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Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 DOI: 10.2451/2012PM0007

An International Journal of PERIODICO di MINERALOGIA MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, established in 1930 ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment , Archeometry and Cultural Heritage

Archaeometric evidence attesting production of indigenous archaic pottery at Monte Polizzo (Western )

Giuseppe Montana 1,* , Chad Elliot Heinze 2, Anna Maria Polito 1 and Luciana Randazzo 1

1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Northern Iowa, USA * Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Excavations at the proto-urban indigenous settlement of Monte Polizzo (western Sicily) have not yielded so far any evidence of in-situ ceramic production (i.e. kiln structures). However several archaeological concerns put forward to consider it as a likely production centre of pottery during the Archaic age. In this paper a first attempt to check the compositional correspondence between ceramic fabrics and local clay sources has been made. A comprehensive archaeometric investigation of indigenous pottery, mainly composed of matte-painted table ware dated from the 7 th to the 4 th century B.C., recovered from the of Monte Polizzo has allowed the identification of six distinct “Paste Compositional Reference Units” (PCRUs). The six PCRUs were independently identified and confirmed through textural and mineralogical characteristics (petrographic observations) and chemical characterization (XRF analysis). A parallel investigation of clayey raw material of Monte Polizzo’s natural resources revealed two geologic formations the Terravecchia and Marnoso-Areacea del Belice (MAB). Experimental ceramic briquettes were created and petrographically and chemically characterized. A comparison between the indigenous and experimental ceramics revealed that the local potters preferred clays from the Terravecchia Formation. The mineralogical, textural and chemical composition of the raw clays of the Terravecchia Formation resulted to be well correlated with the 92% of the indigenous ceramic artefacts recovered from Monte Polizzo. The remaining 8% are interpreted to be imported from the Sicani Mounts area.

Key words: Western Sicily; Archaic age; indigenous ceramic production; incised and matte painted tableware; thin section petrography; XRF.

Introduction century B.C., active till the end of 4 th century B.C., frequented again in the Middle Ages and Monte Polizzo was a proto-urban indigenous occasionally in more recent times. settlement, dating back approximately to the 9 th montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 108

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The current archaeological site lies only six times. First study on Monte Polizzo took place in kilometres northwest of , Trapani the early 70’s (Tusa, 1972). Later, several in- province, at 726 m above sea level, dominating depth field surveys and excavations were carried a vast area of western Sicily and controlling the out (1998-2010) within the ” Sicilian major trade routes to , the greatest Scandinavian Archaeological Project” (SSAP), Greek colony in the area and , the most which the Universities of Göteborg and Oslo, as important Hellenised indigenous centre. The well as the American Universities of Stanford, topography of the site shows clear analogies with Northern Illinois and Northern Iowa are part of other indigenous settlements in archaic western (Johansson and Prescott, 1999; Prescott et al., Sicily (, Segesta, , Monte Iato, 2001; Morris et al., 2001; Kolb and Tusa, 2001; Monte Adranone, Monte Maranfusa just to list Mühlenbock and Prescott, 2001; Morris et al., the most important ones), as it is located on top 2002; Morris et al., 2003; Morris et al., 2004; of a hill in a suitable position for defence and Morris and Tusa, 2004). The excavations are territorial control (Figure 1). The correspondence being carried out not only on Monte Polizzo concerns material culture as well testifying for (Acropolis, House 1, Portella S. Anna) but also their belonging to a unique and homogeneous in the historical center of Salemi and in the site civilization (Spatafora, 1996). of Pizzo Mokarta (not far away). Investigations at Monte Polizzo can therefore Notwithstanding a considerable amount of spread new light on a wider area in Western Sicily ceramics imported from the Greek world that lies out of colonial (Greek and Phoenician) (possibly through the colony of Selinus) and, on territories and that retained the peculiar features a lesser grade, from the Phoenician area, the of indigenous civilization in archaic and classical main ceramic assemblage consists mostly of

Figure 1. Map of western Sicily marking the positions of Monte Polizzo, Mokarta, Salemi, and some relevant archaeological sites. montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 109

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storage and tableware decorated with incised or identified suggesting an intra-regional painted geometric patterns. This pottery is organization of ceramic trade in western Sicily, characteristic of indigenous settlements in however the source locations of raw clays and central and western Sicily and it has even been the location of the correspondent ceramic used as marker of ‘Elymian’ culture, though this workshops remained uncertain (Kolb and issue is still debated (Spatafora, 1996). The Speakman, 2005). More recently, 20 ceramic retrieving of these ceramics at Monte Polizzo is samples from the areas A, B and C of Monte therefore obvious, but it does not give enough Polizzo Acropolis, dated to the mid 6 th century information about technical, productive and B.C. and stylistically attributed to local commercial aspects of the Monte Polizzo indigenous ware were analyzed by thin section settlement. In fact, nowadays, nothing can be microscopy and ICP-AES (Brorsson, 2007). Up inferred about the existence of ceramic to 7 groups consisting of different temper workshops at Monte Polizzo. For that reason, materials and/or microfabric were described several important socio-economic questions, even if chemical analyses suggested only small such as the capability in facing local needs or in compositional variations for the majority of the spreading their ceramic items on a larger market, samples (Brorsson, 2007). Nevertheless, in this cannot be answered. Monte Polizzo differs case the hypothesis of provenance was debated therefore from sites like Entella (PA), where on the individual samples and the compositional kilns, furnace separators and misfired sherds of and textural fingerprints of local ceramic archaic age were found, testifying for a local products were only approximately described and production of cooking ware, plain ware and not evaluated on a geo-lithological basis. vases decorated in a simple geometric style Such a ‘knowledge plateau’ concerning the (Guglielmino, 2000). As a consequence, at Archaic ceramic production in the site of Monte Entella it was possible to clearly identify local Polizzo is not surprising considering that the products also following their spreading in the assignment of a ceramic paste (macroscopic/ neighborhoods and to appreciate the ratio local microscopic fabric) to a specific workshop can vs. imported ceramics (Montana et al., 2011a). be easily addressed only if kiln wasters are An attempt in relating ceramics from Monte available. However, if we consider a Polizzo to other fabrics in western Sicily was consumption center the situation is radically made in a preliminary archaeometric study different. In this case, a paste compositional involving several pottery samples collected at reference unit or PCRU can be only formed. It Monte Polizzo, published five years ago by Kolb can not be related to a particular workshop unless and Speakman (2005). They analyzed a by association with already established consistent number of Archaic table ware sherds compositional groups (Bishop et al., 1982; Rice, (9 th to the 6 th century B.C.) collected from 12 1987; Buxeda et al., 1995) indigenous settlements all located in western Nevertheless, the comparison of the paste Sicily by means of instrumental neutron compositional reference units with local geology activation analysis (INAA), with the aim of and clayey raw materials available in the studying the ceramic production centers and the territory can be an alternative way to establish if exchange patterns. The chemical data obtained the settlement of Monte Polizzo - within a from INAA were evaluated using an array of specific chronological interval (7 th - 4 th century multivariate statistical procedures in order to B.C.) - was simply a centre of consumption, facilitate the identification of compositional importing ceramics from other indigenous and groups. Up to five chemical groups were clearly coeval sites, or if - as it seems possible according montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 110

