Trusted Data-Driven Social Science

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Trusted Data-Driven Social Science TRUSTED DATA-DRIVEN WELCOME Fuelling change with data Data-driven social science Their findings are influencing government research is addressing the policies on everything from childcare to pensions. greatest global challenges of our time. Essex: The home of trusted data Our access to an ever-growing number of Data and the infrastructures that support information sources is allowing us to use the collection of large or complex datasets, quantitative research methods to deliver new the storage of those data and their responsible insights and solutions. This data-rich approach use is essential in this journey and we are can help countries around the world address world-leaders. key global issues such as tackling the threat of terrorism, resolving conflict, protecting Pioneers such as Richard G Lipsey, David democratic processes, responding to natural Lockwood and Dorothy Smith have helped disasters, understanding climate change and us build a global reputation for excellence in dealing with mass migration. quantitative social science research and today our researchers are embracing the fourth Improving the world we live in industrial revolution, which offers even greater opportunities to access massive amounts of data to make the world a better place. Social scientists at Essex are seeking to know the world by asking critical questions and challenging Our infrastructure, our research relationships convention. They are changing the world by and global networks and our expertise makes providing compelling answers to these profound Essex a world-leading social science university. issues, with robust evidence to back them up. We are keen to work with like-minded partners Our academics are using cutting-edge across the globe who want to join us in further ESSEX FACTS methodologies and drawing on their extensive developing our work. In 2017 Essex was awarded UK higher education’s most global research networks to uncover prestigious accolade, a inconvenient truths, test and refine dominant theories and develop new areas of knowledge. for world-leading social science research By engaging beyond academia they are providing answers to how we can best govern ourselves, how we understand society, acquire new languages, conduct business and interact Professor Anthony Forster with each other. Vice-Chancellor 4 / 5 OVERVIEW World-class research UK Government research council investments n We were awarded the UK’s first and only Essex quantitative Regius Professorship of Political Science. in Essex n The ESRC Research Centre on n We received a Queen’s Anniversary Prize in social science recognition of research excellence in ISER. Micro-Social Change (MiSoC) promotes multidisciplinary collaboration across the social sciences. n Our political science research has been ranked top in the UK since government assessments of research began in 1986. n The ESRC-funded UK Data Service Essex social science is global in scope and internationalist provides access to the largest collection of social and economic research data in the UK, in orientation. n We are home to the UNESCO Chair in Analytics and Data Science and to the Chief and best practice advice. Scientific Advisor to Essex County Council. Our strengths stem from our nationally-funded research infrastructure n The ESRC-funded Human Rights, Big serving researchers around the world, our concentration of social Data and Technology Project is the UK’s scientists creating critical mass and research power, and the range of our Education first major project exploring human rights in pioneering quantitative research. the digital era. n We have Q-Step Affiliate Status funded by the Nuffield Foundation, the Economic and n Funded by the ESRC, Understanding Social Research Council (ESRC) and Higher Society is one of the world’s largest Education Funding Council for England. household surveys following the lives of people in 40,000 households over time. n The ESRC South East Network for Social Sciences provides doctoral training in n The ESRC Business and Local quantitative social science. Government Data Research Centre provides a framework and support for data Internationally-recognised Pioneering quantitative n We have wide-ranging degrees focusing on owners and researchers. research infrastructure social science interdisciplinary social science. n The ESRC Impact Acceleration Account n We are ranked top 40 for political science delivers impact-focused social science research. n The Institute for Social and Economic n We provide evidence for how lives change Research (ISER) is a globally-recognised through expert production and analysis of and sociology in the QS World University centre for authoritative research informing longitudinal data. Rankings by Subject, 2018. government policies to improve lives. n Essex Summer School in Social Science Data n Essex researchers invented EUROMOD, a Analysis provides pioneering teaching of n The UK Data Archive (UKDA) is a global tax-benefit micro-simulation model which centre of excellence in acquiring, curating calculates the effects of taxes and benefits. advanced statistical methods. and providing access to social science and n Our Big Data and Analytics Summer School humanities data. n We are partners in SOUTHMOD providing a micro-simulation model for countries in Africa provides expert training in data science and data analysis. n Our Institute for Analytics and Data Science and the global south. ESSEX FACTS (IADS) connects our expert scholars with n Our Human Rights and Research Methods businesses and institutions