Appendix Livingstone’s Alleged Love Child

In 1936 three elderly Africans, including Chief Chitambo, nephew of the Chief Chitambo in whose village Livingstone died, testified to the British authorities in Northern Rhodesia, including the District Commissioner, that Livingstone was accompanied on his last journey by a half-caste son. Chitambo claimed to have seen ‘a man with red skin and everyone said it was the bwana’s son.’ His cousin stated that ‘[Livingstone] was riding on a donkey. Someone else was being carried in the machila [hammock]. The capitaos said the man in the machila was the bwana’s son. He went in a machila because he was a chief’s son, not because he was ill.’ These statements have recently been discussed in the press (Sunday Tele- graph, 27 February 2000). The story was mentioned in a footnote by Oliver Ransford in his 1978 biography but no writer since then has considered it worthy of further discussion. Details of the statements are not consistent with each other or the known facts and when Livingstone’s grandson visited Chitambo’s village years before these statements were made he found that the oral account he was given there closely matched that given in the Last Journals. Sixty-three years is a long delay for the giving of reliable evidence. None of Livingstone’s most severe contemporary critics ever questioned his blameless reputation in respect of African women. From a practical point of view too it is almost impossible. On his last journey, the only district which he was revisiting was the Rovuma River and the southern point of Lake Nyassa. He first approached these regions in September 1859 and passed through for the last time in the spring of 1867. If, despite his previous unhappy experiences when travelling with children, he decided to take a child of six or less with him for the remainder of his expedition, the boy would only have been 12 when Livingstone died. It is inconceivable that the existence of such a boy should never have been mentioned. Even if Stanley, Chuma and Susi adhered to a conspiracy of silence, others would have been less careful. Jacob Wainwright often spoke and acted unguardedly. Cameron showed scant respect for Livingstone’s memory. All the Africans met many Europeans on their return. Some would inevitably have talked. It is unlikely that the Africans, including Chuma and Susi, would have seen anything wrong in Livingstone having a son by an African woman so they would have seen no reason to attempt conceal- ment, at least until they met such Englishmen as Waller. Two questions remain. What happened to the boy when they reached the coast? Did he make no attempt to accompany his father’s remains to England? And why would a healthy young man be carried in a litter ‘be- cause he was a chief’s son not because he was ill’? If anything is certain, it is that no son of David Livingstone’s would have contemplated doing any such thing, at least while his father was there to see him do it.

199 200 Notes Notes

Chapter 1 Blantyre: the Boy

1 David Livingstone Centre, Blantyre – original documents at the Centre. 2 David Livingstone Centre, Blantyre – original documents at the Centre. 3 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 4 Jeal (1973). 5 Seaver (1957). 6 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 7 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 8 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 9 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 10 Livingstone, Missionary Travels.

Chapter 2 Glasgow, Chipping Ongar and London: the Student

1 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 2 Gelfand (1957). 3 Gelfand (1957). 4 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 5 Seaver (1957). 6 Seaver (1957). 7 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 8 Seaver (1957). 9 Seaver (1957). 10 Blaikie (1880). 11 Jeal (1973). 12 Seaver (1957). 13 Seaver (1957). 14 Jeal (1973). 15 Jeal (1973). 16 Blaikie (1880). 17 Blaikie (1880). 18 Blaikie (1880). 19 Blaikie (1880). 20 Gelfand (1957). 21 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 22 Livingstone, Missionary Travels.

200 Notes 201

Chapter 3 Kuruman and Mabotsa: the Newcomer

1 Blaikie (1880). 2 Holmes, Letters: to T. L. Prentice, 27 January 1841. 3 Holmes, Letters: to T. L. Prentice, 5 March 1841. 4 Jeal (1973). 5 Holmes, Letters: to T. L. Prentice, 5 March 1841. 6 Seaver (1957). 7 Blaikie (1880). 8 Holmes, Letters: to T. L. Prentice, 2 December 1841. 9 Chamberlin (1940): to Henry Drummond, 4 August 1841. 10 Chamberlin (1940): to the Rev. J. J. Freeman, 3 July 1842. 11 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Mr and Mrs N. Livingston, 26 September 1842. 12 Chamberlin (1940): to the Rev. Arthur Tidman, 30 October 1843. 13 Jeal (1973). 14 Many authorities, including Jeal (1973), follow Moffat’s letter to the Directors in stating that the attack took place on 16 February. In fact Livingstone wrote to tell Moffat on the 15th, a Thursday, stating that it had happened ‘last Wednesday’ (Schapera, Family Letters I). 15 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 16 Gelfand (1957). 17 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Mary Moffat, 1 August 1844.

