DOCSLIB.ORG

Toxicological Review (PDF)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toxicological Review (PDF) EPA/635/R-03/004 www.epa.gov/iris TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW OF ACETONE (CAS No. 67-64-1) In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) May 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC DISCLAIMER This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Note: This document may undergo revisions in the future. The most up-to-date version will be made available electronically via the IRIS Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/iris. ii CONTENTS—TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW OF ACETONE (CAS No. 67-64-1) FOREWORD .................................................................v AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS ................................ vi 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................1 2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION RELEVANT TO ASSESSMENTS ..........................................2 3. TOXICOKINETICS .........................................................3 3.1. ABSORPTION .....................................................4 3.1.1. Oral Studies .................................................4 3.1.2. Inhalation Studies ............................................5 3.1.3. Dermal Studies ..............................................7 3.2. DISTRIBUTION ....................................................8 3.3. METABOLISM .....................................................9 3.4. EXCRETION ......................................................20 3.5. PBPK MODELING .................................................22 4. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ................................................22 4.1. STUDIES IN HUMANS — EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CASE REPORTS .......22 4.1.1. Cancer Studies .............................................22 4.1.2. Noncancer Studies ..........................................23 4.1.2.1. Controlled Studies ...................................23 4.1.2.2. Cohort Studies ......................................24 4.1.2.3. Case Reports .......................................26 4.2. PRECHRONIC AND CHRONIC STUDIES AND CANCER BIOASSAYS IN ANIMALS ........................................28 4.2.1. Prechronic Studies ..........................................28 4.2.1.1. Oral Studies ........................................28 4.2.1.2. Inhalation Studies ...................................31 4.2.2. Chronic Studies .............................................32 4.2.3. Cancer Studies .............................................32 4.3. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ..................32 4.3.1. Reproductive Studies ........................................32 4.3.1.1. Oral Studies ........................................32 4.3.1.2. Inhalation Studies ...................................33 4.3.2. Developmental Studies ......................................33 4.3.2.1. Oral Studies ........................................33 4.3.2.2. Inhalation Studies ...................................33 4.4. OTHER STUDIES ..................................................37 4.4.1. Neurotoxicity Studies ........................................37 4.4.1.1. Oral Studies ........................................37 4.4.1.2. Inhalation Studies ...................................38 iii 4.4.2. Isopropanol Studies ..........................................39 4.4.2.1. Oral Studies ........................................39 4.4.2.2. Inhalation Studies ...................................42 4.4.3. Genotoxicity Studies .........................................44 4.5. SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF MAJOR NONCANCER EFFECTS AND MODE OF ACTION — ORAL AND INHALATION ...............45 4.6. WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE EVALUATION AND CANCER CHARACTERIZATION ...........................................49 4.7. SUSCEPTIBLE POPULATIONS ......................................50 4.7.1. Possible Childhood Susceptibility ..............................50 4.7.2. Possible Gender Differences ...................................51 4.7.3. Other Possible Susceptible Populations ..........................51 5. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS ..........................................52 5.1. ORAL REFERENCE DOSE (RfD) .....................................52 5.1.1. Choice of Principal Study and Critical Effect .....................52 5.1.2. Methods of Analysis .........................................54 5.1.3. RfD Derivation - Including Application of Uncertainty Factors (UFs) . 55 5.2. INHALATION REFERENCE CONCENTRATION (RfC) .................. 57 5.3. CANCER ASSESSMENT ............................................60 6. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARD AND DOSE RESPONSE .....................................60 6.1. HAZARD POTENTIAL .............................................60 6.2. DOSE RESPONSE .................................................62 7. REFERENCES ............................................................62 APPENDIX A. SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL PEER REVIEW AND PUBLIC COMMENTS AND DISPOSITION ............................ 