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to the archaeological data acquired so far - it was Salemi are characterized by a discontinuous itself a centre of production, and to discriminate sedimentary record dating from the late Triassic between autochthonous or allochthonous to the present-day. Common bedrock types ceramic productions. include limestone, calcareous marl, shale, Thus, the awareness of the ceramic raw siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, calcarenite, materials available in a given territory may be a evaporitic limestone, selenitic gypsum, loose correct approach for an accurate definition of sand and clay assemblages that reveal deep to ceramic provenance, by determining the shallow marine environments and younger mineralogical and chemical composition and transitional alluvial sedimentation (Catalano and also some critical textural aspects of clays (i.e. D’Argenio, 1982; Tortorici et al., 2001). Clays packing and size distribution of aplastic grains) beds suitable for making ceramics and and comparing them with materials retrieved outcropping close to the site of Monte Polizzo from archaeological excavations (e.g. Magetti, (Figure 2) are those belonging to the Upper 1982; Picon, 1992; Degryse et al., 2003; Gliozzo Tortonian - Lower Messinian Terravecchia and Memmi Turbanti, 2004; Hein et al., 2004; Formation (Ruggeri and Torre, 1984; Butler et Gliozzo et al., 2005; Tite, 2008). al., 1999) and to the Middle-Upper Pliocene This paper provides a detailed petrographic Marnoso-Arenacea del Belice (MAB) Formation and chemical investigation of ceramic finds (Roda, 1967; Ruggeri and Torre, 1974). The recovered from excavations at Monte Polizzo. A Terravecchia Formation is a sequences of fluvial set of 44 ceramic samples were carefully selected deltaic deposits up to 2500 m thick forming a on an autoptical basis by the archaeologists of molassic package of clastic sediments. It the American mission. The sherds were mostly represents a major sedimentation period representative of small amphorae, bowls, jugs, throughout Sicily with some stratigraphic vessels and other less distinct forms that may be unconformities . The MAB Formation is a classified as ‘tableware’ from a functional point terrigenous succession that lies discordantly on of view. These samples were studied by optical older deposits forming a characteristic polyphase microscopy (thin sections) and X-ray thrusting (piggy-back). The MAB also contains fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). This clay-beds that contain significant concentrations archaeometric investigation of ceramic sherds of calcareous microfauna. was carried out in parallel with one on the raw Terravecchia and MAB clayey raw materials clayey materials cropping out in the studied area are abundant in western Sicily and they have (6 samples). The textural and compositional been recently characterized in terms of grain size comparison between the potential raw materials distribution, mineralogical and chemical and the ceramic artefacts is not easy because of composition (Montana et al., 2006; Montana et the analogies, shown by the geo-lithologic al., 2011b). contexts of the already recognized production centres situated in western Sicily (Montana et al., Materials and methods 2003; Montana et al., 2007; Montana et al., 2009; Montana et al., 2010; Montana et al., 2011b). Description of ceramic samples and clays Forty-four ceramic samples were subjected to Geological outline and local raw clays textural and compositional analytical methods. These samples were recovered from Stanford From a geologic point of view, the adjacent University’s excavations, under the direction of hinterlands surrounding Monte Polizzo and Dr. Ian Morris, on Monte Polizzo’s Acropolis. montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 111

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Figure 2. Lithologic map of the area between Monte Polizzo and Salemi.

Dr. Emma Blake (Tufts University) organized vessels, pithoi, (average thickness between 15- the excavation’s recovered material culture. Dr. 20 mm). This macrofabric was also characterized Blake by means of careful naked-eye by a temper frequency greater than 10% (area) as observations identified three major macrofabric well as the presence of coarser sand grains groups: F24, F7 and F54 (Table 1). These groups (maximum grain size, MGS , up to 3 mm). were schematically classified into chronological Macrofabric F7 (Figure 3a) was well- groups (detailed descriptions of the different represented (18 samples) in the available set of chronological phases are provided in Morris et ceramic samples. F7 samples represent smaller al., 2004), macrofabric, typology and surface diagnostic wheel-made tableware forms (e.g. treatments. bowls) having the external surface decorated with F24 macrofabric (3 samples) was by far the incised geometric patterns (mainly horizontal least common in the studied set of ceramic sherds lines). F7 is classified as a fine to very-fine paste (Blake, personal communication). F24 represents (MGS around 0.5 mm) with a greyish surface diagnostic undecorated/handmade large storage colour, average thickness up to 5 mm and temper montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 112

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Table 1. Chronology, macrofabric (see text), type, thickness and surface treatment of the studied ceramic samples from Monte Polizzo. Thickness Surface Samples Chronology Fabric Vessel Type (mm) Treatment PLZ26 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 7 bowl 5 incised PLZ33 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 7 small table ware 4.5 incised PLZ46 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 7 small table ware 4.5 incised PLZ4 6th century B.C. (Phase II) F 7 small table ware 6 incised PLZ14 6th century B.C. (Phase II) F 7 open vessel 5.5 incised PLZ25 6th century B.C. (Phase II) F 7 bowl 5 incised PLZ40 6th century B.C. (Phase II a) F 7 small table ware 5 incised PLZ44 6th century B.C. (Phase II a) F 7 bowl 6 incised PLZ34 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 7 small table ware 6 incised PLZ36 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 7 closed vessel 5 incised PLZ29 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 7 open vessel 6.5 incised PLZ1 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 small table ware 6 incised PLZ15 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 closed vessel 7 incised PLZ18 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 jug 3 incised PLZ19 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 closed vessel 6 incised PLZ28 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 open vessel 5 incised PLZ31 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 small table ware 4.5 incised PLZ37 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 7 jug 4 incised PLZ16 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 24 pithos 16 undecorated PLZ47 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 24 pithos 23 undecorated PLZ12 6th century B.C. (Phase II a) F 24 pithos 20 undecorated PLZ43 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 54 open vessel 9 matte painted PLZ9 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 54 table ware 8 matte painted PLZ32 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 54 table ware 6.5 matte painted PLZ3 late 4 th century B.C. (Phase III) F 54 table amphora 5.5 matte painted PLZ35 6th century B.C. (Phase II) F 54 closed vessel 8 matte painted PLZ20 6th century B.C. (Phase II a) F 54 table ware 11 matte painted PLZ21 6th century B.C. (Phase II a) F 54 table ware 8 matte painted PLZ24 6th century B.C. (Phase II a) F 54 table amphora 7 matte painted PLZ10 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 54 table ware 6 matte painted PLZ17 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 54 bowl 8 matte painted PLZ39 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 54 table ware 6 matte painted PLZ41 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 54 table ware 6 matte painted PLZ42 6th century B.C. (Phase II b) F 54 table amphora 9 matte painted PLZ2 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table ware 7.5 matte painted PLZ6 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 closed vessel 6 matte painted PLZ7 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table ware 8 matte painted PLZ8 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table ware 7 matte painted PLZ22 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table ware 10 matte painted PLZ23 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table amphora 9 matte painted PLZ27 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table ware 9 matte painted PLZ30 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 closed vessel 7 matte painted PLZ38 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 closed vessel 5 matte painted PLZ45 7th -6 th century B.C. (Phase I-II) F 54 table ware 7 matte painted montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 113

