Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of surveyed farmers in the study area (N = 216)

South Centre Study area Characteristics X2-test F-test (N =157 ) (N = 59) (N = 216) Level of education No formal education 112 37 149 Primary 19 13 32 6.224ns Secondary 26 8 34 University 0 1 1 Age (years) Average 41.2 ± 1.1 46.5 ± 1.8 42.6 ± 0.9 6.580* Range 18-87 26-73 18-87

Gender Female 53 26 79 1.965ns Male 104 33 137

Experience (years) Average 13.9 ± 0.8 20.5 ± 1.9 15.4 ± 0.8 14.053*** Range 2-45 2-68 2-68

Household size Average 7.3 ± 0.3 8.2 ± 0.6 7.5 ± 0.3 2.024ns Range 1-23 1-21 1-21

Land size (ha) Average 1.4 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 1.108ns Range 0.1-23 0.1-6 0.1-23 N= number of interviewed farmers, SE= standard error of the mean. Statistically significant at *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001; ns = not significant.

Table 2: Local nomenclature of peanut cultivars grown in southern and central

Percentage Denomination criteria Local name Ethnic groups Meaning of name of responses

Aloga, Fonkoun, Fonkouin Fon Azi Korga Fon, Aizo, Tori, Goun, Ouéménou Peanut with long pod Koundaho Tori, Ouéménou, Goun Olomon lakoun Nago, Yoruba, Holli, Fon Pod length 38.5 Azi korgri Mahi Korgli Fon, Tori, Goun, Aizo, Ouéménou Peanut with short pod Kounkpèvi Tori, Ouéménou, Goun Olomon kékéré Holli

Tchokotoukou, Azi alloga Mahi Long-seeded peanut Ayossi lakoun Nago Azi winiwini Mahi, Fon, Adja Azi Kpékpéhoun Mahi, Fon Seed size 21.6 Alokpèvi, Aloglivi, Azi kpéhoun Fon Peanut with small seed Azi allogri Mahi Azi kloklo Fon, Goun Peanut with large seeds Gbohoungbohoun, Kounkloklo, Fon, Goun

Vénon Adja Number of grains per Atcholouga Fon, Mahi 14.7 Peanut with 2 seeds per pod pod Agbodjougba Holli Awozi Olomon médji Idaatcha Tondoun Adja Awozi Olomon meta Idaatcha Peanut with 3 seeds per pod

Epka CARDER Nago Peanut from CARDER Azi CARDER Fon, Adja, Mahi Awozi Congo Idaatcha Azi Congo Mahi, Fon Peanut from Congo Ekpa Congo Nago Togo zi Fon Peanut from Togo Origin of seeds 12.5 Agonli zi Fon Peanut from Agonli Djougou zi Fon Peanut from Djougou Glazoué zi Fon Peanut from Glazoué Mahi zi Fon Peanut from Mahi Liza zi Fon Peanut from ancestors Azi fonton Fon Peanut from Fons Yovozi Fon Peanut of the whites Olomon wèwè Nago Ayossi wèwè Nago, Idaatcha White seed peanut Azi wèwè Adja, Fon Seed colour 4.7 Olomon founfoun Holli Azi vovo Mahi, Fon, Aizo Ekpa djodjo Nago Red seed peanut Yinbo Holli Houéton Fon Peanut of the big rainy season Growing season 4.5 Zoton Fon Peanut of the small rainy season Ahouahodou, Assozi Fon Partridge peanut Susceptibility to pests 3.5 Agonmadou Mahi Partridge cannot eat Agonmami Mahi Table 3: Photo showing the aspects of the local varieties from the South and Center collected

Villages Local names Characteristics Pictures

Aklankpa, Atchédigbé, Agonmadou - Erected port Koussi-Zà, Toffo-gare Agonmami - Pale pink seed Zakèmondji Ahouahodou, Assozi - Two seeds per pod Djougouzi - Round shape Glazoué zi Fonkou

Gangnigon, Ayéhouo, Olomon founfoun - Semi creeping port Adjegounlè Olomon wèwè - Sequential flowering Ayossi wèwè - Variegated seed with Awaya, Idiho Azi wéwé purple dominance , Zakèmondji, Zoton - Three seeds per pod Akpassi, Azi Carder - Oblong shape Zakèmondji, , Gomè- Sota Ekpa Carder Hlagbawouassa, Adjarako, Azi Korga Adjamin-Allagbélé, Koussi-Za, Azi kloklo Lonmè, Akpassi Ayossi lakoun

Kpataba, Atchédigbé, Togozi - Erected port Hountongon, Hlagbawouassa, Ekpa djodjo - Brownish pink seed Koussi-Zà, Toffo-gare, Ségba Yinbo - Two seeds per pod Idiho, Magoumi Houéton - Oblong shape Gangnigon

Awaya, Idiho, Akpassi, Liza zi - Erected port Dogaa-Kpomè, Atchédigbé, Azi fonton - White seed Gangnigon Yovozi - Two seeds per pod - Oblong shape - Low oil content

Etonhoué, Ségba, Vénon - Erected port Dékanmè, Atchédigbé Atcholouga - Red seed Gangnigon, Idiho Agbodjougba - Cylindrical shape Magoumi, Zomai, Awaya, Awozi Olomon médji, - Marked flat Ayétoro, Adjegounlè, Lonmè, Fonkouin, - Two seeds per pod Akpassi, Dogaa-Kpomè, Idiho, Koundaho , Akpassi Alaga Olomon lakoun, Kounkloklo Tchokotoukou,

