Rapti Basin Plan (Volume-I)

STATE WATER RESOURCES AGENCY (SWaRA) Government of Uttar Pradesh

DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER BASIN ASSESSMENT AND PLANS FOR ALL MAJOR RIVER BASINS IN UTTAR PRADESH

RAPTI BASIN PLAN VOLUME - I

February 2020

Prepared & Submitted By : TAHAL Consulting Engineers Ltd. in Joint Venture with

INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Government of Uttar Pradesh

SWaRA State Water Resources Agency

Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Rapti Basin Plan (Volume-I)

February 2020

Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan

Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Rapti Basin Plan (Volume-I)

Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ...... i List of Tables ...... v List of Figures ...... viii List of Maps (at the end of Volume-I) ...... ix List of Appendices (in Volume-II) ...... x Abbreviations ...... xii Executive Summary ...... I 1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1 General ...... 1 1.2 Consultancy Objectives ...... 2 1.3 Scope of Work ...... 3 1.4 Status of Work ...... 3 1.5 Rapti Basin Plan ...... 4 2 RAPTI BASIN FEATURES ...... 5 2.1 Basin Setting ...... 5 2.2 River System ...... 7 2.3 Geological Features ...... 9 2.4 Climate ...... 10 2.5 Socio-economic Status ...... 10 2.5.1 Population ...... 10 2.5.2 Land Holdings ...... 11 2.5.3 Urban Centers ...... 12 2.5.4 Food and Agriculture ...... 12 2.5.5 Livestock ...... 16 2.5.6 Industries ...... 16 2.5.7 Transport ...... 17 3 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF RAPTI BASIN ...... 18 3.1 General Including Past Developments ...... 18 3.2 Existing and On-going Storage and Diversion Structures ...... 18 3.2.1 Small Storages ...... 18 3.3 Irrigation ...... 19 3.3.1 Saryu System ...... 19 3.3.2 Gandak System ...... 20 3.3.3 Pump Canal Schemes ...... 21 3.3.4 Details of Canals and Command Areas in Rapti Basin ...... 21 3.3.5 Groundwater Development ...... 24 3.4 Domestic and Industrial Water Supply ...... 25 3.5 Hydroelectric and Thermal Power ...... 25 3.6 Flood and Drainage Management ...... 25 3.7 Inland Navigation ...... 26 3.8 Fisheries ...... 27 3.9 Recreation and Other Uses ...... 27 3.10 Environmental Status ...... 27

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3.11 Water Quality ...... 28 3.12 Water Legislation / Interstate / International Agreements ...... 28 3.12.1 Legislative Framework ...... 28 3.12.2 Interstate/International Agreements ...... 28 3.13 Institutional Framework ...... 29 3.13.1 National and State Water Policy ...... 29 3.13.2 UPWaMReC, SWaRA & SWaRDAC ...... 29 3.13.3 Water Management Institutions ...... 30 4 ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND RELATED RESOURCES ...... 31 4.1 Water Resources ...... 31 4.1.1 Climatic Characteristics ...... 31 4.1.2 Surface Water within Rapti Basin ...... 37 4.1.3 Importable Surface Water as per Share ...... 42 4.1.4 Present Utilization of Surface Water ...... 46 4.1.5 Ground Water ...... 48 4.1.6 Water Quality ...... 60 4.2 Energy Resources ...... 73 4.3 Land Resources ...... 73 4.3.1 Land Use Pattern / Culturable Area Available ...... 73 4.3.2 Soil Characteristics ...... 73 4.3.3 Details of Forest Land and Fallow Land ...... 74 4.4 Other Resources ...... 75 4.4.1 Fisheries ...... 75 4.4.2 Human Resources ...... 75 4.4.3 Flora and Fauna ...... 76 4.5 Summary of Water Availability for Rapti Basin ...... 76 5 WATER DEMAND AND DEVELOPMENT NEED IN RAPTI BASIN – PRESENT AND FUTURE ...... 78 5.1 Growth Potential in the Basin ...... 78 5.1.1 Population Growth and Distribution ...... 78 5.1.2 Agricultural Production ...... 79 5.1.3 Livestock Population and Growth ...... 82 5.1.4 Industrial Production ...... 83 5.2 Food and Agriculture ...... 83 5.2.1 Food Grain Supply and Demand ...... 83 5.2.2 Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area ...... 86 5.2.3 Anticipated Increase in Net Sown Area and Gross Cropped Area ...... 87 5.2.4 Irrigation Water Demand ...... 104 5.3 Non-Agricultural Water Demand ...... 105 5.3.1 Urban Expansion and Water Demand ...... 105 5.3.2 Rural Water Demand ...... 106 5.3.3 Livestock Water Demand ...... 107 5.3.4 Industrial Water Demand ...... 108 5.3.5 Improvement of Public Supply System ...... 108 5.4 Flood Management ...... 109 5.4.1 Identification of Flood-prone Areas ...... 109 5.4.2 Damage Statistics ...... 110 5.4.3 Development of Flood-prone Areas ...... 111 5.4.4 Flood Mitigation Measures ...... 113 5.5 Drought Management ...... 113

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5.6 Waste Water Generation ...... 114 5.5.1 Present and Anticipated Waste Load ...... 114 5.5.2 Preventive/Remedial Measures ...... 114 5.7 Minimum Environmental Flow Requirements ...... 115 5.8 Fisheries ...... 116 5.5.3 Demand and Market ...... 116 5.5.4 River and Reservoir Environment for Fish Production ...... 117 5.9 Summary of Present and Future Water Demand for Rapti Basin ...... 117 6 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN RAPTI BASIN ...... 119 6.1 Water Resources Development and Management Issues ...... 120 6.1.1 Inadequate Surface Water for meeting the Ecological, Environmental and irrigation Requirements ...... 120 6.1.2 Inequitable Distribution of Canal Water ...... 120 6.1.3 Waterlogging and Soil Salinity & Sodicity ...... 121 6.1.4 Poor Drainage and Canal Infrastructures ...... 121 6.1.5 Removal of Transported Silt from Canals ...... 121 6.1.6 Marginal Land holdings ...... 121 6.1.7 Under-Utilised Lift Schemes ...... 122 6.1.8 Delay in Construction of Major Water Storages in Ghaghra Basin ...... 122 6.1.9 Water Shortages and Eroded Lands near Nalas and Rivers ...... 122 6.1.10 Frequent Floods ...... 122 6.1.11 Poor Jayad Crop Intensity ...... 123 6.1.12 High Cost of Groundwater Irrigation ...... 123 6.1.13 Water Quality ...... 123 6.1.14 Vertical Development of Surface Water and Ground Water Managing Departments ...... 123 6.1.15 Unplanned Development of Deep Borings ...... 124 6.1.16 Development of Concentrated Urban Hubs ...... 124 6.1.17 Reduction in Small Ponds Area ...... 124 6.1.18 Flood Plain Encroachment ...... 124 6.1.19 Data Availability ...... 124 6.1.20 Other Issues ...... 124 6.2 Water Resources Development and Management Options ...... 124 6.2.1 Ground Water Development ...... 125 6.2.2 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water ...... 125 6.2.3 Intensification and Diversification of Crops ...... 127 6.2.4 Improved Delivery of Surface Water ...... 128 6.2.5 Integrated Watershed Development ...... 128 6.2.6 Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS) ...... 130 6.2.7 Better Water Management ...... 131 7 FORMULATION OF WATER RESOURCES MASTER PLAN ...... 134 7.1 Long-term Objectives and Developmental Targets/Criteria ...... 134 7.1.1 Socio-economic Scenarios and Constraints of Development ...... 134 7.1.2 Planning Objectives ...... 135 7.1.3 Relationship to National Planning Objectives ...... 135 7.1.4 Water Use Priorities ...... 136 7.2 Water Balance Scenarios for Present and Future ...... 136 7.2.1 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual); RUN-1 ...... 137

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7.2.2 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification and diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1); RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4 ...... 139 7.2.3 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area; RUN- 5, RUN-6 and RUN-7 ...... 141 7.2.4 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per Agr.Sc-2, with Climate change scenario; RUN-8...... 142 7.2.5 Summary of Present and Future Water Balance ...... 144 7.3 Alternate Development Scenarios ...... 145 7.3.1 Various Measures for Water Conservation and Distribution ...... 145 7.3.2 Possibility of Integrating Various Uses of Water ...... 145 7.3.3 Possibility of Integrating Various Reservoir Systems ...... 146 7.3.4 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water ...... 146 7.3.5 Integration of Environmental/Ecological Consideration ...... 146 7.3.6 Inter-state/International Agreements and Tribunal Awards ...... 147 7.3.7 Inter-basin Transfer of Water, Recycling, Recharging for Augmenting ...... 147 7.3.8 Water Use Efficiency ...... 147 7.3.9 Selection of Most Promising Alternative ...... 151 7.3.10 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 151 7.4 The Development Programme ...... 152 7.4.1 Components of Program ...... 152 7.4.2 Formation of WUAs, Agricultural Extension, Capacity Building in Agencies.. 153 7.4.3 Correction of Canal System Deficiencies ...... 154 7.4.4 Drainage Improvement ...... 155 7.4.5 Canal Lining ...... 155 7.4.6 Shallow Tube-wells Installation ...... 155 7.4.7 Integrated Watershed Development ...... 156 7.4.8 Sodic Land Reclamation ...... 157 7.4.9 Wetland Development ...... 157 7.4.10 Waste Water Treatment ...... 159 7.4.11 Roof Top Harvesting in already Overstressed Urban Spots ...... 159 7.4.12 Micro Irrigation ...... 160 7.4.13 CAD&WM Activities ...... 160 7.4.14 Flood Control and Mitigation ...... 161 7.4.15 Rapti Basin Investment Summary ...... 161 7.4.16 Anticipated Benefits ...... 162 7.5 Limitations ...... 163 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 164

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List of Tables Page Table 2.1 : Lithological Successions in parts of Rapti Basin ...... 10 Table 2.2 : Population distribution in Rapti Basin (Census 2011) ...... 11 Table 2.3 : SC, ST and BPL Population Distribution in Rapti Basin ...... 11 Table 2.4 : Land Holdings in Rapti Basin ...... 12 Table 2.5 : Workers Population in Rapti Basin ...... 12 Table 2.6 : Land Use Pattern in Rapti Basin (2014-2015) ...... 13 Table 2.7 : Cropping Pattern in Rapti Basin (2014-2015) ...... 15 Table 2.8 : Livestock Population distribution in Rapti Basin (Livestock Census 2012) ...... 16 Table 2.9 : Airports in Rapti Basin ...... 17 Table 3.1 : Major and Medium Reservoir details of Rapti Basin ...... 18 Table 3.2 : Jamindari Canal Systems in Siddharthnagar District ...... 19 Table 3.3 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Saryu System ...... 20 Table 3.4 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Gandak System ...... 21 Table 3.5 : Major Pump Canal Schemes in Rapti Basin ...... 21 Table 3.6 : Category-wise Details of Canals in Rapti Basin...... 21 Table 3.7 : Project Commands covered under Sub-Basins of Rapti Basin ...... 22 Table 3.8 : Past Groundwater Development in Rapti Basin ...... 24 Table 3.9 : Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Rapti Basin, as on 31st March 2017 ...... 24 Table 3.10 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Rapti Basin ...... 24 Table 4.1 : Monthly and Annual Maximum, Minimum and Average Rainfall, mm (1961- 2015) ...... 32 Table 4.2 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 35 Table 4.3 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 35 Table 4.4 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 36 Table 4.5 : Average Pan Evaporation for Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins, mm ...... 37 Table 4.6 : Streamflow Records in Rapti River Basin ...... 38 Table 4.7 : Stream Flow (cumec) in Rapti River Basin ...... 38 Table 4.8 : Sediment Load Records in Rapti River Basin ...... 39 Table 4.9 : Sediment Load at Balrampur, Regauli and Birdghat (Rapti River) ...... 40 Table 4.10 : Sediment Load at Balrampur, Regauli and Birdghat (Rapti River) ...... 40 Table 4.11 : Surface Water Availability within Rapti Basin, MCM ...... 41 Table 4.12 : Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM ...... 43 Table 4.13 : Water Availability at Girija Barrage, MCM ...... 43 Table 4.14 : Water Availability at Saryu Barrage, MCM ...... 45 Table 4.15 : Water Availability at Rapti Barrage, MCM ...... 45 Table 4.16 : Minor Lift Schemes in Rapti Basin at Different Locations with Installed Capacity ...... 46 Table 4.17 : Summary of Constant Aquifer properties' ranges ...... 50 Table 4.18 : Pre-monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015 ...... 51 Table 4.19 : Post- monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015 ...... 52 Table 4.20 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Pre-Monsoon, 2015 ...... 54 Table 4.21 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Post-Monsoon, 2015 ...... 56 Table 4.22 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level Fluctuations 2015 ...... 57 Table 4.23 : Annual Extractable Groundwater Recharge (2014-15) ...... 58 Table 4.24 : Total Annual Groundwater Extraction (2014-15) ...... 58 Table 4.25 : Groundwater Monitoring Stations in Rapti Basin ...... 60 Table 4.26 : Indian Standard for Drinking Water Specifications (BIS 2012) ...... 61

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Table 4.27 : Use Based Classification of Surface Waters in India ...... 62 Table 4.28 : Surface Water Quality Monitoring Sites ...... 63 Table 4.29 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Rapti Basin (2014-2015) ...... 63 Table 4.30 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Rapti Basin (2015-2016) ...... 65 Table 4.31 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Rapti Basin (2014-15) . 67 Table 4.32 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Rapti Basin (2015-16) . 68 Table 4.33 : Water quality range for Rapti River monitored by UPPCB from October 2015 to April 2018 ...... 72 Table 4.34 : Water Quality of Rivers in Rapti Basin (CWC) - BOD, mg/l ...... 73 Table 4.35 : Water Quality of Rivers in Rapti Basin (CWC) - DO, mg/l ...... 73 Table 4.36 : Water Quality of Rivers in Rapti Basin (CWC) - Conductivity, µS/cm ...... 73 Table 4.37 : Area under Different Slope Classes in Rapti Basin ...... 74 Table 4.38 : Forest and Fallow Land in Rapti Basin, (2014-2015) ...... 75 Table 4.39 : Fisheries Production in Rapti Basin ...... 75 Table 4.40 : Work Participation Rate in Rapti Basin ...... 76 Table 4.41 : Summary of Water Resources Availability for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr ...... 77 Table 4.42 : Summary of Utilizable Water Resources for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr ...... 77 Table 5.1 : Projected Population of Rapti Basin ...... 78 Table 5.2 : Area, Production and Yield of Major Agriculture Produce in Rapti Basin, 2014- 15 ...... 79 Table 5.3 : Projected Livestock Population of Rapti Basin ...... 83 Table 5.4 : Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area in Rapti Basin (2014-15) ...... 87 Table 5.5 : Past Areas (ha) of Major Crops of Rapti Basin and Trend ...... 88 Table 5.6 : Average Areas Sown (ha) to Major Crops per 1000 person ...... 92 Table 5.7 : Change in Land Use Analysis for Future Options to be Considered ...... 92 Table 5.8 : Area Irrigated from Different Sources in Rapti basin ...... 93 Table 5.9 : Cropped Area of Major Crops in Rapti Basin ...... 94 Table 5.10 : Cropped Area of Pulses in Rapti Basin ...... 95 Table 5.11 : Cropped Area of Oilseeds in Rapti Basin ...... 95 Table 5.12 : Cropped Area of all the Other Major Crops ...... 96 Table 5.13 : Present (2014-15) Crop Areas and Cropping Intensity ...... 97 Table 5.14 : Projected Increase/Decrease in Crop Areas for Agr.Sc-1, % ...... 99 Table 5.15 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2025 ... 100 Table 5.16 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2035 ... 100 Table 5.17 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2045 ... 101 Table 5.18 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2025 .... 102 Table 5.19 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2035 .... 103 Table 5.20 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2045 .... 103 Table 5.21 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-1 (BAU) ...... 104 Table 5.22 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-2 ...... 105 Table 5.23 : Annual Urban Domestic Water Demand, MCM ...... 106 Table 5.24 : Annual Rural Domestic Water Demand, MCM ...... 106 Table 5.25 : Annual Livestock Water Demand, MCM ...... 107 Table 5.26 : Annual Industrial Water Demand, MCM ...... 108 Table 5.27 : Details of Flood Damages in UP from 1973 to 2016 ...... 110 Table 5.28 : Crop/Cropping Pattern in Drought Situation ...... 114 Table 5.29 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Areas, MCM ...... 114 Table 5.30 : Sewage Treatment Plants in Rapti Basin ...... 115 Table 5.31 : Recommended Environmental Flows as per the norms of MoEF ...... 115

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Table 5.32 : Periodic Average Discharge and e flow requirement in Cumec of Saryu, Gandak, and Rapti River ...... 116 Table 5.33 : Summary of Demands used in Model Runs for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr ...... 117 Table 6.1 : Waterlogged Areas and Corresponding Blocks in Rapti Basin ...... 127 Table 6.2 : Current Practices for Water Conservation and Ground Water Recharge ...... 129 Table 7.1 : Water Balance Scenarios Considered ...... 137 Table 7.2 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-1 ...... 138 Table 7.3 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4 ...... 139 Table 7.4 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7 ...... 141 Table 7.5 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-8 ...... 143 Table 7.6 : Water Use Efficiency for Present (2014-15) Scenario ...... 149 Table 7.7 : Efficiencies for Various Facilities for Water Utilization ...... 150 Table 7.8 : Improvement in Water Use Efficiency of Rapti Basin ...... 150 Table 7.9 : Water Use Efficiency of Rapti Basin considering Reuse of Canal Seepage and Field Application Losses...... 151 Table 7.10 : Cost of Formation and Strengthening of WUAs ...... 154 Table 7.11 : Area of Rapti Basin under Different Slope Classes...... 156 Table 7.12 : Cost of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System...... 159 Table 7.13 : Summary of Development Costs in Rapti Basin ...... 162 Table 7.14 : Annual Benefits and Benefit-Cost Ratio ...... 162

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List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 : River Basins of Uttar Pradesh ...... 1 Figure 2.1 : Location Map of Complete Rapti Basin ...... 5 Figure 2.2 : Location Map of Rapti Basin in Uttar Pradesh ...... 6 Figure 2.3 : Districts Falling in Rapti Basin ...... 7 Figure 2.4 : Location of Towns in Rapti Basin ...... 13 Figure 2.5 : Land Use Pattern in Rapti Basin (2014-2015) ...... 14 Figure 2.6 : Location of Industrial Areas in Rapti Basin ...... 16 Figure 2.7 : Transport System in Rapti Basin ...... 17 Figure 3.1 : Irrigation System and Related Structures for Rapti Basin ...... 23 Figure 3.2 : Gauge System and Flood Related map for Rapti Basin ...... 26 Figure 3.3 : Rapti Basin Drainage System (India & Nepal) ...... 28 Figure 4.1 : Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (1961-2015) ...... 32 Figure 4.2 : Isohyets of Average Annual Rainfall over Rapti Basin, mm (1961-2015) ...... 33 Figure 4.3 : Variability in Annual Rainfall in Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins, mm (1961-2015) 34 Figure 4.4 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 35 Figure 4.5 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 36 Figure 4.6 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014) ...... 36 Figure 4.7 : Comparison of Average Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature for Rapti Basin, °C (2000-2014) ...... 37 Figure 4.8 : Fence Diagram of Rapti Basin ...... 49 Figure 4.9 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (May/June 2015) ...... 53 Figure 4.10 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (Oct/Nov. 2015) ...... 55 Figure 5.1 : Projected Population of Rapti Basin ...... 79 Figure 5.2 : Wheat Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Rapti Basin Districts ...... 80 Figure 5.3 : Rice Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Rapti Basin Districts ...... 81 Figure 5.4 : Sugarcane Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Rapti Basin Districts ...... 82 Figure 5.5 : Per Capita Rice Production in Rapti Basin (2014-15) ...... 84 Figure 5.6 : Per Capita Wheat Production in Rapti Basin (2014-15) ...... 85 Figure 5.7 : Per Capita Cereal (Wheat and Rice) Production in Rapti Basin (2014-15) ...... 86 Figure 5.8 : Crop Distribution as Percentage of Total Cultivated Area, 2014-15 ...... 88 Figure 5.9 : Trends in Cultivated Areas of Major Crops (1994-95 to 2014-15) ...... 90 Figure 5.10 : Trend of Yield of Major Crops (1994-95 to 2014-15) ...... 98 Figure 5.11 : Flood-Prone Areas in Rapti Basin ...... 109

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List of Maps (at the end of Volume-I)

Map 1 : Administrative Setup of Rapti Basin. Map 2 : Population Density (Census 2011) in Rapti Basin by Block. Map 3 : Streamflow Measurement Sites in Rapti Basin. Map 4 : Stage of Groundwater Extraction in Rapti Basin (2014-15). Map 5 : Surface Water Quality Monitoring Sites in Rapti Basin. Map 6 : Blocks of Rapti Basin Having Arsenic Beyond Permissible Limit in One or More Groundwater Sample (2012-13 to 2015-16). Map 7 : Blocks of Rapti Basin Having Fluoride Beyond Permissible Limit in One or More Groundwater Sample (2012-13 to 2015-16). Map 8 : Blocks of Rapti Basin Having TDS Beyond Permissible Limit in One or More Groundwater Sample (2012-13 to 2015-16). Map 9 : Geomorphic Evolution of Rapti Basin. Map 10 : Surface Texture of Rapti Basin. Map 11 : Drainage of Soils in Rapti Basin. Map 12 : Calcareousness of Soils in Rapti Basin. Map 13 : Slope Classes in Rapti Basin. Map 14 : Soil Erosion Classes in Rapti Basin.

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List of Appendices (in Volume-II)

Appendix 1 : Districts and Blocks Falling within Rapti Basin and its Sub Basins Appendix 2 : Population Distribution in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) Appendix 3 : SC, ST and BPL Population Distribution in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) Appendix 4 : Land Holdings in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units Appendix 5 : Towns in Rapti Basin Appendix 6 : Workers Population in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) Appendix 7 : Land Use Pattern (Area in ha) in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units (2014-15) Appendix 8 : Livestock Population distribution in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units (Livestock Census 2012) Appendix 9 : Industrial Areas in Rapti Basin Appendix 10 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Rapti Basin Appendix 11 : List of National Waterways (NWs) of Uttar Pradesh Appendix 12 : Water related Acts, Policies and Guidelines Appendix 13 : Box plot or Box and Whisker Diagram Appendix 14 : Surface Water Model Calibration Appendix 15 : Proposed Rainfall Stations Locations in Rapti Basin Appendix 16 : Detailed Constant Aquifer Properties Appendix 17 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level for Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon for 2014-15 (Model RUN-1) Appendix 18 : Sub Basin Block wise Groundwater Resources in Rapti Basin, 2014-15 Appendix 19 : Reasoning for Variation in Results of Blocks with reference to GWD Assessment 2013 and 2017 and Other Observations Appendix 20 : Over-Exploited, Critical, Semi-Critical and Safe Category Blocks of Rapti Basin, 2014-15 Appendix 21 : List of “Safe” Category Blocks in Rapti Basin (Suitable for Future Ground Water Development) Appendix 22 : Blocks with Poor Groundwater Quality Appendix 23 : Surface Water Quality Data of CPCB/UPPCB Appendix 24 : Standard Parameters of Surface Water Quality Sites of CWC in Rapti Basin Appendix 25 : Fisheries Production Government & Private in Rapti Basin (2014-15) Appendix 26 : Population Projection and Demand in Rapti Basin by Various Methods Appendix 27 : Projected Population of Rapti Basin Appendix 28 : Projected Livestock Population of Rapti Basin Appendix 29 : District-wise Annual Growth Rate for Industries Appendix 30 : Potential Yield of Main Crops Appendix 31 : Urban Domestic Water Demand, Rapti Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 32 : Rural Domestic Water Demand, Rapti Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 33 : Projected Livestock Water Demand of Rapti Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 34 : Industrial Water Demand in Rapti Basin by Administrative Units Appendix 35 : District-wise details of Embankments in Rapti Basin Appendix 36 : Prevalent Practices of Flood Management in Uttar Pradesh Appendix 37 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Area of Rapti Basin, MCM/yr Appendix 38 : STP Requirement in Rapti Basin

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Appendix 39 : Node-Link Model Setup and Results of Different Water Balance Scenarios for Rapti Basin Appendix 40 : Issues Specific to Districts Falling in Rapti Basin Appendix 41 : Unit Cost of Canal Lining Appendix 42 : Additional number of Shallow Tubewells required in 2044-45 and their Cost (in Crore Rs.) in Rapti Basin Appendix 43 : Details of Wetlands in Rapti Basin

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Abbreviations

AE Assistant Engineer BAPS Basin Assessment and Planning System BAU Business As Usual BCM Billion Cubic Metre BIS Bureau of Indian Standards BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CB Cantonment Board CCA Culturable Command Area CGWB Central Ground Water Board COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CT Census Town CWC Central Water Commission CWR Crop Water Requirement D/S Down Stream DM District Magistrate DO Dissolved Oxygen DPR Detailed Project Report EE Executive Engineer ENT Eyes, Nose and Tongue ESD Ecologically Sustainable Development GEC Groundwater Estimation Committee GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission GGB Ghaghra-Gomti Basin GOI Government of India GoUP Government of Uttar Pradesh GW Groundwater GWAC Groundwater Availability Constraint GWh Gega Watt-hour GWPC Groundwater Pumping Constraint Ha Hectare IDM Irrigation Demand Model IMD Indian Meteorological Department IMO Irrigation Manual of Orders IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JE Junior Engineer Km Kilometer lpcd Litre Per Capita Per Day mbgl meters below ground level MCM Million Cubic Metre MLD Million Litres per Day MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MPN Most Probable Number MT Metric Ton MW Mega Watt

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NIDC National Industrial Development Corporation Ltd NP Nagar Panchayat NPP Nagar Palika Parishad NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme NWs National Waterways O&M Operation and Maintenance OG Out Growth PAC Police Protection Force or Home guards pH potential of Hydrogen PMP Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project Qtl./qtl. Quintal RBA Rashtriya Barh Ayog RSAC Remote Sensing Application Centre RWH Rainwater Harvesting SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SBBE Sub-Basin Block Exploded SC Scheduled Caste SGWD State Groundwater Department SMC Sarda Main Canal SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SRI System of Rice Intensification SSF Sharda Sahayak Feeder SSK-51 Sharda Sahayak Khand-51 SSP Superintendent of Police ST Scheduled Tribe STP Sewage Treatment Plan STWs Shallow Tube Well SWaRA State Water Resources Agency SWaRDAC State Water Resource Data And Analysis Centre SWP State Water Policy TDS Total Dissolved Solids U/S Up Stream UP Uttar Pradesh UP-DASP Uttar Pradesh Diversified Agriculture Support Project UPID Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department UPPCB Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board UPSIDC Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation UPWaMReC Uttar Pradesh Water Management And Regulatory Commission UPWSRP Uttar Pradesh WALMI Water and Land Management Institute WAPCOS Water and Power Consultancy Services WBM Water Balance Model WHO World Health Organization WRIS Water Resources Information System WUA Water Users Association

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Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Rapti Basin Plan

Executive Summary

BACKGROUND

Uttar Pradesh with geographical area of 24.12 million hectares is India's fourth largest and most populous state having population about 199.81 million with population density almost double of the country (as per Census 2011) and, is endowed with bountiful of water resources, fertile land and favorable climate. Its 8 major River Basins are dominated by agriculture, which accounts for 27% of state GDP, and 63% of employment. Thus, Irrigated agriculture is both occupation and pride. A large network of many perennial rivers, mostly originating from the Himalayas, contributes to its vast water resources potential and provides drainage to the state. At the same time, a deep alluvial aquifer underlies the vast Gangetic plains, recharged annually by almost 1000 mm rainfall, about 80% of which falls during south west monsoon.

In certain regions of Uttar Pradesh, dry weather irrigation canals which were constructed a few centuries ago to support livelihood and provide supplemental irrigation are still in use. Later on, these canals were converted into all season canals by making permanent barrages. These canals were largely constructed to provide protection to crops from famines and droughts. The concepts in irrigated agriculture have changed since then to meet the food/fibre production needs of the ever-increasing population and from sustenance to intensive agriculture. Heavy dependence on groundwater resource for intensive cultivation post green revolution, together with increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to its overexploitation and consequent water table decline at an alarming rate. As response of high yielding varieties is better with chemical fertilizers requiring more and frequent water application.

Moreover, water use for agriculture cannot be considered in isolation of other uses. This requires an integrated approach for sustainable water resources planning, management and operation under a river basin framework. Due to competition from increasing demands for agriculture, domestic, power, industrial, environmental and other uses, allocation of water to different stakeholders in appropriate quantity and quality has become increasingly difficult. Freely spatial availability, of ground water has increased its use very rapidly. Further it is more easily available on as and when required basis, without requiring any distribution system just like canal network. There is a real need to manage ground water reservoir in the region more effectively to ensure a sustainable dynamic balance between its annual replenishment and draft to sustain agriculture, and other demands for today and future.

Sustainability of agriculture is threatened by water-logging and consequent soil salinity-sodicity in canal command areas whereas groundwater depletion is also occurring in some other areas, resulting in reduced productivity due to twin problems of water use current practices.

For the benefit of people of the State, on December 2015, an agreement was signed between M/s Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd, Israel and Chairman, State Water Resources Agency, Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department for Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh. The consultancy Contract is a component of the Uttar

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Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project Phase-II (UPWSRP-II) which is being implemented with financial assistance from the World Bank.

The objective of the consultancy is to develop capacity in the State Water Resources Agency for rational water related assessment and planning at basin level, through the development and application of appropriate knowledge base, analytical tools, structured stake holder consultation processes and institutional capacity building. The assessment and planning would cover 8 major basins in Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone).

As per terms of the assignment the following reports have already been submitted and approved I. Inception Report reviewing the available data, models, GIS, prior studies and reports, a summary of the Consultants technical approach to the work and comments on ToR, plan for deployment of staff, etc. II. Report on the Planning Framework and Preliminary SRS (Software Requirements Specification). III. Report and Delivery of the Knowledge Base Design Document. IV. Report on Knowledge Base Development including delivery of Knowledge Base product and delivery of GIS layers including deployment of layers in Web Base Application on ArcGIS Server V. Report on Design of BAPS including Software Design Document and UIs, etc. starting with SRS document as per International Standards. VI. Report on the Development, Testing, Implementation, Operation and Acceptance of the BAPS and its linkage with ArcGIS Server layers including delivery of Source Code, Compiler, Installation Manual and any software required for successful operation.

The developed web-based BAPS along with data base, has already been installed on SWaRA Server and being updated regularly. Out of the 8 Basins, Gomti Basin was selected as pilot for finalization of Basin Plan Template. After incorporating the stakeholders’ views final report for Gomti Basin Plan was submitted in Sept 2019. The report has been approved by Committee formed under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary Irrigation and Water Resources Department, U.P. Now on the approved Basin Plan Template the Basin Assessment and Plans for Rapti Basin in Uttar Pradesh is being submitted.

RAPTI BASIN

The complete Rapti Basin lies between East longitudes 81°35’ and 83°52’ and North latitudes of 26°18’ and 28°35’ in Uttar Pradesh and Nepal covering total area of 23,237.51 sq.km. The portion of Rapti Basin falling in Uttar Pradesh lies between East longitudes 81°35’ and 83°49’ and North latitudes of 26°18’ and 27°59’, covering an area of 14,658.20 sq.km in Uttar Pradesh. It is bounded by Ghaghra basin from West, East and North. There are four Sub-basins defined in Rapti Basin namely Burhi Rapti, Rapti, Rohin and Ami, draining areas of 2,904.88 sq. km (19.72%), 7,877.61(53.70%), 2,140.84% sq. km (14.66%) and 1,734.88 sq. km (11.92%) respectively, within Uttar Pradesh. The basin covers 10 partial districts and 79 blocks (49 fully and 30 partially) of Uttar Pradesh.

There are 41 towns in Rapti Basin, out of which, 29 are Statutory Towns and 12 are Census Towns. There are two towns having population between 1 to 10 lakhs viz. Deoria and Gorakhpur.

Rapti River was historically known as Iravati. The river originates in the Siwalik Himalaya of Nepal at an elevation of 3,050m. After flowing through Nepal, it enters Eastern Uttar Pradesh in Chanda

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Pargana, east of the Kundwa village of Bahraich district. The Rapti River has a total length of approx. 560 km from its entrance in India to its confluence with the Ghaghra at Barha. It flows in a very sinuous course with shallow depth and causes heavy flooding in the districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The river flows through the districts of Bahraich, Balrampur, Shrawasti, Basti and Gorakhpur and joins the Ghaghara on its left bank near Barhaj town of Deoria district.

The percentage of district area falling in Rapti Basin and percentage of basin area covered by each district is shown below.

100.00 96.45 87.52 87.01 90.00 85.06

80.00 75.35 70.00

60.00 56.20 50.00 40.00

30.00 26.20 20.05 19.40 19.20

20.00 15.04 11.97 9.14 6.23 5.82 10.00 4.58 2.02 1.80 1.07 0.67 0.00

Percentage Area in Basin, % Percentage of Basin Area, %

The climate of Rapti Basin is sub-tropical, monsoonal. Winters (October to February) are cool and dry with occasional fogs and light showers, summers (March to early June) are hot and dry, and the monsoon season (middle June to September) is warm and humid, with frequent heavy rainfall. The average annual rainfall in Rapti Basin is 1093.44 mm. It can be seen that rainfall in the Rapti Basin is dominated by monsoon rainfall (87.5% of total rainfall) in the months of June to September, with July and August being the wetter months in which most of the rainfall occurs (65% of monsoon rainfall

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan and 57% of total rainfall). The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is in the month of June (35.64 °C) while the lowest monthly mean minimum temperature is in the month of January (10.85 °C). The highest evaporation is in May (275 mm, 8.87 mm/day) while the lowest is in January (31 mm, 1.00 mm/day). The annual average pan evaporation rates for Rapti Basin is 4.40 mm/day.

The Gangetic Plain, of which Rapti basin is a part, occupies the Himalayan foredeep, located between the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the Vindhyas to the south. In the area of Rapti basin, the foredeep consists of nearly 4000 m of sedimentary materials deposited from the Pre-Cambrian to Recent age over Bundelkhand granite gneisses of Archaean age. The Rapti Basin falls in parts of the Ramganga depression, Sarada depression, East Uttar Pradesh shelf and Gandak depression, and includes areas traversed by the Dudwa and Faizabad ridges.

As per census 2011, the total population in Rapti Basin is 1,39,15,226 out of which 15,73,599 (11.3%) is urban and 1,23,41,627 (88.7%) is rural. Out of the total population 71,39,631 (51.3%) are male and 67,75,595 (48.7%) are female. Total SC population of the basin is 2,456,158 (which is 17.7% of total population of basin) and total ST population of the basin is 103,147 (which is 0.74% of total population of basin). On an average 46% of the total population is living below poverty line in the basin.

As per Agriculture Census 2010-11, Percentage of marginal fields are 84.58% of total agricultural fields which is higher than state average of marginal agricultural fields (77%) and national average (63%). Small land holdings of 1 to 2 hectares comprise 10.98% of total agricultural fields in the basin which is lower than state average (14.44%) and national average (18.88%).

The landuse and cropping pattern in Rapti Basin is shown below. 75.17% of land is under cultivation and the cropping intensity is 165%. Rice and Wheat cover respectively about 42.76% and 43.40% of the gross cultivated area. Perennial cultivation of sugarcane covers about 4.0 %.

The major surface water irrigated areas of Rapti Basin are supplied from diversions on Gandak River, Ghaghara River, Saryu river, Rapti river and supplemented by 6 major lift irrigation schemes. Rapti system is still under construction, so diversion at Rapti barrage is not functional. Similarly, on Saryu system, there are still gaps in canal system, so full canal capacity is not being utilised and link to Saryu barrage and Saryu main canal are under utilised.

As per analysis of data at Gandak Barrage (1990 to 2015), on an average about 5.219 BCM water is transferred in Gandak system annually, while the diversion capacity is of 14.109 BCM, against the availability of 45.824 BCM. However for non-monsoon periods, the diversion capacity is of 8.195 BCM, against the availability of 8.714 BCM.

As per analysis of data at Saryu Barrage (1991 to 2015), on an average about 0.600 BCM water is transferred in Saryu system annually, while the diversion capacity is of 11.353 BCM, against the

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan availability of 1.088 BCM. However additional water transfer to Saryu main canal, will be the diverted water from Ghaghra barrage, through Saryu link channel. Presently limited water from Ghaghra barrage is being transferred to Saryu barrage.

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OPTIONS

Based on review of previous reports, stake holder consultations and analyses of collated data on various sectors involved in land and water management in Rapti basin the following issues have been identified:

 Canal rosters are designed each year based on past 10 years water availability to distribute canal water equitably over the canal command area. However, in reality, actual delivery particularly in tail often deviate from the design due to unauthorised use of canal and uncontrolled direct outlets from main canals, distributaries and minors. Cultivators prefer cheap and easily available canal water as compared to ground water.  Farmers often use field-to-field irrigation in a continuous flow rather than rostered distribution through field channels. There is generally poor infrastructure for water distribution below the minors, particularly in tail reaches.  There is no control on the development of deep tube wells/borings for agriculture, industrial or drinking purposes. Since the groundwater extraction is less than the net annual groundwater recharge, we can say that the ground water is being withdrawn from dynamic source. However, till now, no proper assessment has been made of Static source of ground water. Only the assessment of dynamic source is being made on administrative boundaries every consecutive year.  The dynamic ground water resource assessment report of March 2017 by CGWB & UP GWD shows that stage of ground water extraction has reached to 59.95% at the present cropping intensity of about 165%. In about 90% area during pre-monsoon periods and 91% area during post monsoon periods of 2014-15, ground water levels remained between 0 to 5 m bgl.  Canals are generally kept closed during Jayad cultivation periods to carry out canal closure works, except to run it for a short period for filling tanks and talabs to meet out the drinking requirement of animals.  Further 85% small land holding cultivators have limited themselves to rice, wheat cycle for their livelihood. Farmers do not have easy access to new crop varieties, good quality seeds, and efficient marketing systems that give adequate financial rewards for their crops.  Considering the parameters responsible for suitability of ground water in Rapti Basin, it is observed that it is generally fit for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.  There is no linkage between the different water user departments even at planning stage. This is the biggest hurdle in managing the water resources. The major departments are Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Resources, Jal Nigam, Minor Irrigation, Rural and Urban Development, Industries, etc.  There is no demarcation of flood plains. Flood plains, which were providing a good source of ground water recharge are being encroached with even permanent structures, and causing a great threat to human and livestock life.  Large scale, unauthorised mining is further a great threat to river ecosystem. Sand mining results in the destruction of aquatic and riparian habitat through large changes in the channel morphology and increased pollution load to the river. Impacts also include riverbed degradation, riverbed

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coarsening, lowered water tables near the streambed, and channel instability. These physical impacts in turn impact on the populations of riparian and aquatic biota.  Watershed Management approach that includes erosion control, rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge through increased infiltration needs to be implemented in canal tail command and non-command areas adjacent to drains and nalas.  State tube-wells are restricted in canal command. For better implementation of conjunctive use State tube-wells should be permitted in canal command areas.  The productivity of major crops such as Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane in Rapti Basin is poor as far as productivity in irrigated canal command area is concerned as shown below. Crop Mean Max Rice 22.04 27.41 Wheat 22.33 36.49 Sugarcane 552.33 647.52  Minimum Environmental Flow should be maintained downstream of all possible diversions in the streams. Currently, there are no national guidelines available for such diversions. Most of such diversions are dealt with on case to case basis.

BASIN ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING SYSTEM (BAPS)

A web-based Basin Assessment and Planning system has been developed which has two main components (i) Knowledge Base and (ii) Analytical Tools. It is used to carry out Water Balance modelling for basin and other required data and analysis for Basin Planning. The results of Rapti Basin Water Balance Modelling are discussed in detail in Section 7 of the report.

WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY

Total available water resources of the basin including importable surface water as per share is 18,278 MCM at 90% dependability and 20,851 MCM at 75% dependability, detailed as tabulated below. However, considering the capacity of existing infrastructure and that about 80% of the total surface water flows occur in monsoon, the utilizable water resources in the basin is 9,553 MCM at 90% dependability and 9,739 MCM at 75% dependability.

Summary of Water Resources Availability for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr

Dependability Level Property Mean 25% 50% 75% 90% Surface Water (generated within Basin) Local Surface Water, Mm3/yr 5,163.37 6,079.48 5,026.30 3,820.83 3,056.53 Importable Surface Water as per Share From Gandak Barrage, Mm3/yr 2,981.54 3,344.03 2,946.14 2,783.18 2,691.95 From Saryu Barrage (including 2,924.77 3,277.34 2,909.46 2,472.09 2,291.40 Girija Barrage), Mm3/yr From Rapti Barrage, Mm3/yr 8,005.55 9,338.8 8,061.8 6,983.17 5,446.45 Groundwater Dynamic Groundwater, Mm3/yr 4,791.81 4,791.81 4,791.81 4,791.81 4,791.81 Total Available Water, Mm3/yr 23,867.04 26,831.46 23,735.51 20,851.08 18,278.14 Note: For groundwater, assessment is done for Mean Annual Availability as per GEC-2015 methodology.

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Summary of Utilizable Water Resources for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr

Dependability Level Property Mean 25% 50% 75% 90% Utilizable Surface Water (generated within Basin) Local Surface Water, Mm3/yr 1,217.94 1,217.94 1,217.94 1,217.94 1,217.94 Utilizable Importable Surface Water as per Share From Gandak Barrage, Mm3/yr 1,147.89 1,233.95 1,172.56 1,143.89 1,079.47 From Saryu Barrage (including 1,234.01 1,391.93 1,216.15 1,039.76 980.75 Girija Barrage), Mm3/yr From Rapti Barrage, Mm3/yr 1,703.99 1,828.14 1,615.58 1,545.72 1,483.08 Groundwater Dynamic Groundwater, Mm3/yr 4,791.81 4,791.81 4,791.81 4,791.81 4,791.81 Total Utilizable Water, Mm3/yr 10,095.64 10,463.77 10,014.04 9,739.12 9,553.05 Note: For groundwater, assessment is done for Mean Annual Availability as per GEC-2015 methodology.

WATER DEMANDS

The projected population for year 2015, 2025, 2035 and 2045 is tabulated as follows.

2015 2025 Sub Basin Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Ami 1,975,688 98,500 2,074,188 2,290,367 117,967 2,408,333 Burhi Rapti 1,996,067 130,896 2,126,962 2,313,991 156,764 2,470,755 Rapti 7,163,337 1,240,341 8,403,679 8,304,280 1,485,470 9,789,750 Rohin 2,071,367 209,255 2,280,622 2,401,285 250,611 2,651,895 Basin Total 13,206,459 1,678,992 14,885,452 15,309,923 2,010,811 17,320,734

2035 2045 Sub Basin Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Ami 2,598,747 136,109 2,734,856 2,887,513 151,808 3,039,320 Burhi Rapti 2,625,553 180,873 2,806,426 2,917,296 201,735 3,119,032 Rapti 9,422,389 1,713,922 11,136,311 10,469,378 1,911,605 12,380,983 Rohin 2,724,600 289,152 3,013,752 3,027,349 322,503 3,349,852 Basin Total 17,371,289 2,320,056 19,691,345 19,301,536 2,587,651 21,889,187

The projected population for Rapti basin will increase from 14.88 million in base year 2015 to 17.32 million in 2025; 19.69 million in 2035 and 21.89 million in the year 2045 (i.e. 1.47 times).

Model Run Year Water Demand 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Urban Domestic 88.51 128.71 148.69 163.22 % 1.39% 2.18% 2.38% 2.59% Rural Domestic 212.34 332.05 486.07 545.03 % 3.34% 5.63% 7.77% 8.65% Livestock 55.11 60.67 66.65 72.63 % 0.87% 1.03% 1.07% 1.15%

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Model Run Year Water Demand 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Industrial 2.94 4.51 6.09 7.66 % 0.05% 0.08% 0.10% 0.12% Power Plants 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 % 0.06% 0.07% 0.06% 0.06% Agriculture Agr.Sc-1 5994.70 5622.17 5947.07 6067.10 Agr.Sc-2 5994.70 5362.74 5546.23 5507.91 % 94.29% 91.01% 88.63% 87.42% Total (Agr.Sc-1) 6357.65 6152.16 6658.62 6859.69 Total (Agr.Sc-2) 6357.65 5892.73 6257.78 6300.50 NOTE: % (percentage) calculated w.r.t. Total (Agr.Sc-2)

The Urban domestic demand will increase from 88.52 MCM in base year 2014-15, to 163.27 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.84 times). The rural domestic demand will increase from 212.34 MCM to 545.03 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 2.57 times). Livestock demand will increase from the base year demand of 55.11 MCM to 72.63 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.32 times). Industrial demand will increase from 2.94 MCM to 7.66 MCM (i.e. 2.61 times), Power plant demand will remain 4.05 MCM.

WATER BALANCE SCENARIOS

If we carry on with the current irrigation practices and the present trend of cropping intensity continues, along with development of population and livestock, the different demands and shortages for the year 2024-25,2034-35 and 2044-45 are tabulated as follows. .

Scenario BAU Demand in MCM 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Population, million 14.88 17.32 19.69 21.89 Urban Demand 88.52 128.74 148.72 163.27 Total Rural demand 274.44 401.28 562.86 629.36 Irrigation Demand in CCA 2171.18 3074.69 3245.22 3317.71 Irrigation shortage in CCA 10.0% 6.7% 6.9% 7.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 3823.52 2547.49 2701.85 2749.40 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 53.3% 47.5% 49.8% 50.6% Total GW Availability 4335.00 4442.22 4469.82 4630.27 Stage of GW Extraction 43.9% 40.1% 45.2% 45.6% Total Demand 6357.67 6152.19 6658.65 6859.73 Total Shortage in % 35.5% 23.0% 23.5% 23.7% Cropping Intensity, % 165% 171% 179% 181% Foodgrain Production, kg/person 208 209 211 214

Under BAU scenario, Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 88.52 MCM to 163.27 MCM in 2044-45 while the total rural demand will increase to 629.36 MCM in 2044-45 against 274.44 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 6357.67 MCM in 2014-15 to 6859.73 MCM in 2044-45.

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan

The overall ground water development in Rapti basin will increase to 45.6% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 43.9 % and the overall shortages will reduce to 23.7%, as compared to present 35.5%, due to development of Rapti system.

However, with the implementation of full conjunctive use, the resources can be kept relatively more sustainable spatially and rate for ground water depletion can be limited. If we opt for Conjunctive use and maintain environmental flow, along with keeping the ground water withdrawal within replenishable limit for agriculture sector, then sectoral demand and shortages for the proposed intensification and diversification are tabulated below.

Scenario BAU Management Demand in MCM 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Population, million 14.88 17.32 19.69 21.89 Urban Demand 88.52 128.74 148.72 163.27 Total Rural demand 274.44 401.28 562.86 629.36 Irrigation Demand in CCA 2171.18 2938.7 3039.43 3031.29 Irrigation shortage in CCA 10.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 3823.52 2424.04 2506.8 2476.63 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 53.3% 12.4% 16.2% 17.2% Total GW Availability 4335.00 4752.16 4926.11 4959.61 Stage of GW Extraction 43.9% 61.5% 75.1% 76.3% Total Demand 6357.67 5892.76 6257.81 6300.54 Total Shortage in % 35.5% 5.1% 6.5% 6.7% Cropping Intensity, % 165% 171% 179% 181% Foodgrain Production, kg/person 208 276 303 339

If we opt for full conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan .The irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 10% The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 17.2% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 53.3%. The overall shortage will reduce to 6.7%, as against the present shortage of 35.5%.

However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 43.9% to 61.5% in the year 2024-25, to 75.1% in the year 2034-35 and 76.3% in the year 2044-45.

Generated waste water production of 129.86 mld (47.40 MCM) for base year and 270.77 mld (98.83 MCM) for the year 2045 with an additional expenditure of 684.08 Cr. Rs. for construction of remaining STPs for town having population more than 20,000 will provide additional water to be considered for irrigation purposes.

The gross margin to cultivators from present 8,036 Rs. per ha will increase to Rs. 26,451 per ha in 2025, Rs. 37,521 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 50,601 per ha in 2045. Food grain production will increase from present 208 kg/person to 276 kg/person in the year 2025, 303 kg/person in the year 2035 and 339 kg/person in the year 2045 which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 Kg/person as per the State Water Policy. Total food grain production will increase from 3.10 million metric tonnes in base year to 4.77, 5.97 and 7.42 lakh metric tonnes in the year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with desirable plan.

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WATER USE EFFICIENCY

In model preparation, standard parameters of field application losses, canal seepage losses and recharge through rainfall and return flows are considered as per Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) latest norms. Canal water equity is considered and ground water availability has been calculated as per Groundwater Estimation committee methodology/guidelines.

Model runs shows that efficiency of 66% is achieved in Rapti Basin by combination of conjunctive use, by rectifying the canal system deficiencies and on-farm development works and bringing 10% of area under micro irrigation as per government policy.

