4-H Horsemanship Skills R E S O U R C E B O O K 18 U.S.C

VOLUNTEER/PROFESSIONAL

P e n n s y l v a n i a 4-H Horse Program 4-H Horsemanship Skills R E S O U R C E B O O K 18 U.S.C. 707

Promoting

Safety and

Knowledge While

Developing and

Educating

Youth

College of Agricultural Sciences • Cooperative Extension Introduction Contents

The Horsemanship Skills Program provides a planned Program Overview...... 1 progression of skill development to promote safety, Implementation Guidelines...... 2 horsemanship, education, and life skills of youth. This book contains information about the program and Program Resources...... 6 resources for 4-H volunteers, extension educators, References and Educational Materials...... 7 examiners, and professionals to help plan and conduct local programs. Testing Information for All Levels...... 8 In this book you will find sample skill sheets for Testing Information for Level 3 or 4...... 9 members, skill evaluation sheets for examiners, and testing information for examiners and youth. References are Level 3 or 4 Testing Information Form...... 10 included to help both adults and youth learn methods for Level 1 Member Skill Sheet...... 11 developing skills and understand how skills should be properly executed. Level 2 Member Skill Sheet...... 12 The program is designed to provide opportunities for Level 3 Member Skill Sheet...... 13 all youth to be involved and succeed, regardless of their riding style, skill, or ability to own a horse. Youth are Level 4 Member Skill Sheet...... 14 not required to use their project animals, although this Examiner Training and Approval...... 15 is generally encouraged. Youth who do not own a horse may participate by sharing or leasing a horse. Youth with Testing Information for Volunteers and Examiners...... 16 special needs may participate based on their ability and Levels 1 and 2 Horsemanship Skills Testing...... 17 interests, and on the recommendations of therapeutic riding and health care professionals. Awards...... 18 The Horsemanship Skills Program is optional with Level 1 Evaluation Sheet...... 19 some exceptions. Refer to the current Pennsylvania 4-H Horse Show Rule Book for requirements for show- Level 2 Evaluation Sheet...... 21 ing in state show qualifying classes. Counties or clubs Level 3 Evaluation Sheet...... 23 may choose to require the program as part of the project evaluation, for project completion, for showing, or Level 4 Evaluation Sheet...... 25 for other purposes. Participation in the program and/or Summary Evaluation Sheet...... 27 mastery of skills will satisfy some project requirements. Participation in the program should be included in the Patty Kelly, volunteer, Westmoreland County; Patricia project annual record. This program may also be used Comerford, extension horse specialist; Donna Zang, extension in conjunction with the 4-H Horse Safety Checklist, director, Butler County; Andrea Graeff, equine extension 4-H Horse Safety Standards, and other safety resources. associate; and Brian Egan, instructor of equine science; in consultation with the Pennsylvania 4-H Horse Program Development of the program is ongoing. Additional Development Committee. supporting materials and activities will be added as they become available. Please contact your county extension educator and check the Web site periodically for updates.

4-H Horse Program Web site: www.das.psu.edu (4-H Horse Program/Horsemanship Skills) Program Overview

The Horsemanship Skills Program is a progressive 4-H educational opportunity where learning is more important than passing or awards. Developing knowledge and promoting safety of youth is the goal at every level of this program. The following horsemanship skills are guidelines for the development of youth in Pennsylvania 4-H horse projects. A foundation of basic skills must be mastered for a rider and a horse to perform advanced levels of horsemanship.

Level 1 emphasizes basic, correct, and safe principles of handling and riding a horse. Level 1 skills are the foundation for all levels and emphasize basic skills at the walk and trot.

Level 2 emphasizes building a solid foundation of horsemanship skills. Level 2 introduces the lope or canter and proper aids.

Level 3 uses foundation skills to teach intermediate horsemanship skills. Level 3 requires the rider to be balanced while using aids and maintaining an even pace.

Level 4 completes an advanced level of horsemanship skills. Level 4 requires a balanced horse and rider exhibiting calmness, rhythm, suppleness, and coordination.

◆ Mastering proper horsemanship skills before progressing to the next level requires patience, maturity, interest, dedication, and time.

◆ Both the rider and the horse will benefit from proper instruction.

◆ Remember, practice does not make perfect. Perfect practice makes perfect!

◆ Study references to understand and learn about skills. If a member, leader, or instructor has difficulty learning or teaching a skill, please find help. See suggested resources or contact a member of the Pennsylvania 4-H Horse Program Development Committee. Never work with a 4-H member or horse when angry.

◆ Set No Time Limits! It may take a lot of time to master skills. Progress through these skill levels will vary with every horse and rider.

◆ When a youth changes horses, he or she must start again at Level 1 and continue with the successive levels.

The skills are not western, hunt seat, saddle seat, or contest skills. They are skills for all disciplines, riding styles, and uses. The skills will give youth a planned progression of horse handling and riding skills and a solid knowledge of and ability in horsemanship. Youth may progress beyond these skill levels to more specialized disciplines including, but not limited to, jumping, reining, contest classes, competitive trail riding, driving, etc. The 4-H horse program involves youth in a broad range of riding interests, disciplines, and breeds. Members should identify their discipline and ride one- or two-handed as appropriate for testing.

Page 1 Implementation Guidelines

Program Goals The Horsemanship Skills Program is optional and can be implemented to suit the needs of individual 4-H members, ◆ Promote safety local clubs, or county programs.

◆ Promote knowledge These skills were designed for the purpose of promoting safety ◆ Develop youth and knowledge within the 4-H horse project. While developing

◆ Educate youth and educating youth is our goal, members, families, and their horses should enjoy and benefit from the skills.

Stress that learning is more important than passing. This is not a competition! Youth should progress through the levels at their own rate to successfully master the skills. Recognize that youth may need considerable time and practice to master many of the skills, especially at the upper levels. Keep the evaluations friendly and informative. Remember, no one fails! They will just need to practice and retest at a later date.

