Jo Qe Cover 1..2

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Jo Qe Cover 1..2 ISSN 1725-2423 Official Journal C 191 of the European Union Volume 51 English edition Information and Notices 29 July 2008 Notice No Contents Page IV Notices NOTICES FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES European Parliament WRITTEN QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER 2008/C 191/01 List of titles of Written Questions by Members of the European Parliament indicating the number, original language, author, political group, institution addressed, date submitted and subject of the ques- tion .................................................................................................................................... 1 (See notice to readers) EN Price: 34 EUR Note to readers Written questions with answers tabled during the sixth parliamentary term are no longer available in all the official languages; the title only is translated into 22 languages. P and E questions are translated by Parliament into the 11 ‘old' languages and into the author’s language if it is one of the 2004 enlargement languages. As regards answers to questions, the situation is more complicated: — Answers prepared by the Commission are supplied only in the author’s language and in either English or French, as requested; — The Council gives answers only in the 11 ‘old’ Union languages. In the light of this situation, readers seeking details of the substance of questions and answers should go to Parliament’s website (Europarl) and, more specifically, the ‘Parliamentary questions’ heading: http:// www.europarl.europa.eu/QP-WEB. Should the language version the reader is seeking not be available, Europarl will propose an alternative. ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR POLITICAL GROUPS PPE-DE Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats PSE Socialist Group in the European Parliament ALDE Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe UEN Union for Europe of the Nations Group Verts/ALE Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance GUE/NGL Confederal Group of the European United Left – Nordic Green Left IND/DEM Independence and Democracy Group ITS Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty Group NI Non-attached Members EN 29.7.2008 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 191 /1 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/QP-WEB IV (Notices) NOTICES FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT WRITTEN QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER List of titles of Written Questions by Members of the European Parliament indicating the number, original language, author, political group, institution addressed, date submitted and subject of the question (2008/C191/01) E-5086/06 (EL) by Georgios Karatzaferis (IND/DEM) to the Commission (24 November 2006) Subject: Return to its rightful owners of the Greek Orthodox Church of the Assumption in Budapest Answer from the Commission (17 January 2007) E-0770/07 (EN) by Valdis Dombrovskis (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (19 February 2007) Subject: Distribution of emissions caps among Member States Answer from the Commission (29 May 2007) E-1324/07 (EL) by Kyriacos Triantaphyllides (GUE/NGL) to the Commission (14 March 2007) Subject: Layoffs at the Delphi factory in Spain Answer from the Commission (29 May 2007) E-2269/07 (DE) by Hiltrud Breyer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission (27 April 2007) Subject: Amount of EU subsidies granted to the Trier region between 2001 and 2006 Answer from the Commission (3 July 2007) P-2501/07 (FR) by Raymond Langendries (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (8 May 2007) Subject: VAT — Article 27 of Directive 2006/112/EC Preliminary answer from the Commission (15 June 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (4 December 2007) P-2544/07 (DE) by Thomas Ulmer (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (9 May 2007) Subject: Pharmaceutical residues in water Answer from the Commission (22 June 2007) C 191 /2 Official Journal of the European Union EN 29.7.2008 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/QP-WEB E-2638/07 (DE) by Hiltrud Breyer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission (23 May 2007) Subject: European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nanotechnology activities Preliminary answer from the Commission (20 June 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (8 February 2008) E-2643/07 (DE) by Hiltrud Breyer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission (23 May 2007) Subject: Fertility disorders caused by genetically modified organisms (GMO) Preliminary answer from the Commission (16 July 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (14 February 2008) E-2652/07 (NL) by Frank Vanhecke (ITS) to the Commission (23 May 2007) Subject: Number of prison inmates in EU Member States Answer from the Commission (3 July 2007) E-2757/07 (DE) by Hiltrud Breyer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission (31 May 2007) Subject: Toxin content of MON810 Preliminary answer from the Commission (19 July 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (25 