72 iv FOREWORD The purpose of this Toxicological Review is to provide scientific support and rationale for the hazard and dose-response assessment in IRIS pertaining to chronic exposure to acetone. It is not intended to be a comprehensive treatise on the chemical or toxicological nature of acetone. In Section 6, EPA has characterized its overall confidence in the quantitative and qualitative aspects of hazard and dose response. Matters considered in this characterization include knowledge gaps, uncertainties, quality of data, and scientific controversies. This characterization is presented in an effort to make apparent the limitations of the assessment and to aid and guide the risk assessor in the ensuing steps of the risk assessment process. For other general information about this assessment or other questions relating to IRIS, the reader is referred to EPA’s IRIS Hotline at 202-566-1676. v AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS CHEMICAL MANAGERS Lynn Flowers, Ph.D., DABT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment Washington, DC Michael W. Broder, Ph.D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment Washington, DC AUTHORS Lynn Flowers, Ph.D., DABT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment Washington, DC Michael W. Broder, Ph.D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Assessment Washington, DC Carol Forsyth, Ph.D. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN REVIEWERS This document and summary information on IRIS have received peer review both by EPA scientists and by independent scientists external to EPA. Subsequent to external review and incorporation of comments, this assessment has undergone an Agency-wide review process whereby the IRIS Program Director has achieved a consensus approval among the Office of Research and Development; Office of Air and Radiation; Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances; Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response; Office of Water; Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation; Office of Children’s Health Protection; Office of Environmental Information; and the Regional Offices. vi INTERNAL EPA REVIEWERS David Reisman National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH Louis Scarano, Ph.D. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC Dharm Singh, D.V.M. National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC EXTERNAL PEER REVIEWERS George Daston, Ph.D. Miami Valley Laboratories Procter and Gamble Cincinnati, OH Robert Dick, Ph.D. Consultant Cincinnati, OH Sam Kacew, Ph.D. University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON Canada Summaries of the external peer reviewers’ and public comments, and the disposition of their recommendations are in Appendix A. vii 1. INTRODUCTION This document presents background and justification for the hazard and dose-response assessment summaries in EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). IRIS Summaries may include an oral reference dose (RfD), inhalation reference concentration (RfC) and a carcinogenicity assessment. The RfD and RfC provide quantitative information for noncancer dose-response assessments. The RfD is based on the assumption that thresholds exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis but may not exist for other toxic effects such as some carcinogenic responses. It is expressed in units of mg/kg-day. In general, the RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer effects during a lifetime. The inhalation RfC is analogous to the oral RfD, but provides a continuous inhalation exposure estimate. The inhalation RfC considers toxic effects for both the respiratory system (portal-of-entry) and for effects peripheral to the respiratory system (extrarespiratory or systemic effects). It is generally expressed in units of mg/m3. The carcinogenicity assessment provides information on the carcinogenic hazard potential of the substance in question and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and inhalation exposure. The information includes a weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the agent is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alcohol-Medication Interactions: the Acetaldehyde Syndrome
    arm Ph ac f ov l o i a g n il r a n u c o e J Journal of Pharmacovigilance Borja-Oliveira, J Pharmacovigilance 2014, 2:5 ISSN: 2329-6887 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000145 Review Article Open Access Alcohol-Medication Interactions: The Acetaldehyde Syndrome Caroline R Borja-Oliveira* University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil *Corresponding author: Caroline R Borja-Oliveira, University of São Paulo, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil, Tel: +55-11-30911027; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: August 21, 2014, Accepted date: September 11, 2014, Published date: September 20, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Borja-Oliveira CR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Medications that inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase when coadministered with alcohol produce accumulation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde toxic effects are characterized by facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and hypotension, symptoms known as acetaldehyde syndrome, disulfiram-like reactions or antabuse effects. Severe and even fatal outcomes are reported. Besides the aversive drugs used in alcohol dependence disulfiram and cyanamide (carbimide), several other pharmaceutical agents are known to produce alcohol intolerance, such as certain anti-infectives, as cephalosporins, nitroimidazoles and furazolidone, dermatological preparations, as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, as well as chlorpropamide and nilutamide. The reactions are also observed in some individuals after the simultaneous use of products containing alcohol and disulfiram-like reactions inducers.
