Reducing Night Frost Damage, Also Without Sprinkling

Night frost • Fuji • Poland • Sad-Gigant • Geneva® rootstocks • Organic apple growing • Market developments • Research • News of the world

European Fruitgrowers Magazine No. 1 – 2018 (108)

In this edition: PL-ISSN 1689-8583

Reducing night frost damage, also without sprinkling

Less skin damage after harvesting Fuji with scissors

Sad-Gigant, one of the largest Russian fruit farms

Reducing night Are we getting near the limits of organic apple frost damage growing?

And much more ... www .LODDER. de UNTERLAGEN® FRUIT-TREE-ROOTSTOCKS PORTE-GREFFES-ARBRES-FRUITIER PORTAINNESTO

® DE made in Germany!

LIST OF CONTENTS

Articles: Reducing night frost damage possible, also without sprinkling...... 6 Less skin damage after harvesting Fuji with scissors...... 9 Good prospects for Polish fruit growers.....10 Sad-Gigant, one of the largest Russian Fruitbomen & onderstammen fruit farms...... 12

KOB storage day • Red Jonaprince • Canada • Cost price pears • Bruises • Cherry growing in Chile • DCA • Topaz • Crop estimate Geneva®, a new generation of apple rootstocks, Part 4 No. 8 – 2010 (20) European • Delcorf strains Fruit trees & rootstocks – 2009 (10) IncreasedFruitgrowers resistance Magazine to soil exhaustion...... 18 Thinning Machines • Early Jonagold strains • Pruning Fuji • Canker • inning Prunes pear • Cockchafers • Opal • SunspotsNo. 10 • Research News (9) tell growers – 2009 European No. 9 (8) • DetermineAre timeFruitgrowers towe pick damsons gettingMagazine • Japanese plums • Th near the limits of organic 8 – 2009 Obstbäume & Unterlagen No. s • Korvik & GraceMarket Star developments • Stemphylium • Growers Open days research stations • Thinning apple appleEuropean growing? (13) ...... 20 PL-ISSN 1689-8583 – 2010 Fruitgrowers Magazine 1 No. (14) PL-ISSN 1689-8583 European – 2010 In this edition: Waterlaat 31 | 5571 MZ EU apple & pear crop • Fruit breeding in Europe • High density cherrie 2 No. Fruitgrowers Magazine In this edition: (3)News: Bergeijk | Nederland PL-ISSN 1689-8583 – 2009 In this edition: European 3 KOB storage day 2010 Tel: +31 (0) 653303938 No. EFM today...... In this edition: 4

Fructura 2009 • Mur Fruitier • Electric pruningFruitgrowers • Orient 6 • Magazine Irrigation cherries • Organic growingPL-ISSN 1689-8583 • Breeding • Thinning machines (15) [email protected] • Research news In this edition:Canadian Prince growing well – 2010 Production and market developments...... 22 European 3 Early Jonagold and Robijn No. PL-ISSN 1689-8583 New AppleIn varieties this edition: at research stations (4) Fruitgrowers Magazine Comparison of costs European pear production regions ResearchEU news 2009 crop estimate...... 23 www.vruchtboomkwekerij.com Fruit Logistica • Golden Parsi da Rosa® • Hail nets • Coop Garonne • Reflective film • Concrete posts • Southern hemisphere crop Pruning trial Fuji – 2009 In this edition: European 4 OpenCold days and Güttingenripe apples and most Lanxade sensitive to bruising www.obstbaumschule.nl | www.fruittreenursery.nl No. PL-ISSN 1689-8583 News of the worldGrowers surprised...... by canker 24 (18) InnovationsHigh at Fructuracherry planting 2009 densities Fruitgrowers Magazine • Research news In this edition: Fertilisation • Thinning machine • Fire blight • Pruning Cherries • Xenia • Seminar ALS • Robotisation • Bumblebees – 2010 Fruit Logistica 2010 Japanese ght against plums weeds in France ProgrammeChilean sweet ALS cherry growing ObstbauseminarNew developing pear varieties strongly ...... 26 6 Varieties for organic growing European PL-ISSN 1689-8583 No. Machines in the fi In this edition: (16) Fertilisation pears Future fruit from a wall Growing prunes Het nieuwe vakblad voor de Agenda...... DCA viable alternative for organic Topaz 27 Research news Thinning apples and pears Fruitgrowers Magazine – 2010 Apple trees with columnar growth Wild fruit 4 A newcomer to the Golden world In this edition: Sunspots predict diseases professionele fruitteler PL-ISSN 1689-8583 Thinning machine results Korvik and Grace Star European No. Obstbautage Jork (D) Jork (D) • Pear varieties • Sweet cherries • Sour cherries • Bumblebees • Fruchtwelt Bodensee • Market developments language: And much more ... Irrigation of cherries www.baumschule-stahl.de Gooseberries · Currants PlumPruning and Cherriesdamson day in Oppenheim And much more ... OrientPear 6breeding grades Bologna and packs fruits automatically Fruitgrowers Magazine In this edition: And much more ... Xenia in PolandElectric pruning COLOPHON PL-ISSN 1689-8583 New preparations againstStemphylium fire blight vesicarium brown spot And much more ... language: Robotisation Details determine the quality and life of hail nets And much more ... Prisdorfer Weg 1 · 25436 Tornesch Blackberries · Raspberries Website:European nancial problems Verschijnt maandelijks In this edition: Cherry storage And much more ... Apple rootstocks • Angélys and Seléna • Replant disease • VVA-1 & Gisela 5 • UV-C light • Kanzi,Modi and Jazz • South-Tyrol • Robots Bumblebees Telefon: +49 (0) 41 20 / 70 67 80 And much more ... www.fruitmagazine.eu Fire blight-tolerant apple rootstocks VVA-1 & Gisela 5 And much more ... Pear varieties AngélysOrganic and Seléna and conventional under the same roof Climate change • Bee colonyFruitgrowers death • Market Magazine developments • language: Robotisation Fax: +49 (0) 41 20 / 70 67 811 PL-ISSN 1689-8583 And much more ... vanaf januari 2009Rootstocks Publisher: And much more ... 6th International cherry symposium in Chile uences And much more ... Kanzi, Modi and Jazz in South-Tyrol Email: [email protected] And much more…. European Loss of production due to replant

Selena®: the organic Elliot language: Reflective film results in better colouring apples Light to combat fungi Dispensers for bumblebee hives tested Disastrous sour cherry situation

Limousin • Cherry storage • Weed control • Planting depth • Rosy apple aphid • Interpera 2010 • Fruitteelt Vakbeurs PL-ISSN 1689-8583 News from Interpera 2010 Fruitgrowers Magazine SmartFresh reduces fruit rot

Problems with scab, woolly aphids and pear psylla in 2010 Production language: Southern Hemisphere

Fruit Logistica 2009 Late snow in the Limousin causes fi PLANTPRESS Sp. z o.o. Apples with red flesh Pseudomonas in stonefruit

Optimum planting depth and budding height FruitConsult day 2009 Residue-free produce Reversal in the apple market

Multi row sprayers J. Lea 114a NeemAzal against rosy apple aphidScab in France

Selena® • Filocal • SmartFresh • ISHS cherry symposium • 30-133 Kraków language:

ISSN 1689-8575 2009-02

Sandwich method alternative6th International to chemical cherry weed symposium control in Chile (II) Poland Insuring orchards against weather infl

language:

www.plantpress.pl ‘If you use Filocal, you won’t need any other foliar fertilisers’ Design / DTP: language: KOB storage day • Red Jonaprince • Canada • Cost price pears • Bruises • Cherry growing in Chile • DCA • Topaz • Crop estimate

Production Southern Hemisphere • Fruit Logistica • Pseudomonas • FruitConsult day • IFO • Multi-row sprayers • Scab • Residues • Pruning pears

LeafMedia Krzysztof Pilch Desk language:Editor: No. 8 – 2010 (20) European • Delcorf strains Multikolor Mariusz Bibik Debora Havenaar (10) language: Fruitgrowers Magazine – 2009 Thinning Machines • Early Jonagold strains • Pruning Fuji • Canker • inning Prunes pear • Cockchafers • Opal • SunspotsNo. 10 • Research News

(9) language: tell growers – 2009 Edited by: [email protected] European No. 9 language: (8) • Determine timeFruitgrowers to pick damsons Magazine • Japanese plums • Th FruitMedia B.V. – 2009 No. 8 s • Korvik & GraceMarket Star developments • Stemphylium • Growers Rooimond 23 Advertisements: Open days research stations • Thinning apple European (13) PL-ISSN 1689-8583 – 2010 Fruitgrowers Magazine 1 NL- 4197 BS Buurmalsen Information: No. (14) PL-ISSN 1689-8583 Nederland Gerard Poldervaart, European – 2010 In this edition: EU apple & pear crop • Fruit breeding in Europe • High density cherrie 2 No. Gerard Poldervaart Phone: +31 (0)6 180 54231 or e-mail: Fruitgrowers Magazine In this edition: (3) PL-ISSN 1689-8583 Phone: +31 (0)6 180 54231 or e-mail: [email protected] – 2009 In this edition: European 3 KOB storage day 2010 No. In this edition: [email protected]

Fructura 2009 • Mur Fruitier • Electric pruningFruitgrowers • Orient 6 • Magazine Irrigation cherries • Organic growingPL-ISSN 1689-8583 • Breeding • Thinning machines (15) • Research news Plantpress/ Dorota Łabanowska-Bury ISSN: 1689-8583 In this edition:Canadian Prince growing well – 2010 European e-mail: [email protected] Circulation: 3.500 3 Early Jonagold and Robijn No. PL-ISSN 1689-8583 New AppleIn varieties this edition: at research stations (4) Comparison of costs European pear production regions Fruitgrowers Magazine This magazine has been carefully compiled by the authors and the publisher. However, the publisher accepts Fruit Logistica • Golden Parsi da Rosa® • Hail nets • Coop Garonne • Reflective film • Concrete posts • Southern hemisphere crop EU 2009 crop estimate Pruning trial Fuji – 2009 In this edition: no liability for damage of whatever nature, resulting from the actions taken by readers based on its content. European 4 OpenCold days and Güttingenripe apples and most Lanxade sensitive to bruising No. PL-ISSN 1689-8583 Growers surprised by canker Furthermore, the publisher wishes to point out that products mentioned in this magazine are not available (18) InnovationsHigh at Fructuracherry planting 2009 densities Fruitgrowers Magazine • Research news In this edition: and/or allowed in all countries. The publisher also wishes to point out to the reader that he/she should always Fertilisation • Thinning machine • Fire blight • Pruning Cherries • Xenia • Seminar ALS • Robotisation • Bumblebees – 2010 Fruit Logistica 2010 Japanese plums in France Chilean sweet cherry ght against growing weedsNew developing pear varieties strongly 6 Varieties for organic growing adhere to the legislation and regulations applicable in his/her own country. European PL-ISSN 1689-8583 No. Machines in the fi In this edition: (16) Fertilisation pears Future fruit from a wall Growing prunes Nothing from this publication may be copied, stored in electronic systems or made public without the prior Het nieuwe vakblad voor de DCA viable alternative for organic Topaz Research news Thinning apples and pears Fruitgrowers Magazine written approval of the publisher – 2010 Apple trees with columnar growth

4 A newcomer to the Golden world In this edition: Sunspots predict diseases professionele fruitteler PL-ISSN 1689-8583 Thinning machine results Korvik and Grace Star European No. Obstbautage Jork (D) Jork (D) • Pear varieties • Sweet cherries • Sour cherries • Bumblebees • Fruchtwelt Bodensee • Market developments language: And much more ... Irrigation of cherries PlumPruning and Cherriesdamson day in Oppenheim And much more ... OrientPear 6breeding grades Bologna and packs fruits automatically Fruitgrowers Magazine In this edition: And much more ... Xenia in PolandElectric pruning PL-ISSN 1689-8583 New preparations againstStemphylium fire blight vesicarium brown spot And much more ... language: Robotisation Details determine the quality and life of hail nets And much more ... European

nancial problems Verschijnt maandelijks In this edition: Cherry storage And much more ... Apple rootstocks • Angélys and Seléna • Replant disease • VVA-1 & Gisela 5 • UV-C light • Kanzi,Modi and Jazz • South-Tyrol • Robots Bumblebees And much more ... Fire blight-tolerant apple rootstocks VVA-1 & Gisela 5 And much more ... Pear varieties AngélysOrganic and Seléna and conventional under the same roof Climate change • Bee colonyFruitgrowers death • Market Magazine developments • language: Robotisation PL-ISSN 1689-8583 And much more ... vanaf januari 2009 And much more ... 6th International cherry symposium in Chile uences And much more ... Kanzi, Modi and Jazz in South-Tyrol And much more….

