CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

- CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT -

CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18

STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Much of the Stroud area is characterised by the Cotswold building style and the use of stone.

The growth and evolution of the town has historically been dependent on the development in wool weaving and textile manufacture. By the 19th century, this classic Cotswold market town had begun to be transformed by a series of economic booms. Confident, larger scaled development sprung up, notable for its use of brick.

Today, the character of Stroud’s Town Centre, like its suburbs, is one of juxtaposition and strong contrast between these two elements of its history and built heritage.

This Conservation Area Statement includes the review of the following conservation areas:

STROUD DISTRICT COUNCIL ♦ No.17 Stroud Shambles www.stroud.gov.uk ♦ No.18 Stroud Central ♦ No.28 Stroud Station

Contents page 1 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: INTRODUCTION What is a Conservation Area? Purpose of this document The Stroud Town Centre Study Area

PART II: ANALYSIS The Analysis of Character

HISTORY OF STROUD ♦ Origins of the Settlement ♦ Expansion and development of Stroud

STROUD IN ITS SETTING ♦ Geology ♦ Topography and landscape ♦ Approach routes and views

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ♦ The Buildings ♦ The Spaces

Sub Areas in Stroud Town Centre: ♦ Sub Area 1: the Old Town ♦ Sub Area 2: the New Town ♦ Sub Area 3: the Brick Quarter ♦ Sub Area 4: St Laurence’s

Within each Sub Area, the following factors are examined: ♦ Origins and evolution of the built environment ♦ Uses ♦ The Buildings ♦ Key Buildings and Focal Points ♦ The Spaces

Materials, textures, colours and detailing

Shop fronts

Contents page 1 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

THE CHARACTER OF STROUD TOWN CENTRE - A SUMMARY

PART III: STRATEGY A review of the Conservation Area boundary Defining issues and pressures Proposals for the Preservation and Enhancement of the Conservation Area Policies and Design Guidance Proposals affecting Neutral Zones Listed Buildings Trees The Protection of Unlisted Buildings Breaches of Planning Control and Enforcement

MAPS 1. The Study Area and Existing Conservation Area Boundaries 2. Sub Areas within the Study Area 3. Sub Area 1 4a/ 4b. Sub Area 2 5. Sub Area 3 6. Sub Area 4 7. Proposed Town Centre Conservation Area Boundary 8. Listed Buildings and Article 4 Buildings 9. Neutral Zones

Contents page 2 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

PART I: INTRODUCTION

Above: The Shambles comes to life at market time

WHAT IS A CONSERVATION AREA?

The legal definition of a Conservation Area is set out in Section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (herein after called ‘the Act’), as being:

‘’An area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance”.

Conservation Areas are primarily concerned with the built environment. They are not appropriate as a means of protecting landscape features, except where they form an integral part of the historic built environment.

Introduction page 3 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT THE STROUD TOWN CENTRE STUDY AREA The Act requires Planning Authorities to review their Conservation Areas from time to Stroud Central Conservation Area (No. 18) was time. This is the main function of this first designated in September 1982 and was document. Within Stroud District, there are 42 extended in March 1991. Conservation Areas, some of which were first designated some 30 years ago; the approach to In this review, we will be looking at the designation has inevitably changed greatly existing Stroud Central Conservation Area and over this time. the land immediately adjacent to it, to see if it is appropriate to amend the boundaries of the ♦ Firstly, Planning Authorities are now Conservation Area. required, in carrying out their planning functions, to “pay special attention to the The Study Area for this review therefore desirability of preserving or enhancing the extends beyond the boundaries of the Stroud character or appearance of the Central Conservation Area, including three Conservation Area” (Section 72 of the Act). other Conservation Areas already existing within the town centre, namely: ♦ Secondly, Planning Authorities should publish proposals for the preservation and ♦ The Shambles Conservation Area (No. 17), enhancement of their Conservation Areas designated February 1978 (Section 71 of the Act). ♦ Stroud Station Conservation Area (No. 28), designated September 1987 In this review, we aim to identify what makes ♦ The Industrial Heritage Conservation Area up the “special interest” of the town centre (no. 29), designated September 1987 area and to analyse and define its “character and appearance”. This will provide a firm basis The study area and the existing Conservation for planning decisions within the Conservation Area boundaries are shown on map 1. Area, based on Development Plan policies.

It also provides the groundwork for the preparation of policies and proposals intended for the preservation or enhancement of the area. These policies may be aimed at specific sites within the Conservation Area, or more general guidance relevant to the whole Conservation Area, such as the use of appropriate materials.

Introduction page 4 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

PART II: ANALYSIS

Above: The distinctive stepped nature of Gloucester Street

THE ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER

The aim of this section of the Conservation Area Statement is to define what makes up the special interest or ‘character’ of the study area, in order that this may be preserved and enhanced. Although the character of an area may be very obvious in visual terms, it is about much more than just appearance. History, geography, use and appearance are usually intricately and inextricably linked in the evolution of any settlement, and in the creation of its character.

♦ The origins of a settlement and what has happened to it in the past are often still evident in its current state. Its history can tell us more than simply the date of its buildings: The changing economic fortunes of an area, important historical events and individual patrons or developers may have played a role in shaping tastes and styles, as well as influencing the extent of expansion. ♦ Current or former uses often have implications for the shapes, sizes and types of buildings that are created, and their massing and relationships to each other. Uses can also create distinctive sounds or smells, adding ‘life’ to the built form. ♦ The origins and evolution of a settlement may frequently be dependent on its setting and location: these may have suggested a particular industrial, defensive or cultural role, for example. Furthermore, the location almost always dictates the types of materials and building traditions that prevail. ♦ The visual appearance of an area is often the cumulative effect of many influences. The appearance is frequently the aspect that most people relate to in terms of defining what is of special interest and worth preserving or enhancing. The appearance may be made up of locally typical buildings, or structures of great architectural importance.

Analysis: The analysis of character page 5 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

HISTORY OF STROUD

ORIGINS OF THE SETTLEMENT the market area, which was known in the 17th century as ‘the Pitching’, but later became ‘The Although Stroud parish was originally part of Shambles’. Trading and other activities also Bisley, its identity as a distinct unit had begun took place at The Cross. to emerge by the 13th century. Seventeenth Century The manor houses of Paganhill, Over Lypiatt th and Nether Lypiatt formed the most ancient By the early 17 century, the town had both a dwelling places within what was to become market and fair, and by 1654 the principal inn the Stroud parish, but the parish would take its of the town, the George, had opened on the name from a tiny area called ‘la Strode’, which south side of the High Street. was first recorded in 1221. The development of Stroud owes much to the The settlement however, seems to have cloth industry, which can be traced back to at th originated a little further up the hill, the earliest least the 14 century in the Stroud Valley. houses being built on the better-drained slope Gloucestershire had a thriving wool trade, and at the end of the ridge which lies between the the Cotswolds had been used for sheep two streams. The origins of the settlement are farming since ancient times, the quality of rooted in Gloucestershire’s medieval wool wool produced in the region was renowned. It trade, the occupations of spinning and was this industrial and mercantile basis, rather weaving being an ever-evolving tradition, than a strictly agrarian one, which was to play which continued to influence Stroud’s the major role in the town’s expansion and th development into the 20th century. changing fortunes. By the early 17 century, textile production was the dominant industry The early expansion of the settlement, centred within the area. Stroud town became known as around what is now known as the High Street, the centre of this industry, supporting the on the route between Bisley and Paganhill. cloth-production of the surrounding valleys, th The church was built by 1279 and was sited and being described in the mid 18 century as north of High Street. It was not until 1304, “a sort of capital of the clothing villages”. however, that it was assigned parochial rights The late 1600s were a particular period of by the rectors of Bisley. The parochial rights growth within Stroud, however there are few made the tiny church the ecclesiastical centre buildings of this antiquity surviving on the of the parish. The West Tower of the church, High Street. dating from the 14th century, still forms part of th St Laurence’s today. There are examples of the mid- to late-17 century mostly within the streets up the hill EXPANSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF beyond The Cross, evidence of the eastward expansion which occurred over the 17th and STROUD 18th centuries.

Sixteenth Century It is mainly on Lower Street, Middle Street and

Whitehall that surviving houses of the 17th or The development of the town from the 16th early 18th century can be seen today. The area century was fairly rapid, centring on a trading was developed as a weaving suburb between space, around an area between the 13th c.1680 and 1720, and its heritage as such can century church and what we now know as the be detected in the built form of the cottages. High Street. Around 1590, a Market House was built here by John Throckmorton, lord of Eighteenth Century Over Lypiatt Manor. Now known as the Town

Hall, much of it survives, with some 19th The focus of the town was very much toward century additions and alterations. The building the north and east of the High Street during the was originally freestanding in the centre of the 1700s.

Analysis: The History of Stroud page 6 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

In June 1742, The Shambles was the site of a bases along the valley bottoms. Existing sermon preached by John Wesley. A plaque on watercourses provided a means of powering the Church Institute today commemorates how the mills, and the extension of the canal Wesley made use of a butcher’s block to stand system into Stroud in the late 18th century on as he preached his first Stroud sermon. He further stimulated mill building. The returned frequently to the town during the mid Stroudwater Canal (1775-79), which stretched 18th century, where a strong Methodist from the Severn to Stroud at Wallbridge, was following had developed. The first example of linked to the navigable Thames at Lechlade in a hexagonal chapel (an architectural form 1789 by the Thames and Severn Canal. It was which became favoured by Wesley) was built hailed as a major national artery for on Acre Street in 1763. commerce, although the high hopes held for its impact on the town failed to materialise Much of the 18th century development in what fully. is now the ‘town centre’ has been demolished or is concealed behind later facades and The cloth manufacturing industry reached its additions. Some building was carried out on peak towards the turn of the century and King Street, which was named in honour of the during the first third of the 19th century. visit of George III in 1788. Nineteenth Century

Over the course of the 19th century, the town doubled in size. Early expansion was mainly to the south west of the original nucleus, stimulated by the building in 1800 of the new link from the Bath road at Lightpill to Rowcroft, and of the London Road in 1815.