    [Show full text]
  • 44. Heat of Combustion of Calcium Cyanamide
    No. 3.] 161 44. Heat of Combustion of Calcium Cyanamide. Naoto KAMEYAMAand Sojiro OKA. Institute of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Imperial University. (Rec. March 8, 1927. Comm. by K. TAW1ARA,M.I.A., March 12, 1927.) How much of heat is developed when nitrogen is fixed by carbide of calcium in the form of cyanamideof calcium is a question which remains still to be solved. One of the present authors') tried to determine it calorimetrically, soon after he had succeeded to prepare calcium cyanamide ofhigh purity by the repeated calcination of calcium oxide with dicyanodiamide in current of nitrogen. The cyanamide burns in oxygen quantitatively according to the following equation: CaCN2+3/2. 02=CaO+CO2+N, This reaction was utilized for the determination of heat of combustion of the cyanamide and the result was 1935.5 calories per gram of CaCNa, which gave the following value for the heat of formation of the cyanamide from the carbide: CaC2 + N,= CaCN.,+ Cgraphite+77.830 cal. In the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory of the United States, the heat of the last named reactionwas determined directly by the nitrogenation of calcium carbide in the calorimetric bomb, and the result was 97,800 call As this value was widely different from the above mentioned, it was much desired to redetermine the heat of combustion, though it was not possible at the time to do it, because the author had been staying in Europe. Recentlythe work was resumed with improvements in many points and has lead to the result here to be presented. During the while, another workdone by Frank and Hoch- wald3' was published, and the heat of combustion was foundto be 2036 cal.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications
    molecules Review Recent Advances in Cyanamide Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications M. R. Ranga Prabhath, Luke Williams, Shreesha V. Bhat and Pallavi Sharma * School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK; [email protected] (M.R.R.P.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (S.V.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-015-2288-6885 Academic Editor: Margaret A. Brimble Received: 9 March 2017; Accepted: 7 April 2017; Published: 12 April 2017 Abstract: The application of alkyl and aryl substituted cyanamides in synthetic chemistry has diversified multi-fold in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent advances (since 2012) in the chemistry of cyanamides and detail their application in cycloaddition chemistry, aminocyanation reactions, as well as electrophilic cyanide-transfer agents and their unique radical and coordination chemistry. Keywords: cyanamide; synthesis; aminocyanation; cycloaddition; electrophilic cyanation; radical reaction; coordination chemistry 1. Introduction Cyanamide enjoys a rich chemical history, which can be traced to its unique and chemically promiscuous nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen (NCN) connectivity. The chemistry of the nitrile-substituted amino-group of the ‘cyanamide-moiety’ is dominated by an unusual duality of a nucleophilic sp3-amino nitrogen and an electrophilic nitrile unit. The reported use of unsubstituted cyanamide (NH2CN) and metal cyanamides (MNCN, where M = metal) date back as far as the late 19th century, where the likes of calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) was used as a fertilizer, and later as source of ammonia and nitric acid, which fueled the industrial production of metal cyanamides. In contrast, the reported use of the corresponding substituted organic cyanamides (RNHCN or RR’NCN) gathered pace only in more recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mechanism of the Decomposition of Cyanamide in the Soil
    THE MECHANISM OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF CYANAMIDE IN THE SOIL. BY G. A. COWIE. (Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.) (With Five text-figures.) A PREVIOUS investigation by the writer (i) showed that cyanamide readily breaks down, yielding ammonia in normal clay and sandy soils. The evidence, however, threw no light upon the cause or nature of this change. This question was accordingly reserved for a later investigation. The concensus of the available evidence indicated that the production of ammonia from cyanamide in the soil is due to direct bacterial action. This view was held by Immendorff(2) and Kappen(3), who concluded that in poor soils of low bacterial activities cyanamide is not converted into ammonia but is chemically transformed into dicyanodiamide. L6hnis(4) at first accounted in a similar way for the formation of ammonia from cyanamide in the soil. He (5) assumed later, however, that cyana- mide is normally decomposed by soil colloids into urea or possibly some other substances, and the latter are then converted into ammonia by the soil organisms. He adduced no direct evidence of the production of urea from cyanamide in the soil. Ulpiani (6) regarded the formation of ammonia as primarily due to a purely chemical, not a bacterial, change. He had formerly considered that cyanamide changed into dicyanodiamide in the soil and its value as a fertiliser depended on this change, an opinion also held by Perotti(7). Ulpiani's later work, however, led him to the view that cyanamide breaks down by a purely chemical change to urea which then is con- verted into ammonia.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Acetone Draft for Public Comment
