2015 LAQM Updating and Screening Assessment

Maldon District Council 2015 LAQM Updating and Screening Assessment

May 2015

Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited

3 © Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure UK Limited

Executive summary

Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 places a statutory duty on local authorities to review and assess the air quality within their area and take account of Government Guidance when undertaking such work. This Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) is a requirement of the Review and Assessment process and is a requirement for all local authorities. The Report has been undertaken in accordance with the Technical Guidance LAQM.TG (09) and associated tools.

This USA considers all new monitoring data and assesses the data against the Air Quality Strategy objectives. It also considers any changes that may have an impact on air quality.

The monitoring undertaken within the Council has shown that one monitoring location in the Maldon District -3 area showed an exceedence of the AQO of 40 µgm for NO2 in 2014. The annual mean concentration for diffusion tube MD2 is 40.03 μgm-3 which marginally exceeds the AQO. A marginal exceedence was also recorded at this location in 2012. A Detailed Assessment will not be undertaken at this stage. Monitoring will continue to determine if consecutive annual exceedences occur.

The assessment of sources has concluded that there are no new or significantly changed sources identified within the Council. A Detailed Assessment is therefore not required.

The next action for Maldon Council will be to submit a 2016 LAQM Progress Report.

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Contents

1. Introduction 6 1.1 Description of local authority area 6 1.2 Purpose of report 6 1.3 Air quality objectives 6 1.4 Summary of previous review and assessments 8

2. New monitoring data 9 2.1 Summary of monitoring undertaken 9 Automatic monitoring sites 9 Non-automatic monitoring sites 9 2.2 Comparison of monitoring results with AQ objectives 13 Nitrogen dioxide 13 PM10 16 Sulphur dioxide 16 Benzene 16 Summary of compliance with AQS objectives 16

3. Road traffic sources 17 3.1 Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb 17 3.2 Busy streets where people may spend 1-hour or more close to traffic 17 3.3 Roads with a high flow of buses and/ or HGVs. 17 3.4 Junctions 17 3.5 New roads constructed or proposed since the last round of review and assessment 18 3.6 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows 18 3.7 Bus and coach stations 18

4. Other transport sources 19 4.1 Airports 19 4.2 Railways (diesel and steam trains) 19 4.3 Stationary trains 19 4.4 Moving trains 19 4.5 Ports (shipping) 19

5. Industrial sources 20 5.1 Industrial installations 20 New or proposed installations for which an air quality assessment has been carried out 20 Existing installations where emissions have increased substantially or new relevant exposure has been introduced 20 New or significantly changed installations with no previous air quality assessment 20 5.2 Major fuel (petrol) storage depots 20 5.3 Petrol stations 20 5.4 Poultry farms 20

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6. Commercial and domestic sources 21 6.1 Biomass combustion – individual installations 21 6.2 Biomass combustion – combined impacts 21 6.3 Domestic solid-fuel burning 21

7. Fugitive or uncontrolled sources 22

8. Conclusions and proposed actions 23 8.1 Conclusions from new monitoring data 23 8.2 Conclusions from assessment of sources 23 Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb 23 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows 23 Fugitive or uncontrolled sources 23 8.3 Proposed actions 23

References 24

Table 1.1 Air quality objectives included in regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England 7 Table 1.2 Outcomes from previous review and assessments 8 Table 2.1 Non-automatic monitoring sites 13 Table 2.2 Results of 2011 - 2014 NO2 diffusion tubes 14

Figure 2.1 Location of Non-automatic monitoring site 10 Figure 2.2 Trends in NO2 concentrations measured at diffusion tube monitoring sites 15

Appendix A Raw diffusion tube data 2014 Appendix B QA:QC data Appendix C Environment agency permitted processes Appendix D DMRB screening assessment

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1. Introduction

1.1 Description of local authority area

Maldon is situated in the county of Essex. The District Council area is predominantly rural in character with over 70 miles of coastline. The main towns in the District are Maldon, Heybridge, Southminster and Burnham-on-Crouch. The District has a population of approximately 62,000.

1.2 Purpose of report

This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

The objective of this Updating and Screening Assessment is to identify any matters that have changed which may lead to risk of an air quality objective being exceeded. A checklist approach and screening tools are used to identify significant new sources or changes and whether there is a need for a Detailed Assessment. The USA report should provide an update of any outstanding information requested previously in Review and Assessment reports.