On farm application Water use Conveyance efficiency Scenario efficiency efficiency within Outside within CCA CCA CCA Base Scenario 83% 68% 69% 56% Considering system deficiency =83+5 =68+5 =69+5 64% improvement and OFD =88% =73% =74% Considering 10% of area under 88% =73+2 =74+2 66% micro irrigation =75% =76%

Further with investment in lining, conveyance efficiency can be increased, but it will reduce the ground water availability due to reduction in canal water seepage share to ground water. So, the overall impact is not positive.

CONCLUSION

From the data and its analysis and different model run scenarios the following can be concluded:

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ground water development will increase from present 43.9% to 61.5% in the year 2024-25, to 75.1% in the year 2034-35 and 76.3% in the year 2044-45.  Generated waste water production of 129.86 mld (47.40 MCM) for base year and 270.77 mld (98.83 MCM) for the year 2045 with an additional expenditure of 684.08 Cr. Rs. for construction of remaining STPs will provide additional water to be considered for irrigation purposes and 31.59 MCM additional water will be available with an expenditure of 1524.93 Cr. Rs. on Watershed development, Wetland development and Roof top harvesting activities. This generated volume of water amounting to 130.42 MCM yearly will reduce the shortages to 4.7%, with area specific additional expenditure.  The average gross margin for Rapti Basin in the present scenario works out to Rs. 8,036 per ha. The gross margin for Rapti Basin is expected to increase from Rs. 8,036 to Rs. 26,451 per ha in 2025, Rs. 37,521 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 50,601 per ha in 2045 through appropriate land and water resource management. The food grain production for year 2025, 2035 and 2045 works out to 276, 303 and 339 kg/person, respectively which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 Kg/person as per the State Water Policy.  Implementation of conjunctive use and all other intervention measures as detailed is required. Only supply management is not a holistic and sustainable solution for future. In addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working on demand management. Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors is to be achieved. It will be required to promote use of recycled water in all the sectors. Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane along with crop diversification is to be done.  Implementation of recommended action plan, as enclosed is the only sustainable solution with optimisation of land and water resources and maintaining environmental flows under a river basin framework and elevating the socio-economic status.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Water resources management refers to a whole range of different activities: resource assessment, demand management, modelling, design of measures and strategies, resource development, operation and maintenance, implementation of policy, monitoring, and evaluation. It also covers supportive activities such as institutional reform. Institutional reforms mean capacity building of institutions for understanding the issues built in within, developing and implementing integrated water resource management plans.

The specific and general recommended action plan in order of priority with responsibilities of different stakeholders to implement basin plan with tentative cost is as follows.

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Recommended Action Plan

Estimated Cost, S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Cr. Rs. (at 2017 Responsibility No. Value Addition price level) SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Domestic water Urban domestic water supply to major towns Will arrest the fast UP Jal Nigam, requirement of Urban spots should be made surface water based. depletion rate of ground UPIWRD, Urban water levels. Energy cost Development for lifting will come Deptt., down, however agriculture shortage may increase. That can be managed by promotion of micro irrigation or other water saving methods. 2 Treatment of Waste Water Treatment of waste water in 26 towns of Rapti 684.08 Will maintain water Namami Gange, UP Basin, additional STP requirement is 226 MLD. quality within permissible Jal Nigam, Urban limits. The environmental Development and ecological issues will Deptt., Industries be resolved. Treated water Deptt. will be available for reuse. 3 Establishment and 1- Completing registration process and elect 97.28 Capacity building and UPIWRD strengthening of water water user’s association members as per PIM power transfer to WUAs users’ association act 2010 as per PIM act, for their 2- Capacity building and power transfer to role in optimisation of water users’ associations as per PIM act. land and water resources. 4 Implementation of 1- Correction of system deficiencies for equity 559.02 Land and water resources UPIWRD conjunctive use of canal water by restoring the canal/drain will be optimised. section for present availability of rainwater, surface water, ground water, existing cropped

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Estimated Cost, S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Cr. Rs. (at 2017 Responsibility No. Value Addition price level) area, cropping intensity and its future possible trend. 214.77 Use of available water MI Deptt. 2- Additional 15,954 shallow borings for fully resources will be utilising the replenishable ground water optimized and resources. To be implemented in a phased productivity will manner. increase. 439.75 An area of 87949 ha will UPIWRD, Rural 3- Sodic land can be reclaimed after provide additional Development implementation of Conjunctive use production. Deptt., Agriculture Deptt. 5 Increasing water use 1- Promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation 562.69 Promotion of micro UPIWRD, MI efficiency irrigation in 112538 ha Deptt., Agriculture area will increase water Deptt. use efficiency by saving water. 2- CADWM Works 562.69 UPIWRD, CADWM Deptt. 6 Water harvesting 1- Roof top rain water harvesting should be 630.60 Rooftop area of 10.51 Urban and Rural made compulsory in urban spots. sq.km in 2 urban spots Development Deptt. will provide an additional recharge of 7.26 MCM. Watershed development activity in 61,530 ha area UPIWRD, Rural 2- Integrated watershed development with 307.65 will provide an additional Development emphasis on soil and water conservation. recharge of 11.08 MCM. Deptt., Agriculture Wetland development Deptt. activity in 7886 ha area

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Estimated Cost, S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Cr. Rs. (at 2017 Responsibility No. Value Addition price level) 3- Wetland development for recharge and 586.68 will provide an additional UPIWRD, Rural environmental & socio-economic benefits such recharge of 13.25 MCM. Development as drinking, fisheries, recreation etc. Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Agriculture Deptt. 4,877,47 (including Total 232.26 for preparatory activities)

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Other General Recommendations

Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition A. PLANNING 1 Keeping and updation of 1- Remove hurdles in data sharing policy. Users’ participation in UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., water related data base on 2- Web base data sharing and updation facility on optimisation of land and Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, common platform in public GIS/prescribed formats in public domain should be water resources. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., domain made functional as early as possible. Animal Husbandry, Industries Deptt., Forest Deptt. and other Stakeholders 2 Holistic approach in water 1- The project planning and management should be Optimise land and water UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., resources planning and on holistic approach from expert’s wing at basin resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, management levels and the execution should be done separately Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., by each concern department. Animal Husbandry, Industries 2- Water allocation to different sectors as per State Deptt., Forest Deptt. and other water policy and its review as per basin plan, after Stakeholders every 5 years is to be done by experts at basin level and supervised by Regulatory commission. 3 Proper assessment of 1- Proper assessment of static and dynamic ground Will help in proper UPGWD, CGWB ground water water source is to be done on basin/sub-basin assessment and levels. sustainable management 2- Ground water replenishable resource utilised for of resources for future. pumping, converted in baseflow or utilised in charging the adjacent basin/sub-basins needs to be assessed properly. 3- Bore log details, aquifer parameters and pump test results-based aquifer mapping are required at large scales for more sensitive/vulnerable areas, especially urban spots. B. REGULATORY

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 4 Strengthening of water 1- Appointment of Members Optimise land and water GoUP, UPIWRD regulatory authority 2- Strengthening SWaRA and SWaRDAC with resources appointment of experts 3- Establish separate permanent cadre of experts at Basin levels, as already proposed in SWaRA and SWARDAC 5 Ground water regulation 1- Commercial, Industrial and Bulk users need to Will help in regulation of UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., bill get prior approval before abstracting ground water ground water Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural Development Deptt. 6 Maintaining environmental/ 1- Barrage/Canal regulation orders to be issued Healthy eco and GoUP, UPIWRD ecological flows weekly by the concerned Chief engineer, and he environmental system will should fix minimum recommended downstream create healthy atmosphere releases, required from ecological, environmental or for mankind and bathing point of view. livelihood. 2- Unauthorised sand mining should be restricted, so that it does not disturb river ecosystem. 7 Climate change 1- Proper forecast will certainly alert the cultivators Timely forecast will GoUP, UPIWRD, MI Deptt., for crop diversification as reduction in rainfall or minimise the impact of Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, change in weather parameters may increase the climate change. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., agriculture shortages, which will affect the crop Animal Husbandry, Industries productivity. Real time web-based climate and flow Deptt., Forest Deptt. and other data should be shared in public domain. Stakeholders 8 Flood forecasting 1- A real time GIS based, Flood Management Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD Information System (FMIS) using the rainfall, persons and livestock GDSQ, topography, river morphology, Imageries, including loss of movable embankments, human interventions and other property will be relevant data should be developed for entire U.P, to minimised.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition provide information at various levels viz. district, block and village to facilitate the authority for planning of relief, mitigation measures and to flood affected population. 9 River zone demarcation 1- Through government orders, Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD permanent/temporary flood zones need to be persons and livestock demarcated, after detailed field survey. No including loss of movable kaccha/pucca structures are to be allowed in property will be permanent flood zone areas and no pucca structures minimised. are to be allowed in temporary flood zone areas. 10 Use of recycled water 1- Promote grey water management at HH level and Will increase water GoUP, UPIWRD, UP Jal Nigam, community level through construction of simple resource and reduce the Urban Development Deptt., structures, in and around homes and public places demand of fresh water. Industries Deptt. specifically around water sources. (Grey water includes water that comes out from after bathing, kitchen use, laundry etc. devoid of feco-urine contamination.) 2- Incentive for use of recycled water in house hold/multi-storeyed complexes. 3- Incentive for use of treated waste water through STP. 4- Pilot Study on use of treated waste water through STP for irrigation. 5- Incentive for use of recycled water in industries. 6- Use rate of recycled/treated water should be kept low from that of fresh water. 11 Demand management 1- Only supply management is not a holistic and Future sustainability of GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI sustainable solution for future. land and water resources. Deptt., Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, Industries Deptt.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 2- Implementation of conjunctive use and all other intervention measures as detailed above will only retard the process of depletion of our resources. Ultimately in long run, most blocks will be overstressed. So, in addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working seriously on demand management. 3- Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors. 4- Promoting use of recycled water in all the sectors. 5- Development and promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. 6- Minimise losses/wastages in drinking, industrial and agriculture sectors.

C. EXECUTION 12 Implementation of 1- Based on the availability of surface water and Land and water resources UPWaMReC, UPIWRD, conjunctive use ground water conjunctive use plan should be will be optimised. UPGWD, MI Deptt., Agriculture implemented at minor/outlet levels. Deptt. 2- Water tariff issues in implementation of conjunctive use are to be resolved by Regulatory commission. 3- Tubewells should be permitted in canal command areas along main canals and feeder, where excessive use of canal water is converting the land into sodic land. Ground water use in such areas should be promoted.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 4- Canal roster should be developed for equitable distribution of water to increase water use efficiency and osrabandi should be strictly implemented at water user’s association levels. 13 Crop intensification and 1- Diversification to less water consuming crops Optimise land and water Agriculture Deptt. diversification 2- Crop plans need to be implemented agro-climatic resources zone wise, based on soil health card to achieve best returns. 3- Demo size should be increased, as the marginal land holding cultivators are not capable of facing the worst situation created due to non-availability of timely inputs of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water. 14 Increasing water use 1- Equity of canal water and osrabandi. Land and water resources UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., efficiency 2- Lining of canal, where seepage is more than will be optimised. Agriculture Deptt. ground water admissible use 3- Promote crop diversification for less water consuming crops, crops of lesser duration and horticulture. 4- Adopt suitable water conservation procedures, involve the minimizing of water losses, prevention of water wastage, etc., with promotion of CADA and micro irrigation. 15 Use of surplus monsoon 1- If the ppm is within permissible limits, surplus Will provide additional UPIWRD, UPGWD flows available monsoon flows should be utilised to recharge to ground water. maximum through existing infrastructure of canal diversion or lift schemes to provide irrigation/additional recharge to ground water.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 2- Feasibility Study for utilization of surplus monsoon flows at all Dams and Barrages. 16 Water harvesting 1- Surrounding and adjacent areas to complexes Will provide additional GoUP, UPIWRD, Urban and Rural and roads in urban areas should be kept grassed to resource for use. Development Deptt., Forest Deptt. provide surplus recharge. and other Stakeholders 2- Tanks, Ponds and water bodies providing good source of recharge, should not be encroached and additional structures need to be developed for additional recharge. 3- Dense forestation along canals, roads, drains and barren spaces will provide additional recharge to ground water and control the temperature, thereby reduce the crop ET requirement. 17 Reclamation of sodic 1- Implementation of conjunctive use will help in Will provide additional UPIWRD, Rural Development land/water-logged sustainability of reclaimed sodic land. area for cropping and will Deptt. Agriculture Deptt. areas/drainage network 2- Drainage line, should account for topography, increase returns. soil, slope factor, water bodies and cropped area. Only surplus water should be drained out, as water in drains also provide a good source of recharge to ground water. 18 Integrated watershed 1- Integrated use, regulation and development of Watershed development UPIWRD, Rural Development development water and land resources of each watershed with activity will provide an Deptt. Agriculture Deptt. emphasis on soil and water conservation by additional recharge construction of contour bunds. 2- After detailed survey, if topography permits, series of check dams in head reaches of drains, need to be proposed to prevent soil erosion and increase recharge.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 19 For overexploited and Only supply management is not a holistic and Will arrest the fast GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI critical blocks sustainable solution for future. depletion rate of ground Deptt., Agriculture Deptt. 1- Implementation of conjunctive use water levels. 2- Wetland development 3- Roof top harvesting 4- Watershed management 5- Promotion of micro irrigation 6- Demand management.  Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors  Promoting use of recycled water with incentive in all the sectors.  Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane is need of the day to save future. D. MONITORING 20 Water quality monitoring 1- Surface water quality, especially down stream of Will sound environmental UP Jal Nigam, CGWB, UPGWD, urban spots should be kept within permissible and ecological flows. UP PCB, CPCB, CWC limits. 2- Treated waste water disposal and industrial waste should be within permissible limits. 3- Area specific ground water issues of arsenic and fluoride needs regular watch and control measures. 21 Economic growth verses 1- We are concerned with the economic growth as Doubling the income of GoUP, Agriculture Deptt. Agriculture growth well as agriculture growth, especially for 85% small small land holding land holding cultivators. cultivators

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan

Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 2- Government need to fix MSP, for diversified crops, at least double the input cost and make arrangement for lifting produce from cultivator’s doorstep. 22 Public awareness 1- All the Gram Panchayats and Sarpanchs should Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., be trained and motivated regarding forestation, sustainability of resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, water conservation, quality and economic use. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., 2- Students at school and College levels should be Animal Husbandry, Urban and made aware of water crises in future. Rural Development Deptt. 3- Forestation, water harvesting, reuse of grey water and economic use should be promoted in Urban and rural populated areas on priority.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 23 Monitoring and Evaluation 1- Regular monitoring and evaluation is must for all Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., to Ensure availability and the recommended actions. sustainability of resources. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, sustainable management of 2- Regarding water quality, environmental and Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Water for all with possible ecological flow issues, it can be linked to present Animal Husbandry, Urban and indicators for Swach Bharat Mission agenda of Central Rural Development Deptt. 1-Water Measurement government. 2-Water Conservation The parameters further to be reviewed may be: 3-Water Demand 3- Proportion of population having access to safe Management drinking water. 4-Water Productivity 4- Proportion of wastewater (domestic and 5-Water Quality industrial) being recycled and reused. 6-Participatory Water 5- Percentage Ground Water withdrawal against Management availability. 7-Water Economics 6- Per capita availability of water (m3/person). 7- Percentage of River basins brought under Integrated Water Resources Management. 8- Area under overexploited blocks. 9- Number of overexploited blocks. 10- Percentage sewage load treated in major rivers. 11- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area brought under WUAs. 12- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area managed by WUAs.

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Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh

Rapti Basin Plan

1 BACKGROUND

1.1 General

Uttar Pradesh with geographical area of 24.12 million hectares is India's fourth largest but most populous state having population about 199.81 million with population density almost double of the country (as per Census 2011) and is endowed with bountiful of water resources, vast fertile soil and favourable climate. Its 8 major River Basins as shown in Figure 1.1 (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone) are dominated by agriculture, which accounts for 27% of state GDP, and 63% of employment. Thus, Irrigated agriculture is both occupation and pride.

Figure 1.1 : River Basins of Uttar Pradesh

Source: Delineated using 90m SRTM DEM

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan

The GoUP adopted a progressive State Water Policy (SWP) in May 1999 with following objectives:

 Ensure preservation of the scarce water resources and optimize its utilization;  Bring about qualitative improvement in water resources management;  Maintain water quality, both surface and underground;  Promote ‘equity and social justice’ among individuals and groups of users in water resource allocation and management;  Ensure self-sustainability in water resource development;  Develop an adequate information and knowledge base;  Provide mechanisms for the resolution of conflicts between various users;

A State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) has been set up since October 2002, to develop and provide a state-level capability for inter-sectoral water allocation, planning, management and optimal use of surface and groundwater based on comprehensive and environmentally sustainable river basin plans. Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has enacted Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) to regulate and recommend the tariff for water used for agriculture, industrial, drinking, power and other purposes and also for levying cess on land benefitted by flood protection and drainage works to assist the State for making policies and execution of water resources within the State, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and optimal utilization of water resources for ensuring sustainable development of the State. UPWaMReC Act has come into force from March, 04, 2014 and UPWaMReC has been established on May 19, 2014.

State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) is mandated to provide necessary technical assistance to WaMReC in its functions including allocation and distribution of entitlements for various category of uses, and to lay down the criteria for modifying entitlements as needed.

1.2 Consultancy Objectives

The objective of the consultancy is to develop capacity in the State Water Resources Agency for rational water-related assessment and planning at basin level, through the development and application of appropriate knowledge bases, analytical tools, structured stakeholder consultation processes and institutional capacity building. The assessment and planning covers the 8 major river basins in Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone).

The consultant will develop a Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS) which would enable the assessment and analysis of current and future water availability and water use and demands (across a range of users including irrigation, urban, rural, industry, hydropower, environment, etc.).

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1.3 Scope of Work

The scope of this assignment includes:

 Formulation of basin, sub-basin and administrative unit level planning frameworks, including objectives, criteria and scenarios based on current and future envisioned development status, for the 8 major basins in Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna, Ganga, Ramganga Gomti, Ghaghra, Rapti, Gandak and Sone) including required data collection and GIS layers development on ArcGIS Server.  Development of BAPS at basin, sub-basin and administrative units level, including knowledge base and analytical tools, and preparation of the initial plans for water allocation and entitlements at administrative units level, sub-basin and overall basin level, for different availability and demand scenarios considering different selected planning periods (e.g. 15 years, 25 years, etc.).  Formulation of structured stakeholder consultation processes, and application throughout the overall planning process.  Institutional capacity building, covering all planning stages, processes and tasks, with particular focus on transfer and institutionalization of planning procedures, tools and facilities for continued and sustainable post-project plan update applications.  On-site operation and generation of reports of the BAPS model including Maintenance & trouble-shooting with keeping minimum one person at SWaRA including upgrading support for three years (extendable by two years) after model implementation and acceptance.

1.4 Status of Work

As per terms of the assignment the following reports have already been submitted and approved.

I. Inception Report reviewing the available data, models, GIS, prior studies and reports, a summary of the Consultants technical approach to the work and comments on ToR, plan for deployment of staff, etc. II. Report on the Planning Framework and Preliminary SRS (Software Requirements Specification). III. Report and Delivery of the Knowledge Base Design Document. IV. Report on Knowledge Base Development including delivery of Knowledge Base product and delivery of GIS layers including deployment of layers in Web Base Application on ArcGIS Server V. Report on Design of BAPS including Software Design Document and UIs, etc. starting with SRS document as per International Standards. VI. Report on the Development, Testing, Implementation, Operation and Acceptance of the BAPS and its linkage with ArcGIS Server layers including delivery of Source Code, Compiler, Installation Manual and any software required for successful operation.

The developed web-based BAPS along with data base, has already been installed on SWaRA Server and being updated regularly. Out of the 8 Basins, Gomti Basin was selected as pilot for finalization of Basin Plan Template. The draft report for Gomti Basin Plan was submitted in August 2018. After getting comments on the report and further discussion with SWaRA the draft report for Gomti Basin

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Plan was revised and submitted in March 2019. Further, one-to-one consultation was done with major stakeholders on the draft final report. After incorporating the stakeholders’ views final report for Gomti Basin Plan was finalized and submitted in August 2019 and subsequently September 2019 and was accepted and approved on 20th September 2019. The Basin Plans for other Basins are under preparation and finalization.

1.5 Rapti Basin Plan

The Rapti Basin Plan is prepared for 30 years, where year 2015, has been considered as the Base Year and decadal planning periods are considered, i.e., year 2025, 2035 and 2045. This report on Rapti Basin Plan consists of the following sections.

Section 1: gives the background and introduction of this study. Section 2: describes the main features of the Rapti basin. Section 3: gives information on existing infrastructure for utilization of surface and ground water resources of the Rapti Basin and the surface water being imported from neighbouring basins. Section 4: gives information on climate, availability of surface (within basin and from neighbouring basin) and ground water resources for utilization and other related resources. It also discusses the quality of surface and ground water in the basin. Section 5: describes the growth potential and current and future water requirements of the Rapti basin for various uses viz. domestic, livestock, industry, irrigation and environment. Section 6: discusses the water resources development and management issues and options in Rapti Basin. Section 7: presents the water balance for various scenarios and selecting the most promising scenario along with related cost for improvement and development. Section 8: gives the conclusion and recommendations.

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2 RAPTI BASIN FEATURES

2.1 Basin Setting

The complete Rapti Basin lies between East longitudes 81°35’ and 83°52’ and North latitudes of 26°18’ and 28°35’ in Uttar Pradesh and Nepal covering total area of 23,237.51 sq.km (Figure 2.1). The portion of Rapti Basin falling in Uttar Pradesh lies between East longitudes 81°35’ and 83°49’ and North latitudes of 26°18’ and 27°59’, covering an area of 14,658.20 sq.km in Uttar Pradesh (Figure 2.2). It is bounded by Ghaghra basin from West, East and North. There are four Sub-basins defined in Rapti Basin namely Burhi Rapti, Rapti, Rohin and Ami, draining areas of 2,904.88 sq. km (19.72%), 7,877.61(53.70%), 2,140.84% sq. km (14.66%) and 1,734.88 sq. km (11.92%) respectively, within Uttar Pradesh.

Figure 2.1 : Location Map of Complete Rapti Basin

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Figure 2.2 : Location Map of Rapti Basin in Uttar Pradesh

The basin covers 10 partial districts and 79 blocks (49 fully and 30 partially) of Uttar Pradesh (see Appendix 1). The percentage of district area falling in Rapti Basin and percentage of basin area covered by each district is shown in Figure 2.3. The administrative unit setup of Rapti Basin is shown in Map 1.

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Figure 2.3 : Districts Falling in Rapti Basin

100.00 96.45 87.52 87.01

90.00 85.06

80.00 75.35

70.00

60.00 56.20

50.00

40.00

30.00 26.20 20.05 19.40 19.20

20.00 15.04 11.97 9.14 6.23 10.00 5.82 4.58 2.02 1.80 1.07 0.67 0.00

Percentage Area in Basin, % Percentage of Basin Area, %

Source: Census of India, 2011 and Basin/Sub Basin Delineated using 90m SRTM DEM

2.2 River System

Rapti River was historically known as Iravati. The river originates in the Siwalik Himalaya of Nepal at an elevation of 3,050m. After flowing through Nepal, it enters Eastern Uttar Pradesh in Chanda Pargana, east of the Kundwa village of Bahraich district. It flows in a very sinuous course with shallow depth and causes heavy flooding in the districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The river flows through the districts of Bahraich, Balrampur, Shrawasti, Basti and Gorakhpur and joins the Ghaghara on its left bank near Barhaj town of Deoria district.

The Rapti River has a total length of approx. 560 km from its entrance in India to its confluence with the Ghaghra at Barha. The catchment area of the Rapti River in India basin is approx. 14,658.20 sq.km.

After the hairpin bend just above the Indo-Nepal border, the river maintains a southeasterly direction passing through a number of lakes and swamps and some abandoned watercourses. The list of major tributaries is as below in Rapti system in India.

S. Approx. Length Name No. (in km) 1 Rapti river 560 2 Kondara 46 3 Payas 11

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S. Approx. Length Name No. (in km) 4 Ghonghi 44 5 Ami river 245 6 Garra 44 7 Bathwanala 26 8 Pharend Nala 39 9 Rohin 129 10 Mahwa Nala 39 11 Chandan 47 12 Bahela river 29 13 Teler Nala 17 14 Jamuaar Nala 53 15 Banganga 23 16 Ph_Ghonghi 41 17 Burhi Rapti 181

The course of the Rapti River can be divided into three sections. The first section is mountainous. In this section, the river runs in a longitudinal valley. It receives the combined waters of Madi, Lungri and Jhirmuk. The altitude drops from 3000m to 1500m and the slope of this section is steep.

The second section of the river is called Rapti Dun. This section of the river flows up to Nepalganj. Here, the river turns south presenting an elbow towards Nepalganj. The altitude of this section varies from 300m to 150m.

In the third section, the Rapti River enters the tarai region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. In this tarai region, the gradient is very low throughout its easterly. The altitude of this section varies from 100m to 80m. In this section, the Burhi Rapti and Rapti flow parallel to each other for a considerable distance and the doab is marked by flat terrain without any drainage line. The main Rapti River flows close to the watershed that separates it from Bhangar land.

The Rapti River is fed by numerous tributaries dropping sharply into the Rapti from Siwalik and its foot hills. The basin is a homogenous plain of older and newer alluvial deposits. High rainfall (mean 1450 mm/year) in the basin’s upper catchment Himalayan and the Shiwalik ranges leads to extensive soil erosion and landslides, and every year the river carries an enormous quantity of sediments from its catchments in the mountains. The silt load of the Rapti River is about 15.6 MT/yr. The migration of the Rapti river channel is driven by deposition of these excessive sand loads carried by the river.

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2.3 Geological Features

Geologically, the Rapti river basin may be divided into three zones:

I. the northern mountain zone, II. the tarai zone, and III. the plain zone.

I. The Northern Mountain Zone The rocks of this zone are tertiary in age and highly folded. The mountain ranges such as the Lesser Himalaya and the Mahabharata range consist of hard granite and crystalline rocks and are somewhat older than the Churia hill, which consists of sand, clay and soft rocks (Sharma, 1974). Thus, the hardness of rocks also varies from north to south.

II. The Tarai Zone In the northern part of the tarai zone, the alluvial architectural studies on exposed Siwalik section reveal that the major sandstone bodies are 1000 m thick (Khan et al., 1997). These sandstone bodies are underlain by a major erosional surface and generally are capped by a palaeo sol. These sandstone bodies are separated by 100 m thick mudstone dominated palaeosol bounded sequences, which contain minor sandstone bodies (one to few meters thick). These sequences are the over bank deposits formed by filling of local low-lying area through small channels and crevasses followed by progressive shifting through avulsion (Willis and Behrensmeyer, 1994). This depositional environment is analogous to the modem interfan areas in the Rapti river basin.

III. The Plain Zone The large trough called Gorakhpur trough in the southeastern part of the basin is over 8000m deep. It indicates that the entire region has suffered great down warping due to Himalayan upheaval (Singh et al., 1971). It is formed of sand, silt and clay materials mostly deposited by the Rapti river and its tributaries. The surface (about 30m) of region can be divided into two sub zones as:

A. Bhangar This zone is formed by the old alluvium. It covers upland tracts beyond the annual flood limit. It is generally below 100 m from msl.

B. Khadar It is formed by new alluvium soil that annually replenishes deposits through overbank flow. The nodular limestone conglomerate known as Kankar is more abundant in the Bhangar than in the Khadar alluvium because of riverine character of the Khadar.

The foredeep is believed to be constituted of post tectonic molasse sediments above Cainozoic sediments known as Shiwalikhs, Dharmshalas and Subathus, deposited over the Vindhyan Super

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Group of rocks. Based on the geological and hydrogeological data available, the sub-surface lithological succession was developed (Table 2.1).

The Gangetic plain shows several major sub-surface ridges and depressions. The Rapti Basin falls in parts of the Ramganga depression, Sarada depression, East Uttar Pradesh shelf and Gandak depression, and includes areas traversed by the Dudwa and Faizabad ridges.

Table 2.1 : Lithological Successions in parts of Rapti Basin

THICKNESS AGE GROUP FORMATION (m) Recent Newer Alluvium - Holocene Alluvium Older Alluvium 300-590 Pleistocene to Mid Siwaliks Upper Siwaliks 200-740 Miocene Middle Siwaliks 320-1635 Lower Siwaliks 130-765 Lower-Miocene Dharmshalas Matera Formation 400 and Oligocene ------Unconformity ------Lower Cambrian Upper Karanpur (Upper Bhander) 19 - 315 to Late Proterozoic Vindhyan Tilhar (Lower Bhander) 308 - 383 Upper Ujhani (Rewa) 120 - 436 Lower Ujhani (Kaimur) 127 - 335 ------Unconformity ------Early Proterozoic Bahraich Low Grade Metamorphic rocks Group Granite and Gneisses Archaeans Bundelkhand ----- complex

There are nine post Quaternary faults, running in a NE-SW direction through the Ganges basin. These have modified the surface topography and drainage, and play a very important role in the hydrology and hydrogeology of the basin and its sub-basins.

2.4 Climate

2.5 Socio-economic Status

2.5.1 Population

As per census 2011, the total population in Rapti Basin is 1,39,15,226 out of which 15,73,599 (11.3%) is urban and 1,23,41,627 (88.7%) is rural. Out of the total population 71,39,631 (51.3%) are male and 67,75,595 (48.7%) are female. The Sub-basin wise population distribution and related details are shown in Table 2.2. The administrative level details are given in Appendix 2. The population density by Blocks in Rapti Basin is shown in Map 2.

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Table 2.2 : Population distribution in Rapti Basin (Census 2011)

Population S. Sex Literacy Sub Basin Urban Rural Total Male Female Density, No Ratio Rate, % Person/sq.km 1 Ami 73298 1846309 1919607 971980 947627 975 1106 67.0 2 Burhi Rapti 121140 1865353 1986493 1022400 964093 943 684 54.1 3 Rapti 1283803 6694242 7978045 4096957 3881088 947 1013 63.7 4 Rohin 95358 1935723 2031081 1048294 982787 938 949 63.4

Basin Total 1573599 12341627 13915226 7139631 6775595 949 948 62.7 Source: Census of India, 2011

Total SC population of the basin is 2,456,158 (which is 17.7% of total population of basin) and total ST population of the basin is 103,147 (which is 0.74% of total population of basin). On an average 46% of the total population is living below poverty line in the basin. The percentage is relatively higher in northern districts (Bahraich, Shrawasti, Mahrajganj etc.) may be due to frequent natural disasters like floods, soil creeps, landslides etc. Moreover, the districts bearing larger proportion of SC population are having higher percentage of BPL population. That shows a lower degree of development of SC population in the Rapti Basin area. The Sub-basin wise SC, ST and BPL population details are shown in Table 2.3 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 3.

Table 2.3 : SC, ST and BPL Population Distribution in Rapti Basin

SC Population in ST Population in Percent of SC ST Total Sub Basin % of Total % of Total BPL House Population Population Population Population Population Hold Ami 413,638 21.5 5,567 0.29 1,919,618 43.75 Burhi Rapti 286,772 14.4 29,704 1.50 1,986,500 47.20 Rapti 1,377,012 17.3 58,088 0.73 7,978,051 44.77 Rohin 378,736 18.6 9,788 0.48 2,031,076 36.89 Grand Total 2,456,158 17.7 103,147 0.74 13,915,245 43.68 Source: Census of India, 2011

2.5.2 Land Holdings

A major proportion of land holding is of marginal workers having the agricultural fields of less than 1-hectare area. Percentage of marginal fields are 84.58% of total agricultural fields which is higher than state average of marginal agricultural fields (77%) and national average (63%). Small land holdings of 1 to 2 hectares comprise 10.98% of total agricultural fields in the basin which is lower than state average (14.44%) and national average (18.88%). This indicates the large number of smaller agricultural field sizes in the area resulting in low degree of agricultural mechanization and crop intensification and diversification and low economic growth. This may also lead to other subsequent adverse effects such as low income of farmers, subsistence type of agriculture, soil health deterioration due to repetitive rice-wheat cycles and many more. The Sub-basin wise details of land holdings are shown in Table 2.4. Administrative level details of land holdings are given in Appendix 4.

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Table 2.4 : Land Holdings in Rapti Basin

Sub Below 1.0 ha 1.0-2.0 ha 2.0-4.0 ha 4.0-10.0 ha 10.0 ha & Above All Classes Basin Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area 206010 74987 24488 33742 7860 20999 1475 8015 63 869 Ami 239896 138612 85.87% 54.10% 10.21% 24.34% 3.28% 15.15% 0.61% 5.78% 0.03% 0.63% Burhi 266092 104996 42347 58393 14229 37498 3005 15992 109 1555 325782 218435 Rapti 81.68% 48.07% 13.00% 26.73% 4.37% 17.17% 0.92% 7.32% 0.03% 0.71% 813096 300203 107089 147904 36239 95642 6793 36063 250 3662 Rapti 963467 583474 84.39% 51.45% 11.11% 25.35% 3.76% 16.39% 0.71% 6.18% 0.03% 0.63% 251198 86179 25504 33758 8772 23181 1773 9324 75 1174 Rohin 287322 153616 87.43% 56.10% 8.88% 21.98% 3.05% 15.09% 0.62% 6.07% 0.03% 0.76% Rapti 1536395 566365 199428 273798 67101 177320 13046 69395 497 7260 1816467 1094136 Basin 84.58% 51.76% 10.98% 25.02% 3.69% 16.21% 0.72% 6.34% 0.03% 0.66% Source: Agriculture Census, 2010-11

2.5.3 Urban Centers

There are 41 towns in Rapti Basin, out of which, 29 are Statutory Towns and 12 are Census Towns as shown in Figure 2.4 and Appendix 5. There are two towns having population between 1 to 10 lakhs viz. Deoria and Gorakhpur.

2.5.4 Food and Agriculture

As per census 2011, out of the total workers in Rapti Basin, 44.28 % are agricultural labourers and 28.03% are cultivators, which means that 72.31% of working population in Rapti Basin is involved in agricultural activities. The Sub-basin wise workers details are shown in Table 2.5 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 6. As per data of Agriculture Department for year 2014-2015, the land use pattern in Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 2.6 (also see Figure 2.5). It can be seen that 71.10% of land is under cultivation and the cropping intensity is 155.71% in Rapti Basin. About 98.82% of the gross sown area is irrigated by surface and ground water sources. The administrative level details are given in Appendix 7.

Table 2.5 : Workers Population in Rapti Basin

Agricultural Cultivators in Agricultural Total Sub Basin Labourers in % Cultivators % of Total Labourers Workers of Total Workers Workers Ami 253656 41.8 179281 29.5 607511 Burhi Rapti 332196 46.5 236552 33.1 714812 Rapti 971669 37.7 701953 27.2 2580132 Rohin 379381 51.1 165497 22.3 742117

Rapti Total 1936902 44.28 1283283 28.03 4644572 Source: Census of India, 2011

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Figure 2.4 : Location of Towns in Rapti Basin

Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 2.6 : Land Use Pattern in Rapti Basin (2014-2015)

Land put to Area Sub Barren Present Other Barren Non- under Net Area Basin Land Use Forest Cultivable Fallow Fallow Uncultivable Pastures agriculture Misc. Tree Sown Name Waste Land Land Land Use & Grove Area, ha 3317 2429 9894 4045 2134 28980 261 1724 149541 Ami % of Total 1.64% 1.20% 4.89% 2.00% 1.05% 14.32% 0.13% 0.85% 73.91% Area Area, ha 35101 1888 6809 2045 2597 37842 466 3814 194900 Burhi % of Total Rapti 12.30% 0.66% 2.39% 0.72% 0.91% 13.26% 0.16% 1.34% 68.28% Area Area, ha 76331 5530 22139 8137 6201 96516 678 6969 577820 Rapti % of Total 9.54% 0.69% 2.77% 1.02% 0.77% 12.06% 0.08% 0.87% 72.20% Area Area, ha 30054 1696 5825 2024 1290 25164 159 613 142206 Rohin % of Total 14.38% 0.81% 2.79% 0.97% 0.62% 12.04% 0.08% 0.29% 68.03% Area Area, ha 144803 11543 44667 16251 12222 188502 1564 13120 1064467 Rapti % of Total Basin 9.67% 0.77% 2.98% 1.09% 0.82% 12.59% 0.10% 0.88% 71.10% Area

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Sub Area Sown Gross AreaGross Area Gross Area Gross Area Land Net Gross Land Basin More than Sown - Sown - Sown - Sown - Prepared for Irrigated Irrigated Use Name Once Total Rabi Kharif Jayad Sugarcane Area Area Area, ha 78162 227690 114311 109979 3405 13 130019 168082 Ami % of Total 52.27% 152.26% 76.44% 73.54% 2.28% 0.01% 86.95% 112.40% Area Area, ha 90527 283426 132836 148811 1779 59 122130 171715 Burhi % of Rapti Total 46.45% 145.42% 68.16% 76.35% 0.91% 0.03% 62.66% 88.10% Area Area, ha 317138 894168 439173 443439 11550 264 432992 583913 Rapti % of Total 54.89% 154.75% 76.01% 76.74% 2.00% 0.05% 74.94% 101.05% Area Area, ha 110026 252212 123088 125040 4084 22 120731 128228 Rohin % of Total 77.37% 177.36% 86.56% 87.93% 2.87% 0.02% 84.90% 90.17% Area Area, 595853 1657496 809408 827269 20818 358 805872 1051938 Rapti ha % of Basin Total 55.98% 155.71% 76.04% 77.72% 1.96% 0.03% 75.71% 98.82% Area Source: UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15

Figure 2.5 : Land Use Pattern in Rapti Basin (2014-2015)

Forest , 9.67% Barren Cultivable Waste , …

Present Fallow Land , 2.98% Other Fallow Land , 1.09%

Barren Uncultivable …

Land put to Non‐ agriculture Use , 12.59% Pastures , 0.10% Net Area Sown, 71.10% Area under Misc. Tree & Grove, 0.88%

The cropping pattern in Rapti Basin is shown in Table 2.7. As per data of Agriculture Department for year 2014-2015 the annual per capita food production (cereal and pulses) in Rapti basin is 208 Kg/person.

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Table 2.7 : Cropping Pattern in Rapti Basin (2014-2015)

Area, % of Gross % of Net Crop in Burhi Rapti Area, % of Gross % of Net Crop in Ami Sub Basin ha Area Sown Area Sown Sub Basin ha Area Sown Area Sown Wheat 104706 47.69 70.02 Rice 138859 44.99 71.25 Rice 96678 44.03 64.65 Wheat 112455 36.43 57.70 Sugarcane 4353 1.98 2.91 Sugarcane 18292 5.93 9.39 Pea 2208 1.01 1.48 Masur / Lentil 14163 4.59 7.27 Other Vegetables 2131 0.97 1.43 Lahi / Sarson / Mustard 10444 3.38 5.36 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 2097 0.95 1.40 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 5529 1.79 2.84 Lahi / Sarson / Mustard 2064 0.94 1.38 Maize 1792 0.58 0.92 Potato 1707 0.78 1.14 Other Vegetables 1651 0.53 0.85 Maize 945 0.43 0.63 Pea 1474 0.48 0.76 Total Fodder 886 0.40 0.59 Potato 1184 0.38 0.61 Masur / Lentil 727 0.33 0.49 Alsi 971 0.31 0.50 Gram 424 0.19 0.28 Total Fodder 753 0.24 0.39 Barley 268 0.12 0.18 Urad 639 0.21 0.33 Alsi 127 0.06 0.08 Gram 286 0.09 0.15 Onion 105 0.05 0.07 Onion 131 0.04 0.07 Til 53 0.02 0.04 Groundnut 31 0.01 0.02 Groundnut 30 0.01 0.02 Barley 5 0.00 0.00 Urad 29 0.01 0.02 Koda 16 0.01 0.01 Moong 4 0.00 0.00 Bajra / Millet 2 0.00 0.00 Turmeric 1 0.00 0.00 Sunflower 1 0.00 0.00

% of Gross % of Net Crop in Rohin Sub % of Gross % of Net Crop in Rapti Sub Basin Area, ha Area, ha Area Sown Area Sown Basin Area Sown Area Sown Wheat 376297 43.24 65.12 Rice 116396 46.38 81.85 Rice 363862 41.81 62.97 Wheat 111829 44.56 78.64 Sugarcane 37384 4.30 6.47 Sugarcane 5986 2.38 4.21 Masur / Lentil 28116 3.23 4.87 Masur / Lentil 5640 2.25 3.97 Maize 13965 1.60 2.42 Other Vegetables 3194 1.27 2.25 Lahi / Sarson / Mustard 13260 1.52 2.29 Lahi / Sarson / Mustard 1975 0.79 1.39 Other Vegetables 8779 1.01 1.52 Potato 1947 0.78 1.37 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 8371 0.96 1.45 Groundnut 1756 0.70 1.23 Potato 4815 0.55 0.83 Pea 534 0.21 0.38 Pea 4195 0.48 0.73 Maize 407 0.16 0.29 Groundnut 3521 0.40 0.61 Total Fodder 368 0.15 0.26 Total Fodder 2942 0.34 0.51 Arhar / Pigeon Pea 306 0.12 0.22 Urad 1343 0.15 0.23 Onion 139 0.06 0.10 Barley 1065 0.12 0.18 Til 119 0.05 0.08 Gram 717 0.08 0.12 Alsi 95 0.04 0.07 Onion 451 0.05 0.08 Barley 94 0.04 0.07 Til 377 0.04 0.07 Sunflower 92 0.04 0.06 Alsi 347 0.04 0.06 Gram 38 0.02 0.03 Sunflower 216 0.02 0.04 Moong 22 0.01 0.02 Bajra / Millet 64 0.01 0.01 Turmeric 21 0.01 0.01 Moong 47 0.01 0.01 Urad 19 0.01 0.01 Jwar / Sorghum 40 0.00 0.01 Bajra / Millet 9 0.00 0.01 Turmeric 28 0.00 0.00 Sanva 3 0.00 0.00 Koda 13 0.00 0.00 Jwar / Sorghum 1 0.00 0.00 Sanva 7 0.00 0.00 Source: UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15

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2.5.5 Livestock

As per latest Livestock Census 2012, the total population of Livestock in Rapti Basin is 33,07,770 out of which 11,44,177 (34.59%) is cattle, 10,08,002 (30.47%) is buffalo, 31,602 is sheep (0.96%), 10,53,372 (31.85%) is goat, 64,458 (1.95%) is pig and 6,159 (0.19%) falls in other category. The Sub- basin wise livestock population distribution and poultry population is shown in Table 2.8. The administrative level details of livestock population are given in Appendix 8.

Table 2.8 : Livestock Population distribution in Rapti Basin (Livestock Census 2012)

Total Sub Basin Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Other Poultry Livestock Ami 120830 139049 4293 121470 4254 423 390319 216235 Burhi Rapti 240620 145629 6381 186279 8646 750 588305 301341 Rapti 678770 567190 17065 570122 36617 4168 1873932 976617 Rohin 103957 156134 3863 175501 14941 818 455214 449757 Basin Total 1144177 1008002 31602 1053372 64458 6159 3307770 1943950 Source: Livestock Census, 2012

2.5.6 Industries

There are 12 Industrial Areas in Rapti Basin as shown in Figure 2.6 and Appendix 9.

Figure 2.6 : Location of Industrial Areas in Rapti Basin

Source: District MSME Reports, Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises

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2.5.7 Transport

Rapti Basin is well connected with neighbouring areas through roadways, railways and airways (see Figure 2.7). There are two airports in Rapti Basin as shown in Table 2.9. Rapti Basin is well connected with neighbouring areas through roadways, railways and airways. At present there is no inland waterways in Rapti Basin.

Table 2.9 : Airports in Rapti Basin

S. Sub Basin District Block Airport Category No. 1 Rapti Gorakhpur Chirgawan Gorakhpur Airport Domestic 2 Rapti Shrawasti Ekona Shrawasti Airport Private Source: Airports Authority of India

Figure 2.7 : Transport System in Rapti Basin

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3 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF RAPTI BASIN

3.1 General Including Past Developments

Uttar Pradesh state is bestowed with large perennial rivers. It has large ground water resource too. But in 80s, irrigation system was not developed, and agriculture was in very poor state. The first Irrigation canal system in Uttar Pradesh dates back to pre-independence year 1830 when Eastern Yamuna Canal was constructed. However, the famine of 1858 necessitated the construction of canal network in the entire state. British Government at that time took all possible steps in this regard in all river basins of the state.

Rapti is the main river while Burhi Rapti river is its major tributary. The surface and groundwater resources of basin have been utilised for irrigated agriculture through canal structures and wells. Over the past decades, irrigation canal systems based on diversion, storages and lift have been planned and constructed covering a large percentage of the area of basin. Ground water resources have also been developed, with a rapid increase in groundwater usage. This increase has been supported by the UP- government’s schemes to provide free or subsidised borings and pump sets, with the greatest assistance being given to small and marginal farmers.

3.2 Existing and On-going Storage and Diversion Structures

3.2.1 Small Storages

In Rapti basin, there are number of small reservoirs on drains coming from Nepal side. These systems include small canals for local irrigation. These are Rampur dam, Ghooga dam, Khairman dam, Girgity dam, Ganeshpur dam, Bhagwanpur dam, Baghal khand dam, Kohar gaddi dam Majhgawan dam and Chittaurgarh dam.

In Balrampur district there are 8 small reservoirs including Chittaurgarh reservoir. A canal network of 373.52 km provide irrigation in 58543 ha command area through 56 canals. In Shrawasti district there are 2 major and medium reservoirs which provide irrigation facilities in an area of 7180 ha, through a canal network of 38.7 km. The average irrigation achieved through reservoirs is about 20282 ha in Kharif and Rabi.

Table 3.1 : Major and Medium Reservoir details of Rapti Basin

Storage Total Length Irrigation Total S. Name of Capacity of of Canal PPA Achieved (Rabi Basin Sub-Basin District Block CCA No. Reservoir Reservoir System (Ha) + Kharif) max. (Ha) (MCM) (KM.) (Ha) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Chittaurgarh 35.60 171.320 22834 5200 11047 2 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Kohargaddi 12.50 22.000 4896 600 1978 3 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Majhgawan 4.20 20.300 2328 300 548 4 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Bhagwanpur 9.80 29.500 4554 700 2158 5 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Baghelkhand 2.70 21.600 4407 300 325

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Storage Total Length Irrigation Total S. Name of Capacity of of Canal PPA Achieved (Rabi Basin Sub-Basin District Block CCA No. Reservoir Reservoir System (Ha) + Kharif) max. (Ha) (MCM) (KM.) (Ha) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Ganeshpur 3.00 17.600 3245 300 668 7 Rapti Burhi Rapti Balrampur Girgitahi 9.50 53.200 10875 400 750 8 Rapti Rapti Balrampur Khairman 5.00 38.000 5404 200 378 9 Rapti Rapti Shrawasti Ghooga 2.80 19.300 2957 750 288 10 Rapti Rapti Shrawasti Rampur 4.80 19.400 4223 1250 2142 TOTAL 89.90 412.22 65723 10000 20282

Further, there are twelve Jamindari canal systems in Siddharthnagar district having total length of canal system of 243 km having CCA of 21,116 ha and PPA of 7,387 ha, the details of which are shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 : Jamindari Canal Systems in Siddharthnagar District

S. Total Length of CCA, PPA Kharif, PPA Rabi, Canal System No. Distribution System, km ha ha ha 1 Semra 20.0 1184 237 178 2 Masai Sagar 6.6 727 144 109 3 Mahli Sagar 5.6 789 158 118 4 Bajha Sagar 64.4 6018 1204 902 5 Moti Sagar 6.6 417 83 62 6 Batua Sagar 3.2 377 75 57 7 Mekhda 12.0 613 122 92 8 Majhauli Sagar 23.8 2068 414 309 9 Siswa Sagar 51.4 4830 966 725 10 Jankinagar Regulator 4.4 185 37 27 11 Marthi Sagar 24.0 2121 424 319 12 Shivpati Sagar 21.0 1787 357 268 Total 243.0 21116 4221 3166

3.3 Irrigation

3.3.1 Saryu System

The 47.135 km Saryu Link Canal takes off from the left bank of the Ghaghra River at Girija Barrage. The Saryu Link Canal transfers water to the Saryu River at the location of the Saryu Barrage, constructed in 1984. From this barrage, the Saryu Main Canal proceeds east approximately parallel to the India-Nepal border. The Imamganj Branch, Gonda Branch, Tarabganj Branch, Itiathok Branch and Basti Branch take off from the Saryu Main Canal. The Rapti Link Canal also takes off from the Saryu Main Canal between Imamganj Branch and Gonda Branch, and proceeds east to the Rapti barrage on the Rapti River. From this barrage, the Rapti Main Canal (capacity 95 cumecs) proceeds eastwards a

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Length of Design Chainage Canal Parent Channel Canal Discharge (km) (km) (cusecs) Saryu Link Canal Ghaghara Barrage 47.00 0 12780 Saryu Main Canal Saryu Barrage 63.00 0 12780 Imamganj Branch Saryu Main Canal 58.60 21.40 1271 Basti Branch Saryu Main Canal 145.00 63.00 4190 Khalilabad Branch Basti Branch 77.00 116.50 1846 Gonda Branch Saryu Main Canal 113.00 63.00 3798 Tarabganj Branch Gonda Branch 91.00 5.60 1328 Itiyathok Branch Gonda Branch 40.17 26.40 1065 Mankapur Branch Gonda Branch 53.00 51.00 898 Tikri Branch Mankapur Br 46.00 16.20 639 Dumariganj Bansi Branch Basti 46.23 109.00 1070 Rapti Link Canal Saryu Main Canal 22.00 39.70 1242

For creating a potential of 14.04 lac ha, a CCA of 11.29 lac ha has been conceived, against initial proposal of 12 lac ha. Actual irrigation from canal water in Saryu nahar pariyojana is increasing with the development of canal under run. The provision of four pump canals namely Ayodhya Pump Canal, Gola Pump Canal, Utraula Pump Canal, and Dumariaganj Pump Canal, which are running were also made under Saryu Nahar Pariyojana.