    ACETONE 1 Toxicological Profile for Acetone Draft for Public Comment July 2021 ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** ACETONE ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre dissemination public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** ACETONE iii FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a relevance to public health discussion which would allow a public health professional to make a real-time determination of whether the presence of a particular substance in the environment poses a potential threat to human health.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of the 33Rd Meeting of the Biocidal Products Committee (BPC)
    4 March 2020 BPC-M-33-2019 Minutes of the 33rd meeting of the Biocidal Products Committee (BPC) 10-11 December 2019 1 Part I - Summary Record of the Proceedings 1. Welcome and apologies The Chairman of the Biocidal Products Committee (BPC) welcomed the participants to the 33rd BPC meeting. Regarding the BPC membership, the Chairman stated that there is a new appointed BPC member from Belgium; Charlotte Brandt, and a new appointed alternate BPC member from Belgium as well; Hélène Jarrety. The Chairman also stated that currently there is no BPC member nor alternate member from Poland. The Chairman then informed the BPC members of the participation of 27 members, including 5 alternates. In addition, Poland was represented by an invited expert. 5 advisers and 6 representatives from accredited stakeholder organisations (ASOs) were present at the meeting. Representatives from PETA and Aqua Europa, who were present for the first time, introduced their organisations to the meeting. A representative from the European Commission attended the meeting. Applicants were invited and present for their specific substances under agenda item 7 where details are provided in the summary record of the discussion for the substances and in Part III of the minutes. Applicants were invited for their biocidal products under agenda item 8, but were not present at the meeting. The Chairman stated that the United Kingdom was invited to this meeting, but sent their apologies. After the Brexit, which has been delayed to 31 January 2020, the UK is to be considered a third country and only following special agreements with the Executive Director of ECHA, with consent of the Commission, may UK representatives observe or participate in BPC meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • A Plausible Simultaneous Synthesis of Amino Acids and Simple Peptides on the Primordial Earth** Eric T
    Stanley. Miller’s cyanamide experiment … … went unreported for over 50 years, but was recently explored to study cyanamide- mediated biomolecule polymerization under early Earth conditions. In their Commu- nication on page 8132 ff., F. M. Fernµndez, J. L. Bada et al. show that the dimerization of cyanamide in the presence of amino acids and intermediates in the Strecker synthesis of amino acids yields significant levels of dipeptides, which provides evidence that cyanamide enhances polymerization under simulated prebiotic environments. (Back- ground image provided by Ron Miller.) Angewandte Chemie DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403683 Prebiotic Chemistry Hot Paper A Plausible Simultaneous Synthesis of Amino Acids and Simple Peptides on the Primordial Earth** Eric T. Parker, Manshui Zhou, Aaron S. Burton, Daniel P. Glavin, Jason P. Dworkin, Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, Facundo M. Fernµndez,* and Jeffrey L. Bada* Dedicated to Stanley L. Miller and Joan Oró Abstract: Following his seminal work in 1953, Stanley Miller pheric conditions may have been unlikely on a global scale on conducted an experiment in 1958 to study the polymerization the early Earth, they might have been present on smaller of amino acids under simulated early Earth conditions. In the scales[5] that could have been important locales capable of experiment, Miller sparked a gas mixture of CH4, NH3, and fostering a suite of very powerful prebiotic chemical reactions [5a,b] H2O, while intermittently adding the plausible prebiotic con- to produce large quantities of molecules important for life. densing reagent cyanamide. For unknown reasons, an analysis Laboratory studies have shown that, even under neutral of the samples was not reported.