1.3 Air quality objectives

The air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England are set out in the Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 (SI 928), The Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 (SI 3043), and are shown in Table 1.1. This table shows the objectives in units of micrograms per cubic metre gm-3 (milligrams per cubic metre, mgm-3 for carbon monoxide) with the number of exceedences in each year that are permitted (where applicable).

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Table 1.1 Air quality objectives included in regulations for the purpose of LAQM in England

Pollutant Concentration Measured as Date to be achieved by

Benzene 16.25 µgm-3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003

5.00 µgm-3 Running annual mean 31.12.2010

1,3-Butadiene 2.25 µgm-3 Running annual mean 31.12.2003

Carbon monoxide 10.0 mgm-3 Running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003

Lead 0.5 µgm-3 Annual mean 31.12.2004

0.25 µgm-3 Annual mean 31.12.2008

200 µgm-3 not to be exceeded more than Nitrogen dioxide 1-hour mean 31.12.2005 18 times a year

40 µgm-3 Annual mean 31.12.2005

Particles (PM ) 50 µgm-3, not to be exceeded more than 10 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 (gravimetric) 35 times a year

40 µgm-3 Annual mean 31.12.2004

350 µgm-3, not to be exceeded more than Sulphur dioxide 1-hour mean 31.12.2004 24 times a year

125 µgm-3, not to be exceeded more than 24-hour mean 31.12.2004 3 times a year

266 µgm-3, not to be exceeded more than 15-minute mean 31.12.2005 35 times a year

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1.4 Summary of previous review and assessments

Table 1.2 Outcomes from previous review and assessments

Title Date Outcome

First Round of Review and 1998 – Reports concluded that the Air Quality Objectives (AQOs) would be achieved for all Assessment 2000 pollutants and there were no AQMAs declared.

Updating and Screening 2003 The USA concluded that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were Assessment 2003 no AQMAs declared. It was recommended that the council undertook monitoring of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at busy roadside locations to confirm findings.

Progress Report 2005 2005 Progress report concluded that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were no AQMAs declared.

Updating and Screening 2006 The USA concluded that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were Assessment 2006 no AQMAs declared.

2007 Monitoring Study 2007 Short-term NO2 monitoring study undertaken by MDC at Beckingham Business Park, relating to transport activity at the site. Diffusion tubes deployed showed that concentrations were well below the annual mean AQO and tubes were removed at the end of the 2007 financial year.

Progress Report 2008 2008 Progress report concluded that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were no AQMAs declared.

Updating and Screening 2009 The USA concluded that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were Assessment 2009 no AQMAs declared.

Progress Report 2010 2010 The report concluded that that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were no AQMAs declared.

Progress Report 2011 2011 The report concluded that that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and there were no AQMAs declared.

Updating and Screening 2012 The report concluded that that the AQOs would be achieved for all pollutants and that a Assessment 2012 Detailed Assessment was not required.

Progress Report 2013 2013 The Progress Report identified that AQOs would be met for all pollutants with the exception of NO2. The concentration exceeded the annual mean AQO at one location. It was decided that increased monitoring would be undertaken at the site to confirm the appropriate action.

Progress Report 2014 2014 Non-automatic monitoring indicated no exceedences of the nitrogen dioxide annual mean AQO of 40 μgm-3 in 2013 at relevant exposure within the Maldon Council area. The report confirmed that there was no requirement to conduct a Detailed Assessment for any pollutant and that the next round of reporting will be the USA which will be delivered in April 2015.

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2. New monitoring data

2.1 Summary of monitoring undertaken

Automatic monitoring sites There are no continuous monitoring stations located within Maldon.

Non-automatic monitoring sites

Monitoring for NO2 is undertaken using passive diffusion tubes at thirteen sites throughout the District. Two of these sites, MD14 and MD15, were introduced in November 2014 therefore data is only available for the last 2 months of 2014. The locations of these monitoring sites are shown in Figure 2.1 and details of these sites in Table 2.1. Annual mean concentrations for the past four years are provided in Table 2.2. Trends in annual mean concentrations since 2011 are provided in Figure 2.2.

Quality control procedures, including bias adjustment, are discussed in Appendix B.

