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The Experience of South Yorkshire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. HOLLAND, Sarah

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The Experience of South Yorkshire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. HOLLAND, Sarah Contrasting rural communities: The experience of South Yorkshire in the mid-nineteenth century. HOLLAND, Sarah. Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19813/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version HOLLAND, Sarah. (2013). Contrasting rural communities: The experience of South Yorkshire in the mid-nineteenth century. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom).. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk _ . —--------- y I j Learning and information Services J [ Adsetts Centre, City Campus j Sheffield Si 1WD | Sheffield Hailam University Learning and. Information Services Adsetts Centre, City Campus .■ Sheffield S1 1WD REFERENCE ProQuest Number: 10697115 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10697115 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Contrasting Rural Communities: The Experience of South Yorkshire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Sarah Holland A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 Abstract This thesis re-evaluates the Mills model of 'open' and 'closed' villages by applying it to a new geographical area: Doncaster in South Yorkshire. The Doncaster district is a particularly neglected area in terms of village typology and mid nineteenth century rural and agrarian history. The thesis is based upon the study of six village case studies, all in close proximity to the market town of Doncaster, which differed in terms of landownership and land type. Using a range of comparable and widely available nineteenth century sources, including Census Enumerators’ Books, trade directories, newspapers and government reports, in addition to estate records where they survive, three thematic chapters examine how and why agriculture, agricultural employment, industry and micro-commerce developed and differed in the six villages. From this analysis, three main arguments of the Mills model are evaluated. Firstly, that the characteristics of villages with and without concentrated landownership were different (classificatory). Secondly, that landownership and landowners were directly responsible for the characteristics of the villages (causal). Thirdly, that the actions of landowners in estate villages had a negative effect on multi-freeholder villages, and made the former dependent on the latter (dependency). The limitations of the Mills model for understanding village typology are demonstrated. Firstly, variation between villages with similar landowning structures, and change within a relatively short period of time, affect the classification of villages. Secondly, leadership and land type were important causal factors, in addition to differentiated rather than homogenised landownership. Thirdly, the inter-relationships stimulated by the market town in terms of marketing facilities, agricultural societies, trades and crafts, hiring fairs and forums for debate, and the availability of raw materials, skills and labour collectively undermine Mills’ notion of one-way dependency between ‘open’ and ‘closed’ villages. This thesis suggests alternative frameworks to the sharp dichotomy of the Mills model, which have wider applicability. It argues that a continuum, a sequence along which subtle differences are placed between the two extremes, is a better representation of the characteristics of different villages as it demonstrates variation and change. This contribution is further consolidated by the construction of a diagrammatic framework that places the village at the heart of the complex processes of cause, effect and inter-relationships. Contents Abstract ii List of Figures iv List of Tables vi List of Plates ix Acknowledgments x Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Agriculture, Agricultural Management and Rural Communities 63 Chapter Three: Agricultural Workforces and Hiring Practices 146 Chapter Four: Industry and Micro-Commerce in the Countryside 223 Chapter Five: Conclusion 295 Bibliography 319 iii Figures Fig. 1.1: The Mills Model - a Summary of ‘open’ and ‘closed’ Township Characteristics 8 Fig. 1.2: Short’s Interpretation of the Mills Model 16 Fig. 1.3: Map Showing the Six Villages in 1841 29 Fig. 1.4: Map Showing the Six Villages in 1892 29 Fig. 1.5: Map of Sprotbrough, 1847 38 Fig. 1.6: Map of Rossington, 1854 40 Fig. 1.7: Map of Warmsworth, 1841 44 Fig. 1.8: Map of Braithwell, 1840 46 Fig. 1.9: Map ofFishlake, 1843 47 Fig. 1.10: Map of Stainforth, 1854 51 Fig. 2.1: Farm Size Continuum, 1851 77 Fig. 2.2: Farm Size Continuum, 1871 80 Fig. 2.3: Proportion of Crops Grown by Acreage in the Six Villages, 1866 97 Fig. 