 8 0.020-0.029 8

0.30-0.39 7 0.030-0.039 7

0.40-0.49 6 0.040-0.049 6

0.50-0.59 5 0.050-0.059 5

0.60-0.69 4 0.060-0.069 4

0.70-0.79 3 0.070-0.079 3

0.80-0.89 2 0.080-0.089 2

0.90-0.99 1 0.090-0.099 1

> 1.00 0 Greater than 0.10 0

27 Table 5. Occupancy rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east-central Illinois.

Species Naïve occupancy Estimated occupancy ______

Acris crepitans 0.4557 0.4767

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.1013 0.1019

Ambystoma maculatum 0.2532 0.3360

Ambystoma opacum 0.0633 0.0693

Ambystoma platineum 0.1772 0.2076

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.2785 0.2925

Ambystoma texanum 0.7848 0.7954

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.1772 0.2679

Bufo americanus 0.2278 0.3579

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.6456 0.8891

Pseudacris crucifer 0.5316 0.6426

Pseudacris triseriata 0.8481 0.9232

Rana catesbeiana 0.6835 0.7045

Rana clamitans 0.4430 0.5084

Rana sphenocephala 0.8861 0.8940

Rana sylvatica 0.2405 0.2521 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

28 Table 6. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois.

Species Estimated detection Std Error Lower 95 C.I. Upper 95 C.I. ______

Acris crepitans 0.4255 0.0394 0.3499 0.5021

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.3843 0.0411 0.3121 0.4764

Ambystoma maculatum 0.2352 0.0517 0.1435 0.3421

Ambystoma opacum 0.1179 0.0328 0.0632 0.1968

Ambystoma platineum 0.2905 0.0489 0.2041 0.3956

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.3986 0.0438 0.3187 0.4891

Ambystoma texanum 0.5813 0.0340 0.5071 0.6405

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.2770 0.0690 0.1580 0.4251

Bufo americanus 0.2556 0.0616 0.1505 0.3821

Bufo fowleri 0.1114 0.0266 0.0593 0.1635

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.5198 0.0577 0.3386 0.5868

Pseudacris crucifer 0.4802 0.0478 0.3813 0.5643

Pseudacris triseriata 0.6339 0.0326 0.5345 0.6778

Rana catesbeiana 0.5741 0.0360 0.4987 0.6386

Rana clamitans 0.4909 0.0461 0.4020 0.5794

Rana sphenocephala 0.7914 0.0259 0.7288 0.8331

Rana sylvatica 0.2869 0.0382 0.2186 0.3677 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

29 Table 7. Model selection results of A. crepitans occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 90.14 0.00 0.67

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 91.58 1.44 0.32

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 99.30 9.16 0.01

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 101.02 10.88 0.00 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

30 Table 8. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. crepitans.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover -2.51 -3.80 -1.23

Pond Slope 0.50 -0.11 1.12

31 Table 9. Model selection results of A. jeffersonianum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 76.89 0.00 0.42

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 77.26 0.37 0.35

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 79.24 2.35 0.13

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 79.53 2.64 0.11 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

32 Table 10. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. jeffersonianum.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 1.61 -0.27 3.49

Pond Slope 0.67 -0.05 1.38

33 Table 11. Model selection results of A. maculatum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 101.21 0.00 0.44

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 101.92 0.71 0.31

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 103.38 2.17 0.15

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 104.47 2.86 0.11 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

34 Table 12. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. maculatum.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.83 0.13 1.53

Pond Slope 0.07 -0.50 0.65

35 Table 13. Model selection results of A. opacum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 32.28 0.00 0.47

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 33.43 1.05 0.28

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 34.48 2.10 0.16

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 35.56 3.18 0.10 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

36 Table 14. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. opacum.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover -0.21 -1.11 0.70

Pond Slope -0.98 -2.20 0.25

37 Table 15. Model selection results of A. platineum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 103.75 0.00 0.40

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 104.04 0.29 0.35

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 105.97 2.22 0.13

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 106.19 2.44 0.12 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

38 Table 16. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. platineum.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.73 -0.04 1.50

Pond Slope 0.01 -0.60 0.60

39 Table 17. Model selection results of Ambystoma polyploid complex occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 136.45 0.00 0.54

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 137.52 1.07 0.32

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 139.99 3.54 0.09

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 141.52 5.07 0.04 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

40 Table 18. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for Ambystoma polyploidy complex.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 1.08 0.35 1.81

Pond Slope 0.36 -0.18 0.90

41 Table 19. Model selection results of A. texanum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 183.14 0.00 0.52

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 184.90 1.76 0.22

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 185.20 2.06 0.19

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 186.99 3.85 0.08 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

42 Table 20. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. texanum.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover -0.18 -0.77 0.40

Pond Slope -0.33 -0.87 0.21

43 Table 21. Model selection results of A. tigrinum occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 70.18 0.00 0.54

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 72.03 1.85 0.21

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 72.33 2.15 0.18

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 74.24 4.06 0.07 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

44 Table 22. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for A. tigrinum.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.30 -0.39 1.00

Pond Slope -0.05 -0.69 0.60

45 Table 23. Model selection results of B. americanus occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 74.61 0.00 0.41

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 75.05 0.44 0.33

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 76.35 1.74 0.17

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 77.69 3.08 0.09 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

46 Table 24. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for B. americanus.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.71 -0.08 1.51

Pond Slope 1.48 0.36 2.60

47 Table 25. Model selection results of P. crucifer occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 153.27 0.00 0.39

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 153.68 0.41 0.32

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 155.11 1.84 0.16

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 155.49 2.22 0.13 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

48 Table 26. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for P. crucifer.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover -0.30 -0.90 0.30

Pond Slope -0.66 -1.29 -0.03

49 Table 27. Model selection results of R. catesbeiana occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 288.57 0.00 0.60

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 290.77 2.20 0.20

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 291.41 2.84 0.15

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 293.54 4.97 0.05 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

50 Table 28. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. catesbeiana.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.80 0.26 1.34

Pond Slope 0.01 -0.55 0.56

51 Table 29. Model selection results of R. clamitans occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 118.31 0.00 0.33

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 118.53 0.22 0.29

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 119.32 1.01 0.20

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 119.47 1.16 0.18 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

52 Table 30. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. clamitans.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.73 0.15 1.30

Pond Slope 0.58 -0.06 1.22

53 Table 31. Model selection results of R. sphenocephala occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 221.25 0.00 0.46

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 222.19 0.94 0.29

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 223.38 2.13 0.16

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 224.40 3.15 0.10 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

54 Table 32. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. sphenocephala.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover -0.91 -2.13 0.30

Pond Slope 0.09 -0.71 0.89

55 Table 33. Model selection results of R. sylvatica occupancy in breeding ponds in east-central Illinois.

a b Model K QAICc ΔQAICc ωi ______

Ψ(CANOPY), p(.) 3 128.14 0.00 0.34

Ψ(GLOBAL), p(.) 4 128.18 0.04 0.34

Ψ(.), p(.) 2 129.37 1.23 0.19

Ψ(SLOPE), p(.) 3 130.06 1.92 0.13 a Number of estimable parameters in approximating model. b Probability that the current model (i) is the best approximating model among those tested.

56 Table 34. Model-averaged β estimates and 95% confidence intervals for parameters in the occupancy models for R. sylvatica.