European Loss of production due to replant

Selena®: the organic Elliot language: Reflective film results in better colouring apples Light to combat fungi Dispensers for bumblebee hives tested Disastrous sour cherry situation

Problems with scab, woolly aphids and pear psylla in 2010 Production language: Southern Hemisphere

Fruit Logistica 2009

Late snow in the Limousin causes fi Apples with red flesh

Pseudomonas in stonefruit

Optimum planting depth and budding height FruitConsult day 2009 Residue-free produce Reversal in the apple market

Multi row sprayers NeemAzal against rosy apple aphidScab in France

Selena® • Filocal • SmartFresh • ISHS cherry symposium • language:

ISSN 1689-8575 2009-02

Sandwich method alternative6th International to chemical cherry weed symposium control in Chile (II) Insuring orchards against weather infl

language:

‘If you use Filocal, you won’t need any other foliar fertilisers’

language:

Production Southern Hemisphere • Fruit Logistica • Pseudomonas • FruitConsult day • IFO • Multi-row sprayers • Scab • Residues • Pruning pears

language:

language: The challenges for 2018

2017 served as a reminder how big the risks for a hundreds to more than a thousand hectares of or- fruit grower are. Hail, drought and frost are only chards. Sales are mainly aimed at the home mar- some of the factors threatening the fruit grower’s ket and at (South) East European neighbouring financial result. This year, the difference between countries. For West European countries, which fruit farms in Europe are extremely big. How- partly depend for the sales of their apples on ex- ever, in addition to these hopefully incidental port, competition on the East European but also influences on the financial result there is, in my on the Asian apple export markets, will slowly opinion, a much more worrying development. In but surely increase. In my opinion this means, Western Europa production costs are structurally that during the next few years, West European rising. However, there is no corresponding rise in apple producers will have to focus more on pro- the price fruit growers get for their apples. At the duction for their home markets. At the same time, same time, there is an ever increasing capital re- this goes very well with the increasing trend for quirement to protect the farm from climate risks regionally grown products. and for the necessary future increases in scale. The EFM editorial board will stay on top of de- In various East European and South European velopments in European fruit growing. Not only countries, however, fruit growing seems to know in the field of cultivation, but emphatically also no limits. In Poland, for instance, during the last in the field sketched in the first paragraphs. In few years, 20,000 hectares of new apple orchards 2018, too, we will continue providing readers with were planted. As a result, the Polish apple produc- news, background information, knowledge and tion will continue to grow during the next few information on new developments and products, years. Poland has to sell a great part of its apple but we will also try to provide readers with new production outside the country. In addition to ideas and to inspire them. sales to Eastern Europe, Poland is trying to gain a foothold in the Middle and Far East. The EFM editorial board wishes all readers a suc- During the last few years, in various other East cessful, good and healthy 2018. and South European countries, large fruit farms have been set up, with sometimes a couple of Gerard Poldervaart Editor in chief EFM EFM today

POLISH APPLE CROP WILL Only significant casualties can tempo- branch for crop protection products ex- GROW TO 4,5 MILLION rarily reduce the harvest of these fruits. pects 60% of the products to be ruled TONNES (Monika Strużyk, Plantpress) out in the re-registration procedure. “In the past it took 27 months for a registra- According to information of the Polish PROBLEMS WITH tion to be completed. Since 2011 it has Professor Makosz, in recent years, new RE-REGISTRATION ACTIVE taken an average of 4 years. And the apple orchards have been established INGREDIENTS EXPECTED possibility of success is much smaller in Poland on an area of approximately than it used to be”, according to Schir- 20,000 ha. As a result, apple produc- During the next few years in the EU, Bay- ring. (Source: agriholland.nl) tion may grow by 500,000 tonnes, from er CropScience expects big problems 4.0 million tonnes to over 4.5 million for acquiring re-registration for active EUROPEAN tonnes annually. According to the pro- ingredients in crop protection products. AUTHORISATION FOR fessor, about 1.8 million tonnes of de- This was told by Albert Schirring, man- GLYPHOSATE EXTENDED sert apples for fresh consumption can ager for potatoes, fruit and vegetables BY 5 YEARS be grown. The surplus, over 2.7 million of the crop protection product division tonnes, will probably be allocated to var- of Bayer CropScience on 23 November, The European member states have de- ious products, including concentrated during a meeting at Aeres Hogeschool cided to extend the glyphosate her- juice (2.2 to 2.3 million tonnes). There- in Dronten (Netherlands). The problems bicide authorisation by 5 years. There fore, in the coming years, Poland will are connected with the European regula- were sufficient member states that sup- continue to be one of the largest pro- tion for crop protection products which ported the European Commission producers of industrial apples in the world. came into force in 2011. The European posal to reach a majority. The proposal

NIGHT FROST PREVENTION, TOPICAL SUBJECT IN 2018

After night frost having caused serious damage in many fruit growing areas in the spring of 2017, night frost prevention has become a topical subject again. This subject is on the programme during many gatherings, fruit growing days and seminars. This was also the case at the annual Fruit Growing Day, organised by the Nederlandse Fruittelers Organisatie (NFO) (Dutch Fruit Growers Organisation) in Wageningen that in 2017 took place on 16 November. Here, Jan Peeters, consultant at Fruitconsult and Jef Vercammen, director of the Bel- gian pcfruit trial orchard, shared their knowledge and experiences with the fruit growers present. Overhead sprinkling is still the most effective manner of preventing damage. However, if no sprinkling installation is present, there are some measures that can be taken to limit the damage. You can read more about this in an article in this EFM issue.

Overhead sprinkling is the most effective way of preventing night frost damage. EFM

4 EFM 2018-01 EFM today

was rejected by 8 member states, but 18 member states voted for a new authorisation. The supporters together represent 65.7% of the European popu- lation. (EFM, GP) CULTIVATION EXPERIENCES WITH CEPUNA/MIGO®

The Cepuna pear variety naturally shows rather vigorous growth. When being raised during its first few years of growth, searching for the right balance between fruit bearing and growth is a point for attention. This means growth control and the stimulation of fruit set. Therefore, Due to its extremely smooth skin, Cepuna is susceptible to skin damage. EFM fruit thinning is only necessary to a very limited extent. During the Fruit Grow- ing Day organised by the Nederlandse Fruittelers Organisatie (NFO) (Dutch Fruit OKSANA/XENIA® ALWAYS WITH INTERSTEM Growers Organisation) on 16 November, Fruitconsult advisor Dirk van Hees had Big production and a very good shelf-life are positive characteristics of the Oksana been asked to present the latest insights pear variety. Annual productions of 70 to 80 tonnes per hectare are possible. During and knowledge concerning some new the last few years especially the choice of the right rootstock in the cultivation and pear varieties. the question whether it was necessary to use an interstem, have been topical. Fruit- According to Van Hees, both GA4/7 and consult advisor, Dirk Van Hees thinks, there is more clarity on this now. During the GA3 stimulate Cepuna fruit set, with- last few years, it has appeared that after a full crop load, in the case of trees without out adverse effects on fruit size. In the an interstem, in the second or third year of growth, the growth of a part of the tree first few years, the production of Cepu- declines. Therefore, the advice is never to plant Oksana without an interstem. Oksana na is smaller than that of Conference. is also known under the brand name of the pears at point of sale: Xenia®. (EFM, GP) However, if there is an optimum balance between growth and fertility, with fully-grown plantings, a production of 50 tonnes or more per hectare is possible. Moreover, due to good fruit size, picking performance is high. Cepuna fruits are sold by Fruitmasters in the Netherlands, by BelOrta in Bel- gium and by WOG/BayWa in Germany under the brand name of Migo®. Due to the very smooth skin, the fruits are very susceptible to skin damage. “This may also cause pack-out to be sometimes disappointing”, according to Van Hees. During the last few years there has been some uncertainty about the optimum picking time of Cepuna. According to Van Hees, the right moment is in the second part of the Conference picking window. (EFM, GP) In the case of Oksana trees without an interstem, after a full crop load, in the second or third year of growth, growth of a part of the tree may decline. EFM

EFM 2018-01 5 Gerard Poldervaart EFM editorial board [email protected]

Reducing night frost damage possible, also without sprinkling

Info In 2017, night frost reduced the apple, pear this form of frost than radiation frost. According and soft fruit crops in many regions in Europe. to Jan Peeters, it is generally not a matter of the Amount of water The most effective manner to prevent night one or the other type of frost, but a mix of radia- The traditionally used frost damage is night frost sprinkling. How- tion frost and airborne cold. sprinkling installa- ever, this is by no means possible everywhere. tions have a water delivery of a minimum Clouds or fog reduce frost of 3 mm per hour, or During the fruit grower’s day organised by the 30 m3 per hour. “In Dutch Fruit Growers Organisation on 16 Novem- If clouds are present, there will be more radia- 2017, this was insuffi- ber, both Jan Peeters of Fruitconsult consultancy tion from the clouds in the direction of the earth cient to prevent night and Jef Vercammen of Belgian pcfruit, presented surface. This has a positive influence on the bal- frost damage. 35 to their experiences and latest insights concerning ance between radiation and irradiation, as a re- 40 m3 per hectare per reducing night frost damage. sult of which it is less cold close to the ground. hour was needed”, “In Poland and the Czech Republic, for instance, according to Jef Ver- Radiation frost versus airborne use is made of this by creating an artificial fog cammen of Belgian pcfruit. cold by means of a Pulsfog with the help of water and glycerine”, Peeters told. This is an option in Night frost sprinkling may be the most effective thinly populated regions, but in densely popu- manner of night frost prevention, but success is lated areas, creating such often uncontrollable by no means always guaranteed. This also de- low-hanging clouds is not desirable. pends on the type of frost. Sprinkling works very well, if it is a matter of ‘traditional’ radiation night Unexpected damage frost. The cold develops when more warmth radiates from the plot than is irradiated. A charac- In spite of night frost sprinkling, fruit growers teristic of this type of frost is, that there is hardly are sometimes surprised by unexpected dam- any cloud cover, there is no wind and that the age in the form of production or quality loss (for temperature close to the ground is lower than instance, frost stripes or frost rings). Wrong as- in higher layers of air. Wind machines make use sessments through lack of knowledge can be the of this by sucking in relatively warmer air from reason for this. Peeters passed in review a number higher layers of air and blowing it in between of cases that each fruit grower ought to know. the trees. A precondition is that such warm layers are present. Warming up the sucked-in air by Wet versus dry bulb means of a heater in the wind machine, height- ens the effect. A ‘regular’ thermometer measures the so-called In the case of frost caused by airborne cold on dry bulb temperature. In some cases, however, the other hand, it is a matter of (mostly east) wind, this gives the wrong impression of the real sit- cloud cover and there is only a slight difference uation in a flower or flower bud. This is espe- A wind machine sucks in air in temperature in the layer from 0 to 5 metres cially the case with low atmospheric humidity from relatively warm layers of above the ground. Often the temperature in the or wind. A dry bulb thermometer insufficiently air and blows it in between the higher layers of air is even lower than closer to takes evaporation into consideration. In such a trees. the ground. It is much more difficult to control situation, a wet bulb thermometer gives a bet- EFM

