FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION INCREASE IN CASE STUDY OF , DIVISION.

BY

NSAMBU GODFREY }JAE/ 12467/ 61/ DU

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

NOVEMBER 2009 DECLARATION

I Nsambu Godfrey, do hereby declare to the beat of my knowledge that this research report is my original work and it has never been submitted to any University or any other Institution of higher learning for an award.

,;).JI.. 0 1 ~ 9 Signature .. 4 ...... Date ...... ~, ' . NSAMBU GODFREY APPROVAL

I here by certify that this work has been done under my supervision and I have approved it for submission to the University.

Signature ____~------··-·-·-

Date_ .. -~.{ _Q_ 1 /.f!_j_ ...... _.... _......

Supervisor

I

t

I I 11 I I f I l ! I i DEDICATION

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my parents Mr. Musoke Simon and Mrs. Musoke Joyce who have supported me to persue a Bachelor of Arts with Education as my future is now seen. And they have been able to stand on my side despite challenges faced.

I am also indebted to my supervisor Madam Taligola Debora who has given me support and guidelines in writing this work. May the almighty God bless her?

I would also like to express my gratitude to my Sister, Nakawunde Sylivia, Nankya Lilian and My Wife Nagawa Florence, my Beloved children Sandra and Eric. Last but not least Mr. W akiku Fred a course mate who has rendered support to me throughout the course. May this work be rewarded?

111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, my entire gratitude goes to the faculty of Education of Kampala International University. Through my ability, I will be able to realize that my dreams come true because of the support that facilitation I have received from the faculty of Education.

Secondly, I would like to thank the entire community of Kampala International University particularly those who have contributed to my success in one way or another.

lV TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii DEDICATION ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v LIST OF TABLES ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii

CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 1.0 Background of the study ...... 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ...... 3 1.2 Purpose of the study ...... 4 1.3 Objectives of the study ...... 4 1.4 Research questions ...... 4 1.5 Significance of the study ...... 4 1. 6 Scope of the study ...... 5 1. 7 Definition of terms ...... 5

CHAPTER TWO ...... 7 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7 2.0 Introduction ...... 7 2.1 Over view of population in ...... 7 2.2 Theoretical framework of population growth ...... 8 2.3 Factors influencing population ...... 10 2.4 Effects of population growth...... 11 2.5 Significancy/ value of high population growth ...... 14

CHAPTER THREE ...... 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 16 3. 0 Introduction ...... 16 3. 1 Research design ...... 16 3 .2 Area and population of the study ...... 16 3.3 Sample size and selection techniques ...... 16 3.4 Data collection instruments ...... 16 3. 5 Types of data gathered...... 17 3 .6 Procedure of data collection ...... 17 3. 7 Data analysis ...... 17 3. 8 Limitations ...... 18

CHAPTERFOUR ...... 19 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION ...... 19 4. 0 Introduction ...... 19 4 .1 Background characteristic of respondent which have a bearing on population increase and effects ...... 19

V 4.2 Local population views on the factors which have led to population increase in Kabalagala town ...... 26 4 .3. 1 An observation on the effects of population increase in Kabalagala town ...... 29 4..,,.., Effiects o f popu1 at1on . mcrease. .m an o b servat10n...... ,,..,? - 4.3.1 Respondents views on the effect ...... 32

CHAPTER FIVE ...... 33 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 33 5. 0 Introduction ...... 3 3 5. 1 Summary of findings ...... 3 3 5 .2 Conclusion ...... 34 5.3 Recommendations ...... 35

REFERENCES ...... 37

APPENDICES ...... 38 APPENDIX A ...... 38 Questionnaire for men ...... 3 8 Questionnaire for women ...... 40 Questionnaire for students ...... 43 A MAP SHOWING MAKINDYE "A" DIVISION, KAMP ALA DISTRICT ...... 45 A MAP OF UGANDA SHOWING DISTRICTS ...... 46

Vl LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: 4.1.1 Gender of respondents ...... 19 Table 2: 4 .1. 3 Age of respondents ...... 21 Table 3: 4.1.5 Marital status of respondents ...... 22 Table 4: 4.1. 7 Educational levels of the respondents ...... 23 Tab le 5: 4. 1. 9 Occupational status of the respondents ...... 24 Table 6: 4.1. iO Response on whether the government has accelerated population growth in Kabalagala ...... 25 Table 7: 4.2.1 factors for increased population ...... 26

Vll LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: 1.1 showing population growth over time ...... 2 Figure 2: Age and sex pyramid for Kabalagala and its surroundings ...... 20 Figure 3. Average age respondents ...... 21 Figure 4: Graph showing marital status of respondents ...... 22 Figure 5: Graphical representation of the educational level of respondents ...... 23

Vlll CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Background of the study.

Uganda population has been growing steadily at an increasing rate since independence. This is because when independence came raised aspirations and hopes for the removal of poverty and for raising the standard of living of people and thus ensuring for them a better quality of life. Thus, a new era of planning for development dawned in Uganda and terms like "economic planning, planning for development" emerged.

The increasing population world over has been as a result of a fall in death rates arising out of the implementation if public health programme and successful campaigns against communicable diseases have also been responsible for accelerating the rate of population growth since birth rates have continued to be to remain an affected.

It's also worth noting that while the average death rate in developing countries like Uganda of the rate of 0.8% during the period 1900-1950, it rose by 0.2 percent during the period 1950-1970.

Also worth noting is that the average death rate in developing countries was 32 per thousands population per year during 1900, 50, it was 17 for the period 1960-1970.