Chapter 4 Chonuane and Kolobeng: the Missionary

1 School of Oriental and African Studies library: to Watt, 23 May 1845. 2 Schapera, Family Letters I, p. 121. 3 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: to Arthur Tidman, 17 October 1846. 4 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Mr and Mrs Livingston, 16 December 1843. 5 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Robert Moffat, 18 July 1845. 6 Seaver (1957). 7 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Mrs Livingston, 4 May 1847. 8 Chamberlin (1940): to Charles Whish, 9 October 1846. 9 Chamberlin (1940): to Charles Whish, 9 October 1846. 10 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Robert Moffat, 27 October 1846. 11 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Mr and Mrs Livingston, 5 July 1848. 12 Holmes, Letters: to Dr J. R. Bennett, 23 June 1848. 13 Chamberlin (1940): to Rev. Arthur Tidman, 17 March 1847. 14 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Robert Moffat, 5 October 1846. 15 To J. H. Parker, 11 May 1844 (quoted by Jeal, 1973). 16 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Robert Moffat, 12 May 1845. 17 Jeal (1973). 202 Notes

Chapter 5 Lake Ngami, the River Zouga and Cape Town: the Traveller

1 Schapera, Family Letters I: to Mrs Livingstone, 4 May 1847. 2 Holmes, Letters: to Miss Ingraham, 20 May 1849. 3 Listowel (1974), p. 56. 4 Phillips-Wolley et al., Big Game Shooting, pp. 27–31. 5 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: to Arthur Tidman, 3 September 1849. 6 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Robert Moffat, 18 September 1850. 7 Quoted by Jeal (1973), p. 97. 8 Quoted by Jeal (1973), p. 101. 9 Seaver (1957), p. 160.

Chapter 6 To the West Coast of Africa: the Pioneer

1 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Robert Moffat, 16 September 1853. 2 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: to William Thompson, 17 Septem- ber 1853. 3 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: to William Thompson, 17 Septem- ber 1853. 4 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 5 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 6 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 7 Chamberlin (1940): to William Thompson, 14 May 1854. 8 Jeal (1973). 9 Ransford (1978). 10 Chamberlin (1940): to Charles Livingstone, 6 February 1853.

Chapter 7 Across Africa from West to East: Great Leader of Africans

1 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Charles Livingston, 8 November 1854. 2 Seaver (1957). 3 Chamberlin (1940): to Tidman, 12 October 1855. 4 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 5 Livingstone, Missionary Travels. 6 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Mary Livingstone, 14 September 1855. 7 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Robert Moffat, 12 September 1855. 8 Seaver (1957). 9 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Mary Livingstone, 14 September 1855. 10 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: to Tidman, 12 October 1855. 11 Seaver (1957). 12 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: Tidman to Livingston, 24 August 1855. 13 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence: to Tidman, 23 May 1856, number 63. Notes 203

Chapter 8 Britain: National Hero

1 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Charles Livingston, 16 May 1849. 2 Seaver (1957). 3 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Mary Livingstone, 14 January 1853. 4 Seaver (1957). 5 The chronology and quotations relating to this episode are taken from Jeal.

Chapter 9 The Zambesi and Shire Rivers: Flawed Leader of Europeans

1 Unless otherwise stated, all quotations from Kirk in this and the next chapter are taken from Coupland, Kirk. 2 Seaver (1957). 3 Seaver (1957). 4 Seaver (1957). 5 Jeal (1973). 6 Holmes, Letters: to James Young, 1859. 7 Jeal (1973). 8 Ransford (1978). 9 Seaver (1957).

Chapter 10 The Shire and Rovuma Rivers: the Husband

1 Coupland, Kirk. 2 Chamberlin (1940): to J. W. Sturge, 11 December 1858. 3 Ransford (1978). 4 Holmes, Letters: to James Young, 19 February 1862. 5 Stewart 6 Seaver (1957). 7 Ransford (1978). 8 Foskett, Doctors: Livingstone to Kirk, 8 August 1863.

Chapter 11 The Indian Ocean: Ship’s Captain

1 Blaikie (1880). 2 Seaver (1957). 3 Blaikie (1880).

Chapter 12 Britain: Author and Father

1 Holmes, Letters: to James Young, 14 May 1861. 2 Holmes, Letters: to Mrs James Young, 29 August 1864. 3 Seaver (1957). 4 Holmes, Letters: to James Young, 19 February 1862. 5 Seaver (1957). 204 Notes

6 Holmes, Letters: to James Young (July–August 1863?). 7 Foskett, Doctors: Letter 23 (28 July 1864). 8 Jeal (1973). 9 Holmes, Journey. 10 Spinner (1913). 11 Seaver (1957).

Chapter 13 Lakes Nyassa, Tanganyika and Moero: the Explorer

1 Foskett, Doctors: Letter 60 (2 November 1870). 2 Coupland, Last Journey. 3 Ransford (1978). 4 Seaver (1957). 5 Coupland, Last Journey. 6 Seaver (1957). 7 Seaver (1957). 8 Coupland, Last Journey. 9 Coupland, Last Journey. 10 Seaver (1957).

Chapter 14 Ujiji and Unyanyembe: Scoop

1 Livingstone, Last Journals. 2 Stanley, How I Found Livingstone. 3 Spinner (1913). 4 Stanley, How I Found Livingstone. 5 Stanley, How I Found Livingstone. 6 Blaikie (1880). 7 Ransford (1978). 8 Coupland, Last Journey. 9 Jeal (1973).