to work on their n Essex sociologists designed the UK’s official Summer School provides training in using Ranked in the UK for political data needs. socio-economic classification used in surveys. science research and 5th for economics quantitative methods. and econometrics (REF 2014) 6 / 7 THE ESSEX APPROACH The story of social science at Essex Our commitment to excellence Professor Jean Blondel helped define our “I was privileged in social science research was distinctive approach to political science and Professor Anthony King made a significant to work with two founded in mid-twentieth-century contribution to election analysis. Taking over of the pioneers of modernism but is more relevant from Oxford, an Essex team led by Professor quantitative social than ever in today’s world. Ivor Crewe brought sophisticated quantitative science at Essex, analysis to the British Election Study for the first David Rose and It is a commitment illustrated by the pioneering time in 1974 and Professor David Sanders was Howard Newby. By researchers who have very often influenced one of our political scientists whose long-range the time I arrived at policy and practice. statistical forecasts confounded pollsters and the Economic and pundits alike, accurately showing how personal Social Research Professor Peter Townsend was a sociologist economic expectations swayed public voting in Council (ESRC) in 2000, Essex was well dedicated to eradicating poverty while 1983 and 1992. on the way to establishing itself as one of Professor Dorothy Smith helped pioneer the leading centres of quantitative social feminist standpoint theory. Professor David Professor Holly Sutherland expanded the research in Europe.” Lockwood’s work on affluence and social class influential EUROMOD tax-benefit micro- Professor Gordon Marshall was described by Professor Fiona Devine, simulation model to cover the whole of the Director of the Leverhulme Trust and writing for The Sociological Review in 2016, European Union. former Chief Executive of the ESRC as “the best of British sociology, that Picture courtesy of Rosie Hallam is theoretically-informed empirical research These are some of the scholars who helped undertaken with imagination and flair”. build the foundations of social science at Essex. The work of our founding professor of “We need more economics, Richard G Lipsey, on links between research in every unemployment and inflation continues to aspect of modern influence public policy today. Professor societies, whether it is Albert Bergstrom’s research in continuous education, old age, or time econometrics laid the foundations economic growth.” for systematic analysis of macroeconomic Professor Sir Albert fluctuations and policy. Professor Sir Tony Sloman, founding Atkinson gave his name to the Atkinson Index Vice-Chancellor, 1963 which measures inequality, while Professor BBC Reith Lectures Tony Shorrocks devised an index of mobility to measure changes in inequality. Our milestones 1967 1979 1989 1991 2001 2009 2012 2013 2016 2017 UK Data Archive is Professor Peter Essex quantitative The British A new national Understanding The UK Data Essex is awarded Professor Maria Queen’s established, initially Townsend’s social scientists Household Panel socio-economic Society starts Service is launched the first and Fasli is named the Anniversary called the Social influential Poverty establish the Survey starts classification invented collecting data only Regius first UNESCO Chair Prize is Science Research in the UK is Institute for Social collecting data by Essex sociologists Professorship of in Analytics and awarded for Council Data Bank published and Economic is used for the first Political Science Data Science social science Research time in the UK census research 8 / 9 THE ESSEX APPROACH Robust quantitative evidence Setting the gold standard for is vital if social scientists are to data curation influence policy and our research infrastructure across the Faculty of Our UK Data Archive (UKDA)
Recommended publications
  • On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: the Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 482 462 TM 035 389 AUTHOR Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J.; Leech, Nancy L. TITLE On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. PUB DATE 2003-11-00 NOTE 25p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (Biloxi, MS, November 5-7, 2003). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Pragmatics; *Qualitative Research; *Research Methodology; *Researchers ABSTRACT The last 100 years have witnessed a fervent debate in the United States about quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Unfortunately, this has led to a great divide between quantitative and qualitative researchers, who often view themselves in competition with each other. Clearly, this polarization has promoted purists, i.e., researchers who restrict themselves exclusively to either quantitative or qualitative research methods. Mono-method research is the biggest threat to the advancement of the social sciences. As long as researchers stay polarized in research they cannot expect stakeholders who rely on their research findings to take their work seriously. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive, and thus counterproductive for advancing the social and behavioral science field. This paper advocates that all graduate students learn to use and appreciate both quantitative and qualitative research. In so doing, students will develop into what is termed "pragmatic researchers." (Contains 41 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher 1 Running head: ON BECOMING A PRAGMATIC RESEARCHER U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Data and Services Data and Services