Therefore the rate of population growth in Uganda during independence was expectations.

To day Uganda is believed to be the most populated of the three East African countries

Uganda has an average population density of 52 person per sq.km. However, the population density of Uganda is ill-balanced in terms of distribution through out the country, with some regions appearing too densely populated, while others are sparsely populated (Byamugisha I C. Bweebare 2000) I I ,'f

Ii I ~- f In Uganda dense population distribution are found:­ Around lake shores of Victoria (Buganda and Busoga) In Kigezi highlands Around Rwenzori mountain Around Mt. Elgon slopes

The moderately populated areas include:- The south Western Uganda highlands (Bushenyi-Mbarara) West Nile region Some parts of Buganda and Busoga

The sparsely populated area of Uganda include:- Areas around lakes George and Edward in S.W.Uganda Areas N .E of L.Albert Ankole Masaka dry corridor and N.E Uganda (Karamojo) areas. See map on page 53 In the parts of the world for instance lake the rate of population growth durig 1931-41 was 14.22 per cent where as it was 21.64 duringl961-71. Figure 1.1 showing population growth over time

8000 ,....,~--~------,~ 7000 --+-r~------6000 5000 4000 / Iii! Series 1 I 3000 2000 - ·- 1000 0 d <(

Source: http:www.global change.umich.edulgobal change/current/ lecturers/ human polff human pof. html.

2 Therefore these facts out figures clearly explain why it not surprising that attention has been drawn to the rapidly increasing population growth and by the size and structure of the population are recognized as important factors in development planning. It has also been recognized that the rapidly growing population adversely affects economic and social progress as well as efforts at improving the levels of living.

Its upon these facts that alternative plans for cubing the rate of population growth have been adopted for example specific population and policies and family planning programmes.

1.1 Statement of the problem

As already seen in the background, the population of Uganda has been growing steadily especially in the urban center mostly Kampala. Therefore this become of this that the population of Kabalagala and its surrounding areas has been increasing of an increasing population growth rate.

This has been attributed to a number of factors which include among others, The location of the University (Kampala International University)

Improved health facilities leading to decreased mortality rates over birth rate, Lack of family planning implementation, unemployment, early marriages and so forth.

However, increased population growth in an area leads to problem of over population where by there emerges an imbalance between population and available resources among others in spite of the fact that increased population growth leads to a high market, expansion of the labors force. Therefore, it becomes of this that the researcher chooses to investigate deeper into the causes and repercussions of increased population growth rate in Kabalagala, and its surrounding areas ofKibuli, , parts ofMuyenga and .

3 1.2 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors causing an increase in the population of Kabalagala town.

1.3 Objectives of the study The objectives of this research study were as follows;

• To find out if the establishment of the University has influenced population growth • To find out the factors causing increased population growth in Kabalagala town. • To find out whether the available facilities have led to increased population growth • To establish the effects of increased population growth • To establish the demographic factors or characteristics ofKabalagala town

1.4 Research questions The study was guided by the following questions • Which factors have led to increased population growth in your area? • How has the increasing population growth rates affected your area? • Do you think the government has also accelerated the growth of population in your area? • Which measures have been adopted to control the increasing population growth rates in your area?

1.5 Significance of the study

This research study was carried out significantly to benefit the following groups of people.

To the central government and local government of Uganda. This is because the study describes the describes the demographic characteristics of the area investigated. This characteristic can be based on to plan for the population in the area.

To the Ministry of labor and statistics. The research was aimed to help the Ministry of labour and statistics to plan for the jobs needed by an increasing population.

4 Lastly, the research was carried out to benefit both in secondary schools, colleges, tertiary institutions such as universities.

1.6 Scope of the study The research was carried out in Kabalagala town, of Kampala district to investigate factors causing population increase in Kampala. The research was carried out between February and June 2009

1. 7 Definition of terms Demography; demography is the study of human population.

Population; in sociology population is the collection of people living or of particular species living in a given geographic area or space.

Population growth; population growth is change in population over time. it can also be quantified as the individuals in a population per unit time.

Over population; this is a situation when the number of people exceeds the carrymg capacity of its ecological niche. In common parlance, the term usually refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment.

Fertility; the rate at which women give birth.

Mortality; this refers to the total number of death per a thousand of the population.

Population pyramid; this shows a total picture of a population by age, distribution, sex among others

5 Population structure; population structure implies the age and sex structure of the population and population characteristics include such characteristics or marital status, literary and educational levels e.t.c.

Migration; this refers to the mobility of people from one place to another with an intention of improving their spheres of lives

Per capita income; annual income per head of house holds.

6 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction This chapter contains reviewed or related literature of population growth in Uganda.

2.1 Over view of population in Uganda According to Byamigisha C. Bweebare (2000), Uganda is believed to be the most densely populated of the three East Africa countries. Uganda has an average population density of 52 persons per sq km. however this population is not evenly distributed.

Literature reviewed indicated that one important area of study covers the component of population change or the factors responsible for change in the size of population. It most be understood that the population of any place at a specific time is a function of three types of events, births, deaths and migration.

The population of Uganda in 2003 was estimated by the United Nations at 25,827,000 which placed it as a number 40 population among the 193 nations of the world. In that year approximately 2% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 51 % of the population under 15 years of age. There ere 99 males for every 100 females in the country in 2003. According to the UN, the annual population growth from 2000-2005 is 3.4%, with the projected population for the year 20015 at 39,335,000. The population densely in 2002 averaged 102 per sq km (265 sq me). However density varied from 260 per sq km (673 per sq mi) in Kabale to 14 per sq km (36 per sq mi) in the dry Karamojo plains. The Northern, Eastern and Western regions densely populated. I I

It I I E 7 I l I •I I I ( 2.2 Theoretical framework of population growth Grovan Botero (1533-1617) . Botero wrote on the causes of the growth of cities. In his book, he discussed the rural-urban differ, he noted that mortality was more in the city areas. He based much of his studing on over crowdness.