Chapter 15 To Chitambo’s Village: the Dying Man

1 Seaver (1957). 2 In this chapter quotations not otherwise attributed come from Livingstone, Last Journals.

Chapter 16 From Africa to Westminster Abbey: Venerated Leader

1 Seaver (1957). 2 Eastern Daily Press, 19 March 1913 (newspaper). 3 Spinner (1913). Notes 205

Chapter 17 From Blantyre to Westminster Abbey: neither Saint nor Failure

1 Stanley, How I Found Livingstone. 2 Schapera, Missionary Correspondence, Tidman to Livingston, 14 April 1852. 3 Helly (1987). 4 Helly (1987). 5 Foskett, Doctors. 6 Helly (1987). 7 Helly (1987). 8 Blaikie (1880). 9 Spinner (1913). 10 Spinner (1913). 11 Spinner (1913). 12 Jeal (1973). 13 Holmes, Journey. 14 Blaikie (1880). 15 Schapera, Family Letters II: to Robert Moffat, 8 July 1850. 16 Ransford (1978). 17 Coupland, Last Journey. 206 Bibliography Bibliography

Bennett, Alan (1991) A Working Life: Child Labour Through the Nineteenth Century. Cornwall: Waterfront Publications Cornwall. Bierman, John (1990) Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley. Austin: University of Texas Press. Blaikie, William Garden (1880) Personal Life of David Livingstone. London: John Murray. Campbell, R. J. (1929) Livingstone, London: Ernest Benn. Chamberlin, David (ed.) (1940) Some Letters from Livingstone 1840–1872. London: Oxford University Press. Chambers Biographical Dictionary (1990) Edinburgh: Chambers. Clendennen, G. W. and Cunningham, I. C. (1979) David Livingstone: A Catalogue of Documents. Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland for the David Livingstone Documentation Project, 1979 and Supplement (1985). Clendennen, G. W. and Cunningham, I. C. (1985) David Livingstone: A Catalogue of Documents, Supplement. Edinburgh: National Library of Scot- land for the David Livingstone Documentation Project, 1985. Comaroff, John L. and Jean (1997) Of Revelation and Revolution, 2 vols. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Coupland, Reginald (1928) Kirk on the Zambesi. Oxford. Coupland, Reginald (1945) Livingstone’s Last Journey. London: Collins. Farwell, Byron (1958) The Man Who Presumed: A Biography of Henry M. Stanley. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Forbath, Peter (1978) The River Congo. London: Secker & Warburg. Foskett, R. (ed. and Introduction) (1964) The Zambesi Doctors: David Livingstone’s Letters to John Kirk 1858–1872. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Gelfand, Michael (1957) Livingstone the Doctor: His Life and Travels. A Study in Medical History. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Healey, Edna (1986) Wives of Fame. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. Helly, Dorothy O. (1987) Livingstone’s Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking. Columbus: Ohio University Press. Holmes, Timothy (ed.) (1990) David Livingstone Letters and Documents 1841–72. London: James Currey. Holmes, Timothy (1993) Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. Hughes, Thomas (1889) David Livingstone. London: Macmillan. Huxley, Elspeth (1973) Livingstone and His African Journeys. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Jeal, Tim (1973) Livingstone. London: Heinemann. Liebowitz, Daniel (1998) The Physician and the Slave Trade: John Kirk, the Livingstone Expeditions and the Crusade against Slavery in East Africa. New York: W. H. Freeman. Listowel, Judith (1974) The Other Livingstone. Lewes, Suffolk: Julian Friedmann.

206 Bibliography 207

Livingstone, David (1857) Missionary Travels in South Africa. London: John Murray. Livingstone, D. and C. (1865) Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries. London. Moorehead, Alan (1960) The White Nile. London: Hamish Hamilton. National Portrait Gallery (1996) David Livingstone and the Victorian Encoun- ter with Africa. London: National Portrait Gallery. Nicholls, C. S. (1998) David Livingstone. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. Northcott, Cecil (1973) David Livingstone: His Triumph, Decline and Fall. London: Lutterworth Press. Pachai, Bridglal (ed.) (1973) Livingstone: Man of Africa Memorial Essays 1873– 1973. London: Longman. Pakenham, Thomas (1991) The Scramble for Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Parsons, Janet Wagner (1997) The Livingstones at Kolobeng 1847–1852. Botswana: The Botswana Society and Pula Press. Phillips-Wolley, C. et al. (1895) Big Game Shooting, The Badminton Library. London: Longmans, Green & Co. (Authors include W. Cotton Oswell.) Ransford, Oliver (1978) David Livingstone The Dark Interior. London: John Murray. Schapera, I. (ed. and Introduction) (1959) David Livingstone Family Letters 1841–56, Volumes I and II. London: Chatto & Windus. Schapera, I. (ed. and Introduction) (1960) Livingstone’s Private Journals 1851–53. London: Chatto & Windus. Schapera, I. (ed. and Introduction) (1961) Livingstone’s Missionary Correspon- dence 1841–1856. London: Chatto & Windus. Seaver, George (1957) David Livingstone: His Life and Letters. London: Lutterworth Press. Simmons, Jack (1955) Livingstone and Africa. London: The English Universi- ties Press. Somervell, D. C. (1936) Livingstone. London: Duckworth. Spinner, Alice (1913) Livingstone and Newstead. London: John Murray. Stanley, Henry M. (1872) How I Found Livingstone. London. Waller, Horace (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death. 2 vols. London: John Murray. Wallis, J. P. R. (1952) The Zambesi Journal of James Stewart, 1862–1863 with a selection from his Correspondence. London: Chatto & Windus. Waters, John (1996) David Livingstone Trail Blazer. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. Wilson, Colum and Irwin, Aisling (1999) In Quest of Livingstone: A Journey to the Four Fountains. House of Lochar Argyll. 208 Index Index