6 EFM 2018-01 Young, small fruits are more susceptible to night Sprinkling is the most effective manner to prevent night frost damage. EFM frost than flowers. EFM ter impression, because it “offers compensation When the wet bulb temperature is above 0°C; for the evaporation factor”, according to Peeters. When plenty of air is present between the ice It is also important for the thermometer to be and the branches. Frost up to -5°C in the right place. “Hang a well-calibrated frost “During long nights with much ice, it is often bet- In Belgium, during the detector in the coldest spot in the orchard at the ter to keep on sprinkling a bit longer, because night of 19 to 20 April height of the lowest branches of the tree and the ice than comes loose more quickly”, Peeters 2017, the frost was see to it that the sensor freely radiates upwards”, informed. Stopping too early is dangerous, he very extreme. At the Peeters advised. In addition, he advised to install warned. Much damage can still be caused then. trial orchard, around midnight, the temper- extra measuring points spread through the or- ature was already 0°C. chard and form a network during frost with fellow Reducing damage without The lowest tempera- fruit growers to mutually exchange information. sprinkling ture measured was -5°C. Moreover, tem- The presentations by Peeters and Vercammen peratures remained Differences in susceptibility showed that without sprinkling, night frost dam- below 0°C for quite a age cannot be prevented in many cases, but it can long time. Every fruit grower knows that there is a differ- be reduced. As was mentioned before, the cold is ence in frost susceptibility between apples and caused by a difference between irradiation and pears and between varieties. Gala, for instance, radiation. In the case of radiation, the soil plays is less susceptible than Elstar or Jonagold. It has an important part. The soil is a heat buffer and appeared, that the Belgica variety, which is grown the moisture content determines to a large extent in Belgium on a limited scale, is also little sus- how much heat is stored in the soil. “Wet soil ac- ceptible. Jef Vercammen: “In 2017, Belgica was cumulates two to three times more heat, that is the only variety at the pcfruit trial orchard that had a higher production than in 2016.” It is also well-known that weak flowers, for instance, after Principle of night frost sprinkling a year with high production, are more susceptible to frost than strong flowers. After a period of fast When sprinkling water solidifies, warmth is released, so that the flower crop development, flowers are more susceptible temperature does not fall below -0.5°C. This only works if wet ice is than after a period of slow crop development. It continuously present round the flower. The amount of heat released is less well-known that pears, in the mouse-ear during sprinkling, strongly depends on the amount of water that turns stage to the green bud stage, are less suscepti- from the liquid state into ice. A short time before and during flowering, ble than apples, whereas during full flowering much more water is caught than for instance during the mouse-ear susceptibility is the same. However, most suscep- stage. Before and during flowering frost up to -6°C can be prevented tible are young, small fruits just after flowering. in that way. During the mouse-ear stage this is less and the sprinkling According to Peeters, damage may even occur installation has to be switched on extra early, to create enough warmth. here during short periods of frost in the morn- Tall grass and weeds under the trees, catch more water than short ing at a slight drop in temperature. grass alleys and herbicide strips. However, for optimum warmth radiation from the ground, a bare strip and short grass is desirable. So, this Stop or continue? is a dilemma. “Might it be a good idea, during severe frost, to spread some straw on the grass alleys to make more water freeze above the When can the sprinkling installation be switched ground?”, consultant Jan Peeters suggested off? Peeters’ advice is as follows:

EFM 2018-01 7 Paraffin pots are especially useful for smaller -or The Frostguard blows warm air in between the trees. EFM chards. EFM

moreover spread across a thicker layer (greater ing point by making use of paraffin pots. Sup- depth) than in dry soil”, Peeters stated. “On top pliers offer pots containing 5.5 litres (5 kg) or Frost prevention of that, wet soil more easily and more quickly 10 litres (8 kg). According to Vercammen, the pcfruit releases more warmth than dry soil.” Therefore, disadvantages of paraffin pots are the rather In the night of frost from 19 to 20 April the prevention of night frost damage starts with limited effectiveness, the high costs and the 2017, pcfruit ap- making the soil wet a considerable time (four to great amount of labour for setting out, lighting plied various meth- five days), before a period of night frost. This can and again gathering the pots. The pots can also ods to control night be done in various ways, also without sprinkling develop an unwanted amount of smoke. More- frost, among others, across the trees. over, because the pots are in the middle of the sprinkling, paraf- However, during frost, the soil must be able to grass alley you cannot drive through the orchard. fin pots, four Frost- release warmth easily. This is interfered with by Therefore, according to Vercammen, paraffin pots guards (apple, pear and sweet cherry) vegetation on the bare strip. With the help of fig- are especially useful for smaller orchards. and a Frostbuster (ap- ures, Vercammen showed, how big the influence ple and pear). Pcfruit of the moisture content and the vegetation on Frostbuster and Frostguard compared the ef- the bare strip can be (see table 1). Temperature fects of the different measurements by Fons Ver Berne of the KHK Gent The Frostbuster that drives through the orchard measures. The results (Belgium) showed, that over an overgrown bare and the Frostguard that is stationary, blow hot were presented by strip, during a night with frost, the temperature air of 90 to 100°C into the orchard. This provides Jef Vercammen dur- fell to -4.1°C. Over a completely bare and wet- a limited rise in temperature of 2 à 3°C, under fa- ing the fruit grower’s day organised by the ted bare strip, the fall in temperature was lim- vourable conditions. “But even the fact that the Dutch Fruit Grow- ited to -1.2°C. temperature is below the critical temperature ers Organisation on for a short time, contributes to the prevention 16 November. Paraffin pots of damage”, according to Vercammen. In 2017, after treatment with the Frostbuster, due At pcfruit, in 2012, during a night of frost of -3.2°C, to low atmospheric humidity during the night of the temperature could be raised to around freez- frost, a lot a brown-coloured leaves were found. “Nevertheless, there was a positive effect on pro- Sandy soil versus ductivity”, Vercammen said, looking back. Table 1. Temperature measurements in the orchard clay soil According to Vercammen, the Frostbuster is suit- during a night with frost Clay soil retains more able for larger orchards (up to 8 hectares) and moisture and as a re- Temperature (°C) rather cheap in comparison with the Frostgaurd sult more heat, and and paraffin pots. The Frostguard is meant for releases the heat bet- Bare strip covered -4.1 ter than sandy soil. smaller orchards and in comparison with paraffin pots it is cheaper to use and less labour intensive. For this reason, or- Grass not cut -2.3 chards on sandy soils are more susceptible Light weed cover -2.1 to frost than on clay Bare (clean) soil -1.7 soil. Bare (clean) + wet soil -1.2

Source: Fons Ver Berne, KHK Ghent, Belgium

8 EFM 2018-01 EFM editorial board [email protected]

Less skin damage after harvesting Fuji with scissors

Between picking and packing in the final packaging, part of the apples may be damaged Info due to stalks piercing the skin. Varieties such as Fuji, but also Minneiska/SweeTango® are extra susceptible to this. Research The research descri- At various farms, in France, for instance, Fuji is for 40% lower picking performance bed in this article was done by the Südtiro- that reason harvested with a pair of scissors. The ler Beratungsdienst stalk is cut so short with a pair of rounded off scis- Harvest performance, expressed in the amount of and Obstgenossen- sors that the stalks cannot damage other fruits. kilos that can be picked or cut off per hour, was schaft Frubona in Ter- Fruit damage in Fuji was the reason for Frubona considerably lower for harvesting with scissors lan (Italy). The results Obstgenossenschaft in Terlan in South Tyrol (It- than for the traditional way. The average for the were published in an aly), to look at possibilities of having their mem- four farms was that in the traditional way 255 ki- article in the South Ty- bers harvest their Fuji apples with scissors too. los were picked per hour. When harvesting with rol Obstbau-Weinbau scissors, an average of 153 kilos per hour was fruit growers magazine. Picking with stalk harvested, which means a 40% lower picking performance. For apples picked by hand (and In cooperation with the advisory service, in 2016, with the stalk), harvesting costs were calculated in four Fuji orchards, apples were picked in the at 7.6 eurocents per kilo. For apples harvested traditional manner (with stalks) and apples were with scissors, this was 12.7 eurocents per kilo. harvested with scissors. For both methods of The higher harvesting costs must be made up harvesting it was established how many kilos for through smaller losses of damaged apples, could be picked in an hour. Skin damage both less fruit rot and a better reputation/more cus- before and after grading was also determined. tomer trust. When counting before grading, it appeared that in traditionally picked apples between 2.2 and Higher price 4.1% was damaged by ‘stalk piercing’. During grading, damage further increased. After grad- For the Frubona Obstgenossenschaft the results ing 3.8 to 8.3% of fruits was damaged. were so convincing, that management decided to pay growers 12 eurocents per kilo more for Harvesting with scissors apples harvested with scissors (for apples with a good colour in the sizes 75-100 mm). For an un- In the case of apples harvested with scissors, expected number of growers this higher price damage during picking (assessed before grading) was a stimulus to harvest their Fuji apples with was limited to 0.34 to 0.47%. As a result of the scissors. In 2016, 40% of the Fuji apples of the grading process damage increased to, on aver- cooperative was harvested with scissors. age, 1.42% (varying between 0.8 and 2.68%). In the batch with the highest percentage of dam- In Fuji, stalks can cause a lot age, the stalk of part of the fruits appeared not of damage to the skin during to have been cut off short enough. Therefore, storage in the box and during careful harvesting is important. grading. EFM

EFM 2018-01 9 Monika Strużyk Editor MPS SAD, Poland [email protected]