John Graunt (1620-1674). He was the fiest person with a scientific approach on the study of mortality, fertility and migration. In his study Graunt Joked at the grave stones in the grave yards, he noted; In London for every 12 burials there were 11 births In Britain as a whole it was 52 deaths for every 63 births He observed that 6000 people come to London every year. For every wedding 4 children are produced At birth a number of male infants exceed the number of female infants

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834). This was an English man, an Economist and above all a revland. He wrote an essay entilttled "an essay on the principles pf population." And in his essay he noted 2 basic roles The passion between sexes is important and will always remain Food is necessary in the survival of man.

From the above he therefore stated that the power of the population is greater than the power of the earth, to produce substance (food) for man. And that when the population is unchecked, it increases geometrically well as substance (food) arithmetically.

Time will come when the population would exceed food production but he believed that its possible to check the population growth. And in general there are 2 ways in checking the population. Positive Preventive means

8 The positive means include, wars, anger, epidermics. He indicated that because of population growth, these would prevail due to the fact that the population will be taking resources.

The preventative means includes all positive means of birth control including contraceptions, abortion, abstinence e.t.c. but Malthus was a revland therefore abortion was not as a preventive mean. Contraception, he only advocated for the traditional methods of contraception which at times are not very effective. Which means that the only preventative means methods believed in was abstinence. He indicated that people should postpone marriage until they are capable of managing the family.

Malthus consequences for population growth. Malthus indicates that the natural consequences of population is poverty and he developed a Malthus cycle of poverty. The cycle indicates that if population is un checked then poverty will prevail.

The cycle Malthus

Early marriage ___--11 ►,..population ~

healthier children ~ food resources -healthier children \ early marriages increased food production - healthier children -population growth

-Surplus la~ Manufactures hire ..._____poverty -unemployment Cheap labour -under employment

Than the region along the lake shore of Lake Victoria

9

i l• Also it was estimated by the population reference Burean that 14% of the population is Uganda lived in urban areas in 2004. the capital city, Kampala had a population of I, 154,000 in that year. Other major cities were Jinja 60,999, Mbarara 49,070 and Mbale 53,634. According to the United Nations, the urban population growth rate for 2000-2005was 5.8%.

However, demographical states of 18, 2008 indicated that the population growth rate for Uganda population was 3.603% According to the CIA fail book, the average annual percentage change in the population resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of birth ones deaths and the balance of migration entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (such as schools, hospitals, housings, roads, resources e.g food, water, electricity) and jobs. The rapid growing population can be seen as seen as threatening by neighboring countries too.

2.3 Factors influencing population According to the USA.ID-Uganda financial year 2009 Uganda has one of the highest total fertiiity rates in sub Saharan Africa, nearly un change for 40 years at seven births per woman. Increased availability and better quality reproductive health services and urgently to reduce population growth decrease high infant and material mortality rates, and sustain achievements in the fight against IDV/AIDS and other infection diseases.

According to Byamugisha C. Bweebare (1994) argues that the population structure of Uganda is characterized by the following.

In fact mortality is relatively high, although today there is shift complain emphasized by the government to immunizes the children under one year of age per I 00 live birth during the same year.

There is a high rate of fertility among the women,. This is a result of a number of factors. For instance, early marriages, absence of birth control measures, and low life expectancy of birth.

10 There is a high rate of death decline and amidst high birth rate, the country expects to have a problem of population explosion in the near decades.

Sex ratio is high in parents of women and this mean that the meet production ratio is too high and this indicates potentials for population growth in near future.

The cause of increasing population growth in Uganda, according to Byebare (1994), have been summarized here under; early marriage, pregnancies tendencies, unemployment, lack of family planning, low level of education, poor government policy among others.

2.4 Effects of population growth Population growth has both positives and negative effects to any society, country or economy. According to Jhingan (1998), the consequences of population growth m development have attention of countries (economies) ever since Adam Smith wrote his wealth of nations. Smith wrote, the annual lehens of every nation is the fund which originally supply it with all the necessities of life. However it was Malthus and Richardo who created an claim about the effects of population on the country/ society.

Jhingan postulated that population growth adversely affects economic growth m the following ways.

First, faster growing population makes the choice more scare between higher consumption now and the investment needed to bring higher consumption in the future. However, development depends up on investment. Therefore in Uganda just like other developing countries the resources available for investment are limited. Therefore, rapid population growth retards investment needed for higher future consumption (Jhingan, 1998)

Second, rapid population growth tend to over use the country's natural resources. This is particularly the case where the majority of people are dependent on primary production for livelihood. With rapidly increasing population, agricultural holdings become smaller and un

11 renumerative to cultivate. There is no possibility of increasing farm production through the use of new land. Consequently, many households continue to live in poverty. In fact rapid population growth leads to the over use of the land thereby jeo pardising the welfare of future generation

Also with rapidly increasing population, it becomes difficult to manage the adjustments that accompany economic and social change. Urbanization in less developed countries (LDCs) such as Uganda creates such problems as housing, powers, water, transport among others. Besides, growing population threatens permanent environmental damage through urbanization in some less developed countries.