A canal length of 6052.24 km with 134 no of distributaries, 627 minors and 63 sub minors were proposed for construction.

3.3.2 Gandak System

The main West Gandak Canal System takes off from the Gandak River at Balmiki Nagar in Nepal. The Barrage on the Gandak River diverts water to the main canal and operational control is with the Bihar State. 18.90 km of the main canal lies in Nepal. After this, it enters into UP at Jhulnipur. The main canal in UP is 131.4 km in length. In Bihar, it is known as the Saran Canal System. It also includes the Rohin Danda system, diverting water from the Rohin River at Rohin Barrage.

In UP, it is proposed to irrigate about 2.43 lakh ha in Kharif and 0.89 ha in Rabi of Mahrajganj, Gorakhpur, Deoria and Kushinagar districts. At the head, the discharge capacity is 18,800 cusecs which includes 3000 cusecs for the Silt Ejector, so that the actual capacity of the main canal is 15,800 cusecs. Out of this, Bihar is entitled to have 8500 cusecs and UP 7300 cusecs. The details of Main and Branch canals are given in Table 3.4.

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Table 3.4 : Main/Branch Canal Capacity of Gandak System

Length of Chainage Design Discharge Canal Parent Channel Canal (km) (km) (cusecs) Western Gandak MC Gandak River 19.62 0.00 15800 Deoria Branch Western Gandak MC 125.92 19.62 4350 Madhubani Branch Deoria Branch 37.54 12.45 370 Narayani Branch Western Gandak MC 76.02 13.30 1050 Mathia Branch Western Gandak MC 36.41 30.60 596 Kharjun Branch Western Gandak MC 62.95 37.20 1210

3.3.3 Pump Canal Schemes

The details of major pump canal schemes are given in Table 3.5. Nevertheless, these schemes rarely run at designed capacities due to various reasons such as frequent breakdown of equipments, irregular electricity, and inadequate discharge in rivers particularly in lean flow periods.

Table 3.5 : Major Pump Canal Schemes in Rapti Basin

Total S. Discharge CCA Name of Pump Canal length in No. in Cusec in Ha Km. 1 Gola Pump Canal 300 97.4 18000 2 Utraula Pump Canal 1050 245.19 75000 3 Dumariaganj Pump Canal. 900 245.21 65000 4 Kuwano pump canal 240 113.28 19203 5 Saryu pump canal 240 137.2 21387 Total 3330 1083.8 198590

3.3.4 Details of Canals and Command Areas in Rapti Basin

Summary of different types of canals within Rapti Basin is given in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6 : Category-wise Details of Canals in Rapti Basin

S. No. Canal Category Length, km 1 Main / Feeder 331.64 2 Branch 363.72 3 Distributary 1,065.11 4 Minor 1,577.96 Source: UPIWRD data superimposed with Basin

The commands of Saryu canal system, Gandak canal network, Pump canals and storage reservoir under different sub-basins of Rapti basin is mapped in Figure 3.1 and detailed in Table 3.7.

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Table 3.7 : Project Commands covered under Sub-Basins of Rapti Basin

Sub Basin Commands in ha Total command Projects Ami Burhi Rapti Rapti Rohin in ha Dumariaganj Pump canal 70,803 9,935 80,738 Kuwano Pump Canal 13,093 17,184 30,277 Utraula pump canal 19,366 41,271 60,637 Gola pump canal 10,168 10,168 Sarju Pump Canal 3,294 3,294 Bhagwanpur Dam 4,554 4,554 Baghel Khand Dam 4,407 4,407 Chittaurgarh Reservoir 18,008 18,008 Ganeshpur Dam 3,245 3,245 Girgity Dam 5,969 4,906 10,875 Kohar Gaddi Dam 4,896 4,896 Majhgaon Dam 6,900 6,900 Ghooga Dam 2,957 2,957 Khairman Dam 5,404 5,404 Rampur Dam 4,223 4,223 Gandak Command 45,017 34,651 79,668 Saryu Command 99,962 1,74,938 2,74,900 Banganga Canal command 23,549 23,549 Total 83,896 1,90,856 3,19,297 34,651 6,28,700

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Figure 3.1 : Irrigation System and Related Structures for Rapti Basin

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3.3.5 Groundwater Development

As per the data of groundwater assessment jointly carried out by UP GWD and CGWB, the past groundwater development in Rapti Basin is shown in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 : Past Groundwater Development in Rapti Basin

Total Annual Net Annual Ground Total Ground Stage of Ground S. Year Ground Water Water Availability, Water Draft, Water No. Recharge, MCM MCM MCM Development, % 1 2009 6066.05 5512.85 3290.71 59.69 2 2011 6266.17 5866.21 3547.78 60.48 3 2013 6025.8 5724.50 3091.96 54.01 4 2017 4651.93 4343.95 2604.16 59.95 Source: GW Assessment of UP GWD and CGWB, apportioned to Basin

The last assessment as on 31st March 2017 shows that the average stage of ground water extraction is 59.95% with annual extractable groundwater recharge of 4343.95 MCM and total annual ground water extraction of 2604.16 MCM, which when converted to sub-basin level is shown in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9 : Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Rapti Basin, as on 31st March 2017

Total Annual Net GW Availability / Total Annual GW Stage of GW S. Sub Basin GW Recharge Utilizable Resources Draft / Present Development No. (BCM) (BCM) Utilization (BCM) (%) 1 Burhi Rapti 0.84 0.78 0.4 50.88 2 Rohin 0.72 0.68 0.41 60.77 3 Ami 0.57 0.54 0.36 66.28 4 Rapti 2.52 2.35 1.44 61.28 Source: GW Assessment of UP GWD and CGWB, apportioned to Basin

The details of different categories of existing wells and hand pumps in Rapti Basin are shown in Table 3.10. The administrative level details area given in Appendix 10.

Table 3.10 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Rapti Basin

S. State Tube Open Wells / Private Tube Private Tube Hand Sub Basin No. Wells Dug Wells Wells - Shallow Wells - Deep Pumps 1 Ami 362 5835 47113 400 27911 2 Burhi Rapti 369 14 28498 214 31595 3 Rapti 1219 5867 188838 452 106259 4 Rohin 269 0 56504 0 28150 Basin Total 2,219 11,716 320,953 1,066 193,915 Source: GW Assessment of UP GWD and CGWB, apportioned to Basin

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3.4 Domestic and Industrial Water Supply

In Rapti basin, drinking water supplies are totally dependent on ground water. During summer months, river and its tributaries contain less water therefore, to meet the drinking water supply of villages open well and government hand pumps serve the purpose. In district and block level cities mostly water supply is done through pipelines and overhead tanks. Industrial water supplies are also dependent on ground water.

3.5 Hydroelectric and Thermal Power

There is no hydroelectric or thermal power generation in the Rapti basin area.

3.6 Flood and Drainage Management

Construction, maintenance of all structural and non-structural interventions for flood mitigation is the main responsibility of UP Irrigation Department. The Department also collects data on river Gauges and flows, from its network of observation stations, during the flood season and issues a consolidated daily flood report including forecasts. Central Water Commission has also set up a vast network of river gauging and flow measurement stations for its own analysis and dissemination of relevant information and forecast to all concerned, including UP Irrigation Department. The department has also a well-established dam safety organization for deciding on solutions for the safety of existing dams which have come under distress and process the plan of action and over see its implementation. The Irrigation Department of the State has to have a very strong and effective linkage with the disaster management authority so as to ensure timely and effective mitigation arrangements by the authority in the event of floods as well as failures of any dam in the state.

Notwithstanding the fact that the long-term objective for mitigation of flood problem shall not be only implementation of planned cost intensive structural and/or non-structural interventions but also to develop and set-up a comprehensive modern flood management information system for the state.

The worst flood affected area in U.P. lies in Rapti Basin. The river Rapti and its tributaries lying in the districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Balrampur, Mahrajganj, Shrawasti, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and Sant Kabir Nagar inundate vast areas frequently. Recurring floods in these areas cause huge loss of crops, property, human and cattle life. A total of 18.73 lac ha of area was affected by floods in the districts due to Ghaghra and Rapti rivers during one of the severest floods in 1973. It has also been observed that Rapti River crosses danger level very frequently during monsoons (as observed at various gauge sites).

The fluctuation in daily river water level in river Rapti becomes as large as 150 cm and in Burhi Rapti it varies upto 300 cm, whereas the daily fluctuation in Ganga and other rivers remains in range of 20 to 30 cm. The severity of floods in Rapti Basin is also reflected from the fact that in Uttar Pradesh maximum nos. of marginal embankments have been constructed along Rapti and 2,65,521 hectares has been protected by construction of 1092 km marginal embankments along Rapti and its tributaries namely Burhi Rapti, Banganga, Kunhra-Ghonghi, Jamuwar, Tilar, Rohin, Mohaw, Chandan, Ami and Garra.

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Rapti river originates in Nepal at an elevation of about 3048 m in Dregaunra range and then flowing into hilly tract of Nepal it enters in India where it is confined to State of Uttar Pradesh. The total area of Rapti Basin is 23237.51 sq. km. of which approximately 14,658.20 sq. km. lies in India. The river has a total length of about 782 Km. The Rapti Basin along with its drainage course is shown in Figure given below.

Figure 3.2 : Gauge System and Flood Related map for Rapti Basin

The long-term objective of FMIS development would be to effectively support flood control and management. In short term, this will be achieved by flood hazard characterization and operational flood management information products supplemented by improved flood forecast modelling, plans for upgrading hydrologic measurement, automation of measurements and telemetric transmission of data.

3.7 Inland Navigation

Due to low discharges, inland navigation is not possible. However, river acts as a platform for Inland navigation at its confluence with Ghaghra to Ganga River near Gorakhpur.

There are 111 officially notified Inland National Waterways (NWs) in India identified for the purposes of inland water transport, as per The National Waterways Act, 2016. Out of the 111 NWs, 106 were created in 2016. Rapti River is not included in it. List of the NWs for Uttar Pradesh is given in Appendix 11.

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3.8 Fisheries

In Rapti Basin, there are 29 Government reservoirs with total reservoir area of 1077 ha having 1943 quintal production and 3,981 Private reservoirs with total reservoir area of 3,313 ha having 101448 quintal production. Further details are given in Section 4.4.1.

3.9 Recreation and Other Uses

Recreational use of rivers and waterways is very limited. Low discharge of river is again the bottleneck in development of recreational facilities. Rivers and drains are used by many people for bathing for personal hygiene and at some locations for religious purposes.

3.10 Environmental Status

The principles of ecologically sustainable development (ESD) are increasingly being accepted locally, nationally and internationally. ESD terminology has become interchangeable with the more commonly used term ‘sustainable development’ or ‘sustainability’. The wider acceptance of ESD principles has shifted the goals for management of environment towards long-term sustenance. At the same time, the inherent risks of irreparably depleting or degrading the natural resources over the short to medium term are increasingly being recognized.

Population growth places additional pressure on the natural environment through the consumption of natural resources and the generation of wastes and other inputs capable of degrading the quality of soil, water and air. This causes loss of native flora and fauna and, as more recently noted, influences global climate change.

As per Uttar Pradesh Development Report, prepared by Planning Commission, Government of India; the air quality of some urban cities of Uttar Pradesh was poor. It was observed for major cities that the values of SPM (suspended particulate matter) exceed the standard limits. The major portion of SPM is of natural origin resulting from dust storms, vehicular movement and agricultural activities. The rest may be contributed by burning of wastes and by fuel consumption in residential areas, industrial areas and commercial areas, although in the industrial areas the SPM concentration is not too high. It is important to note that the concentrations of NOx (oxides of Nitrogen) and SO2 (Sulphur dioxide gas) were within the standard norms.

As per Uttar Pradesh Development Report, it has been observed that surface water quality in most of the monitoring locations (as per CPCB and UPPCB) exceeds the specified norms for drinking water but the water is being used as drinking water after treatment. The ground water quality is deteriorating because of very poor sanitation and solid waste disposal practices that allow the leaches to reach the groundwater just below the surface and contaminate it. The water is suitable for drinking purposes only after appropriate treatment and disinfection.

The Uttar Pradesh Development Report mentions that noise levels exceed the standard limits set by CPCB in major cities, mainly in residential, commercial and silence areas. This increased noise level may be partly attributable to inadequate road infrastructure which results in vehicular noise pollution. Noise from diesel generators sets in almost all areas during power outages is also a contributing factor.

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Basti and Gorakhpur are urban settlements on the banks of the Rapti River. The river, subsequently, receives the untreated waste-water and effluents from city population as well as industrial settlements from these locations in its course, through major drains.

3.11 Water Quality

Rapti river water is not very fit for human consumption. Treatment of sewerage and diversion of drains carrying effluents in Basti, Gorakhpur city are being proposed and it is expected that water quality will improve in future.

The surface and ground water quality in Rapti Basin is discussed in detail in Section 04.1.6.

3.12 Water Legislation / Interstate / International Agreements

3.12.1 Legislative Framework

The functions and powers of UPIWRD in relation to planning and managing water resources are defined under several Acts given in Appendix 12. These powers are exercised through regulations and standing orders.

3.12.2 Interstate/International Agreements

Rapti river originates in Nepal at an elevation of about 3048 m in Dregaunra range and then flowing into hilly tract of Nepal it enters in India where it is confined to State of Uttar Pradesh. The total area of Rapti Basin is 23,237.51 sq.km of which approximately 14,658.20 sq.km lies in India. The river has a total length of about 782 km. The Rapti Basin along with its drainage course is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 : Rapti Basin Drainage System (India & Nepal)

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3.13 Institutional Framework

3.13.1 National and State Water Policy

For conservation and efficient use of water, National & State water policy has been issued to provide guide lines for management of water resource. The National water policy (2012) insists to incorporate a participatory approach, by involving not only the various governmental agencies but also the users’ and other stakeholders, in an effective and decisive manner, in various aspects of planning, design, development and management of the water resources schemes. Water Users Association and local bodies such as municipalities and Gram-Panchayats should particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and management of water infrastructures/facilities at appropriate levels progressively, with a view to eventually transfer the management of such facilities to the user groups/ local bodies State water policy was declared and is in inconsonance with the general guide lines and parameters laid down in the "National Water Policy". The main objectives are: a) Ensure preservation of the scarce water resources and to optimise the utilization of the available resources. b) Bring about qualitative improvement in water resource management which should include user's participation and decentralization of authority. c) Maintain water quality, both surface and underground, to established norms and standards. d) Promote formulation of projects as far as and whenever possible on the concept of basin or sub-basin, treating both surface and the ground water as a unitary resource, ensuring multipurpose use of the water resource. e) Maintain ecological and environmental balance while developing water resources.

3.13.2 UPWaMReC, SWaRA & SWaRDAC

Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has enacted Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) to regulate and recommend the tariff for water used for agriculture, industrial, drinking, power and other purposes and also for levying cess on land benefitted by flood protection and drainage works to assist the State for making policies and execution of water resources within the State, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and optimal utilization of water resources for ensuring sustainable development of the State. UPWaMReC Act has come into force from March, 04, 2014 and UPWaMReC has been established on May 19, 2014.

State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) was created in June 2001 in the State of Uttar Pradesh for management, planning and sectoral allocation of Water Resources (both Surface & Ground) to various agencies viz. Drinking Water, Agriculture, Industrial Development, Hydro Power, Transportation, Entertainment and Thermal Power Production, Environmental flow of water in rivers and to give legal base to the above preparation and use of Surface/Ground water. SWaRA is mandated to provide necessary technical assistance to WaMReC in its functions including allocation and distribution of entitlements for various category of uses, and to lay down the criteria for modifying entitlements as needed.

State Water Resources Data Analysis Center (SWaRDAC) has been setup to provide water related data to the State Water Resources Agency (SWaRA) and other Central/State water plans for all river basins of the State.

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3.13.3 Water Management Institutions

The agencies and departments besides Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department, currently involved in State water management and development can be broadly grouped as primary and secondary.

Primary institutions are:

 State Groundwater Department - responsible for groundwater monitoring, assessment and forecast (quantity and quality); and providing subsidies for the construction of private tubewells.  Central Water Commission - scrutinises major projects (CWC)  Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) - regional focus on groundwater issues  UP Projects Corporation Limited  Flood Control Board - carries responsibilities for the management and control of floods.  Department of Rural Water Supply - provides drinking water to rural areas.  Panchayat Raj Department - supervises the Panchayats, which, in principle, are in charge of groundwater development (tubewells) and the construction and O&M of minor irrigation works.  Department of Minor Irrigation - deals with small irrigation schemes and drills private tubewells, amongst other things.  Hydropower Corporation - deals with hydropower production.  Planning Department  UP Jal Nigam (Water Supply Corporation) - responsible for policy formulation, planning and construction of urban and rural water supply and sewerage systems.  Agriculture and Related Departments  Ministry of Environment - deals with water quality aspects and environment protection.  UP Pollution Control Board - deals with water pollution  Command Area Development and Water Resources Department - responsible for command area development - Sarda Sahayak Canal and the Ramganga Canal.

Secondary Institutions are:

 Remote Sensing Application Centre (RSAC)  Uttar Pradesh Diversified Agriculture Support Project (UP-DASP)  Rural Development Department - in charge of rural development; amongst other things  Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI)

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4 ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND RELATED RESOURCES

4.1 Water Resources

4.1.1 Climatic Characteristics

4.1.1.1 Rainfall

IMD New High Spatial Resolution (0.25 x 0.25 degree) Long Period (1901-2015) Daily Gridded Rainfall Data Set over India has been collected. The unit of rainfall is in millimetre (mm). Data is arranged in 135 x 129 grid points. The first data in the record is at 6.5N & 66.5E, the second is at 6.5N & 66.75E, and so on. The last data record corresponds to 66.5N & 100.0E. The data was processed to get the fortnightly values from year 1961 to 2015. Using which fortnightly rainfall rasters were prepared for year 1961 to 2015. Using the Spatial Analyst rainfall is calculated for the polygon of interest, which can be a gauge site catchment, sub-basin, etc. Based on the above data, the rainfall in Rapti Basin and its sub-basins is shown in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1.

Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (1961‐2015) ‐ Rapti Basin 400.00 350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ami Burhi Rapti Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin

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Figure 4.2 shows the annual isohyets developed from the above data showing spatial variability of rainfall in Rapti Basin.

Table 4.1 : Monthly and Annual Maximum, Minimum and Average Rainfall, mm (1961-2015)

Sub Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Basin Ami Max. 58.69 54.75 44.09 51.61 90.84 488.17 688.99 588.50 503.25 201.78 52.56 51.98 1691.73 Ami Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 24.01 112.41 63.64 22.41 0.03 0.00 0.00 530.21 Ami Avg. 12.55 11.78 8.70 9.95 28.48 139.57 326.91 267.72 170.69 44.45 3.30 6.53 1030.65 Burhi Max. 54.38 62.69 62.58 90.82 118.85 475.02 764.32 631.11 455.12 210.71 69.54 52.74 1883.81 Rapti Burhi Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 28.21 99.50 86.08 16.57 0.03 0.00 0.00 522.88 Rapti Burhi Avg. 13.60 14.55 11.60 13.82 38.52 179.15 385.77 302.01 190.56 46.35 4.20 7.43 1207.56 Rapti Rapti Max. 59.88 57.22 46.53 65.02 91.68 451.08 663.45 567.38 454.76 225.80 51.65 57.26 1661.39 Rapti Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 22.49 92.31 74.02 21.55 0.07 0.00 0.00 483.49 Rapti Avg. 13.33 12.65 9.20 11.04 31.11 147.39 324.84 276.29 178.61 45.67 3.56 6.96 1060.65 Rohin Max. 62.19 66.76 47.29 52.04 111.50 550.00 712.04 650.14 474.18 280.13 49.39 79.55 1777.51 Rohin Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 49.55 100.27 84.44 26.75 0.25 0.00 0.00 546.80 Rohin Avg. 13.18 12.54 10.50 13.98 39.65 178.79 370.52 303.27 195.70 52.99 3.54 7.95 1202.61 Rapti Max. 59.19 58.73 48.46 64.80 97.75 472.69 687.79 589.92 465.32 226.24 54.04 58.45 1711.79 Basin Rapti Min. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 26.83 97.67 75.23 21.63 0.08 0.00 0.00 504.56 Basin Rapti Avg. 13.22 12.76 9.61 11.60 32.75 154.34 339.28 281.73 181.03 46.45 3.60 7.07 1093.44 Basin Source: IMD Gridded Data

Figure 4.1 : Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (1961-2015)

Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (1961‐2015) ‐ Rapti Basin 400.00 350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ami Burhi Rapti Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin

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Figure 4.2 : Isohyets of Average Annual Rainfall over Rapti Basin, mm (1961-2015)

Source: Prepared using IMD Gridded Data

The average annual rainfall in Rapti Basin is 1093.44 mm. It can be seen that rainfall in the Rapti Basin is dominated by monsoon rainfall (87.5% of total rainfall) in the months of June to September, with July and August being the wetter months in which most of the rainfall occurs (65% of monsoon rainfall and 57% of total rainfall). The average annual rainfall in Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin is 1030.65 mm, 1207.56 mm, 1060.65 mm and 1202.61 mm, respectively. The variability in annual rainfall in Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Figure 4.3 using the Box Plot or Box and Whisker Diagram (for details see Appendix 13).

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Figure 4.3 : Variability in Annual Rainfall in Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins, mm (1961-2015)

The average fortnightly rainfall series of 54 years for the year 1961 to 2015, has been taken for modelling purposes with no deviation for future. In climate change scenario, the rainfall deviation has been considered. However, there is an option to run the model with different rainfall series of different duration and dependability to analyse different scenarios.

4.1.1.2 Temperature

IMD High resolution 1 by 1-degree gridded daily Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and Mean Temperature data over India (1951-2014) has been collected. This data is arranged in 31 x 31 grid points. Lat 7.5N, 8.5N ... 36.5, 37.5 (31 Values) and Long 67.5E, 68.5E ... 96.5, 97.5 (31 Values). The unit of temperature is in Celsius.

The data was processed to get the fortnightly values from year 1961 to 2014. Using which fortnightly temperature rasters were prepared for year 1961 to 2014. Using the Spatial Analyst maximum, minimum and mean temperature is calculated for the polygon of interest, which can be a gauge site catchment, sub-basin, etc.

Based on the above data, the average monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperature for year 2000 to 2014 in Rapti Basin and its sub-basins is shown in Table 4.2, Table 4.3 and Table 4.4, respectively and presented graphically in Figure 4.4, Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6, respectively. Comparison of Average Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature for Rapti Basin for year 2000 to 2014 is presented in Figure 4.7.

The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is in the month of June (35.64 °C) while the lowest monthly mean minimum temperature is in the month of January (10.85 °C).

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Table 4.2 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Ami 18.03 22.56 28.10 32.44 34.52 35.74 31.83 30.59 30.57 28.78 24.66 18.97 35.74 Burhi Rapti 17.84 22.49 27.94 32.46 34.45 35.72 31.88 30.51 30.51 28.75 24.51 18.88 35.72 Rapti 18.02 22.48 28.00 32.32 34.41 35.63 31.80 30.62 30.56 28.78 24.63 18.96 35.63 Rohin 17.99 22.55 28.00 32.15 34.22 35.43 31.59 30.66 30.50 28.79 24.75 18.95 35.43

Rapti Basin 17.99 22.50 28.01 32.34 34.41 35.64 31.79 30.61 30.54 28.78 24.63 18.95 35.64 Source: IMD Gridded Data

Figure 4.4 : Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Source: IMD Gridded Data

Table 4.3 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Ami 10.89 14.21 19.20 27.21 28.85 26.69 27.52 27.33 27.57 23.79 19.75 13.40 10.89 Burhi Rapti 10.81 14.26 19.08 27.03 28.77 26.70 27.66 27.21 27.55 23.71 19.69 12.87 10.81 Rapti 10.86 14.18 19.11 26.98 28.75 26.61 27.55 27.31 27.57 23.80 19.70 13.33 10.86 Rohin 10.83 14.17 19.12 26.98 28.53 26.40 27.46 27.39 27.56 23.93 19.81 13.40 10.83

Rapti Basin 10.85 14.19 19.12 27.03 28.74 26.61 27.55 27.31 27.56 23.80 19.72 13.29 10.85 Source: IMD Gridded Data

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Figure 4.5 : Average Monthly Minimum Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Source: IMD Gridded Data

Table 4.4 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Ami 15.63 18.71 24.07 29.50 31.65 31.00 29.67 29.47 29.02 26.61 22.07 17.03 25.37 Burhi Rapti 15.46 18.58 23.94 29.38 31.53 30.95 29.68 29.46 28.99 26.54 21.98 16.87 25.28 Rapti 15.56 18.65 23.98 29.37 31.53 30.92 29.65 29.46 28.99 26.59 22.04 16.98 25.31 Rohin 15.57 18.70 23.98 29.27 31.35 30.75 29.60 29.47 29.01 26.66 22.12 17.04 25.29 Rapti Basin 15.56 18.66 23.99 29.38 31.53 30.92 29.65 29.46 29.00 26.60 22.05 16.98 25.31 Source: IMD Gridded Data

Figure 4.6 : Average Monthly Mean Temperature, °C (2000-2014)

Source: IMD Gridded Data

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Figure 4.7 : Comparison of Average Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Mean Temperature for Rapti Basin, °C (2000-2014)

4.1.1.3 Evaporation

Mean monthly Class A pan evaporation data read from isoline maps prepared and published by the IMD has been used as shown in Table 4.5. The highest evaporation is in May (275 mm, 8.87 mm/day) while the lowest is in January (31 mm, 1.00 mm/day). The annual average pan evaporation rates for Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti, and Rohin Sub-basins is 4.58 mm/day, 4.07 mm/day, 4.46 mm/day and 4.29 mm/day, respectively. The annual average pan evaporation rates for Rapti Basin is 4.40 mm/day.

Table 4.5 : Average Pan Evaporation for Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins, mm

Sub Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Ami 31 87 158 264 279 210 155 155 120 93 60 60 1672 Burhi Rapti 31 56 126 215 266 210 124 155 120 93 60 31 1488 Rapti 31 82 159 249 277 210 145 155 120 93 60 46 1628 Rohin 31 68 146 235 269 210 142 155 120 93 60 37 1566 Rapti Basin 31 77 153 245 275 210 143 155 120 93 60 45 1608 Source: IMD Month-wise Evaporation Maps

4.1.2 Surface Water within Rapti Basin

4.1.2.1 Stream flow

The flow records of 16 stream gauging stations located in the Rapti basin have been compiled. Their identification and some pertinent data are given in Table 4.6. For the location of these stations see Map 3.

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Table 4.6 : Streamflow Records in Rapti River Basin

Name of Database Code Responsible Period of Gauging Site No. Authority Records Kakrahi GGU35E7 CWC 2004-2015 Birdghat GGU3OF5 CWC 1985-2015 Regauli GGU3OH1 CWC 1985-2015 Balrampur GGU3OU4 CWC 1985-2015 Bhinga GGU3OW9 CWC 1985-2015 Bhaurawari 29 UPIWRD 1995-2015 Banganga 30 UPIWRD 1995-2005 Uskabazar 31 UPIWRD 1995-2015 Bansi 32 UPIWRD 1995-2015 Kakrahi 33 UPIWRD 1995-2015 Kauriram 40 UPIWRD 1996-2008 Source: CWC and UPIWRD

The analysis of stream flow data of CWC sites (1985-2015) used in surface water modelling is presented in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 : Stream Flow (cumec) in Rapti River Basin

Mon- Non-Mon Particular Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May soon -soon

BHINGA - Rapti River (cumec)

90% Dep 36.14 251.19 403.73 259.56 110.13 58.48 41.69 33.09 26.97 20.82 15.64 12.27 240.48 32.71

75% Dep 62.13 304.74 459.90 342.49 135.23 67.21 45.02 35.44 32.40 24.01 18.70 17.87 308.03 36.58

50% Dep 99.47 408.34 579.82 445.50 187.67 77.24 51.47 42.02 37.22 27.68 21.08 24.01 363.77 40.95

25% Dep 125.38 501.30 764.63 577.96 242.61 103.29 61.16 52.44 46.12 33.19 28.28 32.35 402.56 48.03

Max. 331.95 876.75 943.58 993.10 443.52 286.73 176.08 171.25 163.70 134.63 125.76 123.60 628.24 168.82

Min. 18.39 122.69 244.70 223.36 94.14 47.58 32.98 26.78 23.90 18.49 13.13 11.35 190.81 28.56

Avg. 107.83 430.64 608.05 468.60 206.94 93.14 62.24 50.88 45.26 34.00 27.26 29.03 364.41 48.83

BALRAMPUR - Rapti River (cumec)

90% Dep 34.53 204.12 364.87 310.81 111.88 59.32 37.76 31.03 27.06 21.20 14.84 12.89 248.13 31.58

75% Dep 52.33 325.68 545.31 339.99 145.58 65.07 45.81 37.37 30.96 22.92 16.53 15.79 296.56 33.28

50% Dep 72.63 372.28 638.09 484.66 190.77 78.12 54.19 41.93 33.90 25.94 18.83 19.64 375.87 41.61

25% Dep 112.86 509.99 829.77 666.55 259.84 100.55 58.92 53.11 40.78 30.41 22.03 25.63 453.45 45.49

Max. 277.46 818.56 1129.57 1108.32 460.47 140.02 96.22 78.91 66.16 46.99 30.41 54.65 560.51 65.65

Min. 13.84 122.47 259.55 206.01 106.98 34.89 36.18 28.28 23.86 17.93 11.01 10.32 173.65 29.11

Avg. 95.32 424.91 661.52 508.88 211.98 83.36 54.99 45.76 37.44 27.44 19.63 21.74 380.52 41.48

KAKRAHI - Burhi Rapti River (cumec)

90% Dep 16.10 141.92 139.30 130.94 41.09 13.11 14.40 9.77 7.31 7.25 5.84 6.89 122.73 15.78

75% Dep 23.67 162.32 267.74 155.99 52.22 26.28 20.14 12.74 15.26 13.10 11.36 14.19 160.81 17.69

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Mon- Non-Mon Particular Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May soon -soon

50% Dep 28.47 225.05 289.53 213.05 72.88 28.75 24.40 19.36 26.54 22.71 19.55 18.36 189.74 22.68

25% Dep 86.38 336.96 359.17 277.77 134.15 44.47 35.45 28.13 28.43 26.92 23.86 26.29 217.13 28.50

Max. 139.38 449.52 602.11 411.11 191.82 56.43 40.08 35.00 31.84 31.37 46.27 37.40 300.50 37.02

Min. 9.21 61.94 116.98 105.59 21.04 10.35 9.02 7.63 6.29 5.91 5.60 5.43 115.48 7.89

Avg. 53.73 249.41 327.09 229.35 91.24 33.90 26.03 20.37 21.88 20.04 19.19 19.69 192.64 23.01

REGAULI - Rapti River (cumec)

90% Dep 48.92 375.71 649.12 539.91 201.54 87.27 60.54 50.01 40.69 33.65 26.48 20.85 484.55 45.28

75% Dep 64.69 570.87 905.47 677.95 287.89 116.77 69.43 57.77 46.57 38.64 27.86 24.86 580.91 58.22

50% Dep 124.04 830.49 1249.34 995.38 432.47 162.69 88.96 67.46 61.90 44.88 32.98 30.34 842.43 70.41

25% Dep 214.49 1146.71 1582.72 1359.04 534.15 198.35 114.24 83.59 80.13 65.04 39.06 39.98 930.77 88.84

Max. 639.73 2235.50 2629.97 2459.01 1126.79 420.00 281.63 200.29 135.83 120.19 116.62 98.47 1402.54 183.59

Min. 20.38 226.64 401.51 324.44 159.81 67.83 46.50 33.74 30.89 25.76 13.67 12.48 325.01 40.91

Avg. 169.41 916.24 1293.21 1106.19 439.39 170.24 99.36 74.96 66.66 53.25 41.02 37.02 784.89 77.50

BIRDGHAT - Rapti River (cumec)

90% Dep 46.73 352.22 664.05 590.41 246.80 98.82 77.23 55.10 52.84 47.64 31.02 24.91 450.00 58.44

75% Dep 68.08 491.09 896.90 744.08 306.02 135.48 79.12 71.05 58.49 49.19 33.54 29.05 636.80 69.86

50% Dep 121.05 873.52 1363.33 1235.38 475.45 162.01 101.01 80.56 70.93 54.03 38.43 38.70 827.84 84.62

25% Dep 194.37 1325.96 1992.42 1603.60 652.39 208.70 114.49 94.85 85.59 71.24 48.76 48.98 1189.23 93.95

Max. 782.57 3845.86 4806.13 4091.98 1293.34 392.66 228.41 141.82 139.15 115.82 72.89 78.51 2390.06 141.92

Min. 30.61 232.45 356.72 378.43 190.19 86.33 51.81 47.85 43.70 42.78 23.56 21.20 374.60 48.84

Avg. 180.12 1090.00 1567.38 1413.55 505.08 174.58 103.80 83.04 74.34 60.39 42.79 41.19 951.23 82.88 Source: CWC

4.1.2.2 Sediment Load

Along with stream flow, sediment load is also measured by CWC at three locations in Rapti Basin as shown in Table 4.8. The analysis of sediment data is presented in Table 4.9 and Table 4.10.

Table 4.8 : Sediment Load Records in Rapti River Basin

Name of Database Catchment Period of Records 2 Gauging Site Code No. Area, km Birdghat (Rapti) GGU3OF5 June 1985 to May 2015 20,093 Regauli (Rapti) GGU3OH1 June 1985 to May 2015 16,387 Balrampur (Rapti) GGU3OU4 June 1985 to May 2015 8,219 Source: CWC

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Table 4.9 : Sediment Load at Balrampur, Regauli and Birdghat (Rapti River)

Location: Balrampur (Rapti) Catchment Area, km2: 8,219 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 316 2213 9226 7886 5588 772 551 157 194 60 13 2 2265 Max. 79163 501009 534029 789342 141153 46475 19665 13153 6485 2348 1024 6210 179195 Avg. 15740 121724 203036 156610 33906 6676 2964 2267 1198 596 283 569 45835 Location: Regauli (Rapti) Catchment Area, km2: 16,387 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Min. 39 15768 31333 20651 2587 297 162 104 63 17 8 7 5975 Max. 80269 492148 616730 336511 137484 314552 23024 16552 8246 9110 9752 6182 172059 Avg. 15285 116778 188767 132931 32291 17287 3458 1866 1343 989 793 533 43046 Location: Birdghat (Rapti) Catchment Area, km2: 20,093 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 30 years data (Jun 1985 to May 2015) Min. 154 10530 29197 20372 6824 990 233 172 131 95 15 22 5778 Max. 90605 2448149 2669734 1171577 151942 29266 11326 9913 8512 7012 5475 4887 557638 Avg. 15606 218587 307989 235584 45650 7931 3375 2366 1972 1452 1004 810 70811 Source: CWC

Considering the last 30 years’ data, the sediment load at Birdghat site is 70811 tonnes per day (25.86 million tonnes/year) for 20,093 km2 i.e. 3.52 tonnes per day per km2. This corresponds to a catchment denudation rate of 0.93 mm/year. In low flow years the sediment load is low while the high flow years have high sediment load. The sediment load is maximum in the month of August in correspondence to stream flow (see Table 4.7).

Table 4.10 : Sediment Load at Balrampur, Regauli and Birdghat (Rapti River)

Location: Balrampur (Rapti) Catchment Area, km2: 8,219 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Annual Min. 316 2213 9226 7886 6052 1376 723 157 454 101 13 2 2392 Max. 15027 216839 230686 239125 102969 12730 4771 5299 3531 1493 711 971 70084 Avg. 3605 79958 78956 71451 32096 5741 2516 1799 1196 551 202 283 23409 Location: Regauli (Rapti) Catchment Area, km2: 16,387 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Min. 278 37528 31333 28471 9148 1275 400 189 162 99 50 61 9173 Max. 46372 200934 315967 284206 82719 38816 23024 16552 8246 9110 9752 6182 87382 Avg. 10735 91796 146048 112644 31628 10817 4954 3281 2517 2104 1846 1098 35233 Location: Birdghat (Rapti) Catchment Area, km2: 20,093 Sediment Load in Tonnes/day, 10 years data (Jun 2005 to May 2015) Min. 154 10530 29197 26158 12859 2275 973 651 911 179 15 22 7042 Max. 22471 332538 625493 219408 113814 29266 11326 9913 8512 7012 5475 4887 117237 Avg. 4970 81159 147839 96265 41230 12419 5757 4532 4031 3081 2103 1629 34048

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While considering the last 10 years’ data, the sediment load at Birdghat site is 34048 tonnes per day (12.44 million tonnes/year) for 20093 km2 i.e. 1.68 tonnes per day per km2. This corresponds to a catchment denudation rate of 0.44 mm/year. In lean flow years the sediment load is low while the high flow years have high sediment load. The sediment load is maximum in the month of August in correspondence to stream flow (see Table 4.7).

Sediment load at all the locations of Rapti has decreased during the last 10 year, as compared to last 30 years average. It has decreased from 3.52 tonnes per day per km2 to 1.68 tonnes per day per km2.

4.1.2.3 Virgin Flow Volume

Using the Surface Water Model, the virgin flow volume series has been generated for Rapti basin and its sub-basins from 1961 to 2015 as shown in Appendix 14. The surface water availability within Rapti Basin at various dependability is shown in Table 4.11. The average annual virgin flow volume for Ami Sub-basin, Burhi Rapti Sub-basin, Rapti Sub-basin, Rohin Sub-basin and Rapti basin is estimated as 521 MCM, 1209 MCM, 2555 MCM, 879 MCM and 5163 MCM, respectively.

Table 4.11 : Surface Water Availability within Rapti Basin, MCM

Ami Burhi Rapti Rapti Rohin Rapti Water Availability Sub Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Sub Basin Basin Average 381.58 902.15 1867.10 653.18 3804.00 Monsoon, 25% 431.93 1178.95 2259.32 774.01 4558.98 Dependability 50% 359.74 843.21 1804.86 606.46 3613.79 Level 75% 278.29 593.91 1423.33 463.10 2660.11 90% 185.88 405.34 1147.44 325.42 2204.56 Average 138.95 306.81 688.10 225.51 1359.37 Non-Monsoon, 25% 171.18 381.63 793.57 273.07 1589.01 Dependability 50% 144.69 322.24 719.07 226.06 1431.54 Level 75% 98.20 248.20 566.65 187.11 1094.59 90% 74.30 187.98 441.15 147.08 887.24 Average 520.53 1208.96 2555.20 878.69 5163.37 Total, 25% 586.85 1557.73 3059.92 1044.06 6079.48 Dependability 50% 494.00 1142.67 2485.54 865.98 5026.30 Level 75% 398.01 844.95 2083.89 633.98 3820.83 90% 259.27 578.51 1582.23 490.24 3056.53 Source: Estimated

4.1.2.4 Surface Water Potential

The basin is served by 10 no small reservoirs constructed on drains coming from Nepal side, Saryu barrage, Rapti Barrage, Gandak Barrage and 6 no major and medium lift schemes as already detailed in previous chapter.

In Rapti basin, there are number of small reservoirs on drains coming from Nepal side. These reservoirs include small canals for local irrigation. These are known as Rampur dam, Ghooga dam, Khairman dam, Girgity dam, Ganeshpur dam, Bhagwanpur dam, Baghal khand dam, Kohar gaddi dam

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Majhgawan dam and Chittaurgarh dam. The average irrigation achieved through reservoirs is about 20282 ha in Kharif and Rabi.

The 47.135 km Saryu Link Canal takes off from the left bank of the Ghaghra River at Girija Barrage and transfers surplus water to Saryu River at the location of the Saryu Barrage, constructed in 1984. From this barrage, the Saryu Main Canal proceeds east approximately parallel to the India-Nepal border. The Imamganj Branch, Gonda Branch, Tarabganj Branch, Itiathok Branch and Basti Branch take off from the Saryu Main Canal.

The Rapti Link Canal also takes off from the Saryu Main Canal between Imamganj Branch and Gonda Branch, and proceeds east to the Rapti barrage on the Rapti River. From this barrage, the Rapti Main Canal (capacity 95 cumecs) proceeds eastwards a further 125 km, mostly, still under construction.

4.1.2.5 Adequacy of Surface Water Measurement Network

There are sufficient Gauge Discharge sites on rivers in Rapti Basin for the purpose of water resources assessment and management. For rainfall measurement, there is need of additional 3 rain gauges in Rapti Basin. The list of the proposed new rainfall stations is presented in Appendix 15.

4.1.3 Importable Surface Water as per Share

As mentioned in Section 3, there is major import of surface water to Rapti Basin from Ghaghra Basin through Girija Barrage, Saryu Barrage and Gandak Barrage from Gandak Basin. (see Figure 3.1).

4.1.3.1 Gandak Barrage

The Gandaki River (also known as the Narayani and the Gandak) is one of the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank tributary of the Ganges in India. In Nepal the river is notable for its deep gorge through the Himalayas. It has a total catchment area of 46,300 square kilometers most of it in Nepal. The Gandak Project at Valmikinagar (Bhainsaloton), intercepts water of a catchment area of 37,410 km, of which most is in Nepal) which lies partly in Nepal and partly in India. An Agreement between Government of Nepal and the Government of India on the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project, signed at Kathmandu to construct the project comprising a barrage, canal head regulators and other appurtenant works about 33 m (108 ft) below the existing Triveni Canal Head Regulator and of taking out canal systems for purposes development of irrigation and power for Nepal and India. As a

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The summary of water availability at Gandak Barrage is given in Table 4.12.

Table 4.12 : Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM

Gandak Barrage, Water Availability MCM Average 42007.86 25% 48575.72 Monsoon (Dependability) 50% 41298.62 75% 39067.05 90% 38365.78 Average 9754.08 25% 10326.50 Non-Monsoon (Dependability) 50% 9437.66 75% 8953.40 90% 7698.91 Average 51761.94 25% 58055.16 Total (Dependability) 50% 51147.51 75% 48318.37 90% 46734.44 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1991-2015

4.1.3.2 Girija Barrage

Girija Barrage was constructed in 1976 on Ghaghra River near Katarnia Ghat in Bahraich District of Uttar Pradesh. From left side of barrage Saryu Link Channel takes off having capacity of 360 cumecs while from right side of barrage Sharda Sahayak Link Channel takes off having capacity of 480 cumecs. The summary of water availability at Girija Barrage is given in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13 : Water Availability at Girija Barrage, MCM

Girija Barrage, Water Availability MCM Average 21402.81 25% 25012.02 Monsoon 50% 20008.70 (Dependability) 75% 17665.10 90% 16095.02 Average 10336.22 25% 12131.40 Non-Monsoon 50% 10799.30 (Dependability) 75% 8534.69 90% 7393.40 Average 31739.03

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Girija Barrage, Water Availability MCM 25% 35120.88 Total 50% 31602.56 (Dependability) 75% 27324.53 90% 25566.38 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.3.3 Saryu Barrage

The 243.50 meter-long Saryu Barrage is complete and operational since 1998. The 47.135 km Saryu Link Canal takes off from the left bank of the Ghaghra River at Girija Barrage. The Saryu Link Canal transfers water to the Saryu River at the location of the Saryu Barrage, constructed in 1984. From this barrage, the Saryu Main Canal proceeds east approximately parallel to the India-Nepal border. The Imamganj Branch, Gonda Branch, Tarabganj Branch, Itiathok Branch and Basti Branch take off from the Saryu Main Canal. The Rapti Link Canal also takes off from the Saryu Main Canal between Imamganj Branch and Gonda Branch, and proceeds east to the Rapti barrage on the Rapti River.

Saryu Nahar Pariyojana has been designed to utilize the surplus monsoon waters of river Ghaghara for irrigation purpose in Uttar Pradesh. The project was originally conceived as Left Bank Ghaghara Canal project in the year 1974 by the State Government to irrigate 267000 ha in the districts of Bahraich and Gonda. Thereafter, it was reformulated in 1980 by changing and enlarging its scope and was renamed as Saryu Nahar Pariyojna covering nine districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Bahraich, Shrawasti, Gonda, Balrampur, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Siddhartha Nagar, Mahrajganj and Gorakhpur.

The project interlinks 5 rivers i.e. Ghaghra, Saryu, Rapti, Banganga and Rohin. The project envisages transferring 360 cumecs of water from Girija barrage on river Ghaghra to Saryu barrage on river Saryu through the Saryu Link Channel (SLC) offtaking from left bank of Girija barrage. Thereafter Saryu Main Canal (SMC), with a designed carrying capacity of 360 cumecs at its head, offtakes from the left bank of Saryu barrage. Subsequently, several distributaries offtake from SMC for providing irrigation in the SMC command. Rapti Link Channel (RLC), offtakes at 34.7 Km of SMC that transfers 95 cumecs of water from the SMC to the Rapti barrage on river Rapti. The 126.45 km long Rapti Main Canal (RMC) with designed capacity of 95 cumecs at its head, then offtakes from left bank of Rapti barrage. Subsequently several distributaries offtake from RMC for providing irrigation in the RMC command. The RMC finally joins the right bank of Banganga river at about 3.0 km upstream of Banganga Barrage. The 62.1 km long Campierganj Branch with designed capacity of 55.64 cumecs at its head, offtakes from left bank of Banganga River at about 3.0 km upstream of Banganga Barrage and finally outfall in Rohin River.

The Gross Command Area (GCA) under entire Saryu Nahar Pariyojna is 16.0 Lakhs Ha while the Culturable Command Area (CCA) is 12.00 Lakh Ha. The Ultimate Irrigation Potential of the whole project is 14.04 Lakh ha. The intensity of Irrigation is therefore 117%.

The summary of water availability at Saryu Barrage is given in Table 4.14.

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Table 4.14 : Water Availability at Saryu Barrage, MCM

Saryu Barrage, Water Availability MCM Average 1512.24 25% 1925.95 Monsoon (Dependability) 50% 1482.99 75% 1056.79 90% 917.35 Average 184.89 25% 205.92 Non-Monsoon 50% 176.96 (Dependability) 75% 160.48 90% 126.91 Average 1697.13 25% 2092.06 Total (Dependability) 50% 1675.52 75% 1221.08 90% 1029.39 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.3.4 Rapti Barrage

River Rapti is the most important left bank tributary of the Ghaghra. It rises in Nepal at an elevation of about 3048 m. in the Dregaunra range. The river has a total length of about 782 km. out of which 331 km. lies in Nepal. The flood water of river Rapti is being controlled by Rapti Barrage. This is situated at the up-stream of Bhinga site in district Shrawasti and maintained by State government.

The Rapti Link Canal also takes off from the Saryu Main Canal between Imamganj Branch and Gonda Branch, and proceeds east to the Rapti barrage on the Rapti River. From Rapti barrage, the Rapti Main Canal (capacity 95 cumecs) proceeds eastwards a further 125 km, mostly, still under construction.

The summary of water availability at Rapti Barrage is given in Table 4.15.

Table 4.15 : Water Availability at Rapti Barrage, MCM

Rapti Barrage, Water Availability MCM Average 7557.38 25% 8992.05 Monsoon (Dependability) 50% 7728.51 75% 6462.27 90% 5187.99 Average 448.17 25% 572.32 Non-Monsoon (Dependability) 50% 359.76 75% 289.90 90% 227.26 Average 8005.55 Total (Dependability) 25% 9338.80

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Rapti Barrage, Water Availability MCM 50% 8061.80 75% 6983.17 90% 5446.45 Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.4 Present Utilization of Surface Water

There are 10 minor lift irrigation schemes in Rapti basin, 1 on river Kuwano in district Basti, 2 on Bakhira jheel (1 in district Sant Kabir Nagar and 1 in district Gorakhpur), 1 in district Gorakhpur on Ramgarh jheel and 6 in district Balrampur on Rapti and Chauka rivers. The total running capacity of 10 lift schemes is 152.5 cusecs for irrigation in 4743 ha command. But their running capacity has dropped to 50%, due to non-availability of sufficient power and water. The details are shown in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16 : Minor Lift Schemes in Rapti Basin at Different Locations with Installed Capacity

S. No of lift Installed capacity Running discharge CCA in District River No. schemes in cusec in cusec ha 1 1 Basti Kuwano 30 30 907 2 1 Sant Kabir Nagar Bakhira jheel 30 30 340 3 1 Gorakhpur Bakhira jheel 71 50 1500 4 1 Gorakhpur Ramgarh Jheel 20 20 400 5 6 Balrampur Rapti/Chauka 22.5 22.5 1596 10 173.5 152.5 4743 Source: UPIWRD

As discussed in Section 3, the major surface water irrigated areas of Rapti Basin are supplied from diversions on Gandak River, Ghaghara River, Saryu river, Rapti river and supplemented by major lift irrigation schemes. Rapti system is still under construction, so diversion at Rapti barrage is not functional. Similarly, on Saryu system, there are still gaps in canal system, so full canal capacity is not being utilised and link to Saryu barrage and Saryu main canal are under utilised.