Hlagbawouassa, Atchédigbé, Azi korgri - Semi creeping port Adjamin-Allagbélé, Koussi-Za, Korgli - Sequential flowering Awaya Kounkpèvi - Variegated seed with Dogaa-Kpomè, Gomè- Sota Olomon kékéré purple dominance Gangnigon, Ayéhouo, Awozi Olomon Meta - Two seeds per pod Adjegounlè, Magoumi, Gbohoungbohoun - Oblong shape Etonhoué, Idiho Tondoun, Mahi zi

Kpataba, Hountongon, Azi winiwini - Erected port Hlagbawouassa, Zakèmondji, Azi Kpékpéhoun - Tegument yellowish pink Awaya, , Akpassi Alokpèvi, - Cylindrical shape Lonmè, Dogaa-Kpomè Aloglivi, - Light Flat Azi kpéhoun - Two seeds per pod Azi allogri

Kpataba, Aïzi vovo - Erected Port Hountongon, Hlagbawouassa, Azi vovo - Brownish pink seed Koussi-Zà, Agonlizi - Two to three seeds per Dékanmè Ekpa Congo pod Zakèmondji, Magoumi, Awozi Congo - Oblong shape Awaya, Aklankpa Azi Congo

Table 4: Constraints of peanut production in the study area

South Centre Study area Constraints (N = 153) (N = 49) (N = 202) Rodent attacks 72.9 67.8 71.6 Lack of workforce 12.9 - 9.6 Field maintenance 3.5 20.3 7.9 Drought 2.4 8.5 3.9 Lack of funding 4.1 1.7 3.5 Poor seed quality 1.2 1.7 1.3 Transhumance 1.2 - 0.9 Seed price increases 1.2 - 0.9 Decrease in yield 0.6 - 0.4 N= number of interviewed farmers Table 5: Farmers’ perception and knowledge of peanut pests in southern and central Benin Favourable Organs Study area Pests Local name South (%) Centre (%) Period attacked (%) Okouté, Adjaka, Affin, Ihaa, Gbédja, glinzi, Ekouté, Edjin, Rats Ador (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo Ouéménou), Awassagbé (Fon, Maturity Seeds 40.5 29.8 40.1 Goun, Tori, Aïzo , Ekoun) Akpao (Fon), Tikpa, Ehlin (Adja) Agonkpata (Tori), Ahoua Partridge (Goun), Eyedaba (Fon), Hèvi (Fon), Hinsouvo (Fon, Maturity Seeds 19.7 23.9 16.5 Mahi),Yibou (Nago) Asson, Apkaro, Assoclé (Fon, Mahi)

Centipede Djivi djivi , Dosso, Hanklo (Tori), Hannoukoun (Goun) Maturity Seeds 16.9 5.1 14.9

Rabbit Azoui (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo), Eworo (Nago) Vegetative Leaves 10.5 8.7 10.6

Greater cane Affin (Fon, Goun, Torri, Aïzo ), Kokoro(Nago), Awata (Fon), Maturity Seeds 4.5 1.4 4.1 rats Agbé (Fon),

Red ants Dorizihin (Idaatcha), Etoutou (Nago), Kpoukpoui (Adja) Maturity Seeds 3.7 4.3 4.1

Ehoro (Nago), Etoutou (Nago), Kossoukossou (Fon, Goun, Termite Maturity Seeds 1.6 8.7 3.4 Tori, Aïzo), Ogain (Idaatcha)

Grasshoppers Boclé (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo ), Aboclé (Fon), Vegetative Leaves 1.4 2.2 1.7

Wanvou (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo ), Kokoro (Nago), Do (Mahi, Caterpillars Maturity Seeds 0.2 5.8 1.5 Fon)

Ato vovo (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo ), Ozii (Fon, Goun, Tori, Monkey Maturity Seeds 0 5.8 1.3 Aïzo ), Kakougokou (Idaatcha) Gbossaclé (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo ), Boclé (Fon, Goun, Tori, Crickets Vegetative Leaves 0.2 4.3 1.2 Aïzo ), Atré (Idaatcha), Cléssou (Mahi, Fon) Snail Akouété (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo) Vegetative Leaves 0.4 0 0.3

Sheep Gbo (Fon, Goun, Tori, Aïzo) Vegetative Leaves 0.4 0 0.3 Table 6: Farmers’ preference criteria of peanut varieties in the study area

Categories Criteria of preference Adja Fon Aizo Goun Holli Idaatcha Mahi Nago Ouéménou Tori Total

Seed size 48.8 46 33.3 75 20 20 10.1 30.3 50 28.6 35.2 A lot of pod and seeds per plant 7.3 27.4 66.7 25 80 30 33.9 24.2 50 42.9 29.3 Agronomics 68.9 % Resistant to diseases and pests - 3.2 - - - - 5.1 15.2 - 7.1 4.1

Precocity - 0.8 ------0.3

Economics Beauty of grains - 5.7 - - - - 13.6 - - - 4.7 11 % Seed colour 9.8 11.3 ------14.3 6.3

Production of high amount of oil 31.7 4 - - - 50 37.3 30.3 - 7.1 19.2 Culinary Good taste 2.4 0.8 ------0.6 20.1 % Finesse of the seed coat - 0.8 ------0.3

Table 7: Importance of the reasons for peanut production in the study area (N = 216)

Reasons for South Centre Study area production Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Marketing 157 73 50 76.9 207 73.9 Consumption 50 23.3 7 10.8 57 20.4 Processing 2 0.9 7 10.8 9 3.2 Soil fertilization 6 2.8 1 1.5 7 2.5