Also Jhingan postulates that a rapidly increasing population planning the economy into mass unemployment and under employment. As population increases the proportion of workers to total population rises. However in the absence of complementary resources, its not possible to expand jobs. The result is that with increasing population, there is an increase in labor force and hence unemployment and under employment income. A rapid increasing population reduces incomes, saving and investment. Thus capital formation is retarded and job opportunities are reduced, thereby increasing of unemployment.

More is rapidly growing population necessitate large investment in social infrastructure and diverts resources from directly productive assets. Due to scarcity of resources, it is nt possible to provide educational, health, medical transport and housing facilities to the entire population. There is over-crowding every where, as a result the quality of these services goes down.

Another negative effect of population growth is manifested in population and per capita income. The effect of population growth on per capita income is unfavorable. The growth of population tends to retard per capita income in three ways:- It increases pressure of population on land It leads to a rise in costs of consumption goods because of the scarcity of the corporate factors to increase their supplies.

12 It leads to a decline in the accumulation of capital because with increase in family members expenses increase. (Jhingan, 1998)

The increasing population growth also affects the standard of living since one of the important determinants of the standard of living is per capita income; the factors affecting per capita income in relation to population growth equally apply to the standard of living.

A rapidly increasing population to an increased demand for food products, clothes, houses, among others. Nut their supplies can not be increased in the short run due to the law of cooperate factors, consequently, their costs and prices rise which raise the cost of living of the masses (Jhingan, 1998)

However, according to Byamugisha C. Bweebare (2000), the following problems have been experienced by the population along the lake shores of Victoria (Kampala in general and Kabalagala and the surrounding areas in particular)

Poor housing facilities in the city of Kampala. The majority of people being low income earners live in slums such as , Kivulu, Katanga, Biyinya zone Kabalagala, I Kikubamutwe in Kabalagala, Nabutiti Kansanga among others. I i Slums have provided ground for criminals who involve in robberies, killing, raping, drug I abuse, alcoholism among others. For example several killings have been experienced in Kabalagala.

Prostitution has also become severe in Kabalagala (Kataba zone and Kikubamutwe) in particular and in other parts of Kampala such as Kisenyi. This has been attributed to I increased population.

There is a high rate of unemployment with in this region

13 There is general moral decay among the youth. The little ones no longer respect their elders and this has of recent become a concern to the existing central government and parents themselves.

There have been over use of the existing infrastructures, for example, health units, schools, reclamation of wetlands among others. This has resulted into social services becoming very expensive.

Lastly, urban violence is on increase because of many redundant youth in town like Kampala.

Conclusion So Uganda at large experiences a high increase of population growth because it's a third world country that lacks policies and resources to control the population which grows at a rapid rate annually.

2.5 Significancy/ value of high population growth In a country having high rate of population growth labour becomes a comparatively cheap factor of production. This can make labor intensive. The increasing numbers can also be trained for increasing the stick formation which can be utilized for economic development. Skilled labour can be substituted to a large extent for capital, the supply which is poor in under developed countries like Uganda.

In a community like Kabalagala and the minority where population is increasing continuous increasing number of young men in the labor force. This is very favourable for the efficient utilization of resources on the other e.g for changing peoples' attitudes on the other hand.

Population growth leads to higher society mobility by shifting labour gradually from agriculture to industry or from one type of industry to another. It's a powerful force to bring about a change in the traditional methods and to transform the economy to much more advanced and productive stages.

14 In some cased population growth is brought about by migrations. However, migrants bring write them capital and skills which are helpful for development. If resources are unexploited and external economies are possible, growth of members leads to tremendous economic explanation through increasing returns

Lastly, in many countries agricultural development has been possible because rapid population growth. Therefore agriculture development is both a cause and effect of population growth.

I

15 It I I ! l I 'I CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction This chapter involve the methods that were used to collect, analyze and interpret data, interviews, direct observation and use of questionnaires, tables were all used respectively.

3.1 Research design This study adopted both the qualitative and quantitative techniques to investigate, interpret and analyze data using a cross sectional survey.

3.2 Area and population of the study This research was carried out in Kabalagala in particular and Kampala city in general. The population of Kabalagala is comprised of students of Kampala International University, causal labours among others, the population also happen to grow at much faster rate hence justifying the need to investigate more deep into the demographic characteristics.

3.3 Sample size and selection techniques Among the research individuals were randomly selected from the population of Kabalagala town. A total number of eighty (80) people were interviewed. Also a total number of forty ( 40) people were given questionnaires and these selected using a selective sampling technique.

3.4 Data collection instruments A number of instruments were used, these include:- Three semi-structured questionnaires were designed, that is questionnaire 1 for men, questionnaire 1 for women and questionnaire 3 for students. According phone was also used

16 to record voices of respondent during direct interviews. Others include papers and reams for recording of data gathered. Observation was also carried out

3.5 Types of data gathered Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected through observation, interview and use of questionnaires.

Secondary data on the other hand was gathered through reviewing of the related literature about population, demography as advanced by different scholars.

3.6 Procedure of data collection The permission to do research was sought from the University (faculty of education). The researcher went around the area under investigation interviewing the dwellers.

Questionnaires were given to the selected individuals. The force type of questionnaire was designed for men, second type fro women and third type of questionnaire was designed for students I different schools located in Kabalagala and its vicinity.

The (people) individuals given questionnaires were given enough time to them depending n their convenience, but a least maximum time of two weeks was given.

3. 7 Data analysis Data was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, methods for analyzing data were as here under, For the factors underlying increased population growth, the response were tabulated after which a line graph was drawn. Also the same was done with the social economic characteristics of the respondents interviewed and those given questionnaires.