Abolition of Slavery Act, 7–8 Bennett, Sir Risdon, 17, 32, 34, 41, Abyssinia, 166 43, 47, 52, 59, 102, 196 Aden, 138 Birkenhead, 110 Ajawa, 119, 126–7, 130 Birmingham, 106 Albert, Prince, 19, 103, 110, 179 Blaikie, W. G., 186, 200–1, 203–5 Albion Chapel, 21 Blantyre, Scotland, 1–4, 10, 12, Aldersgate, 17 104, 106, 112, 181, 200 Algoa Bay, 26 Blantyre, Africa, 134, 190 Amoda, 117, 139, 152, 154, 174 Boers, 24–6, 31, 33, 48, 51, 58, 66, Andersen, Hans Christian, 179 72–3, 77, 188 Anderson’s College (now the Bogharib, 160–1 University of Strathclyde), 10, Bombay, 135, 138, 144, 151–2 12 Botswana, 31 Ariel, 136 Bubi, 30, 33, 53–4 Argyll, Duke of, 144 Buchanan, Dr Andrew, 11 Arnold, Dr Thomas, 48 Burdett–Coutts, Angela, 102 Ascot, 38 Burns, Charlie, 3 Atlantic Ocean, 90, 165 Burrup, Henry, 128–30 Burrup, Mrs, 128–30 Baba, 50 Burton, Richard, 148, 154, 157 Bagamoyo, 167 Bushmen, 37, 60 Baghdad, 167 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, 19–20, Baines, Thomas, 113, 117, 120 59 Bakaa, 31–4, 40 Buys, Conrad, 33 Bakalihari, 62 Byron, Lord, 145 Baker, Sir Samuel, 60, 148, 156, 167 Cairo, 98 Bakhatla, 29, 36, 44 Cambridge, 106, 125 Bakoba, 62 Cameron, Lieut., 177–8, 199 Bakwain (Bakwena), 29–30, 49, Canada, 102 54–7, 59, 68, 73 Candido Cardosa, 119 Balonda, 81 Canton, 10 Bamangwato, 31, 62 Cape Town, 21, 24–6, 29, 37, 48, Bambarre, 161 58, 72–4, 91, 96, 98, 101, 114, Bantu, 25 121, 133, 183 Bath, 148 Cape Verde, 25 Batoka Plateau, 94, 96, 107, 117–18, Casembe, 106 121 Caspian Sea, 167 Bechuanas, 28, 30–1, 37, 123 Cassange, 84 Bedingfeld, Comdr N.B., RN, 86–7, Cecil, Richard, 13–14, 18, 21, 34 112, 116–17, 120, 188 Central Africa, 106, 167, 181–2 Bennett, Dr, 17 Charing Cross Hospital, 17 Bennett, James Gordon, 166–8 Chibisa, 118, 128

208 Index 209

Chiboque, 83–4 Edwards, Mrs, 33, 43 China, 8, 10, 16, 28 Egypt, 141, 167 Chipping Ongar, Essex, 8, 13–15, Epsom, 101 18, 21, 45, 195 Exeter Hall, 19 Chitambo, 173, 175, 176–7, 199 Chitane (DL’s dog), 159 Ferguson, Fergus, 11, 13 Chitane’s Water, 159 Fergusson, Sir William, 179 Chobe River, 68 Fernando Po, 146 Chonuane, 43, 45, 48–50 Fleming, George, 75, 79, 96 Chuma, 12, 68, 126, 135, 139, Forerunner, 86–7 151–2, 160–1, 164, 174, France, 25, 149, 151 176–8, 180, 185, 189, 199 Francis, James, 165 Churchill, Winston, 181 Free Church Missions Schools, 139 Clarendon, Lord, 89, 108–9 Freeman, J.J., 80, 201 Clyde, 144 Frere, Sir Bartle, 138, 151–2, 171–2 Cockin, Mr, 85 Frolic, HMS, 96 Coldstream Guards, 36 Colenso, Bishop, 55, 148 Gabriel, Edmond, 85, 88–9, 96, 107 Congo, River, 25, 84, 157, 169, Gardner, 161, 174 177, 190, 192 George, 22–4, 26 Congo Free State, 190 Gibson, 32 Constantinople, 211 Gladstone, W. E., 140 Cook, J.S., 18 Glasgow, 1–2, 8, 10–11, 17–18, Crimean War, 78, 114, 132, 146, 20–1, 47, 89, 103, 106, 144 211 Gorgon, HMS, 129, 132 Culloden, Battle of, 1 Graham, Thomas, 11 Culpeper’s Herbal, 5 Great Rift Valley, 128 Cumming, Gordon, 73 Griqua Town, 27–8 Curzon, Lord, 179 Gutzlaff, Karl, 10