Parameter β Estimate Lower 95% C.I. Upper 95% C.I. ______

Canopy cover 0.84 0.15 1.53

Pond Slope 0.52 -0.05 1.08

57 Table 35. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois (using the 4x3 sampling method in 2012).

Species Estimated detection Std Error Lower 95 C.I. Upper 95 C.I. ______

Acris crepitans 0.3721 0.0192 0.3345 0.4097

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.6667 0.0481 0.5724 0.7610

Ambystoma maculatum 0.1327 0.0271 0.0796 0.1858

Ambystoma opacum 0.1664 0.0350 0.0978 0.2350

Ambystoma platineum 0.3736 0.0447 0.2860 0.4612

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.5045 0.0341 0.4377 0.5713

Ambystoma texanum 0.3670 0.0210 0.3258 0.4082

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.2866 0.0552 0.1784 0.3948

Bufo americanus 0.1451 0.0193 0.1073 0.1829

Bufo fowleri 0.1114 0.0266 0.0593 0.1635

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.1654 0.0165 0.1331 0.1977

Pseudacris crucifer 0.3094 0.0169 0.2763 0.3425

Pseudacris triseriata 0.3432 0.0168 0.3103 0.3761

Rana catesbeiana 0.4436 0.0176 0.4091 0.4781

Rana clamitans 0.4743 0.0241 0.4271 0.5215

Rana sphenocephala 0.6884 0.0156 0.6578 0.7190

Rana sylvatica 0.3216 0.0256 0.2714 0.3718 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

58 Table 36. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois (using the 4x2 sampling method in 2012).

Species Estimated detection Std Error Lower 95 C.I. Upper 95 C.I. ______

Acris crepitans 0.4260 0.0258 0.3754 0.4766

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.7500 0.0579 0.6365 0.8635

Ambystoma maculatum 0.1132 0.0375 0.0397 0.1867

Ambystoma opacum 0.1961 0.0526 0.0930 0.2992

Ambystoma platineum 0.3511 0.0567 0.2400 0.4622

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.5206 0.0433 0.4357 0.6055

Ambystoma texanum 0.4064 0.0275 0.3525 0.4603

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.3993 0.0901 0.2227 0.5759

Bufo americanus 0.1533 0.0274 0.0996 0.2070

Bufo fowleri 0.0563 0.0303 -0.0031 0.1157

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.1856 0.0248 0.1370 0.2342

Pseudacris crucifer 0.3309 0.0227 0.2864 0.3754

Pseudacris triseriata 0.3427 0.0215 0.3006 0.3848

Rana catesbeiana 0.4960 0.0224 0.4521 0.5399

Rana clamitans 0.5213 0.0311 0.4603 0.5823

Rana sphenocephala 0.7072 0.0188 0.6704 0.7440

Rana sylvatica 0.3701 0.0340 0.3035 0.4367 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

59 Table 37. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois (using the 3x3 early sampling method in 2012).

Species Estimated detection Std Error Lower 95 C.I. Upper 95 C.I. ______

Acris crepitans 0.4020 0.0233 0.3563 0.4477

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.6527 0.0561 0.5427 0.7627

Ambystoma maculatum 0.1689 0.0371 0.0962 0.2416

Ambystoma opacum 0.2247 0.0453 0.1359 0.3135

Ambystoma platineum 0.3720 0.0528 0.2685 0.4755

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.4990 0.0396 0.4214 0.5766

Ambystoma texanum 0.4421 0.0251 0.3929 0.4913

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.3025 0.0668 0.1716 0.4334

Bufo americanus 0.1701 0.0255 0.1201 0.2201

Bufo fowleri 0.1057 0.0379 0.0314 0.1800

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.0805 0.0219 0.0376 0.1234

Pseudacris crucifer 0.3731 0.0205 0.3329 0.4133

Pseudacris triseriata 0.4524 0.0206 0.4120 0.4928

Rana catesbeiana 0.4562 0.0209 0.4152 0.4972

Rana clamitans 0.4957 0.0288 0.4393 0.5521

Rana sphenocephala 0.7489 0.0169 0.7158 0.7820

Rana sylvatica 0.4091 0.0317 0.3470 0.4712 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

60 Table 38. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois (using the 3x3 late sampling method in 2012).

Species Estimated detection Std Error Lower 95 C.I. Upper 95 C.I. ______

Acris crepitans 0.4311 0.0233 0.3854 0.4768

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.8056 0.0466 0.7143 0.8969

Ambystoma maculatum 0.1608 0.0356 0.0910 0.2306

Ambystoma opacum 0.1056 0.0379 0.0313 0.1799

Ambystoma platineum 0.4990 0.0531 0.3949 0.6031

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.6357 0.0378 0.5616 0.7098

Ambystoma texanum 0.4303 0.0269 0.3776 0.4830

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.4190 0.0752 0.2716 0.5664

Bufo americanus 0.2391 0.0384 0.1638 0.3144

Bufo fowleri 0.1513 0.0351 0.0825 0.2201

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.2240 0.0215 0.1819 0.2661

Pseudacris crucifer 0.3574 0.0226 0.3131 0.4017

Pseudacris triseriata 0.2919 0.0204 0.2519 0.3319

Rana catesbeiana 0.4525 0.0207 0.4119 0.4931

Rana clamitans 0.6044 0.0280 0.5495 0.6593

Rana sphenocephala 0.6635 0.0186 0.6270 0.7000

Rana sylvatica 0.3554 0.0347 0.2874 0.4234 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

61 Table 39. Estimated detection rates of the amphibian assemblage across the study area in east- central Illinois (using the 3x2 sampling method in 2012).

Species Estimated detection Std Error Lower 95 C.I. Upper 95 C.I. ______

Acris crepitans 0.4875 0.0312 0.4263 0.5487

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.7139 0.0700 0.5767 0.8511

Ambystoma maculatum 0.1548 0.0537 0.0495 0.2601

Ambystoma opacum 0.2679 0.0678 0.1350 0.4008

Ambystoma platineum 0.4730 0.0679 0.3399 0.6061

Ambystoma polyploid complex* 0.6558 0.0475 0.5627 0.7489

Ambystoma texanum 0.4871 0.0326 0.4232 0.5510

Ambystoma tigrinum 0.4449 0.1081 0.2330 0.6568

Bufo americanus 0.1930 0.0372 0.1201 0.2659

Bufo fowleri 0.0783 0.0415 -0.0030 0.1596

Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor 0.2586 0.0326 0.1947 0.3225

Pseudacris crucifer 0.3933 0.0277 0.3390 0.4476

Pseudacris triseriata 0.4527 0.0263 0.4012 0.5042

Rana catesbeiana 0.4942 0.0267 0.4419 0.5465

Rana clamitans 0.6493 0.0353 0.5801 0.7185

Rana sphenocephala 0.7624 0.0204 0.7224 0.8024

Rana sylvatica 0.4650 0.0407 0.3852 0.5448 *Ambystoma polyploid complex consists of A. jeffersonianum and A. platineum.

62 Figure 1. Average standard error values from detection estimates across five sampling methodologies.

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

Standard Error Standard 0.02

0.01

0.00 3x2 3x3 Early 3x3 Late 4x2 4x3 Sampling Methodology

63 Figure 2. Underestimation (%) of conservation coefficients across five sampling methodologies.

14

12

10

8

6

4

2 Conservation Coefficient Underestimation (%) Underestimation Coefficient Conservation 0 3x2 3x3 Early 3x3 Late 4x2 4x3 Sampling Methodology

64 Figure 3. Average amphibian species richness across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0 Species Richness Species

2.0

0.0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

65 Figure 4. Average amphibian conservation coefficient values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

Conservation Coefficients Conservation 10

5

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

66 Figure 5. Average canopy cover values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Canopy Cover (%) Cover Canopy 30

20

10

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

67 Figure 6. Average pond slope values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

12

10

8 ) °

6

Pond Slope ( Slope Pond 4

2

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

68 Figure 7. Average pond area values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

900

800

700

600

500

400

Pond Area (m²) Area Pond 300

200

100

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

69 Figure 8. Average pond conductivity values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

350

300

250

200

150 Conductivity

100

50

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

70 Figure 9. Average pond dissolved oxygen values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

6

5

4

3

2 Dissolved Oxygen (%) Oxygen Dissolved

1

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

71 Figure 10. Average pond pH values across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

7.6

7.4

7.2

7.0

pH 6.8

6.6

6.4

6.2 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

72 Figure 11. Average plant species richness (including invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

45

40

35

30

25

20

15 Species Richness Species

10

5

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

73 Figure 12. Average plant species richness (excluding invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

40

35

30

25

20

15 Species Richness Species 10

5

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

74 Figure 13. Average plant conservation coefficient values (including invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

Conservation Coefficients Conservation 10

5

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

75 Figure 14. Average plant conservation coefficient values (excluding invasives) across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

40

35

30

25

20

15

10 Conservation Coefficients Conservation

5

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

76 Figure 15. Average number of invasive plant species across four wetland age categories in east- central Illinois.

7

6

5

4

3

2 Number of Invasive Species of Invasive Number

1

0 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

77 Figure 16. Average nitrate IBI scores across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

10.00

9.95

9.90

9.85

9.80 Nitrate IBI Nitrate

9.75

9.70

9.65 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

78 Figure 17. Average nitrite IBI scores across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

9.95

9.90

9.85

9.80

9.75 Nitrite IBI Nitrite 9.70

9.65

9.60

9.55 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

79 Figure 18. Average total water quality IBI scores across four wetland age categories in east-central Illinois.

9.95

9.90

9.85

9.80

Total IBI 9.75

9.70

9.65

9.60 Control 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2010 Wetland Age Category

80

Appendices

81

Appendix 1. Site localities for sampled wetlands in east-central Illinois.