The period 1800-1840 was a period of growth and expansion. New streets such as George Street (1826) were broad and elegantly modelled, in the Georgian and neo-classical mould. Between London Road and the High Street, several new streets had begun to be Above: built by the 1830s, among them Bedford Plaque commemorating John Wesley’s first Stroud sermon, which took place in the Street, Union Street and John Street. Shambles, 1742 The new roads and transport links reduced the isolation of the provincial town and improved There were few large houses in the town trade. centre during the 18th century. Most of the wealth of Stroud was associated with textile The Subscription Rooms (1833-4) provided a manufacture and the wealthy clothiers prominent aesthetic and social focus for the generally lived close to their mills. The later new part of the town. Previously, in 1831, 1790s however, saw some substantial houses Richard Parker, the owner of the Royal included within development (since gone) on George, had opened an assembly room King Street and its western extension, adjoining his Inn at King Street Parade. This Rowcroft, nearer to the industrial ‘basin’ of the was named the Victoria Rooms and was one of town. Among these was Rowcroft House, the first establishments in the country to be which was rebuilt in the 1930s as the Lloyds dedicated to Victoria, at that time princess and Bank building. In the upper part of the town, heiress to the throne. Whitehall is where the most important town houses were constructed. The course of the 19th century changed the face of Stroud. Reform of industrial practices The development pattern within Stroud and its throughout the century saw the disappearance environs is characteristically an industrial one, of cottage industry and the concentration of with transport routes, mills and manufacturing weaving and textile production into a few

Analysis: The History of Stroud page 7 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

large mills. The advent of steam power led the and introduced a number of social reforms to Stroud mills into fierce competition with Stroud at about the same time that the civic manufacturing centres in the North of England movement was gathering pace across the and on the Continent, and the 19th century was country. In 1855, the Holloway family firm’s a period of continual boom and bust. clothing factory inspired the naming of Threadneedle Street, on which their factory The next phase in the fortunes of Stroud came stood. Messrs. Holloway Brothers’ with the arrival of the Swindon and Gloucester manufactory used several of the newly Great Western Railway line in 1845. The invented patent sewing machines. station was located south of Russell Street, reasserting the new southwestern emphasis of Twentieth Century and present: the town centre. The line, though, effectively created a boundary to further southward In the early 20th century, Stroud was still a expansion and sliced through Rowcroft and thriving manufacturing town, with a number of Bath Place, the latter becoming cut off from the large employers with substantial premises in rest of the town centre. The railway provided and around the town centre. Stroud with an infrastructure for industrial growth. However, the later 1840s and 1850s Overall, the 20th century’s contribution to the were not a period of great expansion for the townscape has not been overwhelmingly town. Inevitably, the ailing canal system was positive. Large-scale redevelopment has often severely hit by the railway’s arrival, and from created large and insensitively sited new the mid 19th century did little real business, buildings, including Merrywalks shopping although it continued to supply coal to the centre and the Police Station. Increased car use steam powered mills in the region. has resulted in large car parks and road widening schemes, involving much demolition The rapid growth and refinement of early 19th and disruption to the historic pattern of Stroud. century Stroud was slowed, but from 1860 to Cornhill, the link road constructed in the the turn of the century, a post-recession boom 1980s, ripped through the Cross, resulting in a brought civic and municipal improvements. loss of the continuity between High Street and The Victorian influence on the town is still felt Nelson Street and severing the link between today. A number of public buildings were the old medieval nucleus and Stroud’s first introduced, including the imposing and ornate ‘suburb’ to the east. Art School on Lansdown (1890-9). Ever improving transport links (the Midland Railway While 19th century redevelopment swept away arrived in 1866) brought an influx of new many of the town’s early buildings, the 20th industry. century’s impact has been even greater, with little of positive townscape value created in Industrial expansion often ran in tandem with return. social improvements during the high Victorian period. A leading industrialist and politician, George Holloway (his statue is situated on Rowcroft, outside Stroud House), pioneered the manufacture of ready-made clothing

Right: Buildings on the High Street, saved from demolition in 1980

Left: Statute of George Holloway, industrialist, philanthropist and politician

Analysis: The History of Stroud page 8 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

STROUD IN ITS SETTING

The landscape and geology of the Stroud area Industrial development naturally occurred has impacted on the character of the along the valley bottoms, notably the Frome settlement in a number of ways, from the types Valley, where mills could also be close to of building materials most easily sourced, to transport links. the types of industries, which have developed. In visual terms, the surrounding landscape Today, Stroud is at the centre of an extensive influences the first impressions gained on network of road and rail links and waterways. approach to the town, and the local Many of the earliest roads that served the topography forms a significant component of settlement ran along the tops of the hills, and views and vistas into and out of the settlement. their extreme steepness and muddiness was a deterrent to much traffic. This certainly An abundance of natural watercourses made inhibited transport and trade links and rather the Stroud Valleys ideal as the base for isolated the early settlement. However, the 18th manufacturing and industry, as the flowing and particularly the 19th century saw transport water provided power for the mills. A good improvements, including the construction of a clean water supply was also necessary for number of major new turnpike roads, which washing the wool used in cloth production. ran along the valley bottoms, many of which replaced existing hilltop routes.

The High Street stepping down the hill from ‘the Cross’. The distinctive form of Doverow Hill is a local landmark, often glimpsed from within the town. The Cotswold escarpment descends westwards to the Severn Vale.

Analysis: Stroud in its setting page 9 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

GEOLOGY stones, known by masons as ‘Freestones’, due to the ease with which they can be cut and Between about 185 and 140 million years ago, dressed. Among these is Lower Freestone, of during the Jurassic period, a vast limestone belt which the fine Painswick Stone is a variety, was created, stretching between Lincolnshire and Lower Limestone, the eldest of the strata, and the Dorset coast. The Cotswolds, a region of which there is a large outcrop at Frocester of ambiguous boundaries, is usually held to Hill. Upper Freestone is of poorer quality, constitute the highest part of this belt, a mostly used for burning, to create lime mortars plateau that rises from the east in Oxfordshire and plasters. At Stroud, though, it was and descends in a dramatic escarpment to the sufficiently good to be used for many of the west, within sight of Stroud. town’s ‘rock-faced’ rusticated buildings.

During the Jurassic period, a shallow sea TOPOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE covered the area, in which a sequence of sediments settled into alternating layers or The town of Stroud is famously located at the ‘strata’ of clay, sand and limestone. Although centre of what is known as the ‘Five Valleys’. the beds of sediment were each laid down on These comprise the valleys of the Painswick a virtually horizontal level, subsequent Stream to the north, the Slad Brook to the processes have resulted in shifts in the terrain, northeast, the river Frome, entering Stroud so that, in places, strata of quite diverse ages from the southeast and exiting to the west, and and substance have ended up next to each the Nailsworth Valley to the south. other. The whole Cotswold plateau has been To its north, south and east, the town is tilted, so that the west has risen up, while the surrounded by a complex pattern of hills, east has sunk. Weathering and climatic valleys and coombes. changes have also played their part in shaping the landscape. The range of hills to the south of Stroud, stretching westward from those topped by In the past, the whole Cotswold formation was Rodborough Common and Selsley Common, is known as the Oolite, due to the prevalence of terminated by the distinctive form of Frocester this form of limestone throughout the region. Hill on the Cotswold escarpment. From the Limestone, and in particular oolitic limestone, escarpment, the Cotswold landscape descends is extremely permeable, and where it meets to the flat plain of the Severn Vale. beds of impervious clay, water is driven out in the form of springs. Hence the Cotswolds are The peaks between the deep valleys formed by riddled with streams and brooks as well as the Frome, Slad Brook and Painswick Stream rivers. These have been highly active in the are riddled with many further valleys. Many formation of the topography, carving deep and are carved out by the abundance of tributary complex valleys into the ‘Oolite’ plateau, a streams and brooks, as at Puckshole, where the process that continues and means that the Ruscombe Brook slices southwards between landscape is ever changing. the hill-top villages of Whiteshill and Randwick to the north of Stroud. Due to its porous nature, oolitic limestone is ‘soft’ when it is newly extracted and may be The topography of deep valleys, hills and easily worked. The mass of oolite is in two winding roads creates endlessly surprising basic layers, separated by a narrow bed of views. The traveller’s sense of direction is Fullers Earth: the older, deeper layers being often challenged, and distant landmarks are known as the ‘Inferior Oolite’ and the upper revealed through vistas in unexpected places. layers as ‘Great Oolite’. The views also create a warped sense of scale at times: from hilltop to hilltop, far away The tilt of the Cotswolds means that the lower villages appear relatively close, with expanses layers, the ‘Inferior Oolite’, are exposed along of countryside or town concealed in valley the western escarpment, where they are more bottoms or just over the crest of a hill. easily accessible than in the eastern Cotswolds. The hills encircling Stroud were particularly The town is not entirely encircled by hills, rich in good quality Lower Inferior Oolite however. To the west of Stroud, the Frome

Analysis: Stroud in its setting page 10 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Valley broadens, opening out onto the Severn On a number of approaches however, the road Vale. The western limits of the Frome Valley arrives in the heart of town, having given few are marked by Doverow Hill on the north side visual clues to the proximity of any significant and by Frocester Hill on the south. The two settlement at all. This is true of the Painswick hills are distinctive landmarks and frame the Road (A46), constructed in 1818. Until just westward vista towards the Severn. At its north of the parish boundary, the town and all ‘mouth’, the valley base is almost 3km wide high ground to the south are concealed by (over a mile and a half). trees near to the road and by the valley. Within the boundary, the road runs low along the APPROACH ROUTES AND VIEWS valley bottom, and from this vantage point there is no hint of the approaching settlement A significant urban mass is visible on many at all. The tall trees bordering the road at approaches to the town. Yet much of that Stratford Park conceal any potential view of which may be visually perceived as ‘Stroud’, built up areas to the south and west; it is only is in fact formed by outlying villages and towards the termination of Beeches Green that settlements, which have become absorbed into an urban vista opens out. the Stroud sprawl. Notably, Rodborough, which sits prominently on a hillside to the A similar effect is experienced along the Slad southwest, lies beyond the Parish boundary. Road from the northeast. In places, the Visually, Rodborough contributes significantly steepness of the valleys around Stroud has to the urban mass, yet it is in no sense part of meant that parts of the town have avoided Stroud town or parish. development and narrow fingers of green land project into the town. Along the Slad Valley, Being on comparatively low ground in relation undeveloped fields reach quite close to the to the surrounding hills, the town centre is not heart of the town. Despite the extensive clearly visible from many points on approach development of Uplands (to the right) and the to Stroud. In its earliest times, the settlement built up area above Summer Street (visible would largely have been concealed within the across the valley to the left), the effect is to undulating landscape. On many of the town’s continue the sense of the Slad Road’s dramatic approach routes, the developed areas of Stroud rural landscape, almost to the point of arrival Hill, Uplands and Rodborough are among the in the centre of town. Rodborough Fields, to first discernable signals to the existence of a the southeast have similarly remained green settlement. and undeveloped.

Union Street, with Rodborough fields in the distance. The countryside extends visually into the town – green horizons are visible from within the very centre of Stroud. Analysis: Stroud in its setting page 11 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

There are a number of features which form The unique tower of Selsley Church is among strong visual points of reference on many of the most conspicuous built features of Stroud’s the approaches to Stroud, some of which are setting, visible from within the town and many also conspicuous landmarks viewed from places on approach to it. within the town itself. The spire of St Laurence’s Church, despite being on relatively low ground, is also Among the distinctive and most frequently prominent, especially from within the town visible natural forms are Doverow Hill and the centre. All Saints Church in Uplands is Escarpment at Frocester and Sandford’s Knoll. frequently identifiable, even from afar, its These, together with the scrubby land of disproportionately large size in relation to Rodborough Common are glimpsed in views surrounding buildings sometimes warping any from the heart of the town. Approaching from sense of scale or distance. the east and north, the River Severn is also sometimes distantly visible beyond the town.