    [Show full text]
  • CYANAMIDE: a POSSIBLE KEY COMPOUND in Acids (On the Wayto
    CYANAMIDE: A POSSIBLE KEY COMPOUND IN CHEMICAL EVOLUTION* BY GARY STEINMANJ RICHARD M. LEMMON, AND iVIELVIN CALVIN LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY, AND DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Communicated May 16, 1964 The results reported from many laboratories over the past decade'-4 make it clear that all of the necessary biological monomers could have been formed on the primitive earth. By "biological monomers" we mean compounds such as the amino acids (on the way to proteins), the simple sugars (on the way to carbohydrates and nucleic acids), and the purines (on the way to nucleic acids). There is no doubt that such compounds would have been formed on the earth under its assumed early atmosphere (composed mostly of CH4, NH3, N2, H20, and H2). There now looms the problem of finding reasonable mechanisms by which the biological monomers may have condensed to form the polymers under primitive earth conditions. The condensations under consideration (amino acids to proteins, sugars to carbohydrates, sugars to sugar phosphates, purines to nucleosides, and nucleosides to nucleotides) are all dehydration reactions, and a number of sugges- tions have been made as to how they took place. One of them is that a dehydrating condition could have arisen in evaporating ponds.' A second is that the reaction may have taken place upon contact with suitable mineral surfaces.6 However, it seems to us that a more likely approach to the problem of biological polymer ap- pearances would be to find conditions that would result in dehydrations in dilute aqueous media. In considering compounds that can effect dehydration polymerizations, our atten- tion was drawn to HCN plus UV light, and to the carbodiimides.7 The substituted carbodiimides are widely used to effect dehydration condensations, for example, of amino acids to peptides,8 9 and of alcohols (including sugars) with phosphoric acid to form phosphate esters;'0 in both these examples, water may be present in the re- action mixture.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Treatment and Their Superimposition on Lysosomal, Cytoplasmic, and Proteosomal Protease Activities in Rat Skeletal Muscle in Vivo
    Effect of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Treatment and Their Superimposition on Lysosomal, Cytoplasmic, and Proteosomal Protease Activities in Rat Skeletal Muscle In Vivo M. Koll, S. Ahmed, D. Mantle, T.M. Donohue, T.N. Palmer, U.A. Simanowski, H.K. Seitz, T.J. Peters, and V.R. Preedy Alcohol can be considered as a nutritional toxin when ingested in excess amounts and leads to skeletal muscle myopathy. We hypothesized that altered protease activities contribute to this phenomenon, and that differential effects on protease activities may occur when: (1) rats at different stages in their development are administered alcohol in vivo; (2) acute ethanol treatment is superimposed on chronic alcohol-feeding in vivo; and (3) muscles are exposed to alcohol and acetaldehyde in vivo and in vitro. In acute studies, rats weighing approximately 0.1 kg (designated immature) or approximately 0.25 kg (designated mature) body weight (BW) were dosed acutely with alcohol (75 mmol/kg BW; intraperitoneal [IP], 2.5 hours prior to killing) or identically treated with 0.15 mol/L NaCl as controls. In chronic studies, rats (approximately 0.1 kg BW) were fed between 1 to 6 weeks, with 35% of dietary energy as ethanol, controls were identically treated with isocaloric glucose. Other studies included administration of cyanamide (aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor) in vivo or addition of alcohol and acetal- dehyde to muscle preparations in vitro. At the end of the treatments, cytoplasmic (alanyl-, arginyl-, leucyl-, prolyl-, tripeptidyl- aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV), lysosomal (cathepsins B, D, H, and L, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I and II), proteasomal (chymotrypsin-, trypsin-like, and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolase activities) and Ca2؉-activated (micro- and milli-calpain and calpastatin) activities were assayed.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium Cyanamide
