The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of

uttva T7ans. kpid Soa Jopan M(3): 143-146, June 2003

Gall-feeding habits in of Japan. II: A cecidophagous stathmopodid attacking the gall of a tortricid moth on the Japanese mugwort

Kazuo YAMAzAKIi) and Shinji SuGTuRA2)

i]Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environrnental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, TennQji, Osaka,

543-O026 Japan 2)Laboratory of Forest Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto,

606-8502 Japan

Abstract The stem galls of metzneriana (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera, Tortrjcidae) on the Japanese mugwort indica var. maximowicrii were sampled at an urban park in Osaka, Japan and reared in the laboratory. The galls were fed on by the larvae of Stathmopodo aurtferella (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Stathmopodidae). The attack rate was 9.4% (N=32), Thc galls were heavily grazed and no adults of E. metmeriana eclosed from the attacked galls, suggesting that S aurij2?renti adversely atlected E metsneriana.

Key words Stem gall, facultative cecidophage, Arterntsia indica var. maximowicaie' Eucosma metzneriana, Stathmqpocla aurij2]relld.

Introduction

The Japanese mugwort Artemtsia indua var, maximowiazt'i (Asteraceae) abundantly thrives in disturbed or early succes$ional habitats in Japan such as roadsides, vacant lots, riverbanks, farmlands and orchards (Oki, 1997). Among herbaceous plants in Japan, A. indica var. mascimowiczii harbors the most diverse gall-makers (see Appendix VII-1 in Yukawa & Masuda, 1996).

Frem the plant species which ubiquitously grow and are attacked by various gall-makers, cecidophages have frequently been fbund and recorded: Galls on 2uercus and SaiZx trees are specifically fed on by various cecidophagous (Smith, l970; Kopelke, 1994; Abe, 1995, 1997; Sugiura & Yamazaki, 2002; Sugiura et aL, 2oo2a, b; Yamazaki & Sugiura, 2oo3). Te date, howeyer, no cecidophagous insects from the galls on the Japanese mugwort have been reported.

We thus fbcused on the galls on A. indua var, maxin7owr'czii,･ and fbund the larvae ofa stathmopodid moth attacking the galls of a tortricid moth. In this report, the gal1-feeding habit in the stathmopodid moth i$ recorded,

Materials and methods

A galler moth on A. indiea var. maximowiezii

Eucosma metzneriana (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera, ) induces fusifbrrn galls in the stems of A. indica var. maximowiczii (Kawabe, 1982; Nasu, 1998, Fig, 1), The eggs are 1aid singly on the underside of host ]eayes, the hatched larvae bore into the stems from terminal buds, and the galls are fbrmed near stem apices with the stimulus of larval feeding (Nasu, 1998). This tortricid passes two generations per year, with aduit emergence oocurring both

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144 Kazuo YAMAzAKI and Shinji SuG[uRA

Fig. 1. A fusifbrm gall by Eucosma metzneriana in Artemtsia indua var. maximowiczii stem. Scale bar: 1Omm. Fig. 2. A larva of Stathmopodo aurtfliretla (closed arrow) feeding on a gall by Eucosma metzneriana (open arrow). Scaie bar: 10mm. Fig. 3, An eclosed female adult of Stathmopoda aurtfereIZd from a Eucosma meteneriana gall, Wing span: 10.2mm.

in May and July in warrn-temperate Japan (Kawabe, 1982; Nasu, 1998),

Study site and methods

The galls of E metznen'ana were sampled at the Nanko Bird Sanctuary (34"38'N, 135024'E, O-5 m above sea level), Osaka City, central Japan. The Nanko Bird Sanctuary (19.3 ha) was founded in 1983 with a varied environment including ponds, marshland, and smal1 hills to accommodate a wide array of avian species. Artemisia indiba var. maximowkzt'i grows around the southern freshwater pond and the westem saltmarsh together with yellow sweet- clover MeidottLs otfi7cinads (Leguminosae) and beach cocklebur J\bnthium itaiicum (Aster- aceae).Thirty-two

galls of E Tnetznen'ana were cut off from the stems on 24 July 2002, placed in a plastic bag, and brought to the laboratory, The proximal ends of the galled stems were wrapped with moistened cotton, and then individually reared in plastic cups under 25eC, 16L: 8D. In the course of rearing, microlepidopterous larvae were found to feed on the galls. When the galls deteriorated, fresh leaves ofthe host plant were provided to these larvae. The

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Gall-fbeding Habits in Lepidoptera ofJapan (2) 145

attacked galls were dissected with tweezers to inspect the inside of the galls after the oclosion of the ,

Results and discussion

From 3 out of32 galls (attack rate=9,4%), microlepidopterous larvae other than E metzneF iana were individually found to feed on gall walls of E meLznen'ana in the galls (Fig. 2). One male and one female of Stathmopodo auoferetVti (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Stath- mopodidae) eclosed on 10 August and 24 September, respectively (Fig, 3), The rest of the larva unfortunately died of unknown causes,

The gal1 walls were heavily grazed by the larvae ef S: auiofenedo. When the galls deteriorat- ed, the stathmopodid larvae fed on host leaves, No adults of E metznen'ana eclosed from the three galls that were attacked by SL auiijreredo, These findings suggest that the stath- mopodid exercises a negative effect on E: metznen'ana.