As per analysis of data at Gandak Barrage (1990 to 2015), on an average about 5.219 BCM water is transferred in Gandak system annually, while the diversion capacity is of 14.109 BCM, against the availability of 45.824 BCM. However, for non-monsoon periods, the diversion capacity is of 8.195 BCM, against the availability of 8.714 BCM.

Barrage inflow Gandak Canal Average diversion Month in MCM capacity in MCM in MCM Jan 886.9 1198.4 571.1 Feb 815.0 1082.4 402.3 March 456.9 1198.4 297.2 April 795.7 1159.7 33.2 May 1594.8 1198.4 266.3

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Barrage inflow Gandak Canal Average diversion Month in MCM capacity in MCM in MCM Jun 2886.0 1159.7 630.6 July 9479.1 1198.4 690.8 Aug 11459.9 1198.4 578.7 September 9302.4 1159.7 695.7 Oct 3982.5 1198.4 619.1 Nov 2627.3 1159.7 109.0 December 1537.7 1198.4 325.0 Monsoon 37109.9 5914.5 3214.9 Non monsoon 8714.3 8195.2 2004.0 Total 45824.3 14109.7 5219.0

WATER AVAILABILITY AND DIVERSIONS AT GANDAK BARRAGE IN MCM

Barrage inflow Gandak Canal capacity Average diversion 45824.3 37109.9 14109.7 11459.9 9479.1 9302.4 8714.3 8195.2 5914.5 5219.0 3982.5 3214.9 2886.0 2627.3 2004.0 1594.8 1537.7 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1198.4 1159.7 1159.7 1159.7 1159.7 1082.4 886.9 815.0 795.7 690.8 695.7 630.6 619.1 578.7 571.1 456.9 402.3 325.0 297.2 266.3 109.0 33.2

Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

As per analysis of data at Saryu Barrage (1991 to 2015), on an average about 0.600 BCM water is transferred in Saryu system annually, while the diversion capacity is of 11.353 BCM, against the availability of 1.088 BCM. However additional water transfer to Saryu main canal, will be the diverted water from Ghaghra barrage, through Saryu link channel. Presently limited water from Ghaghra barrage is being transferred to Saryu barrage.

Barrage Saryu canal Average Month inflow capacity diversions Jan 24.52 933.12 37.70 Feb 19.83 964.22 16.14 March 13.21 964.22 9.45 April 5.20 933.12 2.15

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Barrage Saryu canal Average Month inflow capacity diversions May 5.35 964.22 4.03 Jun 22.62 933.12 23.13 July 175.78 964.22 97.41 Aug 404.13 964.22 136.24 September 279.22 870.91 115.74 Oct 75.81 964.22 79.15 Nov 34.59 933.12 31.10 December 27.92 964.22 47.74 Monsoon 957.55 4696.70 451.66 Non monsoon 130.62 6656.26 148.30

Total 1088.17 11352.96 599.96

WATER AVAILABILITY AND DIVERSIONS AT SARYU BARRAGE IN MCM

Barrage inflow Saryu canal capacity Average diversions 11353.0 6656.3 4696.7 1088.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 964.2 957.5 933.1 933.1 933.1 933.1 870.9 600.0 451.7 404.1 279.2 175.8 148.3 136.2 130.6 115.7 97.4 79.1 75.8 47.7 34.6 37.7 23.1 31.1 27.9 22.6 24.5 16.1 19.8 13.2 9.4 2.1 4.0 5.2 5.4

Source: Analysis of UPIWRD data, 1990-2015

4.1.5 Ground Water

4.1.5.1 Hydrogeology of Rapti Basin

Geology

The major geological formation is of alluvium. The fence diagram indicates that depth of clay layer in district Bahraich & Shrawasti in the upper strata decreases towards district Balrampur and again increases towards Siddharthnagar upto Mahrajganj and Gorakhpur. In the same way depth of sand layer decreases from Bahraich to Shrawasti and Balrampur. The sand layer depth is more in district Sant Kabir Nagar area. The strata are having good potential of Groundwater.

The fence diagram prepared on the basis of lithologs of exploratory wells in Rapti Basin is shown in Figure 4.8. The major geological formation is of alluvium. The fence diagram indicates that depth of clay layer in district Bahraich & Shrawasti in the upper strata decreases towards district Balrampur and again increases towards Siddharthnagar upto Mahrajganj and Gorakhpur. In the same way depth

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan of sand layer decreases from Bahraich to Shrawasti and Balrampur. The sand layer depth is more in district Sant Kabir Nagar area. The strata are having good potential of Groundwater.

Flow direction and gradients

The Rapti Basin lies between East longitudes 81°35’ and 83°49’ and North latitudes of 26°18’ and 27°59’, covering an area of 23,237.51 sq. km completely and 14,658.22 sq.km in Uttar Pradesh. The Rapti river flows in the sub-humid to humid monsoon region of the middle Ganga plain. It is the largest tributary of River Ghaghra, which in turn, is a major constituent of the Ganga. It flows through the districts of Rukum, Salyan, Rolpa, Gurmi, Arghakhanchi, Dang, and Banke of Nepal territory; and Bahraich, Shrawasti, Balrampur, Siddharthnagar, Sant Kabir Nagar, Gorakhpur and Deoria districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh (see Map 1) and the groundwater follows the same flow directions. The gradient observed in Rapti Basin is about 0.11 m/km and it drops in lower region.

Figure 4.8 : Fence Diagram of Rapti Basin

Source: Based on Exploratory Wells Data of CGWB

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Aquifer Characteristics

In Rapti Basin drilling depth of tube wells is varying from 72 to 751 m. According to drilling data, the Discharge, Specific capacity and Transmissivity ranges are 6.66 lps to 60 lps, 1.70 lps/m to 20.18 lps/m and 55 m2/day to 4202 m2/day respectively.

For the modelling purposes representative aquifer characteristics (Constant Aquifer properties) have been defined based on the existing Pumping tests data and following the Groundwater Estimation Committee norms (GEC -1997/2015).

Table 4.17, summarizing the range of the main aquifer characteristics, were used in the Rapti basin modelling and Appendix 16 presents detailed aquifer characteristics in the Rapti basin for each Sub- Basin Block (SBBE).

Table 4.17 : Summary of Constant Aquifer properties' ranges

Rain Conductivity Specific Ranges Exploitation Depth, m Infiltration K, m/day Yield, Sy Factor Minimum 288 12.26 0.10 0.22 Maximum 328 61.55 0.16 0.25 Average 301 23.90 0.14 0.24 Source: CGWB and UP GWD

4.1.5.2 Groundwater Levels

The groundwater storage is largely controlled by the prevailing hydrogeological and geomorphic conditions. The CGWB has established a network of 1,241 monitoring wells, mostly open wells spread all over the State. These are being monitored four times a year (January, May, August & November). Few wells are being monitored through Participatory Monitoring Program for the remaining eight months.

The State Ground Water Department has established a network of about 11704 Nos. monitoring wells, to study of the behaviour of water levels data of pre-monsoon (May/June) and post-monsoon (October/ November). In Rapti basin 84 Nos. monitoring wells of CGWB and 671 Nos. monitoring wells of SGWD has been considered after validation of water level data for both pre and post monsoon. The total number of monitoring wells is shown in Table 4.25. The behaviour of the water levels in the state during the last 10 years (2006-2015) has been studied based upon the observations made on the permanent Ground Water Monitoring Wells by CGWB and SGWD.

Ground water levels behaviour during the last 10 years for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon does not show much variation i.e. slight increase in pre-monsoon while slight decrease in post-monsoon. In Ami sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has decreased from 90.81% to 86.91%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 9.19% to 13.09%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has decreased from 98.40% to 84.89%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 1.60% to 15.11%.

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In Burhi Rapti sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has decreased from 92.52% to 94.81%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 7.48% to 5.19%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has slightly increased from 97.05% to 97.06%, while the area having water levels below 5m has slightly decreased from 2.95% to 2.94%.

In Rapti sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has increased from 76.85% to 86.50%, while the area having water levels below 5m has decreased from 23.15% to 13.50%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has decreased from 97.32% to 88.21%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 2.68% to 11.79%.

In Rohin sub-basin during pre-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has increased from 94.38% to 100.00%, while the area having water levels below 5m has decreased from 5.62% to 0.00%. Similarly, during post-monsoon periods the area which was having water levels up to 5m, has decreased from 100.00% to 99.64%, while the area having water levels below 5m has increased from 0.00% to 0.36%. The details are given in Table 4.18 and Table 4.19.

Table 4.18 : Pre-monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015

Pre-Monsoon Ground Water 2006 2010 2015 S. Range Area Area Area Sub Basin Area in % Area in % Area in % No. (mbgl) (Sq.Km) (Sq.Km) (Sq.Km) <5 1575.50 90.81 1125.69 64.89 1507.82 86.91 1 Ami >5 159.38 9.19 609.18 35.11 227.06 13.09 Total 1734.88 100.00 1734.88 100.00 1734.88 100.00 <5 2687.68 92.52 2226.54 76.65 2753.98 94.81 2 Burhi Rapti >5 217.19 7.48 678.34 23.35 150.90 5.19 Total 2904.88 100.00 2904.88 100.00 2904.88 100.00 <5 6054.20 76.85 5526.33 70.15 6813.83 86.50 3 Rapti >5 1823.42 23.15 2351.29 29.85 1063.79 13.50 Total 7877.62 100.00 7877.62 100.00 7877.62 100.00 <5 2020.45 94.38 1817.13 84.88 2140.84 100.00 4 Rohin >5 120.40 5.62 323.72 15.12 0.00 0.00 Total 2140.84 100.00 2140.84 100.00 2140.84 100.00 <5 12337.81 84.17 10695.67 72.97 13216.46 90.16 Basin Total >5 2320.39 15.83 3962.53 27.03 1441.74 9.84 Total 14658.20 100.00 14658.20 100.00 14658.20 100.00 Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

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Table 4.19 : Post- monsoon Ground Water Levels Change in Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin Sub-Basin 2006, 2010, 2015

Post-Monsoon Ground Water 2006 2010 2015 S. Range Area Area Area Sub Basin Area in % Area in % Area in % No. (mbgl) (Sq.Km) (Sq.Km) (Sq.Km) <5 1707.17 98.40 1717.48 99.00 1472.77 84.89 1 Ami >5 27.71 1.60 17.40 1.00 262.11 15.11 Total 1734.88 100.00 1734.88 100.00 1734.88 100.00 <5 2819.16 97.05 2878.64 99.10 2819.45 97.06 2 Burhi Rapti >5 85.72 2.95 26.24 0.90 85.43 2.94 Total 2904.88 100.00 2904.88 100.00 2904.88 100.00 <5 7666.72 97.32 7732.56 98.16 6948.81 88.21 3 Rapti >5 210.90 2.68 145.06 1.84 928.81 11.79 Total 7877.62 100.00 7877.62 100.00 7877.62 100.00 <5 2140.84 100.00 2140.84 100.00 2133.22 99.64 4 Rohin >5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.62 0.36 Total 2140.84 100.00 2140.84 100.00 2140.84 100.00 <5 14333.87 97.79 14469.50 98.71 13374.23 91.24 Basin Total >5 324.33 2.21 188.70 1.29 1283.97 8.76 Total 14658.20 100.00 14658.20 100.00 14658.20 100.00 Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

Depth of Groundwater Table - Pre-monsoon 2015

The Pre-monsoon period represents the deepest groundwater levels during the year, measured in May/June at the end of the dry season. Typically, groundwater depth ranges from 2 mbgl to 10 mbgl, however in very small parts of the Rapti Basin measured drawdowns is more than 10 mbgl. The mapping of the groundwater level for the Pre-monsoon 2015 is shown in Figure 4.9.

The map analysis shows the following:  Shallow groundwater table area (< 2m depth) exists in small patches in 0.40% area of Rapti basin near the north-eastern border of district Balrampur and a small patch point near the northern border of district Siddharthnagar in the Rapti basin area.  In 89.76% of total Rapti basin area, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 2-5 m. It covers the complete area of district Shrawasti except a patch on the western border of district and a small patch in the north-east corner of border of district Shrawasti, basin area falling in district Balrampur except northern border of district and two patches of lower water table, complete area of district Siddharthnagar except eastern border area, north-eastern area of district Basti between border of basin and border of district Basti, area of district Sant Kabir Nagar (between basin border and district Sant Kabir Nagar border) except two patches near north and north-eastern border of district, area in between basin border and western border of district Mahrajganj except a patch of higher water table on the border of district Mahrajganj, northern and north-eastern area of district Gorakhpur and south-western area upto basin border, area of district Deoria from basin border to border of district Deoria and Kushinagar.  In 9.84% of total Rapti basin area, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 5-10 m. It covers a small patch on the western border of basin in the district Shrawasti and north-east corner of border of this district, northern area near the border of district Balrampur leaving

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north-east corner of border , near the common eastern border of district Siddharthnagar and western border of district Mahrajganj, southern and south-western border of basin in district Gorakhpur , a patch near the south-western border of basin in the area of district Deoria &a patch near the northern & north –eastern border of district Sant Kabir Nagar.  There exists no area of ground water table in range of 10-20 m, 20-30 m and above 30 m in the Rapti basin area.

Figure 4.9 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (May/June 2015)

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Table 4.20 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Pre-Monsoon, 2015

Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area < 2 0.00 0.00% 2-5 1507.82 86.91% 5-10 227.06 13.09% 1 Ami 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 1734.88 100% < 2 57.25 1.97% 2-5 2696.73 92.83% 5-10 150.90 5.19% 2 Burhi Rapti 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 2904.88 100% < 2 1.79 0.02% 2-5 6812.04 86.47% 5-10 1063.79 13.50% 3 Rapti 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 7877.62 100% < 2 0.00 0.00% 2-5 2140.84 100.00% 5-10 0.00 0.00% 4 Rohin 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Total 2140.84 100% < 2 59.03 0.40% 2-5 13157.43 89.76% 5-10 1441.74 9.84% 5 Rapti basin 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Total 14658.20 100% Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

Depth of Groundwater Table - Post-monsoon 2015

The post-monsoon period is characterized by maximal groundwater levels in the current season. The change in the groundwater storage between post-monsoon and pre-monsoon periods represents the dynamic storage that can be exploited without harming the aquifer. The mapping of the groundwater level for the Post-monsoon 2015 is shown in Figure 4.10.

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Figure 4.10 : Map of Groundwater Table Depth (Oct/Nov. 2015)

The map analysis shows the following:  Shallow groundwater table area (< 2m depth) have been observed in patches in 1.00% of total Rapti basin area in the north of district Shrawasti near the border, eastern area of district Balrampur, few patches near the northern, eastern border and middle of district Siddharthnagar, two patches near the southern border of district Mahrajganj and one small patch on the northern border & eastern border of district Gorakhpur.  In 90.24% of total Rapti basin area, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 2-5 m. It covers complete area of district Shrawasti except small area in the southern and north-eastern area of district Shrawasti, complete area of district Balrampur except area near the northern border of district , complete area of district Siddharthnagar except small area on eastern border of district, complete area of district Mahrajganj except southern small area near border of

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district, northern, north-eastern, north-western & south-western area of district Gorakhpur, complete area of district Sant Kabir Nagar except two patch of higher water table on northern border of district.  In 8.73% of total Rapti basin area, the depth of the groundwater table is in a range of 5-10 m. It covers a patch in the western in the western border and north-eastern border of district Shrawasti, near border of district Balrampur, small area near the eastern border of district Siddharthnagar, small area near the western border of district Mahrajganj, southern, southeastern & south-western area near the border of district Gorakhpur and two patch on the north border of district Sant Kabir Nagar.  In 0.03% of total Rapti basin area, the depth of the groundwater table is in range of 10-20 m. in a single patch in district Siddharthnagar bordering district Mahrajganj.  There exists no area of ground water table in the range of 20-30 m and above 30 m in the Rapti basin.

Table 4.21 : Depth to Groundwater Table, Summary for Post-Monsoon, 2015

Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area < 2 3.08 0.18% 2-5 1469.69 84.71% 5-10 262.11 15.11% 1 Ami 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 1734.88 100% < 2 79.75 2.75% 2-5 2739.70 94.31% 5-10 85.43 2.94% 2 Burhi Rapti 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 2904.88 100% < 2 37.13 0.47% 2-5 6911.68 87.74% 5-10 923.91 11.73% 3 Rapti 10-20 4.90 0.06% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 7877.62 100% < 2 26.64 1.24% 2-5 2106.57 98.40% 5-10 7.63 0.36% 4 Rohin 10-20 0.00 0.00% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 2140.84 100% < 2 146.60 1.00% 5 Rapti 2-5 13227.63 90.24%

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Depth Range, Area, Percentage of No. Sub-basin mbgl Sq. km. Total Area 5-10 1279.07 8.73% 10-20 4.90 0.03% 20-30 0.00 0.00% > 30 0.00 0.00% Sub-total 14658.20 100% Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data

Groundwater Level Fluctuation 2014-15

Groundwater is a dynamic resource and the groundwater storage changes are affected by many factors such as monsoon rainfall, ground water draft for various purposes, hydrogeological conditions, topography, land use, cropping pattern etc. These changes are reflected in form of Groundwater Level Fluctuations.

A continuous analysis of trends in groundwater levels give an indication of the state of the aquifer and its potential for production. The groundwater levels obtained in the model run for the 2014-15 (hydrological year 2014/2015) are presented below for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods in terms of the absolute groundwater level (masl) and the depth of the groundwater table (mbgl). Table 4.22 presents the summary of calculated groundwater level fluctuations in each sub-basin in terms of minimum, maximum and average values. Negative minimum values in the Table 4.22 indicate that in certain blocks a decline in groundwater levels was recorded during the monsoon period. Appendix 17 presents the calculated groundwater levels, the depth of the groundwater table and the groundwater level fluctuations for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon 2014-15.

Table 4.22 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level Fluctuations 2015

Sub-basin Minimum, m Maximum, m Average, m Ami -0.44 1.97 1.06 Burhi Rapti -7.61 2.40 0.19 Rapti -0.86 4.16 0.73 Rohin -0.07 1.65 0.38

4.1.5.3 Estimation of Available Groundwater Resources by Model

Ground water resource estimation has been done on the basis of recommendations of Ground Water Estimation Committee, a "high power committee" constituted by the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. "Ground Water Estimation Methodology-2015" sets out the broad policy frame work, which is the basis for the methodology, being followed by the States for Ground water estimation.

On the basis of this methodology, all elements of the groundwater balance for 2015 were calculated by running the model with the spatial resolution of a sub-basin block (SBBE) at a fortnightly time resolution. Further based on model run results, annual summary of the calculation results for each SBBE is shown in Appendix 18.

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Sub-Basin wise Annual Extractable Groundwater Recharge, as per the ‘Business as Usual’ scenario model run for 2014-15 is shown in Table 4.23.

Table 4.23 : Annual Extractable Groundwater Recharge (2014-15)

Annual Extractable S. No. Sub-basin Groundwater Recharge, MCM 1 Ami 563.15 2 Burhi Rapti 816.11 3 Rapti 2,295.39 4 Rohin 660.35 Basin Total 4,335.00

For Rapti basin as per model run results of 2014-15, annual extractable groundwater recharge comes to 4335 MCM, while as per 2017 assessment of ground water department it is 4,344 MCM, i.e. about 0.21% lower than the GWD Assessment 2017.

In the SBBE model run results, shown at Appendix 18, development is shown only for the part area coming under Rapti basin, and that too, for demands of year 2014-15 and the canal diversion flows at 75% dependability. As against 79 blocks in Rapti basin 30 blocks are partial and against 10 districts, all 10 are partial. Further, the reasoning for variation in results of blocks falling completely in Rapti Basin with reference to GWD Assessment 2013 and 2017 and other observations are given in Appendix 19.

4.1.5.4 Estimated Present (2014-15) Annual Groundwater Extraction by Model Run

Sub-Basin wise Annual Groundwater Extraction as per model run for 2014-15 is shown in Table 4.24. It is based on extraction of groundwater to meet the domestic and industrial demand and extraction of groundwater (considering the available infrastructure for groundwater pumping) to meet the irrigation water demand in addition to supply from surface water.

Table 4.24 : Total Annual Groundwater Extraction (2014-15)

Annual Groundwater Sl. No. Sub-basin Extraction, MCM 1 Ami 233.21 2 Burhi Rapti 289.29 3 Rapti 1063.97 4 Rohin 314.57 Basin Total 1,901.04

The stage of ground water extraction works out to 43.85% (1901/4335) for the 75% dependability scenario.

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4.1.5.5 Basin Rapti - Groundwater Budget

The Groundwater Budgets (2014-15) were prepared on the basis of the results of model run. These include estimating the groundwater exchange between adjacent blocks and the inflow/outflow through external boundaries of Rapti basin or specified sub-basin.

The net annual availability of ground water resource is 4335 MCM and ground water extraction for all types of uses is 1901 MCM. Out of 107 SBBEs in Rapti Basin 3 are categorized as over-exploited (3%); none as critical (0%); 4 as semi-critical (4%) and 100 as safe (93%). Sub-basin-wise overexploited, critical, semi-critical and safe category SBBEs are given in Appendix 20 (also see Map 4).

4.1.5.6 Areas Suitable for Further Exploitation

For future ground water development, the areas falling under ‘SAFE’ category units/blocks are the best suited. A unit is categorised as ‘SAFE’ if one of the following two criteria is fulfilled: -

a) The stage of ground water extraction is less than or equal to 70%, and the water table during at least one of the two intervals (either pre-monsoon or post-monsoon) does not show a falling trend. b) The stage of ground water extraction is greater than 70% but less than or equal to 90%, and the water table during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon intervals do not show a falling trend.

If the unit/block gets categorised as ‘SAFE’ on the basis of the criterion mentioned in ‘b’ above, it is to be noted that, caution has to be exercise, while deciding the actual quantum of additional ground water withdrawal to be made in future.

Hence the areas falling in ‘SAFE’ category blocks/units are best suitable for future ground water development. The list of sub-basin wise SAFE category SBBEs is given in Appendix 21.

4.1.5.7 Adequacy of Ground Water Monitoring Network

Ground water regime monitoring is an important activity in ground water domain. The prime objective of a ground water monitoring network is to record the response of the natural and artificial stresses on the ground water regime in time and space. Ground water is a dynamic system, the variables required to be monitored are namely water level or head, chemical quality and temperature. Groundwater is a potential freshwater reserve and its quality has to be monitored periodically to detect degradation trends. In order to achieve these objectives, the CGWB and the State GWD have set up thousands of network stations for monitoring groundwater levels and water quality.

Uttar Pradesh State has an independent ground water department (GWD) working with a mandate to develop and manage ground water in the state and is measuring groundwater levels on 671 hydrograph stations in Rapti basin as shown in Table 4.25. Similarly, the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has a Regional office and Divisional offices and measuring GWL on 84 hydrograph stations (Table 4.25). The water levels are measured during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season.

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Table 4.25 : Groundwater Monitoring Stations in Rapti Basin

Number of Monitoring Wells Sub Basin CGWB SGWD Total Ami 7 114 121 Burhi Rapti 18 108 126 Rapti 49 353 402 Rohin 10 96 106 Basin Total 84 671 755 Source: CGWB and UP GWD data apportioned to Basin/Sub Basin

On the basis of recommendation of GEC-2015, it has been provided that appropriate grid of observation wells for monitoring water table fluctuations and quality should be established. In GWD a provision of one Hydrograph station in 25 sq.km area in rural area was made in the State. According to this there should be 586 monitoring stations in Rapti Basin. The monitoring network is saturated with this criterion but to maintain the functionality of monitoring stations, the periodic repair and maintenance of hydrograph stations is required to be ensured. However, for specific monitoring objectives in specific areas higher densities of network stations might be required.

4.1.5.8 Programs and Schemes for Upgrading / Expansion of Network in UP

In the GWD of UP, various programmes have been proposed to be under taken for strengthening / updation of the monitoring network:

(a) Under National Hydrology Project (NHP) one key well / piezometer in 156 block & 21 urban areas will be constructed with DWLRs for real time monitoring of water level & quality. (b) Under UPWSRP, 1350 DWLRs with telemetry to be installed on existing piezometers under different basin/hydrogeological settings (400 already installed in South-Western Yamuna river basin and central Ganga basin covering Lucknow & Kanpur divisions). (c) Under UP GW Department's normal programme, non-functional piezometers are replaced by new piezometers & along with regular upkeep of key piezometer/maintenance. (d) Under proposed scheme of World Bank ‘Atal Bhujal Yojna’, 26 blocks of Bundelkhand & Western U.P. are selected under the project in each selected block, average five DWLRs will be installed in each selected block.

4.1.6 Water Quality

The quality of water is greatly affected by the presence of minerals in soils and rocks through which the surface and ground water flows. But, with rapid industrialization and urbanization, the greatest threat to the quality of water is from urban and industrial water effluent. Run-off from agricultural fields contaminated with pesticides and chemicals further aggravate the situation.

The investigation of quality of water depends upon the purpose of its use. Water used for drinking purposes should not contain any substances harmful to the health. Water for industrial use must be suitable for the specific processes involved in the particular industry. Irrigation water must not contain objectionable salts and other substances, dissolved and suspended beyond permissible limits. Water bodies used for recreational purposes must be free from nuisance creating pollutants and pathogenic

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4.1.6.1 Water Quality Standards

Water quality standards and guidelines have been laid down by WHO (1984), Govt. of India, National High-Tech Mission (1986) and BIS (2012) and many other organizations. These guidelines are exhaustive and it becomes very difficult to analyse ground water samples for all the constituents. The water quality is judged by a common man mainly by ENT (Eyes, nose and tongue) tests before using it for domestic purposes. They are:

E (Eyes) : Appearance - turbidity, particles, oily layer, colour etc. N (Nose) : Odour - no smell, rotten egg smell, fishy smell etc. T (Tongue) : Taste - salinity, pH, temperature, soluble iron chloride etc.

The guidelines/standards laid down by BIS (2012) with regard to some constituents for domestic and potable purposes have been tabulated in Table 4.26.

Table 4.26 : Indian Standard for Drinking Water Specifications (BIS 2012)

Permissible limit in S. Desirable Substance/ Characteristics Undesirable effect outside desirable limit absence of alternate No. limit source 1 Colour (Hazen Units) 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases 25 2 Turbidity (NTU) 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases 10 Beyond this range water will affect mucous 3 pH value 6.5-8.5 No relaxation membrane Dissolved solids mg/l max Beyond this palatability decreases and may 4 500 (750) 2000 (3000) (Equivalent EC µS/cm) cause gastro intestinal irritation 5 Alkalinity mg/l max 200 Unpleasant taste 600 Total hardness (as CaCO ) Encrustation in water supply structure and 6 3 300 600 mg/l max adverse effect on domestic use. Beyond this limit taste corrosion and 7 Chloride (as CI) mg/l max 250 1000 palatability are affected Encrustation in water supply structure and 8 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l max 75 200 adverse effect on domestic use. Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l Encrustation in water supply structure and 9 30 100 max adverse effect on domestic use. Beyond this limit gastrointestinal irritation 10 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l max 200 occurs when Magnesium of sodium is 400 present Beyond this methemoglobinaemia takes 11 Nitrate (as NO ) mg/l max 45 45 3 place Fluoride may be kept as low as possible. 12 Fluoride (as F) mg/l max 1.0 1.5 High fluoride may cause fluorosis Source: BIS (2012)

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The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at national and UPPCB at State level is responsible for preparation of a national plan for pollution control under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. It is also responsible for setting standards for water quality and effluent quality. The basic objective of the Water Act is to maintain and restore the wholesomeness of water by prevention and control of pollution. CPCB has taken the use of water as the basis for identifying the water quality objectives for different water bodies. It has classified the national aquatic resources according to their uses, and for each of the uses it has identified primary water quality criteria. If a water body has more than one use, that use which demands the highest quality is referred to as the “designated best use”. All important surface water bodies in the country, including those in Uttar Pradesh for which water quality monitoring is being done, are classified according to designated best use. This classification system was used for evaluating water quality data for different water bodies in the State. The use-based classification system is given in Table 4.27.

Table 4.27 : Use Based Classification of Surface Waters in India

Class of Designated-Best-Use Criteria water 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source without 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 conventional treatment but after A 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C, 2 mg/l or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 500 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Outdoor bathing (Organised) B 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C, 3 mg/l or less 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100 ml shall be 5000 or less Drinking water source after 2. pH between 6 to 9 conventional treatment and C 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more disinfection 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C, 3 mg/l or less 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Propagation of Wild life and D 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more Fisheries 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25°C, Max. 2250 Irrigation, Industrial, Cooling, E micromhos/cm Controlled Waste disposal 3. Sodium Absorption Ratio Max. 26 4. Boron Max. 2 mg/l Source: CPCB

4.1.6.2 Data on Surface and Ground Water Quality

Surface water quality is monitored by CWC at 3 locations and by CPCB/UPPCB at 2 locations in Rapti River Basin as shown in Table 4.28 and Map 5.

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Table 4.28 : Surface Water Quality Monitoring Sites

S. No. Location

Maintained by: CWC 1 Birdghat, Rapti River 2 Regauli, Rapti River 3 Balrampur, Rapti River Maintained by: CPCB/UPPCB 1 Domingarh Rly. Bridge, Gorakhpur 2 Rajghat, Gorakhpur

The ground water quality is monitored by CGWB and U.P. Jal Nigam. Central Ground Water Board and Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam is continuously monitoring the quality of ground water samples every year in the State. CGWB is analysing one GW sample in each block in a year while U.P. Jal Nigam is analysing 19000 to 32000 GW samples yearly, collected from different GW structures under National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) of Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation.

4.1.6.3 Appraisal of Water Quality

Ground Water Quality

Ground Water Quality – CGWB Data

The ground water quality data of CGWB for the year 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 has been taken up in the analysis of ground water quality of the basin.

Suitability of Groundwater for Potable Purposes

The suitability of ground water for drinking purposes has been assessed according to the guidelines laid down by BIS (2012). The chemical analysis results for 107 nos. of samples collected from ground water monitoring stations spread in Rapti Basin have been tabulated. The chemical analysis shows that there is not much variation in maximum, minimum, and average values of pH, Electrical conductivity, CO3, HCO3, Cl, F, NO3, SO4, SiO2, PO4, TH, Ca, Mg, Na and K when data of 2015- 16 as compared with the data of 2014-15 (see Table 4.29 and Table 4.30).

Table 4.29 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Rapti Basin (2014-2015)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Ami Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.57 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 388 1384 681 3. CO3 mg/l - - -* 4. HCO3 mg/l 4 598 324 5. Cl mg/l 7 113 39 6. F mg/l 0 0 0 7. NO3 mg/l 0 46 14

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

8. SO4 mg/l 38 48 41 9. SiO2 mg/l 14 35 24 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 185 395 272 12. Ca mg/l 28 100 57 13. Mg mg/l 14 48 31 14. Na mg/l 9 100 34 15. K mg/l 0 6 2 B Burhi Rapti Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.11 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 490 960 772 3. CO3 mg/l - - - 4. HCO3 mg/l 256 549 411 5. Cl mg/l 7 36 18 6. F mg/l 0 0 0 7. NO3 mg/l 0 1 0.37 8. SO4 mg/l - - - 9. SiO2 mg/l 16 125 35 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 200 370 286 12. Ca mg/l 40 100 64 13. Mg mg/l 15 44 30 14. Na mg/l 12 78 38 15. K mg/l 1 11 3 C Rapti Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.50 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 250 1565 750 3. CO3 mg/l - - - 4. HCO3 mg/l 134 695 370 5. Cl mg/l 7 156 37 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.11 7. NO3 mg/l 0 134 23 8. SO4 mg/l 9 52 33 9. SiO2 mg/l 14 36 24 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 130 550 291 12. Ca mg/l 20 120 74 13. Mg mg/l 12 74 29 14. Na mg/l 7 106 41 15. K mg/l 0 25 2.77 D Rohin Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.66 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 250 935 526 3. CO3 mg/l - - - 4. HCO3 mg/l 134 372 278 5. Cl mg/l 7 71 29 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.11 7. NO3 mg/l 10 121 40 8. SO4 mg/l 9 38 22 9. SiO2 mg/l 14 32 22

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average

10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 145 400 223 12. Ca mg/l 20 108 50 13. Mg mg/l 12 34 21 14. Na mg/l 12 69 34 15. K mg/l 0 3 1.64 Source: GWYB, 2014-15, CGWB, NR

Table 4.30 : Sub-basin wise Hydrochemical Data of GW in Rapti Basin (2015-2016)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Ami Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.54 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 460 980 659 3. CO3 mg/l - - - 4. HCO3 mg/l 207 354 276 5. Cl mg/l 7 119 51 6. F mg/l 0 0 0 7. NO3 mg/l 0 38 7.6 8. SO4 mg/l 2 104 28 9. SiO2 mg/l 22 38 33 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 170 300 247 12. Ca mg/l 40 80 57 13. Mg mg/l 14 41 25 14. Na mg/l 9 82 37 15. K mg/l 0 6 2.72 B Burhi Rapti Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.43 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 250 838 602 3. CO3 mg/l - - - 4. HCO3 mg/l 134 525 348 5. Cl mg/l 7 43 17 6. F mg/l 0 0 0 7. NO3 mg/l 0 1 0.16 8. SO4 mg/l 2 134 14.64 9. SiO2 mg/l 14 34 26 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 115 380 245 12. Ca mg/l 20 76 47 13. Mg mg/l 11 63 31 14. Na mg/l 3 93 36 15. K mg/l 0 60 5.78 C Rapti Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.48 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 300 1360 686 3. CO3 mg/l 6 24 14 4. HCO3 mg/l 122 476 294

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S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average 5. Cl mg/l 7 178 48 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.06 7. NO3 mg/l 0 79 10 8. SO4 mg/l 0 134 26 9. SiO2 mg/l 14 50 32 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 110 460 249 12. Ca mg/l 16 136 54 13. Mg mg/l 9 88 28 14. Na mg/l 6 190 42 15. K mg/l 0 60 3.72 D Rohin Sub-basin 1. pH 7.0 8.0 7.60 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 450 1070 710 3. CO3 mg/l - - - 4. HCO3 mg/l 146 427 281 5. Cl mg/l 14 149 53 6. F mg/l 0 1 0.2 7. NO3 mg/l 0 19 6.50 8. SO4 mg/l 6 89 30 9. SiO2 mg/l 29 47 34 10. PO4 mg/l - - - 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 160 380 242 12. Ca mg/l 36 136 64 13. Mg mg/l 9 34 19 14. Na mg/l 14 94 44 15. K mg/l 0 9 3.90 Source: GWYB, 2015-16, CGWB, NR

On perusal of above values of constituents in ground water samples in different sub-basins of Rapti Basin, it has been observed that during 2015-2016 in Ami sub-basin, the values of Chloride, Sodium Potassium, Silicon di-oxide and SAR are rising, whereas values of EC, Nitrate, Sulphate Bicarbonates, Fluoride, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, and RSC are going down in comparison to the data of year 2014-2015 and value of Fluoride is zero & Calcium is same in both years. But in Burhi Rapti sub-basin values of EC, Bicarbonates, Chloride, Nitrate, Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium, Silicon dioxide, TDS, RSC and SAR are going down with values of Ph, Sulphate, Potassium are rising in year 2015-16 with respect to year 2014- 15 & value of Magnesium is nearly same and Fluoride is zero in both years.. In Rapti sub-basin, the values of Chloride, Carbonate, Potassium, Silicon dioxide and SAR are rising and values of pH, Electrical conductivity, Bicarbonates Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Total hardness, Calcium, TDS and RSC are going down & Sodium and Magnesium are nearly same, in year 2015-16 with respect to year 2014-15. In Rohin sub-basin the values of EC, Bicarbonates, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Total hardness, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Silicon-dioxide, TDS and SAR are increasing whereas values Magnesium and RSC are going down with nearly same value of Ph in 2015-16 with respect to year 2014-15. The average values of all the constituents in sub- basins are within the permissible limit.

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Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes

The chemical quality of water is an important factor to be considered in evaluating its usefulness for irrigation purposes. Plants grown by irrigation absorb and transpire the water but leave nearly all the salts behind in the soil, where they accumulate and eventually prevent plant growth. Excessive concentrations of solute interfere with the osmotic process by which plant root membranes are able to assimilate water and nutrients. CaCO3 has low solubility, it may precipitate harmlessly but the bulk of residual solutes present a disposal problem that must be solved effectively to maintain productivity of the irrigated soil. In addition to problems caused by excessive concentration of dissolved solids (TDS), certain constituents in irrigation water are especially undesirable and some may be damaging even when present in small concentrations viz. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) & Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The potential hazards to crop growth are salinity, sodicity, alkalinity & toxic.

Table 4.31 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Rapti Basin (2014-15)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Ami Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 113 39 2. NO3 mg/l 0 46 14 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 388 1384 681 5. RSC -1 3 0.21 6. SAR 0 2 0.35 B Burhi Rapti Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 36 18 2. NO3 mg/l 0 1 0.37 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 490 960 772 5. RSC 0 3 0.78 6. SAR 0 2 0.56 C Rapti Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 156 37 2. NO3 mg/l 0 134 23 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.11 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 250 1565 750 5. RSC -2 3 0.14 6. SAR 0 2 0.54 D Rohin Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 71 29 2. NO3 mg/l 10 121 40 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.11 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 250 935 526 5. RSC -2 2 0.08 6. SAR 0 2 0.80 Source: GWYB, 2014-15, CGWB, NR

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Table 4.32 : Summarized Hydro-Chemical Data of Ground Water in Rapti Basin (2015-16)

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average A Ami Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 149 51 2. NO3 mg/l 0 38 7.6 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 460 980 659 5. RSC -2 0 -0.36 6. SAR 0 2 0.54 B Burhi Rapti Sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 43 17 2. NO3 mg/l 0 1 0.16 3. F mg/l 0 0 0 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 250 838 602 5. RSC -3 3 0.43 6. SAR 0 2 0.43 C Rapti sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 7 178 48 2. NO3 mg/l 0 79 10 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.06 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 300 1360 686 5. RSC -3 2 -0.14 6. SAR 0 5 0.67 D Rohin sub-basin 1. Cl mg/l 14 149 53 2. NO3 mg/l 0 19 6.5 3. F mg/l 0 1 0.20 4. EC μS/cm at 25 ºC 450 1070 710 5. RSC -1 0 -0.20 6. SAR 0 2 0.80 Source: GWYB, 2015-16, CGWB, NR

On perusal of above values of constituents in ground water samples in different sub-basins of Rapti Basin (see Table 4.30 and Table 4.31), it has been observed that during 2015-16, in Ami sub-basin, the values of Chloride and SAR are rising whereas values of Fluoride Nitrate, RSC and EC are going down with respect to year 2014-15. But in Burhi Rapti sub-basin, values of EC, Nitrate, Chloride, RSC and SAR are going down while value of Fluoride is same & zero in 2015-16 in comparison to year 2014-15. In Rapti sub-basin values of Fluoride, Nitrate, RSC and EC are going down and values of Chloride, SAR are rising in 2015-16. The values of RSC are going down where as the values of EC, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate and SAR are rising in 2015-16 with respect to 2014-15. Considering the parameters responsible for suitability of ground water in Rapti Basin, it is observed that it is generally fit for irrigation purposes as per Electrical Conductivity, Residual Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Adsorption Ratio except at few places where corrective measures are to be taken before agricultural usage.

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Ground Water Quality – U.P. Jal Nigam Data

Major groundwater quality parameters relevant to domestic water supply are Arsenic, Fluoride and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as per recommendations of GEC-2015. On perusal of water quality data of NRDWP from 2012-13 to 2016-17 of the areas under Rapti Basin, which was mainly analysed by U.P. Jal Nigam, the blocks having the values of substances / characteristics with in desirable limit and beyond permissible limit for Arsenic, Fluoride and TDS are given in Appendix 22.

Arsenic

A rapid growth in research on arsenic occurrence and behaviour in the environment has occurred over the last decade or so. Today, environmental arsenic problems have been recognised and documented in numerous areas across the State, in a range of geological and climatic settings. Arsenic can be mobilised naturally in water and soils through weathering reactions and microbiological activity. Its mobilisation can also be initiated or exacerbated through anthropogenic activities such as metal mining and groundwater abstraction, and in some cases through the use of arsenical pesticides in agriculture and wood preservation. Drinking water constitutes a major, and possibly dominant, pathway of exposure to Arsenic in humans. Although the concentrations of Arsenic in drinking water are usually low, in some circumstances they can reach far in excess of these statutory drinking-water limits and thus cause a potentially severe threat to health. Groundwater is generally more vulnerable to Arsenic contamination than surface water because of the interaction of groundwater with aquifer minerals and the increased potential in aquifers for the generation of the physicochemical conditions favourable for Arsenic release.

The contamination of a drinking water source by arsenic can result from either natural or human activities. Arsenic is an element that occurs naturally in rocks and soil, water, air, plants, and animals. Volcanic activity, the erosion of rocks and minerals, and forest fires are natural sources that can release arsenic into the environment. Arsenic is also used in paints, drugs, dyes, soaps, metals and semi- conductors. Agricultural applications, mining, and smelting also contribute to arsenic releases. Arsenic is present in earth’s crust and occurs in more than 200 natural minerals. Under favourable environmental conditions, arsenic enters into the groundwater. Groundwater has been the major source of arsenic exposure to human population. The incidence of arsenic in drinking water, above the standard limit (0.01mg/l as per IS: 10500 2012, Amendment June 2015) has emerged as a major public health problem. The consumption of arsenic contaminated water can cause a wide range of acute and chronic diseases in humans. The source of arsenic for groundwater is mainly geogenic in nature. Therefore, if the groundwater is selected as the source of water, routine monitoring for arsenic becomes a vital step before it is conveyed to the end users for drinking or irrigation or industrial purposes.

In Rapti basin 1258 ground water samples were tested, in which 33 (2.62%) samples were having Arsenic within permissible limits (less than or equal to 0.01mg/l) and 57 (4.53%) samples were having Arsenic beyond permissible limits (greater than 0.01mg/l) while in 1168 (92.84%) samples no Arsenic was found as shown in Appendix 22 and Map 6.

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Fluoride

Presence of low or high concentration of certain ions is a major issue as they make the groundwater unsuitable for various purposes. Fluoride is one such ion that causes health problems in people living in affected areas. Fluoride concentration of atleast 0.6 mg/l is required for human consumption as it will help to have stronger teeth and bones. Consumption of water with fluoride concentration above 1.5 mg/l results in acute to chronic dental fluorosis where the tooth become coloured from yellow to brown. Skeletal fluorosis which causes weakness and bending of the bones also results due to long term consumption of water containing high fluoride.

Presence of low or high concentration of fluoride in groundwater is because of natural or anthropogenic causes or a combination of both. Natural sources are associated to the geological conditions of an area. Several rocks have fluoride bearing minerals like apatite, fluorite, biotite and hornblende. The weathering of these rocks and infiltration of rainfall through it increases fluoride concentration in groundwater. Fluoride which is present in high concentration in volcanic ash is readily soluble in water and forms another natural source. Anthropogenic sources of fluoride include agricultural fertilisers and combustion of coal. Phosphate fertilisers contribute to fluoride in irrigation lands. Coal which is a potential source of fluoride is used for combustion in various industries and in brick kilns. The aerial emission of fluoride in gaseous form during these activities reaches the surface by fall out of particulate fluorides and during rainfall they percolate with the rainwater thus reaching the groundwater table. Also, the improper disposal of fly ash on ground surface contributes to fluoride in groundwater. Since ingestion of high fluoride has a long-term effect on human health it is essential to monitor its concentration in groundwater used for drinking periodically and take steps to bring them within the permissible range of 0.6 to 1.5 mg/l.

There are several methods available for the removal of fluoride from groundwater which is insitu or exsitu. To dilute the groundwater contaminated with fluoride, artificial recharging structures can be built in suitable places which will decrease its concentration. Rainwater harvesting through existing wells also will prove effective to reduce the groundwater fluoride concentration. Exsitu methods which are conventional treatment methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, coagulation and precipitation etc. can be practiced at community level or at households to reduce fluoride concentration before ingestion. But the choice of each method depends on the local conditions of the region such as the quality of groundwater and the source of contamination whether it is natural or anthropogenic. Fluoride contamination being a prominent and widespread problem in several parts of the State and as causes for this are mostly natural and unpreventable, educating the people and defluorinating the groundwater before consumption are essential for a healthy world. A detailed and comprehensive site-specific survey will be required for effective remedial measures.

In Rapti basin 1104 ground water samples were tested, in which 958 (86.77%) samples were having Fluoride within desirable limits (less than or equal to 1 mg/l), 72 (6.52%) samples were having Fluoride between desirable and permissible limits (between 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and 74 (6.70%) samples were having Fluoride beyond permissible limits (greater than 1.5 mg/l) as shown in Appendix 22 and Map 7.

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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Mineralisation of ground water depends upon lithology, texture and nature of formation through which water moves. The ground water is generally used for domestic and irrigation purposes. The Total dissolved Solids comprise inorganic salts and some small amount of organic matter that are dissolved in water. In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water. Therefore, the total dissolved solids test provides a qualitative measure of the number of dissolved ions but does not tell us the nature or ion relationships. Total Dissolved Solids, TDS = 0.67 * EC, where EC is Electrical conductivity.

In Rapti basin 1186 ground water samples were tested, in which 1109 (93.50%) samples were having TDS within desirable limits (less than or equal to 500 mg/l), 74 (6.23%) samples were having TDS between desirable and permissible limits (between 500 and 2000 mg/l) and 03(0.25%) samples were having TDS beyond permissible limits (greater than 2000 mg/l) as shown in Appendix 22 and Map 8. So, mostly quality of groundwater in terms of TDS is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes.

Surface Water Quality

The main rivers of Rapti Basin are Rapti having their distributaries flowing in the basin. Rapti River flows from north-west to south-east in the State. The rivers in the upper courses are mostly seasonal. The quality of water in the rivers is highly dependent on the availability of freshwater in them, which varies to a considerable extent temporally and spatially. Precipitation is confined to only three months a year and varies greatly. Most of the flows in the rivers (nearly 80% to 90%) occur in monsoon period (June, July, August and September). Whatever water flows in non-monsoon period (October to May) is used extensively for irrigation and drinking, leaving very little or no flows in the river.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring by CPCB/UPPCB

According to surface water quality data of UPPCB, Water quality in Rapti deteriorates in its Gorakhpur stretch. BOD, the indicator of organic pollution increases from 2.8 to 4.6 mg/l at Domingarh d/s and decreases from 6.0 to 5.0 mg/l at Rajghat d/s from October 2015 to April 2018. With the increase/decrease in organic pollution load the DO level reduces to as low as 6.80 mg/l in April 2018, while the faecal coliforms phenomenally increase from 170 to 8300 MPN/100ml and decreases from 7000 to 5100 MPN/100ml respectively. Reason for deterioration of water quality may be attributed to direct disposal of untreated sewage from city and dumping of garbage along the river bed. The water quality of the Rapti River at Gorakhpur has been found safe.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, there should not be more than 5,000 bacteria in 100 ml of water. But in the Rapti River at Gorakhpur d/s, the bacteria count has risen to 8300 per 100 ml of water.

Rapti is facing severe problem of pollution due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluent. The assessment of water quality could not be carried out, as no monitoring site of Central Pollution Control Board exist in Rapti basin. The monthly water quality data from October, 2015 to April, 2018 of UPPCB is given in Appendix 23.

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Table 4.33 : Water quality range for Rapti River monitored by UPPCB from October 2015 to April 2018

S. Dissolved BOD Faecal coli-form Total coli-form Sampling sites No. oxygen (mg/l) (mg/l) (mpn/100ml) (mpn/100ml) 1 Domingarh d/s Gorakhpur 7.7 – 6.8 2.80 -5.0 170-8300 600 -12000 2 Rajghat d/s Gorakhpur 7.3 -7.2 6.0 -5.0 4600 -5100 7000 -13000

The water quality of Rapti River is nearly within the desirable limits set by CPCB under “Designated Best use” criteria except at monitoring point Domingarh d/s Gorakhpur and Rajghat d/s Gorakhpur during Oct. 2015 to April, 2018 i.e. monthly quality monitoring done by UPPCB.