Good prospects for Polish fruit growers

Info Due to frost damage, the 2017 Polish apple crop was about 1 million tonnes lower than MPS SAD last season’s crop. According to Professor This article was pub- Eberhard Makosz, the apple harvest in Po- lished in the Polish land this year (2017) has reached 2.85 mil- MPS SAD trade jour- lion tonnes or maybe even 3 million tonnes. nal and edited and abridged by the EFM editorial board. The biggest exporters of apples in Europe, ex- cept Poland, are Italy, France, the Netherlands and Belgium. This year, in these four countries 870,000 tonnes fewer apples were picked compared with last year. In Italy alone growers picked 500,000 tonnes fewer apples. On the market, their competition will be smaller. According to the European crop The situation on the European apple market was dis- professor, there might be more Turkish and Chi- As noted by Profes- cussed by Professor dr hab. Eberhard Makosz. sor Eberhard Makosz nese apples on the European market this season, Monika Strużyk at a meeting in the mainly in Russia. However, in the Far East, instead Polish city of Sand- of Polish Idared, there might be Chinese Fuji. 52% of Polish apples processed omierz, on 20 August 2017, a smaller apple Opportunities in Germany According to the professor, from the total Pol- crop (the lowest in ish crop of approximately 2.85 million tonnes 10 years) is also ex- The biggest importers of apples are Russia, Ger- of apples, 800,000 tonnes will be exported, pected in many Euro- pean Union countries. many, followed by Belarus, England, Ukraine, 500,000 tonnes (18%) will be available for do- In the last 9 years pro- Scandinavian and Balkan countries and Kazakh- mestic consumption and 1.5 million tonnes (52%) duction was between stan and Uzbekistan. In these countries the apple will be used for processing. “In the coming season 10 and 12.5 million crop is approximately 1.5 million tonnes smaller Poland can be the biggest European exporter of tonnes. This year, than during the last few years. All countries, but apples, especially to Germany. The European mar- the crop is estimated especially Russia and Germany will import more ket will have lower quality and varietal require- at only 9.3 million apples. According to many Western European ments”, Makosz thinks. In the previous two years, tonnes. A smaller crop experts, the highest prices are expected for ap- with the export of about 1 million tonnes of ap- will also be harvested in Russia, Ukraine, ple varieties Gala: from 0.80 to 1.00 €/kg, Golden ples, the revenue was 1.3 billion zlotys (300 mil- Belarus, as well as in Delicious: about 0.70 €/kg, and for the other ap- lion euros). This season, with the possible export Kazakhstan and Uz- ple varieties at least 0.60 €/kg. The price of ap- of about 850 thousand tonnes, revenue may ex- bekistan. ples will be affected primarily by the amount of ceed PLN 1.5 billion (355 million euros). fruit consumed. “It is important to notice, that at very high prices, consumption of apples will Processing plants fall, while at the same time consumption of com- peting fruits from the south will grow. Similarly, Nationally, about 57% of the total apple produc- orange juice can be consumed instead of apple tion is processed. “According to data compiled juice”, Professor Makosz told. for 2014, the capacity of processing plants in

10 EFM 2018-01 Poland is 32,000 tonnes / day, with 49 plants in operation. At present two plants are bankrupt and another four have serious financial problems”, said Piotr Trojanowicz, President of the Management Board of the Fruit and Vegetable Processing Plant ‘Polkon’ Sp. z.o.o. The impact of fruit processing The composition of products made from apples on the development of local or- in industrial processing in Poland in 2016 was as chards was presented by Piotr follows: apple concentrate: 87%; NFC (Not From Trojanowicz. Concentrate) juice: 9%; other products: 4%. As re- Monika Strużyk ported by Trojanowicz, the production potential of the province of Świętokrzyskie (north-east of of about 4,350 tonnes of apples per day, which Krakow) is about 500 thousand tonnes of apples. during the 80-day production season means The processing capacity of the 6 large plants a processing capacity of about 348 thousand operating in the region is about 4,250 tonnes tonnes of apples. With a production potential of apples per day, which during the 80-day pro- of these regions of about 160 thousand tonnes duction season allows them to process up to of apples, the processing companies are forced 340,000 tonnes of apples per year. to purchase raw materials also in other regions. In Małopolska (east of Warsaw) and Podkarpacie (east of Rzeszow) there are 7 large fruit processing plants. They have a total processing capacity

Makosz’s advice High prices of fruit this season encourage the establishment of new orchards. However, Professor Eberhard Makosz advises against such action. “This will be a big mistake that will cause overproduction of these fruits in the coming years and problems with their sales. It is better to spend your money on replanting old orchards and protecting the trees against hail, spring frosts and drought”, Makosz said.

ProﬁFruit Belgrade 2018 will be the ﬁrst international fruit production event of the kind–a perfect place to meet Serbian growers and do business with them. Participants will attend the fair and a two-day-long conference to learn about current trends in apple and berry production. The list of speakers is comprised of experts from Poland, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, and Serbia. The event will be truly international as advertising eorts were directed not only to Serbia but also to neighbouring countries. Participation for visitors is free.

Venue: Belexpocentar, Španskih boraca 74 Str, Belgrade

www.proﬁfruit.com Belgrade@proﬁfruit.com Alexey Solomakhin JSC Sad-Gigant, Russia [email protected]

Sad-Gigant, one of the largest Russian fruit farms

Info With a hectarage of almost 3,000 hectares, Sad-Gigant, located in the Krasnodar region in Russia, is one of the biggest fruit farms in Europe. Dr Alexey Solomakhin is the technical ISS director at Sad-Gigant. In this article he gives EFM readers an insight in the production and For many years, Sad- marketing of fruit at Sad-Gigant. Gigant has had the ex- clusive rights to sup- At present, the fruit growing holding Sad-Gigant ble to this. The total crop in the year 2017 was ply the apples from its orchards to the consists of two parts: JSC Sad-Gigant in the Kras- 103,000 tonnes. international space nodar region (founded in 1929 during Soviet station (each month times with, at present, a total orchard surface Apple production 20-100 kg). area of 2,267 ha including a 70-ha nursery and stool beds) and the branch LLC Sad-Gigant-In- The main apple rootstocks used, include MM.106, gushetia (563 ha) in Ingushetia (Caucasus) which M.26, M.7, M.9 and B.76-6-6 (strongly dwarfing was founded in 2013. rootstock). The apple tree planting distances The main crops for JSC Sad-Gigant located in went through a long evolutionary process start- the Krasnodar region are apple (1,815 ha), pear ing from 10 m x 10 m apart for trees on seedling (37 ha), sweet cherry (113 ha), plum (214 ha) and rootstocks in former times to 3.5 m x 0.5-1 m to- peach (19 ha). Stone fruits suffer a lot from spring day for trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks. The frosts as well as winter frosts (in some years air total amount of apple cultivars growing at the temperature drops to -28ºC in wintertime), some- farm is more than 70; the main cultivars include: times causing severe frost damage to trunks, Golden (diff. strains), Gala (diff. strains), Granny root systems and limbs that cause tree decline Smith, Braeburn, Starkcrimson, Red Chief, Renet to a certain extent. Peach is especially suscepti- Simirenko, Florina, Jonagold, Idared, Elstar, Fuji

Some pictures of planting the new orchard in former Soviet times (‘kolchoz’) at the farm. Solomakhin

12 EFM 2018-01 Fruit covered by kaolin to provide protection against sunburn. Solomakhin

Sad-Gigant Holding

The entire structure of the holding consists of: Different kinds of machinery, including 90 sprayers, 5 production divisions (350-600 ha each), divided in 225 tractors, 57 mowers, devices for mechanical thin- turn into so called ‘brigades’ (100-200 ha each) as well as ning and pruning, 28 herbicide sprayers, 10 self-steering 3 nurseries (a total of more than 2 million nursery trees, platforms and 2 harvesters. to plant new orchards at both holdings). Their own beekeeping: up to 1,000 hives, reaching up to Storage facilities with 34,000 tonnes of storage capac- 6,600 hives in total during pollination time in the orchard. ity (30,000 tonnes ULO) located in the Krasnodar region The rest is borrowed from invited beekeepers. and 50,000 tonnes storage capacity in Ingushetia; 6 auto- 4 laboratories responsible for permanent monitoring of mated grading lines have been installed at the holdings various processes taking place in both the orchard and from different manufacturers – Greefa, Unitec, Aweta, during storage. MafRoda – with the ability to pack a total of up to about 700 tonnes a day (up to 370 tonnes in Krasnodar and 320 tonnes in Inguschetia). Packaging takes place in in carton boxes designed for supermarkets. Most popular are the boxes with 14-15 kg of apples with trademark and company label. Engineering department which consists of a garage (96 vehicles) and a central workshop. Building department. Energy department (4 mill kW/hour annual electricity generation and 7 mill kW/hour annual consumption). 1.5 ha of large greenhouses (vegetables).

Storage facilities of Sad-Gigant (ULO). Solomakhin

EFM 2018-01 13 (diff. strains), Pinova, Liberty, Prima, Morgenduft, Gala, Golden, Idared and others. The applica- several summer-ripening cultivars, etc. The deci- tions should be repeated after intensive rainfall sion which variety is going to be planted in the as well as at about 15-day intervals (because of next few years is being made based on consumer enlarging fruit surface over time). The kaolin preference, external attractiveness for custom- residues are washed off by the water during the ers and its organoleptic properties, storability, grading process. given scab-resistance and its ripening date. One of the plots at the farm belongs to the Russian Production department state network for testing and registration of new pome and stone fruit cultivars. In addition to the The production department consists of pro- orchards, the farm has an extra 333 ha of ‘rota- duction divisions and a technology unit, where tion-land’ (after grubbing old orchards) where well-equipped technicians and highly-educat- some field crops (soya, wheat) are being culti- ed experts are employed. They are involved in vated (in the Krasnodar region). conducting trials to solve the most important The main crops in Ingushetia are apple (545.8 ha), problems. The department is also responsible for sweet cherries (4.8 ha), peaches (4 ha), plums continuous development and implementation (5.7 ha), apricot (2.7 ha). All plantings are not older in practice of the most advanced growing tech- Fruits harvested at Sad-Gigant prepared for delivery to the in- than 3 years and trained as a spindle. The main niques as well as providing permanent control ternational space station. rootstock for apple is M.9 here too. of correct understanding and proper applica- Solomakhin tion all of these techniques by personnel in all Hail nets production divisions. Each production department possesses their At both locations, classical hail net systems (not own infrastructure including accommodation for the so-called ‘trampoline’ ones) are commonly seasonal labour, office building with digital local used to protect fruit trees against hail damage network, stadiums, local clubs, shops, chemical as well as sunburn. Especially in the Krasnodar stations (where preparation of spraying solutions region, in summer, temperatures can rise up to takes place), workshop, water pond, canteens, etc. +42ºC. For green and yellow-coloured cultivars, black Sales hail nets are used. For red-coloured varieties, white nets are used. As a support system, rein- Sales are mainly concentrated on large super- forced concrete poles with 4-5 wires are used. markets such as Magnit (Tander), DIXY, regional As a protective measure against damage caused supermarket networks (for example Tabris) as by sunburn 2-3% kaolin solutions (clay-powder) well as on wholesale trading, dealing with cus- as well as calcium carbonate based products are tomers from nearly all regions of Russia, including applied a couple of days before an expected rise supply chains for the Far East and Siberia. Such of air temperature and intensity of solar radiation. a wide sales-network provides overall stability Calcium carbonate is used for cultivars which and flexibility of future sales. The farm also has have a thick wax-layer. This is because the thick its own trademark and label, and specially de- wax-layer causes difficulties to wash off kaolin signed packaging such as boxes and plastic bags. residues from the surface of the fruits. Sunburn protection is done particularly on susceptible varieties such as Granny Smith, Fuji, Braeburn,

Cardboard boxes and plastic bags with company label before delivery to supermarket. Solomakhin

14 EFM 2018-01 Mechanical pruning and thinning have been common practice at the farm for quite Picking teams dressed in a specially designed uni- some time since the implementation of a so-called ‘fruit walls’ training system. form with company label. Solomakhin Solomakhin