February 2008) E-2835/07 (ES) by Willy Meyer Pleite (GUE/NGL) to the Commission (5 June 2007) Subject: Information on the the Endesa company's new Cristóbal Colón combined-cycle power station at Huelva (Spain) Preliminary answer from the Commission (16 July 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (30 January 2008) E-2866/07 (DE) by Elisabeth Schroedter (Verts/ALE) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit (Verts/ALE) to the Commis- sion (5 June 2007) Subject: Infringement, in Frankfurt/Main-Höchst, of the obligation to reduce NO2 limit values in accor- dance with Directive 1999/30/EC and plans to create additional emissions Answer from the Commission (3 August 2007) E-3264/07 (IT) by Roberta Angelilli (UEN) to the Commission (28 June 2007) Subject: Information about the unlawful use of Community funding by the province of Livorno Preliminary answer from the Commission (10 July 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (19 October 2007) E-3384/07 (FR) by Anna Záborská (PPE‑DE), Bogusław Sonik (PPE‑DE) and Roberta Angelilli (UEN) to the Commission (2 July 2007) Subject: Dutch paedophile party, Charter of Fundamental Rights and conflict of standards Answer from the Commission (5 September 2007) E-3398/07 (EL) by Maria Matsouka (PSE) to the Commission (2 July 2007) Subject: Future of the ‘Help at Home’ social programmes Answer from the Commission (8 August 2007) P-3423/07 (SL) by Ljudmila Novak (PPE-DE) to the Commission (27 June 2007) Subject: The rights of forest owners Answer from the Commission (31 July 2007) E-3489/07 (EN) by Alyn Smith (Verts/ALE) to the Commission (10 July 2007) Subject: The use of renewable hydrogen production methods Answer from the Commission (8 October 2007) 29.7.2008 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 191 /3 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/QP-WEB E-3600/07 (FR) by Pierre Jonckheer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission (16 July 2007) Subject: The Cerexhe-Heuseux/ Beaufays (A605) road-link to the east of Liège Preliminary answer from the Commission (8 August 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (20 February 2008) E-3711/07 (EL) by Stavros Arnaoutakis (PSE) to the Commission (20 July 2007) Subject: Seagrass beds of Posidonia Oceanica Answer from the Commission (21 September 2007) P-3716/07 (PT) by Duarte Freitas (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (16 July 2007) Subject: Council Regulation (EC) 1290/2005 and Commission Regulation (EC) 885/2006 — payment bodies in Portugal Answer from the Commission (22 August 2007) P-3717/07 (RO) by Monica Maria Iacob-Ridzi (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (16 July 2007) Subject: Urgent need to adopt the strategic operational programmes for the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund Answer from the Commission (17 August 2007) E-3757/07 (SL) by Romana Jordan Cizelj (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (20 July 2007) Subject: Implementation of the Energy Community Treaty Answer from the Commission (25 September 2007) P-3809/07 (NL) by Frank Vanhecke (ITS) to the Commission (20 July 2007) Subject: European political parties and foundations Answer from the Commission (10 August 2007) E-3837/07 (DE) by Ingeborg Gräßle (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (25 July 2007) Subject: Commission departments Preliminary answer from the Commission (6 September 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (10 January 2008) E-3839/07 (PT) by Carlos Coelho (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (25 July 2007) Subject: Independence of the judiciary Answer from the Commission (28 January 2008) E-3908/07 (DE) by Ingeborg Gräßle (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (1 August 2007) Subject: Losses to the Community budget as a result of the inability to recover payments following insolvency, liquidation and bankruptcy Preliminary answer from the Commission (10 October 2007) Supplementary answer from the Commission (19 May 2008) E-3923/07 (FR) by Anna Záborská (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (1 August 2007) Subject: Internal working procedures in the European Commission — Writing of Commission commu- nications by special interest groups Answer from the Commission (21 December 2007) E-3986/07 (EL) by Maria Matsouka (PSE) to the Commission (2 August 2007) Subject: New law closing local TV and radio stations in Greece Answer from the Commission (11 October 2007) E-4000/07 (EL) by Manolis Mavrommatis (PPE‑DE) to the Commission (2 August 2007) Subject: Airport safety Answer from the Commission (28 September 2007) C 191 /4 Official Journal of the European Union EN 29.7.2008 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/QP-WEB E-4001/07 (EN) by Arūnas Degutis (ALDE) to the Commission (2 August 2007) Subject: Schengen Answer from the Commission (14 August 2007) E-4002/07 (EN) by Arūnas Degutis (ALDE) to the Commission (2 August 2007) Subject: TEN-T Via Baltica Answer from the Commission (13 September 2007) E-4003/07 (NL) by Frank Vanhecke (ITS) to the Council (2 August 2007) Subject: Development
Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Abstracts