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Figure 3. Examples of the indigenous matte painted ceramics found at Monte Polizzo (Acropolis) and others sites of western Sicily: a) bowl with incised decoration; b) table amphora with matte painted geometric decoration.

packing always less than 5% (area). The clayey material (SALT1, SALT3, SALT4, macrofabric F54 (Figure 3b) was the most SALT6: mean sand content around 15% wt) frequent within the studied ceramics (23 samples) were collected in the urban centre of Salemi in a and characteristic of matte painted (geometric clean and deep excavation for a building decoration) wheel-made tableware (e.g. table foundation. We are aware that the number of the amphorae). It presents mainly very fine-fine sand collected clay samples, even considering the grains (sporadic medium-coarse) with MGS up to above stated logistic difficulties, could be 1 mm. F54 is also characterized by a pale reddish- considered inadequate to represent well enough yellow surface and a greyish core. The average both chemical and mineralogical composition of thickness was about 6 mm and the temper local clays, specially if the analysis are aimed to packing more abundant than the 5% (area). make a distinction between handmade artefacts. Potential local ceramic raw materials However, it has to be considered that a large representative of the Terravecchia Formation number of analysis have been carried out were found along the slopes of Monte Polizzo recently in the whole territory of western Sicily with complications mainly due to the rarity of on both Terravecchia Formation (159 clay exposed clay beds under soil horizons and the samples) and MAB Formation (48 clay presence of thick vegetation. A silty-clay (sample samples), many of which refers to clay samples SALT 11: sand content around the 13% wt) and collected within a radius of 50 km respect the site a silty-clayey sand (sample SALT 10: sand of Monte Polizzo, being now available and content around the 55% wt), the latter utilizable actually significant for comparative purposes in its natural state only for mixing and tempering (Montana et al., 2011b). purposes, were collected. Concerning the MAB Formation, because of the extensive occurrence Analytical methods of cultivated fields in its outcrop area, 4 Clay briquettes of the locally sampled raw uncontaminated samples composed of silty materials (small bars of 9 cm width, 2 cm length montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 114

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and 0.5 cm thick) were moulded and fired in a standard reference materials (SRM). The average muffle furnace at 900 °C with soaking time relative standard deviations evaluated (RSD) on maintained for 3 hours. Furthermore, the seven runs of the SRMs IAEA/Soil-7, Terravecchia Formation clay raw materials, due IAEA/SL-1, NIST/BC-679 were: SiO 2 = 0.64%, to their varying sand concentrations, were used TiO 2= 0.97%, Al 2O3 = 0.89%, Fe 2O3 = 0.92%, to prepare an additional briquette (coded MIX1): MnO = 1.22%, MgO = 1.38%, CaO = 1.19%, 3 parts in weight of SALT11 were mixed with 2 Na 2O = 1.91%, K 2O = 0.83%, P 2O5 = 1.10%, V parts of SALT10. = 2% , Cu = 2%, Zn = 1%, Rb = 2%, Sr = 1%, Microscopic observations of thin sections were Zr = 3%, Ba = 4%, La = 8%, Ce = 12%. performed by a Leica DM-LSP polarizing The analysis of each element was fully microscope equipped with a digital photographic corrected for line interference and matrix effects camera. The ceramic artefacts were of all the other analysed elements and the results characterized in terms of the mineralogical and were normalised on a dry-weight basis (Hein et textural features of their aplastic inclusions and al., 2002). accordingly categorized into fabrics if showing Multivariate statistic methods such as apparent similarities. The experimental/fired Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and briquettes were petrographically assessed using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) were the same methods used to characterize the carried out through the commercial software S- artefacts from the ceramic manufactures. Plus (Mathsoft 1999). The chemical composition of ceramic samples and local raw clays were determined using a Results and discussion Rigaku ZSX Primus wavelength dispersive X- ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), equipped Petrography of the ceramic samples with four diffracting crystals: LiF (200), LiF The petrographic analysis of the 44 ceramic (220), PET (002), and TAP (100). A small samples from Monte Polizzo’s Acropolis has portion of powdered and homogenised samples facilitated the identification of six fabrics (around 2 g) was dried at 100°C for 24 h. Each (FBRs) . The essential characteristics: specimen, previously mixed with two drops of a mineralogical composition, packing, sorting and 3% water solution of Mowiol N50-98, was grain size, for every FBR, were schematised and summarized. compressed on a base of ultrapure H 3BO 3 at about 5 tons/inches 2 by a hydraulic press to FBR 1a (samples: PLZ1; PLZ4; PLZ15; obtain a circular powder pellet (4 cm in PLZ18; PLZ19; PLZ22; PLZ25; PLZ28; PLZ29; diameter). A Rh tube anode routinely running at PLZ31; PLZ33; PLZ34; PLZ37; PLZ44; PLZ46) 4 kW was used for the major elements analysis It shows a clear prevalence towards a as well as for minor and trace elements. The sandy/silicoclastic temper rather than carbonatic, quantified elements (major and minor elements which is nearly absent or not significantly recorded as oxides, wt.% while trace elements represented, like in the case of sample PLZ15 (Figure 4a). It is characterized by homogeneous given as ppm) were the following: Fe 2O3 (as texture and quite high packing estimated within total Fe), Al 2O3, MgO, MnO, P 2O5, TiO 2, CaO, 20-30% (area). Temper consists predominantly Na 2O, K 2O, SiO 2, V, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, La, Ce. The loss on ignition (LOI) was determined of fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), very fine sand by firing at least 0.5 g of dried specimen, at 1000 (0.06-0.125 mm), and coarse silt (< 0.06 mm). °C for 3 h. Elemental concentrations were The sand grains are predominantly represented quantified using calibration lines up to 52 by sub-angular or angular monocrystalline montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 115

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a b

c d

e f

Figure 4. Representative thin section microphotographs of the defined fabrics (FBR): a) FBR 1a; b) FBR 1b; c) FBR 2; d) FBR 3; e) FBR 4; f) FBR 5 (crossed polars; scale bar width = 0.5 mm).