Dawson, Lieut., 171 Hackney, 101 Derby, The, 38 Halifax, 106 Dick, Dr Thomas, 6 Hall, Mr, 142 Dickens, Charles, 20, 105, 165 Hamilton, 7, 11–12, 14, 101, 106, Dillon, 178 140–2, 144 Dilolo, 90 Hayward, Lionel, 147 Dover, 99 Helmore, Holloway, 121–3 Drummond, Henry, 13, 201 Helmore, Mrs, 121–3 Dublin, 106 Henn, Lieut., 171 Dugumbe, 162 Herodotus, 161 Duncan, Capt., 116 Hetty Ellen, 129 Dundee, 106 Holmes, Timothy, 191, 201–5 Durham, University of, 106 Hunterian Museum, 17 Dutch East India Company, 24–5, 48 India, 36, 73, 77, 138, 151, 167, East Indies, 36 189 Edinburgh, 103 Indian Ocean, 90, 135–6 Edwards, Rogers, 29, 36–7, 42–5, Inglis, Walter, 18, 45–6 48 Inveraray, 144 210 Index

Ilala, 190 Lincoln, Abraham, 143 Isak, 48, 57–8 Linyanti, 75, 79–80, 85, 88, 122, 124, 190 James, 161 Listowel, Judith, 191, 196, 202 Jeal, Tim, 18, 28, 107–9, 186, 189, Liverpool, 106, 166 191, 200–5 Livingstone, Agnes née Hunter Jericho, 163 (DL’s mother), 1–2, 5, 21, 27, Jerusalem, 163, 167 30, 33, 42, 43–4, 46–7, 49–50, Johanna, 125, 154, 158 58, 63, 86, 92, 95, 110, 142–4, 149 Kalahari, 60 Livingstone, Agnes (DL’s daughter), Kalulu, 179 49, 64, 100–3, 141, 143–6, Kebrabasa Rapids, 96, 117, 124, 149–50, 151–2, 156, 162, 192 168–9, 171, 179–80, 185, Kendal, 101 188, 194 Kirk, Dr John (later Sir John), Livingstone, Agnes (DL’s sister), 2, 111–13, 116–22, 124–33, 27, 29–30, 46, 102, 173, 179 149–50, 151, 159, 163, 167–8, Livingstone, Anna Mary 170–1, 175, 178–9, 184–5, 193, (DL’s daughter), 117, 141, 144, 195, 203 146, 179 Kirk’s Range, 133, 159 Livingstone, Charles (DL’s brother), Kolobeng, 43, 49–51, 54, 60, 62, 2, 4–5, 9, 27, 52, 58–9, 88, 65–7, 72–3, 106, 144 104, 111–13, 117, 100, 120, Kruger, Paul, 73 124, 126, 133, 141, 146, 202–3 Kuruman, 16, 23, 26–30, 33–9, 42, Livingstone, David, 44–5, 47–50, 52, 65–7, 72–3, childhood, 1–5; medical training, 75, 79, 114, 149 8–12, 17, 20–1; Chipping Ongar, 13–14; ordination, Lady Nyassa, 129, 131–2, 135–6, 21–2; leaves England, 23–5; 139, 151, 158 journey to Kuruman, 26–8; Lake Alber, 148, 156–7 rescues child, 29–30; visits Lake Bangweolo, 157, 160, 174, tribes, 30–4; establishes 191 Mabotsa, 36–7; meets Steele’s Lake Moero, 151, 157, 160–1, 191 party, 36–7; meets Moffat Lake Ngami, 58–60, 62–4, 66, 192, family, 38; relations with 196 Mary, 38–9, 42; attacked by Lake Nyassa, 92, 119–20, 125–8, lion, 40–1; convalescence, 134, 135, 151, 156, 158–9, 42–3; marriage, 42; move to 190, 192, 199 Chonuane, 49–50; meets Lake Shirwa, 119, 126, 192 Oswell, 48; move to Lake Tanganyika, 92, 148, 151, Kolobeng, 49, 51; money 156–7, 160–1, 169, 192 problems, 51–2; and Lake Victoria, 148, 156 polygamy, 55; baptises Lancet, The, 12 Sechele, 56; expedition to Last Journals, 184–5, 196, 199, 204 Lake Ngami, 59–62; second Leeds, 106 expedition, 64–5; third Leopold II of Belgium, King, 190 expedition, 68–72; Cape Lepelole, 30 Town, 72–3; hears of Limpopo River, 48 destruction of Kolobeng, 73; Index 211