Implementation packets should include the following: ◆ Horsemanship Skills Information Sheet—basic description of skill levels and program ◆ Implementation Guidelines—list of guidelines for clubs or counties to start program ◆ Reference/Resource Lists—suggested resources to explain skills and program ◆ Member Resource Books—for members to study, learn skills, and track progress ◆ Evaluation Sheets—sheets for three examiners to test members (NCR Paper; 3 copies) ◆ Evaluation Summary—sheets used at testing to list results (NCR Paper; 3 copies) ◆ Testing Information—for youth and adults to prepare for testing ◆ Certificate of Completion—copy of certificate ◆ Suggested Awards—list of suggested items

What does your club or county need to start the 4-H Horsemanship Skills Program? ◆ Dedicated leaders ◆ Enthusiastic members ◆ Involved parents ◆ Patient horses ◆ Willing extension educators

What are the advantages of the 4-H Horsemanship Skills Program? ◆ Promotes safety ◆ Educates youth ◆ Promotes cooperation and teamwork among members, leaders, and parents ◆ Recognizes individual member accomplishments and achievement of goals ◆ Offers a planned progression of horse handling and riding skills ◆ Gives leaders guidelines to help new members ◆ Gives leaders guidelines to help members who desire to become better or more advanced riders ◆ Gives parents and members guidelines for developing basic horsemanship skills

Page 2 How does a club or county start a Horsemanship Skills Program? 1. Contact your county educator to inform him or her of your interest. 2. Work with your county educator and horse leaders to decide whether (and how) to implement the program on a countywide basis or as individual club(s). 3. This is an optional program, with some exceptions. Refer to the current Pennsylvania 4-H Horse Show Rule Book for requirements for showing in state show qualifying classes. Counties or clubs may require the program as part of the project evaluation, for project completion, for showing, or for other purposes. Participation in the program and/or mastery of skills will satisfy some project requirements. Participation in the program should be included in the project annual record. 4. To implement the program in your county: A. Choose a committee of horse volunteers for implementing and testing the horsemanship skills. Youth are tested for Levels 1 and 2 only in the county. Tests for Levels 3 and 4 are conducted at the district or state level. B. The committee must be approved by the county extension educator. C. The committee should have enough members so that at least three people are available for conducting each test. Volunteers or extension educators who will be conducting tests must be approved examiners. D. One volunteer or educator should take responsibility for keeping records of skill testing. 5. Check with your county educator and the Penn State 4-H Horse Program Web site for upcoming Horsemanship Skills Program training or clinics. 6. Attend Horsemanship Levels 1 and 2 Certification Clinic with at least three volunteers. 7. Volunteers will receive an Implementation Packet and/or a Resource Book containing program materials at the clinic. 8. Volunteers and educator should meet and agree on program implementation and the evaluation process for their county or club(s). It is important that all volunteers agree on what is successful skill completion. 9. Provide opportunities for youth to learn and practice skills. Leaders are not necessarily expected to teach skills but should facilitate learning of skills through coordination of clinics, practice sessions, mock testing, demonstrations, and so forth. 10. The committee should set testing dates for Level 1 at the club or county level. A. Allow at least 6 to 8 or more weeks for implementation of the program until first testing. 11. If the entire county is using the program, mixing the examiners is recommended so they are not all testing their own club members. 12. Counties may also work together and share resources in an effort to involve more leaders and members and to share the workload.

Youth with Special Needs Youth with special needs are encouraged to participate in the horsemanship skills program. Volun- teers and educators may make accommodations for youth with special needs as appropriate for their ability and skill level. The skills should be based on the youth’s ability to safely master the skills. Specific skills should be determined with recommendations and agreement from the youth’s parent/ guardian, therapeutic riding professional, and health care professional. If there are questions regarding skills that are suitable for youth with special needs, please contact your county extension educator. Educators should consult appropriate university and industry professionals to help determine reasonable accommodations or to obtain suggestions for working

Page 3 with youth with special needs. For assistance in determining appropriate accommodations, the educator should contact the Penn State affirmative action office, Americans with Disablilities Act (ADA) program coordinator, or extension horse specialist at Penn State. Additional resources for therapeutic horsemanship skills may be available from the Pennsylvania Council on Therapeutic Horsemanship (PACH) at www.pacth.org or NARHA at www.narha.org.

Youth with Horseless Projects and Shared Horses Youth involved with horseless projects and youth who do not own or lease a horse may participate in the horsemanship skills program. Youth may share a horse with another 4-H member and participate in handling and/or riding skills as appropriate for their skill level and ability. Please refer to Guide- lines for Shared Horse Activities for current details and recommendations for youth who are sharing horses. The guidelines are available from county educators or on the 4-H Horse Program Web site with project information. Alternative activities or skills may also be developed for youth in horseless projects. These could include written or oral reports, Power Point presentations, videos, or other activities related to the specific skills in Levels 1–4.

Driving Skills Youth who have driving animals may participate in the program and are encouraged to master handling skills at all levels. In addition, volunteers and educators may include additional skills specific to driving. Skills should emphasize safety, control of the animal, proper equipment, harnessing, turnout, and other procedures for driving at all levels. Volunteers or educators should consult experienced driving instructors and university professionals for recommendations of additional driving skills. Only reputable driving professionals or experienced, knowledgeable drivers should conduct testing of driving skills. Refer to “References and Educational Materials,” page 7, for suggested references for driving skills.

How Are 4-H Members Introduced to the Horsemanship Skills Program? ◆ All members must start at Level 1.

◆ Give members the member resource book, which contains: 1. Reference list 2. Member skill sheets (Levels 1–4) 3. Testing information

◆ Members should use the skill sheets to study and practice the skills.

◆ Members should attend clinics and practice sessions, use references to help answer any questions, and practice to learn and master skills.

◆ Youth should master all skills within a level before attempting to test.

How Can Members Learn the Skills?

◆ Members should read reference materials to learn and understand skills.

◆ Local clubs should provide options for youth to discuss, demonstrate, learn, and practice the skills.

◆ Members should attend club, county, regional, and/or state clinics.

◆ Members should participate in individual or team demonstrations.

◆ Involve 4-H members who have passed a level to discuss, demonstrate, or teach skills.