quartz (size < 0.2 mm), only sporadically sporadic to rare. The groundmass generally subrounded (size > 0.2 mm). FBR 1a contained shows weak birefringence except for the sample subordinate components including: K-feldspar, PLZ28. All samples exhibited a characteristic chert, quartzarenite fragments, mica flakes (fine black core that indicates an abrupt passage from fraction) and zircon grains. Micritic clots, a reducing atmosphere, at least in the final part formed from the thermal decomposition of of the firing process, to an oxidant cooling phase calcite (Cau et al., 2002), were estimated atmosphere. The iron oxides particles are montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 116

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diffused in the groundmass and they also temperature) are relatively more abundant respect assemble in small round or irregular clots FBRs 1a and 1b. (varying dimensions from 0.1 to 0.6 mm). The The FBR 2 groundmass was not birefringent. pores mainly exhibit an irregular or vesicular Pores exhibited an irregular or vesicular shape, form range in size from 0.1 to 1 mm. with size widely ranging between 0.1 and 1 mm. FBR 1b (samples: PLZ8; PLZ30; PLZ38; FBR 3 (samples: PLZ7; PLZ36) PLZ39) This fabric is represented by only two samples. It exhibited intermediary characteristics It is characterized by a low packing (around 3% between FBRs 1a and 2. It was characterized by area) and a heterogeneous distribution of the a medium temper packing (10-15%) with fine aplastic inclusions with a clear prevalence of sand size (Figure 4b). coarse silt (0.04-0.06 mm) and very fine sand Sample PLZ8 primarily contained very fine (0.06-0.125 mm) grains. subangular or angular grains of monocrystalline The temper was composed mainly of angular quartz (0.06-0.125 mm); while K-feldspar, or subangular monocrystalline quartz, but polycrystalline quartz, quartzarenite fragments calcareous microfossils, occasionally well- and tiny mica flakes and micritic clots were preserved and more frequently in the form of sporadic to rare components. Samples PLZ30, subrounded or vesicular cast, were identified as PLZ38, PLZ39 exhibited an increase in the common constituents (Figure 4d). Feldspars relative abundance of calcareous grains although grains (orthoclase and plagioclase) and mica the majority of temper grains remained flakes were sporadic. silicoclastic. It showed a birefringent groundmass except The groundmass appeared to be rather non- for the samples PLZ36 (weakly birefringent) and homogeneous (lumpy texture) and not PLZ7 (not birefringent). Pores showed irregular birefringent except for sample PLZ39 (weak or vesicular shape with average size widely birefringence). Pores mainly expressed irregular spread between 0.1 and 1 mm. Each sample was shapes and sizes ranging between 0.1 and 1 mm. characterized by a black core . FBR 2 (samples: PLZ2; PLZ3; PLZ6; PLZ10; FBR 4 (samples: PLZ32; PLZ35) PLZ12; PLZ14; PLZ16; PLZ17; PLZ20; PLZ21; This fabric is composed of only two samples PLZ23; PLZ24; PLZ27; PLZ40; PLZ41; PLZ42; which contain few aplastic inclusions, PLZ43; PLZ45; PLZ47) predominantly represented by coarse silt (0.04 - All of the samples grouped within FBR 2 were 0.06 mm) and very fine sand (maximum grain characterized by a distinctive lumpy texture and size or MGS = 0.15 mm). Temper packing was medium-low temper packing (ranging between 5- low (around 3% area) if referred merely to the 10%). Coarse silt (< 0.06 mm) and very fine sand detritic siliceous components, hence not grains (0.06-0.125 mm) are prevailing. Medium considering the clay lumps and micritic clots sand temper (0.25-0.5 mm) was rare or sporadic. similarly deriving from the manufacture process. Compositionally this microscopic fabric The temper was essentially composed of contained, subangular to angular monocrystalline monocrystalline quartz with a lesser amount of quartz grains, while K-feldspar, polycrystalline mica and K-feldspars. Micritic clots were quartz, quartzarenite fragments, and mica flakes common only in sample PLZ35. Minor were subordinate temper components (Figure 4c). quantities of volcanic lithic fragments and It appears that the calcareous microfossils more minerals (clinopyroxene, alkaline feldspar, or less decomposed after the firing process and hornblende, and glass) were recognized in both micritic clots (in the samples fired at higher samples and can be considered a distinctive montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 117

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“marker” of this fabric (Figure 4e). Reference Unit (PCRUs). At first sight it is The groundmass showed a distinct possible to notice that for the studied samples birefringence typically yellowish brown to there is a very good correlation between brown (crossed polars). Texture was manifestly petrographic classification of microscopic non homogeneous with frequent clay lumps and fabrics and chemical data. Therefore, PCRU 1a, a black core . Pores were mainly irregular or PCRU 1b, PCRU 2, PCRU3, PCRU 4, PCRU 5 vesicular shaped and the size was highly can be easily distinguished by means of major variable from 0.1 to 1 mm. and trace elements concentrations, respectively FBR 5 (samples: PLZ3; PLZ26) corresponding to FBR 1a, FBR 1b, FBR 2, FBR This fabric was once again represented by only 3, FBR 4 and FBR 5. two samples (PLZ3, PLZ26). Each sample was In particular, PCRUs 1a and 1b differ from all characterized by a medium temper packing the other paste compositional reference units by (higher than10% area) with the aplastic a larger SiO 2 abundance (in particular PCRU 1a) inclusions distributed uniformly (Figure 4f). and, in contrast, really lower amounts of CaO Temper size was predominantly fine-medium and Al 2O3. On the contrary, PCRU 2 was (0.2-0.5 mm) with tails toward coarse sand (0.5- characterized by a relatively higher CaO 1 mm) and silt (< 0.06 mm). concentration with respect to PCRU 1a, and also From the point of view of mineralogical by higher abundances of Al 2O3, TiO 2, MgO, composition each sample exhibited a prevalence Fe 2O3. Particularly, the inverse correlation of monocrystalline quartz, with subordinate to between SiO 2 and CaO, distinguishing PCRU 1a rare K-feldspar, polycrystalline quartz, chert, and 1b from PCRU 2, can be interpreted like an quartzarenite fragments and mica flakes. Each effect due to greater relative occurrence of sand calcareous lithoclasts and microfossils are grains largely made of quartz and/or to a common constituents as well. correspondent minor incidence of the calcareous The groundmass was optically active and the bioclasts already detected under the petrographic texture homogeneous even with the black core . characterization. The inverse correlation between Pores show irregular or vesicular shape and SiO 2 and Al 2O3, then again, reveals the different many of them represent casts of decomposed relative frequency of sand inclusions (packing calcareous microfossils. Pore size ranged widely assessed at the polarizing microscope and given between 0.1 and 1 mm. in % area). In fact, Al 2O3, TiO 2, MgO, Fe 2O3 resulted relatively higher concentrated in the less Chemistry of the ceramic samples tempered PCRU 2 reflecting the more relevant The raw chemical data concerning the ceramic contribution of the mineralogical/amorphous samples collected at Monte Polizzo are shown in constituents that compose the groundmass in Table 2. They have been carried out by XRF comparison with the aluminium-silicates of the spectrometry and arranged in succession sand fraction. In addition, the samples according to the above described fabrics petrographically attributed to the PCRU 1a recognized after petrographic observations. In showed a marked dispersion of SiO 2 fact, the first aim of the XRF analysis, in this concentration (from the 64% to around the 74% case study, was to verify if the petrographically wt), causing also a sort of “dilution effect” on delineated fabrics (FBR 1a, FBR 1b, FBR 2, CaO abundance and of the geochemically FBR 3, FBR 4, FBR 5) were still evident when correlated Sr which is fairly higher in PCRU 2. viewed by chemical composition and In fact, with the increase of quartz grains content categorizable just like Paste Compositional - both in terms of their relative abundance montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 118

