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IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN COASTAL AREA OF PEMALANG (CASE STUDY: MANGROVE-COMMUNITY IN LAWANGREJO )

Anang Widhi Nirwansyah MPPDAS, Faculty of Geography – Gadjah Mada Univercity, Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The coastal as dynamic area has very huge potential resources of physical and biodiversity. Moreover, it is estimated that more than two thirds of the cities world populations are located in coastal area with high density and high growth of population. According to that, coastal has lead to high pressure area both physical and social pressure and cause vulnerability to disaster, including storm and tidal flood. Institutional contribution inventory produce significant information regarding the community capacity in disaster risk reduction. Mangrove planting as result of participative action within government and NGO has potential benefit to be developed in local planning instrument. Operational management assistance and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems is implemented by community as self initiated action of disaster risk reduction.

Keywords: Mangrove Community, Coastal Flood, Disaster Risk Reduction

I. BACKGROUND management of coastal area and small has more over than 13,000 islands” (Farhan and Lim, 2010). islands and two-third of ocean. The Decentralization in managing coastal national government has concerned and resources may provide the new paradigm prioritizes this issues by established new to gives more chances for every department named Ministry of Marine and to responsible with their coastal area. Fisheries Affairs in 1999. This new legal However, in Indonesia, much of marine ministry directly controls and gives the ecosystem information inaccessible by local government authority to manage their local government and reduces the ocean and coastal resources, and awareness of ICZM program. Related with emphasize profits together ith ecological that, the legislation linking to coastal and coastal environment sustainability protection has never been so necessary to which must not be neglected. Along with study and comprehensively reviewed of this, in 2002 this ministry also adopted the the beach protection in Indonesia. In the ICZM and develop integrated management other hands, community as part of coastal for coastal resources. To sustain ICZM ecosystem has faced the hazardous programs, in 2002, the wide-ranging conditions related with quality degradation regulations of ICZM were announced through natural and also man-made hazard under the Ministry of Marine Affairs and i.e. industrial contamination, waste Fisheries decree no.10 of 2002 entitled disposal, in-appropriate land use etc. “The guidelines for integrated coastal Overexploitation and degradation of planning” and has been renewed in decree coastal resources and changes in land use no. 16 of 2008 entitled “The planning and and land cover in the hinterland have

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altered and will continue to alter coastal Java. The critical area of mangrove forests ecosystems of the tropics (Jennerjahn et al. in Pemalang was 721.25 ha of the total 2008). 4427.98 ha potential area. Extensive The vulnerability of coastal mangrove forests are heavily damaged area communities and economic sectors to of 3,715.24 ha and covered 712.74 ha coastal flood is expected to increase in the (Forestry and Agriculture Department of coming decades to century due to both Pemalang, 2006). This condition is caused environmental and socioeconomic changes by the conversion of mangroves for (IPCC 2007; Ward et al. 2010). Coastal aquaculture or for human habitation. Joint communities have developed the cooperation of government with understanding about the disaster’s communities and NGOs was trying to condition. Local knowledge based on rehabilitate mangrove areas until the end of traditional method to understand climate 2005 has been successfully rehabilitated change has been practically guided local more than 465 ha mangrove area. As people to cope with coastal inundation, reported also by Wetland International in although they still suffer with the loss. It is Sahlan et al. (2010) that 10 - 20 years ago, common to have a physical scientist or the condition coast beaches still green and engineer to determine the probability of changed dramatically to barren even occurrence of the natural hazard, whereas though there was already reforestation social scientist usually best trained to deal efforts. Mangrove vegetation in Pemalang with vulnerability and exposure (Nott is distributed surrounding Ulujami district, 2006). In order to reduce the disaster risks, which consists of various types, of which mangrove forest has naturally grown and the most prevalent type is Rhizophora and creates the protecting system related with Avicennia sp. Most of land which is coastal ecosystem. located close to dikes, fish pond and river Mangrove ecosystem as part of the mouth are potentially overgrown for coastal ecosystem has significant role in mangroves habitat. the coastal area. Mangroves supply wood Furthermore, initiative process of products to support house construction, community guided by both academic and firewood and other non-wood forest government in identifying the problem has manufactures including cosmetic, and been made as results internal discussion medications. Mangroves are defined as among community member. Indigenous woody trees and shrubs which flourish in spatial data category has been produced mangrove habitats or mangals. (Hogart P, during the intensive affirmative meeting, 1999) At the ecosystem level, mangroves and contributes several alternative solution serve as habitat and breeding areas for including mangrove plantation, and eco- many commercially important fish and community creation. How the community crustaceans, provide detritus for offshore works should be noticed as participative fisheries, controls coastal erosion as well model which may be elaborated by another as maintaining water quality (Robertson et elements in conservancy. al. 1992; Kairo et al. 2002). Java as highest populated island in II. METHODOLOGY Indonesia also extensively face land use This paper performs community change together with the people’s need on capacity in coastal area due to coastal land for agriculture, industries, settlements flood and their activity. Mangrove planting and tourisms. Mangrove forest can be is developed by the community in the functionally changed for fisheries area to guidance of local government and NGO. obtain the fish product in several places. Primary data is conducted by survey and One of the remain mangrove forest in Java observation process, including the use of is located in Pemalang , Central GPS, and simple participative mapping (P-