Right: St. Laurence’s spire

Other highly conspicuous and less sympathetic landmark buildings include the tower block flats on Summer Street and the Law Courts and Police Station building, both of which occupy extremely prominent sites on Stroud Hill. The Law Courts building is particularly dominant, conspicuously visible in views from almost every approach route into the town. (See left)

Top: The Police Station Middle: Law Courts Bottom: Connexions building, 45 the High Street

Analysis: Stroud in its setting page 12 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

The built environment of the Conservation The next part of this document uses Area can be very simply divided into two main elements, namely: - these two basic headings to examine what makes up the “special ♦ The buildings themselves architectural and historic interest” ♦ The spaces adjacent to and surrounding the of the area. buildings.

1. THE BUILDINGS

Whilst some buildings may be individually important in a Conservation Area, it is the relationship of buildings one to another, their layout in relation to the streets and footpaths, and their density, which so often define the character of the area.

The architectural style and materials of the buildings will be important factors in determining what makes the Area “special”.

Current and former uses often impact on the forms and styling of individual buildings, their relationships to others nearby and the levels of activity or motion in the area, all of which comprise significant components of the Area’s character as a whole.

2. THE SPACES

The land around buildings falls into a variety of types including roads, streets, footpaths, gardens, parks, fields, watercourses – the list is almost infinite. Widths and alignments differ, some contain green features such as trees and grass, some are public and some are private spaces.

Analysis: The Built Environment – the buildings and the spaces page 13 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

SUB AREAS IN STROUD TOWN CENTRE Four areas have been identified as being ‘sub- Within a Conservation Area, it is sometimes areas’ within the Town Centre Study Area. [See possible to identify parts of the Area, which Map 2] differ in character. Key factors in defining where one part of the Conservation Area To a large extent, these sub-divisions reflect differs from another include the density of the historical evolution of the town centre. buildings, and their relationship to one another Changing tastes, styles and technical and to the highways. Where clear differences capabilities influenced the plan forms and do exist, these are identified as ‘sub-areas’ and building sizes, creating pockets of not only the Conservation Area is examined using those differing architectural styling, but also of varied sub-areas. scale, sense of enclosure and distinctive character.

Sub Area 1: The Old Town A large proportion of the Study Area, taking in most of Stroud’s ‘historic core’, including High Street and The Shambles. The sub-area also extends east across Cornhill, into Nelson Street.

Sub Area 2: The New Town This covers almost half the Study Area, incorporating streets to the south and west, including: King Street, Rowcroft, George Street, Russell Street, London Road and parts of Bedford Street and Kendrick Street

Sub Area 3: The Brick Quarter A small area to the north, comprising Gloucester Street and Lansdown

Sub Area 4: St Laurence’s Church To the north of The Shambles, this sub-area comprises the Church grounds, Bank Gardens and the car park.

Analysis: The Built Environment – Sub Areas page 14 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

SUB AREA 1: THE OLD TOWN

The Buildings

Although this sub area incorporates parts, There is a strong vertical emphasis throughout which are not strictly of Old Town origins, the the area, resulting not from the narrowness of whole sub area shares very similar many of the buildings, but also from the characteristics of space, scale, and use of general lack of a coherent roof height, styles. meaning that there is a strong horizontal Due to its long history and its variety, the continuity. Mostly, buildings are of two to character of this sub area is the most complex three storeys in height, many incorporating an of the four to define. additional attic storey. The High Street is the main artery through the This area includes the main historic core of the sub-area, and the upper part consists of the conservation area, including both sides of the earliest part of the Stroud settlement. The High High Street, by which it continues straight up Street consists of long narrow building plots, Nelson Street, passing over the Cross, whereby which extend back from either side of the the road loops down Swan Lane to street, and sub streets and lanes, which branch Threadneedle Street, Union Street and John off. Street. [See map 3] Although the area is today overwhelmingly in The sub area is characteristic of a built up retail use, many of the buildings were town, with high-density commercial buildings originally built as private houses and have on either side of the road. The form of the Old subsequently been adapted for use as shops. Town is far from regular, the result of organic The 19th century in particular saw extensive expansion rather than planned extensions to redevelopment, with new shop fronts, and the settlement. sometimes entirely new facades, imposed onto Narrow street frontages, which extend far back earlier structures. into the plots behind, are characteristics of the Old Town hence; most buildings are several Thus the sub area has a rich and varied times deeper than they are wide, often having heritage. Its piece-meal development is readily had various extensions added over the years. discernable in the huge variety of building The buildings in this sub area almost without styles, ages, sizes and materials, which are exception, front directly onto the streets or found throughout the Old Town sub area. lanes forming an almost continuous, unbroken frontage.

Above: Looking up the High Street

Right: Swan Lane bending towards the Swan Inn

Analysis: Character Summary page 15 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Key Buildings and Focal Points

The Town Hall, dating from the early 1590s, is The former Co-op building, dating from 1931 a key building in the Study Area due to its however, does make a good termination to the scale, siting and architectural value, as well as view up High Street, the attractive clock on its its age. Occupying most of the eastern side of western elevation being clearly visible. The the Shambles, the building overlooks the building’s distinctive Art Deco styling is typical market area and is visually imposing, partly of the Co-op’s pre-war architectural image. due to its height and partly due to its comparatively ornate, textural and varied styling, against the foil of the two-storey ashlar buildings opposite.

The partially medieval building at 46-47 High Street has a prominent corner location, visible from Cornhill, High Street and Swan Lane. All are interesting viewpoints, giving different perspectives on the intriguing visual evidence of the building’s historical evolution. It is today a key ‘gateway’ building, marking the entry point to the town centre from Cornhill and also the start of the main shopping street. Left: The clock Left: on the Co-op Number 46- building 47, High Street Also at a ‘gateway’ to the sub area, at the foot of High Street, Bank House is among the most imposing classical edifices within the sub area. Its conspicuousness results partly from its corner location and the fact that it is set back from the line of buildings above it, allowing a good clear view of the front elevation. Bank House was built at the beginning of the 18th century, at the time it was unusual in being constructed from brick, although it is now rendered and the brick entirely concealed. The front elevation features six bays of large sash windows and numerous details that are typical of many classically styled buildings in the sub area, including moulded stone architraves and keystones to the windows, a stone cornice and Sadly, its neighbours do not match its parapet and pronounced quoins. Bank House landmark qualities; the modern Connexions must have been one of the earliest brick building is boxy and characterless, contrary to buildings in Stroud. As an extremely the prevailing narrow and vertical emphasis of prestigious residence, it set the tone of the sub area; while the vacant plot on the subsequent buildings in terms of not only its corner of Nelson Street serves only to highlight classical styling, but also its use of material, today’s lack of continuity between the High which was new to Stroud and very different Street and Nelson Street. from the mellow Cotswold limestone.

Analysis: Character Summary page 16 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

The Spaces the busy flow of shoppers in the streets outside. Open spaces takes four main forms within Stroud Town Centre: There is very little green space in the Old • Streets and Roads Town, although the green hills and trees • Pedestrianised streets and lanes beyond the sub area and town centre are • Open public gathering spaces frequently visible from within. The numbers of • Private gardens and yards to the rear of trees visible on the street are minimal. Of street-fronting buildings these, the most notable is the tree located immediately in front of the Baptist Chapel on Virtually all the public spaces within the Old John Street, which creates a pleasant leafy Town are pedestrianised, giving the area a frame for the eastward vista into the sub area. distinctive and intimate character. The narrowness of many of the lanes and side streets contribute to an all over human scaled emphasis, few spaces being any broader than the height of the buildings lining them. The spaces are well enclosed forming a continuous frontage along most streets.

Motor traffic flows through only a tiny proportion of the historic streets. One major road has however, dramatically given priority to motor traffic over people and buildings. Cornhill, constructed in the early 1980s, has severed the historic continuity between the High Street and Nelson Street, as well as the focal point of the settlement, the Cross.

The Cross is a reasonable sized public open space, another is the Shambles, which is a frequently bustling and attractive area, essentially the area is a broad pedestrianised street which connects the High Street with St. Above: Withey’s Yard Below: Hanging signs add a sense of Laurence’s Church. Unlike the Cross, the enclosure to Church Street Shambles has retained its historic role as a trading and public gathering space, with market stalls regularly set up. Over time, most of the plots to the rear of the street-fronting buildings have been built upon, creating a dense urban fabric with very few private gardens remaining. Most private land is now concealed from view, engulfed by surrounding buildings and boundary walls. Surviving garden areas are slightly more prevalent among plots to the north of the High Street, and though built up, here they are rather more extensive than elsewhere in the conservation area, signifying their early origins.

One enclosed yard, branching off the High Street is open to the public and has become a thriving space. The charm of Withey’s Yard relies partly on its enclosure, creating a very SUB AREA 2: THE ‘NEW TOWN’ intimate space, being somewhat isolated from

Analysis: Character Summary page 17 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

The Buildings

This sub area forms a T-shape, which stretches from Rowcroft and King Street, into the loop of Buildings are not however, exclusively of this George and Russell Street; this merges into form, for example on the north side of George London Road with Kendrick Street and Bedford Street, the narrow vertical emphasis seen in the Place as off shoots. [See map 4a & 4b] Old Town is evident especially among the older developments. Although the piecemeal variation of the Old Town does exist in the New Town, it is of a Like the Old Town, retail and commercial different nature. The streets here date from premises as well as several banks and offices much later than many of those in the Old occupy the majority of the buildings within the Town, being predominantly of late 18th and area. Many of the streets were developed as 19th century origins. The majority of the expansions to the commercial heart of the th town and were built up with grand ranks of buildings having been begun in the 19 th century, as rather than having to clear land or 19 century commercial buildings, the high wait for it to become available, as had always aspirations of the boomtown developers being been the case in the Old Town, the 19th projected in their buildings. century developers were presented with a blank canvas on which they were able to start Key Buildings and Focal Points creating an style that reflected a vision for the town, hence the character and scale of the Although the general trend within sub area 2 is buildings here are different. for grand scaled, large buildings, these take a variety of forms. Large developments, in this sub area have Kendrick Street exemplifies the New Town’s occupied blank building plots, creating a th single coherently designed façade which 19 century tendency to large-scale ranks of unifies the individual units behind, the purpose built commercial buildings. Just two resulting impression is that the New Town single developments occupy the entire eastern contains a greater proportion of large side of the street, each housing a substantial buildings, although many of the units number of retail and office spaces. The rank at numbers 22-36, dating from the themselves are not in fact significantly larger th than those of the Old Town. later 19 century is of characteristically high Victorian styling, making use of red brick with elaborately carved stone dressings.