◆ Make a club video, poster, or skill explanation sheets.

◆ Hold mock testing to practice skills.

Page 4 Preparation of Youth for Testing Youth should be given the resource books and references and encouraged to study them before beginning to work with their horse. Youth should have an understanding of proper execution of the skills and should use the member skill sheets and references to study, practice, and master the skills prior to testing. It may take a long time for youth to master all skills in a level. It may require several weeks, months or more for youth to master skills, depending on their ability, the ability of their horse, and their level of instruction. Youth should be prepared and master all skills within a level before attempting to test. The testing should be friendly and educational yet should not be conducted like a clinic to teach skills. Youth should work with parents, leaders, or professionals as needed to obtain help in practicing and perfecting skills. Volunteers and leaders should teach skills to youth only if they are experienced and fully understand the correct execution of skills. Volunteers who are not prepared to teach skills should arrange for professionals or knowledgeable horse persons to provide instruction for youth as needed.

Riding with One or Two Hands for Testing Members preparing to test should identify their primary riding interest and ride the tests one- or two- handed as appropriate for their discipline. The current PA 4-H Horse Show Rule Book should be used as the reference for the appropriate method. Members who participate in activities not covered by the rule book should ride one- or two-handed according to the industry standard for that discipline. Regardless of discipline, reins must be held correctly, demonstrating the proper use, hand position, and action. Levels 1 and 2 are to be ridden one- or two-handed, as appropriate, for the entire test. Members may not switch from one- to two-handed during the test. For some of the more advanced skills in Levels 3 and 4, a member may use one or two hands to aid in execution of maneuver. Reins must be used correctly, and the skill must be executed properly.

Retesting—Level 1 For Level 1 horsemanship skills, retesting will be done as appropriate by section: handling and riding. If a youth does not pass one or more individual skills, he or she will be required to retest the respective section or sections. Example 1: A youth tested in Level 1 did not master handling skill 1-2 (properly halter a horse) but passed all riding skills. The youth must then retest all skills in the handling section. He or she would not be required to retest the riding section also.

Example 2: A youth tested in Level 1 did not master skill 1-12 (mount and dismount properly) and skill 1-26 (emergency dismount) but passed all the handling skills. The youth must then retest all skills in the riding section. He or she would not be required to retest the handling section also. If a youth does not master skills in both the handling and the riding sections, he or she would be required to retest the entire Level 1 test.

Example 3: A youth tested in Level 1 did not master skill 1-6 (safely tie a horse) and skill 1-25 (emergency stop). Because the skills not mastered were in both the handling and the riding sections, the youth must retest the entire Level 1 test.

Retesting—Levels 2–4 In Levels 2–4 of the Horsemanship Skills Program, retesting is done on an individual skill basis. Youth will only be required to retest the specific skills not mastered in Levels 2–4.

Testing with New or Additional Horses When a youth acquires a new horse or changes their horse for testing, the youth must begin again at Level 1. Although the youth may have passed other levels previously, they must demonstrate mastery of skills with the horse they are currently using for testing. The skill level, ability, experience, and training of each horse will vary to some extent. Likewise, youth vary in their ability to handle, control, and ride different horses. In order to effectively evaluate horsemanship skills, mastery of the skills must be demonstrated by the youth with each horse at each level.

Page 5 Program Resources

Available through county extension offices:

◆ 4-H Volunteer/Professional Resource Book

◆ 4-H Member Resource Book

◆ Level 1-2 Evaluation Sheets (multiple-copy format for testing)*

◆ County Evaluation Summary Sheet

These supplies may be ordered through the county extension office from the Penn State Publications Distribution Center.

* Levels 3 and 4 Evaluation Sheets for district and state testing are available from the Penn State extension horse specialist (youth).

The following materials are available on the Penn State Horse Program Web site at www.das.psu.edu (4-H Horse Program/Horsemanship Skills Program):

◆ Overview of Horsemanship Skills Program—PowerPoint Presentation

◆ Horsemanship Skills Flow Chart

◆ Level 1-2 Examiner Recommendation Form

◆ Level 3-4 Examiner Recommendation Form

◆ List of Levels 1–4 Examiners

◆ Horsemanship Skills Reference list

◆ 4-H Horse References list

◆ Skill Explanation Sheets**

◆ Certificate of Completion

**Skill explanation sheets and other supporting materials will be available on the Web site as they are completed.

Page 6 References and Educational Materials

The following resources can be used to explain and teach horsemanship skills

Start with Safety: Horse Safety Guidelines, CHA Horsemanship Manual and other materials by Pat Comerford and Tim Potter Published by the Certified Horsemanship Association— Published by American Youth Horse Council The Association for Horsemanship Safety and Education (www.ayhc.com or 800-TRY-AYHC) (www.cha-ahse.org, phone: 800-724-1446) Also available from HorseBooksEtc.com The Complete Guide to Western Horsemanship, Horses, Safety, and You: How to Work With and Around a by J. P. Forget Horse Safely (Code# A0610B) Amazon (www.amazon.com) or Penn State College of Agricultural HorsesinYourMailbox.com Sciences Publications Distribution Center ([email protected] or 814-865-6713) Saddle Seat Equitation: The Definitive Guide, by Helen K. Crabtree Safe Horse, Safe Rider, by Jessie Haas Amazon (www.amazon.com) Published by Storey Communications, Inc. Amazon (www.amazon.com) Getting the Most from Riding Lessons, by Mike Smith Amazon (www.amazon.com) or Cherry Hill Publications HorsesinYourMailbox.com Breakthrough Publications (www.booksonhorses.com or 800-824-5000) Drive Smartly—Drive Safely Arena Pocket Guide The Carriage Association of America Western: Beginner–Intermediate–Advanced (www.caaonline.com) English: Beginner–Intermediate–Advanced 101 Arena Exercises Breaking and Training the Driving Horse, Horse Handling and Grooming by Doris Ganton (text and DVD) 101 Longeing and Long Lining Exercises: English Published by Wilshire Book Company and Western Amazon (www.amazon.com) Horsekeeping and Training (Riders Library CD-ROM) Harness Safety Checklist The American Driving Society United States Pony Club (USPC) Publications, (www.americandrivingsociety.org) by Susan E. Harris: Breakthrough Publications (www.booksonhorses.com Pennsylvania Council on Therapeutic Horsemanship or 800-824-5000) or USPC Equine Bookstore Catalog (www.pacth.org) (www.ponyclub.org or 859-422-5522) The USPC Manual of Horsemanship North American Riding for the Handicapped The USPC Guide to Longeing and Ground Training Association, NARHA (www.narha.org)