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GIS). The benefits of local information Step 1 - gathered using in-depth interview also in identifies hazards in the FGD forum, which is cooperated by the community. Its output should private consultant, community, local identify, list down and describe government and NGO. Several data the nature of hazards in terms of produces including thematic map and its recurrence, seasonality, photos, with the support of secondary data location, possibility of early from statistic office (BPS) and village warning and general knowledge government office while, the consultative of the people about the hazard. information is functioned in supporting Step 2 - data analysis. captures the hazards, vulnerability and natural Participatory rural appraisal resources and facilities of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) community in community and/or is considered to be used in Lawangrejo digitized maps. community to obtain the simple approach Step 3 - to investigate the actual situation. This identifies and assesses the approach was developed in early 1990s vulnerabilities and capacities of with considerable shift in paradigm from the community in general but top-down to bottom-up approach, and from makes sure that there is gender blueprint to the learning process (Cavestro, disaggregation of data; special 2003). In fact, it is a shift from extractive needs groups like the children survey questionnaires to experience and disabled are given utmost sharing by local people. This method is considerations as well. where communities effectively manage Descriptive analysis is taken to their mangrove forest as part their natural explain data and information and GIS is resources. Several principles. Several beneficially used as tools to map the activities in PRA which used in community explanation together with Lawangrejo are: Mapping, Venn diagram, pictures and secondary data and Focused Group Discussion (FGD). documentations. Qualitative information These activities are responded the need of through interview and the FGD process are community to identify the problem related construed and analyzed as part of with the coastal flood occurrence, and how participatory appraisal. to manage the mangrove forest as part of solution. III. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING Participatory Disaster Risk Pemalang (Figure 1) is one district Assessment (PDRA) is the fourth step in that is located on the northern coast of Community Based Disaster Risk province. Astronomically Management (Abarquez and Murshed Pemalang is located between 109o 17 '30 "- 2004). PDRA is both a dialogue and a 109o 40' 30" east longitude and 7o20' 11" - negotiated process involving those at risk, 8o 52 '30 "- south latitude. Pemalang is authorities and other stakeholders. It is a located in the north part Central Java has process whereby all parties concerned potential variety of sectors in order to collect and analyze disaster risks speed up welfare society. Pemalang information, in order to make appropriate approximately has 34.6 km beach that plans and implement concrete actions to stretches from the eastern part Tasikrejo reduce and/or eliminate disaster risks that village, Ulujami district to the west part of will adversely affect their lives. Several Lawangrejo village, Pemalang district. In steps that constructed during this process the location, there are many areas of are described as follows.

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aquaculture and coastal mangrove forests district, and Petarukan district. They cover and crops for tackling abrasion protection. entirely 80, 44 km². Coastline of Pemalang Geologically, coastal part of divided into 16 coastal with its Pemalang defined from alluvial plain specific land characteristics. Pemalang are which dominantly whereas covers the dominantly consist of dry land northern part of the regencies and also (approximately 72,836 ha), and wet land combine with fluvial plain within low (approximately 38,694 ha). Rice fields steep and potential for flood occurrence. covering 38,694 ha, followed by forest Various types of soils in this area consist (29,972 ha), dry field / plantation (17,951 of grey hydromorph with clay texture and ha) and construction (14,875 ha) (BPS mixed with sandy soil as result of sediment 2009). Topography of Pemalang coastal process of the river. region consists of flat topography, with the average of 1.91 meters above sea level. Land Use and Topography Morphology plains sloping east ward with Administratively, coastal villages in an average slope of 2.38%. Starting from divide into 4 districts; coast to Southern part has undulating to Pemalang district, Taman district, Ulujami hill topography.

Central Java

Pemalang Regency

Figure 1. Research site position

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Climate Condition Geophysics Department (BMKG) In general, area of coastal villages of information, in 2000-2002, temperature Pemalang is categorized as tropical climate rise 0.3 ° C and slowly decreased in 2004 with maximum temperatures reaching then rose again in 2005. After that a 31.56 ° C. There is a temperature rising decline back in 2006 and rose back in 2007 tendency from 2000 to 2009. Based on a little further down and climb up to the Meteorology, Climatology, and year 2009 (Figure 2).