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94 Appendix 2. Environmental metrics of sampled wetlands in east-central Illinois.

Wetland Property Age Fish Canopy Pond Pond Conductivity Dissolved pH Number Category Presence Cover (%) Slope (°) Area (m2) Oxygen ______

1 CCCA Control Yes 93.5 8.39 1480 74.64 2.22 7.14 2 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 61.0 6.39 84 591.33 3.49 7.17 3 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 34.7 7.25 68 58.51 3.91 6.95 4 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 80.5 7.15 95 76.63 2.34 6.52 5 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0.9 10.05 216 44.93 5.29 6.70 6 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 8.2 7.18 177 37.05 7.03 6.86 7 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 29.8 8.03 86 37.95 5.03 7.33 8 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 82.3 4.89 53 105.76 1.43 6.66 9 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 97.1 7.09 63 89.67 2.13 6.48 10 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 99.5 6.53 56 97.35 2.22 6.91 11 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 99.7 8.05 85 95.60 2.43 7.02 12 Red Hills Control No 98.2 5.88 136 59.99 2.84 7.16 13 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 99.5 6.90 126 71.49 3.76 6.78

95 14 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 84.7 8.03 60 57.00 3.91 6.67 15 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 93.8 5.88 111 50.68 3.37 6.66 16 Red Hills Control No 96.9 4.00 800 403.69 1.39 6.45 17 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 67.8 7.89 145 58.15 4.53 7.01 18 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 70.1 6.81 101 49.30 5.54 7.00 19 Wildcat Hollow 1 (2004-2005) No 10.0 5.11 264 174.29 6.18 6.92 20 Wildcat Hollow 1 (2004-2005) No 7.7 13.66 137 383.09 5.65 6.51 21 Wildcat Hollow 1 (2004-2005) No 0.2 8.39 390 306.72 6.51 7.32 22 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 94.8 4.94 97.5 328.68 4.03 6.50 23 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 6.7 5.48 128 277.35 6.38 7.31 24 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 83.9 5.09 120 295.37 4.55 6.42 25 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 33.9 7.35 154 174.85 6.91 7.21 26 Wildcat Hollow Control No 100.0 8.25 1092 297.18 5.08 6.49 27 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 1.2 6.98 374 259.74 5.30 6.31 28 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 1.2 7.66 496 321.84 6.63 7.38 29 CIPS/Fuson Control Yes 65.4 8.36 726 422.49 6.05 6.71 30 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 7.9 6.08 100 746.52 4.44 6.71 31 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0.7 6.59 286 241.37 6.79 7.50 32 CIPS/Fuson Control No 7.2 3.95 851 427.28 5.63 6.57 33 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0.2 6.53 216 298.61 8.09 6.81 34 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 1.7 2.09 182 300.63 6.41 6.67 Appendix 2. Continued.

Wetland Property Age Fish Canopy Pond Pond Conductivity Dissolved pH Number Category Presence Cover (%) Slope (°) Area (m2) Oxygen

35 Ramsey Lake 2 (2006-2007) No 100.0 7.72 169 70.55 1.72 7.10 36 Ramsey Lake 2 (2006-2007) No 98.9 6.65 90 91.45 4.57 7.39 37 Ramsey Lake 2 (2006-2007) No 99.5 6.02 84 86.82 2.55 6.76 38 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 100.0 5.85 149 56.13 2.35 6.08 39 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 97.4 8.45 209 60.87 1.58 7.29 40 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 100.0 5.14 112 72.49 1.64 6.32 41 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 100.0 6.84 156 71.99 2.59 7.25 42 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 88.0 8.19 121 77.53 3.74 7.60 43 Ballard 1 (2004-2005) No 0.2 8.17 570 56.00 5.44 6.38 44 Ballard 1 (2004-2005) No 0.2 9.23 252 35.47 7.12 7.52 45 Ballard 2 (2006-2007) No 0.2 9.70 273 51.56 7.00 7.32 46 Ballard 1 (2004-2005) No 0.2 10.56 378 52.79 7.46 8.36 47 Ballard Control No 38.9 6.56 768 225.64 1.97 7.14 48 Hurricaine Creek Control No 83.4 11.09 750 157.03 1.08 6.47

96 49 Hurricaine Creek Control Yes 99.5 9.54 770 143.81 1.73 7.06 50 Hurricaine Creek 3 (2008-2009) No 99.7 8.56 81 62.71 3.21 7.32 51 Hurricaine Creek 3 (2008-2009) No 75.3 12.08 165 56.42 3.69 7.27 52 Hurricaine Creek Control No 95.6 7.58 484 119.81 2.05 7.22 53 Hurricaine Creek 3 (2008-2009) No 98.2 9.06 114 64.33 5.42 7.61 54 Fox Ridge SP 3 (2008-2009) No 1.5 11.75 120 68.67 4.72 7.57 55 Fox Ridge SP 3 (2008-2009) No 0.2 10.65 84 56.56 3.72 7.28 56 Fox Ridge SP Control No 100.0 6.45 800 222.91 1.46 7.10 57 Fox Ridge SP Control No 99.7 6.00 750 400.47 1.63 7.01 58 Lincoln Trail SP Control No 73.2 7.46 289 300.84 0.59 6.83 59 Lincoln Trail SP 2 (2006-2007) No 90.4 7.74 196 70.92 3.58 6.28 60 Lincoln Trail SP 2 (2006-2007) No 98.9 8.03 200 49.47 3.13 6.43 61 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 91.4 10.95 136 33.13 4.39 7.08 62 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 99.2 9.48 80 44.90 2.52 8.06 63 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 98.7 10.48 128 58.82 2.58 7.99 64 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 94.5 13.09 168 48.13 4.57 6.43 65 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 93.2 10.98 198 43.05 3.24 6.36 66 Kickapoo SP 3 (2008-2009) No 98.7 8.98 110 221.70 1.66 7.44 67 Kickapoo SP 3 (2008-2009) No 80.2 5.06 75 154.96 3.22 7.53 68 Middlefork SWA Control No 100.0 3.35 432 165.39 2.34 6.63 Appendix 2. Continued.

Wetland Property Age Fish Canopy Pond Pond Conductivity Dissolved pH Number Category Presence Cover (%) Slope (°) Area (m2) Oxygen

69 Middlefork SWA Control No 99.5 10.20 575 410.67 0.98 7.34 70 Middlefork SWA Control No 99.7 17.20 484 309.27 0.97 7.24 71 Middlefork SWA Control No 100.0 7.32 1200 376.56 1.59 6.78 72 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 17.3 7.07 198 38.72 6.34 6.90 73 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 0.2 14.25 135 83.37 5.20 7.65 74 Middlefork SWA Control No 98.7 6.33 137 123.00 2.12 6.94 75 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 82.8 11.06 204 92.90 2.86 6.93 76 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 99.7 8.81 242 85.97 2.06 6.63 77 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 6.1 11.34 196 127.20 4.61 7.82 78 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 84.9 14.68 120 173.58 3.03 7.80 79 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 0.9 13.17 180 165.60 3.80 8.01 80 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 4.8 10.92 288 228.79 3.06 8.03 97 Appendix 3. Anuran occupancy of wetlands in east-central Illinois.