An essay was also written to expand the factors underlying increased population growth as well as the, effects, and the benefits of increased population growth

17 3.8 Limitations During the research study I encountered a number of problems and these include; Financial constraints to facilitate movements, typing and printing. Also faced a problem of false information and a problem of language barrier

I I

It 18 t t' I I CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction This chapter examines the empirical data gathered, processed and analyzed in the previous chapters in order to examine the factors that account for the increasing population growth in Kabalagala and the surrounding in particular and Kampala in general.

The discussion of there findings has been organized under socio-economic factors of the sample.

4.1 Background characteristic of respondent which have a bearing on population increase and effects

Table 1: 4.1.1 Gender of respondents Sex Frequency Percentage (%) Males 40 33 Females 80 67 Total 120 100 Source: primary data 2009

From the above table, the majority of respondents were females with the highest frequency of 80 and a few men were interviewed with a low frequency of 40. This is because most women in Kabalagala are house wives thus they always keep around their homes

19 Figure 2: 4.1.2 Age and sex pyramid for Kabalagala and its surroundings (generalized)

male female

45-60+ 40-44 35-34 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 0 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Population (1000) Source: primary data (2009)

From the pyramid above the population of Kabalagala has a narrow based type of pyramid. This is because it's dominated by a large number people below 15 years. This indicates that the level of dependency is high and also that the area has a small labour force since most of its population is below 16 years. It also indicates that there's low life expectance as revealed by a small population between 45-60+ years.

20 Table 2: 4.1.3 Age of respondents Age group Frequency Percentage Below 24 40 33.3 25-34 40 33 .3 35-44 30 25 45-60 10 8.3 Total 120 99.9 Source: primary data 2009

From the table above, most of the people that were interviewed were between the ages of 24- 34 with a frequency of 40 followed by those between 35-44 with a frequency of 30.

Figure 3: 4.1.4 Average age of respondents Graph showing average age of respondents

tD Frequency f!l Percentage

Below 25-34 35-44 45-60 24 Age

Source: Primary data 2009

From the table and the graph above, most of the respondents were between the ages 25-34 and those below 24 years with total percent of 67%. This indicates that majority of the residents of Kabalagala town one youth who tend to migrate from rural areas to the city seeking for jobs, and those graduates and the undergraduates of Kampala International University hence leading to open-urban unemployment and other effects of over population

21 Table 3: 4.1.5 Marital status of respondents Marital status Frequency Percentage (%) Married 80 67 Single 30 25 Divorced 07 6 Widow 03 2.5 Widower 00 00 Separated 00 00 Total 120 100 Source: primary data 2009

Figure 4: 4.1.6 Graph showing the marital status of respondents

~ 100 -,-.------, G> "tJ ::, ....1n 60 ! ...0 40 - . (%) I G) .c 20 E ::, z

marital status

Source: primary data 2009

The table and graph above, indicate that majority of respondents were married with the highest frequency of 80 and percentage (67%) respectiveiy. This was followed by the single with a frequency of30 and a percentage of (25%). This reveals that the possibility of having children is high since majority of the population are married. Also the high number of single individuals reveals that number of people in Kabalagala has increased because of the large number of students residing in the area.

22 Table 4: 4.1.7 Educational levels of the respondents Educational level Frequency Percentage (%) Not educated 30 25 Primary level 20 17 Secondary level 50 42 Diploma 10 8 Graduate 10 8 Total 120 100 Source: primary data 2009

From the above, most of the respondents were secondary dropout with the highest percentage of 50 and they tend to flock urban centers where they end up marrying and producing children. This was followed by the uneducated with a high percentage and frequency of about 25% and 30 respectively. People ignorant of the both central measures hence accounting for increasing population growth rates.

Figure 5: 4.1.8 Graphical representation of the educational level of respondents.

60 ~ 50 I f 1 40 1: ! li1 Frequency 30 • • 20 .... .: 1"1 1B Percentage (%) : ♦ If 10 i i JHm 0 .. .. Mil- IHHI I?)- 0' -t ~ ~'l> ~ df0°' ~"{, ,0 ~ .J> <;)~ {!>~ ?:f> 'l> !l,<:\ 0 ~(lj ~~ ~~ ~o ~ c,O c_!)

Source: primary data 2009

23 Table 5: 4.1.9 Occupational status of the respondents Occupation Frequency Percentage (%) Civil servants 15 12.5 Business man 40 33.3 Shop attendant 25 20.8 Not employed 40 33.3 Total 120 99.9 Source: primary data 2009

From the table above, most of the interviewed respondents were employed with a highest frequency pf about (80) and a percentage of 66.6%. The data in the table above was quantified and represented in bar graph below.

ti) C -a, 50 ~------+----...... ------...-~ "'C 40 C 4 rn Frequency 0 30 -----. a. 20 +------1~ ti) 10 rn Percentage(%) a,... 0 --J-l>""""""""-,---U.W._,....l,M,M'""-,_...~...

occupation of respondents

Source: primary data 2009

24 Table 6: 4.1.10 Response on whether the government has accelerated population growth in Kabalagala

Response frequency Percentage (%) Not sure 80 66.6 No 15 12.5 Yes 25 20.8 Total 120 99.9 Source: primary data 2009

The table above indicates the response of interviewees on whether the government has any case accelerated population growth in Kabalagala and the surrounding areas. Majority of the respondents were not sure on reference by a frequency of 80 and the highest percentage of 66.6. This was followed by those who thinks the government has some has contributed to increasing population growth. These represented by a frequency of 25 and a percentage of 20.8%. Few respondents no and these and represented by a lowest frequency of 15 and lowest percentage of 12.5% respectively.