) C (

e r u t

a r e

p m e t

year Figure 2. Trend of annual average temperature in Pemalang Regency from 2000-2009

Oceanographic Condition height of 0.97 m. Coastal flood has Tides that occurred in Pemalang have damaged the house the area aquaculture. mixed pattern tilted single day. Amplitude Coastal flood occurs in the absence of of tides in coastal waters belong to mangrove forest since forest conversion relatively large and ranged between 90-110 for farming purpose (Sahlan et al. 2010). cm. Lowest tidal (LWL) range between 3- 40 cm and the highest between 140-160 Mangrove distribution in Lawangrejo cm. Direction and speed of currents in village coastal waters is influenced by Pemalang Mangrove vegetation in the coastal of current pattern in the Java Sea are highly Lawangrejo covering about 2 ha, of which variable and influenced by the season. In 1.3 ha are located at 1090 21 '12.9'' - 1090 West season (December-February) the 21' 28.4'' E and 60 51 '55'' S - 60 51 '58.6'' S current moves faster than west to the east and the rest are found spread around the with speeds ranging from 38 to 51 cm/sec. mouth of the River Plawangan (Figure 3). In East season (June-August) sea currents Coastal area of Lawangrejo village moving between 12-45 cm/sec from the consists of several zones with its own East to the West. characteristics. Mangrove area in the Village Lawangrejo is uniform as result of Coastal Flood Condition rehabilitation program of government. Regarding to the previous research of Sahlan et al. (2010) based on the IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION information the respondents, in 1988 there Mangrove Condition Inventory in has been a great flood occurred due Coastal Area of Lawangrejo Village collapse and flood water and rivers with an The mangroves are sources of highly average height of 1.26 meters. This flood valued commercial products and fishery covers almost of houses, farms and small resources and also as sites for developing a roads and destroyed most of infrastructures burgeoning eco‐tourism (Kathiresan and in several villages. The flood duration Bingham, 2001). The mangrove forests recedes to 19 hours. Coastal flood occurred have been shown to sustain more than 70 on average four times a year i.e. in May, direct human activities, ranging from June, July, and August with an average fuel‐wood collection to fisheries (Lucy,

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2006). Significant mutual role actively Mudflats (intertidal mud flats) in the outer shows equal position of mangrove mangrove and directly overlooks marine ecosystems and the productivity of fish habitats of various communities nekton and marine life in coastal area. Because of and the numbers are very overflow this and its location in a geologically very (Gunarto 2004). This may indicate that this active zone particularly its coastal area is rich feed source as a result of ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to primary production and high and the any kind of environmental change presence of secondary import organic (Lavigne and Gunnell 2006). Mangrove material from the sea and mangrove. dominantly lives in mud soil material.

Figure 3. Mangrove condition inventory in Lawangrejo village

Mangroves ecosystem in Lawangrejo alba and Avicennia marina including Several species are found in the area and major true mangrove species*1, categorized into several species. Excoecaria agallocha including minor Rhizopora mucronata (Rm), Avicennia true mangrove species*2 and Hibiscus alba (Aa), Avicennia marina (Am), E. tiliaceus including mangrove association agallocha (Ea) and Hibiscus tiliaceus type*3. Mangrove species classification is (Hi). According to Kitamura (1997) described in the Table 1. species Rhizopora mucronata, Avicennia

Table 1. Mangrove composition in coastal area of Lawangrejo Village, Pemalang Regency Famili Species Mangrove component Avicenniaceae Avicennia marina (api-api) Major Avicennia alba (api-api) Major Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata (bangka) Major Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha (madengan) Minor Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus (waru) Associative mangrove Source : Field work result of Forestry and Agriculture Department (2006) and classified using Kitamura (1997)

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*1) Major group shows vegetation morphology including, as the aerial root system, and the specific physiological mechanisms to excrete salt in order to adjust to the mangrove environment. *2) Minor group (coastal vegetation) is the vegetation that is not included in the striking community of plants - plants that are around their habitat and rarely creates pure stands. *3) Associative mangroves are a group of rare vegetation that grows in the actual mangrove communities and are often found in land plants.