Wetland Property Age Fish Acris Bufo Bufo Hyla Pseudacris Pseudacris Rana Rana Rana Rana Number Presence crepitans americanus fowleri vers./chry. crucifer triseriata catesbeiana clamitans spheno. sylvatica

1 CCCA Control Yes 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 CCCA 2 No 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 CCCA 2 No 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 4 CCCA 2 No 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 CCCA 2 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 CCCA 2 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 7 CCCA 1 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 CCCA 1 No 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 CCCA 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 CCCA 2 No 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 11 CCCA 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 12 Red Hills Control No 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 13 Red Hills 2 No 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

98 14 Red Hills 2 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 Red Hills 2 No 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 Red Hills Control No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 Red Hills 2 No 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 18 Red Hills 2 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 Wildcat Hollow 1 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 20 Wildcat Hollow 1 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 21 Wildcat Hollow 1 No 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 22 Wildcat Hollow 2 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 23 Wildcat Hollow 2 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 24 Wildcat Hollow 2 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 25 Wildcat Hollow 2 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 Wildcat Hollow Control No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 27 CIPS/Fuson 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 28 CIPS/Fuson 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 29 CIPS/Fuson Control Yes 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Appendix 3. Continued.

Wetland Property Age Fish Acris Bufo Bufo Hyla Pseudacris Pseudacris Rana Rana Rana Rana Number Presence crepitans americanus fowleri vers./chry. crucifer triseriata catesbeiana clamitans spheno. sylvatica

30 CIPS/Fuson 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 31 CIPS/Fuson 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 32 CIPS/Fuson Control No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 33 CIPS/Fuson 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 34 CIPS/Fuson 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 35 Ramsey 2 No 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 36 Ramsey 2 No 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 37 Ramsey 2 No 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 38 Ramsey 1 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 39 Ramsey 1 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 40 Ramsey 1 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 41 Ramsey 1 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 42 Ramsey 1 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

99 43 Ballard 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 44 Ballard 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 45 Ballard 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 46 Ballard 1 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 47 Ballard Control No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 48 Hurricaine Creek Control No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49 Hurricaine Creek Control Yes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 Hurricaine Creek 3 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 51 Hurricaine Creek 3 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 52 Hurricaine Creek Control No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 Hurricaine Creek 3 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 54 Fox Ridge 3 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 55 Fox Ridge 3 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 56 Fox Ridge Control No 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 57 Fox Ridge Control No 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 58 Lincoln Trail SP Control No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Appendix 3. Continued.

Wetland Property Age Fish Acris Bufo Bufo Hyla Pseudacris Pseudacris Rana Rana Rana Rana Number Presence crepitans americanus fowleri vers./chry. crucifer triseriata catesbeiana clamitans spheno. sylvatica

59 Lincoln Trail SP 2 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 60 Lincoln Trail SP 2 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 61 Lincoln Trail SP 3 No 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 62 Lincoln Trail SP 3 No 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 63 Lincoln Trail SP 3 No 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 64 Lincoln Trail SP 3 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65 Lincoln Trail SP 3 No 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 66 Kickapoo SP 3 No 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 67 Kickapoo SP 3 No 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 68 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 69 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 70 Middlefork SWA Control No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 71 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

100 72 Middlefork SWA 3 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 73 Middlefork SWA 3 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 74 Middlefork SWA Control No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 75 Middlefork SWA 3 No 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 76 Middlefork SWA 3 No 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 77 Simpson 3 No 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 78 Simpson 3 No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 79 Simpson 3 No 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 80 Simpson 3 No 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Appendix 4. Salamander occupancy of wetlands in east-central Illinois.

Wetland Property Age Fish Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Number Presence jeffersonianum maculatum opacum platineum texanum tigrinum

1 CCCA Control Yes 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 1 1 1 6 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 7 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 10 CCCA 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 11 CCCA 1 (2004-2005) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 12 Red Hills Control No 0 0 1 0 1 0 13 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 14 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 1 0 1 0

101 15 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 0 0 1 0 16 Red Hills Control No 0 1 1 0 1 0 17 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 18 Red Hills 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 19 Wildcat Hollow 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 1 20 Wildcat Hollow 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 21 Wildcat Hollow 1 (2004-2005) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 22 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 0 0 1 0 23 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 24 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 Wildcat Hollow 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 26 Wildcat Hollow Control No 0 0 0 0 1 0 27 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 28 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 29 CIPS/Fuson Control Yes 0 0 0 0 1 0 30 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 32 CIPS/Fuson Control No 0 0 0 0 1 0 33 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 34 CIPS/Fuson 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 35 Ramsey Lake 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 Appendix 4. Continued.

Wetland Property Age Fish Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Number Presence jeffersonianum maculatum opacum platineum texanum tigrinum

36 Ramsey Lake 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 37 Ramsey Lake 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 38 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 39 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 40 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 Ramsey Lake 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 Ballard 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 44 Ballard 1 (2004-2005) No 0 0 1 0 1 0 45 Ballard 2 (2006-2007) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 46 Ballard 1 (2004-2005) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 47 Ballard Control No 0 0 1 0 1 0 48 Hurricaine Creek Control No 0 1 1 0 1 1 49 Hurricaine Creek Control Yes 0 1 0 0 1 0

102 50 Hurricaine Creek 3 (2008-2009) No 0 1 0 0 1 0 51 Hurricaine Creek 3 (2008-2009) No 0 1 1 0 1 0 52 Hurricaine Creek Control No 0 1 1 0 1 1 53 Hurricaine Creek 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 54 Fox Ridge SP 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 55 Fox Ridge SP 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 56 Fox Ridge SP Control No 0 0 1 0 1 0 57 Fox Ridge SP Control No 0 1 1 0 1 1 58 Lincoln Trail SP Control No 1 0 0 0 1 0 59 Lincoln Trail SP 2 (2006-2007) No 1 0 0 0 1 0 60 Lincoln Trail SP 2 (2006-2007) No 1 1 0 0 1 0 61 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 1 0 0 0 1 0 62 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 1 0 0 0 1 0 63 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 1 0 0 0 1 0 64 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 1 0 0 0 1 0 65 Lincoln Trail SP 3 (2008-2009) No 1 0 0 0 1 0 66 Kickapoo SP 3 (2008-2009) No 0 1 0 1 1 0 67 Kickapoo SP 3 (2008-2009) No 0 1 0 1 1 0 68 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 1 0 1 1 1 69 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 1 1 1 1 1 70 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 1 0 1 1 1 Appendix 4. Continued.

Wetland Property Age Fish Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Ambystoma Number Presence jeffersonianum maculatum opacum platineum texanum tigrinum

71 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 1 1 1 1 1 72 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 0 1 0 1 0 0 73 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 Middlefork SWA Control No 0 1 0 1 1 0 75 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 1 1 0 76 Middlefork SWA 3 (2008-2009) No 0 1 0 1 1 1 77 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 78 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 1 0 1 0 79 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 80 Simpson 3 (2008-2009) No 0 0 0 0 1 0 103 Appendix 5. Plant species lists for the 80 wetlands sampled in east-central Illinois.

Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 1

Species Common Name Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. winter bentgrass Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Eupatorium serotinum Michx. lateflowering thoroughwort Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Junucs tenuis Willd. Poverty rush Pancium virgatum L. switchgrass Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. Poison Ivy Acer rubrum L. red maple Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. beaked agrimony Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene partridge pea Chenopodium album L. lambsquarter (invasive) Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray prairie dropseed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Thalictrum dioicum L. early meadow-rue Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Trillium sessile L. toadshade Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Fraxinus americana L. white ash Juglans nigra L. black walnut

104 Pond 1. (cont.)

Species Common Name Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Tilia americana L. American basswood Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Cyperus esculentus L. yellow nutsedge (invasive) Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Impatiens pallida Nutt. pale touch me not Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Ulmus americana L. American elm Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Carex spicata Huds. prickly sedge Delphinium tricorne Michx. dwarf larkspur Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. Ex Willd) Alph. Wood pointed leaf ticktrefoil Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed

105 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 2

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau trumpet creeper Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. Poison Ivy Acer negundo L. box elder Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Allium canadense wild garlic Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Ranunculus harveyi (A. Gray) Britton Harvey's buttercup Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Trillium sessile L. toadshade Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Fraxinus americana L. white ash Quercus alba L. white Oak Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper

106 Pond 2. (cont.)

Species Common Name Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Erigeron philadelphicus L. philadelphia fleabane Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Ulmus americana L. American elm Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass

107 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 3

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau trumpet creeper Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Xanthium strumarium L. cocklebur Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. Poison Ivy Acer negundo L. box elder Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Trillium sessile L. toadshade Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Fraxinus americana L. white ash Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Bidens frondosa L. devils beggars ticks Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane

108 Pond 3 (cont.)

Species Common Name Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers Virginia bluebells Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Ulmus americana L. american elm Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Rob. pale Indian plantain Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel

109 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 4

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Polygonum virginianum L. jumpseed Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Agrimonia rostellata Wallr. beaked agrimony Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Fraxinus americana L. white ash Quercus alba L. white oak Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw

110 Pond 4 (cont.)

Species Common Name Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Onoclea sensibilis L. sensitive fern Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Betula nigra L. river birch Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex. Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Polygonum hydropiper L. marshpepper knotweed (invasive) Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed

111 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 5

Species Common Name Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Trillium sessile L. toadshade Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Ulmus americana L. American elm Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive)

112 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 6 Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Achillea millefolium yarrow Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. yellow fumewort Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Glenchoma hederaceae L. ground ivy Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trifolium repens L. white clover Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Fraxinus americana L. white ash Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Platanus occidentalis L. American sycamore Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Polygonum sagittatum L. arrowleaf tearthumb

113 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 7

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hypericum punctatum Lam. spotted St. Johnswort Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh rosepink Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. venus looking glass Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Achillea millefolium yarrow (invasive) Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. sticky chickweed (invasive) Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. Japanese hop (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis dillenii Jacq. wood sorrel Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Thalictrum dioicum L. early meadow-rue Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Juglans nigra L. black walnut Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak

114 Pond 7 (cont.)

Species Common Name Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Polygonum amphibium L. smartweed Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Penstemon cobaeae Nutt. cobaea beardtongue Allium sativum cultivated garlic (invasive) Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Delphinium tricorne Michx. dwarf larkspur Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina geranium Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperr. whorled mountainmint Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex. Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Eupatorium perfoliatum L. common boneset Verbascum thapsus L. common mullein (invasive)

115 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 8

Species Common Name Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Hydrastis canadensis L. goldenseal Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex. Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet

116 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 9

Species Common Name Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Polygonum virginianum L. jumpseed Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. hairy pagoda-plant Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Monarda fistulosa L. wild bergamot Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Thalictrum dioicum L. early meadow-rue Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Juglans nigra L. black walnut Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Onoclea sensibilis L. sensitive fern Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive)

117 Pond 9 (cont.)

Species Common Name Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Delphinium tricorne Michx. dwarf larkspur Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Hydrastis canadensis L. goldenseal Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex. Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory

118 Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 10

Species Common Name Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Delphinium tricorne Michx. dwarf larkspur Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle

119

Crawford County Conservation Area, Crawford County, Illinois Pond 11 Species Common Name Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee broad beechfern Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Verbena urticifolia L. white vervain Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Trillium sessile L. toadshade Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Onoclea sensibilis L. sensitive fern Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Hydrastis canadensis L. goldenseal Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. ex Spreng. hairy skullcap Verbesina helianthoides Michx. gravelweed Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Quercus velutina Lam. black oak

120 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 12

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. common chickweed Agrimonia parviflora Aiton ground ivy (invasive) Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. persimmon Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. pinnate prarie coneflower Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Canadian lousewort Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet American pokeweed Claytonia virginica L. downy yellow violet Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. cocklebur Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. largeseed forget-me-not Diospyrus virginiana L. beardtongue Elaeagnus angustifolia L. sour dock (invasive) Elymus virginicus L. downy yellow violet Erigeron annus (L.) Pers persimmon Fraxinus americana L. frost grape Galium aparine L. common chickweed Geum canadense Jacq. frost grape Hypericum peforatum L. prairie dropseed Impatiens capensis Meerb. Virginia iris Impatiens pallida Nutt. butterweed Juglans nigra L. nodding beggartick Lamium purpureum L. rabbit tobacco Liriodendran tulipfera L. feverwort Lonicera japonica Thunb. Virginia iris Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. annual ragweed Nyssa sylvatica Marshall nodding beggartick Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. downy yellow violet Plantago major L. Asiatic dayflower (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. feathery false lily of the valley Polygonum cespitosum Blume Canadian cleaweed Prunella vulgaris L. Asiatic dayflower (invasive) Prunus serotina Ehrh. nodding beggartick Quercus alba L. frost grape Quercus imbricaria Michx. green foxtail (invasive) Quercus velutina Lam. nodding beggartick Ranunculus abortivus L. tulip tree Rosa multiflora Thunb. mulberry Rubus occidentalis L. nodding beggartick Sanicula canadensis L. trumpet creeper Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus atrovirens Willd. ground ivy (invasive) Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Asiatic dayflower (invasive) Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. May apple Ulmus rubra Muhl. blue-eyed stargrass Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald ground ivy (invasive)

121 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 13

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. yellow fumewort Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Humulus lupulus L. common hop (invasive) Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet

122 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 14

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

123 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 15

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara &Grande garlic mustard (invasive) Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. annual ragweed Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Diospyrus virginiana L. persimmon Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Oenothera biennis L. common primrose Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet

124 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 16

Species Common Name Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh rosepink Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Populus deltoides Marsh. cottonwood Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Allium tricoccum Aiton ramp Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Galium aparine L. stickywilly Humulus lupulus L. common hop (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Fraxinus americana L. white ash Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell Canadian woodnettle Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Euonymus obovatus Nutt. running strawberry bush Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive)

125 Pond 16 (cont.)

Species Common Name Uvularia grandiflora Sm. large flower bellwort Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Mimulus ringens L. monkey flower Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern

126 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 17

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal paw paw Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Eupatorium perfoliatum L. common boneset Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juncus effusus L. common rush Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Ludwigia alternifolia L. seedbox Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Myosotis macrosperma Engelma. largeseed forget-me-not Ornithogalum umbellatum L. sleepydick (invasive) Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Plantago major L. common plantain (invasive) Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Quercus alba L. white oak Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush

127 Pond 17 (cont.)

Species Common Name Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

128 Red Hills State Park, Lawrence County, Illinois Pond 18

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Diospyrus virginiana L. persimmon Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Juglans nigra L. black walnut Juncus effusus L. common rush Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Morus rubra L. mulberry Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

129 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 19

Species Common Name Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. mouseear cress (invasive) Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Asclepias tuberosa L. butterfly milkweed Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnst. corn gromwell (invasive) Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau trumpet creeper Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. sticky chickweed (invasive) Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene partridge pea Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Coreopsis lanceolata L. lance leaved tickseed Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Delphinium tricorne Michx. dwarf larkspur Desmanthus illinoensis (L.) MacMill ex. B. L. Rob and Fernald Illinois bundleflower Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem and Schult. needle spikerush Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. rattlesnake master Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Helenium autumnale L. common sneezeweed Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juncus effusus L. common rush Junucs tenuis Willd. poverty rush Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive) Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell yellowseed false pimpernel Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed

130 Pond 19 (cont.)

Species Common Name Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phalaris arundinaceae L. reed canarygrass (invasive) Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart pinnate prarie coneflower Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh rosepink Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Schedonorus phoenix (Srop.) Holub tall fescue Silphium perfoliatum L. cup plant rosin weed Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horsenettle Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Typha latifolia L. common cattail Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Verbascum blattaria L. moth mullein (invasive) Veronica peregrina L. neckweed Viola bicolor Pursh. field pansy Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