J!l C 100 ID "C C 80 0 Q. Cl) 60 ID frequency ...ID 40 g Percentage (%) -...0 ID 20 .D E :::, 0 z Not sure No Yes percentage

Source: primary data 2009

25 4.2 Local population views on the factors which have led to population increase in Kabalagala town.

Table 7: 4.2.1 factors for increased population Factors Frequency Percentage (%) Early marriage 40 33.3 Level of education 10 8.3 Establishment 10 8.3 Religion 05 4.2 Lack of family planning 05 4.2 Rural-urban migration 2.5 17 Declining death rate 25 20.8 Others 05 4.2 Total 120 99.8 Source: primary data 2009

The table above represents the analysis of the factors that account for the increasing population growth in Kabalagala and the surrounding areas. Early marriages were pointed as the leading factor with the highest frequency of about 40 followed by the declining death rates and urban migration. The information in the table above in further represented in the line graph below. This indicates that the population of Kabalagala town has steadily increased because of poor family planning, establishment of the University (Kampala International University), reduction I mortality rates ones increasing death rates among others.

26 80 70 60 50 Series2 40 = ---+- Series1 30 20 10 0

Source: primary data 2009

The line graph above portrays the factors behind increasing population growth in Kabalagala and the surrounding areas. The graph its clearly shown that early marriage it the most influential followed by rural-urban migration and the declining death rates. The factors influencing population growth within Kabalagala and its vicinity as further discussed as below.

Declining death rates. These are mainly as a result of improved medical services. Infant mortality rates have reduced due to improved immunization of diseases like measles, tetanus, polio and others. As a result these improvement, the infant mortality rates have been steadily reducing.

Also the high infant mortality rates after re-enforce the need for frequent births especially to ensure the survival of at least a close relationship between child survival and high birthrates.

Also the value attached to children by parents has accelerated population growth in Kabalagala and its vicinity. In many parts of Uganda parents look at children as a source of

27 social and economic benefits. For example source of labour, bide wealth in case of girls as people to look after them in old age. This has resulted into many fallowing large families hence accelerating population growth.

Polygamy is yet another outstanding factor that has led to population growth in the area of Kabalagala and the surroundings. Polygamy refers to the act of marrying more than one wife and it results into large families for example from the research carried out among the women indicated that 40% of the men had other wives.

Also high fertility rates have influenced the growing population in Kabalagala. The fertility rates in Uganda have not changed much since independence. The total fertility rate was 7.0 and its currently estimated between 7.3 to 8.0 children per women. Therefore this is one of the main forces behind the population growth rate and the high population of children.

Early marriages, a major factor contributing to high fertility is that majority marrying before the reach the age of 18 years. Hence they tend to have a long production period in which they give birth to many children.

The level of education, correlations have been shown to exist not only in Kabalagala but also in other villages of Kampala between the duration and the education and size of the family. A number of studies show that the more advanced the level of educationai family attainment of parents the smaller the number of children per family.

The low levels of income, the poorest people, possessing little also have limited ambitious and are typified by high birth rates. In contrast the middle classes, although having only modes means, have the greatest material aspiration and are frequently motivated by the social pressures which characterize modem societies. Its mainly this social class which generally has the lowest levels of fertility.

Also some religion such as the catholic religion encourages family development and the opposed to birth control, sterilization and abortion, Muslim religion on the other hand where

28 the religious dogma if marrymg many wives remams unquestioned are generally characterized by high birth rates, hence leading to increased population growth rates.

Lack of family planning education and facilities among the people dwelling in Kabalagala. People look as contraceptives with high suspicion that they can not prevent them from having children in the future. This have been attributed to factors such as; religion, lack of knowledge (low levels of education), inconvenient to use opposed, reduce risk of pregnancy, limited access or high cost at others. The factors have been analyzed as below.

The following factors were observed to have an influence in the population growth of Kabalagala. Firstly the location and establishment of Kampala International University has also tremendously influenced the growing of population in Kabalagala. This is because the establishment has attracted many business men to conduct transactions with students. Also large number of Kampala International students lives in Kabalagala. However, it so happens that after their studies majority don't go back to their home places hence accelerating the population in Kabalagala.

Also the location of Kabalagala town itself has contributed to the increasing population in one way or the other. Being new to the central business district (CBD). Many workers prefer to stay in Kabalagala town since its cheap and more convenient to commit to their work places. Besides, the area is also attractive for small business like hawking, road side vending and for the tied shops. Hence this has attacked many people to Kabalagala town to transact business

4.3.1 An observation on the effects of population increase in Kabalagala town The acceleration of population growth that results in declining death rate and increase I birth rates has great implication on the existing natural resources of Uganda. The reduction in infant mortality requires that, the production of goods and services be expanded at a factor rate if Uganda is to progress towards a satisfactory ofliving.

29 The social-economic implication of a rapidly growing population can be viewed in terms of:- The population pressure created on the land in the problem of rapid population growth is seen not in term of pressure on land, but rather in terms of the land ownership systems and law of family implicate and improved farming techniques to exploit the available land. This automaticaII y means that land can not be utilized to the required scale in order to keep in step with population growth rate.

The creation of a problem of high dependence (land) ratio. There are more than working class. The high birth rate and declining death rate have resulted into an age structure where. More than a half of the total population of Uganda is composed of children. However, this has meant the following implication:- F ew working people automatically shoulder the burden of having to feed and cloths a large group of inactive persons. There are low levels of saving since the marginal propensity of consume is relatively high. Majority of children have failed to go to schools due to lack of fees and other educational facilities.