    Calcium cyanamide 156-62-7 Hazard Summary Calcium cyanamide is used as a fertilizer, pesticide, and in the manufacture of other chemicals. It is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure may cause gastritis,rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheobronchitis. Acute oral exposure may cause a vasomotor reaction, resulting in intense flushing of the face, upper body, and arms. Tachycardia and hypotension have also been observed in humans following acute oral exposure. Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure has been reported to cause chronic rhinitis with perforation of the nasal septum in workers. EPA has not classified calcium cyanamide with respect to potential carcinogenicity. Please Note: The main sources of information for this fact sheet are the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) (2), a database of summaries of peer-reviewed literature, and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) (3), a database of toxic effects that are not peer reviewed. Uses Calcium cyanamide is used as a fertilizer, defoliant, herbicide, fungicide, and pesticide; in the manufacture and refining of iron; and in the manufacture of calcium cyanide, melamine, and dicyandiamide. (1,2,5) Sources and Potential Exposure Occupational exposure to calcium cyanamide may occur during its manufacture and use. (1) Assessing Personal Exposure No information was located regarding the measurement of personal exposure to calcium cyanamide. Health Hazard Information Acute Effects: Calcium cyanamide is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract in humans. Acute inhalation exposure may cause gastritis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheobronchitis. (1,2) Acute oral exposure of humans may cause a vasomotor reaction, resulting in intense localized erythematous flushing of the face, upper body, and arms, with headache, dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, congestion of the mucosa, nausea, and vomiting also reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a Theoretical
    pubs.acs.org/est Article Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a Theoretical Model to the Quantification of Multifunctional Carbonyls and Organic Acids in e‑Cigarette Aerosol Yichen Li, Amanda E. Burns, Guy J.P. Burke, Morgan E. Poindexter, Amy K. Madl, Kent E. Pinkerton, and Tran B. Nguyen* Cite This: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 5640−5650 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Electronic (e-) cigarette aerosol (particle and gas) is a complex mixture of chemicals, of which the profile is highly dependent on device operating parameters and e-liquid flavor formulation. The thermal degradation of the e-liquid solvents propylene glycol and glycerol often generates multifunctional carbonyls that are challenging to quantify because of unavailability of standards. We developed a theoretical method to calculate the relative electrospray ionization sensitivities of hydrazones of organic acids and carbonyls with 2,4-dinitrophe- Δ nylhydrazine based on their gas-phase basicities ( Gdeprotonation). This method enabled quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography−high- resolution mass spectrometry HPLC-HRMS in the absence of chemical standards. Accurate mass and tandem multistage MS (MSn) were used for structure identification of vaping products. We quantified five simple carbonyls, six hydroxycarbonyls, four dicarbonyls, three acids, and one phenolic carbonyl in the e-cigarette aerosol with Classic Tobacco flavor. Our results suggest that hydroxycarbonyls, such as hydroxyacetone, lactaldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone can be significant components in e-cigarette aerosols but have received less attention in the literature and have poorly understood health effects. The data support the radical-mediated e-liquid thermal degradation scheme that has been previously proposed and emphasize the need for more research on the chemistry and toxicology of the complex product formation in e-cigarette aerosols.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinetic Analysis of the Dimerization and Disproportionation of Aqueous Glyoxal Alfred Richard Fratzke Jr
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1985 Kinetic analysis of the dimerization and disproportionation of aqueous glyoxal Alfred Richard Fratzke Jr. Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Fratzke, Alfred Richard Jr., "Kinetic analysis of the dimerization and disproportionation of aqueous glyoxal" (1985). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7845. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7845 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed.
    [Show full text]