Longevity Training, by Lynn Palm with Sue M. Copeland Breakthrough Publications (www.booksonhorses.com or 800-824-5000)

Many additional resources on safety, horsemanship, handling, and riding skills are available. Work with your instructor or an experienced equine professional to locate reliable resources. ◆ ◆ ◆ Additional resources and supporting materials will be added as they become available. ◆ ◆ ◆ Check the 4-H Horse Program Web site periodically for updated information: www.das.psu.edu (4-H Horse Program/Horsemanship Skills).

Page 7 Testing Information for All Levels

Congratulations on your effort and participation in the Pennsylvania 4-H Horsemanship Skills Program!

You should practice and learn skills before testing, and then be prepared to demonstrate skills at testing. Do not expect examiners to teach skills at testing.

Mastering each skill level and preparing for testing may take a long time; some skills may take several weeks, months, or years to master. The time required will depend on you and your horse’s ability. Work with your parent, trainer, or a helper who is experienced with horses and understands how to teach you and your horse to safely and correctly perform the skills.

It is recommended that you master and test handling skills first and then proceed to riding skills. When handling skills are completed, saddle your horse or pony and go to the riding test site.

If your horse or pony is uncooperative for any reason or you have difficulty with a skill, you will be given at least three tries to correctly complete each skill.

At the end of the testing, you will be given a copy of your skill evaluation sheet, which includes whether you passed or will need to retest.

Remember, no one fails! If you need to retest, you should work and practice more and try again. At completion of testing, examiners will offer suggestions on how to improve your skills before testing again.

All members passing any level will be recognized in some manner at the county, district, and state levels.

For Level 1 testing you need to take the following to the testing site: 1. Properly fitted protective headgear; suitable clothing and boots or footwear 2. Horse or pony (clean and groomed)

3. Halter and lead MAN SE S R H

I O P

4. Bridle H SKILLS 5. Saddle and saddle pad 6. Grooming equipment (rubber curry, body brushes, comb, and hoofpick) B B U A 7. Parent or adult helper I S L I T C 8. Positive attitude! S O N n o t e : Training equipment or training aids may not be used for testing.

For Levels 2–4 testing, you will need the above items and all tack and equipment needed for skills in these levels. Check with your local leader or examiners to determine other items you may need and additional details for testing. Having a parent or adult helper with you at testing is recommended.

Page 8 Testing Information for Level 3 or 4

Are you ready to test Level 3 or 4?

Youth should practice and be prepared to properly demonstrate skills at testing for Level 3 or 4. Work with your parent, trainer, 4-H leader, or knowledgeable adult to help determine if you are ready to test before you request to be tested.

You must have passed Levels 1 and 2 prior to testing for Level 3. You should have mastered each skill and be able to complete each skill without multiple attempts at home before you are tested. You should be able to complete all skills within each level in no more than 45 minutes. If you are not able to complete all skills within this time frame and without multiple attempts, then you are probably not ready to test.

Procedures to Arrange for Testing When you are ready to test, contact your county extension educator and submit the “Testing Information Form” (see next page or Web site) to the educator and/or the people coordinating the testing. The county educator should be aware of your request for testing and may help you or your 4-H leader arrange for testing. To arrange for testing, the extension educator or your leader should contact Level 3-4 examiners in your district or area. A list of Level 3-4 examiners is on the 4-H Horse Program Web site at www.das.psu.edu (4-H Horse Program/Horsemanship Skills).

Please note that it takes time to coordinate schedules, examiners, locations, etc., for skills testing; arranging for testing details may take several weeks. Please recognize that arranging for testing in your home county or local area is not always possible. You may need to drive to a district or state location to test for Level 3 or 4. It is important that you provide complete information on the attached form. These steps will help ensure that you can be contacted if needed and tested as soon as possible.

Required Paperwork 1. Submit the “Testing Information Form” to your county educator and/or the person coordinating testing. 2. If you are retesting skills in Level 3 or 4, you must bring the evaluation sheet from your previous test in order to document the skills that you need to retest. 3. There are health requirements for horses at most 4-H events, facilities, and the Penn State Ag Arena. Please check for current requirements and bring required health papers and information with you to the testing site.

What to Bring to Testing 1. Horse or pony (clean and well-groomed). 2. All tack and equipment needed for the skills in this level. 3. Properly fitted protective headgear and appropriate footwear (required). 4. Tack and attire suitable for the seat/style that you ride. (You may use show attire or neat, safe, working attire, providing it is appropriate for the seat. Training equipment may not be used for testing.) 5. A knowledgeable adult, parent, or helper (highly recommended). 6. Positive attitude!

Page 9 Level 3 or 4 Testing Information Form

After you have practiced the skills, work with your 4-H leader, coach, or parent to determine if you are ready to test Level 3 or 4. Please complete the information below if you have passed Levels 1 and 2 and are prepared to test. This will help coordinate testing schedules and arrange for testing.

NOTE: You may need to drive to a district or state location for testing Level 3 or 4.

County______

4-H Member Name______

Parent or Adult Contact Name______

Address______

______

Parent/Adult Phone: home______work______

E-mail______

Check all times and list dates that you are available to test:

Times Dates able to test

Weekday mornings ______

Weekday afternoons ______

Weekend mornings ______

Weekend afternoons ______

Please return this form to your county extension educator or send it to the person coordinating testing in your county or district.

If you have questions or are unsure who to contact about Level 3 or 4 testing, contact your county educator and Level 3-4 examiners.

To find examiners in your area, go to the 4-H Horse Program Web site at www.das.psu.edu (4-H Horse Program/Horsemanship Skills).