2.4: Map Showing the Market Towns in the Doncaster District 124 Fig. 3.1: Agricultural Employment Continuum, 1851 155 Fig. 3.2: Agricultural Employment Continuum, 1871 156 Fig. 3.3: Relationship between Farm Size and Number of Agricultural Employees, 1851 157 Fig. 3.4: Farm Servants Continuum, 1851 166 Fig. 3.5: Farm Servants Continuum, 1871 167 Fig. 3.6: Relationship between Farm Size and the Number of Farm Servants in the Six Villages, 1851 169 Fig 4.1: Number of Industries in the Six Villages, 1837-1877 229 Fig. 4.2: Industry and Micro-commerce Continuum, 1861 233 Fig. 4.3: Employment in Industry and Micro-Commerce Continuum, 1861 236 Fig. 4.4: Proportion of Trades, Crafts and Industries associated with Agriculture 245 Fig. 4.5: Number of Blacksmiths and Wheelwrights in the Six Villages, 1837 251 Fig. 4.6: Number of Blacksmiths and Wheelwrights in the Six Villages, 1861 252 Fig. 4.7: Number of Blacksmiths and Wheelwrights in the Six Villages, 1877 252 Fig. 4.8: Map Showing Levittt Hagg and the Limestone Quarries at Warmsworth, 1838 277 Fig. 4.9: Map Showing the Don Foundry on the Boundary between Sprotbrough and Doncaster 290 Fig. 5.1: An Amalgamated Continuum 312 Fig. 5.2: An Alternative Framework 314 v Tables Table 1.1: The Number of Landowners and the Amount of Land Owned in Braithwell, Fishlake and Stainforth during the Mid Nineteenth Century 28 Table 1.2: Overview of Landownership, Acreage, Land Type and Transport Routes in the Six Villages 31 Table 1.3: The Population Size and Density of the Three Estate Villages 34 Table 1.4: The Population Size and Density of the Three Multi-Freeholder Villages 35 Table 2.1: Farm Size in Warmsworth, 1860-61 69 Table 2.2: Farm Sizein the Six Villages, 1851 72 Table 2.3: Farm Sizein the Six Villages, 1861 72 Table 2.4: Farm Size in the Six Villages, 1871 73 Table 2.5: The Proportion of Different Sized Farms in the Six Villages, 1851 75 Table 2.6: The Smallest and Largest Farms in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 75 Table 2.7: Arable Crops Grown in the Villages by Acreage, 1866 95 Table 2.8: Number of Livestock in the Six Villages in 1866 100 Table 2.9: Attendance at the Celebratory Dinner to Mark the Opening of the New Covered Corn Market by Farmers from the Six Villages 126 Table 3.1: Agricultural Employment as a Proportion of Total Male Employment in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 148 Table 3.2: Ratio of Male Agricultural Employees to Farmers in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 153 Table 3.3: Farm Service as a Proportion of the Male Agricultural Workforce 165 Table 3.4: Age Range of Farm Servants in the Six Villages, 1851 172 Table 3.5: Age Range of Farm Servants in the Six Villages, 1871 173 Table 3.6: Number of Female Servants Employed in the Farmhouses of the Six Villages between 1851 and 1871 177 Tabie 3.7: Number of Male Agricultural Labourers Listed as Employees by Farmers in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 195 Table 3.8: Number of Male Agricultural Labourers Recorded by Occupation in the Six Villages, 1851 -1871 196 Table 3.9: Proportion of Different Aged Male Agricultural Labourers in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1851 199 Tabie 3.10: Proportion of Different Aged Male Agricultural Labourers in the Six Villages, 1851 199 Table 3.11: Agricultural Labourers’ Wages (average weekly wage) in Doncaster and Nationally in the Mid Nineteenth Century 202 Table 3.12: Average Weekly Wages and Additional Allowances for Men, Women and Children in the Doncaster Area, 1860-1870 204 Table 4.1: Number of Industries and Trades and Crafts Businesses, and Range of Trades and Crafts, in the Six Villages, 1837-1877 227 Table 4.2: Number of People Employed in Industry, Trades and Crafts in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 228 Table 4.3: The Extent and Range of Micro-Commerce in the Six Villages, 1837-1877 230 Table 4.4: Total Male Employment in Industry in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 234 Table 4.5: Total Male Employment in Trades and Crafts in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 234 Tabie 4.6: Relationship between Population Size and the Number of Trades and Crafts Businesses in the Six Villages, 1861 238 Table 4.7: Relationship between Population Size and Trades and Crafts Occupations in the Six Villages, 1861 240 Table 4.8: Relationship between Population Size and the Range of Different Trades and Crafts in the Six Villages, 1861 240 Table 4.9: Retailers in the Six Villages, 1851-1871 259 Table 4.10: Number of Rural Industries and Total Industrial Employment in the Six Villages, 1861 261 V I1 Table 4,11: Ten Essential Trades and Crafts Businesses in the Six Villages, 1861 285 viii Pfates1 Plate 1.1: Kip and Knyff Engraving of the Sprotbrough Estate 37 Plate 1.2: Estate Cottages built by Sir J.W.
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