Left: A classical terrace on London Road Right: Stroud House, 1894-6 (to the right) and buildings on King Street and Russell Street

Analysis: Character Summary page 18 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

It is evident that these were purpose built as The Imperial Hotel (c.1870) on Station Road is commercial buildings, with shop fronts an attractive building and a distinctive focal integrated into the overall design. The point of one of the major gateways to the town individual units within the ranks are delineated centre. This too, is a large scaled building, by ordered pilasters at the first and second although it is somewhat dwarfed in height by storeys, which were originally aligned with the the nearby Stroud House. The building is timber pilasters of the ground floor shop fronts. thought to be by Benjamin Bucknall, probably Walker’s Bakery, occupying number 22 on the the most important architect of the 19th century corner with Threadneedle Street, has retained in the area. a great deal of its original shop front, including the dentilled cornice, carved panelled pilasters Terraces, which visually amalgamate a number and quirky capitols featuring faces. of smaller buildings, contribute to the impression that this sub area contains a high The Kendrick Street rank forms one side of a proportion of large buildings. The building on square off George Street, which comprises one the corner of King Street and Russell Street is of the best quality groupings of buildings in one such building. Probably originally built as Stroud Town Centre. The creamy coloured houses in the mid 19th century, today the ashlar stone echoes that of two other major building are perceived as one complete unit. buildings, which occupy the northern and The Rowcroft terrace, while appearing today to eastern sides of this space, the early 19th be coherent unified design, was in fact century Congregational Chapel, and the developed speculatively in a piecemeal Subscription Rooms. While the ‘set piece’ manner from 1901. These refined, classically impact of neo-classical architecture is to a styled buildings were extremely desirable prior large extent lost on buildings within the Old to the arrival of the railway, which necessitated Town, here their full splendour can be fully the demolition of the two westernmost houses. appreciated. The elegant and understated character of the Lloyds Bank, a 1930s building on the site of Rowcroft houses is similar to that of terraces the Old Rowcroft House, has a large plan on London Road, at the eastern extreme of the form, but being only a single storey, it has no study area, even if they are slightly less great imposing height. In contrast the Stroud sophisticated. Many of the houses on the south House is an extremely imposing, grand side of London Road use stucco to emulate Victorian civic statement. Built in 1894-6 to a ashlar stonework, although some are faced in design by William Clissold, the building ashlar, which has been painted over. towers over its neighbours.

Below: The Subscription Rooms Left: Lloyds TSB Bank

Analysis: Character Summary page 19 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

The Spaces

On the whole, the New Town is made up of broader, straighter streets than the lanes of the Old Town. Still, the contrast with the Old Town remains evident. On Bedford Street, the side face of the Subscription Rooms, together with the Congregational Chapel on the opposite side of the street, act as a spectacular and towering visual ‘gateway’ back into the Old Town. Looking northeast, the juxtaposition of large-scale classical grandeur against the domestically scaled ‘organic’ and vernacular character of the Old Town is clear.

The square at the top of George Street, onto which fronts the Subscription Rooms, together Above: Rowcroft with the Congregational Chapel, is an Terrace with its raised important formal space, today it is a mix of pavement and iron rails hard landscaping and planting. A huge hornbeam tree provides welcome greenery; Below: George Street yet obscures much of the Subscription Rooms’ looking towards King impressive classical elevation. Street

King Street Parade is a modest open space.

Works to King Street have dramatically improved the appearance, with high quality ground surfacing in York stone and resin- bonded gravel, designed to complement the predominantly pale colouring of nearby buildings.

To the extreme west of the sub area the density of buildings decreases, several substantial houses being detached and within their own garden grounds, further along London Road, there is an attractive increase in greenery and trees. The open space on Cornhill consists largely of car parking areas, and much is concealed behind a sweeping modern brick wall. The area does little to complement the character of the study area, a large ash tree towers above the car park does however, form a valuable asset.

In contrast to many roads in sub area 2, the southwest view down Station Road has a lofty feel. Towards its termination (the station being a key gateway into and out of the town centre), and expansive vista opens out, with sky and green horizons visible beyond the station and the distinctive Hill Paul building.

Analysis: Character Summary page 20 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

SUB AREA 3: THE BRICK QUARTER.

The Buildings

The sub area includes George Street and The predominance of brick is broken however Lansdown, which together form a V-shape. by a small number of stone-faced buildings, all [See map 5] of which are large and have distinctive and individual identities, marking them out against The Brick Quarter is typical of late 19th century the relative uniformity of the terraced stretches. buildings as most of the sub area has a brick basis, and as a result is the most unified in The Victorian drive for civic amenities is terms of materials and the era from which it particularly manifest on Lansdown, a Grammar dates. School having built in 1871, later to be converted to a public library (1887) to The north side of Lansdown has much in commemorate Queen Victoria’s Golden common with the western side of Gloucester Jubilee. Lansdown Hall (1879), built for the Street. Buildings are predominantly three Temperance Society (now the offices of Stroud storeys high, and are terraced, although the News and Journal), which housed the Museum ranks were not created to a uniform design. and the School of Art and Science, they were Construction was sporadic, although it was all all begun within the first twenty-five years of within a short time span, which was mainly the street’s existence. concentrated within the five or six years following 1867. As a consequence, there are Like the rest of the town centre sub areas, many basic similarities in form, scale, materials ground floor shop fronts and retail outlets and embellishments between neighbouring dominate this area. On Gloucester Street buildings, in contrast to the variety achieved especially, shop fronts and their paraphernalia through incremental development over a much create a visually busy character, verging on larger timescale, as seen in the Old Town and cluttered. the New Town. This, and the fact that much is the work of one architect, William Clissold, In comparison with the neighbouring High means that there is a strong coherence to the Street and King Street however, these streets area, albeit it is disrupted in places by have something of a ‘backwater’ character to incremental additions and alterations, them. There are fewer shoppers and activity is particularly to windows and shop fronts. provided by vehicular rather than pedestrian traffic.

Right: The north side of Left: The School of Science and Art (1890-9) by JP Lansdown is largely the Seddon and WHC Fisher work of William Clissold

Analysis: Character Summary page 21 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Key Buildings and Focal Points Stone Faced Buildings

1860s and ‘70s Brick Terraces The predominance of brick here is broken at either end of Gloucester Street by two later Standing at the crossroads of Lansdown, High public houses. The 1896 Painswick Inn is built Street, King Street and Gloucester Street, the of red brick, with principal elevations faced in visual dominance of brick is striking. squared and coursed limestone and ashlar. Gloucester Street curves down the hill, placing With its use of stone, with mullioned and the western side in clear view, while the transomed windows and large gabled attic eastern side, which contains buildings of more dormers the Painswick Inn revives some of the varied styles and materials, is largely elements of Stroud’s vernacular. The concealed. The impression from this point is of Greyhound Inn, of 1904, continues this two coherently designed terraces, stretching off revival, with an Arts and Crafts twist. Also of to the north along Gloucester Street and the brick, faced in ashlar, this pub is complete east along Lansdown. with mullioned windows with hood mouldings and high gables.

Lansdown and Gloucester Street are, however, far from entirely uniform. They do though On Lansdown, three further stone buildings share a number of common characteristics. break the predominance of brick terraces. Buildings are almost universally three storeys Despite the radically different character of the high, with two or three bays of four or two former County Library reading room of 1873, paned sash windows, many of which have it, like the majority of the brick buildings here arched heads. Window reveals often have of the late 1860s, is also by Clissold. elaborate stone or brick decoration, many This building and its neighbour, Lansdown hall arches being formed with distinctive coloured (1879) are both imposing varieties of neo- brick voussoirs in red, buff and black. Details gothic styling, and also feature high gables and are sometimes picked out in dressed or carved mullioned windows. stone, as at the Stroud News and Journal The rock-faced rustification of Lansdown Hall office. mirrors that of the School of Science and Art, While red brick is clearly the most visible one of Stroud’s landmark buildings with its material here, it is also used far more widely abundance of graphic stone carvings. The than can be seen. Concealed, to varying exuberant styling of this building, with its degress, behind paint, ashlar-effect stucco and Baronial corner turret, makes a wonderful stone cladding, brick is unquestionably the gateway to the sub area and the town centre. defining characteristic of this sub area. This is most evident from the rear of the terraces, Top left: Looking many of which front to the south and east, so down Gloucester that, when viewed from Beeches Green and Street Top right: Ye Old the bottom of Gloucester Street, ranks of red Painswick Inn brick step up the north west slope of the Bottom right: Queen Victoria carving on hillside. the School of Science and Art

Analysis: Character Summary page 22 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

The Spaces

There is very little open space within the Brick South of the Old Painswick Inn, as Gloucester Quarter, although the greenery of Bank Street curves up the hill out of view, another Gardens impacts upon it. Trees within the yard branches off the street. A small rank of garden overhang the high rubble retaining wall buildings along the southern side of this yard on the south side of Lansdown, and attractive almost creates the impression of a short views are achieved both into and out of the tributary lane. The space is, however, a yard sub area. Elsewhere, there is minimal with some outdoor seating for the Queen permanent greenery. Victoria public house, located on the outer corner. Gloucester Street and the north side of Lansdown are virtually continuous unbroken The roadsides are well used on the two main terraces, any garden or yard space concealed streets for car parking. Pavements here are from the street. The little visible open space narrow and compared to the space of the High that there is takes the form of utilitarian yards, Street, feel cramped for pedestrians. mainly being associated with stabling or loading access to the three public houses.

Gloucester Street has a lack of gardens; buildings occupy virtually the full extent of their plots, with extensions and additions backing straight onto the utilitarian access lane, Bath Street. An access lane to the rear of Lansdown features an attractive red brick boundary wall, with terracotta copings stepping up the slope. The high wall encloses yards and gardens to the rear of Lansdown, while a lower wall, to the north of the lane, has a ‘parapet’ effect, a sharp drop descending beyond it. Views are achieved from this point down the slope, into the former stable yard of the Old Painswick Inn, and across rooftops to houses on the other side of Slad Road.

Above right: View up Stroud Hill. The Painswick Inn breaks the predominance of red brick

Left: Trees in Bank Gardens overhanging Lansdown

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SUB AREA 4: ST. LAURENCE’S Key Buildings and Focal Points

The Buildings St. Laurence’s Church was rebuilt in 1866-8 by Wilson and Wilcox, though the earlier steeple th This area consists primarily of open space, and 14 century tower survive. Although on comprising not only the churchyard and comparatively low ground within the context grounds of St. Laurence’s, but also Bank of Stroud, the Church has an elevated siting in Gardens and the northern stretch of Church the town centre. The impressive stone broach Street and the car park. [See map 6] spire soars above the surrounding buildings, clearly visible over rooftops. It is the focus of a In character, this sub area is distinctively number of vistas, glimpses of it generally different from the other three. The few appearing to be framed by chance rather than buildings here are large and detached. by design.