(including 350-400 workers involved in grading Farm size as a legacy of the and packing) to more than 2,000-2,200 employ- Soviet Union ees during the harvest period. The main seasonal labour comes from the southern part of The present size of the farm is a legacy of former Russia (Caucasus), neighbouring regions (Stav- Soviet Union times and was determined accord- ropol and Rostov regions) as well as the central ing to a popular idea held in the past to enlarge part of Russia. the size of farms by forcibly uniting small farm- Harvesting machine ers into large-scale agricultural enterprises (so- Control measures After having been called ‘sovkhos’ or ‘kolkhos’) to simplify man- tested, it turned out agement and centralise planning. This system For a fruit farm of such a large size, a vertical that the use of fruit harvesting machines was developed by the Soviet authorities for the management structure and strict control mea was not profitable entire USSR economy, also for the distribution of sures are particularly important. Therefore, each because of much finances, supply of machinery and other materi- moving piece of machinery possesses an inte- lower labour costs in als and resources. Nowadays, the farm belongs grated GPS-logger which provides, if necessary, Russia compared with to the main players on the Russian fruit market permanent tracing and control of location, speed other European coun- that determine the pricing and sales policy in- and other parameters set for each different op- tries. On the other side the country. eration on the farm (for example, pesticide appli- hand, the use of self- steering platforms Today’s farming philosophy is to continue using cation: 5.5 km/h, herbicide application: 4.5 km/h, to harvest fruits and methods that have proved themselves in the past mowing: 6.5-8 km/h, flower thinning: 8 km/h, for other purposes as well as implementing new modern approach- mechanical pruning: 3.5-4 km/h). All data are (installing hail nets, es in cultivation, management and logistics. For recorded. The special security unit is responsible pruning, thinning, etc) example, each machine (tractor or self-steering for this task. Many web-cameras are positioned looks very promising platform) possesses a GPS-device which allows in different places not only for security reasons, because of a higher permanent tracking of the location, speed and but also to control the effectiveness of the en- output of teams work- other parameters pre-determined for each type tire organization on the farm. When a problem ing on them. of activity. During last year they started using is spotted by a special monitoring-team, a swift drones to monitor each orchard for precise thin- connection must be established with respec- ning, especially important for biennial bearing. tive representatives of production departments to tackle it. Employees Chemical stations The total number of employees at the farm in the Krasnodar region varies throughout the season To prevent any negative impact from the so- from about 1,000 workers during the winter time called ‘human factor’, the preparation of pesti-

EFM 2018-01 15 cide mixes happens at special places (so called ‘chemical stations’, located in each production department) in large tanks (3,600-3,900 litres each) partially buried into the ground. Mixing of agrochemicals happens under the supervi- sion of an expert (who does the calculations) and a representative from the security service who sees to it that all preconditions are met (the right order and the right mix of chemicals, etc). To reduce the number of sprayers and avoid any interruptions in the spraying process as well as The mechanical unit to collect dropped fruits. minimising the time of possible interruptions, Solomakhin the spraying solution prepared at the chemical stations is delivered by cheap and small tractors in large tanks (1,600-3,800 litres) directly to the place of application in the orchard just before the tank of the sprayer will be empty. This process is coordinated by the head of the chemical station. Stone fruit

All stone fruits are harvested from the tree in buckets (for some crops like sweet cherry not filled to the top). After that the fruits are trans- ferred from the bucket to cardboard boxes directly in the field and final palletising also takes place in the orchard. Production costs Stone fruit crop is palletised directly in the orchard after harvesting. Solomakhin The production costs for 1 kg of apples vary from 0.12 to 0.19 euros depending on year and other Self-constructed work platforms factors such as for instance cultivation practices, rootstock, etc. For apple storage, grading and Because of the shortage of platforms for the necessary manual work, packing, the costs are around 0.11-0.15 euros/ a self-constructed platform attached to a forklift loader for pruning, kg, which results in a total cost of about 0.23- thinning, hail net mounting purposes, etc, has been invented (much 0.35 euros/kg. The price EXW varies from 0.37 cheaper than most of platforms currently in use, up to 3 people can to 1.20 euros/kg depending on fruit quality, size, work on each side of the platform – that means a total of up to 6 people). variety, supermarket, seasonal fluctuations, etc. The future

The plan for the next few years is to plant about 1,200 ha of intensive, high-density orchards in Ingushetia and to reach about 2,400 ha of large fruit tree plantations in the Krasnodar region with the corresponding development of infrastructure (building new storage facilities, protected cultivation, greenhouses as well as tunnels, etc).

A self-constructed platform attached to a forklift loader used by people putting in place the hail net before winter. Solomakhin

16 EFM 2018-01 During the last few years, due to economic sanc- tions imposed by the European Union along with the higher market prices of fruits it caused on the Russian market, horticulture in Russia has undergone a boost in its development and has attracted investors from both inside the country and from abroad. Therefore, the main goal for Sad-Gigant for the next few years is to replace old orchard plantations (outdated varieties, trees grafted on semi-vigorous rootstocks like MM.106 planted at planting distances of 5 m x 3 m, etc) by new intensive ones (grafted on M.9 or even less vigorous rootstock for varieties prone to intensive growth), implement the new highly pro- ductive and scab-resistant cultivars with a high market value and an ability to satisfy consumer demand. Undoubtedly, after implementation of all aforementioned measures, there is a high possibility to reach 150,000-200,000 tonnes of total crop harvested from the same surface area with better fruit quality.

Soil mapping A complete soil mapping has been done for the entire surface area of Sad-Gigant which will be repeated every 3 years. Leaf analysis to monitor the content of mineral elements takes place annually, for the main fruit crops The intensive high-density orchards planted in the last 5-7 years. cultivated. Solomakhin

Main problems

The main problems facing the fruit farm today are: pers horticultural development substantially, especially The legacy from former times. The mistakes made in con- newly-established enterprises. nection with the relative amounts (surface area) of each Not enough storage capacity. There is an urgent need to apple variety to be planted, in relation with its harvest build at least 20,000-25,000 tonnes of stores capacity for date. This led to great imbalances in the distribution of the farm located in the Krasnodar region. labour throughout the season. The main apple varieties Time-consuming paperwork and difficulties with the ripen during the last 2-3 weeks of September, causing a registration process of modern chemicals, new cultivars shortage of a few thousand people to harvest the crop and a lack of machinery that is already extensively used within a short period of time. This significantly reduces in more developed countries. All this is the result of the the possibility to pick fruits in multiple rounds. All the Russian bureaucratic system, using outdated methods and aforementioned factors led to an increased number of practices, as well as very high registration fees. losses due to intensified pre-harvest fruit drop as well as To provide further development, there is a great need for lower fruit quality of a certain part of the crop because government support in the form of subsidies for the most of a delayed picking date (fruit over-ripening) and, there- strategic areas such as building new storage capacity, fore, worse storability. buying new machinery, establishing new nurseries and The quality of labour available for both specialists and planting orchards, hail netting, etc. ordinary workers in the field. This should be remedied by providing modern education at universities and technical schools, comprehensive support and development of horticultural research institutions. The level of interest rates in the Russian banking system is too high reaching 11-15% at the moment, which ham-

EFM 2018-01 17 Henk Kemp Agrow Consult International, the Netherlands [email protected]

Geneva®, a new generation of apple rootstocks, Part 4 Increased resistance to soil exhaustion

Info M.9 is still the most important rootstock for apples. However, interesting new rootstocks Type of soil are appearing from various breeding pro- Up to now, the major- grammes. A series of articles in EFM draws ity of trials have been attention to the new apple rootstocks pro- carried out in clay-rich duced by Cornell-Geneva. This fourth article and loamy soils. Infor- mation from the Unit- addresses the resistance of Geneva® root- ed States indicates stocks to soil exhaustion. that, with respect to replant disease, G.11 Soil exhaustion, or replant disease, resulting from sometimes performs the increasing specialisation and reduced crop less well in sandy rotation in agriculture, is becoming an increasing soils. The first Dutch problem throughout the world. When replant- experiences with El- star on G.11, planted ing orchards, soil exhaustion is often seen to in the spring of 2015 a greater or lesser degree. There is interaction in sandy soil (replant), between plant life and the organisms in the soil. do not suggest this; Too little crop rotation results in a lack of diversity on the contrary, they in the soil organisms which in turn results in soil show the opposite. exhaustion and replant problems. Soil exhaustion complex

In the past, when replanting orchards the trees were planted closer together than before. How- Series of articles ever, now planting spacing hardly changes. The Parts 1 and 2 of this series of articles ap- result is that trees are often replanted in more peared in EFM 11, or less the same place as the trees they replace. G.202 (here with the trial variety Gala Royal Beaut) 2017. Part 1 gave an If when replanting an orchard the existing sup- displays considerable resistance to soil exhaustion. introduction to the port or anti-hail net constructions are used, the Voigt development of new constructions ensure as it were that the new trees selections by Cornell- are planted at (exactly) the same place. lighter, sandy soils – also the root lesion nema- Geneva and Part 2 Soil exhaustion is related to many factors, which tode Pratylenchus penetrans. There are various in- described specific properties of the can regularly differ considerably for each plot. dications that more soils organisms are involved Geneva® rootstocks. These factors include: the soil structure, water-air in soil exhaustion (in a more complex way) than Part 3, that was pub- ratio, pH and EC, soil organisms (such as nema- these five. Perhaps several Rhizoctonia, Fusarium lished in EFM 12, 2017, todes, fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria) and the and Alternaria species also play a negative role, addressed the vigour nutritional situation. Soil exhaustion is associated while other fungi (including Trichoderma spp.), and production. with among other things the soil fungi Cylindro mycorrhiza and bacteria (including Bacillus spp.) carpon spp., Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp. and can have a positive effect (in countering soil ex- Rhizoctonia spp. and in some cases – mainly on haustion).

18 EFM 2018-01 Substantiated choice

The combination of high (initial) production and a limited susceptibility to fire blight and Phytophthora spp. – and sometimes also woolly apple aphid – make the Geneva® rootstocks interesting for fruit growers. The higher resistance to soil exhaustion when replanting trees can in some cases be a clear advantage. The effects on biennial bearing, fruit size and fruit colour can for specific varieties be of additional value. Research around the world has now provided sufficient information to be able to make a substantiated choice of rootstock. In the coming years, ongoing and new trials are expected to provide more usable information.

If when replanting an orchard the existing support or anti-hail net constructions are used, the constructions ensure as it were that the new trees are planted at (exactly) the same place as the trees they replace, with more chance of soil exhaustion as a result. EFM

Choice of rootstock previously planted and what is now planted, History Almost fifty years but also by how the herbicide strip is managed. ago, Dr. Cummins and Research shows that the choice of rootstock is Similar research in other countries points in the Dr. Aldwinckle started one of the most important factors that can limit same direction. a breeding pro- the adverse effects of soil exhaustion. G.11, G.30, gramme in the United G.41, G.202, G.210 and G.935 among others have States to breed root- a considerable – although between them differ- stocks that were more ent – resistance to soil exhaustion. The degree of resistant to fungal resistance is difficult to give exactly, because soil and bacterial disease in both the nurs- exhaustion differs per orchard and perhaps the ery and the orchard. resistance to each of its causers differs slightly Initially, attention was per rootstock. mainly given to fire American research shows that various Geneva blight (Erwinia amy lovora) and root rot rootstocks are, among other things, less suscep- Parents (Phytophthora spp). tible to Pythium, Phytophthora and Pratylenchus The Geneva® rootstocks are the result of cros- Later resistance to penetrans than M.26, MM.106 and MM.111 (see ses with among others M.9, M.26 and M.27 woolly apple aphids Table 1). Research suggests that rootstocks are and the crab apples Malus x robusta 5 and (Eriosoma lanigerum) Malus floribunda as predecessors. The bree- capable of influencing the soil organisms around and frost in winter ding programme crossed more than twenty the roots to such an extent that their efforts re- were involved in the Malus species. More than twenty selections sult in either susceptibility (including M.26) or selection process, are currently being used, including a conside- resistance (including G.210) to soil exhaustion. of course combined rable number that are still being researched. with good production Incidentally, the complex of organisms in the The vigour varies from (extremely) dwarfing properties. soil (not only those that directly cause soil ex- (G.65) to (extremely) vigorous (G.778). haustion) is not only determined by what was

Table 1. The susceptibility to soil exhaustion of ten well-known Geneva® rootstocks compared to M.9 Rootstock Property M.9 T337 G.11 G.16 G.41 G.202 G.210 G.214 G.222 G.890 G.935 G.969 Vigour (% more than 0 10-20 10-35 10-25 25-50 25-55 10-40 25-50 30-60 25-50 30-55 M.9 T337) Susceptibility to soil exhaustion S MR MR R R R R MR MR MR MR S = susceptible, (M)R= (moderate or rather) resistant Source: The table is largely based on various trials that have been carried out in the past thirty years, in particular in the United States.