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Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 Archaeometric evidence attesting production ... 119 U R 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 C P 2 9 8 2 9 6 7 4 0 1 4 9 4 1 8 3 8 7 6 9 8 0 9 5 0 9 6 0 3 6 6 9 8 0 n 2 4 6 2 5 5 2 3 4 6 3 4 3 3 6 3 2 3 2 2 3 9 7 8 9 7 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 Z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 7 6 4 2 9 0 6 3 4 8 6 5 9 8 8 1 9 5 7 2 2 9 4 7 9 4 0 1 1 1 0 9 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 7 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 C 5 5 2 6 3 7 2 5 1 5 3 0 3 6 4 6 0 0 6 8 0 6 3 3 7 9 9 0 1 2 0 4 0 7 5 4 2 4 7 3 6 2 4 4 4 4 7 9 0 9 2 2 8 8 9 8 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 5 0 0 9 1 V 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e 0 4 7 0 2 9 8 8 2 3 0 4 9 2 4 3 7 9 1 6 1 7 7 1 1 3 0 3 9 2 6 9 6 2 5 5 5 7 5 5 4 4 7 7 7 4 3 4 4 7 6 6 7 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 3 8 9 8 9 8 C a 8 1 7 2 2 8 0 5 2 1 7 3 6 4 1 4 6 2 5 8 5 8 9 9 9 8 7 4 6 7 5 0 7 4 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 1 L 8 7 9 0 6 9 2 1 3 1 9 7 6 9 1 8 6 3 6 5 7 3 7 0 3 9 6 3 6 8 5 7 1 1 a 1 6 2 9 7 7 4 5 9 6 9 7 2 5 7 7 6 9 6 5 8 5 9 2 1 9 9 4 2 4 8 8 5 7 B 4 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 7 7 4 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 3 7 7 7 3 7 6 2 4 3 0 1 4 8 2 1 7 9 7 5 6 1 4 1 9 9 2 5 3 3 9 5 7 6 6 9 7 7 r 8 9 7 8 8 9 3 6 7 8 7 7 9 1 8 8 0 2 1 2 8 4 7 6 9 8 1 8 8 8 0 8 7 7 Z 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 5 7 5 4 3 9 9 3 2 3 3 9 5 9 3 7 5 7 7 8 5 2 4 2 9 6 2 9 6 3 1 1 r 1 1 1 9 1 6 5 6 5 3 1 3 2 3 8 6 4 3 7 9 4 4 8 5 6 8 6 3 1 2 3 6 7 8 S 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 5 2 9 7 2 8 1 0 2 4 8 8 0 3 0 8 2 7 1 5 4 1 0 1 7 8 8 8 3 8 1 2 1 b 1 1 1 2 0 3 0 9 2 3 4 2 4 9 3 2 3 2 0 9 9 1 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 7 5 7 9 0 1 R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 7 0 4 6 4 0 6 1 6 0 9 4 9 1 9 4 1 9 0 4 0 4 8 0 9 9 6 8 0 4 8 0 8 O 4 6 8 0 3 2 4 2 2 3 5 3 3 3 5 4 3 5 0 3 5 8 5 9 1 1 0 1 5 3 4 5 1 9 2 ...... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 K O 0 4 1 7 5 5 0 7 6 3 8 5 8 2 9 7 5 5 0 7 9 8 2 7 7 6 4 1 7 1 3 4 6 7 2 7 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 6 4 6 3 5 5 7 7 7 3 4 3 3 3 4 6 4 6 5 6 7 3 3 3 ...... a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 5 1 0 7 1 4 0 6 9 8 0 9 7 0 6 2 0 6 0 4 8 3 8 1 4 4 8 5 6 5 4 0 6 3 O 1 1 1 0 8 2 9 9 6 2 5 7 5 4 9 4 9 9 4 2 3 0 4 0 7 7 9 9 9 1 3 2 2 4 a ...... 8 5 2 6 5 7 1 4 4 7 5 7 5 5 8 4 5 8 4 7 7 9 9 9 1 1 4 4 5 2 7 7 9 9 C 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 7 6 7 8 8 7 6 6 6 4 3 6 5 6 6 6 8 7 6 7 8 7 9 9 0 0 4 3 4 6 5 8 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 n ...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M 9 3 0 4 0 6 0 3 6 0 1 1 2 4 4 9 6 1 5 1 8 9 5 7 7 0 7 3 6 3 8 8 0 0 O 8 7 1 1 6 0 6 2 1 1 0 0 1 9 3 2 8 6 6 8 3 8 0 4 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 4 1 g ...... 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 M 3 1 0 0 8 8 7 8 9 1 7 3 3 5 4 1 3 4 9 2 8 9 0 2 2 2 7 8 5 7 1 9 2 8 7 O 0 5 4 0 1 7 0 5 0 7 6 0 4 2 3 9 1 6 2 8 6 0 4 5 5 3 8 6 0 9 5 4 8 3 2 ...... e 9 8 9 8 9 8 8 7 9 8 7 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 9 9 8 7 8 7 7 F 5 5 7 2 8 3 3 2 9 8 9 1 2 6 8 5 8 3 8 2 1 6 7 5 6 5 8 8 8 4 4 4 2 7 8 O 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 ...... 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 3 7 0 7 9 4 4 5 3 4 0 3 6 0 2 7 9 0 7 4 4 9 4 7 3 7 7 2 7 6 4 4 3 7 7 O 9 2 9 1 8 2 3 6 8 8 6 6 5 1 2 0 6 3 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 8 7 5 3 3 2 5 1 8 ...... 2 l 9 1 9 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 2 1 0 0 0 8 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 A . . . 2 7 9 2 9 3 0 9 0 8 5 5 1 0 6 3 7 7 2 6 9 6 9 8 7 5 9 3 7 0 5 7 7 7 7 d O 2 0 9 8 1 2 0 1 1 3 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 0 8 0 ...... i e 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 T u n i t 4 3 5 4 9 1 6 9 6 2 5 9 9 1 9 4 2 8 4 4 3 2 1 9 1 6 1 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 2 n 8 3 0 8 2 6 0 8 4 4 8 4 2 6 1 2 6 9 8 7 6 9 8 6 4 9 8 2 1 3 6 6 8 1 O ...... o i 8 5 8 8 8 5 7 7 6 7 6 8 7 5 3 3 4 4 8 8 8 5 6 8 6 5 7 3 3 5 4 8 8 3 S C 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