Within the sub area itself, there are only three Church Court, dated 1635, is a substantial buildings, namely St. Laurence’s church, a 17th house. It has had numerous additions over the century house called Church Court (formerly years, but all have retained the basic known as both ‘the house behind the church’ characteristics of the original core, namely the and Rodney House) and the modern Vicarage. coursed rubble construction, high gables, small mullioned windows with hood Due to the openness of the sub area, though, mouldings and stone roof. Small oval windows certain buildings beyond the boundary play an are visible in some gables, suggesting that the important visual role. These often reflect and attic of the even this substantial house was echo predominant characteristics of the two once used for weaving. buildings within the area. The modern Vicarage is not a building of any The prevailing building material here is real architectural or historic interest. A large, T- undoubtedly stone, although red brick makes shaped building, it occupies a plot to the north an attractive contribution in the form of of the church. It is well concealed, and makes boundary walls in Bank Gardens. Unlike the little contribution to the study area. other sub areas however, there is no close juxtaposition of various materials, although the colours, textures and materials of structures beyond the boundaries are visible.

Top right: The 14th century tower of St. Laurence’s Church, with broach spire, seen from Lansdown Road

Middle: The gables and Cotswold limestone of St. Laurence’s and Church Court on Church Street

Bottom: Church Court; the stone above the door bears the date 1632

Analysis: Character Summary page 24 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

The Spaces

St. Laurence sub area is a predominantly green An attractive feature of Church Street is the open space. It contrasts strikingly with the iron railings, which front St. Laurence’s, and densely built-up character of the rest of the Church Court. The various designs create a town centre, although its greenery is frequently sense of unity, cohesion and enclosure in stark glimpsed from the other sub areas. contrast to the car park’s expanse.

Due to the openness of the space, the nature of Stroud’s topography is much more visually evident here than in many of the enclosed spaces elsewhere. This is clear not only from expansive views across the town and the hilly countryside to the north, but also from way the spaces work with the topography- slopes, banks and terraces heighten awareness of the steepness.

In many respects, St. Laurence’s churchyard is archetypically English. Yet among the typical beeches, yews and rose beds are less predictable plants, including a large yukka. A row of trees at the foot of Bank Gardens casts shade onto Lansdown, adding valuable greenery to the street.

To the north of Bank House, stone gate piers frame the view; while another good view of the church is achieved from Lansdown, looking up the steps leading into the Gardens. The space is not entirely green however; to the Above: The impressive stone gate piers and iron east the car park breaks with the historically gates, which lead into Bank Gardens densely built character of Church Street. The car park is strategically sited, although there is Below: Bank Gardens, seen from the churchyard no aesthetic merit about the car park. with views across Lansdown to green hills beyond the Slad valley

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MATERIALS, TEXTURES, COLOURS AND DETAILING

By necessity builders in the past used Early on, however, the light creamy golden materials, which were available locally. Stroud limestone appears to have been used mostly in was no different, with early Stroud buildings the form of rubble, especially on the rear or being constructed from stone and timber. side elevations, being often squared or coursed. th There are several fine examples of buildings From the 18 century there was progressively dating back to the 17th century in Stroud better access to a broader range of building displaying traditional construction techniques materials. The locally accessible freestone lent and good architectural detailing. It is also itself well to smooth ashlar construction and possible to identify within Stroud that with intricately dressed detailing. improved transport and more advanced The re-facing of many early buildings with manufacturing techniques, from the 19th more fashionable elevations in the later 18th century, builders had a wider choice of and 19th centuries made great use of stucco materials such as Welsh roof slate and red render. Stucco render gave the impression of stock bricks. This shift in materials is ashlar, the favoured form of stone construction demonstrated clearly within Stroud. at the time. (For example number 57, High

Street). The majority of the rendered buildings Although there is an early timber framed are decorated in mellow cream tones, building tradition in Stroud, the intended to maximise the illusion of ashlar overwhelmingly predominant construction stone, and thus limestone. material is stone. Being close to the

Escarpment, Stroud has had access to the local Many 18th and 19th century buildings have rear freestone. This oolitic limestone was fine, walls and extensions of brick, while the front easily cut and of sufficient quality to create elevation is faced with stone or render. dressed stone blocks and details, as is evident However, brick became increasingly adapted on the pair of 17th century buildings at the top for use on street facing elevations. of the High Street. (Numbers 46-47) Although brick was used during the 18th

century, it was during the 19th century that the

material really came into its own. Numerous

red brick buildings from this period now

punctuate the street scenes.

Left: Timber framed jetty

on the High

Street

Right: An

interesting use

of brick banding,

adding further

interest and

variety to this

already quirky 19th century

building

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Red brick is often combined with dressed The Church Institute in the Shambles, dating stone details, continuing a tradition of dressed from the early 19th century, combines ‘cross’ and carved stone details used in conjuncture transomed windows with classical detailing, with rubble wall or roughcast render or stucco. including a giant Tuscan pilastrade. The early London Hotel and a number of London Road 20th century Arts and Crafts movement also neighbours are good examples. revived vernacular details, as at the building The Stonehouse works also produced black on the corner of King Street and High Street, and buff coloured bricks, which are frequently with ‘Cross’ windows. used to good decorative effect, for example 21- 23 Russell Street. Sliding box sash windows, introduced in the 18th century, were extremely popular, Windows can be thought of as the ‘eyes’ of a eventually ousting the stone mullion casement, building. Windows often are an important as well as featuring in ‘new’ buildings; sashes factor in the character of the building, and were inserted into older buildings replacing subsequently play an important role in the the unfashionable stone mullions, for example character of the conservation area. at number 50 and 46-47 High Street.

Within Stroud Town Centre it is a common characteristic to see stone windows placed centrally, being aligned beneath the apex of the gable, a good example being number 21 Nelson Street. This was in order to maintain structural stability in the rubble, whereby the windows had to be placed as far from the corners of the building as possible. The insertion of dressed stone windows into rubble walls had a bearing on the fenestration, or arrangement of windows within an elevation.

The vernacular window, consisting of stone mullioned casements, sometimes with stone th transoms and often with stone hood Above left and right: Elegantly proportioned 18 century mouldings, appears in many guises throughout windows the sub area, and is one of the most distinctive features of local 16-17th century buildings. Throughout the Cotswolds in the 17th century, Stone hood mouldings evolved to help divert stone roofing slates became increasingly rainwater away from the windows and doors. common, replacing thatch on even the lowliest Water otherwise streamed off the gutter-less of cottages. These required a steep pitch in roofs, straight down the wall face. For example order to shed water efficiently. They were laid the Town Hall, 6, 46-47 and 50 High Street in a traditional way, diminishing in size from and 21 Nelson Street. the eaves of the building to the ridge. The infinite variety of size, shape and texture of the individual slates produced roofs with rich visual interest. Dressed stone copings were often added to the gable ends, to protect both the exposed edges of the slates and the stone of the end wall from water penetration. Hence the high gable end was a common Cotswold feature. This was a characteristic feature, which was uniquely adapted by Stroud valley builders, who seized upon the potential for the use of this attic space. The economy of Stroud was Above: A steeply pitched gable demonstrating dependent to such an extent on the production key characteristics local to Stroud; stone mullion window, drip mould and small oval window Analysis:inserted into Character the apex Summaryof the gable page 27 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

of cloth that many houses throughout the locality, of all scales, were created with attics, which could easily accommodate the large looms needed for the weaving process, as at number 46-47 High Street.

The availability of Welsh slate for roofing improved over the 19th century and became the favoured material for new roofs, as well as replacing former stone roofs. These slates reflect better transport facilities for heavy materials over greater distances. Clay plan tiles also make a contribution to Stroud, for example on the pitched roofs of number 6 and 12 High Street. There are two main profiles: the double Roman and the Pantile. Modern concrete tiles have made their mark as a replacement roof covering throughout the conservation area.

Stroud has a great variety and texture in its roofscape, colours ranging from the golden Above: The quirky juxtaposition of browns and mossy colours of the Cotswold nineteenth and 17th century roofs. The use roof, to the smooth greys of slate and the rich, of slate is evident on the right. varied red and browns of the clay tile.

Decorative details abound throughout the area. Cast and wrought iron is particularly well used, and features in various forms from brackets for hanging signs in the commercial area, to decorative railings and gates on more domestic buildings. Frome House, for instance, in the New Town has an attractive and intricate wrought iron porch. Opposite, as what were once known as Union Buildings, are several surviving original panelled doors. Like the twelve-paned sash windows, the original doors make up an important part of the character of such simply, yet elegantly, styled buildings.

Right: Attractive railings, leading into Stroud on Rowcroft, make for a pleasant setting

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SHOPFRONTS

What all the sub areas have in common is that Key elements of traditional shop front design they comprise the retail and commercial heart in this study area include: of Stroud town. Although sub area 4 contains no shops itself, there are numerous views out of the church grounds and Bank Gardens to the other sub areas, creating a strong visual link and making the green space a key component of the town centre.

As the commercial centre of the town, the built environment throughout the conservation area is naturally dominated by shop fronts at Hanging signs ground floor level.

Many shop fronts here have been altered and Timber fascia boards added to and are no longer ‘pure’ examples of the period in which they were first Pilasters and constructed. However, 18th, 19th and early 20th columns century shop front elements can often sit happily together, as their designs followed common conventions which generally acknowledged and retained the proportions of the building as a whole. When shop front and Timber glazing upper storeys are in harmony, each can serve bars stall risers to reinforce the impact of the other. Modern shop fronts are all too often unsympathetic interventions, failing to make any visual link between the shop at ground level and the building above it. The visual dominance of the ground floor discourages the viewer from looking upwards, and can frequently nullify the impact of an otherwise attractive building, even when that building is of substantial proportions.

There are, however, a few examples of shop fronts, which take an obviously contemporary approach to the design. Often the simplest, most understated design can be striking and flattering to the building. For further design guidance and helpful information contact Stroud Town Council or visit their website www.stroudtown.gov.uk and download the Shop Front Guide

Where retail units have expanded into neighbouring properties, modern box fascias and large areas of plate glass can ruin the visual coherence of the streetscape. The vertical emphasis of much of the Town Centre is sometimes threatened by amalgamations. Regard should always be paid to the separate identities of individual buildings, and the distinct styling and architecture of each.

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THE CHARACTER OF STROUD TOWN CENTRE: A SUMMARY

Although the sub areas have their own unique character traits, they also have a number of strong common elements, which, together, make up the character of the Study Area as a whole. Perhaps perversely, one of the strongest defining and unifying characteristics is the area’s very diversity:

Diversity, fusion and juxtaposition:

The Stroud area is closely associated by many people with the Cotswold vernacular and the use of stone. The town’s evolution has always been closely dependent on developments in wool weaving and textile manufacture. By the 19 th century, the ‘Cotswold’ predominance was being challenged by the confident, larger scaled developments of the municipal and industrial boomtown, and in particular by the increasing use of brick.

Today, the character of Stroud’s Town Centre, like its suburbs, is one of juxtaposition and strong contrast between these two elements of its history and built heritage.