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Figure 2.1 Location of Non-automatic monitoring site

Maldon Centre

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Latchingdon

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Southminster Road

Legend

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Table 2.1 Non-automatic monitoring sites

Distance from Distance diffusion tube to Site ID Site Name Site Type X Y to kerb In AQMA? relevant (m) exposure (m)

Opposite CherryOak Roadside 580645 204820 15.9 1.5 No MD1 A414

A414 Spital Roadside 583930 205745 0 2.0 No MD2 Road/A414 Bypass

MD3 Heybridge Approach Roadside 584763 208107 17.9 1.5 No

Heybridge Street/ The Roadside 585465 208071 20.1 1.3 No MD4 Causeway

Colchester Rd/Heybridge Street Roadside 585914 208104 15.6 1.6 No MD5 Junction

High Street (Market Kerbside 585072 207080 0 2.1 No MD6 Hill Junction)

Wantz Road/High Kerbside 585307 206943 1.9 1.6 No MD7 Street

Latchingdon/Burnham Roadside 588575 200492 11.6 0.4 No MD8 Road Junction

MD11 Latchingdon Street Roadside 588205 200438 0 1.3 No

A414 Spital Roadside 583862 205549 32.4 1.5 No MD12 Roadl/A414 Bypass

Limebrook Way/A414 Roadside 584165 205532 31.6 1.5 No MD13 Bypass

MD14 The Causeway Kerbside 585221 207682 0* 9.0* No

MD15 Southminster Road Kerbside 597158 201410 0* 6.5* No * Distance estimated using www.gridreferencefinder.com

2.2 Comparison of monitoring results with AQ objectives

Nitrogen dioxide Diffusion tube monitoring data

The 2011-2014 annual mean NO2 concentrations recorded at the passive diffusion tube sites in the District are shown in Table 2.2. Data capture for some sites were below the recommended 75%, therefore annualisation was undertaken, in accordance with the guidance in Box 3.2 of LAQM.TG(09) (Defra, 2009).

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Table 2.2 Results of 2011 - 2014 NO2 diffusion tubes

2011 (Bias 2012 (Bias 2013 (Bias 2014 (Bias 2014 Data Site ID adjustment factor adjustment factor adjustment factor adjustment factor Capture = 0.82) = 0.97) = 0.95) = 0.91)

MD1 27.5 28.6 30.1 33.6 100 %

MD2 32.2 40.2 35.4 40.0 92 %

MD3 29.6 33.3 31.3 32.4 100 %

MD4 30.1 32.9 32.3 32.0 100 %

MD5 26.6 39.3 31.3 36.6 92 %

MD6 29.7 34.6 34.8 29.6 100 %

MD7 30.2 30.6 32.3 31.1 100 %

MD8 25.0 25.7 27.2 26.1 92 %

MD11 - 35.8 33.4 26.2 75 %

MD12 - - 34.6 33.7 100 %

MD13 - - 28.3 27.4 92 %

a MD14 - - - 29.7 17 %

a MD15 - - - 20.4 17 %

Exceedences of the AQO are shown in bold. - Indicates data not available. a Adjusted for estimation of annual mean concentrations from short-term monitoring data prior to the bias adjustment.

-3 One monitoring location in the Maldon District area showed an exceedence of the AQO of 40 µgm for NO2 in 2014. The annual mean concentration for diffusion tube MD2 is 40.03 μgm-3 which marginally exceeds the AQO. A marginal exceedence was also recorded at this location in 2012. As this exceedence is marginal it is not proposed that a Detailed Assessment is carried out at this stage. Monitoring at MD12 will continue to determine whether a Detail Assessment of concentrations around the busy A414 Bypass is required, if exceedences are monitored in consecutive years.

The monitoring site MD14 at The Causeway recorded a concentration of 39.3 μgm-3 over November and December 2014 prior to annualisation, which is within 10% of the AQO. As this is the first year of monitoring, and the concentration does not exceed the AQO following annualisation, a Detailed Assessment is not required. Monitoring at this location will be continued.

Trends in annual mean NO2 concentrations since 2011 are shown in Figure 2.2. This data indicates that concentrations have been reasonably stable in recent years. Seven of the eleven diffusion tubes that were continued between 2013 and 2014 recorded decreases in annual mean concentrations of NO2. Monitoring locations MD2 and MD5 showed the largest increases in concentrations in 2014.