. 2 s 5 6 2 7 7 5 6 6 7 0 4 0 2 4 1 2 1

e 7 3 6 9 2 n n n n l 4 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 4

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a a a a p l i i i i a a a a Z Z Z Z Z e e e e Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z b m L L L L L M M M M M M M M L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L a M M M M a P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P S T montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 120

120 Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 G. Montana, C.E. Heinzel, A.M. Polito and L. Randazzo

(packing) and/or average size - an equivalent CaO, K 2O, Rb, Sr, Ba, Cu and Zn) while both variation of SiO 2 (wt%) is expected. On the other SiO 2 and Zr have negative loadings. In addition, hand this aspect does not invalidate the Zr is the only element having a noteworthy consistency of PCRU 1a as it could be also negative loading. C2 appears to have a negligible considered a natural variation of the quartz sand influence in the differentiation of the PCRUs 1a, content in the exploited clay sources rather than 1b and 2. The consistent negative contribution on due to potter’s premeditated technological C2 of Cu separates the two samples classified in actions. Concerning the other trace elements, Zr the PCRU 4 very well. Samples PLZ32 and resulted clearly more abundant in the ceramic PLZ35 (PCRU 4) were the only ones that samples assigned to PCRU 1a being correlated contained a temper with volcanic granules and to the higher detritic siliciclastic sand grains they had double the concentration of Cu in frequency characterising this paste, while Rb and comparison with the other ceramic samples. Sr resulted relatively enriched in the samples Moreover, the positive contribution given to the belonging to PCRU 2 in agreement with the same component C2 by P 2O5 separates, in the correspondent presence of feldspars and mica upper right hand part of the graph, pastes 5 and 3. flakes in the very fine sand and silt fractions. Also V, Cu and Zn seem to be slightly more Petrography and chemistry of local clays concentrated in PCRU 2 ceramic samples with Sample SALT11, an experimental briquette respect to PCRU 1a, while no relevant fired at 900 °C, represents the locally available differences were found concerning La and Ce clays of the Terravecchia Formation. Thin abundances. section observations using a polarizing Few comments can be made for the remaining microscope revealed that SALT11 possessed a PCRUs 3, 4 and 5 due to their scarce texture of coarse silt-very fine sand temper with representativeness in terms of number of a packing around the 15% (area). The siliceous samples. In general, they show compositional granules were mainly composed of characteristics relatively closer on the whole to monocrystalline quartz and to a lesser degree PCRU 2, apart of PCRU 3 that has a clearly polycrystalline quartz and K-feldspar (Figure higher CaO content. 6a). Mica flakes were also common constituents To further test the reliability of the delineated within the finest fraction, while calcareous PCRUs from Monte Polizzo, involving all the microfossils (even if decomposed after firing) determined major, minor and trace elements, were sporadic. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was The additional experimental briquette MIX1 applied to chemical data. Figure 5 exhibits the (2 parts weight of SALT10 mixed with 3 parts of distribution of the considered ceramic samples in SALT11) was characterized by a greater the plane defined by the first two principal incidence of the siliceous temper with a resulting components (C1 and C2), which collectively average packing around the 25-30% area (Figure represent up to the 78% of total variance. Well- 6b). The experimental fired MAB Formation defined chemical groups, especially those clay briquettes contained a greater relative constituted by the greatest number of samples, abundance of calcareous microfauna (mainly PCRUs 1a, 1b and 2, were clearly recognized. As planktonic foraminifera) with respect to the it can be derived by the graph of factor loadings Terravecchia Formation. Investigating the fossil (histogram in the right part of Figure 5) the content within briquettes is not easy due to the component C1 is positively influenced by the rarity of well-preserved fossil remains as a most part of the considered elements (especially consequence to the firing and soaking, 900 °C, montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 121

Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 Archaeometric evidence attesting production ... 121

Figure 5. Plot of factor scores concerning all ceramic samples categorized within the PCRUs (1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5) in the plane of the first two principal components C1 and C2. Histogram at the right shows factor loadings on chemical variables on the two considered principal components.

a b

c d

Figure 6. Thin section microphotographs of Monte Polizzo’s raw materials after experimental firings at 900°C: (a) Terravecchia Formation (sample SALT 11: crossed polars; scale bar width = 0.5 mm); (b) Terravecchia Formation (sample MIX 1: crossed polars; scale bar width = 0.5 mm); (c) MAB Formation (sample SALT 1: crossed polars; scale bar width = 0.5 mm); (d) MAB Formation (sample SALT 1: parallel polars; scale bar width = 0.2 mm). montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 122

122 Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 G. Montana, C.E. Heinzel, A.M. Polito and L. Randazzo

process (Figure 6c, d). Monocrystalline and potassium, mica flakes and K-feldspar polycrystalline quartz were still the most characterize the very fine sand and coarse silt abundant temper components while feldspars fractions. and mica were sporadic to rare. Temper packing The bulk chemistry of the MIX1 sample (Table was between 15 and 20% (area) and fine sand 3) reflects precisely the relative amounts of grains (up to 0.25 mm) were quite common. SALT10 (2 parts) and SALT11 (3 parts) used in Table 3 describes the chemical composition of the experimental mixing procedure. local clay samples obtained by XRF analysis. All the samples belonging to the MAB The maximum, minimum and average values Formation (SALT1, SALT3, SALT4, SALT6) concerning 47 additional clay samples showed quite comparable bulk chemical (belonging to 7 different outcrops of the compositions. They are interpreted as being Terravecchia Formation in the territory of ‘very calcareous clays’ with remarkable CaO western Sicily within a radius of 50 Km from the concentrations, up to 25% (wt) which is very settlement of Monte Polizzo were also reported likely related to the abundant calcareous for comparative purposes (data after Montana et microfauna. From a comparative point of view, al., 2010b). The outstanding discrepancy despite the CaO concentration, several between the two representative local samples significant differences between major and trace belonging to the Terravecchia Formation is elements in the local clayey materials undoubtedly due to the difference in the relative representative of Terravecchia and MAB abundance of the sand fraction. In fact, SALT10 formations were recognized also in the relative (sand = 55% wt) was characterized by a higher abundances of Fe 2O3, Al 2O3, Na 2O, K 2O, Rb, SiO 2 concentration (quartz grains) and lower Ba, Sr. contents of all the other oxides of major and minor elements (especially true for CaO). The Petrographic comparison between ceramic same was observed in all of the trace elements samples and local clays apart from Zr (ZrSiO 4, zircon, was a common In order to ascertain the petrographic markers accessory mineral relatively enriched in the sand of Monte Polizzo’s productions within the studied fraction of Neogene sedimentary deposits in set of ceramic samples, already divided into the Sicily). Elemental abundances of sample previously described fabrics , it was assumed SALT11, on the contrary, were in good important to make a quantitative comparison agreement with those detected for the clays of amongst significant textural and mineralogical the Terravecchia Formation in other areas of features derived from thin sections observation western Sicily (Montana et al., 2006; Montana both on ceramic samples and briquettes deriving et al., 2011b). The Al 2O3 content was also found from the experimental firing of representative to be relatively high and positively correlated to samples of the exploitable clays deposits. Useful K2O content. This can be explained by the variables for this purpose are represented by sand abundance of mica flakes which were found inclusions packing (% area) and size, presence especially enriched in the coarse silt fraction. (with estimation of relative abundance) or CaO concentration was found to be the 7% absence of specific rock fragments, presence weight (the average value found in western (with estimation of relative abundance) or Sicily is a little bit higher = 7,68% wt), due to absence of specific minerals. Then, the Multiple the relatively limited presence of calcareous Correspondence Analysis (MCA), a methodology microfauna. With reference to concentrations of of multivariate statistical analysis (Baxter, 1994), Ba and Rb, both geochemically related to was used with the aim of providing a quantitative montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 123