The government incurs high expenses. It tries to supply/ provide some assistance to the people in term of medication, water e.t.c

Unemployment has become very severe. This is because the rapidly growing population doest not match with rate of industrial expansion and growing market. As such, there is urban unemployment. There is little offer in place to improve on the agricultural sector where over 80% of Ugandan as employed. Resources are largely unexplained because oflack of capital, skills and initiative. The nature of education provided in Uganda to some extent is responsible for the high rate of unemployment in Kabalagala and Kansanga respectively in particular and Kampala in general. This is because it produces white collar jobs seekers than job creators

30 There's also a high neglioble rate of industrial growth, yet in other countries industries are the leading sources of employment to the majority of the people.

There has been a problem of poor housing facilities in Kabaiagala, , Kansanga parts , Nabutiti in particulars and Kampala in general. This has resulted into the development of slum in the region. (See the slums ofKabalagala, Kikubamutwe zone)

High cnme rate, this has been as a result of unemployment, and drug abuse people of Kabalagala, has resorted to robbery and thingery as means of survival.

Mushrooming up of illegal activities m the area. Such activities include; gambling, prostitution e.t.c. given the acute lack of employment, the youth in areas of Kabalagala, Kansanga, and corundum's have resorted to gambling, prostitution to generate income for their survival. This has accelerated the spread of diseases such as AIDS.

Diseases such as cholera, diarrhea e.t.c have always striken the region (Kabalagala, Kansanga and the surroundings). This has resulted into of lives. This has however, been a result of poor hygiene created by recklace dumping of garbage.

The increasing population growth rate of Kabalagala has resulted into over crowding of the place by the large number of people.

There is generally moral decay among the youths. The letter no longer respects their elders and this has of recent become a concern to the existing central government and parents themselves.

High cost of living. Food is very expensive; this is because the rate of population increase does not march with food production in the surrounding areas and ever from far areas

3i There has been over straining of the existing infrastructure e.g health units, school recreational facilities e.t.c .this has resulted into these becoming very expensive and therefore managed by a few well-to-do.

4.3 Effects of population increase in an observation An observation The acceleration of population growth that results from declining death rate and increase in birth has great implication on the existing natural resources of Uganda. The reduction in infant mortality requires that, the production of goods and services be explained at a faster rate if Uganda is to progress towards satisfactory level ofliving.

The following are the observed repercussions of growing population in Kabalagala (1) Majority of children have failed to go to school (2) Problem of poor housing (3) Diseases such as cholera (4) Over crowding (5) High dependence level

4.3.1 Respondents views on the effect (I) Moral decay (2) High cost ofliving (3) High crime rate (4) Unemployment has become very severe (5) The government incurs high expenses as it tries to supply services to the local people.

32 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction This chapter gives a summary of findings, conclusion of the research and recommendation to various stakeholders.

5.1 Summary of findings In summary, this research was carried in Kabalagala town between February and June 2009. it was guided by the following research questions.

Research question one was, which factors have led to increased population growth rate in your area? This question was answered by the residents and the following factors were advanced; poor family planning and early marriages, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs ( value attached to children in the African context of view), migration of people from rural areas to urban centres, among others. However, the following factors were observed by the researcher, strategic location of Kabalagala town, the location and estabiishment of Kampala International University.

The second question was about the way through which an expanding population growth has affected Kabalagala town, and the following are the ways through which the population growth has affected Kabalagala town both negative and positives.

Positively, population growth has expanded the market ( aggregate demand), i9ncreased labour force, among others

Negatively population growth in Kabalagala town has led to the following, high crime rates poor housing facilities, moral decay, high cost ofliving and many others.

33 The other question was about whether the government has also influenced population growth, this was answered by the ordinary people and majority were not that sure, although a few individuals pointed out that the government has influenced population growth. This is because in many circumstances the government has failed to sensitize the masses about the effect of population and proper use of family planning. However, some respondents contented that the Buganda government has also influenced population growth as it has advocated people to bear as many children as they can through the media ( central boad casting radio)

The research also established that majority of the population residing in Kabalagala were below the age of 24 and those between 25 and 34 years. There is a high number of children below 15 years. Thus there is a high dependence level. There are a few individuals in the age group between 45-60+ this reveals that there is a low life expectancy in Kabalagala town in particular and Uganda in general.

Lastly, this study found out that the following family planning measures have been adopted to regulate the population, these include among others, use of condemns, pill plans, injections plans and others.

5.2 Conclusion In conclusion, the study found out that the increasing population growth in Kabalagala town has been as a result of a combination of factors as discussed in chapter four. However, this has affected the development of Kabalagala town in a number of ways both positively ad negatively. The research also found out that there is limited use of birth control measures by the population ofKabalagala.

34 5.3 Recommendations Following the findings from the investigation carried out among the people in Kabalagala and the surroundings area, I would like to recommends the following to different stake holders/ parties all together.

Firstly, I would like to recommend that the central government through its ministers that is the ministry of population and statistics in conjunction with the ministry of health ...... the general public about the dangers of a high growing population like the case in Kabalagala its vicinity.

Also I would like to suggest to the central government to reduce and adopt multi round survey type of choices where it keeps on updating to the statistics regarding, population demography. This avails information about changes I the population such that rates planning the growing population is done to avoid the problems created by over population

Solution to the population problems in Kabalagala and surroundings Adoption of family planning methods the among the individual benefits of family planning include~ Controlling the population in relation to the available resources.