    Works in Progress Group in Modern Jewish Studies Session Many of us in the field of modern Jewish studies have felt the need for an active working group interested in discussing our various projects, papers, and books, particularly as we develop into more mature scholars. Even more, we want to engage other committed scholars and respond to their new projects, concerns, and methodological approaches to the study of modern Jews and Judaism, broadly construed in terms of period and place. To this end, since 2001, we have convened a “Works in Progress Group in Modern Jewish Studies” that meets yearly in connection with the Association for Jewish Studies Annual Conference on the Saturday night preceding the conference. The purpose of this group is to gather interested scholars together and review works in progress authored by members of the group and distributed and read prior to the AJS meeting. 2006 will be the sixth year of a formal meeting within which we have exchanged ideas and shared our work with peers in a casual, constructive environment. This Works in Progress Group is open to all scholars working in any discipline within the field of modern Jewish studies. We are a diverse group of scholars committed to engaging others and their works in order to further our own projects, those of our colleagues, and the critical growth of modern Jewish studies. Papers will be distributed in November. To participate in the Works in Progress Group, please contact: Todd Hasak-Lowy, email: [email protected] or Adam Shear, email: [email protected] Co-Chairs: Todd S.
    [Show full text]
  • The World's Modern Autonomy Systems
    2 The concepT of poliTical auTonomy Thomas Benedikter The World‘s Modern Autonomy Systems Concepts and Experiences of Regional Territorial Autonomy 1 The World’s Modern Autonomy Systems Institute of Minority Rights Concepts and Experiences of Regional Territorial EURAC Research Autonomy Viale Druso/Drususallee 1 I – 39100 Bolzano/Bozen Bozen/Bolzano, 2009 Email: [email protected] This study was written for the European Academy of A second version of this work is available in German Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC; www.eurac.edu), Institute for language: Minority Rights, in the frame of the project Europe- Thomas Benedikter South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Autonomien der Welt – Eine Einführung in die Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Regionalautonomien der Welt mit vergleichender Rights and the Management of Minority Issues Analyse, ATHESIA, Bozen 2007 (EURASIA-Net) (FP7). ISBN 978-88-8266-479-4 www.athesiabuch.it The first edition of this publication has been released [email protected] in India in 2007 under the title „The World‘s Working Regional Autonomies“ by ANTHEM PRESS, www. This work is dedicated to my father, Alfons Benedikter anthempress.com (born in 1918), who for most of his life gave his all for C-49 Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India autonomy and self-determination in South Tyrol. 75-76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK 244 Madison Ave. #116, New York, NY 10016, USA Edited by Copyright © EURAC 2009 This edition is published in collaboration with the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group GC 45, Sector 3, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700106, India.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Text In
    The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences EpSBS Future Academy ISSN: 2357-1330 http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.07.03.57 MEPDEV 2nd: 2016 Central & Eastern European LUMEN International Conference - Multidimensional Education & Professional Development. Ethical Values IDENTITY CRISIS: MOLDOVAN IDENTITY AND MACEDONIAN IDENTITY Ancuța Negrea (a)* *Corresponding author (a) Valahia” University, Târgovişte, Romania, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Claiming a language means reclaiming its identity roots: it is hard to identify in a culture in which one does not possess the language in which it is expressed. That is why, this article concentrates on the cultural and linguistic security of a certain community that may be compromised due to competition with another language, in which case the will to protect the language and culture takes root in the public consciousness (it is the case of the competition between Romanian and Russian on the Moldovan territory). Having to resort to alternating the linguistic codes, Romanians over the Prut, as those in the south of the Danube (Macedonians) have kept generation after generation, their "home" identity consciousness. In the traditional society the identity of a person is predestined and is based on some criteria: place of birth, family, social class, religion, etc. and usually remains unchanged throughout life. The concept of identity and belonging in the globalization era was enriched by new meanings. Social mobility leads to the dissolution of the traditional model based on the hereditary principle. The search for identity is a recent phenomenon. Today, cultural identity cannot be conceived as being inherited from the family but acquired since the early years, in the process of socialization and literacy.