131 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 20

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Conium maculatum L. poison hemlock (invasive) Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem and Schult. square stem spike rush Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Juglans nigra L. black walnut Juncus effusus L. common rush Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Uvularia grandiflora Sm. large flower bellwort

132 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 21

Species Common Name Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara &Grande garlic mustard (invasive) Arabis laevigata (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Poir. smooth rockcress Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene partridge pea Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Desmanthus illinoensis (L.) MacMill ex. B. L. Rob and Fernald Illinois bundleflower Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem and Schult. square stem spike rush Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Helenium autumnale L. common sneezeweed Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Juglans nigra L. black walnut Juncus effusus L. common rush Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod

133 Pond 21 (cont.)

Species Common Name Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray prairie dropseed Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Thalictrum dioicum L. early meadow-rue Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Typha latifolia L. common cattail Veronia missurica Raf. ironweed Viola pedatafida G. Don prairie violet

134 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 22

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Mimulus ringens L. monkey flower Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

135 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 23

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain Arabis laevigata (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Poir. smooth rockcress Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene partridge pea Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Diospyrus virginiana L. persimmon Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrangea arborescens L. wild hydrangea Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak Quercus palustris Munchh. pin oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rumex crispus L. sour dock (invasive) Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scirpus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex. Schinz & R. Keller chairmaker's bulrush Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Typha latifolia L. common cattail Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

136 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 24

Species Common Name Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Alisma plantago-aquatica L. water plantain Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Arabis laevigata (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Poir. smooth rockcress Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau trumpet creeper Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Tilia americana L. American basswood

137 Pond 24 (cont.)

Species Common Name Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

138 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 25

Species Common Name Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau trumpet creeper Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hypericum peforatum L. St. Johns wort (invasive) Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Phalaris arundinaceae L. reed canarygrass (invasive) Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rhus aromatica Aiton fragrant sumac

139 Pond 25 (cont.)

Species Common Name Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex. Schinz & R. Keller chairmaker's bulrush Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. venus looking glass Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

140 Wildcat Hollow State Forest, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 26

Species Common Name Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Hydrangea arborescens L. wild hydrangea Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Tradescantia ohioensis Raf. bluejacket Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Brachyelytrum erectum (Schred. Ex Spreng.) P. Beauv bearded shorthusk Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. nakedflower ticktrefoil Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern

141 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 27

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Asclepias syriaca L. common milkweed Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex. Willd. prarie fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. roundseed St. Johnswort Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive) Linum medium (Planch.) Britton stiff yellow flax Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Medicago sativa L. alfalfa (invasive) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. sweet clover (invasive) Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Rudbeckia triloba L. brown eyed susan Rudbeckia missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L. Boynt. & Beadle Missouri orange coneflower Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. green foxtail (invasive) Sisyrichium campestre E. P. Bicknell blue-eyed stargrass Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom hairy white oldfield aster Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Trifolium agrarium Pollich yellow clover (invasive) Trifolium campestre Schreb field clover (invasive) Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

142 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 28

Species Common Name Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Alisma trivale Pursh northern water plantain Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Hypericum punctatum Lam. spotted St. Johnswort Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Monarda bradburiana Beck eastern beebalm Ornithogalum umbellatum L. sleepydick (invasive) Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas norther marsh yellowcress Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Verbesina helianthoides Michx. gravelweed Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

143 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 29

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Asclepias syriaca L. common milkweed Boltonia diffusa Elliott. doll's daisy Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Commelina communis L. Asiatic dayflower (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Rudbeckia triloba L. brown eyed susan Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras

144 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 30

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex lupulina (Michx.) ex. Willd hop sedge Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Juglans nigra L. black walnut Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive) Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex. W. Bartram american water horehound Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. Osage orange Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus palustris Munchh. pin oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry

145 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 31

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Euphorbia corollata L. flowering spurge Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Juglans nigra L. black walnut Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. Osage orange Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rudbeckia triloba L. brown eyed susan Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Solanum nigrum L. nightshade Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion

146 Pond 31 (cont.)

Species Common Name Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. venus looking glass Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

147 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 32

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Coreopsis palmata Nutt. stiff tickseed Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. sweet clover (invasive) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Typha angustifolia L. narrowleaf cattail (invasive) Verbena hastata L. swamp verbena

148 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 33

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Junucs tenuis Willd. poverty rush Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. annual ragweed Andropogon virginicus L. broom sedge Coreopsis lanceolata L. lance leaved tickseed Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Rudbeckia triloba L. brown eyed susan Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina geranium Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive) Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass

149 CIPS/Fuson Tract, Prairie Ridge State Natural Area, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 34

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Asclepias tuberosa L. butterfly milkweed Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex. Willd. oval-leaf sedge Carex cristatella Britton crested sedge Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex. Willd. prarie fleabane Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Iris virginica L. Virginia iris Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don sericea lespedeza (invasive) Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rudbeckia triloba L. brown eyed susan Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Sisyrichium campestre E. P. Bicknell blue-eyed stargrass Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Ulmus americana L. American elm Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

150 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 35

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Hypericum punctatum Lam. spotted St. Johnswort Plantago major L. common plantain (invasive) Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Rubus argutus Link. highbush blackberry Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. hairy crabgrass Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Cyperus esculentus L. yellow nutsedge (invasive) Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Quercus palustris Munchh. pin oak Polygonum cespitosum Blume pink smartweed (invasive) Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. And Schult yellow foxtail grass (invasive) Quercus velutina Lam. black oak

151 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 36

Species Common Name Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Acer negundo L. box elder Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Crataegus mollis Scheel downy hawthorne Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Fraxinus americana L. white ash Quercus alba L. white oak Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Cyperus compressus L. poorland flatsedge Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Hypericum multilum L. dwarf St. John's wort Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell Canadian woodnettle Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Scirpus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex. Schinz & R. Keller chairmaker's bulrush

152 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 37

Species Common Name Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina geranium Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. fernleaf phacelia Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

153 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 38

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Fraxinus americana L. white ash Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina geranium Geranium dissectum L. cutleaf geranium (invasive) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Populus deltoides Marsh. cottonwood Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

154 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 39

Species Common Name Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus argutus Link. highbush blackberry Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horsenettle Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

155 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 40

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras

156 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 41

Species Common Name Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. green foxtail (invasive) Glenchoma hederaceae L. ground ivy (invasive) Vitis vulpina L. frost grape Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sisyrichium campestre E. P. Bicknell blue-eyed stargrass

157 Ramsey Lake State Park, Fayette County, Illinois Pond 42

Species Common Name Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F. Blake two-flower dwarf dandelion Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Fraxinus americana L. white ash Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Ophioglossum vulgatum L. southern adderstongue Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup

158 Ballard Nature Center, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 43

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. Var. macrophylla (Lairisey) Isely largeleaf wild indigo Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnst. corn gromwell (invasive) Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carex cephalophora Muhl. Ex Willd. oval-leaf sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Pedicularis canadensis L. Canadian lousewort Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. chinkapin oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rumex crispus L. sour dock (invasive) Sagittaria calycina Engelm. hooded arrowhead Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Stellaria media(L.) Vill. common chickweed Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom New England aster Tradescantia ohioensis Raf. bluejacket Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

159 Ballard Nature Center, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 44

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. Var. macrophylla (Lairisey) Isely largeleaf wild indigo Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnst. corn gromwell (invasive) Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carex cephalophora Muhl. Ex Willd. oval-leaf sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Pedicularis canadensis L. Canadian lousewort Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. chinkapin oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rumex crispus L. sour dock (invasive) Sagittaria calycina Engelm. hooded arrowhead Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom New England aster Tradescantia ohioensis Raf. bluejacket Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

160 Ballard Nature Center, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 45

Species Common Name Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Andropogon virginicus L. broom sedge Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. blue wild indigo Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau trumpet creeper Coreopsis palmata Nutt. stiff tickseed Desmodium illinoense A. Gray Illinois ticktrefoil Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. pale purple coneflower Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Galium aparine L. stickywilly Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Sagittaria latifolia Willd. arrowhead Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Typha latifolia L. common cattail Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