Thank you for your cooperation. Good luck!

Page 10 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills member skill Sheet 1 18 U.S.C. 707

Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______

Handling Mastered (✔) Member Comments 1-1 Approach and catch horse safely (tied and loose) 1-2 Properly halter horse 1-3 Lead, turn, and back horse safely and correctly 1-4 Lead a horse into and out of a stall 1-5 Practice safety rules when turning a horse loose 1-6 Safely tie horse (correct level, length, location, knot, etc.) 1-7 Demonstrate simple grooming of the horse 1-8 Pick up feet and clean properly 1-9 Bridle horse—check fit and make basic adjustments 1-10 Saddle horse—check fit and make basic adjustments 1-11 Demonstrate safety around the horse while handling Riding Test must be ridden one or two handed as correct for seat/discipline 1-12 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) 1-13 Describe and discuss safely riding in a group 1-14 Use proper basic seat, leg, and body position with balance 1-15 Proper use of reins; hand position and action At a walk with control and proper position: 1-16 start and stop (gradual and balanced) 1-17 check and release (demonstrating control of horse) 1-18 turn while walking and walk in both directions 1-19 ride a circle both directions and do a figure 8 At a jog or trot with control and proper position: 1-20 start and stop (gradual and balanced) 1-21 check and release (demonstrating control of horse) 1-22 turn while jogging or trotting both directions 1-23 ride a circle both directions and do a figure 8 1-24 Drop and regain stirrups while at a halt 1-25 Emergency stop 1-26 Emergency dismount 1-27 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) 1-28 Overall attitude and confidence Level 1 emphasizes basic, correct, and safe principles of handling and riding. To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest will be by section (handling/riding) in Level 1.

Page 11 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills member skill Sheet 2 18 U.S.C. 707

Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______

Handling Mastered (✔) Member Comments 2-1 Proficient in Level 1 skills 2-2 Fitting, grooming, and clipping—mane/tail/body/legs/feet 2-3 Bathing a horse 2-4 Ground-handling skills: walk, trot, stop, turn on hindquarters, back, and set up 2-5 Demonstrate proper fit, adjustment, and safety of equipment 2-6 Properly adjust stirrups 2-7 Safety in handling skills—at all times Riding Test must be ridden one or two handed as correct for seat/discipline 2-8 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) Demonstrate correct body position and upward and downward transitions using proper aids and maintaining an even pace: 2-9 walk to a jog/trot 2-10 increase the jog/trot 2-11 halt At a canter or lope: 2-12 start and stop (gradual and balanced) 2-13 check and release (demonstrating control of horse) 2-14 turn while cantering and ride in both directions 2-15 ride a circle both directions and do a figure 8 (simple lead change) 2-16 Drop and regain stirrups while at a walk and jog or trot 2-17 Back 4–5 steps in a straight line 2-18 Show a gradual and balanced halt from all gaits 2-19 Leg yield at a walk—both directions 2-20 Sidepass a minimum of 10 feet—both directions 2-21 Show a simple lead change on straightaway—at least 3 2-22 Walk and trot over 3–4 logs 2-23 Open and close gate while mounted or dismounted 2-24 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitablility, etc.) 2-25 Overall attitude and confidence

Level 2 emphasizes building a solid foundation of horsemanship skills. To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest will only be on specific skills—not the entire test.

Page 12 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills member skill Sheet 3 18 U.S.C. 707

Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Phone Number: Home______Cell______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______

Handling Mastered (✔) Member Comments 3-1 Proficient in Levels 1 and 2 skills 3-2 Fitting and turnout of the horse—high quality and appropriate for breed and type Ground-handling skills: 3-3 360-degree turn on the hindquarters 3-4 turn on the forehand—both directions 3-5 Display confidence, safety, and knowledge around the horse 3-6 Safely lunge a horse at a walk, trot, and canter in both directions 3-7 Practice safety in handling skills—at all times Test may be ridden one or two handed; Riding prefer as correct for seat/discipline according to industry standards 3-8 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) Using proper aids (hands, legs, seat, and voice), ride with a secure form keeping the horse’s head and neck quiet. Demonstrate upward and downward transitions: 3-9 from a walk—jog or trot and then halt 3-10 from a walk—lope or canter and then halt Demonstrate use of reins at a walk and jog or trot: 3-11 on a loose rein 3-12 using a light rein 3-13 riding with contact 3-14 Drop and regain stirrups at a canter 3-15 Back 8–10 steps in a straight line 3-16 Demonstrate a balanced halt from all gaits 3-17 Leg yield at a trot/jog—both directions 3-18 180-degree turn on the forehand—both directions 3-19 180-degree turn on the hindquarter—both directions 3-20 Counter canter—complete circles—both directions 3-21 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) 3-22 Overall attitude and confidence

Level 3 uses foundation skills to learn intermediate horsemanship skills. To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest will be only the specific skills—not the entire test.

Page 13 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills member skill Sheet 4 18 U.S.C. 707

Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Phone Number: Home______Cell______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______

Handling Mastered (✔) Member Comments 4-1 Proficiency in Levels 1, 2, and 3 skills 4-2 Discuss and describe trailer safety—loading, unloading, hauling safety, etc. 4-3 Demonstrate a 1/4 pull turn on the hindquarter Test may be ridden one or two handed; Riding prefer as correct for seat/discipline according to industry standards 4-4 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) Skills are to be ridden with proper head position, bending and suppleness, calmness, lightness, rhythm, and coordination using leg yielding and weight aids. Demonstrate lengthening and shortening of gaits: 4-5 walk—slow/ordinary/extended 4-6 jog or trot—slow/ordinary/extended 4-7 lope or canter—slow/ordinary/extended 4-8 Back a circle 4-9 360-degree turn on the hindquarter—both directions 4-10 360-degree turn on the forehand—both directions 4-11 Jog or trot—depart from a halt 4-12 Lope or canter—depart from a halt 4-13 Leg yield at a canter/lope—both directions 4-14 Demonstrate shoulder-in at walk and trot/jog—both directions Perform flying lead changes: 4-15 diagonally across the arena 4-16 in a figure 8 4-17 on a straightaway (at least 3 in a row) 4-18 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) 4-19 Overall attitude and confidence

Level 4 emphasizes advanced horsemanship ability and knowledge. To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest will be only the specific skills—not the entire test.