Vernacular: ‘Polite’: ♦ Cotswold stone; dressed stone and ♦ Ashlar stone and stucco rubble ♦ Red brick with stone or contrasting ♦ Stone slates brick dressings ♦ Steeply pitched roofs and street-fronting ♦ Street-fronting eaves; Welsh slate roofs attic gables ♦ Sash windows; Classical detailing

♦ Stone mullioned casement windows ♦ Large scaled developments; terraces;

♦ Hood mouldings ranks of purpose-built commercial

and retail units

In addition to these distinctions, there is generally an enormous diversity in the architecture

of the town centre.

While there are distinctive pockets within which buildings of particular types or eras

dominate, often the diversity is displayed through direct juxtaposition. Along the High Street,

for example, buildings of a huge range of scales, materials, periods and styles directly abut

each other. The piecemeal evolution and long history of the settlement is thus extremely evident, visually.

Analysis: Character Summary page 30 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Plan form and spaces:

Almost unanimously, buildings throughout the Study Area front directly onto the streets, forming a continuous frontage, most of which is made up of shop fronts at the ground floor.

Particularly in the ‘Old Town’, buildings have very narrow street-facing elevations. There is a strong vertical emphasis, due partly to the narrow plot sizes and partly to the lack of a consistent horizontal plane at roof level. Units in the ‘New Town’ are also often narrow, but many are visually amalgamated by a coherently designed façade.

Overall, the plan form is far from regular. Much has resulted from ‘organic’ expansion, with sporadic development along the major routes and further lanes and streets evolving as offshoots and links, often occupying former or vacant building plots. Many streets curve, often working with the sloping topography.

The 19th century expansions, while planned to a greater degree and while being generally broader and straighter than in the ‘Old Town’, maintain the slightly haphazard and non-geometric character of the whole town centre.

There are few structured open spaces and those that do exist, including the Shambles and the Subscription Rooms Square, are of a fairly intimate and human scale, relating well to the scale of buildings around them.

In contrast, Bank Gardens and the churchyard are expansive. The openness of these green spaces heightens awareness of the town’s topography of steep slopes and plateaux. They have a welcome visual impact on the surrounding environment, compensating for the very little greenery on the town centre streets.

Private space is well enclosed and makes minimal impact on the street scene. Most space behind buildings is utilitarian service or storage areas.

At the extremities of the Study Area, buildings of a more domestic appearance occur, some set back from the street, behind small yards or areas, and some detached within gardens. These create a distinctive break in the otherwise virtually continuous built-up frontage.

Analysis: Character Summary page 31 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Small pockets of surprising space are hidden away, as at Withy’s Yard and the cottages and gardens of Farr’s Lane.

Narrow passageways, often spanned by the upper storeys of a building, provide access to plots or lanes behind the main street frontage.

Many buildings make a feature of their corner setting. Sometimes, curving or chamfering of the corners is necessary, due to the narrowness of many lanes.

Setting, views and landmarks:

The town centre is within a ‘bowl’ of encircling green hills. The landscape extends visually into the town centre, views of the countryside being seen above rooftops and along sloping streets and lanes, framed by buildings.

Views along many streets and lanes curve or slope out of sight. There are few planned views with contrived terminations - focal points have the impression of being framed by chance rather than by design.

The most prominent focal point here, both visually and historically, is the church. Its site on the slope of Stroud Hill is higher than much of the town centre, yet is on comparatively low ground in relation to the encircling hills. The town centre is concealed within the ‘bowl’ of landscape, yet the spire of St Laurence’s is visible from many vantage points, even from afar, being much taller than any of the town centre’s other buildings.

Uses and vitality:

Overwhelmingly in retail and commercial use, much of the Area’s street frontage is comprised of shop fronts. A mix of individual and distinctive shop fronts and coherent schemes within a homogenous rank. Evidence of historic changes of use is often visible in the built fabric.

Commercial activities extend onto the streets, features including café tables and chairs, displays of flowers, fruit and vegetables, individual stalls and the regular Shambles market.

Analysis: Character Summary page 32 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT – CONSERVATION AREA NO. 18 – STROUD TOWN CENTRE

PART III: STRATEGY

A REVIEW OF THE CONSERVATION Transfers from Stroud Station Conservation AREA BOUNDARY Area and the IHCA

2. Within the study area, the buildings The character appraisal has revealed that the covered by the Stroud Station boundary of the Central Stroud Conservation Conservation Area form an integral part Area would benefit by some considerable of the commercial heart of Stroud changes. The Planning Authority proposes to town. Some, such as the Imperial redefine the boundary to incorporate the Hotel, which provides accommodation modifications shown on map 7. for travellers, certainly have some

historical links to the station. However, Some minor additions and deletions are the majority is more associated, in necessary in terms of realignment of the terms of current uses, styles and boundary because of physical changes that massing, to the centre of town rather have occurred, or because the original than to the industrial open spaces of boundary was indecisive. the station and railway area.

However, some more substantial changes are 3. The terraced buildings to the extreme also considered necessary. The Central Stroud south east of the study area are Conservation Area’s most defining similarly felt to conform more closely characteristic is its role and location at the to the character of the town centre than heart of Stroud town. The Study Area was to the industrial character of the IHCA. designed to reflect this, incorporating most of what may be termed the ‘Town Centre’. This New designations / additions: included Stroud Shambles Conservation Area in its entirety, and the parts of Stroud Station 4. A minor addition to include the full Conservation Area and the Industrial Heritage extent of the plot at 11 Rowcroft. Conservation Area (IHCA) most closely associated with the activities, built form and 5. Nelson Street. A natural continuation history of the town centre. of High Street, the buildings here are

exemplary of the defined character of It has been found that an extensive area the Conservation Area. around the original Central Stroud

Conservation Area shares many of its 6. Gloucester Street and Lansdown. A prevailing and defining characteristics. very distinctive pocket of the town

centre, exemplifying a particular era of Merging of Central Stroud and Stroud its development and containing many Shambles Conservation Areas: characteristics of the Conservation

Area. 1. The Shambles market area is integral to

the form and history of the ‘Old Town’, 7. Cornhill. An area with potential for the historic core of Stroud. enhancement, which could impact on Similarly, St. Laurence’s Church has the character and appearance of the historically been the focal point of the conservation area. town centre and it makes a strong

visual contribution to the central area.

Together with the churchyard, Bank

Gardens is a significant linking

component between different areas of

the town centre. The gardens are also

historically linked to Bank House, at

the foot of High Street.

Strategy and management proposals page 33 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

A substantial area of new designation now Stroud. Furthermore, there are areas here links the former Shambles Conservation Area with potential for enhancement, which and the Central Stroud Conservation Area with would greatly impact upon the the incorporated section of the Stroud Station Conservation Area. Conservation Area. This new designation comprises: Deletions:

8. Russell Street and the south side of George 1. The Vicarage, to the north of the Street share many characteristics with the former Shambles Conservation Area is north side of George Street and with the to be removed, as it has no Town Centre as a whole. They are also key architectural or historic interest in areas of the town’s historical expansion. Conservation Area terms and is unlikely to be redeveloped in the 9. On the London road, to the south east of foreseeable future. It currently also has the study area, buildings are included for minimal visible impact on the setting their conformity to the defined character of of the Conservation Area. the conservation area. There is also similarity with the houses on Rowcroft, 2. A minor deletion to the rear of already included within a designated numbers 3 and 4 Rowcroft, to realign Conservation Area. Like Russell Street and the boundary along the property George Street, the London Road forms a division. key part of the historic expansion of

Strategy and management proposals Page 34 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

DEFINING ISSUES AND PRESSURES

In order to formulate effective conservation ♦ Multi- use and multi-occupancy of the policies, which will preserve and enhance the majority of buildings here poses the threat prevailing character of the Conservation Area, of incremental changes at different storeys it is important to assess the sorts of pressures to of the building, which fail to maintain which it is subject. Many of the common architectural unity and coherence. This is trends in development or use can have particularly a problem with replacement negative implications for the retention of windows. important aspects of character and architectural integrity. ♦ The creation of hard standing and private parking, especially along London Road is ♦ In this Conservation Area, shop fronts are, leading to the erosion of front enclosed and have historically been, one of the areas and yards, the loss of gardens and elements of the built environment most their railings or walls. The terraces of under pressure for change and London Road are distinctive in the ‘modernisation’. The character of this Conservation Area, being set back from the conservation area is very much one of road, behind enclosed private areas. This is evolution and small changes; it is not a an important feature, bridging the division static environment. The need to alter shop between public and private space. fronts to accommodate new occupants or retail practices is ongoing and necessary, ♦ Road works are a particular problem of the yet careful and thoughtful design is Town Centre. Continual digging-up of essential in maintaining the visual quality ground surfaces has led to the increasing of the conservation area. Today, modern unevenness of the floor. This is a problem retail practices mean that shop fronts are in pedestrianised areas, and particularly on increasingly transient, successive the steeply sloping High Street, where occupants wishing to impose their repairs and the replacement of the small corporate identities on the property. concrete block paviers are often patchy. Modern box fascias and large areas of plate The effect is beginning to seem unkempt glass can potentially ruin the visual and inappropriate as a setting for the coherence of the streetscape. Where retail historic buildings. units have expanded into neighbouring properties, the treatment of the ♦ Traffic congestion and on-street parking ‘amalgamated’ shop front can fail to are problematic at times in Stroud Town acknowledge the separate identities of the Centre. Problems resulting from the buildings and the often strongly vertical narrowness of lanes in the Old Town have emphasis. been largely resolved through traffic re- routing and pedestrianisation. However, ♦ Vacant upper floors are a problem for Nelson Street is particularly a notable buildings throughout the Conservation among areas, which still suffer sporadically Area. Although shops may occupy ground from congestion and also from the floors, vacant units above can lead to a narrowness of pavements. lack of maintenance and the deteriorating condition of the upper floors. The low resident population also means that there is a loss of nighttime vitality.

Strategy & management proposals page 35 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

PROPOSALS FOR THE PRESERVATION ♦ Enhancement measures such as AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE pedestrianisation and traffic re-routing CONSERVATION AREA have, in places, exacerbated further problems in the Conservation Area. Street It is the aim of the District Council that the clutter, including signage relating to traffic existing character of the Stroud Town Centre and parking, bollards and groundscaping, Conservation Area be preserved and / or are sometimes poorly planned, excessive enhanced. Proposals have been prepared and uncoordinated. which will enable this to be achieved.

♦ Truncation of the High Street-Nelson Preservation will be achieved by the refusal of Street continuum damages the character of permission for the demolition and / or the Old Town, severing historic, visual and alteration of any building or structure where physical links. It also inhibits, to an extent, this work would result in damage to the Nelson Street which has become a character or appearance of the area. backwater, detached from the main High Enhancement will be achieved by the use of Street shopping area. Development Control powers and by design guidance to owners and occupiers in the area. ♦ There are instances where inappropriate modern infill, often consisting of boxy, All proposals for development within or, in poorly designed buildings, damages the some cases, adjacent to the Stroud Town prevailing character of vertical and narrow Centre Conservation Area will be assessed built forms. This is aggravated by a failure against the Development Plan policies set out to use locally distinctive materials. over the following pages.