Parents are able to space out their children taking into account their available resources and the health of the mothers of children. It helps parents to avoid un wanted pregnancies

However, all these can be achieved through the use of contraceptives like pills, injections, condoms, safe days among other family planning methods.

Enforcing the girl child education, this will keep girls in schools and by 20 beings the early marriage will be controlled

35 Setting a limit on the rural-urban migration- such that the rural popuiation stopped from migrating to the urban centres any how.

Creation of employment opportunities, this can be achieved through; go back to land policy, stabilizing prices for agricultural products, setting up attractive prices for farmers, modernization and mechanization of agriculture and setting up industries to create more jobs for the youth. Provision of jobs will keep the population busy hence less time will be spread on child bearing.

36 REFERENCES

Byanugisha C. Bweebare (2000): Physical and Human Geography of East Africa Revised Edition.

C.A World Fork book (2008) ///d:/Uganda % 20 population% 20 growth% 20 rate% 2.

USAID (2009) ///D:/USAID%20uganda.htm.

ML Jhingan (1998) The Economic Development Planning. 31 st Revised and Enlarged Edition. Vrinda publications (P) LTD

Byamugisha C. Bweebare (2001) Human and Economic Geography of Uganda http://www.global.umich.edu/global.change2/current/lecturers/humanpop/humanpop.htm1,

Byamugisha C. Bwebare (1994). A geography of Uganda, an 'A' level geography approach with field work Kampala-Uganda.

37 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Questionnaire for men Dear respondents, I am carrying out a research on the topic, factors and effects underlying increased population growth rates in Kabalagala. A case study of Kabalagala Makindye division. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors accounting for the increased population growth rate and its effects in Kabalagala in particular and Kampala city in general.

Your responses will be treated with confidentiality and data obtained 1s strictly for educational purposes.

Background characteristics of respondents which has a bearing Part 1 Tick the most appropriate box 1. Age (a) Below 25 years D (b) 25-34 years D (c) 35-44 years D (d) 45-60+ years D

2. Sex (a)Male D (b) female D

3. Marital status

(a) Single D (b) Married □ (c) Widow □ (d)Widows □

4. Educational level (a) Primary level D (b) Secondary level D (c) Diploma D (d) Graduate D

5. What is your occupation? I (a) Not working D (b) Civil servant D ( c) Shop attendant D (d) Business man D I 38 I

I~ • t

Iz I •Ii 6. Do you have a family?

(a)Yes D (b) No □

7. How many wives do you have? If yes,

(a) Ont=! (b) Two □ (c) More than one D

8. How many children do you have from each wife? If more than one.

(a) Two D (b) Four0 (c) Six D (d) More than that D

Effects of population increase Part 2 1. How many are you in the family?

2. Do you all get what to eat?

3. Has your government done any thing to controi population growth?

4. How dangerous is the high population growth to your area?

5. What do you think the government should do to help you?

39 Questionnaire for women

Dear respondents, I am carrying out a research on the topic, factors and effects underlying increased population growth rates in Kampala A case study of Kabalagala Makindye division. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors accounting for the increased population growth rate and its effects in Kabalagala in particular and Kampala city in general.

Your responses will be treated with confidentiaiity and data obtained is strictly for educational purposes.

Part 1 Tick the most appropriate box 1. Age (a) Below 25 years D (b) 25-34 years D (c) 35-44 years D (d) 45-60+ years D

2. Gender Male D female D

3. Marital status (a) Single CJ (b) Married D (c) Widow D (d)Widows D

4. Educational level (a) Primary level D (b) Secondary level D (c) Diploma D ( d) Graduatc:::]

5. What is your occupation?

(a) Not working □ (b) Civil servant □ ( c) Shop attendant D (d) Business woman D

40 6. Do you have a family? (a)Yes D (b)No D

7. Is your husband a polygamist?

(a)Yes □ (b)No D (c) Not sure □

8. How many children do you have

(a) Two □ (b) Four □ (c) Six D (d) More than six D

9. Why that number?

10. What problem has your family encounter as a result of hiving a large number of children?

11. What measure can be adopted to reverse the population growth rate in your area?

12. How has your government participated in controlling high population growth?

41 13. Is it dangerous to have a large population?

42 Questionnaire for students

Dear students I am carrying out a research on the topic, factors and effects underlying increased population growth rates in Kampala A case study of Kabalagala Makindye division. The purpose of this study is to establish factors responsible for the increased population growth and its effects.

Your responses will be treated with confidentiality and data gathered is strictly for educational purposes.

Part 1 Tick the most appropriate box 1. Age (a) Below 14 years D (b) 15-19 years D (c) 19+ years □

2. Gender (a)Male D (b) Female D

3. Institute of Educational (a) Primary level D (b) Secondary level D (c) College D (d) University D

4. How many are you in your family (a) Two children D (b) Four children D ( c) Six children D (d) More than six c=J

5. How has the size of the family affected you and your students?

43 6. Why is your region having a high population?

7. What costs has your community encountered as a result of increased population growth?

8. Suggest measures that can be adopted to control population growth in your area?

9. What has your government done to reverse the population trend of your country?

44 A MAP SHOWING MAKINDYE "A" DIVISION, KAMPALA DISTRICT

Lei;iend

\ •,:,r, 1d .\tP) :, { 1 f;'II ..:. \tt•'.:'

f I ;:...Y17 L-·-·-l :::s:...::D ~ ~ ·'•'•·. I•·.. ·• ~ ;·2•·'~'. '·•"" \ li';ci?!-i.hl:i __ J

Source: Byamugisha C. Bweebare (2000) pg 113

45