Page 14 Examiner Training and Approval

How are volunteers trained and approved as examiners? All volunteers and extension professionals must be trained and meet or exceed minimum requirements to be approved as a horsemanship skills examiner. Examiners should be experienced with horses and have appropriate horsemanship and handling knowledge relative to the skill levels of youth that they will test. Examiners must be able to demonstrate their ability to recognize correct execution of skills. Examiner applicants will be tested on their ability to properly evaluate riders/handlers in mock testing at an examiner clinic. A minimum score will be determined that is the standard for approval of new examiners. Persons approved as examiners must meet or exceed this standard and have the approval of the Examiner Trainer and/or the 4-H Horse Program Development Committee. All examiners are expected to maintain the standard of excellence for youth in each skill level. Examiners should work with industry professionals as needed and participate in continuing education for additional training and updates on the program. Note that Level 1-2 examiners will test at club or county levels only. Level 1-2 examiners may test in any county if requested. Level 3-4 examiners will test at regional, district, or state levels.

Level 1-2 Examiner Requirements

◆ Basic horsemanship and handling knowledge

◆ Screened volunteer or extension educator/staff

◆ Completed Examiner Recommendation Form

◆ Recommended and approved by county extension educator

◆ Attend all sessions of examiner clinic

◆ Demonstrate ability to recognize correct execution of skills in Levels 1 and 2 (Must meet or exceed acceptable testing score at clinic)

◆ Approval of Examiner Trainer

Level 3-4 Examiner Requirements

◆ Advanced horsemanship and handling knowledge

◆ All requirements as noted for Level 1-2 examiners

◆ Approval of 4-H Horse Program Development Committee

◆ All Level 3-4 examiners must conduct their first three to five Levels 3 and 4 tests with at least one designated representative of the Development Committee

These procedures will help provide consistency across Pennsylvania. ◆ ◆ ◆ It should be recognized that there will be some differences in the interpretation of skill evaluation and county use of program materials.

Page 15 Testing Information for Volunteers and Examiners

Volunteers should work with their extension educators to ensure that youth have sufficient time, resources, and opportunities to learn and practice skills before testing. However, youth are ultimately responsible for researching, practicing, and mastering the skills. Youth should practice skills at home, clinics, mock testings, demonstrations, meetings, camps, etc. It may take considerable time (i.e., weeks, months, or years) to master skills and prepare for testing. Time will vary depending on the abilities of rider and horse, instruction, and resources. Testing should be conducted in an educational and informative manner yet not like a clinic with extensive instruction. Examiners may provide youth with more than one opportunity to complete skills correctly but should set limits and be aware of time available for testing. In general, allow youth no more than three attempts to complete a specific skill. Youth should be prepared and ready to demonstrate skills at testing. Allow 30–45 minutes per test for Level 1 handling skills and 1–11/2 hours for all Level 1 handling and riding skills. Allow approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour for all Level 2 handling and riding skills. If youth require significantly more time than recommended to complete the test, then they are probably not ready to test or pass that level. They should be encouraged to practice and get help as needed to master the skills before testing again.

Maintaining high standards is critical to ensuring that 4-H members successfully master the skills at each level. Examiners must require youth to correctly demonstrate each skill in order to pass that level. Youth should pass only if they correctly demonstrate each skill and meet or surpass the standards for that level. It is important to remember that the objective of the program is to promote safety and develop a foundation of horsemanship and life skills. Learning is more important than passing or receiving awards.

Examiners should recognize that many youth may be nervous at testing, and should try to make youth feel at ease. Testing should be friendly and youth should be reminded that no one fails. If youth do not pass the test, they should be encouraged to practice and retest at a later date. Volunteers should work with their extension educators to set date(s), location(s), and schedule for testing. Youth and parents should be aware of designated testing date, time, and location; tack and equipment needed for testing; and other testing details as appropriate. Three examiners are required for each test. Examiners from other counties may participate to help share workload. Multiple teams of examiners and/or multiple testing dates may be needed if large numbers of youth are involved. Youth are tested for Levels 1 and 2 only in the county by certified Level 1-2 examiners. Levels 3 and 4 tests are conducted by certified Level 3-4 examiners at the district or state level. Counties should work together to coordinate Levels 3 and 4 testing as needed at the district level. Lists of certified examiners for all levels are available on the 4-H Horse Program Web site at www.das.psu.edu (4-H Horse Program/Horsemanship Skills).

Thank you for your cooperation in promoting safety and horsemanship skills.

Page 16 Levels 1 and 2 Horsemanship Skills Testing Information for Testing Coordinators

Club, County, or Multicounty Testing

◆ Determine date, time, and location for testing.

◆ Obtain examiners for testing. 1. Exact number of examiners needed depends on total number of youth and tests, time, and space available for testing, etc. 2. Three (3) examiners are required for each test. 3. Allow 30–45 minutes per test for Level 1 handling skills and 1–11/2 hours for all Level 1 handling and riding skills. Allow approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour for all Level 2 handling and riding skills. If youth require significantly more time than recommended to complete the test, then they are probably not ready to test or pass that level. 4. Lists of examiners are available on the 4-H Horse Program Website at www.das.psu.edu (4-H Programs, Horses, and Horsemanship Skills).

◆ Preregister all youth for testing; set times as agreed by examiners.

◆ Prepare and assemble paperwork. 1. Level 1 Evaluation Sheets (A0605B) for each test (in triplicate) 2. Level 2 Evaluation Sheets (A0606B) for each test (in triplicate) 3. Summary Evaluation Sheet (A0609B) 4. Sign-in/registration sheet for participants at testing site

◆ Advertise and distribute information about testing to examiners, volunteers, families, and 4-H members in county/region. Include copy of: 1. Testing Information Sheet (4-H Horsemanship Skills Resource Book for Members or 4-H Horsemanship Skills Resource Book for Professionals/Volunteers) 2. Testing Information for Volunteers and Examiners (4-H Horsemanship Skills Resource Book for Professionals/Volunteers) 3. Specific dates and times for testing youth, location, directions, etc.