♦ Change of use is a natural part of These are taken from the adopted Stroud maintaining the vitality of the Town District Local Plan (November 2005). Centre. However, changing the function of the building often results in structural Local Plan Policies for development alterations such as the insertion of shop affecting a Conservation Area fronts. Often, change of use has been a catalyst for several of the most common Policy BE4: problems in this Conservation Area, Applications involving the demolition of an including the creation of parking areas and unlisted building, buildings or other structure hard standing. or structures, within a Conservation Area, will only be permitted if either: A nuber of buildings, both listed and unlisted, may be considered currently ‘at risk’ from 1. The structure to be demolished makes no vacancy or under use. Many are suffering from positive contribution to the character or deterioration. appearance of the area; or 2. The condition of the building or structure is ♦ 17-19 Russell Street. (Allocated in Local such that the cost of repairing and Plan for housing) maintaining it outweighs its importance, ♦ 15 High Street (former Smith and Lee and the value derived from its continued shop). Listed Grade II use; and ♦ Former Cinema, London Road 3. Detailed proposals have been approved for ♦ 45 High Street. (Connexions building) the re-use of the site, including any ♦ 9 John Street (on the corner with Union replacement building or other structure that Street). Listed Grade II retain or make a greater contribution to the character or appearance of the area than the building or structure to be demolished.

Strategy & management proposals page 36 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Policy BE5: Policy BE14: Development within, or affecting the setting of Development that affects archaeological a Conservation Area, will only be permitted if remains of other than national significance will all the following criteria are met: not be permitted unless the importance of the development outweighs the value of the 1. The siting of the development respects remains. existing open spaces, patterns of building layout, trees, hedges, walls and fences, and Local Plan policies for development does not harm any positive contribution affecting a Listed Building made to the character or appearance of the Conservation Area by any of these; The Stroud Town Centre Conservation Area 2. The scale, design, proportions, detailing includes a great number of listed buildings, as is and materials used in the proposed often the case in high quality historic development are sympathetic to the environments. The following policies are used characteristic form in the area, and to assess development affecting a listed compatible with adjacent buildings and building or it’s setting, where that spaces; development requires planning permission. 3. It does not cause the loss of features of historic or characteristic value; and When considering applications for Listed 4. Important views within, into and out of the Building Consent, the Planning Authority refers area are protected. to government policy guidance in the form of PPG15: Planning and the Historic Policy BE6: Environment, rather than to Local Plan Proposals to alter or extend an unlisted policies. building in a Conservation Area will only be permitted if the proposal is sympathetic in Policy BE8: design, scale, materials, detailing, colour and Development involving the total demolition of landscaping to the rest of the building and to a listed building will not be permitted unless the Conservation Area. there are very exceptional circumstances, where all the following criteria are met:

Policy BE7: 1. The listed building concerned is a A change of use of a building in a Grade II Listed Building; Conservation Area will be permitted if both the 2. The condition of the building is such following criteria are met: that the cost of repairing and 1. The new use will not require any changes maintaining the building outweigh its in the appearance or setting of the building, importance, and the value derived other than those which will preserve or from its continued use; enhance its contribution to the character or 3. There is no other viable use for the appearance of the area; and building; and 2. Any traffic generation, vehicle parking or 4. The demolition of the building will not noise can be catered for in a way that cause harm to the setting of any other preserves or enhances the character or listed building, the character of a appearance of the area. Conservation Area, or the character of a street scene.

Policy BE13: Policy BE9: Development will not be permitted where it Development involving the partial demolition would involve significant alteration or cause of a listed building, or the demolition of a damage to nationally important archaeological Curtilage listed building, will only be remains (whether scheduled or not) or would permitted where the demolition will achieve have a significant impact on the setting of the preservation of the listed building and its visible remains. setting.

Strategy & management proposals page 37 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Policy BE10: Development involving proposals to extend or 1. New buildings or the extension of alter a listed building, or any feature of special existing buildings will be required to architectural or historic interest that contribute reflect and respect the existing pattern to the reasons for its listing, will not be of development especially in terms of permitted unless it would preserve the scale, proportion and massing, and in building, its setting, and any features of special their relationship to the highways. architectural or historic interest the building possesses. 2. Materials should accord with the type and mix traditionally used in the area. Policy BE11: A change of use of all or part of a listed 3. Proposals to erect fences, railings or building will be permitted only if it would walls will only be allowed where they preserve the building, it’s setting, and any are incorporated in the development in features of special architectural or historic a similar way to those already in interest the building possesses. existence and where they are sympathetic to the building on the site Policy BE12: and its immediate surroundings. The A proposal for development that affects the demolition of, or alteration to, walls or setting of a listed building will only be fences in or around the historic plots permitted where it preserves the setting of the and other private spaces will not affected listed building. normally be permitted. The creation of run-ins for parking and hard standing will not normally be allowed where Design and policy guidance relating this involves the loss of enclosure specifically to the Stroud Town Centre around private front yards or gardens Conservation Area, and resulting from this on London Road. Review follows: 4. The formation of new openings for Policies and design guidance windows and doors shall accord with the scale and style of the building. The designation of the conservation area is not Replacement windows and doors intended to prevent all changes. Change can should be constructed in traditional be a positive force, especially those that would materials, detailing and design. The use enhance the character of the area. As a general of uPVC will be strongly resisted, along rule, however, it will be expected that works with the use of modern stains in requiring Planning Permission will avoid contrasting and/or inappropriate detracting from the character and appearance colours. of the Conservation Area and should, wherever possible, positively preserve or enhance those 5. Constructional features including, for qualities. Under section 72 of the Planning example, rainwater goods, colour and (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act type of external paints, detailing of the 1990, this requirement to pay special attention pointing, the number and positioning to preservation and enhancement extends to of roof lights, etc., are significant all powers under the Planning Acts, not only contributors to the character of those which relate specifically to historic buildings. Only traditional repairs to, buildings. or replacements of, such features should be carried out. The Local Planning Authority will therefore apply the following proposals for preserving or 6. The poorly thought out introduction of enhancing the character of the Conservation services to buildings (such as satellite Area when applications for works requiring dishes, meter boxes and alarm boxes) Planning Permission are considered. can be harmful to the character of the

buildings. Where these fall under

Planning Controls, the locations of

Strategy & management proposals page 38 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

these elements will be carefully 13. Adjacent development: The Local controlled. Authority will take special care in the control of development near or 7. Signs and signage play a vital role in adjacent to the Conservation Area, and contributing to the character of the development, which may affect the town. Poorly designed signs in setting of a Listed Building. Such inappropriate materials can detract development may not directly impinge from the character of the area. Hand on the area of building, but may painted signs on timber remains one of indirectly affect them (for example, by the most adaptable and effective forms spoiling views or generating through of advertising and this will be traffic). encouraged. The introduction of plastic signs is normally considered to be 14. Vacant premises over shops: The Local inappropriate. Authority will support bringing vacant upper floors back into use wherever 8. Lighting units for advertising need to possible. Residential conversion would be designed to ensure that they are not help to meet a widespread need for obtrusive and respect the building in small housing units. There will be a terms of both setting and colour. presumption against granting Internally illuminated signs will rarely permission for applications for shop be acceptable. conversions, which would eliminate separate accesses to upper floors. 9. Traditional hanging signs make an important visual contribution to the character of the area, but these also need to be carefully designed and sensitively located on the building.

10. Where improvements or enhancement schemes are proposed for ground surfaces and hard landscaping, it should be remembered that the need for roadworks and the installation of services is inevitable and ongoing; hence the area requires simple approaches to surfacing, which may be easily patched. High quality materials, This shop in Kendrick Street has benefited from the Heritage Economic Regeneration Scheme, which has which accord with those traditionally helped to fund a number of shop front improvements found in the area should be used for within Stroud’s town centre Conservation Area. both hard landscaping schemes and ground surfacing.

11. Parking and traffic. Any opportunity will be taken through the Planning Development Control process to improve existing parking and servicing arrangements. Due regard will be had to any proposals that may affect the

character of the Conservation Area

through increased traffic generation.

12. Development, which detracts from or

obstructs an important view through,

out of or into a Conservation Area will

not normally be permitted.

Strategy & management proposals page 39 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

PROPOSALS AFFECTING NEUTRAL ZONES these are neither green spaces nor formal open spaces. A neutral zone is an individual site, or group of sites, which do not entirely conform to the ♦ 4a High Street (Clarks). Although narrow identifiable character or appearance of the and generally in scale with its neighbours, Area, but where there might be some potential this modern building is completely for enhancement. Wherever possible, the featureless and, crucially lacks any upper Local Planning Authority will encourage the storey distinction. replacement or improvement of buildings in these areas, if and when sites become ♦ Pine shop on King Street. This building has available or applications are made for lost all of its original architectural detailing development. and character. It is a stark contrast to the often highly detailed and decorative There are eight sites in the Conservation Area, character of many of the neighbouring which are regarded as neutral zones. These buildings on King Street. This is a prime sites are identified on Map 9. candidate for enhancement.

♦ Connexions building, 45 High Street. This site, complete with an extensive car parking area, was created following the demolition of two substantial 18th century buildings at numbers 42 and 45. The boxy, long, low design and the lack of locally distinctive materials or details fail to conform to or complement the defined character of the Conservation Area.

♦ Church Street Car Park and the upper stretch of Church Street break with the historically dense character of the older parts of the town. Although strategically sited and well used, the car park has little aesthetic merit or positive character.

♦ Clarendon Court is an obtrusive building, which features in several key vistas. Its materials, scale and massing (including a protruding upper section which is askew to the street and the ground floor) is out of character with adjacent buildings, which consist predominantly of terraces of narrow buildings at this point on London Road. Poor quality modern shop fronts aggravate the horizontal emphasis of the building

♦ 1 London Road. The modern retail and office buildings on the north side of London Road by John Street have a similarly unsympathetic horizontal emphasis and appear squat and featureless.