    Data and services Data and services The UK Data Service provides researchers with flexible research support, training and access to the UK’s largest collection of social, economic and population data. We are a critical part of the UK’s research infrastructure, established to facilitate high quality, impactful research and education across all sectors. We enable researchers, teachers and policy makers to get an in-depth understanding of social and economic issues – and greater insights into tackling social challenges, now and in the future. A partnership of five universities and Jisc, we are funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the collections of national data resources we provide access to have been built up over 50 years. Our holdings include major UK government-sponsored surveys, longitudinal studies, UK census data, international macrodata, business microdata, cross-national surveys, qualitative data and administrative data. Services that meet Data Assessment your needs We offer significant expertise across ukdataservice.ac.uk the data publishing life cycle, from data appraisal, quality and disclosure risk Teaching assessment, through to preparation The use of real data in coursework and documentation. adds authenticity and relevance to teaching resources and gives students We work closely with data owners to the data analysis skills necessary help triage and share data with the to make significant contributions appropriate governance measures to society. in place. Research We offer data cleaning, rescue and We provide a Trusted Digital Repository data 'archaeology' services, which we for social and economic researchers’ undertake alongside our core data data through our lead partner, the UK preparation activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    1 Introduction he field of public health has never been as widely known or popular as T in recent years. On a global scale, the spread of HIV/AIDS beginning in the 1980s gave public health enormous impetus and visibility. Much like infectious diseases from earlier eras, HIV/AIDS was deeply enmeshed in environmental and behavioral contexts. If left unaddressed, the disease promised to engulf large portions of the world’s population. Yet today’s most enduring and pervasive public health problems are far more mundane, e.g., poor sanitation and water quality, malnutrition, and the everyday violence of grinding poverty. The 20th-century reign of the germ theory of disease etiology, with its emphasis on curing over preven- tion and laboratories over communities, has been tempered by these real- ities and by the vast increase in chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Similarly, the dominance of quantification, in which ever-more sophisticated measures and statistics are expected to capture the full range of human experience, has given way to a more nuanced and thoughtful matching of methods with the problem at hand as well as with the people and places experiencing it (Baum, 1996; Rapkin & Trickett, 2005). Enter Qualitative Methods A colleague once astutely remarked that virtually anyone can read and appreciate qualitative research—its narrative reporting style makes it appear easy to carry out. By comparison, a quantitative study relies on complicated 1 2 QUALITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS IN PUBLIC HEALTH statistical analyses that require prior knowledge to decode their meaning. Yet the appealing end product of a qualitative study represents the culmi- nation of intense involvement and intellectual labor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Qualitative Research in Science Education
    Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 2010, 6(1), 77-84 The Role of Qualitative Research in Science Education Iztok Devetak, Saša A. Glažar and Janez Vogrinc University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SLOVENIA Received 22 October 2008; accepted 21 January 2009 In the paper the qualitative research in which the researcher has been directly involved, and has himself been examining the research phenomenon in the studied environment, is presented. The aim of this qualitative study is to gather data in the form of rich content– based descriptions of people, events, and situations by using different, especially non– structural, techniques to discover the stakeholders’ views and similar, to orally analyze the gathered data, and finally to interpret the findings in the form of a concept or contextually dependent grounded theory. The main purpose of the paper is to identify research approaches used by authors who have published in respected international science education journals in the last three years. It can be concluded from the results that authors have been using qualitative and mixed research approaches in more than half of the published papers in the last three years in order to address the research questions in their studies. Keywords: Qualitative research, Science education, Document analysis, Journal analysis. INTRODUCTION should also give some clear answers or - in other words - should have a clear »take home« message (Bunce, Authors who publish papers in respected science 2008). education research journals always try to make some Research problems and research questions provide efforts to bridge the gap between science education an important guideline for the researcher in selecting the research results and conclusions and their applications appropriate research methodology or methods designs: in the educational process at all levels of education.