    [Show full text]
  • MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Angela Ștefan Trubceac Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ Kate Rousmaniere, Director ______________________________________ Brittany Aronson, Reader ______________________________________ Thomas Poetter, Reader ______________________________________ Thomas Misco, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT MOLDOVAN SECONDARY EDUCATION SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS’ CONCEPTUALIZATION OF MULTICULTURAL APPROACHES TO PEACE EDUCATION (MAPE) by Angela Șt. Trubceac A key social driver in The Republic of Moldova, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, has been the establishment of a state education system that emphasizes cultural pluralism and interculturalism. Educational research about the Republic of Moldova shows an increased motivation among contemporary secondary education social studies teachers to incorporate multicultural education and to enhance their professional skills in helping students to deal with violence, conflicts, and interethnic, linguistic, and cultural tensions. In the Republic of Moldova, secondary education social studies are required by the state education system to teach civic and citizenship education for the purpose of developing a harmonious society. However, there are no formal or required multicultural and peace education dimensions in Moldova’s system of education. In order for Moldovan youth to successfully understand the historic and contemporary ethnic
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Print Page Close Window
    World Directory of Minorities Europe MRG Directory –> Moldova –> Moldova Overview Print Page Close Window Moldova Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment The Republic of Moldova, formerly the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, is situated between Ukraine to the north, east and south, and Romania to the west. Since independence in 1991 the country has faced a secessionist challenge in its eastern region, Transnistria (also known as Transdniestria or the ‘Predniestrovian Moldovan Republic'), lying on the eastern side of the Dniester river. Peoples Main languages: Moldovan/Romanian, Russian. Main religions: Eastern Orthodox Christianity. According to the 2004 census, main minority groups include Ukrainians (8.4%), Russians (5.9%), Gagauz (4.4%), Romanians (2.2%) and Bulgarians (1.9%). History At the heart of contemporary minority problems are the different relationships that developed between Moldova's ethnic groups under the various empires that have controlled the region - the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The legacy of external control for Moldova is a society arranged around a complex series of loosely interconnected socioeconomic, political and ethno- territorial subsystems often organized on the basis of divergent sets of interests. Of central importance is the different imperial history experienced by the peoples living in the Moldovan territories east of the Dniester river and those to the west. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the left bank of the Dniester river had enjoyed almost uninterrupted links to Moscow for nearly 200 years and the region had only intermittently experienced Romanian rule. In 1791 (Treaty of Jassy), the eastern lands were absorbed into the Russian Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Policy Dimensions for Social Cohesion in Moldova: the Case of Gagauz Autonomy
    ISSN 2335-2019 (Print), ISSN 2335-2027 (Online) Darnioji daugiakalbystė | Sustainable multilingualism | 4/2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-2027.4.2 Olesea Bodean-Vozian moldova State University, moldova Angela Soltan moldova State University, moldova Language POLICY DIMENSIONS FOR SoCIAL CoHeSIon In moLDova: THe case OF Gagauz Autonomy Summary. The purpose of our research was to study the new pattern of minority- majority relationship in the post-Soviet political and social configuration from the perspective of the language policy implementation and its implications for the social cohesion, particularly focusing on the Gagauz minority. The study introduces the results of a wider research covering the use of languages in the republic of moldova and the effectiveness of the language education, focusing on the Gagauz minority. The authors made an effort to reach a better understanding of language use and language education in the Gagauz Autonomy as well as of the linguistic choices the speakers make and their perception of the interaction with the moldovan majority. The major questions that the authors aim to analyse are as follows: has the language policy reinforced the ties between the ethnic majority and the Gagauz minority; has it contributed to social cohesion and the principle of unity through diversity? Through the research the authors attempted to answer these questions, examining the effectiveness of language policy application in line with the established objectives. The study has revealed the complexity of moldovan sociolinguistic landscape where functional distributions and choices among Gagauzi, russian and moldovan/romanian languages in Gagauz Autonomy still remain problematic. Keywords: Gagauz Autonomy, language policy, linguistic conflict, social cohesion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Language in Moldova