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Figure 2.2 Trends in NO2 concentrations measured at diffusion tube monitoring sites

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Analysis of UK continuous NO2 monitoring data has shown that it is unlikely that the hourly mean NO2 objective, of 18 hourly means over 200 μgm-3, would be exceeded where the annual mean objective is below 60μgm-3 (Defra, 2009). All sites diffusion tube sites in Maldon have measured concentrations below the 60 -3 μgm , therefore, the NO2 hourly mean AQS objective is expected to be met at all relevant locations.

PM10

No PM10 monitoring is undertaken in the Maldon District Council area.

Sulphur dioxide

No SO2 monitoring is undertaken in the Maldon District Council area.

Benzene No Benzene monitoring is undertaken in the Maldon District Council area.

Summary of compliance with AQS objectives

One monitoring location of annual mean NO2 recorded a marginal exceedence of the AQO. As this is a marginal exceedence of less than 1 μgm-3, a Detailed Assessment will not be undertaken at this stage. Further monitoring will be carried out. Concentrations at all other relevant locations are below the objectives for all pollutants monitored.

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3. Road traffic sources

Maldon Council has not identified any roads or junctions that require assessment under the specified criteria.

3.1 Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb

The Street, Latchingdon was identified as a possible narrow congested street with residential properties close to the road.

A 5-day automatic traffic count was undertaken on B1018 commencing on the 30th September 2013 recorded 38,742 vehicles travelling eastbound and 41,264 vehicles travelling westbound (Essex Highways, 2013). The seasonally adjusted, combined AADT value is 14,564, which exceeds the criteria of 5,000 vehicles per day to be considered as part of a Detailed Assessment (Defra, 2009).

LAQM-TG (09) recommends that a congested street is one with frequently stopping and starting traffic, with an average speed of less than about 15 mph. The average daily speed was 29.9 mph on The Street, Latchingdon during the assessment. The assessment determined that the speed limit of 30mph was even exceeded by 29.8% of eastbound vehicles and 25.9% of westbound vehicles, confirming that the traffic is unlikely to be congested on the road for long periods of time. In addition, diffusion tubes M8 and M11 located -3 on The Street have recorded annual mean NO2 concentrations well below the AQO of 40 μgm .

However, there are residential properties and a school within 2 m of the kerb, and buildings on both sides of the road, which experience regular exposure to congested road traffic along the busy road. A DMRB assessment was therefore undertaken as shown in Appendix D to determine exposure at relevant locations. -3 Predicted annual mean concentrations of NO2 and PM10 are both below objective value of 40 μgm . -3 Additionally the annual mean NO2 concentration is well below 60 μgm , the value above which exceedences of the 1-hour mean objective are likely. As a result, the air quality objectives are not likely to be breached at this location, and no further assessment is required.

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified congested streets with a flow above 5,000 vehicles per day and residential properties close to the kerb, that have not been adequately considered in previous rounds of Review and Assessment.

3.2 Busy streets where people may spend 1-hour or more close to traffic

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy streets where people may spend 1 hour or more close to traffic.

3.3 Roads with a high flow of buses and/ or HGVs.

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with high flows of buses/HDVs.

3.4 Junctions

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy junctions/busy roads.

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3.5 New roads constructed or proposed since the last round of review and assessment

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new/proposed roads.

3.6 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows

An Air Quality Assessment was undertaken as part of the planning application for the development on the Land South of Limebrook Way at South Malden Garden Suburb (RSK, 2014). ADMS-Roads dispersion modelling determined that predicted increases of NO2, NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 due to traffic associated with the development are less than 1% of relevant air quality standards at worse-case sensitive receptor locations. The impact of the development on local air quality is therefore of negligible significance.

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with significantly changed traffic flows.

3.7 Bus and coach stations

Maldon Council confirms that there are no relevant bus stations in the Local Authority area.

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4. Other transport sources

Maldon Council has not identified any other transport sources, including airport, railways and ports that require assessment under the specified criteria.

4.1 Airports

Maldon Council confirms that there are no airports in the Local Authority area.

4.2 Railways (diesel and steam trains)

Maldon Council confirms that there are no locations where diesel or steam trains are regularly stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more, with potential for relevant exposure within 15m.

4.3 Stationary trains

Maldon Council confirms that there are no locations with a large number of movements of diesel locomotives, and potential long-term relevant exposure within 30m.

4.4 Moving trains

Maldon Council confirms that there are no locations with a large number of movements of diesel locomotives, and potential long-term relevant exposure within 30m.