EFM 2018-01 19 EFM editorial board [email protected]

Are we getting near the limits of organic apple growing?

Info Fruit growers’ interest in changing to organic The EBF also gathers data on the production of cultivation is growing. Organic is still a niche organic fruit in the Italian Trentino and Piemon- South Tyrol market at the moment, however. According te growing areas. In total, 60% of the European In South Tyrol, North- to experts, the demand for organic fruit is organic apple crop is mapped out by the EBF. ern Italy, the hecta- greater than the supply, but for how long is According to figures compiled by the AMI, the rage of organic apple this going to last? total organic apple crop in the EU in 2017 was growing is expected to increase in the an estimated 265,000 tonnes. This brings the coming five years by When announcing the crop estimates for apples organic share in the total European apple crop 70 to 140 hectares and pears during the annual Prognos fruit-con- to between 2% and 2.5%. annually. During the gress, the production of organic apples is not next five years, the separately mapped out. Therefore, exact data on Italy the biggest producer production of organic the production of organic apples in Europe are apples will increase by not known. Every year, the German AgrarMarkt Italy is the most important producer of organic 5 to 10% per year. Informations-Gesellschaft mbH (AMI) estimates apples in Europe. During the last few years, Italy the production on the basis of figures from the produced more than 40% of all organic apples European Biofruit Forum (EBF). Within this forum, grown in Europe. About two thirds of the pro- a great number of sales organisations for organic duction comes from South Tyrol. After Italy, Ger- fruit in Europe cooperate. The EBF represents pro- many is the most important producer of organic ducers from Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, apples, with a bit less than one quarter of the small parts of France and the Italian South Tyrol. production, followed by France with 18.5% and

In South Tyrol, Italy, the sale of organic fruit is handled by two cooperatives: VI.P Bio and BioSüdtirol. EFM

20 EFM 2018-01 Demand greater than supply

At the moment the demand for organic fruit is Fruit growing day still greater than the supply. Until some years During the annual ago, the demand rose more strongly than the fruit growing day in supply. Since 2015, however, the changeover to Meran, Gerhard Eber- höfer of VI.P Bio, one organically grown fruit has gained momentum. of the two South Tyrol Since 2015, the supply has grown more strongly sales organisations of than the demand. Eberhöfer expects a strong organic fruit, offered increase in the supply of organic apples after his vision of the hec- 2018. The result is, that prices for organic fruit, tarage and future per- which are still high at the moment, will come spectives of organic under pressure. fruit growing in South Tyrol. Parts of this article are based on his Quality presentation during the fruit growing day. With an increasing supply, quality is also expected to start playing a bigger role. Eberhöfer Organically grown Gala from South Tyrol. warns fruit growers, who are considering switch- Dorota Łabanowska-Bury ing to organic growing, to be aware of the fact that growing high quality organic apples – as Austria with 9.3%. With a share of respectively is demanded by consumers – is no easy matter. 2.5 and 1.2% the Netherlands and Belgium are Another possible threat to organic growing is of relatively modest importance. residue-free or integrated cultivation. If, in the near future, residue-free apples are successfully Strong increase in grown, and if the organic sector no longer man- bio-production ages to convince the consumer of the added value of organic apples, this could make the sales In various growing areas, the production of or- of organic fruit more difficult. ganic apples has strongly risen during the last ten years. In South Tyrol, in that period, there was more than a doubling of the surface area: from 779 hectares in 2007 to the present 1,650 hectares. At the moment, in South Tyrol, 10% of the total hectarage is organic. In Vinschgau this is even more than 15%. According to the most recent information, in Germany, as much as 18% of the apple hectarage is organic. In various other growing areas, too, such as Piemonte (Italy), Steiermark (Austria) and France, a strong increase in organic apple growing is expected. Consumer spending

According to Gerhard Eberhöfer of VI.P Bio, the consumption of organic food is less influenced by economic crises than that of regular food- stuffs. For that matter, the turnover of organic food shows stronger growth than that of total food turnover. The amount of money consumers spend on food of organic origin, strongly differs from one country to another and varies from € 73.- per person per year in France to more than € 160.- per person per year in Luxemburg and Denmark. In Germany € 97.- per person per year is spent on In the meantime, in South Tyrol, Northern Italy, 10% of the total hectarage is organic. This organic food. share is set to increase further in the next few years. EFM

EFM 2018-01 21 Production and market developments

RECORD AMOUNT OF fore. Here, the amount of apples stored The aim of Biokonzept 2025 is ambi- APPLES FROM MOLDOVA in cold storage on 1 November, was only tious: a doubling of the organic surface TO RUSSIA a quarter of the amount of apples stored area in all sectors before 2025. In 2010 in previous years on that date. In the South Tyrol had 650 organic agricultural During the first ten months of 2017, north, on 1 November, 30% fewer apples and horticultural companies. Now there Moldova exported a record amount were in cold storage, in central Germany are 1,000. At the moment, organic fruit of apples to neighbouring Russia. Ac- 50% fewer and in the east 20% fewer is grown on a surface area of 2,000 hec- cording to a report on fruchthandel.de than a year earlier. (EFM, GP) tares. Half of the organic apples in the EU 187,300 tonnes were involved. The pre- comes from South Tyrol. (Source: Frucht vious record was at 184,000 tonnes in SOUTH TYROL: DOUBLING handel.de) 2011. In addition to apples Moldova also ORGANIC HECTARAGE exported 30,000 tonnes of plums and PLANNED TILL 2025 a total of 51,000 tonnes of apricots and peaches to Russia. (EFM, GP) Organic agriculture in South Tyrol (Italy), must clearly grow more strongly during SHORTAGE OF APPLES the next couple of years than it has been DURING SECOND HALF OF doing up till now. This is the aim of the SALES SEASON ‘Biokonzept 2025’ that was jointly set up by the South Tyrol farmers’ union, the In Germany much fewer apples are avail- organic sales organisations, the national able for the second half of the sales sea- government and the field of education, son than in the preceding years. Accord- consultancies and research. During the ing to data provided by the German AMI, next few years, the organic cultivation on 1 November 2017, 42% fewer apples surface area must grow by 20% for apple, were in cold storage than on the same by 15% for currants, and by 16% for fruit During the next eight years, the organic date in 2016. Only in the south, stores are and vegetables. For this to be success- apple growing hectarage in South Tyrol 100,000 tonnes smaller than the year be- ful, preconditions must be improved. (Italy) must grow by about 20%. EFM

LIMITED SUPPLY OF ORGANIC PEARS IN GERMANY

In Germany organic apples are grown on a surface area of permarkets combined, in 2016 sold organically grown pears 6,100 hectares. Compared with this the 318 hectares of or- at an average price of € 3.40 per kilo. In the discount super- ganic pear growing do not carry much weight. In Germany markets the price was below € 3.-. (EFM, GP) the demand for organic pears is greater than the supply. Moreover, by no means all organically grown pears are intended for the fresh market. According to data provided by the German AMI, pears for the fresh market are grown on 194 hectares; the production of the rest of the surface area is intended for processing. Conference is the most important variety for the fresh market, followed by Williams and Beurré Alexandre Lucas. As appears from the AMI report, the demand for organically grown pears is growing in Germany. From January to Septem- ber 2017, households in Germany bought 26.5% more organically grown pears than in the year before. According to AMI, increased sales are not in the first place a result of growing demand, but more of larger availability. Various supermarket chains have included organic pears in their assortment. This In Germany organic pears are grown on a surface area of 318 hecta- goes for both service supermarkets and discounters. All sures. EFM

22 EFM 2018-01 Research news

order of volume: United States, Brazil, rectly to the consumer (direct market- TRICHOPRIA Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and ers). Apricot trees are very susceptible DROSOPHILAE Great Britain. to Pseudomonas infection, however. Shelf-life is an important criterion for By growing under cover or in a tunnel The parasitic wasp Trichopria drosophi export to distant markets. Chile has the trees are supposed to remain much lae is considered to be one of the most started a breeding programme for new healthier. The trees at the KOB were promising natural enemies of spotted cherry varieties where shelf-life is one planted in the spring of 2014. Kininger wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). of the most important selection criteria. calculates the cost of a tunnel at € 11.- Research by researcher Marco Valerio of The aim is to find varieties with a 40- per m2. According to the researcher, the Italian research institute Fondazione day shelf-life. Of course, in addition to in spite of these extra costs, growing Edmund Mach has shown, however, that other characteristics such as a great and apricots in a tunnel can be really prof- its effectiveness under natural (outside) early productivity, a fruit-size of 10 mm itable. (EFM, GP) circumstances is disappointing. The lab- or more, a sugar content of 16°Brix or oratory tests he carried out, were prom- higher and a good firmness. They are ising, but in field trials T. drosophilae, looking for varieties with early ripen- at most, had a disease level reducing ing and late ripening, with little chilling effect. According to the researcher it requirement and little susceptibility to will not be possible to control spotted cracking. wing drosophila with T. drosophilae ef- fectively. (EFM, GP) APRICOTS IN TUNNEL

CHERRY VARIETIES WITH A The Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau LONG SHELF-LIFE Bodensee (KOB) in Bavendorf (Germa- ny) is investigating the practicability of Chile is the world’s greatest exporter of growing apricots in plastic tunnels. Ac- The Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau Bodensee in Ba- cherries. China is the most important cording to researcher Thomas Kininger, vendorf (Germany) is investigating growing apricots in plastic tunnels. The trees were planted in export destination for Chilean cherries apricots are especially interesting for the spring of 2014. EFM by far. Other export destinations are, in fruit growers selling their products di-

A FUTURE FOR PROTECTED APPLE GROWING?