The analysis of river water quality data of UPPCB reveals that at Domingarh d/s Gorakhpur and Rajghat d/s Gorakhpur site, dissolved oxygen is above required level of 4mg/l and ranges up to 7.70mg/l. In the same way BOD is more than desirable limit at all points except from 10/2015 to 05/2017 at Domingarh d/s Gorakhpur. Faecal coliform is always <2500 mpn/100ml at Domingarh d/s Gorakhpur and beyond desirable limit at Rajghat d/s Gorakhpur site. It is always more than desirable limit. The values of Total coliform are also above 5000mpn/100ml beyond 08/2017 at Domingarh d/s Gorakhpur except from 10/2015 to 09/2017. It is always >5000 mpn/100ml at Rajghat d/s Gorakhpur site. The maximum value of 17000mpn/100ml has been observed at Rajghat d/s Gorakhpur site.

The study of quality data from Oct. 2015 to April 2018, measured by UPPCB indicates that the water quality of Rapti river monitored with respect to DO meets the stipulated criteria and shows a stable trend except at both sites. The DO is generally measured during the daytime and may have an impact of photosynthesis.

The surface water quality of the Rapti River at both the sites has been found nearly safe. Water quality of Rapti deteriorates due to mixing of untreated sewage and industrial effluent. Faecal and total coliform values at Rapti River are within desirable limit up to July, 2017 and beyond it, these values start increasing beyond desirable limit.

Surface Water Quality Monitoring by CWC

CWC also monitors the water quality of rivers in Rapti Basin three locations, conducting analysis of about 34 parameters. However, among them only dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and conductivity are indicative of pollution. Thus, based on these three important indicators of water quality the findings of CWC are summarized in Table 4.34 to 6. The complete data is given in Appendix 24. As is clear from Table 4.34, the BOD values of the rivers in Rapti basin, monitored by CWC meet the designated best use criteria of CPCB i.e. 3 mg/l or less for the rivers in basin; this is comparable with the monitoring results of CPCB/UPPCB. The average BOD values range from 0.77 mg/l to 1.94 mg/l. Similarly, as seen from Table 4.35, the DO values are above 4 mg/l or more and thus meet the designated best use criteria of CPCB, which is again comparable with CPCB/UPPCB findings. The average DO values vary from 6.30 mg/l to 8.54 mg/l, with the lowest average DO being observed at Birdghat in Rapti River. The conductivity of the rivers is below 520 µS/cm as shown in Table 4.36. However, maximum values are sometimes higher than even 1000 µS/cm, as in the Rapti River at Regauli. This could be due to the drying up of the river during the summer months due to which concentration of dissolved solid rises resulting in increased conductivity.

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Table 4.34 : Water Quality of Rivers in Rapti Basin (CWC) - BOD, mg/l

Location Minimum Maximum Average Birdghat, Rapti river 0.95 1.94 1.33 Regauli, Rapti River 0.83 1.67 1.16 Balrampur, Rapti River 0.77 1.41 1.02

Table 4.35 : Water Quality of Rivers in Rapti Basin (CWC) - DO, mg/l

Location Minimum Maximum Average Birdghat, Rapti river 6.30 8.54 7.16 Regauli, Rapti River 6.68 7.43 7.06 Balrampur, Rapti River 6.67 7.58 7.06

Table 4.36 : Water Quality of Rivers in Rapti Basin (CWC) - Conductivity, µS/cm

Location Minimum Maximum Average Birdghat, Rapti river 299 857 468 Regauli, Rapti River 290 988 512 Balrampur, Rapti River 267 689 399

4.2 Energy Resources

There is no hydro power and one thermal power plant i.e. Utraula Thermal Power Plant in Rapti sub basin of Rapti basin having an annual demand of 4.05 MCM.

4.3 Land Resources

4.3.1 Land Use Pattern / Culturable Area Available

The current land use pattern for Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 2.6. The table shows that for Rapti Basin, the net sown area is 10.64 lakh ha i.e. 71.10 % of the total area, while the net irrigated area is 8.06 lakh ha i.e. 75.71% of total area. The culturable area available (comprising of Barren Cultivable Waste, Present Fallow Land, Other Fallow Land and Net Sown Area) is 11.37 lakh ha i.e. 75.94%.

4.3.2 Soil Characteristics

The geomorphic evolution of Rapti Basin is shown in Map 9. The different characteristics of soils in Rapti Basin are shown in Map 10 to Map 14.

Most of the soils in Rapti Basin have surface texture classified as loamy (97.37%), while 0.45% is clayey and 2.19% is sandy (see Map 10). Most soils are classified as well-drained (86.27%), while 3.84% is moderately well drained, 1.59 % is imperfectly drained, 6.11 % is poorly drained and 2.19 % is excessively drained (see Map 11).

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60.33% of Rapti Basin is classified as non-calcareous, while 33.85 % is slightly calcareous, 5.81% is moderately calcareous. (see Map 12).

Areas of Rapti Basin falling under different slope classes are given in Table 4.37 (see Map 13). 28.6% of Rapti Basin has a slope below 1% that is classed as “Level to nearly level”, while 67.2% is classed as “Very gently sloping” and only 4.2% is classed as “Gently sloping”. In the areas classified “Level to nearly level” there is not sufficient gradient to create an erosive velocity. Mostly the areas adjacent to the rivers have slopes more than 1%. As a result, the problem of erosion is only found in the areas adjacent to nala and rivers.

From analysis of Soil Erosion Classes (see Map 14), 38.99 % of the Rapti Basin has no erosion while 56.82 % has slight erosion and 4.19% has moderate erosion which is mainly adjacent to drains and rivers and in the upper areas of the basin.

Overall, Rapti basin soil is suitable for improved agriculture with possibility of crop diversification and intensification with comparable productivity.

Table 4.37 : Area under Different Slope Classes in Rapti Basin

Slope Class Slope Percentage Area(km)2 Area (%) Level to nearly level 0-1 4,188.97 28.6 Very gently sloping 1-3 9,851.19 67.2 Gently sloping 3-8 615.30 4.2 Moderately sloping 8-15 - - Moderately steep slopping 15-30 - - Steeply sloping 30-50 - - Source: Analysis of NBSS & LUP data

4.3.3 Details of Forest Land and Fallow Land

As can be seen from Table 4.38, forest land is 1.448 lakh ha in Rapti Basin, i.e. 9.47% of the total area. Its distribution in Burhi Rapti, Ami, Rapti and Rohin Sub-basin is 12.3%, 1.64%, 9.54% and 14.38%, respectively. Fallow land (comprising Present Fallow Land and Other Fallow Land) is 0.609 lakh ha i.e. 4.38% of the total area. Its distribution in Burhi Rapti, Ami, Rapti and Rohin Sub-basin is 3.1%, 6.89%, 3.78% and 3.75%, respectively. The higher percentage of fallow land in Ami sub-basin can be attributed to the portions of lesser irrigation command areas and poor soil and terrain characteristics (see Section 4.3.2).

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Table 4.38 : Forest and Fallow Land in Rapti Basin, (2014-2015)

Burhi Rapti Land Use Category Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Forest Area, ha 35101 3317 76331 30054 144803 Forest Area in % of Total Area 12.30 1.64 9.54 14.38 9.47 Present Fallow Land 6809 9894 22139 5825 44667 Other Fallow Land 2045 4045 8137 2024 16251 Total Fallow Land 8854 13939 30276 7849 60918 Total Fallow Land in % of Total Area 3.10 6.89 3.78 3.75 4.38 Source: UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15

4.4 Other Resources

4.4.1 Fisheries

Fisheries production in Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 4.39, the administrative levels details are given in Appendix 25. Out of the total fisheries production in Rapti Basin, Rapti Sub-basin contributes 57.63%, while Ami, Burhi Rapti and Rohin Sub-basin contributes 14.72%, 11.42% and 16.22%.

Table 4.39 : Fisheries Production in Rapti Basin

Government Private Sub Basin No. of Reservoir Production, No. of Reservoir Production, Reservoir Area, ha Qtl Reservoir Area, ha Qtl Ami 3 52 192 746 471 14939 Burhi Rapti 5 359 243 352 386 11591 Rapti 17 592 1109 2517 1885 58465 Rohin 4 74 399 366 571 16453 Rapti Basin 29 1077 1943 3981 3313 101448 Source: UP Fisheries Department, 2014-15

4.4.2 Human Resources

4.4.2.1 Extent and Distribution

The total population of the Rapti Basin is 13.91 million as per 2011 census. Population density considering both urban and rural population works out to 948 person/sq.km (ranges from 264 to 16,532 person/sq.km). The Sub-basin wise details are given earlier in Table 2.2 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 2 and Map 2.

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4.4.2.2 Calibre/Qualification

As per census 2011, out of the total population, 13.91 million i.e. 88.7% population is rural (Table 2.2 and Appendix 2) and about 72.31% of the working population are involved in agricultural activities (see Table 2.5 and Appendix 5). The literacy rate is 62.7% (see Table 2.2 and Appendix 2).

4.4.2.3 Employment Opportunities

Among Males, work participation rate as per census 2011 was 57.0% and for Females was 26.1%. Overall, the work participation rate of 41.8% was comparable with the state average of 40.4% (58.6% male and 20.5% female). The Sub-basin wise work participation rate are shown in Table 4.40.

Table 4.40 : Work Participation Rate in Rapti Basin

Work Participation Population between 6 to 65 Years Workers Sub Basin Rate, % Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Ami 763,166 747,927 1,511,093 428,432 179,082 607,511 56.1 23.9 40.2 Burhi Rapti 882,626 852,316 1,734,940 478,817 235,997 714,812 54.3 27.7 41.2 Rapti 2,993,720 2,869,242 5,862,961 1,874,181 705,950 2,580,132 62.6 24.6 44.0 Rohin 909,189 866,970 1,776,160 499,541 242,575 742,117 54.9 28.0 41.8 Rapti Total 5,548,701 5,336,455 10,885,154 3,280,971 1,363,604 4,644,572 57.0 26.1 41.8 Source: Census of India, 2011

Most employment opportunities in the Basin are associated with agricultural production. There is potential for employment opportunities to be increased through the growth of irrigated agriculture, and through growth in supply chains for agricultural inputs, or chains associated with distribution and marketing of agricultural outputs.

4.4.3 Flora and Fauna

As per the land use pattern data of 2014-15 (see Table 2.6), the forest and tree cover of Rapti Basin is estimated as 1,44,803 ha which is only 9.67% of the basin area. This is less than the desired minimum of 33% as per the National Forest Policy 1988. The forest area and tree cover of the State is about 8.1% of the State area. The forest and tree cover of Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin sub basin is 1.64%, 12.30% ,9.54 %and 14.38%, respectively of the corresponding Sub-basin areas.

4.5 Summary of Water Availability for Rapti Basin

The summary of water resources availability in Rapti Basin is given in Table 4.41 and the utilizable water resources is given in Table 4.42. Total available water resources of the basin including importable surface water as per share is 18,278 MCM at 90% dependability and 20,851 MCM at 75% dependability, detailed as tabulated below. However, considering the capacity of existing infrastructure and that about 80% of the total surface water flows occur in monsoon, the utilizable water resources in the basin is 9,553 MCM at 90% dependability and 9,739 MCM at 75% dependability.

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Table 4.41 : Summary of Water Resources Availability for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr

Table 4.42 : Summary of Utilizable Water Resources for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr

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5 WATER DEMAND AND DEVELOPMENT NEED IN RAPTI BASIN – PRESENT AND FUTURE

5.1 Growth Potential in the Basin

5.1.1 Population Growth and Distribution

As mentioned earlier, as per census 2011, the total population of Rapti Basin is 13,915,226 out of which 1,573,599 is urban and 12,341,627 is rural. Average population density of Rapti Basin is 843.64 person/km2, which is higher than the state average of 828 person/km2 and higher than the national average of 382 person/km2. The population projections were made using Arithmetical increase method, Geometrical increase method, Incremental increase method and Polynomial curve fitting method using the past 5 decades data (1961 to 2011). The population projection by Polynomial curve fitting method has been adopted which represents the decreasing rate of growth seen for Uttar Pradesh during 1991-2001 (25.9%) and 2001-2011 (20.1%) (for details see Appendix 26). The projected population by selected method for the total, rural and urban population up to 2045 of Rapti Basin is shown in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1 and the administrative level details are given in Appendix 27.

Table 5.1 : Projected Population of Rapti Basin

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Figure 5.1 : Projected Population of Rapti Basin

5.1.2 Agricultural Production

As per data of year 2014-15, the area, production and yield of the three major agriculture produce of Rapti Basin is shown in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 : Area, Production and Yield of Major Agriculture Produce in Rapti Basin, 2014-15

S. Area, Production, Yield, Qtl/ha Crop No. ha mt Average Maximum 1 Rice 715718 1577482 22.04 27.41 2 Wheat 705287 1574868 22.33 36.49 3 Sugarcane 66017 3646337 552.33 647.52 * - Based on district-wise data of last 10 years Source: UP Agriculture Department

From above Table, it can be seen that the productivity of wheat in Rapti Basin for year 2014-15 was 22.33 Qtl. /ha which is lower than the State productivity (22.77 Qtl. /ha) and the National productivity (27.50 Qtl. /ha). The productivity of rice in Rapti Basin for year 2014-15 was 22.04 Qtl. /ha which is higher than the State productivity (20.72 Qtl. /ha) and lower than the National productivity (23.91 Qtl. /ha). The productivity of sugarcane in Rapti Basin for year 2014-15 was 552.33 Qtl. /ha which is lower than the State productivity (621.55 Qtl. /ha) and the National productivity (715.12 Qtl. /ha). The productivity maps of these crops have been prepared and shown in Figure 5.2 to Figure 5.4.

Considering the productivity of wheat, rice and sugarcane in Rapti Basin, there is a large potential for improvement as compared to other high yielding northern States of India like Punjab (wheat - 42.94 Qtl./ha, rice - 38.38 Qtl./ha, sugarcane - 748.83 Qtl./ha) and Haryana (wheat - 39.81 Qtl./ha, rice - 31.13 Qtl./ha, sugarcane - 739.07 Qtl./ha).

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Figure 5.2 : Wheat Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Rapti Basin Districts

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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Figure 5.3 : Rice Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Rapti Basin Districts

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

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Figure 5.4 : Sugarcane Productivity (Qtl/ha) in Rapti Basin Districts

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

5.1.3 Livestock Population and Growth

As mentioned earlier, as per Livestock Census 2012, the total population of Livestock in Rapti Basin is 33.07 lakhs. There is no definite trend of the livestock i.e. increasing or decreasing. The Uttar Pradesh State is a drought prone state. It faces frequent droughts in some parts which affects the livestock population. Thousands even lakhs of animals die in drought years due to shortage of water and fodder. Therefore, some definite criteria cannot be evolved for future projections of livestock. However, on the basis of available data of livestock census for 1997, 2003, 2007 and 2012, the trend diagrams for the various main categories of domestic animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and remaining others as well as poultry have been plotted, based on which projections of livestock for the year 2015, 2025, 2035 and 2045 have been made over the 2012 population census figures. The projected livestock population of Rapti Basin is shown in Table 5.3, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 28.

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Table 5.3 : Projected Livestock Population of Rapti Basin

Total Sub Basin Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Others Poultry Livestock 2015 Ami 121114 149674 3954 127741 3133 308 405924 233836 Burhi Rapti 235987 156759 5875 195898 6367 548 601434 325871 Rapti 675718 610537 15713 599553 26970 3039 1931530 1056119 Rohin 105379 168068 3556 184562 11005 599 473169 486369 Basin Total 1138198 1085038 29098 1107754 47475 4494 3412057 2102195 2025 Ami 122076 185097 2819 148647 0 0 458639 292515 Burhi Rapti 220538 193859 4191 227955 0 0 646543 407640 Rapti 665539 755026 11212 697672 0 0 2129449 1321124 Rohin 110132 207840 2537 214766 0 0 535275 608410 Basin Total 1118285 1341822 20759 1289040 0 0 3769906 2629689 2035 Ami 123035 220521 1686 169552 0 0 514794 351189 Burhi Rapti 205089 230954 2505 260012 0 0 698560 489411 Rapti 655358 899514 6705 795793 0 0 2357370 1586129 Rohin 114883 247615 1518 244969 0 0 608985 730453 Basin Total 1098365 1598604 12414 1470326 0 0 4179709 3157182 2045 Ami 123994 255942 554 190454 0 0 570944 409863 Burhi Rapti 189638 268055 822 292068 0 0 750583 571178 Rapti 645183 1044006 2196 893909 0 0 2585294 1851135 Rohin 119632 287390 498 275172 0 0 682692 852495 Basin Total 1078447 1855393 4070 1651603 0 0 4589513 3684671 * - Becomes negative value in future years.

5.1.4 Industrial Production

There are 12 Industrial Areas in Rapti Basin, out of which 7 are in Rapti Sub-basin, 2 are in Ami Sub- basin, 2 are in Burhi Rapti Sub-basin and remaining 1 is in Rohin Sub-basin (see Appendix 9 and Figure 2.6). As per the district reports of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises different growth rates have been adopted for industrial development (see details in Appendix 29).

5.2 Food and Agriculture

5.2.1 Food Grain Supply and Demand

According to the statistics, the State produced 39.59 million metric tonnes of food grains in 2014-15. This is equivalent to about 182 kg/person. Within Rapti Basin, the production of food grains in 2014- 15 was 3.14 million metric tonnes, or 208 kg/person. This is 15.9% higher than the state average for food grains. As per the SWP the annual food grain requirement per person is about 233 kg. Considering this food grain requirement of 233 kg/person and the projected population in Section 5.1.1, the food grain demand for Rapti Basin for year 2015, 2025, 2035 and 2045 works out to 3.47, 4.04, 4.59 and 5.10 million metric tonnes. Hence, it can be seen that there is a deficit of 9.5% in food grain supply for year 2015.

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Maps of per capita (considering only rural population) crop production for Rice and Wheat by districts are presented in Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.6, respectively. The figures show that there is a wide variation in crop production per capita across Rapti Basin. It is noticeable that the highest crop production per capita occurs at the heads of canal systems or, in the case of Rice in Gandak system, highest per capita production occurs near the heads of the major Branch canals. Figure 5.7 shows per capita production of cereal crops (Rice plus Wheat).

Figure 5.5 : Per Capita Rice Production in Rapti Basin (2014-15)

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

For Rice, the per capita production is found higher in the head reaches of the running canal system, 149 kg/person in Shrawasti district, from Saryu system; 152 kg/person in Mahrajganj district, from Gandak system and 174 kg/person in Siddharthnagar district from Saryu lift schemes to lower values in incomplete or tail reaches (100 kg/person in Balrampur, 72 kg/person in Basti and 87 kg/person in Gorakhpur). The average Rice production in Rapti Basin is 117 kg/person.

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Figure 5.6 : Per Capita Wheat Production in Rapti Basin (2014-15)

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

For Wheat, the per capita production is found higher in the head reaches of the running canal system, 170 kg/person in Shrawasti district, from Saryu system; 134 kg/person in Mahrajganj district, from Gandak system and 150 kg/person in Siddharthnagar district from Saryu lift schemes to lower values in incomplete or tail reaches (103 kg/person in Balrampur, 83 kg/person in Basti and 86 kg/person in Gorakhpur). The average Rice production in Rapti Basin is 115 kg/person.

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Figure 5.7 : Per Capita Cereal (Wheat and Rice) Production in Rapti Basin (2014-15)

Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

Currently, there is a significant part of Rapti population under poverty line and at the same time, it is expected that the population will grow almost at the similar pace it is growing now. As a result, demand for food grain will certainly increase in the time to come. The deficit in food grain availability can be minimised only through better land and water management.

5.2.2 Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area

The present (2014-15) net sown area, gross cropped area and irrigated area for Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins is shown in Table 5.4. It can be seen that 72.62% of the total area of Rapti Basin is sown while there is 4.38% of fallow land available (see Section 4.3.3). Hence there is not much scope to increase the net sown area.

The total gross cropped area in Rapti Basin is 155.71% of net sown area. The gross cropped area in terms of percent of net sown area for Rabi, Kharif and Jayad is 76.04%, 77.72% and 1.96%, respectively. The gross cropped area in terms of percent of cultivable area for Rabi, Kharif and Jayad is 71.92%, 73.51% and 1.85%, respectively. Hence there is further scope to increase the cropping intensity.

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About 75.71% of the net sown area is irrigated, while 63.47% of the gross cropped area is irrigated by surface and ground water source. The surface water source is utilized through diversion structures hence the supply is limited to the conveyance capacity of the main canals in monsoon season when there is surplus water in the river, during non-monsoon season the flows in the rivers reduces and are almost fully utilized for irrigation in the project command areas. The groundwater is utilized through open wells and tubewells (public and private). In terms of net irrigated area, 6.48 % of it is irrigated by surface water while 89.90% of it is irrigated by groundwater in Rapti Basin. For the sub-basins there is variation in the area irrigated by surface water and groundwater; Burhi Rapti Sub-basin – 11.39% by Surface water and 77.64% by groundwater; Rohin Sub-basin – 7.9 % by Surface water and 91.29 % by groundwater; Ami Sub-basin – 3.43 % by Surface water and 95.57 % by groundwater and in Rapti Sub basin -5.62 % by surface water and 91.25 % by groundwater.

The reason of low irrigation by surface water in all the sub basins is that canal network in Rapti basin from Saryu Nahar pariyojana is under construction. Only partly completed and connected lengths from head are in running conditions that too with lesser capacities.

Table 5.4 : Present Net Sown Area, Gross Cropped Area and Irrigated Area in Rapti Basin (2014-15)

Burhi Rapti Area, ha Ami % % Rapti % Rohin % % Rapti Basin Total area 173488 290488 787762 210484 1465822 Net Sown Area * 149541 86.20 194900 67.09 577820 73.35 142206 67.56 1064467 72.62 Area Sown More than Once # 78162 52.27 90527 46.45 317138 54.89 110026 77.37 595853 55.98 Gross Cropped Area - Total # 227690 152.26 283426 145.42 894168 154.75 252212 177.36 1657496 155.71 Gross Cropped Area - Rabi # 114311 76.44 132836 68.16 439173 76.01 123088 86.56 809408 76.04 Gross Cropped Area - Kharif # 109979 73.54 148811 76.35 443439 76.74 125040 87.93 827269 77.72 Gross Cropped Area - Jayad # 3405 2.28 1779 0.91 11550 2.00 4084 2.87 20818 1.96 Land Prepared for Sugarcane # 13 0.01 59 0.03 264 0.05 22 0.02 358 0.03 Net Irrigated Area # 130019 86.95 122130 62.66 432992 74.94 120731 84.90 805872 75.71 Gross Irrigated Area $ 168082 73.82 171715 60.59 583913 65.30 128228 50.84 1051938 63.47 * - Percent of Total Area; # - Percent of Net Sown Area; $ - Percent of Gross Cropped Area – Total Source: UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15

5.2.3 Anticipated Increase in Net Sown Area and Gross Cropped Area

5.2.3.1 Cropping Pattern and Past Trend

Agricultural practice and cropping pattern information is available for each district, at block level, for the years 1993-94 to 2015-16. Information on the total area planted for more than 40 crops has been analysed for the whole State and Rapti Basin and its Sub-basins to review cropping pattern and its various trends. Out of the total crops, 11 major crops from different seasons were selected considering present cropping pattern, their field occupancy and necessity and the remaining 29 crops were clubbed to represent a group of other crops in kharif and rabi season. The selected crops are: Wheat, Rice kharif, Sugarcane, Maize kharif, Arhar, Jwar, Bajra, Gram, Barley, Potato, Pea, Other Kharif Crops

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Figure 5.8 : Crop Distribution as Percentage of Total Cultivated Area, 2014-15

Time series analyses have also being conducted on each major crop to identify changes or trends in cropping pattern over the last two decades as shown in Table 5.5, which could have significant impacts over future crop water requirements.

Table 5.5 : Past Areas (ha) of Major Crops of Rapti Basin and Trend

Maize Year Arhar Bajra Barley Gram Jwar Pea Potato kharif 2004-2005 26985 362 2957 2085 251 35710 12378 12062 2009-2010 19523 97 2351 1496 88 25918 10632 11172 2014-2015 16304 75 1436 1464 39 16002 8410 9655 Trend -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve w.r.t crop area -68.5% -831.9% -102.3% -45.3% -1060.0% -123.0% -46.7% -24.7% w.r.t net sown area -1.00% -0.03% -0.14% -0.06% -0.02% -1.85% -0.37% -0.23% w.r.t cultivable area -0.95% -0.03% -0.14% -0.06% -0.02% -1.75% -0.35% -0.21%

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Other Other Gross Rice Jayad Year Sugarcane Wheat Kharif Rabi Cultivated kharif Crops Crops Crops Area 2004-2005 710521 76548 663654 11946 97099 1136 1653694 2009-2010 711462 74712 689127 12685 93300 4935 1657498 2014-2015 715719 66013 705290 11866 84134 4364 1640771 Trend +ve -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve -ve w.r.t crop area 0.7% -15.7% 5.9% -0.7% -15.2% 63.4% -0.8% w.r.t net sown area 0.49% -0.99% 3.91% -0.01% -1.22% 0.30% -1.21% w.r.t cultivable area 0.46% -0.94% 3.70% -0.01% -1.15% 0.29% -1.15% Note: +ve/-ve means increasing/decreasing trend in area Source: UP Agriculture Department

Figure 5.9 summarises the results of trend analysis for the major crops of Rapti Basin. It can be observed that in the last decade of cropping practice:

 The total cultivated area of Wheat has experienced an increase from approximately 6.64 lac ha to nearly 7.05 lac ha, which represents approximately 6% increase in cultivated area.  The cultivation of Rice has also grown, from approximately 7.11 lac ha to nearly 7.16 lac ha, which represents approximately a 0.7% increase in cultivated area.  Sugarcane cultivation shows decrease in cultivation of approximately 15.7%, from 0.77 lac ha to 0.66 lac ha.  The cultivated area of Jayad crops show an increase of 63.4%, while area cultivated under all remaining crops has decreased.  Overall the gross cultivated area shows a decrease of 0.8%.

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Figure 5.9 : Trends in Cultivated Areas of Major Crops (1994-95 to 2014-15)

Wheat Rice Kharif 800000 800000 600000 600000 400000 400000

Area (ha) 200000 Area (ha) 200000 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Sugarcane Potato 100000 15000 80000 10000 60000 40000 5000 Area (ha) 20000 Area (ha) 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Other Kharif Crops Other Rabi Crops 15000 150000

10000 100000

5000 50000 Area (ha) Area (ha)

0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Arhar Bajra 30000 400 300 20000 200 10000 Area (ha) Area (ha) 100 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

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Barley Gram 4000 2500 3000 2000 1500 2000 1000

Area (ha) 1000 Area (ha) 500 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Jwar Maize Kharif 300 40000 30000 200 20000 100 Area (ha) Area (ha) 10000 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Pea Gross Cultivated Area 15000 2000000 1500000 10000 1000000 5000 Area (ha) Area (ha) 500000 0 0 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 2004‐05 2009‐10 2014‐15 Year Year

Rapti Basin is predominantly a Rice-Wheat cropping area, although other crops such as oilseeds, pulses, vegetables and tree crops also play an important role in meeting the nutritional needs of the population and providing income. Sugarcane is the next prominent crop in Rapti Basin. In most areas it is grown for consumption within the local area while there are large areas in the north where it is grown on a commercial basis.

Since most crops are produced on a subsistence basis, the cropped areas of major crops are expressed on a per capita basis to indicate the potential production relative to potential consumption. The average per capita areas sown to major crops in Rapti Basin are presented in Table 5.6.

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Table 5.6 : Average Areas Sown (ha) to Major Crops per 1000 person

Basin / Sub Rice Other Culturable Wheat Sugarcane Potato Basin Kharif Vegetables Area Ami 46.6 50.5 2.1 0.8 1.0 78.8 Burhi Rapti 65.3 52.9 8.6 0.6 0.8 95.8 Rapti 43.3 44.8 4.4 0.6 1.0 72.4 Rohin 51.0 49.0 2.6 0.9 1.4 65.8 Rapti Basin 48.1 47.4 4.4 0.6 1.1 75.6 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15 data

5.2.3.2 Sub-basin wise Trend Analysis

Landuse analysis of the Rapti basin at sub-basin levels for the year 2004-05,2009-10 and 2014-15 shows, that during a tenure of ten years, lot of changes are being seen.

The forest area in Rapti basin has increased from 3.81% to 9.67% (see Table 5.7), however this improvement has been seen in districts of all the sub basins except Ami sub basin.

Table 5.7 : Change in Land Use Analysis for Future Options to be Considered Year Basin Area Area Basin Total Area, ha ha Total Area, Sugarcane in % % to Basin Area Basin / Sub Basin Forest are in % to to % in are Forest Land Prepared for for Prepared Land Cropping Intensity % to Net Sown Area Area Sown % to Net Net Area Sown in % in Sown Area Net Net Irrigated Area in in Area Net Irrigated Uncultivated Land in in % to net sown area area sown % to net in area sown % to net in area sown % to net in Gross area sown Rabi Gross area % to Gross Sown Area Sown % to Gross Gross area sown Jayad Gross area Gross Irrigated Area in in Area Irrigated Gross Gross area sown Kharif Gross area Ami 2005 203439 1.64 10.07 74.53 158.65 77.60 78.38 2.67 0.003 75.13 50.86 Ami 2010 202449 1.64 9.56 74.96 156.08 77.87 75.73 2.48 0.002 78.35 54.60 Ami 2015 202321 1.64 10.13 73.91 152.26 76.44 73.54 2.28 0.009 86.95 73.82 Burhi Rapti 2005 253984 2.95 8.00 75.82 146.73 63.21 82.24 1.28 1.190 45.06 38.35 Burhi Rapti 2010 286055 12.28 6.82 68.11 149.56 69.58 78.74 1.24 0.028 52.38 43.83 Burhi Rapti 2015 285458 12.30 6.17 68.28 145.42 68.16 76.35 0.91 0.030 62.66 60.59 Rapti 2005 752185 3.52 7.31 77.51 154.42 73.78 78.66 1.98 0.528 65.69 52.66 Rapti 2010 795860 9.60 6.37 72.60 156.86 76.46 78.55 1.85 0.031 68.75 56.30 Rapti 2015 800324 9.54 6.20 72.20 154.75 76.01 76.74 2.00 0.046 74.94 65.30 Rohin 2005 198051 8.26 7.10 72.59 179.30 86.46 89.74 3.10 0.029 82.77 50.40 Rohin 2010 210006 14.29 5.46 68.44 174.36 83.64 87.83 2.89 0.019 85.02 52.16 Rohin 2015 209035 14.38 5.55 68.03 177.36 86.56 87.93 2.87 0.015 84.90 50.84 Rapti Total 2005 1407659 3.81 7.81 76.08 156.97 74.12 80.75 2.10 0.506 65.61 49.65 Rapti Total 2010 1494370 9.69 6.76 71.47 157.77 76.37 79.43 1.97 0.025 69.32 53.29 Rapti Total 2015 1497138 9.67 6.64 71.10 155.71 76.04 77.72 1.96 0.034 75.71 63.47 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

The net sown area has virtually decreased in Rapti basin that is from 76.08% to 71.10% with a similar pattern in all the four sub-basins. This is result of reduction of area sown in kharif and jayad season and also may be due to increase in land put to non-agriculture use.

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Further, the cropping intensity in Rapti basin has decreased from 156.97% to 155.71%, which may be, as cultivators are not assured of supplies due to development of canal network. The gross sown area has increased in rabi from 74.12% to 76.04%, while in kharif, it has decreased from 80.75% to 77.72%.

Net irrigated area % to net sown area and gross irrigated area % to gross sown area is showing a positive trend in all the four sub-basins. In Rapti basin the net irrigated area has increased to 75.71%, as compared to 65.61%, whereas gross irrigated area has increased to 63.47% from 49.65%. It shows that better irrigation facilities are being provided, either through surface water or ground water with crop diversification.

Area irrigated from different sources for the year 2004-05, 2008-09 and 2004-15, sub-basin wise has been tabulated below (see Table 5.8). Canal irrigated area has been decreased to 7.09% from 9.01%, during the last 10 years. This drop is more due to disturbance in canal supplies, caused by damages in canal system due to heavy floods in upper reaches of Saryu system. On the other hand, ground water irrigation area has increased from 85.82 % to 88.94%.

Table 5.8 : Area Irrigated from Different Sources in Rapti basin

% of Area % of Area Basin Total Canals GW % of GW Canal Irrigated Irrigated Sub Basin Area, Year Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated from Other from Other sq.km Area in ha Area in ha Area in ha Area Area Sources in ha Sources

Ami 1735 2004-05 113917 1274 1.12 109236 95.89 3407 2.99 Ami 1735 2008-09 120677 3139 2.60 114563 94.93 2975 2.47 Ami 1735 2014-15 130023 4458 3.43 124262 95.57 1303 1.00 Burhi Rapti 2905 2004-05 86763 11294 13.02 64078 73.85 11391 13.13 Burhi Rapti 2905 2008-09 108640 12458 11.47 88499 81.46 7683 7.07 Burhi Rapti 2905 2014-15 121477 13840 11.39 94311 77.64 13326 10.97 Rapti 7878 2004-05 383004 27870 7.28 345277 90.15 9857 2.57 Rapti 7878 2008-09 390469 27251 6.98 354350 90.75 8868 2.27 Rapti 7878 2014-15 432356 24281 5.62 394518 91.25 13557 3.14 Rohin 2141 2004-05 118990 17385 14.61 99228 83.39 2377 2.00 Rohin 2141 2008-09 118272 16389 13.86 100738 85.17 1145 0.97 Rohin 2141 2014-15 120731 9533 7.90 110221 91.29 977 0.81 Rapti Total 14658 2004-05 702674 57823 9.01 617819 85.82 27032 5.17 Rapti Total 14658 2008-09 738058 59237 8.73 658150 88.08 20671 3.20 Rapti Total 14658 2014-15 804587 52112 7.09 723312 88.94 29163 3.98 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

The cropped area of major crops in Rapti basin, sub-basin wise is tabulated below for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years.

It shows that for Rapti basin rice cropped area in Kharif has increased from 710521 ha (40.6% of basin area) to 715719 ha (43.4% of basin area) and irrigated area has increased from 95150 ha (5.4% of basin area) to 287845 ha (17.5% of basin area) during a period of 10 years. With increase in irrigation facilities Zaid Kharif area has reduced. Parallel trend has been seen in all the sub-basins of Rapti basin.

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Similarly, for cropped area of wheat in Rabi has increased from 663654 ha (37.9 % of basin area) to 705290 ha (42.8% of basin area) and irrigated area has increased from 637383 ha (36.4% of basin area) to 678580 ha (41.1% of basin area) during a period of 10 years. And on the other hand, sugarcane cropped area has decreased from 76548 ha (4.4 % of basin area) 66013 ha (4.0% of basin area) and sugarcane irrigated area has also decreased from 46717 ha (2.67% of basin area) to 39268 ha (2.38 % of basin area).

It clearly speaks that with the development of canal network kharif irrigated area is increasing.

Table 5.9 : Cropped Area of Major Crops in Rapti Basin

Basin Rice Jayad Rice Kharif Sugarcane Wheat Basin / Area in Year Sub Basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha 233695 2005 77 77 107835 4991 6089 5283 96465 95711 Ami 232891 2010 0 0 104125 8679 4214 4149 105107 105085 219562 2015 0 0 96678 43496 4353 4287 104707 104672 326481 2005 0 0 133483 10543 22821 8092 114409 103825 Burhi 347713 2010 0 0 132449 9969 21345 7623 114917 104583 Rapti 308661 2015 0 0 138858 82885 18293 6339 112455 98827 931148 2005 192 135 352025 74321 41208 28065 342892 328342 Rapti 943462 2010 107 82 360584 100093 42272 30470 359621 347528 870224 2015 47 43 363816 159894 37381 23038 376299 363256 258202 2005 134 124 117178 5295 6430 5278 109888 109505 Rohin 255945 2010 64 55 114304 9941 6881 5800 109482 109298 250987 2015 29 25 116367 1570 5986 5604 111829 111825 1749526 2005 403 336 710521 95150 76548 46718 663654 637383 Rapti 1780011 2010 171 137 711462 128682 74712 48042 689127 666494 1649434 2015 76 68 715719 287845 66013 39268 705290 678580 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

An increasing trend of gross sown area in Kharif and Rabi, shows that with the availability of water cultivators are starting to go for rice, wheat cycle.

Further the cropped area of pulses in Rapti basin, sub basin wise is tabulated in Table 5.10 for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years. From this table it can be seen that the cropped area of Arhar has decreased from 26985 ha to 16304 ha during the last 10 years. Similarly, the cropped area of Gram has gone down from 2085 ha to 1464 ha, Pea area has decreased from 12378 ha to 8410 ha, Lentil area has decreased from 60359 ha to 48647 ha, moong jayad has decreased from 149 ha to 64 ha and Urad kharif has gone down to 1908 ha from 2235 ha.

It shows that area of pulses having low water requirement has gone down during the last 10 years may be due to that cultivator are not getting proper returns.

Total cropped area of pulses has decreased from 104317 ha (5.86 % of basin area) to 76922 ha (4.66% of basin area) during the last 10 years.

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Table 5.10 : Cropped Area of Pulses in Rapti Basin

Arhar Gram Pea Lentil Basin / Year Sub basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha 2005 3649 1 633 520 3777 3560 1250 692 Ami 2010 2442 0 568 435 2837 2791 912 623 2015 2096 200 424 399 2208 2149 728 453 2005 7464 0 113 52 1456 1032 15390 2016 Burhi Rapti 2010 5868 0 178 29 2005 1827 14406 1333 2015 5528 931 286 72 1474 1238 14162 530 2005 14912 12 1203 680 5993 5079 36157 3548 Rapti 2010 10683 65 686 452 5010 4495 33468 2937 2015 8373 628 718 482 4196 3554 28117 1309 2005 960 1 136 112 1152 1044 7562 516 Rohin 2010 530 0 64 57 780 757 6049 495 2015 307 0 36 35 532 529 5640 282 2005 26985 14 2085 1364 12378 10715 60359 6772 Rapti 2010 19523 65 1496 973 10632 9870 54835 5388 2015 16304 1759 1464 988 8410 7470 48647 2574

Moong Jayad Moong Kharif Urad Jayad Urad Kharif Total Basin / Year Cropped Sub basin Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha Area, ha 2005 6 5 0 0 8 8 131 0 9454 Ami 2010 4 4 0 0 6 6 23 0 6792 2015 5 5 0 0 6 6 22 7 5489 2005 0 0 15 0 2 2 718 0 25158 Burhi Rapti 2010 0 0 0 0 12 12 546 1 23015 2015 0 0 0 0 8 8 630 78 22088 2005 94 92 18 9 53 51 1371 7 59801 Rapti 2010 94 86 6 0 60 53 1380 2 51387 2015 46 38 0 0 88 81 1251 54 42789 2005 49 49 2 0 28 28 15 0 9904 Rohin 2010 30 30 0 0 27 27 15 0 7495 2015 21 21 0 0 15 15 5 0 6556 2005 149 146 35 9 91 89 2235 7 104317 Rapti 2010 128 120 6 0 105 98 1964 3 88689 2015 72 64 0 0 117 110 1908 139 76922 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

Table 5.11 : Cropped Area of Oilseeds in Rapti Basin

Alsi Groundnut Mustard Soyabean Sunflower Til Basin / Total Sub Year Cropped basin Area, ha area, ha ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, Cropped Cropped Cropped Cropped Cropped Cropped Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated 2005 5 2 51 0 2157 2091 0 0 0 0 10 0 2223 Ami 2010 141 32 40 0 1890 1873 0 0 2 2 32 0 2105 2015 127 31 30 0 2062 2061 0 0 1 1 53 0 2273 2005 641 273 44 0 11121 7324 0 0 0 0 10 0 11816 Burhi 2010 978 81 44 0 11271 6068 0 0 0 0 8 0 12301 Rapti 2015 970 78 31 31 10444 4511 0 0 0 0 0 0 11445

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Alsi Groundnut Mustard Soyabean Sunflower Til Basin / Total Sub Year Cropped basin Area, ha area, ha ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, Cropped Cropped Cropped Cropped Cropped Cropped Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated 2005 301 69 4531 2 15944 9055 0 0 0 0 466 0 21242 Rapti 2010 381 47 3559 18 14182 8225 4 0 11 4 498 1 18635 2015 348 31 3519 17 13259 7106 0 0 216 1 375 0 17717 2005 233 40 1877 0 3017 2525 0 0 1 0 79 0 5207 Rohin 2010 94 10 1863 0 1988 1953 0 0 8 1 71 0 4024 2015 95 1 1757 0 1975 1869 0 0 92 3 118 1 4037 2005 1180 384 6503 2 32239 20995 0 0 1 0 565 0 40488 Rapti 2010 1594 170 5506 18 29331 18119 4 0 21 7 609 1 37065 2015 1540 141 5337 48 27740 15547 0 0 309 5 546 1 35472 Source: Analysis of UP Agriculture Department data

Further the cropped area of oilseeds in Rapti basin, sub-basin wise is given in Table 5.11 for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years.

In oilseeds, the cropped area in Alsi has increased from 1180 ha to 1540 ha, Sunflower from 1 ha to 309 ha, while Groundnut area has decreased from 6503 ha to 5337 ha and Mustard area has decreased from 20995 ha to 18547 ha. Area in oilseeds has decreased from 40488 ha (2.31 % of basin area to 35472 ha (2.15% of basin area).

Further the cropped area of other major crops in Rapti basin, sub-basin wise is tabulated in Table 5.12 for the last 10 years, since 2005, at a gap of 5 years.

Cropped area of all the other major crops, Bajra has gone down from 362 ha to 75 ha, Barley from 2957 ha to 1436 ha, Jwar from 251 ha to 39 ha and maize kharif from 35710 ha to 16002 ha except Maize Jayad, which has increased from 0 ha to 842 ha in a period of 10 years. The cropped area of all the four major other crops has gone down from 39280 ha (2.24% of basin area) to 18394 ha (1.11% of basin area).

Table 5.12 : Cropped Area of all the Other Major Crops

Basin / Bajra Barley Jowar Maize Kharif Maize Jayad Total Sub Year Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped Irrigated Cropped basin area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha area, ha Area, ha 2005 47 0 399 364 1 0 1080 0 0 0 1527 Ami 2010 0 0 320 292 1 0 931 23 2 2 1254 2015 2 0 268 244 0 0 916 100 30 30 1216 2005 88 0 133 61 23 0 2918 3 0 0 3162 Burhi 2010 0 0 58 18 0 0 2466 24 0 0 2524 Rapti 2015 0 0 5 5 0 0 1726 260 65 65 1796 2005 197 0 2224 1865 220 0 31005 91 0 0 33646 Rapti 2010 94 6 1795 1551 87 3 22009 267 356 356 24341 2015 64 13 1068 970 38 0 13092 951 610 610 14872 2005 30 0 201 167 7 0 707 4 0 0 945 Rohin 2010 3 0 178 170 0 0 512 4 3 3 696 2015 9 0 95 95 1 0 268 1 137 137 510 Rapti 2005 362 0 2957 2457 251 0 35710 98 0 0 39280

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The crop areas and crop yield for present (2014-15) used in the model runs is given in Table 5.13.

Table 5.13 : Present (2014-15) Crop Areas and Cropping Intensity

Area 2015, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 87961 135331 356461 117574 697327 22.04 Wheat 93876 110811 360064 115404 680155 22.33 Barley 382 0 900 187 1469 16.37 Jwar 0 0 40 0 40 10.37 Bajra 9 0 79 4 92 18.86 Maize kharif 1248 1958 12522 466 16193 15.40 Gram 331 335 701 54 1421 3.10 Pea 1968 1699 3758 667 8092 6.36 Arhar 2138 4820 8663 683 16305 4.79 Sugarcane 3946 21723 37619 8708 71996 552.33 Potato 1497 1329 4927 1888 9641 202.53 Other Crops Kharif 1836 1407 6781 1772 11796 10.33 Other Crops Rabi 5112 25001 51573 10257 91943 5.29 Jayad 453 470 2430 916 4269 6.35 Total 200758 304884 846518 258579 1610739 Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 65 85 73 91 76 Rabi 72 83 80 96 81 Jayad 3 11 7 7 7 Total 140 179 160 194 165

Looking at the past 20 years’ data of yield of the three major crops in the basin i.e. wheat, rice and sugarcane, it can be seen that there is increasing trend in all three crops but not very significant. Yield of wheat shows a growth of 1.4% per year, yield of rice shows a growth of 1.7% per year while yield of sugarcane shows a growth of 0.06% per year (see Figure 5.10). For yield of other crops, a growth of 1% per year has been considered.

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Figure 5.10 : Trend of Yield of Major Crops (1994-95 to 2014-15)

70.00

60.00 y = 0.034x + 53.527

50.00

40.00 y = 0.312x + 21.922

Yield 30.00

20.00

10.00 y = 0.280x + 16.379

0.00 1994‐95 1995‐96 1996‐97 1997‐98 1998‐99 1999‐00 2000‐01 2001‐02 2002‐03 2003‐04 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14 2014‐15 Year

Wheat, Qtl.ha Rice, Qtl./ha Sugarcane, Tonnes/ha Linear (Wheat, Qtl.ha) Linear (Rice, Qtl./ha) Linear (Sugarcane, Tonnes/ha)

5.2.3.3 Scenarios Considered for Future Agriculture Growth

Based on the analysis of past trends and the need for intensification and diversification considering the available resources and options, the following Agriculture Growth Scenarios (Agr.Sc) have been considered.

 Agr.Sc-1: Projected Crop Areas as per the prevailing Trend (BAU) limited to Cultivable Area  Agr.Sc-2: Projected Crop Areas as per the prevailing Trend limited to Cultivable Area along with crop diversification, implementation of conjunctive use management, equitable distribution of water and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area.

Agr.Sc-1: Projected Crop Areas as per Prevailing Trend (BAU) limited to Cultivable Area

If the past trend continues, the crops with increasing areas will occupy part of the areas of crops with decreasing areas. Considering that this ‘Business As Usual’ (BAU) scenario continues in future, the crop areas under 14 main categories have been projected considering constraint of available cultivable area in districts. In this scenario, the prevailing trend of crop yields has been considered for wheat, rice and sugarcane, while for other crops a growth of 1% per year has been considered. The district- wise percentage increase in crop areas with respect to the cultivable area of 2014-15 is shown in Table 5.14. The corresponding crop areas, crop yield values as per prevailing trend and cropping intensity for 2025, 2035 and 2045 are shown in Table 5.15, Table 5.16 and Table 5,17, respectively.