161 Ballard Nature Center, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 46

Species Common Name Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Coreopsis lanceolata L. lance leaved tickseed Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Enemion biternatum Raf. false rue anemone Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. rattlesnake master Galium aparine L. stickywilly Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Iris virginica L. Virginia iris Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex. Sims beardtongue Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Populus deltoides Marsh. cottonwood Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Rubus argutus Link. highbush blackberry Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scirpus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex. Schinz & R. Keller chairmaker's bulrush Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Triosteum perfoliatum L. feverwort Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

162 Ballard Nature Center, Effingham County, Illinois Pond 47

Species Common Name Arabis laevigata (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Poir. smooth rockcress Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Bidens cernua L. nodding beggartick Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Crataegus mollis Scheel downy hawthorne Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Verbesina helianthoides Michx. gravelweed Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

163 Hurricane Creek Habitat Area, Coles County, Illinois Pond 48

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Andropogon virginicus L. broom sedge Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. Ex Willd.) Torr. Adam and Eve Carpinus caroliniana Walter hornbeam Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Equisetum arvense L. field horsetail Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Juglans nigra L. black walnut Liparis liliifolia (L.) Rich. ex Ker Gawl. brown widelip orchid Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Tilia americana L. American basswood Trifolium agrarium Pollich yellow clover (invasive) Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive)

164 Hurricane Creek Habitat Area, Coles County, Illinois Pond 49

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Commelina communis L. Asiatic dayflower (invasive) Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dicanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould deer tongue grass Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Phacelia purshii Buckley Miami mist Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke maidenstears (invasive) Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Thlaspi arvense L. field pennycress Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Veronica peregrina L. neckweed

165 Hurricane Creek Habitat Area, Coles County, Illinois Pond 50

Species Common Name Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. Osage orange Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Uvularia grandiflora Sm. large flower bellwort Uvularia perfoliata L. perfoliate bellwort

166 Hurricane Creek Habitat Area, Coles County, Illinois Pond 51

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juglans nigra L. black walnut Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. Osage orange Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Quercus alba L. white oak Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Uvularia grandiflora Sm. large flower bellwort Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

167 Hurricane Creek Habitat Area, Coles County, Illinois Pond 52

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. winter bentgrass Amaranthus spinosus L. spiny amaranth Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson woman's tobacco Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex frankii Kunth. Frank's sedge Carex leptalea Wahlenb. bristlystalked sedge Carex lupulina (Michx.) ex. Willd hop sedge Circaea luteiana L. broadleaf enchanter's nightshade Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Poa annua L. annual bluegrass (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sisyrichium campestre E. P. Bicknell blue-eyed stargrass Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horsenettle Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium campestre Schreb field clover (invasive) Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

168 Fox Ridge State Park, Coles County, Illinois Pond 53

Species Common Name Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Hydrastis canadensis L. goldenseal Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Liparis liliifolia (L.) Rich. ex. Ker Gawl. brown widelip orchid Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Nyssa sylvatica Marshall black gum Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

169 Fox Ridge State Park, Coles County, Illinois Pond 54

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Juglans nigra L. black walnut Juniperus virginiana L. eastern red cedar Junucs tenuis Willd. poverty rush Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Monarda bradburiana Beck eastern beebalm Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

170 Fox Ridge State Park, Coles County, Illinois Pond 55

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell purple false foxglove Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Apocynum cannabinum L. indianhemp Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge Circaea luteiana L. broadleaf enchanter's nightshade Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt flat-top goldenrod Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Galium aparine L. stickywilly Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Lysimachia ciliata L. fringed loosestrife Morus alba L. white mulberry (invasive) Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Parthenium integrifolium L. wild quinine Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don green fringed orchid Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hillard & B.L. Burtt rabbit tobacco Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Rumex crispus L. sour dock (invasive) Schedonorus phoenix (Srop.) Holub tall fescue Solidago caesia L. wreath goldenrod Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster Tilia americana L. American basswood Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

171 Fox Ridge State Park, Coles County, Illinois Pond 56

Species Common Name Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Eupatorium altissimum L. tall thouroughwort Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juglans nigra L. black walnut Junucs tenuis Willd. poverty rush Lobelia siphilitica L. great blue lobelia Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Melilotus indicus (L.) All. yellow sweet clover (invasive) Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster Symphyotrichum parviceps (Burgess) G. L. Nesom smallhead aster Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium agrarium Pollich yellow clover (invasive) Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

172 Fox Ridge State Park, Coles County, Illinois Pond 57

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Fraxinus americana L. white ash Leonurus cardiaca L. common motherwort (invasive) Trifolium campestre Schreb field clover (invasive) Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. lentil vetch (invasive)

173 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 58

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass (invasive) Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Galium aparine L. stickywilly Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern

174 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 59

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Andropogon virginicus L. broom sedge Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Glenchoma hederaceae L. ground ivy (invasive) Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. Osage orange Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scirpus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex. Schinz & R. Keller chairmaker's bulrush Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Urtica dioica L. stinging nettle (invasive) Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

175 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 60

Species Common Name Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Andropogon virginicus L. broom sedge Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juglans nigra L. black walnut Lamium purpureum L. purple dead nettle (invasive) Liquidambar styraciflua L. sweet gum Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Phleum pratense L. timothy (invasive) Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus parvifloris L. smallflower buttercup (invasive) Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scutellaria lateriflora L. skullcap Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. purple top grass Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A. Gray downy yellow violet

176 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 61

Species Common Name Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Carya laciniosa (Michx.) G. Don. shellbark hickory Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Diospyrus virginiana L. persimmon Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American beech Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. and Gray clasping leaf St. Johns Wort Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Liquidambar styraciflua L. sweet gum Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. chinkapin oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

177 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 62

Species Common Name Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polygonum arifolium L. halberdleaf tearthumb Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. crippled cranefly Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

178 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 63

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Acer saccharinum L. silver maple Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal paw paw Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell lowland bladderfern Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine Plantago major L. common plantain (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot

179 Pond 63 (cont.)

Species Common Name Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. crippled cranefly Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

180 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 64

Species Common Name Acer negundo L. box elder Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Andropogon virginicus L. broom sedge Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. hairy pagoda-plant Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium dissectum Spreng. cutleaf grapefern Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Diospyrus virginiana L. persimmon Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Juglans nigra L. black walnut Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell Canadian woodnettle Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. northern adderstongue Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Pinus strobus L. eastern white pine Plantago major L. common plantain (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum cespitosum Blume pink smartweed (invasive) Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern

181 Pond 64 (cont.)

Species Common Name Populus deltoides Marsh. cottonwood Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B.D. Jacks. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. chinkapin oak Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Rubus flagellaris Willd. dewberry Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Scutellaria lateriflora L. skullcap Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Culver's root Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

182 Lincoln Trail State Recreation Area, Clark County, Illinois Pond 65

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson woman's tobacco Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet pignut hickory Carya laciniosa (Michx.) G. Don. shellbark hickory Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Dicanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould deer tongue grass Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Festuca rubra L. red fescue (invasive) Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Junucs tenuis Willd. poverty rush Liriodendran tulipfera L. tulip tree Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Thalictrum dioicum L. early meadow-rue Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

183 Kickapoo State Park, Vermilion County, IL Pond 66

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara &Grande garlic mustard (invasive) Amaranthus spinosus L. spiny amaranth Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cornus florida L. flowering dogwood Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Impatiens pallida Nutt. pale touch me not Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. sweet clover (invasive) Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum amphibium L. smartweed Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Vitis vulpina L. frost grape Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

184 Kickapoo State Park, Vermilion County, IL Pond 67

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Amaranthus spinosus L. spiny amaranth Bidens frondosa L. devil's beggartick Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. sticky chickweed (invasive) Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive) Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Lycopus virginicus L. Virginia water horehound Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Penstemon digitalis Nutt. Ex Sims beardtongue Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray Canadian cleaweed Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum cespitosum Blume pink smartweed (invasive) Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sisyrichium campestre E. P. Bicknell blue-eyed stargrass Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Verbascum blattaria L. moth mullein (invasive) Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

185 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 68

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Juglans nigra L. black walnut Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

186 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 69

Species Common Name Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Elymus virginicus L. Virginia wild rye Erigeron annus (L.) Pers eastern daisy fleabane Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. woodland lettuce Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honesuckle (invasive) Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. sweet clover (invasive) Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers Virginia bluebells Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Ranunculus harveyi (A. Gray) Britton Harvey's buttercup Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. And Schult yellow foxtail grass (invasive) Silene virginica L. fire pink Solidago arguta Aiton atlantic goldenrod Solidago caesia L. wreath goldenrod Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri goldenrod Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