The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture has asked Wageningen Uni- versity & Research to investigate the possibilities of growing apples under plastic film cover. The idea is, that this way of growing apples would need fewer crop protection products than when growing out in the open. In France, for instance, much research has already been done into cultivation of apples under rain protection cover. Espe- cially scab infection can be considerably reduced under this cover. According to researcher Rien van der Maas, the extra costs of the cover can be recovered through fewer losses as a result of fruit rot, fruit tree canker (Neonectria ditissima) and apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum) and through labour saving because fewer hours of spraying are necessary. According to Van der Maas a plastic foil cover also makes it easier to grow financially interesting varieties, such as Gala and Nicoter that are very susceptible to canker. In addition to rain, the cover also offers hail protection. The aim is to lay out a demonstration orchard under rain protection cover at the Proeftuin Randwijk trial orchard (the Neth- erlands) to investigate the possibilities of protection against Scab infection can be considerably reduced by means of rain protection co- hail. (EFM, GP) ver over apple trees. EFM

EFM 2018-01 23 News of the world

GERMANY: NIEDERELBE (GERMANY): varieties have passed in review, among LARGER FRUIT 12% OF FARMS ORGANIC others Condo and Concorde. At the mo- HECTARAGE, BUT FEWER ment Oksana (brand name Xenia®) is FARMS According to the survey conducted in being looked at, but cultivation is not 2017 of the structure of fruit growing in catching on as yet. On balance, the total Of the 7,167 farms growing pip and Germany, in the North German Nieder- hectarage has even fallen by 19 hectares stone fruit in Germany, 56% are in the elbe fruit region there are 69 farms in the last 5 years: from 314 hectares in federal state of Baden-Württemberg growing organic fruit on a total surface 2012 to 295 hectares in 2017. This ap- (see table 1). Of the 49,934 hectares of area of 1,456 hectares. This corresponds pears from a survey conducted in 2017 tree fruit in Germany, 37% is in that fed- to 14% of the total pip and stone fruit of the structure of the fruit sector in eral state. Baden-Württemberg is in the hectarage and 12% of the number of Germany. (EFM, GP) south of the country. An important part farms in North Germany. by 4,341 hec- of the fruit farms in this state is on the tares. (EFM, GP) NIEDERELBE (GERMANY): Bodensee. FROM 16.8 TO With regard to both the number of NIEDERELBE (GERMANY): 17.8 HECTARES PER FARM farms and the hectarage, Baden-Würt- PEAR HECTARAGE FALLING temberg is the most important fruit A fruit farm in the North German Nieder- region in Germany. This appears from In spite of efforts to breathe new life elbe fruit region grows pip and stone the survey done in 2017 of the struc- into pear growing in North Germany, fruit on an average of 17.8 hectares. ture of the fruit sector in Germany. This the pear hectarage in the federal state 25 years ago, this was 6.8 hectares. survey is carried out every five years. of Niederelbe has been falling during This appears from the survey conduct- Compared with the previous inventory the last few years. Germany imports a ed in 2017 of the structure of the fruit in 2012, the number of farms growing lot of pears from, among others, Italy sector in Germany. 34% of the farms fruit in Germany has fallen by 288. This (Abate Fetel), the Netherlands and Bel- grows fewer than 10 hectares of tree means that every year between 55 and gium (Conference), but would really like fruit, 29% of the farms grows between 60 farms stop. On the other hand, the to expand its own production. In the 10 and 20 hectares and 37% has more total hectarage of tree fruit has risen search for suitable varieties as an addi- than 20 hectares of apples, pears, cher- between 2012 and 2017 tion to existing pear production, various ries and other tree fruit.

Table 1. Number of farms and tree fruit surface area (pip and stone fruit) in Germany and by federal state in 2012 and in 2017 2012 2012 2017 2017

surface area surface area number of farms (in ha) number of farms (in ha) Germany 7,455 45,593 7,167 49,934 Baden-Württemberg 4,021 14,82 4,003 18,31 Bayern 1,029 2,435 957 2,824 Brandenburg 116 1,976 116 1,545 Hamburg 111 1,197 105 1,483 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 35 1,619 50 1,93 Niedersachsen 650 9,257 566 9,173 Nordrhein Westfalen 269 2,207 272 2,727 Rheinland-Pfalz 684 3,679 555 3,99 Sachsen 54 3,446 58 3,382 Sachsen-Anhalt 84 1,557 63 1,103 Schleswig-Holstein 86 573 73 628 Thüringen 50 2,022 44 1,706 Hessen 244 667 279 975 Source: Baumobsterhebung 2017

24 EFM 2018-01 News of the world

NIEDERELBE (GERMANY): to Peeters, sprinklers turning around tree strip by making use of DAN-Flipper DOMINANT POSITION OF in 30 seconds produce the same effect sprinklers. In the case of the tradition- ELSTAR AND JONAGOLD with less water than sprinklers that turn al overhead sprinkling installation the in 60 seconds “The problem here is, that distance between the sprinklers is 18 During the past 25 years, Elstar and Jon- the fast turning sprinklers are made of by 18 or 20 by 20 metres. In the case of agold have acquired a more and more plastic and more quickly freeze during the DAN-Flipper-system they are at a dominant position in the North Ger- severe frost than sprinklers made of distance of 7 metres in the row of trees. man apple assortment. In 2017, 61.8% metal”, Peeters warned. Per hectare 15 m3 per hour is needed, of the hectarage in the Niederelbe fruit Cyclic sprinkling may also be possible which equals a saving of 50% compared region consisted of Elstar, Jonagold, where sprinkling is switched on and off with traditional sprinklers. According Jonagored, Red Jonaprince or other on the basis of the temperature. Accord- to Peeters some growers in Belgium Jonagold strains. ing to Peeters up to 70% may be saved have gained positive experiences with New apple varieties that are partly sold on water this way. In the United States this system, provided that a number under a club concept, are of relatively good results were achieved with this of conditions have been met. (GP, EFM) modest importance with a 5.6% share. in the cultivation of strawberries and Nicoter (Kanzi®) is grown on 180 hec- cranberries. tares. Fresco (Wellant®) is receiving A third and possibly the most practi- more attention. In 2017 this variety was cal method is limiting sprinkling to the grown in Niederelbe on 150 hectares. This past year, the Junami® hectarage was 127 hectares and Rubens® 54 hectares. Braeburn takes up a remarkable position in the North German assortment: this variety is grown on 11.5% of the surface area. THE NETHERLANDS: IS NIGHT FROST SPRINKLING WITH LESS WATER POSSIBLE? During night frost sprinkling between 3 and 4 mm of water is applied. This corresponds with 30 to 40 m3 per hectare per hour. Sometimes, in the case of severe frost or airborne cold, even more water is needed. “It is difficult to prevent frost caused by polar (airborne) cold, but sprinkling is always better than doing nothing”, Fruitconsult consultant Jan Peeters told, during a presentation on this subject at the Fruitteeltdag on 16 November, organised by the Ne derlandse Fruittelers Organisatie (NFO) (Dutch Fruit Growers Organisation). There are various reasons for the wish to sprinkle less water. In many cases only a limited amount of water is available. According to Peeters, water use can be limited by reducing the amount of water during light frost or choosing Traditional overhead night frost sprinkling uses very much water. Growers would like to re- sprinklers that turn faster. According duce this. EFM

EFM 2018-01 25 -!%+%, $!,!+(),-,!'%(+ 1((!+ --$+!%(""!(!## 14. Steirisches Kernobstseminar :9281@:4 :3;" (?262=9.=7)28 D2:?=.82836>?262=9.=7.?BBB836.? 30. & 31.Jänner 2018, St. Kathrein/Offenegg Anmeldung & Info: LFI Steiermark, Tel. 0316/8050-1305, [email protected], www.lfi.at !'%(+*+)#+''E:12=@:42:A;=/25.8?2:

%!(,-# 1((!+ )5292:>05B2=<@:7?2Seminarprogramm (Änderungen vorbehalten) 8;/.82)=2:1>@:1&2=><27?6A2:12>!2=:;/>?.:/.@>#.=7?@:12?=62/>B6=?>05.3? Dienstag, *5= 30. Jänner =G33:@:4@:124=HI@:4'>G8>&=F>612:?%+ 2018 Mittwoch, 31. Jänner 2018 *5= 2=<328.:/.@69(<.::@:4>3281DB6>052:8;/.86>62=@:4@:1'246;:.86?F?)=2:1>@:1 &2=><27?6A2:3H=12:!2=:;/>?.:/.@6:@=;<.5=6>?6.:22882:2=.8=@6?#.:.42= Themenschwerpunkte: Themenschwerpunkte: Neue Sorten und Sortenentwicklung, .C,.#H:052: Globale Trends und Perspektiven des Kernobstanbaus, Markt- Ertragsphysiologie und Pflanzenschutz *5= &.@>2 und Betriebswirtschaft, *5= !;>?2:96:6962=@:46:12=).328.<328<=;1@7?6;:K6:><.=<;?2:?6.82.@>12=(605?26:2> 8.30 Uhr Geschichte und Zukunft der Apfelzüchtung, :/.@/2=.?2=>,;834.:4 F42=&%2=.?@:4%332:/@=4 14.00 Uhr Eröffnung und Begrüßung, R. Gsöls, Dr. Markus Kellerhals, Agroscope Schweiz *5= @?52:?6D6?F?>:.05B26>@:142;4=.<56>0522=7@:3?>H/2=<=H3@:4A;:%/>?=2=:1 Präsident BOV 9.45 Uhr Pause mit Verkostung neuer Sorten, ;16>286?>05 9<=6:?:.8C?60>$2@?.8481 14.15 Uhr Der Apfelanbau im Spannungsfeld zwischen Dr. Th. Rühmer *5= 2926:>.92>/2:12>>2:96?#;>?@:1,26:/24826?@:4&G8?8#@9<8 Globalisierung und Regionalität - Trends und 10.15 Uhr Entwicklungen im Bereich des Apfel- und Birnen- %--/) $ 1((!+ Perspektiven für den Kernobstanbau in Europa; sortiments aus der Sicht eines Versuchsanstellers; Christiane Bell, General Fruit Manager BayWa Jef Vercammen, PC Fruit Belgien )5292:>05B2=<@:7?2München $2@2(;=?2:@:1(;=?2:2:?B6078@:4=?=.4><11.15 Uhr Rekrutierung5C>6;8;462@:1&38.:D2:>05@?D neuer Sorten durch ein Obstsor- 15.30 Uhr Pause tenkonsortium - Das deutsche Obstsortenkon- *5= 2>05605?2@:1-@7@:3?12=<328DH05?@:4=#.=7@>!2882=5.8>4=;>0;<2(05B26D 16.00 Uhr Kostenminimierung in der Tafelapfelproduktion – sortium als Vorbild für die Steiermark; Dirk Zabel, *5= &.@>296?+2=7;>?@:4:2@2=(;=?2:=)5'H592= Einsparpotentiale aus der Sicht eines Anbaubera- Obstsortenkonsortium, Deutschland *5= :?B6078@:42:692=260512><328@:16=:2:>;=?692:?>.@>12=(605?26:2> ters? Wolfgang Jäger, POB Beratung Offenburg 12.15 Uhr Mittagessen +2=>@05>.:>?2882=> 23+2=0.992:&=@6?28462: 17.00 Uhr Authentizitätsnachweis und geographische Her- 13.30 Uhr Aktuelle Versuchsergebnisse zur Fruchtausdün- *5= '27=@?62=@:4:2@2=(;=?2:1@=0526:%/>?>;=?2:7;:>;=?6@9.>12@?>052 kunftsüberprüfung von Obst; Dr. Bernd Bodise- nung mit Brevis; J. Vercammen %/>?>;=?2:7;:>;=?6@9.8>+;=/6813H=162(?262=9.=76=7-./28%/>?>;=?2:7;:>;=?6@9 litsch, Imprint-Analytics, Neutal/Bgld 14.30 Uhr Aktuelle Schädlingsprobleme im Kernobstanbau 2@?>058.:1 19.00 Uhr Gemeinsames Abendessen mit Most- und Wein- (Wanzen, Blattläuse, Blattsauger etc.); Jef Vercam- *5= #6??.42>>2: begleitung (Pöltl M., Gumpl A.) men, PC Fruit Belgien *5= 7?@2882+2=>@05>2=42/:6>>2D@==@05?.@>1H::@:496?=2A6> +2=0.992: 16.00 Uhr Abschlussdiskussion, Dr. W. Mazelle *5= 7?@2882(05F186:4><=;/829269!2=:;/>?.:/.@,.:D2:8.??8F@>28.??>.@42=2?0 23 +2=0.992:&=@6?28462: *5= />058@>>16>7@>>6;:=,#.D2882 Anmeldung: ('!& .(# Bis 15. Jänner 2018, Hamerlinggasse 3, 8010 Graz, 6> F::2= .92=86:44.>>2 =.D)28 Tel.: 0316/8050 1305, #.68D2:?=.82836>?262=9.=7.?,2/BBB836.? E-Mail: [email protected], Web: www.lfi.at 24=2:D?2)268:2592=D.58162'265@:42=3;84?:.05129.?@912=:9281@:4 Achtung: $-.(# Begrenzte Teilnehmerzahl; die Reihung erfolgt nach dem Datum der Anmeldung Tagungsgebühr#.(#,#!2$+ !% ('!& .(# %, 0.' 6:08 +;88<2:>6;: 69 ;<<28D6992= @:1 /2:1A2=.:>?.8?@:4 4 '%- Bei&( Anmeldung/%+-, $"-&% $!+!-+%!,(.''!+(,)(,-!(4 bis zum 15.1. 2018 (incl. Vollpension im Doppelzimmer und Abendveranstaltung) € 252,-- (mit landwirtschaftlicher !' Betriebsnummer)"2+&&!4 ansonsten € 373,-- Ab62&=26>2A2=>?252:>6056:78 dem 16. 1. 2018 für alle € 280,--+2=<3824@:4@:1$F05?64@:469;<<28D6992= Die2642BH:>05?2=$F05?64@:4696:D2 Preise verstehen sich inkl. Verpflegung,8D6992=B6=1 und Nächtigung12=6:D28D6992 im Doppelzimmer.=D@>058.412>;?28>.:(62B26?2=A2==205:2? Bei gewünschter Nächtigung im Einzelzimmer wird der Einzelzimmerzuschlag des Hotels an Sie weiterverrechnet. !+(-/)+-&% $ Verantwortlich:.=/.=.262=2442=+;6?" (?262=9.=7=;??3=621".32=(68/2=/2=4 ;??3=621.9<35;32=@ 2=/2=? Barbara#@>?2=!2=:?2.9= Geieregger-Voit )5;9.>'H592=.61244(LFI Steiermark), Dr. Gottfried Lafer (Silberberg), DI Gottfried Dampfhofer u. DI Herbert Muster (Kern- team), Dr. Thomas Rühmer (Haidegg)