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Table 5.14 : Projected Increase/Decrease in Crop Areas for Agr.Sc-1, %

District-wise % increase/Decrease in crop area with respect to cultivable area of 2014-15

Crop Basti Nagar Deoria Deoria Bahraich Shrawasti Sant Kabir Balrampur Gorakhpur Kushinagar Mahrajganj Siddharthnagar Year 2025 Rice kharif 7.40 -1.45 -6.16 0.88 1.79 -4.27 -0.98 -8.58 5.61 6.00 Wheat 8.10 1.81 -0.89 5.64 2.58 -1.07 3.31 0.64 9.69 2.83 Barley -0.14 -0.09 -0.02 -0.14 -0.46 -0.02 -0.04 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 Jwar -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.12 -0.01 Bajra -0.01 -0.05 -0.02 -0.05 -0.05 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 Maize kharif -9.31 -2.11 -0.83 -0.17 -0.44 -0.23 -0.05 0.11 -13.11 -0.15 Gram -0.09 0.08 -0.70 0.00 -0.17 0.00 -0.04 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 Pea -0.12 -0.12 -1.70 -0.24 -0.40 -0.05 -0.35 -0.53 0.18 -0.60 Arhar -0.53 0.22 -2.18 -2.05 -1.75 -0.11 -0.30 -0.36 -1.46 -1.29 Sugarcane 9.19 -4.45 1.94 -1.45 -0.34 1.51 -1.34 -1.27 2.39 -1.02 Potato -0.06 0.19 -0.41 -0.18 -0.22 -0.01 -0.28 -0.27 -0.01 -0.53 Other Kharif Crops 0.02 0.13 -0.27 -0.29 0.21 0.31 0.01 0.37 -0.25 -0.18 Other Rabi Crops -1.74 -0.03 -0.37 0.23 -0.15 -0.61 -1.81 -0.10 -4.01 -1.50 Jayad 0.80 0.21 0.37 0.24 0.26 0.99 0.45 0.17 0.47 0.17 Year 2035 Rice kharif 7.40 -2.90 -12.32 1.76 3.58 -8.54 -1.96 -17.16 11.22 12.00 Wheat 8.10 3.62 -1.78 11.28 5.16 -2.14 6.62 1.28 19.38 5.66 Barley -0.28 -0.18 -0.04 -0.28 -0.92 -0.04 -0.08 -0.02 0.04 -0.06 Jwar -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.24 -0.02 Bajra -0.02 -0.10 -0.04 -0.10 -0.10 -0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.00 -0.06 Maize kharif -18.62 -4.22 -1.66 -0.34 -0.88 -0.46 -0.10 0.22 -26.22 -0.30 Gram -0.18 0.16 -1.40 0.00 -0.34 0.00 -0.08 0.00 -0.04 -0.10 Pea -0.24 -0.24 -3.40 -0.48 -0.80 -0.10 -0.70 -1.06 0.36 -1.20 Arhar -1.06 0.44 -4.36 -4.10 -3.50 -0.22 -0.60 -0.72 -2.92 -2.58 Sugarcane 9.19 -8.90 3.88 -2.90 -0.68 3.02 -2.68 -2.54 4.78 -2.04 Potato -0.12 0.38 -0.82 -0.36 -0.44 -0.02 -0.56 -0.54 -0.02 -1.06 Other Kharif Crops 0.04 0.26 -0.54 -0.58 0.42 0.62 0.02 0.74 -0.50 -0.36 Other Rabi Crops -3.48 -0.06 -0.74 0.46 -0.30 -1.22 -3.62 -0.20 -8.02 -3.00 Jayad 1.60 0.42 0.74 0.48 0.52 1.98 0.90 0.34 0.94 0.34 Year 2045 Rice kharif 7.40 -4.35 -18.48 2.64 5.37 -12.81 -2.94 -25.74 16.83 18.00 Wheat 8.10 5.43 -2.67 16.92 7.74 -3.21 9.93 1.92 29.07 8.49 Barley -0.42 -0.27 -0.06 -0.42 -1.38 -0.06 -0.12 -0.03 0.06 -0.09 Jwar -0.06 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.36 -0.03 Bajra -0.03 -0.15 -0.06 -0.15 -0.15 -0.03 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.09 Maize kharif -27.93 -6.33 -2.49 -0.51 -1.32 -0.69 -0.15 0.33 -39.33 -0.45 Gram -0.27 0.24 -2.10 0.00 -0.51 0.00 -0.12 0.00 -0.06 -0.15 Pea -0.36 -0.36 -5.10 -0.72 -1.20 -0.15 -1.05 -1.59 0.54 -1.80 Arhar -1.59 0.66 -6.54 -6.15 -5.25 -0.33 -0.90 -1.08 -4.38 -3.87 Sugarcane 9.19 -13.35 5.82 -4.35 -1.02 4.53 -4.02 -3.81 7.17 -3.06 Potato -0.18 0.57 -1.23 -0.54 -0.66 -0.03 -0.84 -0.81 -0.03 -1.59 Other Kharif Crops 0.06 0.39 -0.81 -0.87 0.63 0.93 0.03 1.11 -0.75 -0.54 Other Rabi Crops -5.22 -0.09 -1.11 0.69 -0.45 -1.83 -5.43 -0.30 -12.03 -4.50 Jayad 2.40 0.63 1.11 0.72 0.78 2.97 1.35 0.51 1.41 0.51

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Table 5.15 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2025

Area 2025, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 88563 136329 356123 112810 693826 25.79 Wheat 98719 118843 377564 113486 708613 25.46 Barley 252 0 497 115 864 18.01 Jwar 0 0 12 0 12 11.41 Bajra 0 0 40 0 40 20.75 Maize kharif 109 0 5873 0 5982 16.94 Gram 275 274 441 28 1018 3.41 Pea 1510 939 1987 472 4909 7.00 Arhar 973 3001 3780 141 7895 5.27 Sugarcane 2765 19682 36529 14960 73936 555.64 Potato 1222 873 3811 1776 7682 222.78 Other Crops Kharif 90 0 719 1200 2009 11.36 Other Crops Rabi 15937 42955 93970 11877 164739 5.82 Jayad 76 0 673 1019 1768 6.99 Total 210491 322896 882020 257886 1673293 Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 62 82 70 90 74 Rabi 81 94 89 100 90 Jayad 2 10 6 11 7 Total 144 186 165 202 171

Table 5.16 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2035

Area 2035, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 89165 137328 355785 108047 690325 29.53 Wheat 103562 126876 395065 111568 737071 28.58 Barley 121 0 231 56 408 19.64 Jwar 0 0 0 0 0 12.44 Bajra 0 0 22 0 22 22.63 Maize kharif 109 0 2985 0 3093 18.48 Gram 228 213 273 11 725 3.72 Pea 1069 220 682 294 2265 7.63 Arhar 342 2038 1817 0 4196 5.75 Sugarcane 2370 18625 37475 21562 80032 558.96 Potato 970 487 2897 1663 6017 243.04 Other Crops Kharif 90 0 876 1484 2450 12.40 Other Crops Rabi 26761 52523 124177 13498 216960 6.35 Jayad 76 0 830 1302 2208 7.62 Total 224862 338309 923117 259486 1745773

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Area 2035, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 62 79 69 88 73 Rabi 90 100 97 100 98 Jayad 2 9 7 15 8 Total 154 189 173 204 179

Table 5.17 : Projected Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-1, 2045

Area 2045, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 89767 138327 355447 103283 686824 33.28 Wheat 104956 134908 406037 108069 753971 31.71 Barley 0 0 0 0 0 21.28 Jwar 0 0 0 0 0 13.48 Bajra 0 0 5 0 5 24.52 Maize kharif 109 0 768 0 877 20.02 Gram 196 152 207 11 567 4.03 Pea 814 0 410 249 1474 8.27 Arhar 138 1075 908 0 2121 6.23 Sugarcane 2370 17672 38664 28164 86871 562.27 Potato 774 274 2212 1551 4810 263.29 Other Crops Kharif 90 0 1034 1767 2890 13.43 Other Crops Rabi 26761 52523 123114 11584 213983 6.88 Jayad 76 0 987 1585 2649 8.26 Total 226052 344930 929796 256264 1757042 Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 62 76 69 89 73 Rabi 91 100 99 100 100 Jayad 2 9 7 20 8 Total 154 185 174 209 181

Agr.Sc-2: Projected Crop Areas as per the prevailing Trend limited to Cultivable Area along with crop diversification, implementation of conjunctive use management, equitable distribution of water and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area.

In this scenario future cropping pattern for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045 has been considered same as Agr.Sc-1 along with crop diversification, implementation of conjunctive use management, equitable distribution of water and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area. A shift in Rice area from traditional method to SRI method by 20%, 30% and 40% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively has been considered. For modelling purposes, crop periods and sowing dates, has been taken different for all the agroclimatic zones.

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Table 5.18 to Table 5.20 shows the proposed crop areas, crop yields and cropping intensity for Rapti Basin and its sub-basins for Agr.Sc-2. For anticipated crop yield, for year 2025 the maximum yield achieved in last 10 years (see Table 5.2) has been considered for all the crops. Further, for year 2035 and 2045, 20% increase per decade i.e. 2% increase per year (over 2025 values) in yield of wheat and rice has been considered while for others crops 10% increase per decade i.e. 1% increase per year (over 2025 values) has been considered. For Rice (SRI) the yield has been considered as 1.5 times that of traditional rice cultivation. Still these anticipated crop yields are very much on conservative side as some of the States of India have achieved these crop yields in present scenario only and the potential yield for the main crops of Rice and Wheat of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India is much higher (see Appendix 30). Increased cropping intensity is based on assumption that with implementation of conjunctive use and various land resource development and management programs, more water resource will be available and soil health will improve, resulting more seasonal fallow into crop area, giving an ultimate cropping intensity of 178%.

Table 5.18 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2025

Area 2025, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 70850 109063 284898 90248 555061 27.41 Wheat 98719 118843 377564 113486 708613 36.49 Barley 252 0 497 115 864 29.96 Jwar 0 0 12 0 12 17.50 Bajra 0 0 40 0 40 23.00 Maize kharif 109 0 5873 0 5982 26.82 Gram 275 274 441 28 1018 11.75 Pea 1510 939 1987 472 4909 15.39 Arhar 973 3001 3780 141 7895 11.97 Sugarcane 2765 19682 36529 14960 73936 647.52 Potato 1222 873 3811 1776 7682 247.92 Other Crops Kharif 90 0 719 1200 2009 20.47 Other Crops Rabi 15937 42955 93970 11877 164739 12.26 Rice (SRI) 17713 27266 71225 22562 138765 41.12 Jayad 76 0 673 1019 1768 8.94 Total 210491 322896 882020 257886 1673293 Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 62 82 70 90 74 Rabi 81 94 89 100 90 Jayad 2 10 6 11 7 Total 144 186 165 202 171

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Table 5.19 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2035

Area 2035, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 71332 109862 284628 86438 552260 32.89 Wheat 103562 126876 395065 111568 737071 43.79 Barley 121 0 231 56 408 32.96 Jwar 0 0 0 0 0 19.25 Bajra 0 0 22 0 22 25.30 Maize kharif 109 0 2985 0 3093 29.50 Gram 228 213 273 11 725 12.93 Pea 1069 220 682 294 2265 16.93 Arhar 342 2038 1817 0 4196 13.17 Sugarcane 2370 18625 37475 21562 80032 712.27 Potato 970 487 2897 1663 6017 272.71 Other Crops Kharif 90 0 876 1484 2450 22.52 Other Crops Rabi 26761 52523 124177 13498 216960 13.49 Rice (SRI) 17833 27466 71157 21609 138065 49.34 Jayad 76 0 830 1302 2208 9.83 Total 224862 338309 923117 259486 1745773 Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 62 79 69 88 73 Rabi 90 100 97 100 98 Jayad 2 9 7 15 8 Total 154 189 173 204 179

Table 5.20 : Proposed Crop Areas, Crop Yield and Cropping Intensity in Agr.Sc-2, 2045

Area 2045, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Rice kharif 71814 110662 284358 82626 549459 39.47 Wheat 104956 134908 406037 108069 753971 52.55 Barley 0 0 0 0 0 36.25 Jwar 0 0 0 0 0 21.18 Bajra 0 0 5 0 5 27.83 Maize kharif 109 0 768 0 877 32.45 Gram 196 152 207 11 567 14.22 Pea 814 0 410 249 1474 18.62 Arhar 138 1075 908 0 2121 14.48 Sugarcane 2370 17672 38664 28164 86871 783.50 Potato 774 274 2212 1551 4810 299.98 Other Crops Kharif 90 0 1034 1767 2890 24.77 Other Crops Rabi 26761 52523 123114 11584 213983 14.83 Rice (SRI) 17953 27665 71089 20657 137365 59.21

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Area 2045, ha Crop Crop Burhi Rapti Yield, Ami Rapti Rohin Rapti Basin Qtl./ha Jayad 76 0 987 1585 2649 10.82 Total 226052 344930 929796 256264 1757042 Culturable Area 163480 203754 608096 150055 1125385 Cropping Intensity Kharif 62 76 69 89 73 Rabi 91 100 99 100 100 Jayad 2 9 7 20 8 Total 154 185 174 209 181

5.2.4 Irrigation Water Demand

Using the Irrigation Demand Model (IDM) developed as a part of BAPS under this assignment, the irrigation water requirement has been calculated for both current (2015) and anticipated scenarios (2025, 2035 and 2045) for the various Agriculture Growth Scenarios. While calculating the irrigation water demand for Agr.Sc-2, crop diversification and conversion of 10% area to micro irrigation has also been considered.

It can be seen that in Agr.Sc-1 (BAU) the overall irrigation water demand will slightly increase by 1.2% in Rapti Basin from current 5994.75 MCM to 6067.10 MCM in 2045 (see Table 5.21) as against the cropping intensity increase of about 9.7% from current 165% to 181%. In case of Agr.Sc-2, the overall irrigation water demand will reduce by (-)8.1% in Rapti Basin from current 5994.75 MCM to 5507.91 MCM in 2045 (see Table 5.22). Although cropping intensity increases by about 9.7%% from current 165% to 181%. This is because increase in cropping intensity is achieved more by increasing less water consuming crops/methods.

Table 5.21 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-1 (BAU)

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Irrigation Demand Irrigation Demand Total Irrigation Scenario Sub-basin in CCA, MCM Outside CCA, MCM Demand, MCM Rapti Basin 3245.23 2701.84 5947.07 % change w.r.t 2015 49.5% -29.3% -0.8% Ami 449.48 416.66 866.14 Burhi Rapti 1050.67 101.75 1152.42 Rapti 1628.08 1625.15 3253.23 2045 Rohin 189.48 605.83 795.31 Rapti Basin 3317.71 2749.39 6067.10 % change w.r.t 2015 52.8% -28.1% 1.2%

Table 5.22 : Irrigation Water Demand in Agr.Sc-2

Irrigation Demand Irrigation Demand Total Irrigation Scenario Sub-basin in CCA, MCM Outside CCA, MCM Demand, MCM Ami 467.19 430.39 897.58 Burhi Rapti 492.89 497.13 990.02 Current Rapti 1020.40 2285.18 3305.58 (2015) Rohin 190.74 610.83 801.57 Rapti Basin 2171.22 3823.53 5994.75 Ami 400.75 370.11 770.86 Burhi Rapti 936.21 89.29 1025.50 Rapti 1441.43 1447.50 2888.93 2025 Rohin 160.34 517.15 677.49 Rapti Basin 2938.73 2424.05 5362.78 % change w.r.t 2015 35.3% -36.6% -10.5% Ami 422.06 390.19 812.25 Burhi Rapti 966.81 93.11 1059.92 Rapti 1489.14 1497.76 2986.90 2035 Rohin 161.42 525.74 687.16 Rapti Basin 3039.43 2506.80 5546.23 % change w.r.t 2015 40.0% -34.4% -7.5% Ami 418.66 383.49 802.15 Burhi Rapti 972.86 93.83 1066.69 Rapti 1479.36 1477.97 2957.33 2045 Rohin 160.40 521.33 681.73 Rapti Basin 3031.29 2476.62 5507.91 % change w.r.t 2015 39.6% -35.2% -8.1%

5.3 Non-Agricultural Water Demand

5.3.1 Urban Expansion and Water Demand

As per the population projections presented in Section 5.1.1, the urban population will increase by 19.8%, 38.2% and 54.1% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 population. Further, the present (year 2015) norms for domestic water supply in urban areas are:

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150 lpcd in mega towns having a population of more than 10,00,000 135 lpcd in towns having a population of more than 1,00,000 70 lpcd in all other towns

While for future years 2025, 2035 and 2045 the following norms of domestic water supply in urban areas are applicable:

150 lpcd in mega towns having a population of more than 10,00,000 135 lpcd in towns having a population of more than 20,000 100 lpcd in all other towns

Considering the above norms and the distribution losses (see Section 5.3.5), the gross urban domestic demand has been estimated and presented in Table 5.23, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 31. It can be seen that there is an increase by 28.6%, 41.6% and 52.4% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 demand.

Table 5.23 : Annual Urban Domestic Water Demand, MCM

Sub Basin 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45

Ami 3.56 7.32 8.63 9.21

Burhi Rapti 4.72 9.57 11.20 11.96

Rapti 69.04 95.71 110.22 121.32

Rohin 11.19 16.12 18.64 20.73

Basin Total 88.51 128.71 148.69 163.22

5.3.2 Rural Water Demand

As per the population projections presented in Section 5.1.1, the rural population will increase by 15.9%, 31.5% and 46.2% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 population. Further, the present (year 2015) norms for domestic water supply in rural areas is 40 lpcd, while for future years it has been considered as 55 lpcd for 2025 and; 70 lpcd for year 2035 and 2045.

Considering the above norms and the distribution losses (see Section 5.3.5), the gross rural domestic demand has been estimated and presented in Table 5.24, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 32. It can be seen that there is an increase by 59.4%, 130.2% and 155.8% in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively with respect to 2015 demand. Although the population increase is only 46.2% by 2045 but the increase is demand is 155.8% mainly due to change in supply norms from 40 lpcd to 70 lpcd.

Table 5.24 : Annual Rural Domestic Water Demand, MCM

Sub Basin 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45

Ami 31.77 49.67 72.72 81.54

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Sub Basin 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45

Burhi Rapti 32.09 50.19 73.47 82.38

Rapti 115.18 180.11 263.65 295.63

Rohin 33.31 52.08 76.24 85.48

Basin Total 212.34 332.05 486.07 545.03

5.3.3 Livestock Water Demand

The adopted norms of daily water consumption by different animals are:

Lpcd Cattle 65 Buffalo 65 Sheep 6 Goats 5 Horses 60 Asses 60 Camels 65 Pigs 17 Ducks 3 Rabbits 0.3 Dogs 5 Elephants 150 Poultry 0.25

Considering these norms, and the livestock population projections presented in Section 5.1.3, the Livestock Water Demand is estimated and given in Table 5.25, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 33.

Table 5.25 : Annual Livestock Water Demand, MCM

Total Sub Basin Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Other Poultry Total Livestock 2015 Ami 2.873 3.551 0.009 0.233 0.019 0.007 6.692 0.021 6.714 Burhi Rapti 5.599 3.719 0.013 0.358 0.040 0.012 9.740 0.030 9.770 Rapti 16.031 14.485 0.034 1.094 0.167 0.067 31.879 0.096 31.975 Rohin 2.500 3.987 0.008 0.337 0.068 0.013 6.914 0.044 6.958 Basin Total 27.004 25.743 0.064 2.022 0.295 0.098 55.225 0.192 55.416 2025 Ami 2.896 4.391 0.006 0.271 0.000 0.000 7.565 0.027 7.592 Burhi Rapti 5.232 4.599 0.009 0.416 0.000 0.000 10.257 0.037 10.294 Rapti 15.790 17.913 0.025 1.273 0.000 0.000 35.001 0.121 35.121 Rohin 2.613 4.931 0.006 0.392 0.000 0.000 7.941 0.056 7.997

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Total Sub Basin Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Other Poultry Total Livestock Basin Total 26.531 31.835 0.045 2.352 0.000 0.000 60.764 0.240 61.004 2035 Ami 2.919 5.232 0.004 0.309 0.000 0.000 8.464 0.032 8.496 Burhi Rapti 4.866 5.479 0.005 0.475 0.000 0.000 10.825 0.045 10.870 Rapti 15.548 21.341 0.015 1.452 0.000 0.000 38.356 0.145 38.501 Rohin 2.726 5.875 0.003 0.447 0.000 0.000 9.051 0.067 9.117 Basin Total 26.059 37.927 0.027 2.683 0.000 0.000 66.696 0.288 66.984 2045 Ami 2.942 6.072 0.001 0.348 0.000 0.000 9.363 0.037 9.400 Burhi Rapti 4.499 6.360 0.002 0.533 0.000 0.000 11.394 0.052 11.446 Rapti 15.307 24.769 0.005 1.631 0.000 0.000 41.712 0.169 41.881 Rohin 2.838 6.818 0.001 0.502 0.000 0.000 10.160 0.078 10.238 Basin Total 25.586 44.019 0.009 3.014 0.000 0.000 72.628 0.336 72.965

5.3.4 Industrial Water Demand

Considering the data on industrial areas developed in different districts, the Industrial demand has been estimated adopting norm for industrial water demand on the basis of industrial area developed i.e. 4.54 m3 per acre per day (or 11.22 m3 per ha per day) of industrial area developed. For the industries outside industrial area it has been assumed that there is an equivalent demand outside industrial areas. The projections have been made for the year 2025, 2035 and 2045. It is anticipated that, due to globalization there would be rapid expansion of industries which will result increase in water demand also. Based on the district industrial profile reports the annual growth rate has been adopted as shown in Appendix 29. The present and projected Industrial Water Demand of Rapti Basin is given in Table 5.26, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 34.

Table 5.26 : Annual Industrial Water Demand, MCM

Demand, MCM Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045 Ami 0.71 1.05 1.38 1.72 Burhi Rapti 0.40 0.77 1.14 1.50 Rapti 1.53 2.19 2.90 3.56 Rohin 0.40 0.58 0.77 0.96 Grand Total 3.04 4.59 6.19 7.74

5.3.5 Improvement of Public Supply System

At present 30% distribution losses have been considered in urban areas and 10% in rural areas and accordingly the net domestic water demand of urban and rural areas has been increased to arrive at the gross domestic water demand. For future, it has been considered that the distribution losses in urban areas will reduce to 20% in year 2045 (linearly) while the losses in rural areas have been kept same as present.

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5.4 Flood Management

5.4.1 Identification of Flood-prone Areas

Rapti river originates in Nepal at an elevation of about 3048 m in Dregaunra range and then flowing into hilly tract of Nepal it enters in India where it is confined to State of Uttar Pradesh. The total area of Rapti Basin is 23,237.51 sq. km. of which approximately 14,658.22 sq. km. lies in India. The river has a total length of about 782 Km.

The worst flood affected area in U.P. lies in Rapti Basin. The river Rapti and its tributaries lying in the districts of Bahraich, Balrampur, Mahrajganj, Shrawasti, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and Sant Kabir Nagar inundate vast areas frequently. The flood-prone areas in Rapti Basin are shown in . Recurring floods in these areas cause huge loss of crops, property, human and cattle life. A total of 18.73 lac ha of area was affected by floods in the districts due to Ghaghra and Rapti rivers during one of the severest floods in 1973. It has also been observed that Rapti River crosses danger level very frequently during monsoons (as observed at various gauge sites).

Figure 5.11 : Flood-Prone Areas in Rapti Basin

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5.4.2 Damage Statistics

Each year, a substantial amount of lives and properties are damaged by flood in UP in spite of all mitigation measures being taken and warning systems put into place by respective departments. Given below in Table 5.27 are details of flood damages in UP from 1973 to 2016 based on records of UP Revenue Department.

Table 5.27 : Details of Flood Damages in UP from 1973 to 2016

No. of No. of Total Flood Total Flood No. of Life Total Affected Life Lost S. Flood Flood Affected Affected Damaged Lost Estimated Year Population (No. of No. Affected Affected Area (Lac Agricultural Houses (No. of Loss (Lac) Animals) Districts Villages ha) Land (Lac ha) (Lacs) Man) (Rs. Cores) 1 1973 40 141.50 30004 35 22.23 2.98 163 375 296.84 2 1974 39 73.90 14948 19.86 12.24 2.03 72 160 173.16 3 1975 35 92.14 18629 23.65 14.21 2.01 181 892 192.44 4 1976 36 131.95 32962 33.49 18.49 2.05 240 1434 234.79 5 1977 31 37.00 7536 12.87 6.42 0.51 157 887 77.04 6 1978 55 225.87 48889 72.5 38.82 11.98 739 7430 688.44 7 1979 16 21.05 3913 7.03 5.18 0.23 77 220 57.57 8 1980 46 303.47 44629 58.57 30.94 19.23 1309 5244 790.67 9 1981 33 146.27 20706 29.91 16.35 4.91 427 1356 286.38 10 1982 44 232.91 32459 55.38 33.09 10.18 562 2517 585.65 11 1983 56 155.34 24731 38.6 24.99 5.19 519 2101 754.03 12 1984 39 65.75 11600 16.68 10.31 0.83 209 432 262.15 13 1985 55 195.59 27113 40.28 24.19 6.2 804 3808 1216.26 14 1986 45 59.19 8925 10.34 6.45 0.51 233 725 278.64 15 1987 9 38.24 5807 5.81 3.16 1.8 163 990 186.14 16 1988 46 182.04 24721 31.76 17.14 3.71 765 3102 834.6 17 1989 25 48.62 8281 10.03 6.52 0.78 168 516 --- 18 1990 51 85.34 15524 22.03 10.64 1.32 471 2889 --- 19 1991 29 24.19 3372 8.1 2.1 0.78 214 369 --- 20 1992 20 29.24 4254 5.91 3.34 0.34 140 979 --- 21 1993 34 75.05 11765 15.11 7.91 1.37 314 2088 --- 22 1994 45 39.07 9627 9.86 5.98 0.66 317 4855 --- 23 1995 51 36.91 8874 12.79 7.98 0.88 321 1257 --- 24 1996 44 72.20 8827 11.24 6.78 0.09 313 1232 --- 25 1997 29 10.21 2284 3.49 1.55 0.03 102 144 --- 26 1998 55 121.91 156118 25.23 14.15 3.84 1356 3384 --- 27 1999 11 1.83 299000 5.39 4.069 0.005 17 9 ---

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A total of 1,092 km of embankments benefitting 2,65,521 ha area have been constructed in Rapti Basin. The district-wise details of these flood embankments are given in Appendix 35.

5.4.3 Development of Flood-prone Areas

Flood prone areas are generally highly productive agricultural areas. Continued use of these lands for agriculture is desirable; however, crops should be selected that are tolerant to inundation, if possible. Where depth or duration of inundation is likely to destroy crops in some years, measures should be in place to provide financial insurance to farmers or to encourage them to spread their risk by having some land that is not flood prone, or to save surpluses from non-flood years to support themselves in flood years.

Development of inhabitats and other infrastructure in zones with high flood risk should be discouraged. Flood zone maps that have been ground-truthed with villagers can be valuable as an aid in discouraging development in flood prone areas, or designing structures appropriately to minimise flood damage. o Timely availability of vital information regarding rainfall in upper catchment areas, its magnitude, special distribution along with advance forecasts of river flows etc. is most essential to the field officers concerned in the flood management. The major parts of the catchment areas of the Himalayan rivers are contributing to the devastating floods every year in Eastern UP and North Bihar lie in Nepal. Therefore, it is essential that the information of rain fall etc. in these upper catchments in Nepal should be made available to UP and Bihar Engineers on regular and systematic basis. In this direction it is to be mentioned that a scheme namely “Flood forecasting and warning system on rivers common to India and Nepal” which includes 42 Hydro Meteorological Stations in Nepal had been in operation since 1989. The data collected is helpful for formulating the flood forecasts and issue warnings in the lower catchments.

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan o Timely availability of daily river gauge and rainfall data from CWC on Internet Daily river gauges and rainfall data for 8.00 a.m. for U.P and Uttarakhand are issued by CWC Office after 12.00 hours and made available through messenger to the Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD, Lucknow. Accordingly, the Flood forecasting and flood warning messages are issued by the Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD, Lucknow in the afternoon of the day which is neither delayed. Effort should be made to issue daily rivers Ganges including forecast data and rainfall bulletin from CWC office Lucknow by 10.00am along with little availability of data on Internet throughout the state. This will improve transfer of flood messages and accordingly the evacuation process etc. o Modernization of Flood forecasting system The Central Water Commission which is responsible for flood forecasting and flood warning System in UP and Bihar should make efforts to expand and modernize the Flood Forecasting system for increasing the time lag of flood warnings for giving more time to the civil authorities for effective and requisite relief and remedial measures. Similar efforts for extending the network under the catchments in Nepal through the existing programme should also be pursued. o Provision of Separate Network for flood management At present wireless at 92 places (reservoir sites and sensitive flood embankment sites) are established during flood seasons and maintained and run through Police Wireless Network. All the Sensitive Flood spots/embankments, all the reservoirs (dam site), concerning district headquarters, headquarters of flood management Engineers of UPIWRD. Along with Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD and office of relief commissioner should be connected by a separate network for time transfer of flood messages. o Implementation of Rashtriya Barh Ayog The recommendations of various earlier committees and that of Rashtriya Barh Ayog (RBA) should be implemented effectively. In particular the twenty-five important recommendations identified by the working Group on flood management for 8th five year plan out of total 207 recommendations of RBA should be implemented on priority basis. This would definitely pave the way for necessary measures to help in mitigation of flood damages and losses. In both UP and Bihar, regular appraisal and review of the status of implementation should be made by the high-level committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Ministers of the respective States as recommended by RBA Feedback on these aspects should be furnished to GFCC (Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India). o Implementation of Flood Plain Zoning Bill Flood plain Zoning Bill to regulate the land use practices in the Flood plains of various river basins should be implemented in order to restrict the damage of floods. In this direction the following works are required to be taken up and completed on top priority by the states.

 Demarcation of area liable to floods and floods of different frequencies of 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100years.  Preparation of detailed contour plans of flood prone areas on large scale (1:15000) at contour interval of 0.3m to 0.5m.  Fixing of reference ranges for different flood frequencies.  Delineation of various types of uses to which flood plans are proposed to be put to.

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o Setting up of high-level Committee for Ghaghra Basin River Ghaghra with its two important tributaries Sharda & Rapti is one of the most important left bank tributaries of the river Ganga basin. In fact, the Ghaghra carries more water than the Ganga before their confluence. In 1998 flood in river Ghaghra has created maximum Flood havoc in eastern UP Region, it flowed 91 cm above previous HFL at Turtipar in UP and at Darauli in Bihar. It broke record of last 50 Years by 8 cm and flowed for 13 days above danger level. The expert Groups recommend that there should be a high-level committee for Ghaghra similar to that of Kosi and Gandak High Level Committees to oversee the flood management aspects of Ghaghra Basin

5.4.4 Flood Mitigation Measures

The alternate flood mitigation measures consist of structural and non-structural options. The structural option considered is the construction of large flood storage dams in the upper basins. The West Rapti high dam has been proposed at Bhalubang, located close to the point where the east-west highway crosses the West Rapti river in Nepal. A portion of these storages would be reserved for flood storage. It is unlikely that any major storage in the upper basin will be commissioned within 20-25 years.

Non-structural options include flood forecasting and warning systems, flood evacuation planning and implementation, provision of flood relief (temporary accommodation, food, fuel, and drinking water), rehabilitation of damaged property and provision of food, seed, fertiliser and fuel to replace those lost and damaged. Prevalent practices of flood management in Uttar Pradesh are given in Appendix 36.

Under World bank aided assignment, A query based real time GIS based, Flood Management Information System (FMIS) using the rainfall, GDSQ, topography, river morphology, Imageries, embankments, human interventions and other relevant data has to be developed for entire Rapti Basin to provide information at various levels viz. district, block and village to facilitate the authority for planning of relief, mitigation measures and to flood affected population. The real-time flood forecasting assignment is under progress at FMISC Lucknow.

5.5 Drought Management

Drought is a long period with no or much less rainfall than normal for a given area. Meteorologically drought is defined as situation when the annual rainfall over any area is less than 75% of the normal. It is termed as moderate if rainfall deficit is between 25 to 50% and severe if it is more than 50%. Area where frequency of drought is above 20% of the years examined is classified as drought area and areas having drought conditions for more than 40% of the years represent chronically drought affected area. In Uttar Pradesh, Vindhya & Bundelkhand region have been identified as the chronic drought prone area, with an average annual rainfall of about 700 mm.

In Rapti Basin, agriculture and food sufficiency is highly dependent on reliable supply of water to the crops, from rainfall, surface water and ground water. Shortages of water for even a week or so can cause significant reductions in crop yield if they occur at critical phases of crop growth. Therefore, while Rapti Basin is not generally considered to be drought-prone, the impact of water shortages on agriculture and peoples’ well-being can be high due to the high population density and reliance on subsistent agriculture. However, the areas that currently suffer reduced crop production due to unreliability of water availability for the crops would benefit from improved irrigation. Increased use

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During drought, in case of irrigated agriculture, the following situations may happen.

1. Delayed release of water in canals due to low rainfall; 2. Limited release of water in canals due to low rainfall; 3. Lack of inflows into tanks due to insufficient/delayed onset of rainfall; and 4. Insufficient groundwater recharge due to low rainfall.

The fourth situation is often not applicable in Gangetic plains. In drought situation, change in crop/cropping pattern from normal practices is suggested as given in Table 5.28.

Table 5.28 : Crop/Cropping Pattern in Drought Situation

Normal Change in crop/cropping system Agronomic measures Crop Paddy/Rice SRI and Short duration rice varieties- Community nursery, direct NDR 97, NDR 118, Varani Deep, Vandana, seeding in small beds. Govind, Shushk Samrat and Ashwini Use of micro irrigation systems viz. sprinkler & sub-surface irrigation.

5.6 Waste Water Generation

5.5.1 Present and Anticipated Waste Load

Based on the present and projected domestic water demand and considering 80% as waste water generation from the net demand, the present and anticipated waste water generation has been calculated for the urban areas as given in Table 5.29, the administrative level details are given in Appendix 37.

Table 5.29 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Areas, MCM

Sub Basin 2015 2025 2035 2045 Ami 2.01 4.43 5.31 5.93 Burhi Rapti 2.68 5.81 6.92 7.72 Rapti 39.10 56.98 69.98 78.05 Rohin 6.33 9.62 11.96 13.34 Basin Total 50.13 76.84 94.18 105.04

5.5.2 Preventive/Remedial Measures

At present there are only two Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in Rapti Basin as per details given in Table 5.30. There is need for additional STPs in others towns of Rapti Basin. There are two towns

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Table 5.30 : Sewage Treatment Plants in Rapti Basin

Capacity, Sub Basin Name Town Name Operated mld Rapti Ramgarh Taal Gorakhpur (M Corp.) 30.00 Yes Rapti Mahadev Jharkhandi Gorakhpur (M Corp.) 15.00 Yes Source: UP Jal Nigam

5.7 Minimum Environmental Flow Requirements

A minimum quality, quantity and distribution of water are required to maintain the components, functions and processes of aquatic ecosystems thriving in the river. Due to heavy abstraction of surface and groundwater in the catchment area of the rivers, the rivers and their many tributaries remain dry for considerable period in a year. This has resulted in heavy losses of biological resources. In order to maintain the environmental flows in these rivers, it is important that water resources are optimally managed and augmented to the extent necessary in the entire basin, including groundwater recharging, village ponds, water conservation, recycling of wastewater and economy in water use.

Most of the new projects are being planned for an Environmental Flow equal to 10% of the observed minimum flow in the lean season. Currently, at most major diversions from the rivers such as Saryu Barrage, Rapti Barrage and Gandak Barrage hardly any consideration is given for environmental flow.

As per the norms of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, a hydrological year has been segregated as below:

• Season I: This season is considered as high flow season influenced by monsoons. It covers the months from July to September. • Season II: This season is considered as average flow period. It covers the month of October and November and this period is the transitional period between the wet and dry period. • Season III: This season is considered as low or lean or dry flow season. It covers the months from December to June.

The recommended Environmental Flows as per the norms of MoEF are given in Table 5.31. The Environmental Flows are considered for 90% dependable year in hydroelectric project and 75% dependable year in irrigation projects.

Table 5.31 : Recommended Environmental Flows as per the norms of MoEF

Season Months Percentage of flow Season-I July to September 30% of average discharge for period from July to September Season-II October to November 25% of average discharge for period from October to November Season-III December to June 20% of average discharge for period from December to June Source: MoEF

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In water balance for Rapti Basin minimum environmental flows at river outflow point on each sub- basin has been estimated as per MoEF norms.

Based on the above recommendations, the tabulated flows and e flow required to be maintained in the Saryu, Gandak and Rapti rivers at different gauging sites (see Table 5.32) during different time span should be maintained.

Table 5.32 : Periodic Average Discharge and e flow requirement in Cumec of Saryu, Gandak, and Rapti River

Flows in Cumec

River Location July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June

Barrage 131.05 207.33 152.91 49.73 18.94 14.52 12.77 9.90 6.98 4.10 3.35 27.78 SARYU e flow 49.13 8.58 2.27 Barrage 4003.16 4599.59 3836.83 1921.20 1067.90 622.54 373.16 345.66 192.12 456.41 663.12 1453.43 GANDAK e flow 1243.96 373.64 117.33 Barrage 650.94 952.71 829.69 257.56 43.95 27.23 24.21 23.59 19.23 15.98 17.01 155.86 RAPTI e flow 243.33 37.69 8.09 Bhinga 159.34 224.98 182.75 76.57 36.33 23.03 18.83 18.56 12.58 10.63 10.74 42.05 RAPTI e flow 56.71 14.11 3.90 Balrampur 157.22 244.76 198.46 78.43 32.51 20.35 16.93 15.35 10.15 7.66 8.04 37.17 RAPTI e flow 60.04 13.87 3.30 Regauli 339.01 478.49 431.42 162.57 66.39 36.77 27.74 27.33 19.70 16.00 13.70 66.07 RAPTI e flow 124.89 28.62 5.92 Birdghat 403.30 579.93 551.28 186.88 68.09 38.40 30.73 30.48 22.35 16.69 15.24 70.25 RAPTI e flow 153.45 31.87 6.40 BURHI Kakrahi 92.28 121.02 89.45 33.76 13.22 9.63 7.54 8.97 7.41 7.49 7.29 20.95 RAPTI e flow 30.27 5.87 1.98 Source: Analysis of CWC data

So, in Rapti basin, at CWC/UPIWRD observatory locations, the monthly average flow for the months are fulfilling the environmental flow requirements.

5.8 Fisheries

5.5.3 Demand and Market

In year 2014-15, the State produced 4.94 lakh MT of inland fish while West Bengal produced 14.78 MT and Andhra Pradesh 14.11 MT. Based on assumption that 40% of the State’s population is fish eating (UP State Fisheries Department), per capita consumption of fish in the State was only 5.67 kg/annum whereas Indian Council of Medical Research has estimated an ideal per capita per annum consumption level of 13.9 kg. The productivity level of fish production in the State in 2014-15 was 4140 kg/ha/annum against the target of 4200 kg/ha/annum while the same was 2355 kg/ha/annum in Rapti Basin. Thus, there is tremendous scope for increased demand of fish in the State and in Rapti Basin. This would still be below the productivity level achieved in Punjab and other States. It can be safely concluded that production of freshwater fish can be raised significantly with a clear policy of utilising water bodies and wetlands and increasing productivity.

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Aquaculture products, including fish and plants, are marketed widely in the state, through formal and informal markets. It is expected that increased production will be easily accommodated through existing marketing structures.

5.5.4 River and Reservoir Environment for Fish Production

In Uttar Pradesh sixty reservoirs, with an area of 1,18,103 ha, are distributed among 15 districts. The four large reservoirs viz., Rihand, Matatila, Kalagarh and Sardasagar occupy 71,196 ha. Sonebhadra district with 52,000 ha has the largest area under reservoirs on account of the imposing presence of Rihand reservoir. Uttar Pradesh is one of the prominent zones of wetland resources of the country. River borne and river fed wetlands are concentrated mostly in riverine and flood prone belt whereas the man-made wetlands are scattered in the southern plateau region of the state. Natural wetlands are ox-bow lakes, deep pools, water logged depressions, marshes and swamps. These wetlands are extremely diversified in their size, shape, River and Reservoir Environment for Fish Production depth, gaseous contents, nutrient status, biotic diversity, aquatic weed infestation and production status. Total pond area in Uttar Pradesh is about 1.61 lakh ha. These ponds are scattered all over the state in the interior regions. Fish farming in these ponds has shown very impressive growth as a result of financial, technical and extension support by FFDAs.

The details of ponds and fish production in Rapti basin is already presented in Table 4.39.

Increases in fish production in Rapti Basin are likely to come almost entirely from the development of pond, wetland and river aquaculture, associated with wetlands and marshy lands in most instances. Rapti Basin has approximately 15,771 ha area of wetland. These ponds will generally utilise monsoon runoff and drainage water, which would otherwise pass as excess flows during the monsoon, or would evaporate from the wetlands and marshy lands during summer. The aquaculture ponds will not compete with irrigated crops for water resources.

5.9 Summary of Present and Future Water Demand for Rapti Basin

For the modelling purpose the hydrological year has been considered (June to May), hence the various demands considered for model runs of Present (2015) and Future Water Demand for Rapti Basin are given in Table 5.33.

Table 5.33 : Summary of Demands used in Model Runs for Rapti Basin, MCM/yr

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Model Run Year Water Demand 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 % 0.06% 0.07% 0.06% 0.06% Agriculture Agr.Sc-1 5994.70 5622.17 5947.07 6067.10 Agr.Sc-2 5994.70 5362.74 5546.23 5507.91 % 94.29% 91.01% 88.63% 87.42% Total (Agr.Sc-1) 6357.65 6152.16 6658.62 6859.69 Total (Agr.Sc-2) 6357.65 5892.73 6257.78 6300.50 NOTE: % (percentage) calculated w.r.t. Total (Agr.Sc-2)

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6 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OPTIONS IN RAPTI BASIN

In Uttar Pradesh, in certain regions dry weather irrigation canals which were constructed a few centuries ago to support livelihood and provide supplemental irrigation are still in use. Later on, these canals were converted into all season canals by making permanent barrages. These canals were largely constructed to provide protection to crops from famines and droughts. The concepts in irrigated agriculture have changed since then to meet the food/fibre production needs of the ever-increasing population and from sustenance to intensive agriculture. Heavy dependence on groundwater resource for intensive cultivation, together with increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to its over-exploitation and consequent water table decline at an alarming rate. Response of high yielding varieties is better with chemical fertilizers requiring more and frequent water application.

In Uttar Pradesh, Rapti basin is having a geographical area of 14.65 lac ha and cultivable area of 11.25 lac ha. Balance canal network of Rapti system and gaps in Saryu system are being completed under Saryu Nahar Pariyojana. With the completion of canal network and creation of running potential, the irrigation facilities are going to increase, as conceived.

In this created potential also, water-logging and consequent soil salinity-sodicity has increased in head and middle reaches of canal command areas due to unauthorized and excessive use of cheap and easily available canal water vice versa groundwater depletion is occurring in tail reach areas, resulting in reduced productivity both ways. Adoption of paddy and other high-water guzzling crops has further increased gap between potential created and potential utilized through canal irrigation.

The dynamic ground water resource assessment report of March 2017 by CGWB & UP GWD shows that stage of ground water extraction has reached to 59.95% at the present cropping intensity of about 155.71% and all the 79 blocks in Rapti basin are in safe category.

Irrigation is the largest user of water in the basin. Smaller uses such as drinking water supplies for humans and animals, and water for ecosystems, has also been considered in planning as the socio- economic benefit.

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6.1 Water Resources Development and Management Issues

There are numerous issues related to water resource development and management in the basin that preclude farmers to minimise gap between actual achieved and potential production / productivity. Effort had been made widely to identify major outstanding issues that need to be addressed the earliest possible in order to maximise land and water productivity through effective integrated water resource management and thereby alleviate socio-economic status of people in the shortest possible time span.

6.1.1 Inadequate Surface Water for meeting the Ecological, Environmental and irrigation Requirements

The two main irrigation systems of Rapti basin, namely Gandak system and Saryu system are essentially run-of-river systems. Saryu system is not being fully utilised, as the canal network are still under construction and it has to receive surplus transferred water from Ghaghra barrage after completion of canal network. During Kharif, river flows at diversion points are generally much higher than canal capacities, so that the supply at the headworks is quite reliable, but with the increase of silt content, the diversion in canals is to be stopped to avoid heavy siltation in canal system. Therefore, the irrigation system needs to be as efficient as possible in delivering water where it is most needed and avoiding delivering water where there is already sufficient rainfall, soil moisture and ground water.

During Rabi and Jayad, the river flows are generally less than canal capacities, so rostering of canals to share the scarce resource is required. During these seasons, rainfall is negligible, so irrigation rosters are planned at the start of the season and need to be varied during the season only if river flows at diversion points are substantially different from assumed flows. During Rabi and Jayad, however, river flows change quite slowly so that it should be possible to plan canal operations well in advance of delivery times and advice irrigators of those changes.

With the development of Saryu and Rapti system in Rapti basin, the available supplies at Girija Barrage needs to be distributed more rationally between Sharda Sahayak, Saryu and Rapti systems. So, the coming time is going to be more critical. However, with the development of storage in Nepal on Ghaghara, the lean supplies are bound to increase and a better control on floods will be seen, but it is going to take decades in start of construction and completion of these storages.

Presently, there is sufficient water at different CWC, GD sites to fulfil the minimum environmental flow requirement.

6.1.2 Inequitable Distribution of Canal Water

Canal rosters are designed each year based on past 10 years water availability to distribute canal water equitably over the canal command area. However, in reality, actual delivery particularly in tail often deviate from the design due to unauthorised use of canal and uncontrolled direct outlets from main canals, distributaries and minors. Cultivators prefer cheap and easily available canal water as compared to ground water. Almost all Branch Systems in Rapti basin exhibit similar distribution trend. Effective Water Users Associations, promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation, crop diversification, use of less water requiring crops and promotion of osrabandi and DUAL roster can help in equitable distribution.

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6.1.3 Waterlogging and Soil Salinity & Sodicity

Prolonged use of cheap and easily available canal water and inadequate application of costly groundwater in head and middle reaches of canals has caused groundwater table to rise significantly, resulting in loss of productivity and soil degradation.

Restriction on construction of State Tube wells in canal command should be removed and ground water use should be promoted in areas being more vulnerable to water logging, to avoid conversion of land to sodic lands. Further sodic land reclamation is effective only with ground water use, otherwise reclaimed area will again convert to sodic lands.

6.1.4 Poor Drainage and Canal Infrastructures

Mostly drains create water logging issues mainly in the tail portions, from where it starts, due to excessive rains particularly in monsoon season. However in Rapti basin, since the drainage network starts from Nepal at much steeper slopes, drainage congession takes place in middle areas, where country slope is poor and drain section does not have sufficient area to pass the heavy discharges received during monsoons. So, the drains require regular cleaning for effective drainage system.

Cheap and easily available canal water prompts the cultivators to use it excessively, especially during paddy irrigation by cutting or by putting an extra outlet and that enhance the problem of waterlogging and create hurdle in equitable distribution of water.

These infrastructures require immediate rehabilitation and fitted with adequate mechanism to regulate water distribution, along with effective implementation of PIM.

6.1.5 Removal of Transported Silt from Canals

Due to ever growing population and heavy deforestation in hilly catchments of the Rapti Basin rivers, silt load in flood water is often excessive. Canal regulation is to be stopped due to heavy silt contents. Canal siltation, on the other hand, reduces the canal discharge capacity and further it puts an extra burden to carry out desilting activities.

6.1.6 Marginal Land holdings

About 85% of land holding is marginal i.e. less than 1 ha, dominated by Rice-Wheat crop cycle. These cultivators are dependent on rice wheat cycle to meet their own livelihood requirements. Further they cannot think easily for crop intensification and diversification, as they have no cushion in worst case. Unless efficient and reliable marketing mechanism is developed, it will be difficult to convince farmers to adopt a more diversified agriculture based on conjunctive irrigation management. Further in those areas, where canal network is under construction, and fine silt soils limit the ground water extraction, it is posing a great threat for the livelihood of cultivators.

An effective WUA and thereby establishment of co-operative can be instrumental and effect of economy of a smaller scale can be minimised. Further crop intensification and diversification programs need to be promoted initially with farmers having big land holdings as they have capacity to bear the worst case themselves.

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6.1.7 Under-Utilised Lift Schemes

10 minor lift schemes have been developed in Rapti basin in order to utilise river flow available. Most of these schemes are operated at much reduced capacities and operation is also quite irregular because of unavailability of assured and adequate water and electricity. As a result, these lift schemes are under-utilised. Against the total installed capacity of 173.5 cusec, running discharge capacity of lift schemes is only 152.5 cusecs to cover CCA of 4743 ha (see Table 4.16).

6.1.8 Delay in Construction of Major Water Storages in Ghaghra Basin

Absence of storage dams in the basin leads to flows far in excess of demands during Kharif and far less than demands during Rabi and Jayad. Multi-purpose projects such as Chisapani and West Seti in the Nepal section of the Ghaghra River catchment (known as the Karnali River in Nepal) have been proposed for a number of years but have not been implemented so far due to various reasons. Construction of large storage reservoirs in Nepal will certainly increase the lean flows, that will support rabi crop as well as flood peaks will be regulated and damages in eastern Uttar Pradesh will reduce with additional generation of power. But it is going to take decades for implementation and completion of such projects.

6.1.9 Water Shortages and Eroded Lands near Nalas and Rivers

The canal irrigation system is located along ridgelines to maximise the area served by gravity. As a result, the areas adjacent to nalas and rivers is generally at the tail end of the irrigation system or is outside the command area altogether. This results in water shortages. The depth to ground water is generally large in these areas due to drainage of ground water to the rivers that are typically incised into the plain, but also due to high usage of ground water for irrigation and other uses. These areas also suffer from erosion due to steeper slopes and low vegetative cover.

The physical issues in these areas are best addressed by adopting an Integrated Watershed Management approach that includes erosion control, rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge through increased infiltration.

6.1.10 Frequent Floods

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan namely Burhi Rapti, Banganga, Kunhra-Ghonghi, Jamuwar, Tilar, Rohin, Mohaw, Chandan, Ami and Garra.

6.1.11 Poor Jayad Crop Intensity

Canals are generally kept closed during jayad cultivation periods to carry out canal closure works, except to run it for a short period for filling tanks and talabs to meet out the drinking water requirement of animals. Further 85% small land holding cultivators have limited themselves to rice wheat cycle. Jayad cultivation is hardly in 2.87% area. However large/capable land holding farmers can go easily for jayad cultivation and horticulture supported by drip and sprinkler system under different government supported schemes, as they are more capable of facing the worst circumstances.

6.1.12 High Cost of Groundwater Irrigation

The cost of canal irrigation is highly subsidised in UP. The canal irrigation fee is usually charged on crop basis. The cost of canal irrigation for a crop varies from Rs. 385 (Green Manuring) to Rs. 2,307 (Sugarcane) per ha whereas the same amount of irrigation using private shallow tubewell costs about 6 to 7 times higher. This disparity between two costs discourages farmers to use more groundwater. Currently, groundwater irrigation through private shallow tubewell is used more or less like protective irrigation either in case of prolonged drought or where canal water is not available. This is likely to be when canals are closed for some reasons or if the area is out of canal command.