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124 Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 G. Montana, C.E. Heinzel, A.M. Polito and L. Randazzo

Figure 7. Biplot of MCA scores of transformed textural and compositional parameters derived from thin section microscopy (see text). Legend: S1a = FBR 1a; S1b = FBR 1b; S2 = FBR 2; S3 = FBR 3; S4 = FBR 4; S5 = FBR 5; TV = Terravecchia Formation; MIX1 = experimental mixing of two different samples of Terravecchia clays (see text); MAB = Marnoso-Arenacea del Belice Formation (average values obtained from the 4 samples analyzed).

and straight comparison between ceramic (entries 0/1). A list with all the considered samples and local raw clays. This method was variables, categories and conversion values of already successfully tested for the petrographic “qualifiers” was reported in detail (Appendix A). characterization of archaeological ceramics (Cau The numerically transformed data (Appendix B) et al., 2004; Baxter et al., 2008; Montana et al., have been treated with the MCA. 2010; Montana et al., 2011b). The petrographic Figure 7 projects the petrographic binary data (both compositional and textural) deriving scores in the plane represented by the first two from the analysis with the polarizing microscope components (C1 and C2) that together represent of the ceramic samples and the selected raw a substantial portion of the total variance (70%). materials (average values for the MAB The interpreted FBRs seem to form Formation and Terravecchia Formation as well as homogeneous and separated clusters. A clean experimental mixing MIX1) were thus convergence between FBR 1a and both the categorized and converted in a binary form experimental test-pieces from the Terravecchia montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 125

Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 Archaeometric evidence attesting production ... 125

Formation materials (SALT11 and MIX1) is also identify the archaeological site at Monte Polizzo recognizable. Samples belonging to FBRs 2 and as a ceramic production centre versus a 1b appear to be split from the FBR 1a cluster and consumption centre. the Terravecchia clays. Therefore, even if FBRs Thus, the multivariate method of the Principal 1b and 2 are both thought to also represent local Components Analysis (PCA) was applied for a productions, following the archaeological second time to further corroborate the estimated classification (use type, form, nature and style of correspondence between the ceramic pastes and external ornamental patterns), they do not local clay materials. This analysis was only correspond exactly with the textural features of applied to the PCRUs 1a, 1b and 2 (respectively the raw materials supplied from local corresponding to FBR 1a, FBR 1b, FBR 2), Terravecchia Formation’s outcrops (specially because they contained the most part of quartz temper relative abundance and packing). individuals. Figure 8 projects the factor scores in On the other hand, is very clear that clays the plane corresponding to the first two principal belonging to the MAB Formation are not components (C1 and C2) together representing petrographically similar to any of the specific the 82% of the total variance. Once more it fabric groups achieved from the petrographic appears very evident that the clays of the MAB observations. In fact, they do not fit FBR 1a or Formation are clearly separated from the PCRUs FBR 2 which together represent the 1a, 1b and 2, which in turn are quite mineralogical and textural features of the most homogeneously clustered. This evident part of the studied ceramic samples. Similar separation from MAB Formation clays may be considerations can be made for the remaining explained by taking into account the histogram FBRs (FBR 3, FBR 4 and FBR 5) that, in fact, of factor loadings (in the right part of Figure 8), could be considered imported ceramic products. where the negative load on component C1 is FBR 4 is also clearly distinct from the others in strongly influenced by CaO and Sr. A good the upper right part of the graph likely due to the correlation was once again recognized between peculiar presence of volcanic minerals and lithic PCRUs 1a, 1b, 2 and the clays of the fragments. Consequently, this approach Terravecchia Formation. This PCA correlation demonstrated that the textural aspects like also exhibits an opposing chemical “dilution temper packing and average size could have a effect” that can be interpreted as complementary considerable effect in both the macroscopic and to the relative abundances of SiO 2 and CaO microscopic appearance of the fabric, and that, along the line identifiable by the two clay sometimes, they may also become misleading for samples representative of the Terravecchia classifying purposes in terms of provenance Formation (SALT10 = TVS and SALT11 = TV), attribution. and clearly enhanced by the strong divergence of the C2 component. Chemical comparison between ceramic samples Taking note of the large natural variability and local clays within clayey materials of the local beds of the In the light of the complexities just verified Terravecchia Formation, it is necessary to obtain with comparing only by textural and a further verification of their possible use for this mineralogical features ceramic artefacts and specific ceramic production. Therefore, an clayey raw materials, it is important to additional comparison between PCRUs 1a, 1b reconsider the level of chemical compatibility and 2 against the briquette MIX1 produced by between the Monte Polizzo’s Archaic pottery and the experimental combination of the the local clay outcrops. The end goal remains to Terravecchia Formation samples SALT10 (2 montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 126

126 Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 G. Montana, C.E. Heinzel, A.M. Polito and L. Randazzo

Figure 8. Plot of PCA scores in the plane of the first two principal components C1 and C2 concerning the ceramic samples belonging to the PCRU’s 1a, 1b, 2, the MAB Formation clays (SALT 1, SALT 3, SALT 4, SALT 6) and the Terravecchia Formation clays (TVA= SALT 11; TVS = SALT 10). Histogram at the right shows the loadings of chemical variables on the two considered principal components.