4.5 Ports (shipping)

Maldon Council confirms that there are no ports or shipping that meet the specified criteria within the Local Authority area.

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5. Industrial sources

5.1 Industrial installations

A list of Environment Agency permitted processes can be found in Appendix C. Maldon Council has identified no industrial sources that require assessment under the specified criteria.

New or proposed installations for which an air quality assessment has been carried out

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

Existing installations where emissions have increased substantially or new relevant exposure has been introduced

Maldon Council confirms that there are no industrial installations with substantially increased emissions or new relevant exposure in their vicinity within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

New or significantly changed installations with no previous air quality assessment

Maldon Council confirms that there are no new or proposed industrial installations for which planning approval has been granted within its area or nearby in a neighbouring authority.

5.2 Major fuel (petrol) storage depots

There are no major fuel (petrol) storage depots within the Local Authority area.

5.3 Petrol stations

Maldon Council confirms that there are no petrol stations meeting the specified criteria.

5.4 Poultry farms

Maldon Council confirms that there are no poultry farms meeting the specified criteria.

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6. Commercial and domestic sources

Maldon Council has not identified any biomass combustion installations, including individual and combined impacts, and domestic solid-fuel burning, that require assessment.

6.1 Biomass combustion – individual installations

Maldon Council confirms that there are no biomass combustion plant in the Local Authority area.

6.2 Biomass combustion – combined impacts

Maldon Council confirms that there are no biomass combustion plant in the Local Authority area.

6.3 Domestic solid-fuel burning

Maldon Council confirms that there are no areas of significant domestic fuel use in the Local Authority area.

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7. Fugitive or uncontrolled sources

Maldon Council confirmed that there are several quarries that could be fugitive sources. The following four sites have been identified as potential sources of fugitive particulate matter that meet specified criteria:

 Goldsands Quarry, Goldsands Road, Southminster CM0 7JR;  Asheldham Quarry, Southminster Road, Asheldham, CM0 7DZ;

 Royal Oak Quarry, Chelmsford Road Woodham Mortimer CM9 6TH; and

 Curry Farm, Mill End Bradwell CM0 7DL.

Goldsands Quarry was highlighted as a potential fugitive source of PM10 in Maldon’s 2009 USA (AMEC, Maldon District Council, 2009). It was determined that there was no relevant exposure within 200m of the -3 site. The background PM10 is less than 25 μgm therefore there was no need to proceed to a detailed assessment.

A dust monitoring assessment undertaken at Asheldham Quarry concluded that the Workplace Exposure Limits, which are in line with current EH40 guidance, were not being exceeded by any operative surveyed on the 18th November 2014 (G&B Finch Limited, 2014). Although these limits apply to employees at the site, Section 11 discusses dust control measures used on site to prevent dust exposure incidences that are relevant to all receptors.

Royal Oak Quarry is located less than 60m from the nearest residential receptor. Although this is within the relevant distance to proceed to a Detailed Assessment under LAQM.TG(09) guidance, there is no record of complaints about dust and therefore there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment at this moment in time.

The Curry Farm Quarry is located less than 80m from the nearest residential receptor. Although this is within the relevant distance to proceed to a Detailed Assessment under LAQM.TG(09) guidance, there is no record of complaints about dust and therefore there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment at this moment in time.

Maldon Council confirms that there are no potential sources of fugitive particulate matter emissions in the Local Authority area.

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8. Conclusions and proposed actions

8.1 Conclusions from new monitoring data

One monitoring location of annual mean NO2 recorded an exceedence of the AQO. As this is a marginal exceedence of less than 1 μgm-3, a Detailed Assessment is will not be carried out at this stage and monitoring will continue.

Concentrations at all other relevant locations are below the objectives for all pollutants monitored.

The trend in the monitoring data has shown generally stable concentrations observed since 2011.

8.2 Conclusions from assessment of sources

Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb The Street, Latchingdon was identified as a possible narrow congested street with residential properties close to the road. Traffic counts determined that the traffic is unlikely to be congested on the road for long periods of time. In addition, diffusion tubes M8 and M11 located on The Street have recorded annual mean -3 NO2 concentrations well below the AQO of 40 μgm . Therefore, although there are residential properties within 2 m of the kerb, and buildings on both sides of the road, it is not considered necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

Roads with significantly changed traffic flows An Air Quality Assessment was undertaken as part of the planning application for the development on the Land South of Limebrook Way at South Malden Garden Suburb (RSK, 2014). ADMS-Roads dispersion modelling determined that predicted increases of NO2, NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 due to traffic associated with the development are less than 1% of relevant air quality standards at worse-case sensitive receptor locations.