Stathmopodo auofereha is well-known to infest flowers, fruits and leaves ofmany plants such as jojube, pomegranate, sunfiower, avocado, mango, mandarin orange, peach, grape and Kiwi firuit (Moriuti, 1982; Park et al., 1994). Therefbre, the present study indicates that S aurijTereUtz facultatively uses E metgneriana galls fbr its larval fbod. Two aspects ofadaptive sigriificance ofthe cecidophagous habit in this stathmopodid can be proposed. Firstly, gall tissues are in general more nutritieus than normal plant tissues (e gt Mani, 1964; McNeill & Southwood, 1977), A larva of EL metzneriana (body length: ca 10mm) completes its growth within a gall (diarneter: 7-8mm, length: 25-30mm; Yukawa & Masuda, 1996), suggesting nutritious improvement of the gal1 compared with the normal stem tissue. Secondly, since this larva has a concealment habit as a borer, the gal1 may serve as a shelter.

Whether S auofereha predates on the tortricid larva is unclear, The family Stathmopodidae comprises some predaceous species, whose larvae predate on scale insects, aphids, or spider eggs (Moriuti, 1982; Scoble, 1992; Pierce, 1995). The larvae of Cledematopocla ignipicta (Butler) (Lepidoptera, Stathmopodidae) predate on aphids on Stisa plants (Moriuti, 1982). Abe (1997) reported that the larvae of Oedematopodo sp. predate on the larvae of the gall wasp Andrk]tAs mukaigawae (Mukaigawa) (HymenopteTa, Cynipidae), although that is infrequent because the well-developed parenchymatous tissues protect the gall wasps from attack by the moths. Fourteen stathmopodid species (Stathmopadd and Oeclemampocla) were listed as predators by Pierce (1995). There is a possibility that St auzijfereha predates on E metznen'ana larva, Further studies are required to clarify the feeding habit of S auofereha and its effect on E metznehana.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr K. Yasuda ofNational Institute fbr Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, for the identification of S: autofeneila. Thanks are also due to the ofice of the Nanko Bird Sanctuary for permitting us to conduct this study.

References

Abe, Y., 1995. Relationships between the gall wasp, 7)Jichcrgabna serratae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), and two moth species, Andrioplecta pulverata (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and enaretcoma rufaiiTa (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). AmpL Ent Zbel, 3e: 83-89. 1997, Well-developed tissues the wasp, AnthietLs mukaigawae , gall protecting gal1 (Mukai-

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’ 工46 Kazuo YAMAzAKI and Shi切 i SuG 皿JRA

： 出 e − moth sp ： gawa ）（Hymenoptera Cynipidae）against gaU inhabiting ， Oedematopoda ．（Lepidoptera −． Stathmopodidae）． AppL 劭 t， Z ∂01 ．32： 135 14L Kawabe ， A ．，1982． Eueosma metzneri α na （Treitschke）， In Inoue ， H 、， Sugi， S ．， Kuroko ， H ．． Moriuti， S． ＆ A ．Kawabe （Eds ）， Moths （ゾ Jap砌 1： 137； 2 ： p1．28． Kodansha ， Tokyo ．（ln Japanese．） Kopelke， J． P．，1994． The parasite complex （parasitic inquilines and parasitoids） of Pontania galls − （lnsecta： Hymenoptera ： Tenthredinidae ）． Senckenbergiana B わlogica 73： 83 133 （in Gerrnan with English summary ）， Mani ， M ． S．，1964． Eeology （ゾ Plant G α 込 ． 434 pp 、 Dr Junk PubL ， Hague ． − McNe 川 ， S．＆ T ． R ． E ． Southwood ，1977． The role of nitrogen in the development of ins t plant − relationships ． In Harborn ， J． B ．（Ed ．）， Bioehemical ．4Spects （〜ズPlant and A n 〃nat Coevoiution： 77 98． Academic Press， New York ． Moriuti S，1982， Stathmopodidae ， In lnoue H ， Sugi S ． Kuroko H ，．Moriuti S ．＆ ． Kawabe ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， A （Eds）， − Moths of ／Opan 11256 258， pls． Kodansha， Tokyo 、（In JapaneseJ N 乱su ， Y ，，1998 ．01ethreutine moth forming galls on the Japanese mugwort ． In Yasuda ， T ，， Hirowatari，