6.1.13 Water Quality

Water quality in shallow groundwater is good for irrigation and generally suitable for drinking, although in some areas there are high levels of fluoride, arsenic and iron, and waters close to the surface may be contaminated by nutrients, micro-toxins (e.g. pesticides, herbicides) and coliforms; so, may be risky for drinking.

Agricultural drainage is likely to be contaminated by nutrients, herbicides, pesticides and coliforms, so is risky for ecosystems and for human usage.

Point sources of pollution from sewage and industrial outflows are likely to have high nutrient levels and BOD, as well as coliforms, and may also have other toxic pollutants including heavy metals. Most of the towns have either only primary treatment facilities or none at all and rivers act as carriers of this untreated or partially treated waste. Most rivers downstream the urban centres exhibit more than permissible values of BOD, DO and Coliforms.

6.1.14 Vertical Development of Surface Water and Ground Water Managing Departments

There is no linkage between the different water user departments even at planning stage. This is the biggest hurdle in managing the water resources. The major departments are Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Resources, Jal Nigam, Minor Irrigation, Rural and Urban Development, Industries, etc.

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6.1.15 Unplanned Development of Deep Borings

There is no control on the development of deep tube wells/borings for agriculture, industrial or drinking purposes. Since the groundwater extraction is less than the net annual groundwater recharge, we can say that the ground water is being withdrawn from dynamic source. However, till now, no proper assessment has been made of Static source of ground water. Only the assessment of dynamic source is being made on administrative boundaries every consecutive year.

6.1.16 Development of Concentrated Urban Hubs

Development of multi-storeyed complexes and uncontrolled withdrawal of drinking water from deeper and deeper strata, has over-exploited groundwater badly and may pose a safety threat in the near future, as the soils are totally alluvium. Harvesting and recycling of used water needs to be given a due consideration by the authorities.

6.1.17 Reduction in Small Ponds Area

Small natural ponds, and depressed areas which were providing a good source of recharge from automatic stored rain water are being abolished day by day by human interventions. Authorities needs to give a proper thought on it.

6.1.18 Flood Plain Encroachment

There is no demarcation of flood plains. Flood plains, which were providing a good source of ground water recharge are being encroached with even permanent structures, and causing a great threat to human and livestock life. River zones must be demarcated as early as possible, with a total ban on construction of pucca structures in marked river zones.

6.1.19 Data Availability

Data are scattered all over UP in various departments and field offices and generally available in hard format. Most of them are not quality checked. Inter-department data sharing is also a problem. Sometimes, it involves long process of high-level communication. Some important data are restricted for access and usually involves long procedural delay.

6.1.20 Other Issues

There are issues such as non-existent or ineffective WUAs, lack of communication across various departments and field offices.

6.2 Water Resources Development and Management Options

Rapti basin has River Rapti as a major drainage. Rapti river originates in Nepal at an elevation of about 3048 m in Dregaunra range and then flowing into hilly tract of Nepal it enters in India where it is confined to State of Uttar Pradesh. The total area of Rapti Basin is 23237.51 sq.km of which approximately 14658.20 sq.km lies in India. The worst flood affected area in U.P. lies in Rapti Basin. The river Rapti and its tributaries lying in the districts of Bahraich, Gonda, Balrampur, Mahrajganj,

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Shrawasti, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar and Sant Kabir Nagar inundate vast areas frequently. The topography of drainage area is such that storage for monsoon discharges cannot be created.

The basin uses transferred waters of Ghaghra basin and water available at Saryu and Rapti barrages including its share through Gandak canal offtaking from Gandak barrage.

The different interlinking projects from proposed construction on Ghaghra and Sharda has already been discussed in Gomti Basin plan.

6.2.1 Ground Water Development

If the unit/block gets categorised as ‘SAFE’ on the basis of the criterion mentioned in ‘b’ above, it is to be noted that, caution has to be exercised, while deciding the actual quantum of additional ground water withdrawal to be made in future.

Hence, the areas falling in ‘SAFE’ category blocks/units are best suitable for future ground water development. The ground water development in such areas has been considered during water balance modelling and recommendations.

6.2.2 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water

The need of conjunctive use of water was well recognized and emphasized by Irrigation Commission (1972) and National Commission on Agriculture (1976) and has been made part of the National Water Policy in 1987. The National Policy States that conjunctive use should be envisaged right from project planning stage and should form an essential part of the project.

Conjunctive use of water can have one or a combination of the following aims and objectives as defined in the guidelines for conjunctive use proposed by CWC (1995):

 Meeting Crop Water Requirement Surface Water Irrigation Schemes not backed by storages depend on stream flow availability which at times does not provide timely irrigation to crops. Groundwater pumping can meet the water requirement deficit during such critical periods. In absence of surface storages that are less likely to be feasible in UP, groundwater storage is technically feasible and economically viable option. This is

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan an option that can be implemented without delay without much complexity in comparison to development of large storages in Nepal and elsewhere.

 Anti Water Logging Measure Surface Irrigation Schemes without adequate surface drainage and ground water development result in water logging in command areas. Ground water pumping in such areas will act as Vertical Drainage and prevent water logging.

 Checking Lowering of Water Table Excessive withdrawal of ground water lowers the water table. Conjunctive use of surface water in such areas through storages or inter basins transfers can remedy the situation.

 Use of Saline Water In areas where ground water is saline and cannot be used directly for irrigation, conjunctive use with surface water, i.e. mixing the two waters, can reduce salinity to tolerable limits of crops.

 Augmenting Canal Supplies In some areas with adequate ground water, a battery of augmentation tube wells can augment canal supplies.

To achieve the above aims CWC has suggested the following strategies which may be implemented singly or in combination:

Strategy 1: Allocating area of land permanently to a particular use Under this strategy separate areas of the command are permanently allocated for surface water or ground water use. Separate distribution network for ground water has to be provided, which is likely to be small. Such separate allocation would depend on topographical and geohydrologic features of the command. In general, this is effective in alluvial plains. This has been implemented by UP Irrigation Department in Gangetic Plains since 1940’s and tube wells were government controlled.

Strategy 2: Integrating Surface water and Groundwater in time Under this Strategy Surface and Groundwater is allocated in different times in same area. In a particular season say in monsoon only Surface water is allocated and in non-monsoon only Ground water is used. In this strategy same field Channel can be used to carry surface as well as ground water. The ground water development may be through private tube wells and in that case field Channels have to be allowed to be used or through augmentation tube wells under government control.

Strategy 3: Combination of Strategies 1 and 2 There is both space and time integration under this strategy:  Some area is permanently allocated to surface water.  Some area is permanently allocated to the ground water.  Some area is supplied with surface water in one season and ground water in the other season.

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For areas in which both surface and ground water are used the seasonal regime of uses can vary from year to year to take advantage of the stable regime of the groundwater. The main economic advantages of utilising groundwater in conjunction with surface water are that a) an aquifer is a more reliable source of water than a river, thus enabling higher cropping intensity, more Kharif crops and economic benefits; b) much higher irrigation efficiencies (and better crop yields) can be attained in areas supplied from wells.

The full impact of conjunctive utilisation of surface and ground water can be attained mainly where a sufficient aquifer storage can be exploited so as to enable annual withdrawal to be increased in years of low surface water availability, and reduced in years of abundant surface water.

In many parts of Uttar Pradesh there is already a growing need to increase groundwater abstraction within the command area of irrigation projects because of the threat of waterlogging resulting from the accumulation of irrigation return flows. This danger is especially severe where groundwater level is less than 10 m below the surface, and is showing a rising trend.

Thus, in view of the advantages, and sometimes need, of increasing groundwater abstraction within irrigation project areas, the Consultants recommend that, wherever there is a sizeable aquifer storage and well yields are relatively good, and, on the other hand, wherever waterlogging is an imminent danger, or is already manifested, that under such circumstances conjunctive water use be encouraged, say by incentives to land holders, and be carefully planned and controlled by the authorities.

As per data of pre-monsoon 2015, the waterlogged areas have been identified where water table is less than 2 m below ground as shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 : Waterlogged Areas and Corresponding Blocks in Rapti Basin

District Block Area, (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) sq.km. Balrampur* Tulsipur 57.28 Bahraich* Nawabganj* 1.17 Source: Analysis of CGWB and UP GWD data, 2015

Only conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water can support agriculture intensification and diversification in Rapti Basin with better productivity. In line with this recommendation, the Consultants, have considered groundwater and irrigation return flows as utilisable for irrigation in conjunction with surface water within the command areas, after allowing for the supply of groundwater to domestic consumers, livestock etc. within the command area. The costs incurred by incorporating additional groundwater in the supply of irrigation water in the command area of surface water projects must, of course, be taken into account.

6.2.3 Intensification and Diversification of Crops

The aim of intensification and diversification of crops is to improve the incomes of cultivators in Rapti Basin. It may be possible to achieve this by changing the crop mix and moving to higher value crops, or by improving the reliability of irrigation supply so that cultivators can confidently invest more in inputs. Increased cost of groundwater irrigation, when conjunctive management policy is adopted, can

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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Rapti Basin Plan only be justified by crop intensification with enhanced productivity and diversification with higher value crops. There is option for both crop intensification and diversification in Rapti Basin and this has been taken care of in anticipated agriculture plan.

6.2.4 Improved Delivery of Surface Water

Irrigation water must be delivered to the root zone of the plants at the right time and in the right quantity to maximise the benefits. Improved delivery of surface water may result in increased income for the cultivator using the same quantity of irrigation water, or possibly using less irrigation water. This may be achieved by improvements in canals or water control structures, or by use of improved data collection, management information systems and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems.

Given that the irrigation systems in Rapti Basin are essentially run-of-river systems, the aims of any improvements to the systems will be to distribute the available water to the locations where it adds most value to cropping, and to minimise losses from the system. These aims must be balanced by considerations of equity in the delivery of government services to all cultivators. Options for improving the delivery of surface water include canal automation, increased use of rainfall and soil moisture measurement, improved forecasting of river flows, and improved application of irrigation such as replacing flood irrigation by furrow, sprinkler or drip systems.

It should be noted that:

 It may be more economical to use shallow tubewells to follow crop water requirements rather than attempting to make the surface water system more flexible and effective, and  Systems that reduce the amount of seepage from canals and percolation from fields will help to reduce water logging, but the ground water system provides a potentially enormous storage for over-season and over-year carry-over. This requires the seepage to recharge groundwater and pumping from ground water to irrigate crops to prevent waterlogging.

6.2.5 Integrated Watershed Development

There is a significant amount of Rapti Basin areas adjacent to rivers and nallas, affected by soil erosion and depleting groundwater level. These areas can be improved through effective integrated watershed development programs.

Following are the civil engineering measures for conservation of soil and water:

 Construction of contour bunds.  Construction of field bunds.  Construction of submergence bunds.  Gully plugging.  Check dam construction.  Construction of diversion drain.  Field to field drain outlets.  Farm ponds construction.

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 Dug out well construction.  Water harvesting structures.  Water conservation / recharge bunds.

Following are the vegetative measures for conservation of soil and water:

 Vegetative contour bund.  Vegetative drain control.  Vegetative check dams.  Nala / River bank control by vegetative measures.  Three tier vegetation on steep slope area.  Pasture development with grasses and bushes.  Agro Horticulture programme.  Agro forestry programme.  Afforestation on barren land.  Vegetative measures in combination with mechanical measures.

Following are the agronomical measures for conservation of soil and water:

 Insitu moisture conservation.  Proper crop rotation.  Growing of high canopy crops during rainy season.  Reduce the impact of rain drops through interception and to reduce the splash erosion by canopy.  Ridge and furrow method of cultivation across the slope.  Contour ploughing across the slope.  Raising vegetative buffer strip on steep slope.  Growing crop of high density and high canopy.  Mulching of the crop residue during rainy season.  Adding of organic manure in the soil.

Practices currently being followed for Water Conservation and Ground water Recharge by different organizations are given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Current Practices for Water Conservation and Ground Water Recharge

S. Works for Water Conservation Organization Schemes No. and Ground Water Recharge 1 Agriculture -On farm harvesting / water -Departmental Department conservation structure Schemes -Farm ponds -RKVY -Construction of check dams -Bundelkhand Package -Sprinkler / Distribution of seeds -PMKSY having less water requirement 2 Rural Development -Renovation of ponds MGNREGA Department

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S. Works for Water Conservation Organization Schemes No. and Ground Water Recharge 3 U.P. Jal Nigam -Construction of check dams National Drinking Water Programme 4 Minor Irrigation -Construction of check dams - National Drinking Department - Renovation of ponds Water Programme -RKVY / PMKSY -Bundelkhand Package 5 Forest Department -Construction of ponds -Departmental Scheme -Construction of check dams -MGNREGA -Bundhi

6 Horticulture -Drip & Sprinkler Irrigation System -PMKSY Department (Per Drop More Crop) 7 Irrigation & Water - Renovation of ponds / RRR Resources Department Reconstruction 8 Parti Bhumi Vikas -Water Conservation Structure IWMP Department 9 Housing & Urban Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting Departmental Schemes Planning Department on: and other Agencies -Private & Govt. Buildings -Govt. Buildings Source: Concerned Departments / Organizations

The impact of water conservation and groundwater recharge is still not clearly assessed. GEC-2017 has recommended the norms for assessment of recharge due to tanks & ponds and water conservation structures. A provision to assess expected outcome from water conservation / recharge works has been done in the Concept Note of “State Ground Water Conservation Mission”, which will give the real picture of impact resulting in successfulness of the scheme.

It is recommended that the provisions of “State Policy for Ground Water management, Rain Water Harvesting and Ground Water recharge in Uttar Pradesh” and the “State Ground Water Conservation Mission” are required to be followed by all the organizations engaged in Water Conservation and Ground Water Recharge activities.

6.2.6 Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS)

Basin Assessment and Planning System (BAPS) developed for the basin planning provides an efficient tool to evaluate different management scenarios. This tool has been used to assess water resource availability and requirement and socio-economic benefits in present and anticipated conditions and presented in succeeding sections. This can be used to evaluate similar options involving critical decisions. It forms the main computational framework for complex data analysis and evaluation of management scenario. Due to complex interaction of different sources of water such as rain, canal and groundwater, it is not possible to accurately evaluate a given scenario involving agriculture, water allocation to different stakeholders, equitable distribution of surface water, various socio-economic parameters and so on without such computational tool.

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6.2.7 Better Water Management

Water is a renewable resource and is essentially required for economic development and environment protection. But water availability is not consistent and many large river systems in many parts of the world have been identified as being in a state of serious water stress. There is growing concern for better water management. The use of water as a resource should best support (i) Social equity (ii) Economic development and (iii) Environmental sustainability.

The integrated water resource management (IWRM) approach reflects this concern in that it seeks to achieve an optimum balance among the ‘three Es’: efficiency, equity and environment.  economic efficiency – to make scarce water resources go as far as possible and to allocate water strategically to different economic sectors and uses;  social equity – to ensure equitable access to water, and to the benefits from water use, between women and men, rich people and poor, across different social and economic groups both within and across countries, which involves issues of entitlement, access and control;  environmental sustainability – to protect the water resources base and related aquatic ecosystems, and more broadly to help address global environmental issues such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable energy and sustainable food security.

Economic efficiency can be increased substantially via increase in the water prices, coupled with public awareness efforts. By including consideration of the high cost of procurement costs, it is possible to argue for price increases to reduce water demand and thereby the need for costly water supply expansions and groundwater protection interventions. Equity can be achieved through provision of a safe and reliable water supply for all at an affordable water price. And thirdly, environmental sustainability can be addressed by advanced methods to map and model the linked processes of the water resources and their reactions to human activities.

The objective of the National Water Policy is to take cognizance of the existing situation, to propose a framework for creation of a system of laws and institutions and for a plan of action with a unified national perspective.

For conservation and efficient use of water, National & State Water Policy has been issued to provide guide lines for management of water resource. The National water policy (2012) insists to incorporate a participatory approach, by involving not only the various governmental agencies but also the users’ and other stakeholders, in an effective and decisive manner, in various aspects of planning, design, development and management of the water resources schemes. Water Users Association and local bodies such as municipalities and Gram-Panchayats should particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and management of water infrastructures/facilities at appropriate levels progressively, with a view to eventually transfer the management of such facilities to the user groups/ local bodies. Further Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) has enacted Uttar Pradesh Water Management and Regulatory Commission (UPWaMReC) to regulate and recommend the tariff for water used for agriculture, industrial, drinking, power and other purposes and also for levying cess on land benefitted by flood protection and drainage works to assist the State for making policies and execution of water resources within the State, facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and optimal utilization of water resources for ensuring sustainable development of the State.

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UPWaMReC Act has come into force from March, 04, 2014 and UPWaMReC has been established on May 19, 2014.

Further for better management of canal system through participatory approach, State Government enacted “Participatory Irrigation Management Act of 2009”.

The Associations at different levels are expected to be actively involved in: (i) maintenance of irrigation system in their area of operation; (ii) distribution of irrigation water to the beneficiary farmers as per the warabandi schedule; (iii) assisting the irrigation department in the preparation of water demand and collection of water charges; (iv) resolve disputes among the members and WUA; (v) monitoring flow of water in the irrigation system etc.

As per recommendations of CWC, for 13th finance commission, the maintenance charges for major and medium irrigation schemes are to be kept Rs. 1,500 per ha for utilisable potential of gravity schemes and Rs. 3,000 per ha for utilisable potential of lift schemes. Further these norms may be kept 50% for unutilised potential.

Public policies on water resources need to be governed by certain basic principles, so that there is some commonality in approaches in dealing with planning, development and management of water resources. These basic principles are:

(i) Planning, development and management of water resources need to be governed by common integrated perspective considering local, regional, state and national context, having an environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the human, social and economic needs. (ii) Principle of equity and social justice must inform, use and allocation of water. (iii) Good governance through transparent informed decision making is crucial to the objectives of equity, social justice and sustainability. Meaningful intensive participation, transparency and accountability should guide decision making and regulation of water resources. (iv) Water needs to be managed as a common pool community resource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food security, support livelihood, and ensure equitable and sustainable development for all. (v) Water is essential for sustenance of eco-system, and therefore, minimum ecological needs should be given due consideration. (vi) Safe Water for drinking and sanitation should be considered as pre-emptive needs, followed by high priority allocation for other basic domestic needs (including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs. Available water, after meeting the above needs, should be allocated in a manner to promote its conservation and efficient use. (vii) All the elements of the water cycle, i.e., evapo-transpiration, precipitation, runoff, river, lakes, soil moisture, and ground water, sea, etc., are interdependent and the basic hydrological unit is the river basin, which should be considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning. (viii) Given the limits on enhancing the availability of utilizable water resources and increased variability in supplies due to climate change, meeting the future needs will depend more on demand management, and hence, this needs to be given priority, especially through (a) evolving an agricultural system which economizes on water use and maximizes value from water, and (b) bringing in maximum efficiency in use of water and avoiding wastages.

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(ix) Water quality and quantity are interlinked and need to be managed in an integrated manner, consistent with broader environmental management approaches inter-alia including the use of economic incentives and penalties to reduce pollution and wastage. (x) The impact of climate change on water resources availability must be factored into water management related decisions. Water using activities need to be regulated keeping in mind the local geo climatic and hydrological situation.

There is a need to evolve a National Framework Law as an umbrella statement of general principles governing the exercise of legislative and/or executive (or devolved) powers by the Centre, the States and the local governing bodies. This should lead the way for essential legislation on water governance in every State of the Union and devolution of necessary authority to the lower tiers of government to deal with the local water situation.

Local governing bodies like Panchayats, Municipalities, Corporations, etc., and Water Users Associations, wherever applicable, should be involved in planning of the projects. The unique needs and aspirations of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, women and other weaker sections of the society should be given due consideration.

Pricing of water should ensure its efficient use and reward conservation. Equitable access to water for all and its fair pricing, for drinking and other uses such as sanitation, agricultural and industrial, should be arrived at through independent statutory Water Regulatory Authority, after wide ranging consultation with all stakeholders. The principle of differential pricing may be retained for the pre- emptive uses of water for drinking and sanitation; and high priority allocation for ensuring food security and supporting livelihood for the poor. Available water, after meeting the above needs, should increasingly be subjected to allocation and pricing on economic principles so that water is not wasted in unnecessary uses and could be utilized more gainfully. In order to meet equity, efficiency and economic principles, the water charges should preferably / as a rule be determined on volumetric basis. Such charges should be reviewed periodically.

Recycle and reuse of water, after treatment to specified standards, should also be incentivized through a properly planned tariff system.

Water Users Associations (WUAs) should be given statutory powers to collect and retain a portion of water charges, manage the volumetric quantum of water allotted to them and maintain the distribution system in their jurisdiction.

The over-drawal of groundwater should be minimized by regulating the use of electricity for its extraction.

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7 FORMULATION OF WATER RESOURCES MASTER PLAN

7.1 Long-term Objectives and Developmental Targets/Criteria

7.1.1 Socio-economic Scenarios and Constraints of Development

Socio-economically, Rapti basin is an agriculture-based society, with a relatively large percentage of the population living below poverty line (BPL). Although the climate and soils are able to support intensive agriculture up to three crops per year, with high crop production, but there are physical and socio-economic constraints on achieving this potential. It is mostly cultivated by small or marginal landholders.

All these farmers grow crops primarily for consumption by their own family members or to supply within a short distance of their fields. This has several consequences:

 The range of crops is limited to those that are traditionally eaten. Particularly they opt rice, wheat cycle.  Farmers cannot take significant risks with new crop varieties, or new practices, because crop failure could mean severe malnutrition if not starvation.  Farmers do not have easy access to new crop varieties, good quality seeds, and efficient marketing systems that give adequate financial rewards for their crops.  Availability of canal irrigation is limited due to canal systems not reaching all areas, and canals having insufficient capacity to fully irrigate water-intensive crops, particularly paddy.  The timing of delivery of canal irrigation is unreliable in many areas so that farmers cannot plan their irrigation cycles, including the conjunctive use of ground water and canal water. Changes to canal rosters may be required during the season due to uneven rainfall in the command area, or shortage of water at canal offtakes, but the impacts of changes could be minimised by good communications with irrigators.  Irrigation from shallow ground water is possible in most areas, but canal water is highly subsidised/ free and is much cheaper than shallow ground water from diesel pump sets, so that canal water is used in preference to ground water in head reaches leading to sub-surface waterlogging. As a result, there is inadequate canal water available in tail reaches of canal systems, leading to over-use of ground water and resulting ground water depletion.  Some soils tend to develop salinity-sodicity, generally as a result of a number of factors including sub-surface water-logging that results in salts moving up into the root zone, especially during summer when soil temperatures and evaporation rates are high.  Sub-surface water logging and associated soil salinity-sodicity prevents cultivation of deep- rooted vegetation, such as fruit trees, and pulses, resulting in poor nutritional balance in villages although calorie intakes may be adequate.  A seasonal pattern of temperatures that limits particular crops to particular times of the year, for example, wheat needs cold weather early in its growth cycle and suffers yield reductions if weather is too hot close to harvesting, so ideally is planted early winter (say, November) and is harvested before the hottest months (say, Feb-Mar), while rice prefers warm weather, especially for germination, so needs special arrangements (such as irrigation with ground water during germination) to be grown in Jayad season.

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 Low slopes in many areas limit the effectiveness of surface drains to remove excess water during the monsoon.

Timely input of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water may increase the production, but small land holding cultivators wait for subsidised availability of inputs due to shortage of funds. Further they are also not well aware of impact of timely inputs of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water.

7.1.2 Planning Objectives

The planning objectives for the basin in relation to water resource development and management focus on additional income generation by maximization of land and water productivity through crop intensification and diversification of irrigated agriculture, and thereby improve socio-economic status of population through improved land and water resources management.

Secondary objectives include promoting poverty reduction by ensuring that people who are currently BPL are beneficiaries through focussing assistance on small and marginal farmers and creating increased employment opportunities in agriculture-related activities.

In achieving these objectives, due attention should be given to the objectives of improving human health through reducing waterlogged areas, ensuring safe water is available for drinking and hygiene purposes, and improving water dependent ecosystems including those dependent on ground water.

7.1.3 Relationship to National Planning Objectives

The basin planning objectives align well with following national planning objectives. The National water policy clearly emphasis that the sustainable and integrated water resource management treating water as single unitary resource in a holistic manner, ensuring multipurpose use of the water resource and maintaining ecological & environmental flows under river basin frame work is the only sustainable solution.

 Inclusion of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in water resource development and management projects along with strengthening water users’ associations and implementation of participatory irrigation management.  Increased production of cereals and other food crops to minimise existing gap between demand and supply of food grains.  Agriculture diversification and intensification in irrigated areas into higher value cash crops where markets exist, and poverty reduction, along with promotion of sprinkler and drip irrigation especially of vegetables and horticulture in collaboration with government subsidised schemes.

As per UP State Water policy, the State has a total of about 20 mha of culturable land out of which about 17.4 mha is presently under agriculture. For a projected population of 270 million by the year 2020 the food grain requirement has been assessed as 63 million tonnes, which works out to about 233 kg/person (=63*1000/270). With the present irrigation and other inputs a productivity level of about 1.7 t/ha has been achieved. A productivity level of 3.4 t/ha (double) will have to be achieved to meet the projected food grain requirements. In order to achieve this target, in addition to other inputs,

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7.1.4 Water Use Priorities

Man uses water for a multitude of purposes. The important uses of water are: irrigation, hydropower generation, domestic and industrial use, inland navigation, fish and wild life preservation, and recreation. Flood management, though not a water use in the strict sense, also may be added to this, since it involves regulation of water and hence affects the availability for other uses. The estimation of future water demand by the various user sectors in the basin is an important aspect of master plan preparation. According to the National Water Policy, safe water for drinking and sanitation should be considered as pre-emptive needs, followed by high priority allocation for other basic domestic needs (including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs. Available water, after meeting the above needs, should be allocated in a manner to promote its conservation and efficient use. As per UP State Water Policy, the water allocation priorities should be broadly as: (i) Drinking water, (ii) Irrigation, (iii) Hydro & Thermal Power, (iv) Agro- industries and non-agricultural industries, and (v) Navigation and other uses. However, these priorities might be modified if necessary, in particular region with reference to area specific considerations. In water balance modelling the same water allocation priorities have been adopted except for industries, which has been given higher priority to irrigation according to Industrial Investment Policy of 2004 of the State and as it forms less than 1% of the total demand.

7.2 Water Balance Scenarios for Present and Future

The availability of surface water and ground water and its quality have been discussed in Chapter 4 and the present and future demands have been discussed in Chapter 5. Considering the demand and water availability, Water Balance study has been carried out using BAPS models for the base year 2015 as well as over time for 2025, 2035 and 2045. Hydrological year, starting from previous year’s June 1st to mentioned year’s May 31st has been taken. The Node-Link model setup for Rapti Basin and data related to model run for various scenarios is given in Appendix 39. The scenarios were chosen for assessing the current water availability, requirement and distribution, and social and economic aspects in Rapti Basin under the current water management and agricultural practices. We broadly classify the Scenario Development selected as below, based on the experience of different model runs for Rapti basin: -

 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual); RUN-1  Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification and diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1); RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4  Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area; RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7

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 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area with Climate change scenario; RUN-8

The water balance in BAPS models is carried out for each SBBE (the smallest unit) as well as for each town. The time step is fortnightly. The different scenarios analysed for present (Base year 2014-15) and future planning stages of years 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, all at 75% dependability with corresponding Model RUN No. are as follows (see Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 : Water Balance Scenarios Considered

Minimum Micro- Infra- Constraint Agri- Climate Completion Model Environ- irrigation Crop structure on Stage of culture Change of Rapti RUN Year mental Flow in 10% Diversi- for GW GW Growth Scenario Canal No. given 1st area fication Use Extraction Scenario considered System priority considered RUN-1 2014-15 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - No - RUN-2 2024-25 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - Yes - RUN-3 2034-35 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - Yes - RUN-4 2044-45 Existing No Agr.Sc-1 - - Yes - RUN-5 2024-25 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes - Yes Yes 20% RUN-6 2034-35 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes - Yes Yes 30% RUN-7 2044-45 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes - Yes Yes 40% RUN-8 2044-45 Additional Yes Agr.Sc-2 Yes Yes Yes Yes 40%

7.2.1 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual); RUN-1

Based on the crop statistics for the year 2014-15, the crop plan considered for the modelling purposes has been summarised in fourteen groups and given in Section 5.2.3.2, for “Business As Usual” (BAU) scenario. The present cropping intensity works out to 165%.

Summary of annual water balance for Rapti Basin for hydrological year 2014-15, which were obtained from WBM, is shown in Table 7.2. Model run shows that for the present cropped area and cropping intensity, the stage of ground water extraction works out to 43.9% for Rapti basin as a whole, while it is 41.4% for Ami sub basin, 35.4% for Burhi Rapti sub-basin, 46.4% for Rapti sub-basin and 43.9% for Rohin sub-basin. There is no shortage in canal commands of Ami and Rohin sub basins, while shortage in canal commands of Burhi Rapti and Rapti sub-basin is 34.6% and 3.5%, respectively. , However, for outside commands, the shortage in Rapti basin as a whole comes out to 53.3%, while the shortage in Ami, Burhi Rapti, Rapti and Rohin comes to 53.3%, 61.7%, 52.4% and 50.0%, respectively.

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Table 7.2 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-1

Scenario BAU (2014-15) Demand in MCM Ami Burhi Rapti Rapti Rohin Rapti Total Urban Demand 3.55 4.74 69.04 11.19 88.52 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 3.55 4.74 69.04 11.19 88.52 Urban SW supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WW production 1.99 2.65 38.66 6.26 49.57 Rural Domestic Demand 31.77 32.09 115.18 33.31 212.34 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 6.67 9.74 31.80 6.90 55.11 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 0.69 0.38 1.49 0.39 2.94 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 4.05 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Rural demand 39.12 42.22 152.52 40.59 274.44 Total Rural GW Supply 39.12 42.22 152.52 40.59 274.44 Total Rural SW Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 467.19 492.86 1020.38 190.74 2171.18 SW Supply in CCA 431.87 151.09 844.44 174.97 1602.36 GW Supply in CCA 35.32 171.05 130.30 15.78 352.45 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 0.00 170.73 45.64 0.00 216.36 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.0% 34.6% 4.5% 0.0% 10.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 430.39 497.13 2285.18 610.83 3823.52 GW Supply Outside CCA 155.21 71.29 712.11 247.01 1185.62 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 46.00 118.89 375.71 58.25 598.85 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside 229.18 306.94 1197.37 305.56 2039.05 CCA Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 53.3% 61.7% 52.4% 50.0% 53.3% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 373.95 679.19 1668.22 533.94 3255.30 GW Recharge from Other Sources 189.20 136.93 627.17 126.41 1079.70 Total GW Availability 563.15 816.11 2295.39 660.35 4335.00 GW pumping 233.21 289.29 1063.97 314.57 1901.04 Stage of GW Extraction 41.4% 35.4% 46.4% 47.6% 43.9% Total Demand 940.25 1036.95 3527.12 853.35 6357.67 Total GW Supply 233.21 289.29 1063.97 314.57 1901.04 Total SW Supply 431.87 151.09 844.44 174.97 1602.36 Total SWMin Supply 46.00 118.89 375.71 58.25 598.85 Total Unmet Demand 229.18 477.67 1243.00 305.56 2255.42 Total Shortage in % 24.4% 46.1% 35.2% 35.8% 35.5%

Stage of GW Extraction:

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SBBEs with stage of GW extraction, from WBM results, are shown in Appendix 39 for RUN-1. As mentioned above, in present scenario, there is no restriction on any type of users, whether, it is use for drinking, irrigation or for any other purposes. The stage of GW extraction for Rapti Basin in this run is 43.9%.

Urban Demand: The total urban demand comes out to be 88.51 MCM for the Rapti basin as a whole, while it is 3.55 MCM in Ami sub basin, 4.74 MCM in Burhi Rapti sub basin, 69.04 MCM in Rapti sub basin and 11.19 MCM in Rohin sub basin. No deficit is there in Urban domestic water requirement as it is supplied from GW and there is no control on installation of wells.

Urban Waste Water: About 49.57 MCM of WW is produced in Rapti Basin from urban water uses, with maximum of 38.66 MCM from Rapti sub basin. However, for the model run purposes, treated water has not been considered, presently, but is available as a source of water for reuse in future.

Rural Demand: Rural domestic demand from all the blocks area of Rapti basin comes out to be 212.34 MCM, with maximum of 115.18 MCM from Rapti sub-basin. All the rural domestic water requirement is considered to be met from GW as there is no control on installation of wells in rural areas.

7.2.2 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification and diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc- 1); RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4

Considering the decadal crop growth as per prevailing trend, as per historical data analysis, as conceived and tabulated in Section 5.2.3.3 as Agriculture Growth Scenario (Agr.Sc-1), for the future years of 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45. The Agriculture Growth Scenario (Agr.Sc-1) considers that in future the crop areas and crop yields will increase/decrease as per prevailing trend with constraint of available cultivable area in districts.

The model was run and detailed results are enclosed in Appendix 39 as RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4. The sectoral demand, supplies and shortages are shown in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-2, RUN-3 and RUN-4

Scenario BAU

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Scenario BAU

Demand in MCM 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 55.11 60.67 66.65 72.63 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 2.94 4.51 6.09 7.66 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Rural demand 274.44 401.28 562.86 629.36 Total Rural GW Supply 274.44 401.28 562.86 629.36 Total Rural SW Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 2171.18 3074.69 3245.22 3317.71 SW Supply in CCA 1602.36 2525.93 2639.86 2695.37 GW Supply in CCA 352.45 341.81 382.93 391.46 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 216.36 206.95 222.44 230.88 Irrigation shortage in CCA 10.0% 6.7% 6.9% 7.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 3823.52 2547.49 2701.85 2749.40 GW Supply Outside CCA 1185.62 909.90 926.48 927.99 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 598.85 426.49 429.84 429.01 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside 2039.05 1211.09 1345.52 1392.39 CCA Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 53.3% 47.5% 49.8% 50.6% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 3255.30 3255.30 3255.30 3255.30 GW Recharge from Other Sources 1079.70 1186.92 1214.52 1374.97 Total GW Availability 4335.00 4442.22 4469.82 4630.27 GW pumping 1901.04 1781.73 2020.99 2112.08 Stage of GW Extraction 43.9% 40.1% 45.2% 45.6% Total Demand 6357.67 6152.19 6658.65 6859.73 Total GW Supply 1901.04 1781.73 2020.99 2112.08 Total SW Supply 1602.36 2525.93 2639.86 2695.37 Total SWMin Supply 598.85 426.49 429.84 429.01 Total Unmet Demand 2255.42 1418.04 1567.96 1623.27 Total Shortage in % 35.5% 23.0% 23.5% 23.7% Cropping Intensity, % 165% 171% 179% 181% Foodgrain Production, kg/person 208 209 211 214

Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 88.52 MCM to 163.27 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 212.34 MCM to 545.03 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 629.36 MCM in 2044-45 against 274.44 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 6357.67 MCM in 2014-15 to 6859.73 MCM in 2044-45.

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7.2.3 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) and micro irrigation in 10% of cropped area; RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7

Considering the decadal crop growth as per prevailing trend, as per historical data analysis, as conceived and tabulated in Section 5.2.3.3 and improved crop yields due to conjunctive water management and better irrigation practices as Agriculture Growth Scenario-2 (Agr.Sc-2), for the future years of 2024-25, 2034-35 and 2044-45.

The model was run and detailed results are enclosed in Appendix 39 as RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7. The sectoral demand, supplies and shortages have been shown in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7

Scenario BAU Management

Demand in MCM 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Population, million 14.88 17.32 19.69 21.89 Urban Demand 88.52 128.74 148.72 163.27 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 88.52 128.74 148.72 163.27 Urban SW supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WW production 49.57 75.18 90.97 104.49 Rural Domestic Demand 212.34 332.05 486.07 545.03 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 55.11 60.67 66.65 72.63 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 2.94 4.51 6.09 7.66 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Rural demand 274.44 401.28 562.86 629.36 Total Rural GW Supply 274.44 401.28 562.86 629.36 Total Rural SW Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 2171.18 2938.70 3039.43 3031.29 SW Supply in CCA 1602.36 2251.04 1740.80 1688.24 GW Supply in CCA 352.45 687.66 1298.64 1343.04 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 216.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation shortage in CCA 10.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 3823.52 2424.04 2506.80 2476.63 GW Supply Outside CCA 1185.62 1707.04 1691.10 1648.90 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 598.85 417.55 409.10 402.64 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 2039.05 299.45 406.60 425.09

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Scenario BAU Management

Demand in MCM 2014-15 2024-25 2034-35 2044-45 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 53.3% 12.4% 16.2% 17.2% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 3255.30 3255.30 3255.30 3255.30 GW Recharge from Other Sources 1079.70 1496.86 1670.81 1704.31 Total GW Availability 4335.00 4752.16 4926.11 4959.61 GW pumping 1901.04 2924.72 3701.31 3784.58 Stage of GW Extraction 43.9% 61.5% 75.1% 76.3% Total Demand 6357.67 5892.76 6257.81 6300.54 Total GW Supply 1901.04 2924.72 3701.31 3784.58 Total SW Supply 1602.36 2251.04 1740.80 1688.24 Total SWMin Supply 598.85 417.55 409.10 402.64 Total Unmet Demand 2255.42 299.45 406.60 425.09 Total Shortage in % 35.5% 5.1% 6.5% 6.7% Cropping Intensity, % 165% 171% 179% 181% Foodgrain Production, kg/person 208 276 303 339

With the implementation of conjunctive use, the irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 10% and subsequent shortage of about 7% in 2044-45 BAU scenario. The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 17.2% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 53.3%. The overall shortage will reduce to 6.7%, as against the present shortage of 35.5%.

However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 43.9% to 61.5% in the year 2024-25, 75.1% in the year 2034-35 and 76.3% in the year 2044-45.

7.2.4 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45 with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per Agr.Sc-2, with Climate change scenario; RUN-8

To see the impact of Climate change in future (2044-45) on water balance, sectoral allocation and shortages, the changed scenarios can be seen by reduction in rainfall and increase in evaporation and evapotranspiration, which will affect mainly the surface water availability, groundwater recharge from rain and irrigation requirement.

The model run is given in Appendix 39 as RUN-8, by considering 10% decrease in rainfall, 2% increase in evaporation and 5% increase in evapotranspiration and the results are summarized in Table 7.5.

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Table 7.5 : Summary of Annual Water Balance for RUN-8

Management with Scenario Management Climate change Demand in MCM 2044-45 2044-45 Urban Demand 163.27 163.27 Unmet Urban Demand 0.00 0.00 Urban GW supply 163.27 163.27 Urban SW supply 0.00 0.00 WW production 104.49 104.49 Rural Domestic Demand 545.03 545.03 Unmet Rural Domestic Demand 0.00 0.00 Livestock Demand 72.63 72.63 Unmet Livestock Demand 0.00 0.00 Industry Demand 7.66 7.66 Unmet Industry Demand 0.00 0.00 Power Plants Demand 4.05 4.05 Unmet Power Plants Demand 0.00 0.00 Total Rural demand 629.36 629.36 Total Rural GW Supply 629.36 629.36 Total Rural SW Supply 0.00 0.00 Rural SWMin Supply 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Demand in CCA 3031.29 3699.45 SW Supply in CCA 1688.24 2186.40 GW Supply in CCA 1343.04 1513.04 Unmet Irrigation Demand in CCA 0.00 0.00 Irrigation shortage in CCA 0.0% 0.0% Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 2476.63 2896.59 GW Supply Outside CCA 1648.90 1798.80 SWMin Supply Outside CCA 402.64 451.79 Unmet Irrigation Demand Outside CCA 425.09 646.00 Irrigation shortage Outside CCA 17.2% 22.3% GW Recharge from Normal Rain 3255.30 2929.77 GW Recharge from Other Sources 1704.31 2152.95 Total GW Availability 4959.61 5082.72 GW pumping 3784.58 4104.47 Stage of GW Extraction 76.3% 80.8% Total Demand 6300.54 7388.66 Total GW Supply 3784.58 4104.47 Total SW Supply 1688.24 2186.40 Total SWMin Supply 402.64 451.79 Total Unmet Demand 425.09 646.00 Total Shortage in % 6.7% 8.7%

It can be seen that there is not much impact of climate change on Rapti Basin as its average annual rainfall is about 1093 mm and it has surplus water availability after completion of Rapti Canal System. The total irrigation demand shows increase from 5507.92 MCM to 6596.04 MCM (19.8% increase). This additional demand is completely met outside command from surface water and groundwater

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7.2.5 Summary of Present and Future Water Balance

Present (2014-15) Water Balance: Under the existing irrigation practises, with cropping intensity of 165%, the irrigation demand in canal command is 2171.18 MCM with a shortage of 10%, while irrigation demand in non-command is 3823.52 MCM, with a shortage of 53.3%. The urban demand remains 88.52 MCM, total rural demand 274.44. MCM. The overall demand will be 6357.67 MCM, with a shortage of 35.5% and ground water development of 43.9%. Based on present BAU scenario model run, issues specific to districts falling in Rapti basin have been presented in Appendix 40.

Future Water Balance: Under BAU scenario, Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 88.52 MCM to 163.27 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 212.34 MCM to 545.03 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 629.36 MCM in 2044-45 against 274.44 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 6357.67 MCM in 2014-15 to 6859.73 MCM in 2044-45. The overall ground water development in Rapti basin will increase to 45.6% in 2044-45, as compared to present development of 43.9 % and the overall shortages will reduce to 23.7%, as compared to present 35.5%, due to development of Rapti system.

However, if we opt for full conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan the irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 10%. The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 17.2% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 53.3%. The overall shortage will reduce to 6.7%, as against the present shortage of 35.5%.

However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 43.9% to 61.5% in the year 2024-25 to 75.1% in the year 2034-35 and 76.3% in the year 2044-45.

Gross Margins: The average gross margin for Rapti Basin in the present scenario works out to Rs. 8,036 per ha. In future strategies for Rapti Basin, the aim of water management will be to reduce the agriculture production shortages and thereby increase the gross margins. To calculate anticipated gross margin, the potential productivity of rice, wheat and other crops is taken as the maximum productivity attained in last 10 years. In most cases, these values are assumed to be achievable through appropriate land and water resource management and have been found to be lower than the productivity in pilot farm studies. The cost of cultivation and agriculture inputs are kept the same as current uses for all analyses. The overall gross margin for Rapti Basin is expected to increase from Rs. 8,036 to Rs. 26,451 per ha in 2025, Rs. 37,521 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 50,601 per ha in 2045 through appropriate land and water resource management.

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Food Grain Production: Considering the potential productivity of cereals and pulses (maximum productivity observed in last 10 years), anticipated agriculture plan with conjunctive use and additional shallow tubewells, with implementation of crop diversification and intensification and increase in population, the food grain production for year 2025, 2035 and 2045 (corresponding to model run RUN-5, RUN-6 and RUN-7) works out to 276, 303 and 339 kg/person, respectively which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 Kg/person as per the State Water Policy. Total food grain production will increase from 3.10 million metric tonnes in base year to 7.42 million metric tonnes in the year 2045 with desirable plan.

7.3 Alternate Development Scenarios

7.3.1 Various Measures for Water Conservation and Distribution

There is very little scope for surface water conservation due to topography of the basin. There are only small reservoirs in the basin, which are being used for storage purposes and irrigation in nearby areas by limited canal network. However, for non-command areas, where the ground water depletion is more due to excessive withdrawal, a series of small check dams could be constructed to store the drained water especially during rainy seasons.

In areas where canal irrigation is absent or unreliable, ground water recharge using water harvesting structures will augment rainfall recharge and improve the reliability of irrigation, and productivity of crops. In some areas, fine soils are also restricting the ground water use.

The development of ground water will require installation of additional shallow tube-wells, and use of additional energy (diesel or electric) to pump the groundwater. Distribution of the ground water from shallow tube-wells is relatively simple and inexpensive using channels or flexible hoses. The efficiency of this stored water could further be increased by addition of sprinkler/drip irrigation system.

7.3.2 Possibility of Integrating Various Uses of Water

Uses of water that are consumptive do not generally allow for integration of the various uses. However, where some uses are consumptive and others non-consumptive, then integrated use is possible.

Consumptive uses of water in Rapti basin are for irrigated agriculture, evaporation from aquaculture ponds, drinking water for humans and animals and potentially for cooling of industrial plant. Other uses are non-consumptive. These include hydro-electric power generation, environmental flows for rivers and nallahs, and water for human bathing and buffalo wallows etc.

Environmental and ecological flow requirements in rivers/drains of Rapti basin will be a big challenge after development and running of distribution system. Further encroachment in river zone, is imposing a great threat to the environment. The quality of river water downstream of Gorakhpur has gone, below standards.

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Water for irrigation to Rapti basin is to be transferred from Ghaghra basin. So, it is a great challenge for integrating requirements of drinking, environmental and agriculture spatially, especially for non- monsoon periods. Frequent decisions may be required to be taken by competent authorities for inter sectoral allocations.

7.3.3 Possibility of Integrating Various Reservoir Systems

The large dams planned in Ghaghra basin for the rivers upstream of the river diversion structures will need to be operated in an integrated way to ensure that the benefits of the dams are maximised. It will not be necessary to integrate the storages further through integrated operations.

Sharing of resources between Sharda, Ghaghra, Saryu and Rapti will be a great challenge after completion of Saryu and Rapti canal networks.

7.3.4 Conjunctive Use of Surface and Ground Water

Conjunctive use of surface and ground water will maximise the benefits available from the water resources of the Basin, for irrigated agriculture as well as for other consumptive and non-consumptive uses. However, this may require additional investment in shallow tube-wells and pump sets, as well as improved management of the total resource, through water users’ associations. Additional area specific requirement, if any may be met with more running hrs, as power condition is being improving day-by-day or through additional shallow borings. Additional borings required are being proposed for implementation of full conjunctive use, to utilise the replenishable resources at block level.

Implementation of canal water equity through PIM and water users’ association control will reduce the water logging area in head and middle reaches of canal, vice versa reduction in depletion of ground water levels at tail ends. This will increase the crop yield both ways, as well as energy cost in lifting the water will be reduced.

7.3.5 Integration of Environmental/Ecological Consideration

The environment of the Basin has been highly modified over the past centuries to provide food, clothing, shelter and transportation for the high population density. These modified ecosystems need to be maintained and, where possible, improved. The projects proposed are expected to have the following benefits on the environment and ecosystems:

 Reducing the areas subject to sub-surface water logging by provision of horizontal or vertical drainage. Vertical drainage will augment canal irrigation through conjunctive use of surface and ground water. This will improve crop yields and diversity thus improving nutritional conditions, assist land holders who have been impoverished by land degradation, and support a greater diversity of flora and fauna that will provide non-food resources and assist in pest management.  Reducing the areas subject to ground water depletion by construction of water harvesting structures, growing crops with lower water requirements and installing drip or sprinkler irrigation where economically viable. This will improve crop yields in the affected areas, assist land holders who have been affected by ground water depletion, and support ground water dependent ecosystems.

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 Reducing the areas subject to surface water logging by improving drainage and, where appropriate, converting marshy lands to aquaculture. This will improve crop yields in affected areas, assist land holders who have been affected by land degradation associated with surface water logging, and reduce the occurrence of mosquito breeding grounds.  Improving the water quality in drains, nallahs and rivers by reducing the areas of saline-sodic soils thus reducing saline drainage flows, reducing waste loads on rivers by treating waste streams and, where appropriate, providing flushing flows to dilute waste streams and improve dissolved oxygen levels.

7.3.6 Inter-state/International Agreements and Tribunal Awards

Rapti basin is indirectly affected by an international agreement with Nepal, as water to Rapti basin is transferred through Saryu link channel and Rapti link channel, through diversions on Ghaghra and Saryu rivers of Ghaghra basin. This agreement will affect the allocation of water from the development of large dams either wholly or partially in Nepal. This includes the planned Pancheshwar, West Seti and Chisapani Dams. Rapti, Gomti, as well as Ghaghra basins are also affected by tribunal awards in relation to river flows from Uttar Pradesh into Bihar and beyond.

7.3.7 Inter-basin Transfer of Water, Recycling, Recharging for Augmenting

Water to Rapti basin will be transferred from Ghaghra basin and there is no surplus water available for transfer to Rapti basin. However, with the construction of dams in Nepal on rivers in Ghaghra basin, the non-monsoon availability will be increased and regulated.

There is negligible potential for recycling because there is only a relatively small amount of waste water that could be treated and recycled, and this is suitable for reuse after dilution with other flows.

Recharging of ground water is already recommended in ground water depleted areas at the tail ends of canals and in broken ground near rivers and nallahs.

However, for domestic use, roof top harvesting and use of grey water needs to be promoted at large scale.

7.3.8 Water Use Efficiency

The National Water Mission (NWM) was identified as one of eight key areas requiring strategic interventions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The main objective of the NWM is “conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management”.

In its guiding document, the NWM has identified various strategies leading towards integrated planning for sustainable development and efficient management of the nation’s water resources with the active participation of stakeholders. The Mission’s concern is that climate change and changes in land use will affect the quantity and quality of the available water resources, with the most vulnerable areas being: (i) drought prone areas, (ii) flood prone areas, (iii) the coastal regions, (iv) the region with deficient rainfall, (v) areas with over-exploited, critical and semi-critical stage of ground water extraction, (vi) water quality affected areas, and (vii) snow-fed river basins.