visit to Sekeletu, 75–81; friendships, 12, 14–15, 17–18, journey to West coast, 81–4; 36–7, 140–1, 144–5, 168, in Loando, 84–7; journey 220, 196; with Catherine across Africa, 88–96; reaches Ridley, 15–16, 23 Victoria Falls, 93–4; at geographical convictions, 148–9, Quilimane and Mauritius, 156–7, 161, 174 96–8; shipwrecked, 98; hears honours, 63, 89, 103, 114 of death of father, 98; relationship with colleagues, 43–7, returns to England, 99; 58–9, 91, 111, 116, 120, 124, writes Missionary Travels, 131–3, 194–5 104–5; lecture tour, 106; relationship with London, accepts post as consul, 109–10; Missionary Society, 12–14, Zambesi expedition, 111–34; 28–9, 35–6, 45, 52, 63, 71–2, responsibility for Makololo 97–8, 107–9 mission tragedy, 122–3; reputation, 63, 78, 97, 102–6, responsibility for Universities 140, 144, 179–186, 197–8 mission tragedy, 130; death Livingstone, David (DL’s nephew), of Mary, 131–2; crosses 102 Indian Ocean, 135–8; visit to Livingstone, Elizabeth (DL’s Newstead, 144–7; at Speke/ daughter), 18, 65–7, 73 Burton debate, 148; mother’s Livingstone, Janet (DL’s sister), 2, death, 149; India, 151–2; 15, 27, 29–30, 46, 58, 102, Zanzibar, 152–4; last 173, 179 journeys, 156–75; body Livingstone, John (DL’s brother), 2, carried home, 176–8; funeral, 4, 5, 10, 14–15, 27, 50, 102, 179 140–1 aspirations and dreams, 8, 10, Livingstone, Mary née Moffat (DL’s 19–20, 59, 89, 105, 107, 110, wife), 37–9, 42, 44, 47–50, 57–9, 119, 161 64–8, 71–2, 85–6, 91–3, 98–102, attitude to Africans, 30–1, 34, 107–8, 110, 114, 116–17, 123, 38, 52, 56, 59, 77–84, 89–90, 124, 128, 130–2, 144, 158, 94–5, 126–7, 169 175, 176, 183, 193–4 attitude to family, 27, 64–6, 68, Livingstone, Mrs (DL’s grandmother), 92, 99–101, 141–3, 149, 168, 2–3 172, 185, 193–4 Livingstone, Neil (DL’s grandfather), attitude to medical skills, 12, 1–3, 144 33–5, 58 Livingstone, Neil (DL’s father), 2–4, attitude to religion and 6–7, 9–13, 33–4, 42, 44, 46, missionary work, 6–7, 10, 12, 50, 58, 63, 77, 86, 92, 95, 98, 21, 51, 77, 86–7, 106, 197 100–1, 103, 142 attitude to slave traders, 78, 83, Livingstone, Robert (DL’s son), 152–4, 158, 160–2, 198 48–9, 65, 71, 100–1, 116, character, 8–9, 14–15, 18, 20, 39, 141–4, 194 43, 46, 60–1, 80–1, 83–4, Livingstone, Thomas Steele (DL’s 109–10, 135, 154, 156, 169, son), 16, 50, 57–8, 64, 92, 101, 198 141, 149, 179, 185, 194 disagreement with Mrs Moffat, Livingstone, William Oswell 66–7, 71–2 (Zouga) (DL’s son), 71, 110, family History, 1–2 141, 144, 149, 171–2, 179, 185 212 Index