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Survey Research
    Introduction to Survey Research Melissa Martin, The Nelson Report, 2020 It is not uncommon for people to doubt the results of a survey, unless they feel confident the survey was done “scientifically.” A survey that has gone through the steps of the scientific process poses a higher percentage of validity and reliability of the results. Rarely, can every member of a population be studied because it is cost prohibitive. Public opinion survey research is the most efficient method for collecting information about a large group of people. A researcher is able to collect the opinions, perceptions and observations of a small, representative subset of a population in order to generalize to the whole. Communities want to feel heard by their public entities and local representatives. Valid survey research is a valuable and powerful tool because it enables a public entity to solicit opinions from community members they may not otherwise communicate with on a regular basis. It is important to keep in mind, however, that surveys can be a two edged sword. On one hand, when they are conducted with the intention of using the results to formulate a proposal that is reflective the community’s input and priorities, it can foster a greater level of trust and goodwill and increase the likelihood of support for that public entity. On the other hand, when surveys are conducted with a proposal already in mind with no intention of altering that proposal to reflect the community’s input and priorities, it can foster resentment and mistrust that can be very difficult to overcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Mixed Methods Research Approaches:Warrant Consideration Phenomena in Themethodological Thirdmovementon the Humanities Sciences
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 11, Ver. II (Nov. 2015) PP 21-28 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Mixed Methods Research Approaches:Warrant Consideration Phenomena in theMethodological ThirdMovementon the Humanities Sciences Kamal koohi Assistant Professor of Institute ofSocial Research, University of Tabriz Abstract:Today, Dramatic changes and transformations has happened in theories sociology similar to other areas.We have seen in recent sociological theories emerging paradigms of integrated. Social research methods are not exempt from this rule. Simplification of complex social problems cannot be easily by a deterministic selection approach to both qualitative and quantitative methods. Therefore, since the condition of today's postmodern discourse of diversity technique, Selection mixed research approach is a methodological necessity in the social sciences. Today, the simultaneous use of both quantitative and qualitative methods is justified.As mentioned, the mixed researchapproach qualitative and quantitative methods are combined by each other.The main objective of this paper is to introduce integrated research approach and review of advantage and disadvantage mentioned method. It is expected that using this approach contribute to overcome the shortcomings of positivistic hard and soft humanistic Blumer. Because the main idea of mixed researchapproach is to combine of qualitative and quantitative approaches,more appropriate and comprehensive understanding is obtained of topic. Keywords:Mixed ResearchApproach, Third Movement ofMethodological, Qualitative Method and Quantitative Method. I. Introduction In the present age, significant changes has occurred in sociological theory and paradigm as a researcher thought and action guidance ( the entire process of research ).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis
    NursingPlus Open 2 (2016) 8–14 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect NursingPlus Open journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/npls Research article How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis Mariette Bengtsson Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Care Science, Malmö University, SE 20506 Malmö, Sweden article info abstract Article history: This paper describes the research process – from planning to presentation, with the emphasis on Received 15 September 2015 credibility throughout the whole process – when the methodology of qualitative content analysis is Received in revised form chosen in a qualitative study. The groundwork for the credibility initiates when the planning of the study 24 January 2016 begins. External and internal resources have to be identified, and the researcher must consider his or her Accepted 29 January 2016 experience of the phenomenon to be studied in order to minimize any bias of his/her own influence. The purpose of content analysis is to organize and elicit meaning from the data collected and to draw realistic Keywords: conclusions from it. The researcher must choose whether the analysis should be of a broad surface Content analysis structure (a manifest analysis) or of a deep structure (a latent analysis). Four distinct main stages are Credibility described in this paper: the decontextualisation, the recontextualisation, the categorization, and the Qualitative design compilation. This description of qualitative content analysis offers one approach that shows how the Research process general principles of the method can be used. & 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Using Numeric Datasets in Learning and Teaching Final Report, 2002