Fugitive or uncontrolled sources Maldon Council confirmed that there are quarries that could be contributing to fugitive and uncontrolled sources.

The Environmental Health Officer confirmed that the Council has not received any complaints about dust and therefore there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

8.3 Proposed actions

The USA has not identified any need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for any pollutant.

The USA has not identified any need for additional monitoring or changes to the current monitoring programme.

The next action for Maldon Council will be to submit a 2016 LAQM Progress Report.

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References

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, 2009, Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment for Maldon District Council

Defra (2009). Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09). Essex Highways (2013). 5-day Automatic Traffic Count on The Street, Latchingdon.

G&B Finch Limited (2014). Monitoring of Personal Dust Exposure at Asheldham Quarry, Essex, R14.8409/01/1/D/SE (Unapproved document)

Maldon Council (2014) 2014 Air Quality Progress Report for Maldon Council.

RSK (2014) Land South of Limebrook Way, South Maldon Garden Suburb, Environmental Statement, Volume 1, Chapter 6: Air Quality.

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Appendix A Raw diffusion tube data 2014

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Table A.1 Raw diffusion tube data 2014

Unadjusted Site ID January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual Mean

MD1 36.09 30.76 38.19 39.66 39.77 36.81 35.47 34.90 39.28 35.87 35.24 41.26 36.94

MD2 40.09 39.91 41.81 38.03 40.90 38.06 42.97 - 54.08 55.72 57.50 34.84 43.99

MD3 46.40 38.49 39.97 30.86 29.81 25.46 33.40 32.98 38.36 33.79 38.15 38.95 35.55

MD4 40.42 37.72 35.86 34.35 30.75 30.13 32.05 24.69 43.31 35.64 35.21 41.25 35.12

MD5 - 42.31 54.77 35.55 38.55 31.75 34.95 36.89 41.64 36.71 39.14 49.86 40.19

MD6 40.08 12.38 39.56 31.19 28.50 24.91 26.15 30.11 41.38 32.40 38.60 44.43 32.47

MD7 40.11 34.58 35.73 31.14 28.27 24.65 31.09 26.73 38.59 34.43 43.07 41.98 34.20

MD8 30.32 23.70 33.47 - 31.60 21.74 23.35 20.01 37.65 27.71 35.30 31.08 28.72

MD11 32.48 22.61 36.65 30.81 26.79 26.31 - - - 23.41 20.74 39.46 28.81

MD12 44.01 30.19 42.55 36.79 40.60 27.26 34.75 30.78 40.18 39.07 45.50 32.87 37.05

MD13 26.10 33.97 37.43 27.50 27.88 23.19 26.38 32.14 24.69 36.52 35.51 30.12

MD14 ------40.40 45.86 43.13

MD15 ------28.47 30.75 29.61 Notes: ‘-‘ Indicates no data. Exceedences of annual mean are shown in bold.

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Appendix B QA:QC data

Diffusion tube bias adjustment factors

The diffusion tubes for 2014 were supplied by Gradko International, and prepared using a 20% triethanolamine (TEA) in water method.

The bias adjustment factor has been taken from Defra’s UK national bias adjustment spreadsheet (version 03/15) and is based on the results of 16 studies in the UK. The bias adjustment factor for 2014 monitored data is 0.91. Table B1 below details the bias adjustment factors for the period 2011 through 2014 used to adjust the Maldon monitoring data. Table B1 Bias adjustment factors

Year National bias adjustment factor

2011 0.82

2012 0.97

2013 0.95

2014 0.91

QA/ QC of diffusion tube monitoring Gradko International are a UKAS accredited laboratory, complying with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025. They also partake in quality schemes including the Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (WASP), Laboratory Environmental Analysis Proficiency Scheme (LEAP) and Field Intercomparison.