Kalender und Aktivitäten / Agenda en activiteiten / Agenda and activities

38. Bundeskernobstseminar 27 Spotkanie Sadownicze Sandomierz Thema: Global informiert Fruit growers meeting at Sandomierz Land: Deutschland Country: Poland Sprache: Deutsch Date: 31 January and 1 February 2018 Datum: 9. bis 11. Januar 2018 Location: Hala Widowiskowo Sportowa Zeit: Anfang: 08.30/09.00 Uhr w Sandomierzu, ul. Patkowskiego 2A, Sandomierz Ort: Gustav Stresemann Institut e.V., Langer Graben- Organized by: Leaf Media weg 68, 53175 Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Info: www.spotkaniesadownicze.pl www.gsi-bonn.de Programm: Siehe EFM 12, 2017, Seite 30, oder www.obstbau. rlp.de unter „Termine“ Seminarleitung: Gerhard Baab, DLR Rheinpfalz Anmeldung: DLR Rheinpfalz/KoGa E-Mail: [email protected] Targi Sadownictwa i Warzywnictwa 2018 Fruit and Vegetable Industry Fair 2018 Country: Poland Date: 10 and 11 January 2018 Location: Ptak Warsaw Expo, Al. Katowicka 62, Nadarzyn Organized by: OIKOS Info: www.tsw.com.pl Fruitteeltvakbeurs 2018 27 Spotkanie Sadownicze Sandomierz. EFM Land: Nederland Taal: Nederlands Datum: 17 en 18 januari 2018 XIV MIĘDZYNARODOWA KONFERENCJA Locatie: Expo Houten, Houten SADOWNICZA – ‘Jagodowe Trendy’ Organisatie: Nederlandse Fruittelers Organisatie (NFO) 14 th International conference for fruit growers – ‘Berry Trends’ Country: Poland Date: 7 and 8 February 2018 Location: Powiatowe Centrum Sportu i Rekreacji w Kraśniku, ul. Słowackiego 7 Organized by: Związek Sadowników RP Info: www.krasnikjagodowetrendy.pl Fruit Logistica 2018 Land: Deutschland Datum: 7. bis 9. Februar 2018 Ort: Messe Berlin, Messedamm 22, 14055 Berlin Programm: www.fruitlogistica.com Veranstalter: Messe Berlin Info: www.fruitlogistica.de

Fruitteeltvakbeurs: 17 en 18 januari 2018 in Houten. EFM

Obstbauseminar ALS (Verein der Absolventen Landwirtschaftlicher Schulen) Land: Italien (Südtirol) Sprache: Deutsch Datum: 22. bis 24. Januar 2018 Ort: Haus der Familie in Lichtenstern am Ritten Veranstalter: Verein der Absolventen Landwirtschaftlicher Schulen Info: www.absolventenverein.it Fruit Logistica 2018: 7. bis 9. Februar. Fruit Logistica

EFM 2018-01 27 Kalender und Aktivitäten / Agenda en activiteiten / Agenda and activities

Norddeutsche Obstbautage 2018 Profi Fruit Fachausstellung von Maschinen und Geräte für den Obstbau, International fruit production conference and fair und Vortragsveranstaltung der Esteburg Obstbauzentrum Jork Country: Serbia Land: Deutschland Language: English, Serbian Datum: 14. und 15. Februar 2018 Date: 9 and 10 March 2018 Ort: Altländer Festhalle, Jork Location: BELEXPOCENTAR D.O.O. BEOGRAD Info: www.norddeutsche-obstbautage.de Španskih boraca 74, 11070 Beograd Organized by: LEAF Media XIV MIĘDZYNARODOWE TARGI Info: www.profifruit.com AGROTECHNIKI SADOWNICZEJ – FRUITPRO International Stone Fruit Conference 14th edition of the International Fair of Fruit Farming Technology FruitPRO 2017 Country: Germany Country: Poland Language: Nederlands, English, Deutsch Date: 14 and 15 February 2018 Date: 25 and 26 May 2018 Location: Centralny Ośrodek Sportu ‘Torwar’, Location: Hofgut Aichach/VOEN, 88276 Berg (Germany) ul. Łazienkowska 6a, Warsaw Organized by: VOEN, Fleuren, STAS Organized by: BASF Polska Sp. z.o.o.; Department of Pomology, Programme: 25 May: conference with guest speaker Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW 26 May: half-day guided bus tour Info: www.mtas.pl Info: www.stonefruitexperts.com BIOFACH 2018 Land: Deutschland Datum: 14. bis 17. Februar 2018 Ort: Nürnberg Messe, Nürnberg Info: www.biofach.de Fruchtwelt Bodensee 2018 Internationale Fachmesse für Kernobst, Steinobst, Beeren, Hop- fen und Destillation Land: Deutschland Datum: 23. bis 25. Februar 2018 Ort: Messe Friedrichshafen, Neue Messe 1, 88046 Friedrichshafen Info: www.fruchtwelt-bodensee.de

International Stone Fruit Conference: 25 and 26 May 2018. EFM

Tag der Technik im Obstbau Land: Italien (Südtirol) Datum: 18. Juli 2018 Ort: Gutshof „Ladstätterhof“ des Agrarbetrieb Laim- burg, Sinich/Meran

Fruchtwelt Bodensee: 23. bis 25. Februar 2018. EFM Tag der Technik im Obstbau in Südtirol. EFM

28 EFM 2018-01 Kalender und Aktivitäten / Agenda en activiteiten / Agenda and activities

Programm: Bei der Veranstaltung werden Maschinen und Ge- räte die im Obstbau eingesetzt werden, vorgeführt Veranstalter: ALS – Verein der Absolventen Landwirtschaftlicher Schulen Info: www.absolventenverein.it Interpoma 2018 Exhibition and Congress International trade show for production, storage and marketing of apples Land: Italy Date: 15-17 November 2018 Location: Messe-Bozen/Fiera Bolzano, Piazza Riera 1, I-39100 Bolzano Info: www.interpoma.it

Interpoma 2018: 15-17 November. EFM

20120-2_AP_fruits_2050_EuropeanFruitGrower_205x142_GB.indd 1 12/10/2017 14:57 www.gpxbv.nl [email protected] 0031631956542

Your precision partner - Orchard & project planning - GPS guided orchard building - Sprinkler, drainage and irrigation - Precision agriculture - GPS controlled machinery

How do you reach potential fruit growers in Europe? Ever thought about advertising in the European Fruit Magazine (EFM)?

In the six years that EFM has existed, it has gained a prominent position in providing information to fruit growers. With a circulation exceeding 3,500, EFM is read by a large percentage of professional European fruit growers. EFM is published in three languages: German, English and Dutch. It is possible to advertise in one or all of the three language editions. EFM is published 12 times a year, at the start of the month

The closing date for advertisements for the February 2018 edition of EFM is Thursday 12 January 2018.

Ad sales: The closing date for advertisements for the March 2018 FruitMedia bv edition of EFM is Thursday 8 February 2018. Gerard Poldervaart Rooimond 23 3197 BS Buurmalsen – Nederland Phone: +31 (0)6 18054231 Mail: [email protected]

E F M Pallet wood boxes for vegetables and fruit  four-sided machines and glued on client’s request  special offers for producer groups  all required certificates e-mail contact is preferred: [email protected] www.dan-bor.pl tel. +48 607 160 356 +48 609 79 92 92, + 48 721 024 578 Fruitbomen & onderstammen Max-Valier-Straße 7A | 39011 Lana | South Tyrol T +39 0473 568 004 | [email protected] Fruit trees & rootstocks www.gruber-genetti.it Obstbäume & Unterlagen

Waterlaat 31 | 5571 MZ Bergeijk | Nederland Tel: +31 (0) 653303938 [email protected]

www.vruchtboomkwekerij.com www.obstbaumschule.nl | www.fruittreenursery.nl

HSS orchard sprayers Quality is Peter, young farmer HSS Cross Flow HSS CF2000-3 important to me The Gruber Genetti Nursery has been 600-2000 litre sprayer three-row sprayer the embodiment of premium quality apple tree propagation since 1988.

We are producing the latest types and best clones on more than 200 ha. Thanks to the intensive care of the trees during the cultivation stage, we are able to deliver premium tree quality.

HSS CF2000 + RN HSS Chemical mixer

HSS WS 600-1500 HSS Weedy herbicide sprayer herbicide spray bar and brush sweeper

Website: www.holsprayingsystems.com

H.S.S. B.V. Den Bommel 8, 4194 TZ Meteren - Nederland, Tel: +31 (0)345 569294 [email protected]