    An enquiry into the use of numeric data in learning & teaching S e p t e m b e r, 2001 Robin Rice (Project Manager) Edinburgh UniversityData Library Peter Burnhill (Project Director) Edinburgh UniversityData Library, EDINA Melanie Wright (Project Te a m ) The UK Data Archive Sean Townsend (Project Te a m ) British Library of Political and Economic Science Part 1: Report and recommendations C o n t e n t s Executive summary 3 Introduction and participants 4 Aims and objectives of the project 5 Nature of the enquiry (or why it matters) 5 Methods used in the enquiry 6 Discussion of results 7 Recommendations and conclusions 17 References 20 Appendix A: Related developments 21 Appendix B: Case studies of current practice 23 Part 2: Teachers’ survey results 4 1 An enquiry into the use of numeric data in learning & teaching page 3 Executive summary Within UK higher education the renewed attention to learning and teaching is an impetus for change. Advances in information technology create new space for learning beyond the traditional classroom lecture format. New initiatives are creating networked teaching materials for shared use across institutions. But little is known about the readiness of teachers and students to take advantage of these resources for teaching and study. Are universities providing the support needed for using these networked resources in classrooms, computer labs, and independent study? An academic Task Force on the use of numeric data in learning and teaching has issued a report on the barriers faced by teachers and students to using national data services across a number of disciplines, including but not limited to the social sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Research Methods Undergraduate Study
    Quantitative Research Methods Undergraduate study Introducing Bristol Q-Step: teaching data Q-Step at Bristol analysis for social science, research and The University of Bristol Q-Step Centre offers the workplace a choice between Single Honours degrees (Childhood Studies, Geography, Politics, Social The University of Bristol Q-Step Centre is part of Policy, and Sociology- with Quantitative Research a national initiative enhancing quantitative skills Methods), and stand-alone units that are open training for undergraduate students in the social to other students in those disciplines. sciences, better equipping them for their degree, for research and for the workplace. Units currently include Convincing Stories? Numbers as Evidence in the Social Sciences; The British Academy, the UK’s national body for Principles of Quantitative Social Science; the humanities and social sciences, has said that, Segregation and Inequality in the UK ‘well-rounded graduates, equipped with core (Measurement and Debate); and Conducting a quantitative skills, are vital. Quantitative methods Research Project using Secondary Data. These facilitate “blue skies” research and effective, units will introduce you to ideas and concepts that evidence-based policy. Yet, the UK currently are relevant to study in the social sciences and to displays weak quantitative ability in the humanities quantitative methods, software and data analysis. and social sciences.’ Q-Step is a response to this skills shortage. For students on our BSc/MSci courses, in year three we provide support to complete a research dissertation in an area of applied quantitative social science. For students choosing a master’s-level (MSci) qualification, in year four we offer further training in more advanced quantitative methods, including longitudinal analysis, and mapping and programming in the open-source software R.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Skills in the Social Sciences and Humanities
    A POSITION STATEMENT SOCIETY COUNTS Quantitative Skills in the Social Sciences and Humanities 1. The British Academy is deeply concerned that the UK is weak in quantitative skills, in particular but not exclusively in the social sciences and humanities. This deficit has serious implications for the future of the UK’s status as a world leader in research and higher education, for the employability of our graduates, and for the competitiveness of the UK’s economy. THE PROBLEM 2. The UK has traditionally been strong in the social sciences and humanities. In the social sciences, pride of place has gone to empirical studies of social phenomena founded on rigorous, scientific data collection and innovative analysis. This is true, increasingly, of research in areas of the humanities. In addition, many of our current social and research challenges require an interdisciplinary approach, often involving quantitative data. To understand social dynamics, cultural phenomena and human behaviour in the round, researchers have to be able to deploy a broad range of skills and techniques. 