WASP is a recognised performance-testing programme for laboratories undertaking NO2 diffusion tube analysis as part of the UK NO2 monitoring network. The scheme is designed to help laboratories meet the European Standard EN48213. The Laboratory performance was deemed satisfactory for 100% of samples that were submitted between April 2013 and February 20151. Short-term to long-term data adjustment Data capture for two new sites added in November 2014, MD14 and MD15, were below the recommended 75%, therefore annualisation was undertaken, in accordance with the guidance in Box 3.2 of LAQM.TG(09) (Defra, 2009). The correction factors in Table B2 have been derived using the average ratio of the annual mean to the period mean for the monitoring data obtained from the Southend-On-Sea and Thurrock London Grays Road monitors, which are available on the Essex-Air website2. These factors were applied to the measured period mean at the six sites to annualise the data. This is in accordance with Box 3.2 of LAQM.TG(09).

1 Defra’s Local Air Quality Management Support Pages http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-WASP-Rounds- 121--124-and-AIR-PT-Rounds-1-3-4-6-%28April-2013--February-2015%29-NO2-report.pdf 2 http://www.essexair.org.uk/Default.aspx

Table B2 Adjustment factors to estimate annual mean concentrations

Diffusion Tube Long term site Annual mean Period mean Ratio Average

MD14 Southend 19.35 26.26 0.74 0.76

Thurrock 26.57 34.14 0.78

MD15 Southend 19.35 26.26 0.74 0.76

Thurrock 26.57 34.14 0.78

Appendix C Environment agency permitted processes

Table C1 Permitted processes

Permit Number Facility Operator Permit Determined

Bradwell Poultry Farm Downhall Farm Bradwell EPR/3231MP Vion Agriculture Ltd. 20/07/2007 on Sea Southminster CM0 7QR

Birchgate Poultry Farm Fambridge Road DP3632XZ Mundon Stuart Davies Ltd. 19/10/2007 Maldon CM9 6NJ

Elmwood Poultry Farm Tudwick Road Tiptree JP3333UB Hook 2 Sisters Ltd. 11/10/2007 Colchester CO5 0SD

Fairwinds Poultry Farm Crouchmans Farm Road YP3432XR Ulting Stuart Davies Ltd. 12/10/2007 Chelmsford CM3 6QS

Furze Poultry Farm Parsonage Chase Mundon NP3933UW Hook 2 Sisters Ltd. 05/09/2007 Maldon CM9 6NX

Great Westwick Poultry Farm TP3837MY Marsh Lane Burnham Faccenda Group Ltd. 21/09/2007 on Crouch CM0 8NE

Joyce's Farm Joyce's Chase EAWML 71258 Tamdown Regeneration Ltd. n/a Goldhanger Maldon CM9 8AQ

Hawthorn Poultry Farm Grove Farm Road FP3233UR Little Totham Hook 2 Sisters Ltd. 19/10/2007 Maldon CM9 8JY

Mapledean Poultry Farm Mapledean Chase RP3033UL Maldon Road Hook 2 Sisters Ltd. 04/09/2007 Latchingdon CM3 6LG

Moor Poultry Farm Heybridge XP3432XA Mr. & Mrs. D. Goodwin 29/08/2008 Maldon CM3 6LG

Moorah Poultry Farm Plains Road CP3233UV Little Totham Hook 2 Sisters Ltd. 29/08/2007 Maldon CM9 8JF

Sheepcoates Farm Sheepcoates Lane EAWML 71258 Little Totham Tamdown Regeneration Ltd. n/a Maldon CM9 8NT

Stitches Poultry Farm DP3032XN Stuart Davies Ltd. 21/09/2007 Lower Chase

Permit Number Facility Operator Permit Determined

Althorne Chelmsford CM3 6BY

Stows Poultry Farm Tillingham William Proctor Ltd. 31/08/2007 SP3639UM Southminster CM0 7TW

Appendix D DMRB screening assessment

Narrow congested streets with residential properties close to the kerb

The Street, Latchingdon

The Street, Latchingdon was identified as a possible narrow congested street with residential properties close to the road.

The closest existing receptors on the congested road are within 2 m of the kerb, and there are buildings on both sides of the road. Screening Assessment Methodology

The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) screening methodology (Highways Agency, 2007) has been used for this assessment in order to quantify the likely ground level concentrations of NO2 and PM10 that the worst case receptor (the nearest property to the road, 81 The Street, Latchingdon) is exposed to. Model Inputs

The DMRB assessment incorporates numbers of road traffic vehicles, vehicle speeds on the local roads, traffic composition and the distance from the receptor to the road centreline.