Livingstonia, 131, 134, 190 McRobert Mrs, 36 Loanda, 75, 84–8, 96, 107, 112 Mebalwe, 36, 40–1, 48–50 Loango, River, 94–5 Mikidani, 157, 174 London, 8, 13, 15–16, 18, 21, 28–9, Missionary Chronicle, 44 35, 39, 43, 45, 48, 53, 59, Missionary Travels, 32, 68, 93, 104, 72–3, 86, 103–4, 140, 145, 179, 131, 190, 200–2 196 Moffat family, 35–7, 39, 49, 65, London, Lord Mayor of, 103, 140 108, 121, 130 London Missionary Society (LMS), Moffat, Ann (DL’s sister–in–law), 12–13, 16–17, 20–2, 25–6, 34–6, 37, 49 44, 59, 63, 80, 86, 97–8, Moffat, Helen (DL’s sister–in–law), 101–3, 107–9, 114, 121–2, 170, 37, 47 183, 188, 190 Moffat, John (DL’s brother–in–law), London Zoo, 150 114 Lualaba River, 157, 160, 169, 177, Moffat, Mary (DL’s wife) see 190 Livingstone, Mary Luapula River, 157 Moffat, Mary (DL’s mother–in–law), 37, 42, 49, 52, 66–7, 71–2, Mabotsa, 23, 39–45, 48–9, 51 114, 194 Mabruki, 174 Moffat, Robert (DL’s father–in–law), Mackenzie, Bishop, 9, 125–30, 132, 16, 25–6, 28–9, 35, 37–8, 41, 153, 158–9, 198 44–8, 51–2, 56, 59–60, 64, 66, Mackenzie, Miss, 128–30 72, 76–7, 86, 91, 93, 108–9, Maclear, Sir Thomas, 73, 89, 91, 114, 116, 121, 179, 188, 102, 108, 121, 138, 142, 174 194–6, 201–2 Macmillan, Alexander, 18 Moffat, Robert (DL’s brother–in–law), Mafeking, 36 37, 105, 142 Magomero, 126, 128–30 Moffat, Robert (DL’s nephew), 177 Majwara, 175, 177 Moir, Revd John, 12 Makalaka, 31–2 Mokokon, 55–6 Makhari, 55–6 Molilamo, River, 175 Makololo, 68, 71, 75, 78–86, 89–2, Moore, Joseph, 14–15, 18, 20 96, 105, 108–9, 114, 117–18, Moorfields Ophthalmic Hospital, 120–2, 124, 130, 154, 174, 17 179, 184, 188 Mosega, 44 Malawi, 134 Morumbala, 133 Malta, 98 Moses, 161, 193 Mambari, 70 Mosilikatse, 32, 38, 68, 76, 91, 93, Mamochisane, 75–6 114, 121, 188 Manchester, 101, 106 Mosioatunya see Victoria Falls Manenko, 81–2 Mozambique, 136 Manganja, 119, 126–7, 130 Mpepe, 76–7 Mansion House, London, 103, 108 Mull, 1 Manyuema, 161 Murchison, Sir Roderick, 63, 89–90, Ma-Robert, 116–18, 125 102, 104, 108, 113, 140, 147–9, Mashona, 32 156, 159, 171, 173, 183 Matabele, 32–3, 38, 108, 114, 121 Murchison, Lady, 147 Matipa, 175 Murchison cataracts, 119, 127 Mauritius, 98 Murphy, 178 Index 213

Murray, John, 94, 104, 144, 180 Philip, John, 25–6, 38, 196 Murray, Mungo, 48, 59–60, 63 Philip, Mrs, 25 Musa, 154, 158–9, 176 Pilgrim’s Progress, 16, 56 Pioneer, 125–6, 129, 131, 133–4, NaNa (Webb family nanny), 146 136 Nariele, 90 Pires, Col., 88 Narrative of an Expedition to the Polyphemus, HMS, 85 Zambesi and its Tributaries, 120, Pomore, 29–30 149 Portuguese, 24–5, 32, 77–8, 83–6, Nassick, 151, 158–9, 161, 174, 94, 96, 110, 117, 119–20, 125, 178–9 131, 136, 139–40, 147–8, Natal, 125, 142 152–3, 86, 191–2, 196 Natural History of Selborne (White), Potgeiter, 58 104 Prentice, Catherine see Ridley, New, Revd Charles, 171 Catherine New Orleans, 165 Prentice, Thomas Lomas, 15, 23, Newstead Abbey, 144–7, 149–50, 28, 201 159, 165, 179–80, 186, 188, Price, Roger, 121–3, 179, 190 196 Price, Mrs, 121–2 New Union Chapel, 26 Prideaux, Capt., 178 New York Herald, 166, 173 Pringle, Mr, 36 Nicholls C.S., 18 Punch, 89 Niger River, 19–20, 25 Pusey, Dr, 130, 153 Nightingale, Florence, 102, 179 Pyne, Benjamin and Elizabeth, 18 Nile, River, 25, 148–9, 157, 161, 169, 173, 192 Quinine, 64, 80, 185 Nyamoana, 81, 90 Quilimane, 96–8, 102, 107, 110, Nyangwe, 162, 172, 193 118–19, 126, 128 Nyassa region 154 (and see Lake Nyassa) Rae, George, 112, 118, 120, 131–2, 136 Opium War, 16 Ramsay, Dr, 129–30 Orange River, 27 Ransford, Oliver, 199, 202–5 Orestes, 136 Reform Bill (1832), 7–8 Oswell, William Cotton, 47–8, Regent Street, 104 59–65, 68, 70–2, 74, 80, 103, Ridley, Catherine (later Mrs 144, 147, 150, 156, 172, Thomas Prentice), 15–16, 23 178–80, 184, 194, 196 Rio de Janeiro, 24 Oxford, 103, 106, 149 Robey, Sarah, 37 Owen, Professor (later Sir Richard), Ross, William, 21–6 17, 102–3 Ross, Mrs, 21–4, 26, 33, 47 Rovuma, River, 124–5, 132, 139, Palmerston, Lord, 119, 140, 147 157, 199 Paris, 150, 166 Rowlands, John see Stanley, Henry Paul (native teacher), 48–9, 57 Morton Pearl, 110, 113–14 Royal Geographical Society, 63, 80, Penguin, 157 89, 103, 113, 148–9, 159, 170–1, Persepolis, 167 178–9, 182–4 Persia, 167 Royal Society, 103 214 Index