3. Quantitative methods underpin both ‘blue skies’ research and effective evidence-based policy. The UK has, over the last six decades, invested in a world-class social science data infrastructure that is unrivalled by almost any other country. Statistical analyses of large and complex data sets underpin the deciphering of social patterns and trends, and evaluation of the impact of social interventions. BRITISH ACADEMY | A POSITION PAPER 1 4. With moves towards more open access to large scale databases and the increase in data generated by a digital society – all combined with our increasing data-processing power – more and more debate is likely to turn on statistical arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • Skills, Not Just Diplomas
    Restoring and sustaining growth in Eastern Europe and Central Asia requires reforms to Managing Education for Results in Eastern EuropeSkills, and Central Not Asia Just Diplomas boost competitiveness and increase labor productivity. Among the required changes are reforms to education. In surveys conducted immediately before the economic crisis, companies in the region reported shortage of skills as one of the most significant bottle- necks in their operations, suggesting that education systems in Eastern Europe and Central Asia— with a reputation for high enrollment rates and well-trained teachers—still need to improve their performance. In fact, international test results show that many students—outside of a handful of coun- tries in the region—are failing to acquire more than the most basic literacy and numeracy skills. Anecdotal evidence also indicates that the rapid expansion in higher education has led to a decline in the quality and relevance of education provided. At the same time, there are few opportunities for adults to retrain, upgrade, or acquire new skills—the life-long learning needed for employability. As Skills, Not Just Diplomas suggests, the shortage of skills is a wake-up call to reform education and training systems to provide higher quality education with the flexibility for students and training institutions to better respond to market signals. Such deep reform will have to center on the following: DIRECTIONSINDEVELOPMENT • Focusing more on measuring whether students learn and graduates find jobs, and Human Development using this information to actively improve teaching and learning. • Using incentives across the education system, including granting greater autonomy to institutions on curriculum, teaching methods, resource use and institutional mission, and increasing accountability for learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Business & Technology
    Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, Vol. 7, Supplementary Issue 1 91 Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Business & Technology: Justifying a Suitable Research Methodology Nikolaos Basias* Department of Economic Science, University of Piraeus Yannis Pollalis Department of Economic Science, University of Piraeus ABSTRACT The right choice of a suitable research methodology is a crucial decision to perform effective scientific research and is mainly based on linking research objectives to the characteristics of the available research methodologies. Based on the notion that researchers in the fields of Economics, Business and Technology have to choose among multiple methods and techniques the selection of an appropriate research approach that might support cross-disciplinary research is one of the most difficult decisions for a researcher. For that reason, the aim of this paper is to provide issues related to: (a) Quantitative Research, (b) Qualitative Research and (c) Strategic Management of Digital Systems in order to investigate a suitable research methodology for identifying and analyzing key strategic management factors and phases. The publication of this paper has been partly supported by the University of Piraeus Research Center. Keywords: Quantitative Research, Qualitative Research, Strategic Management, Digital Systems. 1. INTRODUCTION Digital systems have been characterized as social systems where technology is only one aspect of them (Land, 1992). The study of Business and Technology is a multidisciplinary research object and as the literature review shows, there is a lack of a single global research approach that includes all the necessary areas of knowledge required for an efficient study (Galliers, 1992; Walsham, 1995). Strategic Management of Digital Systems is based on the understanding of various variables and key strategic factors related to: (a) business, (b) technology, (c) people, (d) enterprises, (e) economy, (f) law and (g) politics.
    [Show full text]