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This concern has led to the development of a strategy for mitigation and management with five identified goals: (i) creation of a comprehensive water data base in the public domain and assessment of the impact of climate change on water resources; (ii) promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation and preservation; (iii) focused attention on vulnerable areas including over-exploited areas; (iv) increasing water use efficiency (WUE) by 20%, and (v) promotion of basin level integrated water resources management

For the purposes of achieving the 12th Five Year Plan and National Water Mission Goal IV of increasing water use efficiency by 20 percent focus on Major and Medium Irrigation (MMI) was considered. Water use efficiency for Major and Medium Irrigation (MMI) schemes relates to the efficiency of delivering water from the intake of the irrigation system to the crop root zone for the purpose of beneficial crop evapotranspiration, taking account of any use or reuse of seepage or other conveyance, distribution or application losses as conventionally describe that might subsequently be used by farmers within the boundaries of the irrigation scheme. The term thus relates to the fraction of irrigation water used for productive crop evapotranspiration within the boundaries of the scheme compared to the total volume of water diverted at the intake to the irrigation system. For the purpose of clarification, the use or reuse of conveyance, distribution or conveyance losses may relate to pumping from groundwater, direct use of seepage water, or other form of beneficial reuse within the boundaries of the scheme.

From the actions detailed in the Main Report and Annexures to the Comprehensive Mission Document (CMD) the following key points in relation to improving the WUE on MMI schemes are noted: (i) There is seen to be an important role for Water Regulatory Authorities for ensuring equitable water distribution and rational charges to cover the costs of service provision; (ii) For MMI schemes, even those with storage facilities, there can be significant annual variations in the water supply available. This can have a significant impact on the efficiency of water use, with efficiencies generally being higher when water is scarce; (iii) A comprehensive water resources information system (WRIS) needs to be established; (iv) Measurement processes and procedures need to be updated using modern technology, including remote sensing, GIS and MIS; (v) In general, there needs to be a far more “scientific” approach to irrigation water management, at all levels from the main system down to the crop root zone; (vi) Empowerment and involvement of Panchayati Raj institutions, Water Users Associations and NGOs in water resources and irrigation management is important. Promotion of participatory irrigation management is seen as particularly important; (vii) A better understanding of groundwater aquifers and resources is required, coupled with improved procedures for conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies. (viii) Groundwater recharge needs to be considered in relevant cases; (ix) A better understanding of groundwater aquifers and resources can usefully be linked to improved community engagement in aquifer management;

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(x) There are significant opportunities for improving water use efficiency and productivity at the on-farm level, as has been demonstrated by the Farmers’ Participatory Action Research Programme (FPARP); (xi) Further research is required into measures to improve water use efficiency, and to measure the relative benefits of different measures; (xii) For each MMI system a complete water assessment and water audit, benchmarking and performance evaluation needs to be carried out (and published) periodically, taking account of all sources of water available to farmers; (xiii) Management of the main system needs to be improved through the use of modern approaches, including computer-aided scheduling systems, automated control systems, improved demand estimation, etc.; (xiv) Drainage water needs to be assessed and reused before it reaches saline “sinks”; (xv) Canal lining as a method of seepage control should be used with care as seepage water is often reused; (xvi) Improvements in water use efficiency should include both “hard” and “soft” measures. Hard measures might include installing proportional distribution structures, lining of canals, land levelling, piped distribution, sprinkler and drip irrigation, etc. Soft measures might include introducing rotational supply, awareness raising of water saving measures, participatory management, etc.

Based on the model output results for present (2014-15) scenario, the water use efficiency in Rapti basin consisting of Saryu and Gandak canal systems is shown in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6 : Water Use Efficiency for Present (2014-15) Scenario

Conveyance On farm application efficiency, % Water use efficiency Sub-basin efficiency, % within CCA Outside CCA within CCA, % Ami 88 75 69 65 Burhi Rapti 88 65 66 57 Rapti 81 66 70 53 Rohin 82 65 68 54 Rapti Basin 83 68 69 56

Model runs shows that with application of Conjunctive use resources will be optimised, and efficiency of 40.0% will be achieved. Further with investment in lining, conveyance efficiency can be increased, but it will reduce the ground water availability due to reduction in canal water seepage share to ground water. So, the overall impact is not positive.

With promotion of micro irrigation, the irrigation demand will also reduce. Hence as per Government policy micro irrigation in 10% area is proposed to be promoted as with this productivity of crops will increase.

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As per the CWC guidelines for improving water use efficiency (Nov 2014), the typical irrigation efficiencies for various facilities for water utilization under different methods of application are indicated in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7 : Efficiencies for Various Facilities for Water Utilization

Water Use and Methods Efficiency Irrigation Efficiencies  Conveyance  Through unlined canal for surface water 55-60%  Through lined canal for surface water 70-75%  Application for both surface and ground water  Flood Irrigation 65%  Furrow Irrigation 80%  Sprinkler 85%  Drip 90%  Overall efficiency for surface water system 30-65%  Overall efficiency for ground water system 65-75%

Hence for Rapti Basin the achievable efficiency for unlined system with furrow irrigation works out to 48.0%. The efficiency can be achieved in Rapti Basin by combination of conjunctive use, by rectifying the canal system deficiencies and on-farm development works and bringing 10% of area under micro irrigation as per government policy as shown in Table 7.8.

Table 7.8 : Improvement in Water Use Efficiency of Rapti Basin

Water use On farm application Conveyance efficiency Scenario efficiency efficiency within CCA within CCA Outside CCA Base Scenario 83% 68% 69% 56% Considering system deficiency =83+5 =68+5 =69+5 64% improvement and OFD =88% =73% =74% Considering 10% of area under 88% =73+2 =74+2 66% micro irrigation =75% =76%

Ground water recharge either from canal water seepage or from field water application, should not be termed as loss, as it provides an appreciable quantum storage for reuse and accounted in ground water resource assessment. Considering this definition, the water use efficiency of Rapti Basin is shown in Table 7.9.

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Table 7.9 : Water Use Efficiency of Rapti Basin considering Reuse of Canal Seepage and Field Application Losses

Water use On farm application Conveyance efficiency Scenario efficiency efficiency within CCA within CCA Outside CCA Base Scenario 90% 81% 81% 73% Considering system deficiency =90+5 =81+5 =81+5 82% improvement and OFD =95% =86% =86% Considering 10% of area under 95% =86+2 =86+2 84% micro irrigation =88% =88%

7.3.9 Selection of Most Promising Alternative

Based on different model run results, it is quite clear that even for the present cropped area, cropping pattern and cropping intensity of 163.12%, there is agriculture shortage of 38% and with the present trend and after completion of ongoing projects it will still be 27% in 2044-45 and the food requirement will not be fulfilled with present irrigation practices.

Different Model runs results shows that the best and sustainable option for future will be that along with the agriculture trend, application of Conjunctive use with maintaining environmental flows, crop diversification upto 20% in the year 2024-25, 30% in the year 2034-35 and 40% in the year 2044-45, and promotion of micro irrigation in 10% area will keep the agriculture demand sustainable for future. This will result in food grain production of 276, 303 and 339 kg/person in year 2025, 2035 and 2045, respectively against requirement of 233 kg/person.

Cost of the various options and interventions considered above are given in Section 7.4.

7.3.10 Monitoring and Evaluation

Overall the Basin Plan aims to achieve a ‘healthy, working Basin’. Under that, the desired outcomes can be described under three key themes:  Healthy and resilient rivers, wetlands and floodplains (environmental)  Productive and resilient industries, and confident communities (social and economic)  Better decisions made at the right level (governance).

Things we might expect to see if the Basin Plan is implemented properly would include:

 for the community: greater certainty over the security of water supplies for the long-term; more water-efficient production; water that is fit-for-purpose; minimised transaction costs of water trade and economic activity.  for the environment: improved floodplain health; increased water bird numbers; sustainable native fish populations; and maintenance of good water quality  for governance: what we learn as we put the Basin Plan to work leading to better management; risks to the Basin’s water resources minimised; local solutions being put in place and confidence in a sustainable future.

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Framework for historical and current database related to land and water use are already in place in BAPS model. Hurdles in data sharing policy, especially for flow data needs to be removed and real time web base data sharing facility on portal in public domain should be made functional.

UP WaMReC should be made fully functional with members and team of experts. Water users’ associations should be made functional and strengthened as early as possible.

For conjunctive use and sustainability of resources, resource assessment, crop plan, crop rotation, canal rosters and osrabandi should be implemented. CADWM activities, micro irrigation, other water saving devices, crop diversification, water harvesting and use of recycled water needs to be promoted fast.

The suggested monitoring indicators are as follows: An indicative list of possible contextual information that we may draw on includes:

 Rainfall including seasonal weather conditions.  Surface water and ground water availability, utilisation and trend.  input costs including commodity price changes  Area irrigated and output by crop type, Patterns of water trading, Water used by irrigated agriculture, Measures of production and productivity  Per capita production and net returns per ha and technology.  Employment (total and by industry)  Environmental/Ecological flow requirement and availability and its impact.  Surface Water quality parameters (TDS, DO, BOD, Coliform etc.,) downstream of cities.  Arsenic, Fluoride and other ground water quality parameters in sensitive areas.  Impact of harvesting through roof top, wetland, check dams etc.

Regarding water quality, environmental and ecological flow issues, it can be linked to Swach Bharat Mission agenda of Central government.

7.4 The Development Programme

7.4.1 Components of Program

The assessment of management scenarios as discussed earlier showed that substantial improvements in the socio-economic status of people in Rapti basin can be achieved by a combination of the following components:

 Canal rehabilitation including de-silting, drainage improvement and limited canal lining  Implementation of conjunctive use of surface and ground water coupled with intensification and diversification of agriculture  Integrated watershed development in areas of soil erosion or groundwater depletion, and  Reclamation of saline/sodic soils and wetland development  Waste water treatment  Roof top harvesting in already overstressed Urban spots

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 Flood control and mitigation

All the components are being implemented by the line departments, separately. All the information regarding, what is to be done and what has already been done and its impact etc. should be placed under common platform and all the activities needs to be integrated. The project should be constructed on integrated guidelines.

7.4.2 Formation of WUAs, Agricultural Extension, Capacity Building in Agencies

There are necessary preparatory activities that are required in order to support the planned investments in engineering works. Key activities include:

 Formation and capacity building of WUAs  Provision of agricultural extension services to support crop intensification and diversification  Building capacity in the government agencies

The Water Users Associations at different levels are expected to be actively involved in: (i) maintenance of irrigation system in their area of operation; (ii) distribution of irrigation water to the beneficiary farmers as per the warabandi schedule; (iii) assisting the irrigation department in the preparation of water demand and collection of water charges; (iv) resolve disputes among the members and WUA; (v) monitoring flow of water in the irrigation system etc. The Water Users Associations, should actively be involved and strengthened by 1) Participatory Irrigation Rehabilitation Works 1.1 Rehabilitation of Irrigation Facilities 1.2 Promotion of Micro Irrigation 1.3 Construction of Water Users Association (WUA) Facilities 2) Fostering and Capacity Enhancement of Water Users Organizations 2.1 Establishment of WUA Support Mechanism 2.2 Capacity Building of WUA Management 2.3 Improvement of Agriculture Linkage 2.4 Provision of Corpus Fund 3) Improvement of Agriculture Practices and Marketing Capacity 3.1 Irrigated Agriculture Intensification and Diversification 3.1.1 Training of Trainers for Agriculture 3.1.2 Exposure Visit for Agriculture Trainers 3.1.3 Improvement of Agriculture Support System 3.1.4 Agriculture Farmers’ training 3.1.5 Agriculture Demonstration farm 3.2 Agro-processing, Marketing, and Promotion of High Value Agriculture Produces 3.2.1 Farmers Interest Group (FIG) formulation for cooperative activities 3.2.2 Connecting with large-size consumers (Matching meeting) 3.2.3 Connecting with small-size consumers (exotic vegetables) 3.2.4 Brand building for high-value agro produces 4) Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture and Water Sector 4.1 Supporting the institutionalization of gender mainstreaming in water management 4.2 Enhancement of women’s capability and participation in WUA

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4.3 Capacity building on agricultural technologies through SHGs 4.4 Support to Women Friendly Activities

These activities have already been started during 1st phase of UPWSRP since 2006. Proper strengthening of Water user’s association and regular and effective monitoring is required. The costs of these preparatory activities have already been added in the UPWSRP phase 2 project for the entire Uttar Pradesh area, based on the pilot study area of Jaunpur branch sub-basin in Phase 1.

Number of water users’ associations to be formed in Rapti Basin based on number of canal tails is 728. Activity for formation and strengthening of Water users’ associations is to be completed before ending of UPWSRP phase 2, in October 2020.

A provision for onetime functional grant for registered/ elected WUAs is being made at Rs. 1200/ha and Infrastructure grant expenditure of (Rs. 3.00 lac per WUA), is being made as per Revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan 2015. The expected investment is given in Table 7.10.

Table 7.10 : Cost of Formation and Strengthening of WUAs

Canal command Cost in S. No. Item No. area in Ha Cr. Rs. Functional expenditure for 1 628700 75.44 Water Users’ Association Infrastructure grant for Water 2 728 21.84 user’s association Total 97.28

An expenditure of 97.28 Cr. Rs. will be required for making functional the Water users’ associations of Rapti basin.

7.4.3 Correction of Canal System Deficiencies

Canal maintenance and rehabilitation is a regular process. These activities should be performed with an objective of equity of presently available resources for the present cropping intensity and cropped area developed. Proper book keeping of damaged pucca works needs to be repaired on priority basis. Canal rosters need to be relooked and made operational on equity basis for available surface water and ground water resources. Osrabandi needs to be implemented.

In Rapti basin total length of canals is 3338.43 km. Desilting and restoration works are not to be initiated on main canal and branches. However, in distributaries and minors, canal maintenance and restoration works are carried out by the department on regular basis as per norms. But to remove system deficiencies for present availability of resources an additional amount will be required, as systems could not be maintained, properly due to shortage of funds, not being provided as per recommended CWC norms.

Rapti system having CCA of 229400 ha, is already under construction, under Saryu nahar pariyojana. So far only dry potential has been created. So, as per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM

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Programme during XII Plan-2015, for correction of system deficiencies, an amount of Rs. 8,000/- per ha for an area of (628700-229400=399300 ha), costing to Rs. 399300*8000=Rs. 319.44 Cr. will be required (excluding Rapti system).

7.4.4 Drainage Improvement

The drains below escape structures on Distributaries are often used for irrigating so that operation of escapes on these canals is avoided and rain-rejection flows through Minors to tail escapes or through fields to drains. Impeded drainages also cause local inundation during monsoon period at various places. Such impeded drainages, particularly in canal head and middle reaches, should be rehabilitated on priority to prevent monsoon inundation. The work on drainage improvement programme is being done by different line departments on regular basis. This needs a proper integrated planning and book keeping.

Scope regarding possible pond submergence levels, population development, cropped area and type of crop, ground water levels variation, suitability of check dams etc. needs to be considered in planning stage for proposing any further activity in drainage network by the line departments. The available funds with different line departments need to be managed accordingly for investment. UP Bhoomi Sudhar Nigam is already working on drainage improvement work under sodic land reclamation projects funded by World Bank for the last 25 years.

However as per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, a provision for construction of field, intermediate and link drains at Rs. 6000/per ha for the entire command area of Rapti basin is being made (excluding Rapti system). For the balance command area of 399300 ha of Rapti basin, an amount of Rs. 239.58 Cr. will be required.

7.4.5 Canal Lining

Model run results show that canal lining will improve the water use efficiency of canal water and vice versa the ground water availability will be reduced, as recharge to ground water from canal seepage will be reduced. So, canal lining is not advisable except in the heavy filling patches, where canal seepage is more that the ground water use and the seepage water is converting the adjacent land to sodic lands. The unit cost analysis of canal lining is given in Appendix 41. It is always advisable to restrict the cultivators for canal water use in such an area and they should be promoted to use ground water and an incentive for ground water use, may be given in the form of free electricity for extracting ground water. Special provisions for lining activity are made by the Irrigation department, as and when required. So, no provision for lining is being made for Rapti basin.

7.4.6 Shallow Tube-wells Installation

Diesel driven shallow tube wells has already been installed in large numbers by Minor irrigation department with government subsidy during the last two decades. These can be further installed, if required or the running hours could be increased. However, in command area, cultivators are using it on borrow basis also. As the running cost of diesel driven pump-set is much more than canal water or electric driven ground water use, so the cultivators use these sets in the case of emergency or where no other alternative is available. Sufficient provision is made every year with minor irrigation department.

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For implementation of full conjunctive use, an additional 230.88 MCM water in canal command areas and 991.23 MCM water in non-command areas, need to be lifted for the present cropped area with better utilisation of replenishable resources. We can either go for additional number of pumps or increasing the running hours, with better electricity.

For withdrawal of 1222.11 MCM of additional water for application of full conjunctive use, with an average pump capacity of 40 m3 per hr for an average 8 hr per day and 240 days running in a year, total 15,954 additional number of borings till 2044-45 will be required, for Rapti basin. The block- wise details of these additional number of borings alongwith site-specific cost is given in Appendix 42.

The cost for additional number of borings will be 214.77 Cr. Rs., which needs to be implemented in Rapti basin for effective implementation of conjunctive use.

7.4.7 Integrated Watershed Development

Areas affected by soil erosion are mainly along rivers and caused mainly by river actions. Moreover, these areas are not suitable to conventional irrigation due to undulating land at places and mostly out of canal command or under tail reach of canal. For these reasons, these areas are also under moisture stress and affected by sheet, rill and gully erosion. These areas are required to be protected from soil erosion and depleting GW level needs to be restored and stabilised. Provisions are already made each year with soil conservation and agriculture departments and they are performing these activities on regular basis.

As per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, an additional 2% of rainfall recharge factor may be used in such areas or part of the areas where watershed development with associated soil conservation measures are implemented. This additional factor is subjective and is separate from the contribution due to the water conservation structures such as check dams, nalla bunds, percolation tanks etc.

The category of areas of Rapti basin lying under moderate to gentle sloping, as tabulated below can be considered for watershed development to check soil erosion and excessive depletion of ground water levels. Table 7.11 : Area of Rapti Basin under Different Slope Classes

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Cost for integrated watershed development may be taken as 50,000/ha, as per guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015. So, an area of 615.30 sq.km can be considered for watershed development program, costing to Rs. 615.30*100*50000=307.65 Cr. Rs. Watershed development activities covering 4.2% of basin area will provide a 2% additional rainfall recharge in 61530 ha area. The additional recharge will be (=61530*10000*2% of 900mm=11075400m3) 11.08 MCM.

The area with gentle slope and moderate slope suitable for check dams on natural drains is demarcated on GIS map enclosed as Map 13.

7.4.8 Sodic Land Reclamation

The productivity under such areas is decreasing gradually if the preventive measures are not taken. Such area will be reclaimed over years if the conjunctive management policy is implemented. However, the areas that are already out of cultivation due to sodicity and salinity need to be reclaimed through soil health improvement measures in conjunction with the conjunctive management practice. UP Bhoomi Sudhar Nigam is already working on sodic land reclamation projects under World Bank funding for the last 25 years.

Against the total drainage network of 49010 km in Uttar Pradesh, UP Bhoomi Sudhar Nigam has worked for reclamation of 65000 ha sodic land in 16 districts, by restoration of 2988 km drains in Phase I (June 1993 to March 2001). Further in Phase 2 (April 1999 to September 2007), reclamation of 1,50,000 ha sodic land in 20 districts by restoration of 7620 km drains was completed. Again, under sodic land reclamation phase III (September 2009 to December 2017), work in 27 districts for reclamation of 1,30,000 ha sodic land by restoration of 2683.50 km drains is carried out. As most reclamation is reversible in absence of maintenance of effective drainage and conjunctive water management, it is recommended that the sodic land reclamation measures be implemented only after adoption of conjunctive management practice in the basin.

Cost for reclamation of sodic land areas may be taken as 50,000/ha, as per guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015. Poorly drained area of 6.11% in Rapti basin (see Section 4.3.2) can be considered for sodic land reclamation for planning purposes. In a command area of 1465820 ha, the sodic land will be 1465820*.06=87949 ha, and the cost for sodic land reclamation will be 87949*50000=439.75 Cr. Rs.

7.4.9 Wetland Development

Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems and play crucial role in hydrological cycle. Utility wise, wetlands directly and indirectly support millions of people in providing services such as storm and flood control, clean water supply, food, fibre and raw materials, scenic beauty, educational and recreational benefits. However, the very existence of these unique resources is under threat due to developmental activities, and population pressure.

Water reservoirs are never impounded for fisheries per se but increased fish production is often promoted as an important secondary benefit – a provisioning service – of reservoirs created for hydropower, irrigation or water supply.

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The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), established in 2006, is an autonomous organization under the administrative control of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. It was set up to realize the untapped potential of fisheries sector in inland and marine fish capture and culture, processing and marketing of fish, and accelerate the overall growth of fisheries sector with the application of modern technology backed by research & development. In the 12 years of its existence, NFDB has taken up numerous and multifarious developmental activities which have undoubtedly brought visible positive changes in production and productivity as well as post-harvest operations of the fisheries sector. Nevertheless, the primary role of NFDB, till recently, has been to channelize Govt. of India funds through activities such as identifying the needs of implementing agencies, providing technical guidance, monitoring physical and financial progress of projects, impact assessment, etc., that have remained as integral components.

The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is promoting inland water fishing in reservoirs, wetlands and rivers in the country, including rural areas, by providing financial assistance for stocking of fish fingerlings, river ranching, procurement of craft and gear, construction of landing centres, conducting training & demonstration to farmers under the schemes on Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture and the National Fisheries Development Board. For promoting aquaculture activities, the Department is also providing assistance for installation of cages in reservoirs, construction and renovation of fish ponds & tanks, construction of fish hatcheries, fish seed rearing farms, raceways etc.

The Government has recently approved a restructured scheme on ‘Blue Revolution: Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries’ by merging and integrating the existing schemes of fisheries of the Department, for integrated & holistic development of fisheries and aquaculture. Fish touch our lives in countless ways in terms of providing food, nutrition, recreation, livelihood, employment, and many more. It comes mainly from two modes of production systems: Capture Fisheries (capturing wild fish from marine and freshwater) and Culture Fisheries (farming fish, also known as aquaculture). India is the second largest fish producing country in the world with production of 11.41 million metric tonnes in 2016-17.

Most of the water bodies are now permanent features of the canal command area, routinely inundated during monsoon and waterlogged throughout the year. These areas are otherwise wastelands. However, in the recent years, numerous pilot studies have been conducted in India (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh etc.) to develop such lands for environmental and socio-economic benefits. In some cases, these lands are found to be even more productive than a normal agriculture land.

UPIWRD has also initiated a few pilot projects for integrated development of such wetlands in JBS pilot area such as Itawa Tal in Sultanpur district. A detailed cost estimate of development of 52 ha Itawa Tal, worked out by the Executive Engineer, SSK-51, for the construction of cluster of ponds including construction of inlet gates, tube wells, electrifications, fisheries etc., was Rs. 248 lakh i.e. Rs. 4.77 lakh per ha, may be taken 1.54 times at 6 percent escalation amounting to Rs. 7.44 lac per ha. Details of wetlands in Rapti basin is given in Appendix 43. It has been presumed that 50% of waterlogged areas, will remain permanently waterlogged, and wetland development activities will be possible in 15771/2=7885.5 Ha area. The total investment will

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be about 586.68 Cr. Rs., which will provide a recharge of (on 60% area @1.4 mm/day for 200 days in a year=7885.5*10000*0.6*200*1.4/ (1000*1000000)) 13.25 MCM annually, as per GEC norms.

A detailed feasibility assessment of each development work will be required from competent professionals before proceeding for the construction of such development infrastructures.

It is recommended that UPIWRD conduct detailed feasibility studies of these wetlands based on either district, block or division level whichever convenient, prioritise the works based on benefit-cost ratio and develop infrastructure development plan according to the availability of fund.

7.4.10 Waste Water Treatment

The details of existing STPs, ongoing STPs and future requirement are given in Appendix 38. For treatment of waste water of major towns having population of 20,000 or more, the existing treatment capacity is 45 mld. STPs for rest waste water treatment of about 225.77 mld in Rapti basin are to be constructed by Jal Nigam department under Clean Ganga Mission or under any other scheme to meet out the present requirement only.

The approximate present cost of STPs for additional treatment requirement will be =225.77*3.03=684.08 Cr. Rs. @ 3.03 Cr. Rs. per mld, based on the cost of sewerage treatment plant at Salori, district Allahabad, amounting to Rs. 42.4 Cr. for 14 mld treatment plant.

7.4.11 Roof Top Harvesting in already Overstressed Urban Spots

As per guide lines of RWH & GWR issued by Ground Water Department., the cities Gorakhpur and Deoria are required to be taken up for RWH & GWR specially to install Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting systems.

As per the project report on “Demonstrative Artificial Recharge to Augment Ground Water Resources in Lucknow City” prepared by GWD under technical guidance of CGWB, the average rate for construction of RTRWH in year 2010 works out to Rs. 400/sq.m of roof top area. Considering 6% yearly escalation in rates, the rate for 2017 has been taken as Rs. 600/sq.m.

The available rain water, which will be recharged in ground water and the cost of construction of the system in urban areas in Rapti Basin is given in Table 7.12.

Table 7.12 : Cost of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System

Area of residential, Average Expected Cost of Roof top area which Urban commercial, annual recharge RTRWH S. City / may be available for Area in Industrial & office monsoon potential in system @Rs. No. District RTRWH (10% of sq.km use (36% of col.3) Sq. Rainfall (MCM) 600/sq.m col.4) sq.km Km (mtrs.) (5*6*0.80) (in Cr. Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Deoria 77 27.72 2.77 0.833 1.84 166.20 2. Gorakhpur 215 77.4 7.74 0.876 5.42 464.40 Total 292 105.12 10.51 7.26 630.60

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This investment of Rs 630.60 Cr. Rs. in urban spots of 2 districts will provide an additional recharge of 7.26 MCM.

Urban spots with more than 100% groundwater development in the present scenario need to be considered for immediate attention by the authorities. There is an urgent need to make rooftop harvesting compulsory for a part recoupment of ground water.

7.4.12 Micro Irrigation

Water Balance Scenario, run with impact of micro irrigation on 10% area with Conjunctive use shows that total demand reduces, but the ground water availability also reduces due to reduction in return flows, that increases overall ground water development and shortages.

However, as per Government policy, presently, it is being promoted in horticulture for flowers, fruits and vegetables, due to much better productivity and returns.

As per revised Interim Guidelines of CAD&WM Programme during XII Plan-2015, Construction of infrastructure for micro-irrigation (MI), including Cost of Infrastructure (grid power/solar power & pump, HDPE pipelines, sump etc.), will be 50000/-per Ha.

For replacement of OFD works, with micro irrigation in 10% cultivable area of Rapti basin, about 1125385*0.10=112538.5 ha will require an investment of Rs. 562.69 Cr. (=112538.5*0.50 lac). The proposed area may be from major /medium or small irrigation projects for schemes of diversion/lift/tubewells.

7.4.13 CAD&WM Activities

Command Area Development (CAD) works through CADWM Programme of Government of India are in implementation since 1974-75. The program has now been brought under the umbrella scheme Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY) - Har Khet Ko Pani from 2015-16 onwards. The main objective of taking up CAD works is to enhance utilisation of irrigation potential created, bring overall efficiency in water utilisation and improve agriculture production on a sustainable basis through Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). In order to promote water use efficiency in irrigation, the CADWM program has also been targeting development of micro-irrigation infrastructure for facilitating use of sprinkler/drip irrigation systems.

This requires,  Creation of field channel/ pipe network below the outlets of distribution network  Structural Interventions  Land levelling and realignment of field boundaries  Improvement in farm drainage system  Reclamation of waterlogged farm areas  Construction of farm roads

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To complete the gap between irrigation potential created and utilised, the areas, where CADWM activities are not complete needs to be taken on priority, whether from major/medium or small irrigation projects for schemes of diversion/lift/tubewells.

Tentative balance 10% cultivable area of Rapti basin, about 112538.5 ha will require an investment of 562.69 Cr. Rs. (=112538.5*0.50 lac) for CADWM works.

7.4.14 Flood Control and Mitigation

The severity of floods in Rapti Basin is also reflected from the fact that in Uttar Pradesh maximum nos. of marginal embankments have been constructed along Rapti and 2,65,521 hectares has been protected by construction of 1092 km marginal embankments along Rapti and its tributaries namely Burhi Rapti, Banganga, Kunhra-Ghonghi, Jamuwar, Tilar, Rohin, Mohaw, Chandan, Ami and Garra. Real time flood management and information system, has already been got developed in Irrigation and Water Resources Department and is being made functional. So, no provision under the head has been made.

7.4.15 Rapti Basin Investment Summary

No surplus water will be left after completion of Saryu nahar pariyojana in the basin for which any additional plan is required to be given. Management of resourced through Ghaghra, Saryu and Rapti barrages including Sharda and downstream releases will be a challenging issue for future. It requires proper management with some policy constraint to keep the resources sustainable.

Effective efforts should be made for, Formation and capacity building of WUAs, to implement osrabandi and equity of sustainable water resources.

All the concern line departments should stop, the vertical development of their activities. Area specific, detailed execution plan on integrated approach needs to be prepared under National water policy. Only after preparation of execution plan on integrated approach, the concern line departments should go for its execution.

For overstressed urban areas, there is an urgent need to make a compulsory provision of harvesting for private/government buildings and offices along with common utility spaces. Use of recycled water in multi-storeyed colonies and offices may also be considered.

Total cost for Rapti Basin to be invested for the development of different infrastructures and institutions is summarised in Table 7.13.

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Table 7.13 : Summary of Development Costs in Rapti Basin

S. No. Components Cost, in Cr. Rs. 1 Formation and Strengthening of WUAs 97.28 2 Removing canal system deficiencies 319.44 3 Removing drainage system deficiencies 239.58 4 Shallow Tubewell Installations 214.77 5 Watershed Development 307.65 6 Sodic Land Reclamation 439.75 7 Wetland Development 586.68 8 Waste water treatment 684.08 9 Roof Top Harvesting 630.60 10 Micro Irrigation 562.69 11 CAD&WM works 562.69 12 Preparatory Activities @ 5% 232.26 Total Basin Development Cost 4,877.47

7.4.16 Anticipated Benefits

The anticipated benefits and the Benefit-Cost ratio has been given in Table 7.14. For estimation of annual benefits, the benefits of 30 years i.e. from present to 2045 have been averaged. Similarly, the estimated cost has been escalated to 15 years considering 4% increase per year. Using these, the Benefit-Cost ratio has been worked out. There are other indirect benefits like river rejuvenation, reduction in groundwater pumping, improvement of water quality and hygiene, etc.

Table 7.14 : Annual Benefits and Benefit-Cost Ratio

S. Particulars 2015 2025 2035 2045 No. Annual Benefits Total Production, With Project 7.33 9.32 10.82 12.46 million tonnes Without Project 7.33 7.99 8.92 9.85 With Project 1294.39 4453.85 6604.68 8994.51 Crop Production Net Income, Cr. Rs. Without Project 1294.39 2105.74 3002.37 3875.13 1 Benefits Difference 0.00 2348.11 3602.31 5119.38 Average Annual Additional Benefits, 2767.45 Cr. Rs. mld 129.86 197.32 242.82 270.77 MCM 47.40 72.02 88.63 98.83 Reuse of treated Average Annual 2 76.72 water from STP Availability, MCM Average Annual @ Rs. 9.83 per 75.42 Benefits, Cr. Rs. m3 Total Annual 3 2842.87 Benefits, Cr. Rs. Annual Cost

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S. Particulars 2015 2025 2035 2045 No. Considering 4% escalation over Total Cost, Cr. Rs. 8784.05 4877.47 Cr. Rs. Annual Cost, 4 for 15 years Cr. Rs. Interest/depreciation 12.5% of @ 12.5%, as per 1098.01 8784.05 Cr. Rs. Saryu project Benefit-Cost Ratio 5 B/C Ratio 2.59

7.5 Limitations

 Formation of UPWaMReC For effective implementation of sustainable basin plans, water allocation to different water sectors as per National water policy and solving the tariff issues for equity etc., UPWaMReC has not been made fully functional so far under the Act of 2014.

 Water Users’ Association Where majority of farmers hold less than a hectare of land, sharing resources for effective land and water resources management in the basin, is a big challenge. Process for formation of Water users’ association and its strengthening is very slow. PIM act 2010, has not been implemented so far completely in Phase 1 area of Jaunpur branch canal system. It has to be implemented in the entire State under the Phase II project till October 2020.

 Current Irrigation Policy Current irrigation policy is restrictive in relation to use of groundwater in canal command. Farmers within the canal command are not entitled to get the Tubewell installation and operation subsidy that farmers in non-command areas are entitled to. Entitlement to such subsidy for farmers within command will encourage them to use more groundwater in the canal command.

 Tubewells Installation and Operation Costs Cost of GW irrigation by means of diesel driven shallow Tubewells is 6-7 times higher than the cost of irrigation from canals. Moreover, diesel-driven shallow Tubewells cost more to farmers compared with electric ones. Electricity supply where it exists is unreliable and inadequate, so farmers in most areas prefer diesel pumps to electric.

 Inadequate and Unreliable Electricity Electric-driven STWs are more economical than diesel operated ones. Due to inadequate and unreliable electricity, most State-operated lift schemes are not being operated at designed capacities. Moreover, it is expected that adequate and reliable electricity supply will provide a greater leverage to the government for implementation of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater based on the principle of integrated water resource development and management.

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8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the data and its analysis and different model run scenarios the following can be concluded:

 The projected population for Rapti basin will increase from 14.88 million in base year 2015 to 17.32 million in 2025; 19.69 million in 2035 and 21.89 million in the year 2045 (i.e. 1.47 times).  The Urban domestic demand will increase from 88.52 MCM in base year 2014-15, to 163.27 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.84 times). The rural domestic demand will increase from 212.34 MCM to 545.03 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 2.57 times). Livestock demand will increase from the base year demand of 55.11 MCM to 72.63 MCM in the year 2044-45 (i.e. 1.32 times). Industrial demand will increase from 2.94 MCM to 7.66 MCM (i.e. 2.61 times), Power plant demand will remain 4.05 MCM.  With cropping intensity of 165%, the present irrigation demand in canal command is 2171.18 MCM with a shortage of 10%, while irrigation demand in non-command is 3823.52 MCM, with a shortage of 53.3%. The urban demand remains 88.52 MCM and the total rural demand is 274.44. MCM. The overall demand will be 6357.67 MCM, with a shortage of 35.5% and ground water development of 43.9%.  Under BAU scenario, Urban domestic water requirement will increase from 88.52 MCM to 163.27 MCM in 2044-45 while rural domestic water requirement will increase from 212.34 MCM to 545.03 MCM and the total rural demand will increase to 629.36 MCM in 2044-45 against 274.44 MCM in 2014-15. Total demand will increase from 6357.67 MCM in 2014-15 to 6859.73 MCM in 2044-45. The overall ground water development in Rapti basin will increase to 45.6% in 2044- 45, as compared to present development of 43.9 % and the overall shortages will reduce to 23.7%, as compared to present 35.5%, due to development of Rapti system.  If we opt for conjunctive use, with 10% micro irrigation, maintain environmental flows and opt crop intensification and diversification as per proposed crop plan. The irrigation shortage in CCA will reduce to nil against the present shortage of 10% The irrigation shortage in outside command will reduce to 17.2% in the year 2044-45, as against the present shortage of 53.3%. The overall shortage will reduce to 6.7%, as against the present shortage of 35.5%. However, the stage of ground water development will increase from present 43.9% to 61.5% in the year 2024-25, to 74.8% in the year 2034-35 and 76.3% in the year 2044-45.  Generated waste water production of 129.86 mld (47.40 MCM) for base year and 270.77 mld (98.83 MCM) for the year 2045 with an additional expenditure of 684.08 Cr. Rs. for construction of remaining STPs will provide additional water to be considered for irrigation purposes and 31.59 MCM additional water will be available with an expenditure of 1524.93 Cr. Rs. on Watershed development, Wetland development and Roof top harvesting activities. This generated volume of water amounting to 130.42 MCM yearly will reduce the shortages to 4.7%, with area specific additional expenditure.  The average gross margin for Rapti Basin in the present scenario works out to Rs. 8,036 per ha. The gross margin for Rapti Basin is expected to increase from Rs. 8,036 to Rs. 26,451 per ha in 2025, Rs. 37,521 per ha in 2035 and Rs. 50,601 per ha in 2045 through appropriate land and water resource management. The food grain production for year 2025, 2035 and 2045 works out to 276, 303 and 339 kg/person, respectively which will be able to meet the requirement of 233 kg/person as per the State Water Policy.  Implementation of conjunctive use and all other intervention measures as detailed is required. Only supply management is not a holistic and sustainable solution for future. In addition of supply

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and allocation management we have to start working on demand management. Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors is to be achieved. It will be required to promote use of recycled water in all the sectors. Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane along with crop diversification is to be done.  Implementation of recommended action plan, as enclosed is the only sustainable solution with optimisation of land and water resources and maintaining environmental flows under a river basin framework and elevating the socio-economic status.

Based on detailed analyses of availability and requirement of land, water and other resources, administrative, socio-economic and other issues in Rapti Basin, the following action plan in order of priority, given in Table 8.1 appear to be realistic in order to enhance socio-economic level of people by maximisation of productivity of land and water resources through integrated water resource management. Other General Recommendations are given in Table 8.2.

Water resources management refers to a whole range of different activities: resource assessment, demand management, modelling, design of measures and strategies, resource development, operation and maintenance, implementation of policy, monitoring, and evaluation. It also covers supportive activities such as institutional reform. For permanent and sustainable solution all the recommended actions are required to be taken simultaneously.

Road map of activities proposed for a. Better governance. b. Better source / supply management. c. Better demand management / improved Water Use Efficiency. d. Water Quality. e. Water Economics and Financing. f. Sustainable Water budgeting and agencies responsible for each task/activity.

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Table 8.1 : Recommended Action Plan

Estimated Cost, S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Cr. Rs. (at 2017 Responsibility No. Value Addition price level) SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Domestic water Urban domestic water supply to major towns Will arrest the fast UP Jal Nigam, requirement of Urban spots should be made surface water based. depletion rate of ground UPIWRD, Urban water levels. Energy cost Development Deptt. for lifting will come down, however agriculture shortage may increase. That can be managed by promotion of micro irrigation or other water saving methods. 2 Treatment of Waste Water Treatment of waste water in 26 towns of Rapti 684.08 Will maintain water Namami Gange, UP Basin, additional STP requirement is 226 MLD. quality within permissible Jal Nigam, Urban limits. The environmental Development and ecological issues will Deptt., Industries be resolved. Treated water Deptt. will be available for reuse. 3 Establishment and 1- Completing registration process and elect 97.28 Capacity building and UPIWRD strengthening of water water user’s association members as per PIM power transfer to WUAs users’ association act 2010 as per PIM act, for their 2- Capacity building and power transfer to role in optimisation of water users’ associations as per PIM act. land and water resources. 4 Implementation of 1- Correction of system deficiencies for equity 559.02 Land and water resources UPIWRD conjunctive use of canal water by restoring the canal/drain will be optimised. section for present availability of rainwater, surface water, ground water, existing cropped

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Estimated Cost, S. Anticipated Issues Proposed Actions Cr. Rs. (at 2017 Responsibility No. Value Addition price level) 3- Wetland development for recharge and Deptt., Fisheries environmental & socio-economic benefits such Deptt., Agriculture as drinking, fisheries, recreation etc. Deptt.

4,877,47 (including Total 232.26 for preparatory activities)

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Table 8.2 : Other General Recommendations

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 4 Strengthening of water 1- Appointment of Members Optimise land and water GoUP, UPIWRD regulatory authority 2- Strengthening SWaRA and SWARDAC with resources appointment of experts 3- Establish separate permanent cadre of experts at Basin levels, as already proposed in SWaRA and SWARDAC 5 Ground water regulation 1- Commercial, Industrial and Bulk users need to Will help in regulation of UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., bill get prior approval before abstracting ground water ground water Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Animal Husbandry, Urban and Rural Development Deptt. 6 Maintaining environmental/ 1- Barrage/Canal regulation orders to be issued Healthy eco and GoUP, UPIWRD ecological flows weekly by the concerned Chief engineer, and he environmental system will should fix minimum recommended downstream create healthy atmosphere releases, required from ecological, environmental or for mankind and bathing point of view. livelihood. 2- Unauthorised sand mining should be restricted, so that it does not disturb river ecosystem. 7 Climate change 1- Proper forecast will certainly alert the cultivators Timely forecast will GoUP, UPIWRD, MI Deptt., for crop diversification as reduction in rainfall or minimise the impact of Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, change in weather parameters may increase the climate change. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., agriculture shortages, which will affect the crop Animal Husbandry, Industries productivity. Real time web-based climate and flow Deptt., Forest Deptt. and other data should be shared in public domain. Stakeholders 8 Flood forecasting 1- A real time GIS based, Flood Management Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD Information System (FMIS) using the rainfall, persons and livestock GDSQ, topography, river morphology, Imageries, including loss of movable embankments, human interventions and other property will be relevant data should be developed for entire U.P, to minimised. provide information at various levels viz. district,

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition block and village to facilitate the authority for planning of relief, mitigation measures and to flood affected population. 9 River zone demarcation 1- Through government orders, Loss of life of affected GoUP, UPIWRD permanent/temporary flood zones need to be persons and livestock demarcated, after detailed field survey. No including loss of movable kaccha/pucca structures are to be allowed in property will be permanent flood zone areas and no pucca structures minimised. are to be allowed in temporary flood zone areas. 10 Use of recycled water 1- Promote grey water management at HH level and Will increase water GoUP, UPIWRD, UP Jal Nigam, community level through construction of simple resource and reduce the Urban Development Deptt., structures, in and around homes and public places demand of fresh water. Industries Deptt. specifically around water sources. (Grey water includes water that comes out from after bathing, kitchen use, laundry etc. devoid of feco-urine contamination.) 2- Incentive for use of recycled water in house hold/multi-storeyed complexes. 3- Incentive for use of treated waste water through STP. 4- Pilot Study on use of treated waste water through STP for irrigation. 5- Incentive for use of recycled water in industries. 6- Use rate of recycled/treated water should be kept low from that of fresh water. 11 Demand management 1- Only supply management is not a holistic and Future sustainability of GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI sustainable solution for future. land and water resources. Deptt., Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal 2- Implementation of conjunctive use and all other Nigam, Industries Deptt. intervention measures as detailed above will only retard the process of depletion of our resources.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition Ultimately in long run, most blocks will be overstressed. So, in addition of supply and allocation management we have to start working seriously on demand management. 3- Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors. 4- Promoting use of recycled water in all the sectors. 5- Development and promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. 6- Minimise losses/wastages in drinking, industrial and agriculture sectors. C. EXECUTION 12 Implementation of 1- Based on the availability of surface water and Land and water resources UPWaMReC, UPIWRD, conjunctive use ground water conjunctive use plan should be will be optimised. UPGWD, MI Deptt., Agriculture implemented at minor/outlet levels. Deptt. 2- Water tariff issues in implementation of conjunctive use are to be resolved by Regulatory commission. 3- Tubewells should be permitted in canal command areas along main canals and feeder, where excessive use of canal water is converting the land into sodic land. Ground water use in such areas should be promoted. 4- Canal roster should be developed for equitable distribution of water to increase water use efficiency and osrabandi should be strictly implemented at water user’s association levels. 13 Crop intensification and 1- Diversification to less water consuming crops Optimise land and water Agriculture Deptt. diversification resources

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 2- Crop plans need to be implemented agro-climatic zone wise, based on soil health card to achieve best returns. 3- Demo size should be increased, as the marginal land holding cultivators are not capable of facing the worst situation created due to non-availability of timely inputs of seed, fertiliser, pesticide and water. 14 Increasing water use 1- Equity of canal water and osrabandi. Land and water resources UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., efficiency 2- Lining of canal, where seepage is more than will be optimised. Agriculture Deptt. ground water admissible use 3- Promote crop diversification for less water consuming crops, crops of lesser duration and horticulture. 4- Adopt suitable water conservation procedures, involve the minimizing of water losses, prevention of water wastage, etc., with promotion of CADA and micro irrigation. 15 Use of surplus monsoon 1- If the ppm is within permissible limits, surplus Will provide additional UPIWRD, UPGWD flows available monsoon flows should be utilised to recharge to ground water. maximum through existing infrastructure of canal diversion or lift schemes to provide irrigation/additional recharge to ground water. 2- Feasibility Study for utilization of surplus monsoon flows at Dams and Barrages. 16 Water harvesting 1- Surrounding and adjacent areas to complexes Will provide additional GoUP, UPIWRD, Urban and Rural and roads in urban areas should be kept grassed to resource for use. Development Deptt., Forest Deptt. provide surplus recharge. and other Stakeholders 2- Tanks, Ponds and water bodies providing good source of recharge, should not be encroached and

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition additional structures need to be developed for additional recharge. 3- Dense forestation along canals, roads, drains and barren spaces will provide additional recharge to ground water and control the temperature, thereby reduce the crop ET requirement. 17 Reclamation of sodic 1- Implementation of conjunctive use will help in Will provide additional UPIWRD, Rural Development land/water-logged sustainability of reclaimed sodic land. area for cropping and will Deptt. Agriculture Deptt. areas/drainage network 2- Drainage line, should account for topography, increase returns. soil, slope factor, water bodies and cropped area. Only surplus water should be drained out, as water in drains also provide a good source of recharge to ground water. 18 Integrated watershed 1- Integrated use, regulation and development of Watershed development UPIWRD, Rural Development development water and land resources of each watershed with activity will provide an Deptt. Agriculture Deptt. emphasis on soil and water conservation by additional recharge construction of contour bunds. 2- After detailed survey, if topography permits, series of check dams in head reaches of drains, need to be proposed to prevent soil erosion and increase recharge. 19 For overexploited and Only supply management is not a holistic and Will arrest the fast GoUP, UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI critical blocks sustainable solution for future. depletion rate of ground Deptt., Agriculture Deptt. 1- Implementation of conjunctive use water levels. 2- Wetland development 3- Roof top harvesting 4- Watershed management 5- Promotion of micro irrigation 6- Demand management.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition  Promotion of judicious/economic use of water in drinking/industrial and agriculture sectors  Promoting use of recycled water with incentive in all the sectors.  Development and fast promotion of less water consuming varieties of rice, wheat, and sugarcane is need of the day to save future. D. MONITORING 20 Water quality monitoring 1- Surface water quality, especially down stream of Will sound environmental UP Jal Nigam, CGWB, UPGWD, urban spots should be kept within permissible and ecological flows. UP PCB, CPCB, CWC limits. 2- Treated waste water disposal and industrial waste should be within permissible limits. 3- Area specific ground water issues of arsenic and fluoride needs regular watch and control measures. 21 Economic growth verses 1- We are concerned with the economic growth as Doubling the income of GoUP, Agriculture Deptt. Agriculture growth well as agriculture growth, especially for 85% small small land holding land holding cultivators. cultivators 2- Government need to fix MSP, for diversified crops, at least double the input cost and make arrangement for lifting produce from cultivator’s doorstep. 22 Public awareness 1- All the Gram Panchayats and Sarpanchs should Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., be trained and motivated regarding forestation, sustainability of resources Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, water conservation, quality and economic use. Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., 2- Students at school and College levels should be Animal Husbandry, Urban and made aware of water crises in future. Rural Development Deptt.

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Anticipated S. No. Issues Proposed Actions Responsibility Value Addition 3- Forestation, water harvesting, reuse of grey water and economic use should be promoted in Urban and rural populated areas on priority. 23 Monitoring and Evaluation 1- Regular monitoring and evaluation is must for all Will support future UPIWRD, UPGWD, MI Deptt., to Ensure availability and the recommended actions. sustainability of resources. Agriculture Deptt., UP Jal Nigam, sustainable management of 2- Regarding water quality, environmental and Industries Deptt., Fisheries Deptt., Water for all with possible ecological flow issues, it can be linked to present Animal Husbandry, Urban and indicators for Swach Bharat Mission agenda of Central Rural Development Deptt. 1-Water Measurement government. 2-Water Conservation The parameters further to be reviewed may be: 3-Water Demand 3- Proportion of population having access to safe Management drinking water. 4-Water Productivity 4- Proportion of wastewater (domestic and 5-Water Quality industrial) being recycled and reused. 6-Participatory Water 5- Percentage Ground Water withdrawal against Management availability. 7-Water Economics 6- Per capita availability of water (m3/person). 7- Percentage of River basins brought under Integrated Water Resources Management. 8- Area under overexploited blocks. 9- Number of overexploited blocks. 10- Percentage sewage load treated in major rivers. 11- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area brought under WUAs. 12- Percentage of developed Irrigated Command Area managed by WUAs.

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