parts weight) and SALT11 (3 parts weight) was (relatively lower SiO 2 and increasing CaO, made. The extremely different content of quartz Al 2O3, K 2O. This compositional features could sand (SALT10 reached 53% wt of quartz-bearing be interpreted either as a result of technological sand while SALT11 reached only 13% wt of choices inductively pursued by the local quartz-bearing sand) plays indirectly for craftsmen (selection of specific clay beds and/or “dilution effect” mainly in the correspondent mixture of clays with different content in sand), abundance of CaO. Figure 9, a composed binary to a pure chance linked to the natural variability graph, exhibits the values of SiO 2, Al 2O3, CaO of the clayey outcrops along the stratigraphic and K 2O found in the samples belonging to the column (intra-deposit natural variability) or to a PCRUs 1a, 1b and 2 projected together with the change over time in the exploitation of local samples representative of the local beds of the clayey materials. Terravecchia Formation (SALT11 with a standard content of sand and SALT10 with an Concluding remarks extreme content of sand) and the experimental mixture made with them. Through this The mineralogical-petrographic and chemical representation it is possible to recognize that the study of 44 ceramic artefacts obtained from the very most part of the ceramic samples classified Acropolis of Monte Polizzo allowed the into PCRU 1a are delimited by the potential raw identification of 6 primary different ‘Paste materials SALT10 and MIX1 (relatively lower Compositional Reference Units’ (PCRUs). These PCRUs were recognized and independently CaO, Al 2O3, K 2O and relatively higher SiO 2), while the ceramic finds classified in the PCRUs confirmed by their textural and mineralogical 1b and 2 are delimited by MIX1 and SALT11 characteristics ( fabrics or FBRs by petrographic observations) and chemical composition (XRF montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 127

Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 Archaeometric evidence attesting production ... 127

Figure 9. Composite binary plot (SiO 2, Al 2O3, CaO and K 2O) that exhibits PCRUs (1a, 1b and 2) with clay samples from the Terravecchia Formation.

analysis). In order to support the identification from the chemical one, and subsequently of local production we chose to study also the compared with the ceramic artefacts object of the available clay-sized raw materials in the area study. surrounding the archaeological site, belonging to The cross comparison of the mineralogical- the Terravecchia Formation (Upper Tortonian- petrographic and chemical data allows the Messinian) and to the Marnoso-Arenacea del confirmation that, among the available raw Belice or MAB Formation (Middle-Upper materials near Monte Polizzo, the local workers Pliocene). Several ethnographic proofs recently preferred clays from the Terravecchia Formation. acquired provide evidence that clays from The mineralogical composition of the Terravecchia and MAB Formations were utilized Terravecchia Formation correlated well with extensively for indigenous ceramic production PCRUs 1a, 1b and 2 that represented 92% of the in western Sicily (Montana et al., 2006; Montana investigated ceramic finds. et al., 2011b). Representative samples of these Afterwards, the mineralogical, textural and clays were thus investigated from a chemical markers of the ceramic vessels for food mineralogical-petrographic point of view (by consumption and storage, corresponding to firing the test pieces of the original raw materials macrofabric F7 (incised open or closed small or of artificial mixtures in a muffle kiln) and pots), macrofabric F54 (matte painted small montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 128

128 Periodico di Mineralogia (2012), 81, 1, 107-130 G. Montana, C.E. Heinzel, A.M. Polito and L. Randazzo

amphoras and other nonspecific table ware) and between Monte Polizzo and the main indigenous macrofabric F24 (pithoi) produced in the centres located in the Sicani Mountains area (e.g. indigenous settlement of Monte Polizzo in a Adranone, Entella and Maranfusa) as well as wide chronological interval between the 7 th and interactions with Selinunte and Segesta. the 4 th century B.C. were archaeometrically ascertained. Archaeometric investigations Acknowledgments accordingly allowed to declare Monte Polizzo a ceramic production centre, together with other The authors would like to thank Dr. Ian Morris (Stanford University) and his excavation teams and Sicilian anhellenic sites where positive evidence their work recovering the archaeological material for pottery workshops was also retrieved. Clay culture from Monte Polizzo; Dr. Emma Blake (Tufts resources used at Monte Polizzo lay in the University) for the important contribution in the neighbourhood of the settlement and do not need selection of the studied ceramic samples, their long range road transport. macroscopic description and chronologic classification. The remaining 8% of the investigated ceramic We appreciate the support of the Soprintendenza findings, samples PLZ7 and PLZ36 (PCRU 3, Archeologica of the Trapani Province as well (Dr. macrofabric F54 and F7), PLZ32 and PLZ35 Sebastiano Tusa). We are also grateful to Dr. Miguel (PCRU 4, both macrofabric F54), PLZ3 and Àngel Cau Ontiveros and an anonymous referee for providing careful reviews of our manuscript. Finally, PLZ26 (PCRU 5, both macrofabric F7), have the authors are indebted to Alessandro Corretti of the been interpreted to be most likely regional Laboratorio di Topografia Antica (Scuola Normale imports from other coeval production centres Superiore, Pisa, Italy) for fruitful discussions. located in western Sicily. In fact, in the settlements of Entella and Adranone, both sited References in the Sicani area, were recently established coeval productions of incised, impressed and Baxter M.J. (1994) - Exploratory Multivariate Analysis matte painted tableware typologically fitting in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press. with those produced at Monte Polizzo (Montana Baxter M.J., Beardah C.C., Papageorgiou I., Cau Ontiveros M.A., Day P.M. and Kilikoglou V. et al., 2007; Montana et al., 2010; Montana et al., (2008) - On statistical approaches to the study of 2011a). PCRU 4 was characterized by minor ceramic artefacts using geochemical and quantities of basic volcanic rock fragments and petrographic data. Archaeometry , 50/1, 142-157. minerals in the temper, nevertheless the Bishop G.L., Harbottle G. and Sayre E.V. (1982) - stratigraphic successions of the Jurassic deep sea Chemical and mathematical procedures employed limestone outcropping in the area of Sicani in the Maya Fine Paste ceramics project. In: Sabloff Mounts often exhibit pillow lavas of basaltic J.A. (Ed.), Analyses of Fine Paste ceramics: nature. Though a wider selection could partly Excavations at Seibal, Departament of El Petén, change these results, the limited amount of Guatemala, Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, 15/2, Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum, 1982, imported indigenous pottery at Monte Polizzo 238-314. suggests that local workshops were able to yield Brorsson T. (2007) - Analyses of pottery from Area A, the bulk of coarse and decorated pottery B and C at Monte Polizzo, Sicily. KKS, Ceramic commonly used in the settlement. Studies , Report 14. In conclusion, new inferences useful for the Butler R.W.H., Mc Clelland E. and Jones R.E. (1999) - archaeological/historical reconstructions of Calibrating the duration and timing of the Archaic Sicily may possibly develop from this Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean: archaeometric study, concerning the trade linked tectonoclimatic signals in thrust-top basins patterns of incised and matte painted tableware of Sicily. Journal of Geological Society , London, montana_periodico 18/04/12 12:31 Pagina 129

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