厂α ： − ． T ，＆ M 、ishii（Eds），．8わiegy qプ the Microlepidopte 201 205． Bunkyo Shuppan ， Osaka （In Japanese．） ’ Oki， Y ，，1997． Ai惚 用 醜 α indica var ． maximo ” iczii In Okuda ， S．（Ed ．），翩 Plants of J＠ α η ： 68 ．

Tokyo ．ln Japanese ． Shogakukan ， （ ） ’ Park， J．D ，， Park，1． J．＆ K ． P ． Han ，1994． lnvestigation of pests and i司 ury characterlstics of − Stathmopoda auriferella （Walker ）on Kiwi fruit tree ． Korean 」．卿 L Ent ． 33： 148 152 （in Korean with English summary ）， Pierce， N ． E ．，1995． Predatory and parasitic Lepidoptera ： Carnivores living on plants． J． Lepid ． Soc ．49 ： 412−453． ’ M 1992 The Lepidoptera jFb Function and Divers r 404 食）rd Scoble， ．」．， ． ． 肌 め ． pp ． Ox Univ．Press， Oxfbrd．

E L 1970 Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta 2 Biology of −making nematine Smitb， ， ． ， 、 gall ・ − sawHies in the Califbrnia region ． Ann ． en t． Soc． AniL 63： 36 5L Sugiura， S ＆ K ． Yamazakj ．，2002． Tortricid mo 匸hs reared from cecidomyiid bud galls on willows 、 Trans． − lepid． So（ ノapan 53： 116 118． Sugiura， S，， Yamazaki ， K ．＆ H ， Ishii，2002a ． A record of a c idophage f『om Lecitheeeridae， ］rrans． − lepid．∫o 【］． Japan 53： 12 14． Sugiura， S．， Yamazaki ， K ．＆ T ． Hishi，2002 わ． A cecidophagous weevil ， Curculio athevittatus （Coleoptera ； − Curculionidae）， in the gall of Pontania sp ．（Hymenoptera ： Tenthredinidae）． E 磁 Sci．5： 193 196． − Yamazaki ， K ．＆ S． Sugiura ，2003 ． Gall feeding habits in Lepidoptera of Japan ，1： Three different types − of galls． Trans． lepid． Soe．ノ砌 α〃 54 ： 31 39． − Yukawa ， J．＆ H ． Masuda ，1996． Insect and Mite G α 傭 （ゾ 」の α〃 加 Colors． 826 pp ． Zenkoku − − noson kyouiku kyol（ai ， Tokyo ．（Tn Japanese．）

摘 要 ー 一 ー 日本 の 鱗 翅 目 に お け る ゴ ル 食 の 習性 2． ヨ モ ギ の ハ マ キ ガ に よ る 茎 コ ル を攻 撃 す る ニ セ マ ー 一 ・ イ コ ガ （山崎 夫 杉浦真 治 ）

大阪 市南港 野 鳥 園 に お い て ， ヨ モ ギ ク キ ツ ト フ シ （ト ビ モ ン シ ロ ヒ メ ハ マ キ，Eucosma metzneriana ー （Treitschke） に よ り ヨ モ ギ 茎 に 形成 さ れ た ゴ ル ） を サ ン プ リ ン グ し 室 内飼 育 す る と ，キ イ ロ マ イ コ ー ガ ，Stathmoρoda aunferella （Walker） の 幼 虫 が ゴ ル を 摂 食 し て い る の を 確認 す る こ と が で き た ． ー ー ゴ ル の キ イ ロ マ イ コ ガ に よ る 攻撃率 は 9．4％ （N ＝ 32） で あ っ た ． ゴ ル 壁 は 著 し く食害 さ れ，それ ー ら の ゴ ル か ら は ト ビ モ ン シ ロ ヒ メ ハ マ キ成 虫 は 羽 化 し な か っ た ．キ イ ロ マ イ コ ガ は さ ま ぎ ま な果 樹 ー の 花，果 実，葉 を食 う こ と が 知 ら れ て い る こ と か ら，機会 的 え い 食者 と 考 え ら れ た ． ゴ ル は 質 的 に ー 良好 な食物 お よ び シ ェ ル タ と し て 利用 さ れ た の で あ ろ う．

（Accepted December l 1，2002）

Published by the Lepidopterological Society of Japan ， 5−20，Motoyokoyama 2， Hachioji， Tokyo ，192−0063 Japan

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