♦ Car parking areas on the east side of Cornhill. The openness of these areas does not conform to the predominant densely built character of the rest of the conservation area. Like Church Street,

Strategy & management proposals page 40 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

LISTED BUILDINGS TREES

At present, there are 62 buildings (not Trees contribute significantly to the character including monuments) within the Stroud Town and quality of the townscape, most notably Centre Conservation Area, which have been those around the church and Bank Gardens, listed by the Secretary of State for Culture, but also the few isolated trees elsewhere. Media and Sport as being buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest [see map 8]. Prior to carrying out any works to a tree, which Some list entries cover a number of buildings grows in a Conservation Area, except in within a single entry (for example in the case certain circumstances, 6 weeks written notice of terraces), so the number of distinct units or of the proposed works must be given to the properties actually covered by listing is Local Planning Authority. This is to enable the certainly significantly more than the number Local Planning Authority to protect the tree cited here. with a Tree Preservation Order if appropriate in the circumstances. This restriction does not Once a building has been listed, consent from apply to trees, which have a trunk diameter of the Local Planning Authority is required for less than 7.5cms measured at 1.3m above any works of demolition, alteration or ground level. extension, which would affect its character. Any changes to these buildings should also be considered in relation to the effect they would THE PROTECTION OF UNLISTED have on the character and appearance of the BUILDINGS Conservation Area. There are a number of unlisted buildings and The entire building is listed and controls apply structures in the Conservation Area, which are to all works, both internal and external and important contributors to its character and whether or not a particular feature is appearance. specifically mentioned in the list description. Consent is also required where routine repairs Conservation area controls: would involve alterations and consent may be Demolitions required for the painting or repainting of the exterior or interior of a listed building. Works for the demolition of an unlisted building that has a volume of over 115 cubic Additionally, the curtilage of a listed building metres needs Conservation Area Consent. is also considered to be part of the listed Demolition is defined as the total or substantial building. ‘Curtilage’ is normally considered to destruction of the building concerned. Many be the land, buildings and structures which go works, which involve the destruction of only with and are subordinate to, the principal part of the building, will not be classed as building and which would normally be demolition and will not require consent. conveyed as a single holding, or which may have an historical association. For example, The total or substantial demolition of any wall the curtilage of a town house would normally or other means of enclosure, which is more include any later workshops or washhouses than one metre high where fronting a highway, and the perimeter wall or fence of the garden. and is more than two metres high in any other Any proposals to alter curtilage features would situation, will require Conservation Area be subject to prior consent from the Local Consent. Planning Authority.

Strategy & management proposals page 41 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

In accordance with Local Plan Policy, Article 4 Directions applications involving the demolition of an unlisted building or structure within the Although the Permitted Development Rights of Conservation Area will only be permitted if houses (and buildings other than shops and either: flats) are restricted within a Conservation Area, as outlined above, the additional controls ♦ The structure to be demolished makes no brought about by designation of the positive contribution to the character or Conservation Area cannot sufficiently prevent appearance of the area; or many changes to these buildings. If unchecked, a successive number of such ♦ The condition of the building or structure changes could damage the character of the is such that the cost of repairing and Conservation Area. maintaining it outweighs its importance and the value derived from its continued For this reason, the Local Authority proposes to use; and establish an Article 4 (2) Direction. Article 4 Directions allow the Local Planning Authority ♦ Detailed proposals have been approved for to apply controls to works of alteration to the re-use of the site, including any dwelling houses, which were previously replacement building or other structure allowed through Permitted Development that retains or makes a greater contribution Rights. As a consequence of an Article 4 to the character or appearance of the area Direction, certain works to certain specified than the building or structure to be properties require an application for Planning demolished. Permission.

Permitted development In the case of an Article 4 (2) direction, the controls only apply in circumstances where the The Town and Country Planning General proposed works are on elevations which front Development Order (GDO 1988) requires a highway or public open space. planning applications for certain types of development in conservation areas which are The buildings detailed below are those to be elsewhere classified as ‘permitted covered by the Direction. These are unlisted development’. “These include various types of buildings, in use as dwelling houses, and as cladding; the insertion of dormer windows into such they currently have greater permitted roof slopes; the erection of satellite dishes on development rights than other buildings in the walls, roofs or chimneys fronting a highway; Conservation Area. and the installation of radio masts, antennae or radio equipment housing with a volume in ♦ London Road: Numbers 8,9,10 & 11. excess of two cubic metres (unless the Camden House development is carried out in an emergency). Lappa Kia The size of the house and industrial extensions that may be carried out without specific planning permission is also more restricted”. The buildings are identified on map 8, ‘Listed [PPG15, 4.21] Buildings and Article 4 Buildings within the Town Centre Conservation Area’. The vast majority of buildings in this Conservation Area consist of shops, many of Works requiring Planning Permission as a which have flats over. For these types of result of the removal of certain Permitted property, there are no ‘Permitted Development Development Rights by the Article 4 Direction Rights’; hence planning permission will be are outlined in the table overleaf. required to carry out even minor alterations and works, including the replacement of windows.

Strategy & management proposals page 42 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Class C The painting of the exterior of any Development within the curtilage building or work of a dwelling house: [The above being development comprised within Part 2, Classes A and C, referred to in Schedule 2 to the said Class A The enlargement, improvement or other Order (1995), and not being alteration of a dwelling house development comprised within any The enlargement of a dwelling house Class B other part] consisting of an addition of alteration to its roof Class C Any other alteration to the roof of a dwelling house Unoccupied buildings Class D The erection or construction of a porch outside any external door of a dwelling If it appears to the Secretary of State that the house preservation of an unoccupied building in a Class H The installation, alteration or Conservation Area is important for maintaining replacement of a satellite antenna on a the character or appearance of that Area, and if dwelling house or within the curtilage its condition is a cause of concern, a Notice of a dwelling house may be served on the owner, to direct that [The above being development urgent works be undertaken to preserve the comprised within Part 1, Classes A, B, C, D and H referred to in Schedule 2 of building. If the owner then fails to comply with the Town and Country Planning the Notice, the District Council can instigate (General Permitted Development) the work itself, the costs of which can be Order 1995, and not being recovered from the owner. development comprised within any other part] Minor Operations:

Class A The erection, construction, maintenance, improvement or alteration of a gate, fence, wall or other means of enclosure

For further information and advice please contact:

The Conservation Team Development Services Stroud District Council Ebley Mill Westward Road, Stroud Gloucestershire GL5 4UB

www.stroud.gov.uk

Planning Enquiries: 01453 754442

Strategy & management proposals page 43 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

MAPS

1. THE STUDY AREA AND EXISTING ♦ This map shows the Town Centre CONSERVATION AREA STUDY AREA, outlined in a solid red BOUNDARIES line.

2. SUB AREAS WITHIN THE STUDY ♦ Map 2 shows all the sub areas within AREA the STUDY AREA, while maps 3-6 show each individual sub area in 3. SUB AREA 1 more detail.

4. SUB AREA 2 (a)

SUB AREA 2 (b)

5. SUB AREA 3

6. SUB AREA 4

7. THE PROPOSED TOWN CENTRE ♦ Map 7 shows the new Town Centre CONSERVATION AREA CONSERVATION AREA outlined in a BOUNDARY solid green line. The map also shows additions, deletions and realignments of existing boundaries

8. LISTED BUILDINGS AND ARTICLE ♦ Map 8 shows the CONSERVATION 4 BUILDINGS WITHIN THE TOWN AREA outlined in a solid green line CENTRE CONSERVATION AREA

9. NEUTRAL ZONES WITHIN THE ♦ Map 9 shows the CONSERVATION TOWN CENTRE CONSERVATION AREA outlined in a solid green line. AREA

Maps page 44 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

Maps page 45 CONSERVATION AREA STATEMENT- CONSERVATION AREA NO.18- STROUD TOWN CENTRE

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boundary v 6 infringes Crown3 Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. sub area vvv Stroud Districtvvv Council. 100019682. 2006 Lappa v 60 Kia v This copy has been produced specifically for Planning and Building Control purposes only. No further copies may be made. 46.0m

26

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Station 57

Map 4a: Sub Area 2 - The New Town Stroud Town Centre SCentretudy Area Crown copyright. All rights reserved. 100019682. 2005 Sub area 2 boundary Trees with impact This Map has been produced for Planning and Building control Hill Paul Caron sParkub area purposes only. No further copies may be made. Stroud District 3 to 40 Council, Ebley Mill, Westward Road, Stroud, GL5 4UB. 1 62 v v v 61 vvvvvv Hall Station vv 60 v v

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v Hotel v vv v Th Castledene am es v a Map 9: Neutral Zones nd v Se (d ve is rn us C e a v d) n al 1 45 High Street ('R Lewis') car parking, Cornhill v 6 v Church Street car park STROUD TOWN CENTRE 2 4a High Street ('Clarks') LO 7 ND O N RO 3 Clarendon Court 8 Pine shop, King Street CONSERVATION AREA AD Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller 4 shops at 1 London Road of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (c)Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction 5 vacant plot, Nelson Street neutral zones infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings.

Stroud District Council. 100019682.DR 2006. NEW TON 'S WAY

This copy has been produced specifically for Planning and Building Control purposes only. No further copies may be made. GLOSSARY

Ashlar Stone Dressed stonework, where blocks are laid in regular courses with carefully squared sides and corners, often with fine joints.

Cornice A projecting moulding at a wallhead, above windows and doors, or as the top horizontal division of the entablature in classical architecture

Curtilage An area of ground ancillary to and belonging to a building. The precise edges defining a building’s curtilage are largely determined by the physical relationship

Diminishing courses Where the size of roofing slates increase as they run away from the ridge.

Dormer windows Windows projecting from the pitch of a roof

Gable The vertical part of an end wall of a building, contained within the roof slope.

Hipped roof Roof with four slopes, the shorter of which are referred to as the hipped ends.

Horns On sash windows, a small extension of the vertical stiles past the meeting rails. These appeared from the mid-19th century, to add stability to windows with fewer, finer glazing bars and larger panes of glass. Not a feature of early sash windows.

Hood-mould (also known as ‘drip mould’) A projecting stone moulding, designed to divert water off the face of a wall, above doors, windows or archways. A typical local vernacular feature commonly combined with stone mullions.

Jetty Projection of an upper storey in a timber framed building.

Mortar fillets Triangular length of mortar at the verges of a roof, between the underside of the slates and the top of the wall.

Mullion window Locally, these are windows with stone surrounds and stone upright ‘posts’ (“mullions”), which divide the glazed lights. Glass was traditionally directly glazed into the stone framework, with one or two opening lights set within iron sub-frames.

‘Polite’ architecture A style of architecture introduced during the 17th century and based upon national and international pattern books. In direct contrast to vernacular styles which are built according to local traditions.

Rubble stone Stone walls, either un-coursed or coursed roughly, with thick joints.

Sash window Window where the opening lights slide up and down in a cased frame (see ‘horns’).

Slates Stone roofing material. Also referred to as stone tiles in the Cotswolds. Traditionally laid in diminishing courses.

Vernacular An architectural style ‘of its place,’ using local materials and local craftsmen, according to local traditions. Usually refers to small houses and cottages of humble origins, but can also extend to large buildings of importance. Often referred to as the opposite of ‘polite’ architecture, which is national or internationally influenced. For further advice and information, please contact:

The Conservation Team, Development Services, Stroud District Council Offices, Ebley Mill, Westward Road,

Stroud, Glos. GL5 4UB

Telephone: 01453 766321 www.stroud.gov.uk

Where can I get more information?

This document provides a summary of what a conservation area involves. It is not a comprehensive statement of the law, the basis of which is found in the 1990 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act.

You can find detailed information on the Government’s policy in relation to the historic environment in its planning policy guidance note, PPG15 (this can be found on the Planning pages of the Government’s website: www.communities. gov.uk). PPG15 forms a framework for planning policy nationwide, within which Stroud District Council’s Local Plan policies are based. The Built Environment chapter of the current version of the District’s Local Plan contains policies on development within or affecting the setting of a conservation area (www.stroud.gov.uk).