187 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 70

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. dutchman's breeches Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Lysimachia nummularia L. creeping jenny (invasive) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers Virginia bluebells Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Platanus occidentalis L. American sycamore Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

188 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 71

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Allium tricoccum Aiton ramp Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Asplenium platyneron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ebony spleenwort Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Canadian honewort Equisetum arvense L. field horsetail Equisetum arvense L. field horsetail Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Lamium amplexicale L. henbit (invasive) Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder. amur honeysuckle (invasive) Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Medicago sativa L. alfalfa (invasive) Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers Virginia bluebells Monarda fistulosa L. wild bergamot Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper Phlox divaricata L. wild blue phlox Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitudus (Chapm.) T. Duncan brsitly buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus L. cursed buttercup Rosa multiflora Thunb. multiflora rose (invasive) Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Smilax glauca Walter cat greenbriar Solidago caesia L. wreath goldenrod Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude yellow pimpernell Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze. poison ivy Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Uvullaria sessiflora L. sessileleaf bellwort Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald golden alexander

189 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 72

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. var. altissima white snakeroot Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. annual ragweed Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carex annectens (E.P. Bicknell) E.P. Bicknell yellowfruit sedge Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Cerastium nutans Raf. nodding chickweed Cersis canadensis L. eastern red bud Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) Roem. And Schult. ovate spikerush Equisetum arvense L. field horsetail Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Juglans nigra L. black walnut Juniperus virginiana L. eastern red cedar Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Monarda fistulosa L. wild bergamot Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hillard & B.L. Burtt rabbit tobacco Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Scirpus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex. Schinz & R. Keller chairmaker's bulrush Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom white heath aster

190 Pond 72 (cont.)

Species Common Name Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt hairyjoint meadowparsnip Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia spiderwort Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Typha latifolia L. common cattail Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

191 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 73

Species Common Name Juglans nigra L. black walnut Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. sweet clover (invasive) Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Veronica peregrina L. neckweed

192 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 74

Species Common Name Acer saccharum Marshall. sugar maple Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory Atlantic camas Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Carex cristatella Britton crested sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Fraxinus americana L. white ash Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Ranunculus parvifloris L. smallflower buttercup (invasive) Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. common dandelion Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Ulmus americana L. American elm Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm

193 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois Pond 75

Species Common Name Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory Atlantic camas Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Celtis occidentalis L. hackberry Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link feathery false lily of the valley Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. F.) Morong smooth Solomon's seal Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees sassafras Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitternut hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry Quercus alba L. white oak Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ulmus americana L. American elm Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Quercus velutina Lam. black oak Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle

194 Middlefork State Fish and Wildlife Area, Vermilion County, Illinois

Pond 76

Species Common Name Carex blanda Dewey eastern woodland sedge Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet Asarum canadense L. Canadian wildginger Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. cutleaf toothwort Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Erythronium albidum Nutt. fawnlily Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Oxalis stricta L. yellow wood sorrel Sanguinaria canadensis L. bloodroot Trillium recurvatum Beck wake robin Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Galium obtusum Bigelow bluntleaf bedstraw Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle

195 Simpson Property, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 77

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Acorus calamus L. calamus (invasive) Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. blue wild indigo Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. sticky chickweed (invasive) Circaea alpina L. small enchanter's nightshade Coreopsis palmata Nutt. stiff tickseed Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Desmodium illinoense A. Gray Illinois ticktrefoil Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink (invasive) Elymus hystrix L. eastern bottle brush grass Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. rattlesnake master Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt flat-top goldenrod Galium aparine L. stickywilly Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray spring avens Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Liatris pycnostachya Michx. prairie blazing star Parthenium integrifolium L. wild quinine Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed Pycnanthemum tennuifolium Schrad. narrowleaf mountainmint Ranunculus harveyi (A. Gray) Britton Harvey's buttercup Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

196 Simpson Property, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 78

Species Common Name Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. annual ragweed Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott green dragon Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott jack in the pulpit Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania bittercress Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex. Willd. oval-leaf sedge Carex rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. rosy sedge Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium circaezans Michx. licorice bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Geranium maculatum L. spotted geranium Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Hydrophyllum virginianum L. eastern waterleaf Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Phytolacca americana L. American pokeweed Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Polygonum cespitosum Blume pink smartweed (invasive) Polygonum persecaria L. spotted ladysthumb (invasive) Ranunculus abortivus L. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Teucrium canadense L. Canada germander Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. venus looking glass Viola sororia Willd. common blue violet

197 Simpson Property, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 79

Species Common Name Achillea millefolium L. yarrow (invasive) Allium cepa L. onion (invasive) Asclepias tuberosa L. butterfly milkweed Asclepias syriaca L. common milkweed Coreopsis lanceolata L. lance leaved tickseed Diospyrus virginiana L. persimmon Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench eastern purple coneflower Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Russian olive Gleditsia triacanthos L. honey locust Juglans nigra L. black walnut Onoclea sensibilis L. sensitive fern Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers. var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperr. whorled mountainmint Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart pinnate prarie coneflower Rumex crispus L. sour dock (invasive) Silphium integrifolium Michx. wholeleaf rosinweed Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom New England aster Verbena hastata L. swamp verbena

198 Simpson Property, Jasper County, Illinois Pond 80

Species Common Name Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton garden yellowrocket (invasive) Geum canadense Jacq. white avens Junucs tenuis Willd. poverty rush Plantago rugelii Decne. blackseed plantain Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass (invasive) Polygonum virginianum L. jumpseed Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe clustered blacksnakeroot Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Culver's root Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. annual ragweed Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene partridge pea Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass (invasive) Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex. Willd. prarie fleabane Galium aparine L. stickywilly Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray shining bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Medicago lupulina L. black medick (invasive) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. sweet clover (invasive) Ornithogalum umbellatum L. sleepydick (invasive) Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple Potentilla simplex Michx. common cinquefoil Rudbeckia hirta L. blackeyed susan Sanicula canadensis L. Canadian blacksnakeroot Stellaria media (L.) Vill. common chickweed Trifolium pratense L. red clover (invasive) Trifolium repens L. white clover (invasive) Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark hickory Fraxinus americana L. white ash Quercus imbricaria Michx. shingle oak Quercus rubra L. northern red oak Agrimonia parviflora Aiton harvest lice Impatiens capensis Meerb. jewelweed Lespedeza capitata Michx. roundhead lespedeza Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey butterweed Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. blisterwort Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. beaked cornsalad Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. soft agrimony Allium vineale L. wild garlic (invasive) Daucus carota L. Queen Anne's lace (invasive) Oxalis violacea L. violet woodsorrel Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. mockernut hickory Acorus calamus L. calamus (invasive) Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small spike false nettle Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. oxeye daisy (invasive)

199 Appendix 6. Plant richness, type, and wetland indicator status* by site for the 80 ponds sampled in east-central Illinois.

y Lake

Ramse Ballard Fox Ridge Kickapoo Hurricane Creek Middlefork TrailLincoln Wildcat Hollow Red Hills Simpson

Richness 70 97 104 50 103 115 117 142 101 95

Forbs 46 80 83 43 83 94 84 115 76 86

Shrubs 19 13 19 2 17 2 5 5 5 1

Type Trees 4 2 1 2 2 17 27 21 19 8

Vegetation Vines 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0

FAC 16 24 18 8 18 17 24 24 18 17

FACU 25 33 47 24 51 52 53 61 48 40 FACW 18 13 20 10 17 20 23 23 12 18 OBL 3 9 2 1 3 6 5 10 7 2 Status* UPL 0 2 2 1 0 4 3 4 2 2

Wetland Indicator N/A 8 16 15 5 13 15 9 20 14 16

Invasive 8 10 19 13 18 17 17 21 18 19

* FAC: Facultative species that is equally likely to occur in uplands or wetlands FACU: Facultative Upland species FACW: Facultative Wetland species OBL: Obligate wetland species UPL: Upland Species NA: species has not been assigned to one of the above categories

200