◆ Notify examiners of testing dates and times and secure additional examiners as needed.

◆ Obtain any items needed for testing, such as cones or markers, ground poles to simulate stall for testing if stalls are unavailable, etc.

◆ Have a plan for handling any emergencies. Have ready access to a phone and designate a responsible, capable person to be in charge in the event of an accident. Also, notify a local emergency medical service, if a paramedic or EMT is not on the grounds.

Page 17 Awards

All youth who are participating in the program should be recognized. Achievement awards should be provided for youth who master each level. The county is responsible for providing recognition and awards for youth in Levels 1 and 2. Educators and volunteers should determine how to recognize youth in their county. Each 4-H horse district should provide an award for youth passing Level 3 in their respective districts. The district committee should work with the county educator and youth to determine the most appropriate method/award to recognize the youth. A list of suggested awards is included. Other items can be used at the district’s discretion. Level 4 awards are provided by the 4-H Horse Program Development Committee. Youth mastering Levels 3 and 4 will be recognized annually during the State 4-H Horse Show. All youth who are reported as mastering Levels 1–4 will be recognized annually in the state show catalog. Each year prior to the show, educators should submit a list of youth from their county mastering each level. Volunteers should assist educators in maintaining complete records and reporting youth who master the skills. This will help ensure that youth are properly recognized for their achievements and participation in the program.

Suggested Awards Screen Printing Embroidery Level 1—3-color, screen-printed, full-front logo T-Shirt Long-Sleeved T-Shirt Crew-Neck Sweatshirt

112 Depot St. Latrobe, PA 15650 Level 2—Embroidered logo Phone: 724-532-2099 Low-Profile Cap—One Size Fits All Fax: 724-539-2242 Grooming Bag

Make checks payable to The Graphics Depot.

Level 3—Embroidered logo, front pocket Tote Travel Bag 20"x 10"x 10" Fleece Vest

Examiner—Embroidered logo, left chest Fleece Vest Crew-Neck Sweatshirt Polo Shirt

Page 18 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills Evaluation Sheet 1 18 U.S.C. 707 Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______Pass or Handling Retest E* Examiners’ Comments 1-1 Approach and catch horse safely (tied and loose) P R 1-2 Properly halter horse P R 1-3 Lead, turn, and back horse safely and correctly P R 1-4 Lead a horse into and out of a stall P R 1-5 Practice safety rules when turning a horse loose P R 1-6 Safely tie horse (correct level, length, location, knot, etc.) P R 1-7 Demonstrate simple grooming of the horse P R 1-8 Pick up feet and clean properly P R 1-9 Bridle horse—check fit and make basic adjustments P R 1-10 Saddle horse—check fit and make basic adjustments P R 1-11 Demonstrate safety around the horse while handling P R Riding Test must be ridden one or two handed as correct for seat/discipline 1-12 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) P R 1-13 Describe and discuss safely riding in a group P R 1-14 Use proper basic seat, leg, and body position with balance P R 1-15 Proper use of reins; hand position and action P R At a walk with control and proper position: 1-16 start and stop (gradual and balanced) P R 1-17 check and release (demonstrating control of horse) P R 1-18 turn while walking and walk in both directions P R 1-19 ride a circle both directions and do a figure 8 P R At a jog or trot with control and proper position: 1-20 start and stop (gradual and balanced) P R 1-21 check and release (demonstrating control of horse) P R 1-22 turn while jogging or trotting both directions P R 1-23 ride a circle both directions and do a figure 8 P R 1-24 Drop and regain stirrups while at a halt P R 1-25 Emergency stop P R 1-26 Emergency dismount P R 1-27 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) P R 1-28 Overall attitude and confidence P R *Check only if exceeds standards. Level 1 emphasizes basic, correct, and safe principles of handling and riding. Handling: Riding Skills: To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Passed______Passed ______Retest will be by section (handling/riding) in Level 1. Retest______Retest ______

Examiners’ Signatures 1. ______2.______3.______

Penn State is committed to affirmative © The Pennsylvania State University 2009 College of Agricultural Sciences action, equal opportunity, and the diversity Cooperative Extension of its workforce. Rev1.5M4/09mpc4577 A0605B

WHITE—Examiner YELLOW—Member PINK—County Office Page 19 Page 20 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills Evaluation Sheet 2 18 U.S.C. 707 Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______Pass or Handling Retest E* Examiners’ Comments 2-1 Proficient in Level 1 skills P R 2-2 Fitting, grooming, and clipping—mane/tail/body/legs/feet P R 2-3 Bathing a horse P R 2-4 Ground-handling skills: walk, trot, stop, turn on hindquarters, back, and set up P R 2-5 Demonstrate proper fit, adjustment, and safety of equipment P R 2-6 Properly adjust stirrups P R 2-7 Practice safety in handling skills—at all times P R Riding Test must be ridden one or two handed as correct for seat/discipline 2-8 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) P R Demonstrate correct body position and upward and downward transitions using proper aids and maintaining an even pace: 2-9 walk to a jog/trot P R 2-10 increase the jog/trot P R 2-11 halt P R At a canter or lope: 2-12 start and stop (gradual and balanced) P R 2-13 check and release (demonstrating control of horse) P R 2-14 turn while cantering and ride in both directions P R 2-15 ride a circle both directions and do a figure 8 (simple lead change) P R 2-16 Drop and regain stirrups while at a walk and jog or trot P R 2-17 Back 4–5 steps in a straight line P R 2-18 Show a gradual and balanced halt from all gaits P R 2-19 Leg yield at a walk—both directions P R 2-20 Sidepass a minimum of 10 feet—both directions P R 2-21 Show a simple lead change on straightaway—at least 3 P R 2-22 Walk and trot over 3–4 logs P R 2-23 Open and close gate while mounted or dismounted P R 2-24 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) P R 2-25 Overall attitude and confidence P R *Check only if exceeds standards. Level 2 emphasizes building a solid foundation of horsemanship skills. Passed ______To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest ______Retest will only be on specific skills—not the entire test.