Rugby, 48 Steele, Captain (later General Sir Ruo, River, 129 Thomas), 36–7, 80, 89, 179 Russell, Lord John, 140, 148, 170 Steere, Bishop, 190 Rya Syde, 92 Stewart, James, 130–2, 190, 194–5, 203 Suez Canal, 139, 167 Sand River Convention, 74 Susi, 12, 68, 117, 126, 139, 151–2, Seaver, 186, 200–4 154, 160–1, 164, 174–8, 180, Sebehwe, 33 185, 189, 199 Sebitoane, 68, 70–1, 75–6, 83, 92, 154 Swift, Jonathan, 192 Sechele, 29–30, 33, 38, 49, 52–9, Syme, Professor, 144 62, 73–4, 77, 154 Sechuana, 16, 23, 37, 100, 114 Tabora, 171 Sea of Galilee, 128 Tahiti, 14 Sekeletu, 75–81, 86, 91–4, 96, Taylor, Isaac, 18 120–2, 124 Tete, 96, 107, 110, 116–18, 120, Sekhomi, 31, 40, 62 124–5, 133 Sekwebu, 93, 97–8, 117, 138 Thomas, John, 60 Sena, 110 Thompson, William, 73, 79, 85, Seph Rubea, 158 96, 98, 202 Seretse Khama, 31 Thornton, Richard, 112–13, 117, Sesheke, 121 120, 132–3 Sewell, Mrs, 16–17, 73 Thule, 152 Shaftesbury, Lord, 102 Tidman, Arthur, 22, 35–6, 44, 51, Sherman, General, 166 56, 63, 71–2, 80, 92, 96–8, Shinte, 81–3, 90 100, 107, 109, 121, 182–4, Shire River, 111, 118–20, 125–6, 201–2, 205 129, 132, 147, 158, 190 Times, The, 133, 159, 185, 189 Shupanga, 117, 131 Tippu Tip, 160 Sicard, Major, 96, 117, 126 Tozer, Bishop, 133, 136, 184, 190 Sierra Leone, 141 Tsetse fly, 25, 64, 71, 79, 90, 114, Silva Porto, 76, 78 156 Silver Street Chapel, Falcon Square, 17 Ujiji, 160–3, 164, 167, 170–1 Simon’s Bay, 24 Ulva, 1, 144 Sinbad (DL’s ox), 81, 89–90 University of Strathclyde see Slavery, 7–8, 11, 19–20, 24–5, 32, Anderson’s College 60, 70, 76, 78, 83, 85–6, 88, Universities Mission to Central 90, 106, 113, 118–19, 126–8, Africa, 106, 125, 133, 190, 193 133–4, 138–9, 140, 143, 147–8, Unyanyembe, 164, 171–2, 173, 177 151–4, 158, 160, 170–3, 175, 184, 188, 192, 197 Vaal River, 37, 74 Smiles, Samuel, 181 Vardon, Capt. Frank, 49 Smuts, General, 73 Vasco da Gama, 25 Speke, John Hanning, 148, 154, Victoria Falls, 87, 91, 93–4, 121, 156–7 181, 192 Southampton, 99, 103, 178 Victoria, Queen, 19, 74, 87, 94, Stanley, Henry Morton, 24, 78, 103, 110, 149, 181 83–4, 143, 164–74, 179, 182–5, Vincent, Rupert see Livingstone, 190, 192–3, 195–6, 199, 204–5 Robert (DL’s son) Index 215

Wainwright, Jacob, 174, 178–80, Wilson, Frank, 141 200 Wilson, J. H., 60 Wainwright, John, 174 Waller, Horace, 125, 133, 136, 150, Young, E. D. (‘Gunner’), 152, 159, 171, 175, 178–9, 184–6, 193, 179, 184, 190 196, 199 Young, James ‘Paraffin’, 12, 102, Wardlaw, Dr Ralph, 11 130, 140–3, 149–50, 177–8, Washington, Capt., 112 195–6, 203–4 Webb, Ethel, 146 Young, Mrs James, 141 Webb, Mrs, 144–7, 150, 165, 172, 196 Zambesi, 9, 25, 27, 68, 71, 75, 78, Webb, William Frederick, 72, 144–7, 86, 92, 94, 96, 111, 114, 116–18, 150, 172, 178–9, 196 120–1, 129, 131, 140, 142, Wellington, Duchess of, 140 145, 147, 149, 152, 156, 159, West Africa, 70 170, 179, 181, 184, 186, 188, West Indies, 16, 36 190, 192, 194–6 Westminster Abbey, 14, 37, 117, Zanzibar, 92, 113, 133, 135–6, 149, 123, 173, 176, 179, 181, 152–4, 161, 167, 171, 175–6, 198 178, 193, 195 Wikatani, 126, 139, 151–2, 158 Zanzibar, Sultan of, 152–3, 159, Wilberforce, William, 6, 19 161, 172, 175, 177 Wild Bill Hickok 166 Zouga (nickname) see under Wildman, Col., 145 Livingstone, William Oswell Wilson, Capt., 129 Zouga River, 58, 60, 64, 71 Wilson, Dr, 139, 151 Zumbo, 94