A 5-day automatic traffic count undertaken by Essex Highways includes Annual Average Daily Traffic Flows (AADT) and other required information in order to undertake the DMRB assessment at The Street, Latchingdon. The traffic count was undertaken on B1018 commencing on the 30th September 2013 recorded 38,742 vehicles travelling eastbound and 41,264 vehicles travelling westbound (Essex Highways, 2013). The seasonally adjusted, combined AADT value is 14,564.

The average daily speed was 29.9 mph on The Street, Latchingdon during the assessment. However, average speeds of 15 mph (24 km/h) have been applied to traffic flow in order to account for a worst case estimation of pollutant concentrations. The traffic data used in the assessment is contained in Table C1 below, while the modelled receptor location is shown in Table C2.

Table C1 Traffic data used in the assessment

Road Name AADT Speed (kph) Road type % LDV %HDV

The Street, Latchingdon 14,564 24 B 99.1 0.9

Table C2 Traffic data used in the assessment

Distance to Background NO Background PM Receptor Name X Y centreline of road 2 10 (µgm-3) (µgm-3) (m)

81 The Street 588390 200473 2 12.1 19.7

Notes: Background concentrations were obtained from the Defra Background Mapping tool.

Model Verification

Modelled results should be compared with measured data to determine whether the model results need adjusting to more accurately reflect local air quality.

Suitable local monitoring data for the purpose of verification is available for annual mean NOx/NO2 concentrations as shown in Table C3 below. The diffusion tubes at M8 and M11 were used for verification purposes as they are on modelled roads.

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Table C3 Local monitoring data suitable for DMRB model verification

Distance from Centreline of Location 2014 Annual Mean NO (gm-3) OS Grid Reference 2 Road

M8 26.1 2.4 588575,200492

M11 26.2 3.0 588205,200438

Verification calculations The verification of the modelling output was performed in accordance with the methodology provided in Annex 3 of LAQM.TG (09). Table C4 shows that there was systematic under prediction of monitored concentrations at the diffusion tubes. Due to the modelled concentration under predicting by >25% at both tubes, it was considered necessary to adjust modelled concentrations.

Table C4 Verification, modelled versus monitored

2014 Modelled Annual Mean 2014 Monitored Annual % (Modelled- Site -3 -3 NO2 (gm ) Mean NO2 (gm ) Monitored)/ Monitored

M8 17.1 26.1 -34.64%

M11 17.1 26.2 -34.89%

Table C5 shows the comparison of modelled road-NOX, a direct output from the DMRB assessment, with the monitored road-NOX, determined from the LAQM NOX to NO2 conversion tool. The average of the ratios provided an adjustment factor that can be used to determine the maximum likely NO2 concentration at the development site. Therefore, an adjustment factor of 2.97 was used to adjust modelled results.

Table C5 Comparison of modelled and monitored road NOx to determine verification factor

2014 Modelled Annual Mean 2014 Monitored Annual Site -3 -3 Ratio Road NOX (gm ) Mean Road NOX (gm )

M8 9.52 28.19 2.96

M11 9.52 28.4 2.98

Table C6 shows the comparison of the modelled NO2 concentration calculated by multiplying the modelled road NOX by the adjustment factor of 2.97 and using the LAQM’s NOX to NO2 conversion tool to calculate the total adjusted modelled NO2.

Table C6 Comparison of adjusted modelled no2 and modelled NO2

2014 2014 Adjusted % (Modelled- 2014 Background 2014 Background Monitored Site Modelled Annual Monitored)/ NOX Concentration NO2 Concentration -3 Annual Mean Mean NO2 (gm ) -3 Monitored NO2 (gm )

M8 16.9 12.1 26.15 26.1 0.19%

M11 16.9 12.1 26.15 26.2 -0.19%

Modelled NO2 and PM10 concentrations have been adjusted using this adjustment factor.

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Results

Table C7 details the result of the assessment with regard to predicted concentrations at the receptor. -3 Predicted annual mean concentrations of NO2 and PM10 are both below objective value of 40 μgm . -3 Additionally the annual mean NO2 concentration is well below 60 μgm , the value above which exceedences of the 1-hour mean objective are likely. As a result, the air quality objectives are not likely to be breached at this location, and no further assessment is required.

Table C7 Predicted concentrations (μgm-3) at modelled human receptor locations

Receptor Name Annual mean NO2 Annual mean PM10

81 The Street 26.2 23.3

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