    The Politics of Language in Moldova * JEFFREY CHINN Five years after the passage of legislation making Romanian the state language of Moldova, language remains the most difficult issue between Russians and Romanians on Moldova's Right Bank.1 Some Russians are learning Romanian, but most have made little effort to acquire even a rudimentary knowledge of the official language. This situation continues to frustrate the majority Romanians, especially those Moldovan political leaders who from the early days of the independence movement advocated the inclusion of the Russians and other minorities in the political, social and economic fabric of the new state. Moldova was the first of the former Soviet republics to pass a law making the language of the indigenous population the state language. This law, approved in August 1989, required those working in public services and enterprises to gain facility in both Russian and Romanian by 1994. Russians and Romanians agree that few initially took the law very seriously—1994 was perceived to be far off. Now that the deadline has arrived, many Russians continue to make excuses (inadequate books, teachers, not enough time), while the Romanian population, itself almost entirely bilingual, is becoming increasingly frustrated with its inability to use its own language for everyday activities such as calling a taxi or making a purchase in a store. Russian school-age children are making the shift, thereby providing optimism for the future, but many of their parents are resisting any accommodation to the new situation. Among Moldova's adult Russian population, language acquisition is unlikely to occur without a conscious effort to study and use Romanian.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the Web
    Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 44 (2012) 179-222 Submitted 10/10; published 05/12 Improving Statistical Machine Translation for a Resource-Poor Language Using Related Resource-Rich Languages Preslav Nakov [email protected] Qatar Computing Research Institute Qatar Foundation Tornado Tower, Floor 10, P.O. Box 5825 Doha, Qatar Hwee Tou Ng [email protected] Department of Computer Science National University of Singapore 13 Computing Drive Singapore 117417 Abstract We propose a novel language-independent approach for improving machine translation for resource-poor languages by exploiting their similarity to resource-rich ones. More pre- cisely, we improve the translation from a resource-poor source language X1 into a resource- rich language Y given a bi-text containing a limited number of parallel sentences for X1-Y and a larger bi-text for X2-Y for some resource-rich language X2 that is closely related to X1. This is achieved by taking advantage of the opportunities that vocabulary overlap and similarities between the languages X1 and X2 in spelling, word order, and syntax offer: (1) we improve the word alignments for the resource-poor language, (2) we further augment it with additional translation options, and (3) we take care of potential spelling differences through appropriate transliteration. The evaluation for Indonesian→English using Malay and for Spanish→English using Portuguese and pretending Spanish is resource-poor shows an absolute gain of up to 1.35 and 3.37 BLEU points, respectively, which is an improve- ment over the best rivaling approaches, while using much less additional data. Overall, our method cuts the amount of necessary “real” training data by a factor of 2–5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arabic Language: a Latin of Modernity? Tomasz Kamusella University of St Andrews
    Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics Volume 11 Issue 2 DOI 10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006 The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity? Tomasz Kamusella University of St Andrews Abstract Standard Arabic is directly derived from the language of the Quran. The Ara- bic language of the holy book of Islam is seen as the prescriptive benchmark of correctness for the use and standardization of Arabic. As such, this standard language is removed from the vernaculars over a millennium years, which Arabic-speakers employ nowadays in everyday life. Furthermore, standard Arabic is used for written purposes but very rarely spoken, which implies that there are no native speakers of this language. As a result, no speech com- munity of standard Arabic exists. Depending on the region or state, Arabs (understood here as Arabic speakers) belong to over 20 different vernacular speech communities centered around Arabic dialects. This feature is unique among the so-called “large languages” of the modern world. However, from a historical perspective, it can be likened to the functioning of Latin as the sole (written) language in Western Europe until the Reformation and in Central Europe until the mid-19th century. After the seventh to ninth century, there was no Latin-speaking community, while in day-to-day life, people who em- ployed Latin for written use spoke vernaculars. Afterward these vernaculars replaced Latin in written use also, so that now each recognized European lan- guage corresponds to a speech community. In future, faced with the demands of globalization, the diglossic nature of Arabic may yet yield a ternary poly- glossia (triglossia): with the vernacular for everyday life; standard Arabic for formal texts, politics, and religion; and a western language (English, French, or Spanish) for science, business technology, and the perusal of belles-lettres.