Examiners’ Signatures 1. ______2.______3.______

WHITE—Examiner YELLOW—Member PINK—County Office Page 21 Page 22 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills Evaluation Sheet 3 18 U.S.C. 707 Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Phone Number: Home______Cell______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______Pass or Handling Retest E* Examiners’ Comments 3-1 Proficient in Levels 1 and 2 skills P R 3-2 Fitting and turnout of the horse—high quality and appropriate for breed and type P R Ground-handling skills: 3-3 360-degree turn on the hindquarters P R 3-4 turn on the forehand—both directions P R 3-5 Display confidence, safety, and knowledge around the horse P R 3-6 Safely lunge a horse at a walk, trot, and canter in both directions P R 3-7 Practice safety in handling skills—at all times P R Test may be ridden one or two handed; Riding prefer as correct for seat/discipline according to industry standards 3-8 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) P R Using proper aids (hands, legs, seat, and voice), ride with a secure form keeping the horse’s head and neck quiet. Demonstrate upward and downward transitions: 3-9 from a walk—jog or trot and then halt P R 3-10 from a walk—lope or canter and then halt P R Demonstrate use of reins at a walk and jog or trot: 3-11 on a loose rein P R 3-12 using a light rein P R 3-13 riding with contact P R 3-14 Drop and regain stirrups at a canter P R 3-15 Back 8–10 steps in a straight line P R 3-16 Demonstrate a balanced halt from all gaits P R 3-17 Leg yield at a trot/jog—both directions P R 3-18 180-degree turn on the forehand—both directions P R 3-19 180-degree turn on the hindquarter—both directions P R 3-20 Counter canter—complete circles—both directions P R 3-21 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) P R 3-22 Overall attitude and confidence P R *Check only if exceeds standards. Level 3 uses foundation skills to learn intermediate horsemanship skills. Passed ______To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest ______Retest will only be on specific skills—not the entire test.

Examiners’ Signatures 1. ______2.______3.______

WHITE—Examiner YELLOW—Member PINK—County Office Page 23 Page 24 Revised 4/2009 LEVEL 4-H Horsemanship Skills Evaluation Sheet 4 18 U.S.C. 707 Rider’s Name (Last)______(First)______(Age)______Address______Phone Number: Home______Cell______Club______County______Check if Production______Horse’s Name______Seat/Discipline______Date______Pass or Handling Retest E* Examiners’ Comments 4-1 Proficient in Levels 1, 2, and 3 skills P R 4-2 Discuss and describe trailer safety—loading, unloading, hauling safety, etc. P R 4-3 Demonstrate a 1/4 pull turn on the hindquarter P R Test may be ridden one or two handed; Riding prefer as correct for seat/discipline according to industry standards 4-4 Mount and dismount properly (may use mounting block) P R Skills are to be ridden with proper head position, bending and suppleness, calmness, lightness, rhythm, and coordination using leg yielding and weight aids. Demonstrate lengthening and shortening of gaits: P R 4-5 walk—slow/ordinary/extended P R 4-6 jog or trot—slow/ordinary/extended P R 4-7 lope or canter—slow/ordinary/extended P R 4-8 Back a circle P R 4-9 360-degree turn on the hindquarter—both directions P R 4-10 360-degree turn on the forehand—both directions P R 4-11 Jog or trot—depart from a halt P R 4-12 Lope or canter—depart from a halt P R 4-13 Leg yield at a canter/lope—both directions P R 4-14 Demonstrate shoulder-in at walk and trot/jog—both directions P R Perform flying lead changes: 4-15 diagonally across the arena P R 4-16 in a figure 8 P R 4-17 on a straightaway (at least 3 in a row) P R 4-18 Equipment, clothing, helmet (fit, condition, suitability, etc.) P R 4-19 Overall attitude and confidence P R *Check only if exceeds standards. Level 4 emphasizes advanced horsemanship ability and knowledge. Passed ______To pass this level, the 4-H member must have mastered each skill of the test. Retest ______Retest will only be on specific skills—not the entire test.

Examiners’ Signatures 1. ______2.______3.______

WHITE—Examiner YELLOW—Member PINK—County Office Page 25 Page 26 Revised 3/2009 summary 4-H Horsemanship Skills Evaluation Sheet 18 U.S.C. 707 LEVEL______Date______Location______County______

Member’s Name Horse’s Name

______Pass or Retest

Please have examiners sign below to verify testing results:

Name______Date______

Penn State is committed to affirmative © The Pennsylvania State University 2003 College of Agricultural Sciences action, equal opportunity, and the diversity Cooperative Extension of its workforce. R3C6/07mpc4577 A0609B

WHITE—Examiner PINK—County Office Page 27 Page 28 Notes: 4-H Club Motto “To make the best better”

4-H Club Pledge I pledge my head to clearer thinking, my heart to greater loyalty, my hands to larger service, and my health to better living, for my club, my community, my country, and my world.

4-H Club Colors Green and White

18 U.S.C. 707

Visit Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences on the Web: agsci.psu.edu This publication is made possible through Pennsylvania 4-H educational materials fees. Where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Penn State Cooperative Extension is implied. This publication is available in alternative media on request. The Pennsylvania State University is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to programs, facilities, admission, and employment without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by University policy or by state or federal authorities. It is the policy of the University to maintain an academic and work environment free of discrimination, including harassment. The Pennsylvania State University prohibits discrimination and harassment against any person because of age, ancestry, color, disability or handicap, national origin, race, religious creed, sex, sexual orienta- tion, gender identity, or veteran status. Discrimination or harassment against faculty, staff, or students will not be tolerated at The Pennsylvania State University. Direct all inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policy to the Affirmative Action Director, The Pennsylvania State University, 328 Boucke Building, University Park, PA 16802-5901, Tel 814-865-4700/V, 814-863-1150/TTY. © The Pennsylvania State University 2009 Produced by Ag Communications and Marketing A0604B Rev1M4/09mpc4577