    [Show full text]
  • Terry Wade Memorial Lecture
    How many Slavonic languages are there? This is a revised and adapted version of the inaugural Terry Wade Memorial Lecture, delivered in Glasgow University on 7 October 2009. The aim of this paper is not so much to come up with a definitive answer to the question posed in the title, as to demonstrate the impossibility of so doing, while at the same time examining some of the issues relating to language identity, language status and language content that affect the Slavonic languages at the present time. As a starting point it is useful to compare the contents of two (fairly) recent works of reference. The survey volume edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett and called simply The Slavonic Languages (Routledge, London & New York 1993 describes the following languages: 1 Old Church Slavonic Sorbian Bulgarian Polish Macedonian Cassubian [Kashubian] Serbo-Croat Polabian Slovene Russian Czech Belorussian [Belorusian] Slovak Ukrainian If Old Church Slavonic and Polabian are excluded for present purposes on the grounds that they are dead languages, that gives a modest total of twelve. On the other hand, a volume edited by M. Okuka and G. Krenn, Lexicon der Sprachen des Europäischen Ostens (Wieser Encyklopädie des Europäischen Ostens, Vol. 10, Klagenfurt, 2002) presents a very different list of languages: 2 Aegean Macedonian East Slovak Old Church Slavonic Podhalian Banat Bulgarian Polabian Belarusian Polish Bosnian Pomak Bulgarian Proto-Slavonic Burgenland Croatian Resian Čakavian Russian Czech Rusyn Halšanski Serbian Kajkavian Serbo-Croat Kashubian Slavjanoserbski Croatian Silesian Lachian Slovak Lower Sorbian Slovene Macedonian Slovinzian Moravian Ukrainian Mazurian Upper Sorbian Molise Slavonic Vičski Montenegrin West Polessian 3 This gives a list of forty languages, but of these four refer to languages that are no longer used (Old Church Slavonic, Polabian, Proto-Slavonic and Slavjanoserbski).
    [Show full text]
  • Bajar El Documento En
    Panel 1: Narratives in National Identity Raúl Moreno Almendral: “Self-narratives, Experience and Memory in Nation- building: a Research Framework Proposal for National Identities” This paper outlines some of the theoretical and methodological problems I am dealing with while conducting my PhD research about national identities from an individual perspective. My main concern is how individuals craft their national identities and how the experience they have during their lives, in many cases traumatic, affect this identity building. As “imagined communities” nations are the outcome of complex social processes full of contentious matters that have influence but at the same time get influence from nation building. Group, time and space are the three basic pillars on which nations are imagined. The problem is that the traditional social science problem of inducing social structural conclusions from aggregations of particular and fragmented data leads to biases and misleading conclusions in how groupality, time and space perceptions work for creating identity and otherness. My goal is using self-narratives as historical sources for an individual agency-based approach to nation-building, in order to make a reassessment of social and personal factors with a nation-from-below methodology, as well as to see how apparently non-national conflicts canalize individuals’ perceptions of nation and condition what role the nation has in their lives. In the first part of my paper I would resume criticism on traditional approaches, which treat nations as historical actors and legitimate objects of historical research. In the second part, I would bring out some ideas about how we can go beyond the current stalemate in top-bottom frameworks, and how we can deal with the specific problems of self-narratives as sources, such as personal interest, memory issues and cognitive bias.
    [Show full text]