Community mangrove forest which 2 ha in 1998-2000 due to looting by many called Hutan Bakau Rakyat (HBR) was people. However, around the mouth of the established near Krasak River with total Krasak River has widely planted by area of 10 ha, with the dominance of Rhizophora sp and Avicennia sp of about Rhizophora sp and Avicennia sp. The 0.2 ha. Rhizophora mucronata dominantly mangrove existence has destructed in 1995 spread in mangrove forest Lawangrejo as by floods and caterpillars and leaved 15% easy-growth breeding developed and of existing plants. Currently, the total area grown by the community and local of mangroves were located approximately government (Figure 4). 5000 4500 4000

3000

2000

1000 560 216,67

Individu/hectare (ha) Individu/hectare 75 112,5 0 Rm Aa Am Ea Hi

Type of Mangroves Figure 4. Density of each mangrove species (indv/ha) in Lawangrejo Village (Rhizopora mucronata (Rm), Avicenna alba (Aa), Avicennia marina (Am), Excoecaria agallocha (Ea) and Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hi))

According to community leaders of can lead into lower quality of environment Lawangrejo village, mangroves in the and also reduce productivity of agriculture. village was intensively grew well, even still quite widespread around 1980. But Communicative Education in starting in 1990, many died hit by a wave, Community Level abrasion and some people cut down for Operational management assistance firewood. There was also the clearing of and rehabilitation of mangrove mangrove areas for use as farming purpose ecosystems is implemented by developing in Lawangrejo village. In early 2000, methods of IEC (Information, Education government with communities and NGOs and Communication). Communication and started to plant mangroves along the coast information are confirmed primarily of Lawangrejo village, including vacant through training and counseling. land around river mouth and shoreline. Lawangrejo community is prepared This Related with the change of the training is an activity that provides two- ecosystem in this village, most people way communication between the stated that the conversion of mangroves community and its stakeholders, the use has forced the sea water to directly facilitator (NGOs) and the community, and strike the near coast area. This situation also among community members itself.

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Counseling is a non-formal education well as information about the technical system which people are shown how to get management of mangrove ecosystems on things satisfactorily, while they working on target and expected positive results of the their own or learn to do it by themselves. implementation of the conservation of In Lawangrejo, this activity contains mangrove ecosystem. While the discussion in community level. This information activities and physical session is focused on the problem education can be done through the identification and followed by training to installation of board invitations, warnings mangrove knowledge sharing. or restrictions on the area of mangrove Activities in discussion and provision ecosystems, to sustainability can be such as laws governing the management of maintained (Figure 5). mangrove ecosystems, local regulations as

Figure 5. Warning information board in mangrove forest to avoid destruction (Survey, 2011)

Training and counseling activities (Siswamas) in managing of are intended to give meaning to society mangrove forest. and refresh knowledge of the local community about the functions, benefits Participatory Involvement in Coastal of mangrove ecosystems and how the Disaster Risk Reduction management and rehabilitation of Institutional contribution inventory mangrove ecosystems with the sharing produce significant information of experiences among people with the regarding the community capacity in resources. These activities run disaster risk reduction. The consultative systematically, by simple made process informs that people are more curriculum system. The training enjoy having connection with the local curriculum is divided into several institutional instruments like RT or RW, themed with training modules, namely: although the consequences of a longer 1. Functions, benefits mangrove forest processing time. Institutions such as rehabilitation and improvement village and BPD LPMD do not framework conditions in coastal contribute maximally. During these region. institutions only deal limited functions, 2. Breeding, cultivation and while the community yet so perceived management of mangroves. role. While the existence of the farmer 3. Institutional strengthening and Social farms still felt by society because its Monitoring System which called activities are limited to those areas. For Sistem Pengawasan Masyarakat problems logging especially coastal

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mangrove Lawangrejo Village is still no about ways to overcome them (Figure clear coordination between village 6). officials, farmers and community groups

Figure 6. Community instrument contribution inventory on disaster risk reduction (Analysis: 2012)

Local Mangrove Management prominent figure like household chief “Pak Several local initiations with local RT/RW” to negotiate and make promising government collaboration in order to program in coastal flood adaptive strategy. reduce the damage also lead by local Mangrove planting has been made to instrument like rembug desa, musrenbang, reduce and overcome the huge impact of and rapat RT/RW in Lawangrejo village coastal flood as well as to improve the (Figure 7.a). These instruments mainly ecosystem and living hood quality through discuss the problem or issues in the local mechanism, also law for mangrove neighborhood until sub-districts level protection agreement to keep mangrove especially hazard or disaster events in their sustainability in the future. own places. The community rely their

a b

Figure 7. a) Community contribution in proposing mangrove protection agreement b) Local agreement in mangrove ecosystem protection (Rimba Bahari documentation)

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Coastal community in Lawangrejo addition, the environment is also village has already known and concerned conductively protected together to about environment, especially coastal optimize growth of mangrove ecosystems. mangrove ecosystems. This community These people usually planted mangroves has understood the importance and the on the banks of ponds and even in the benefits of mangrove ecosystems in the middle of the pond area as silvofishery environment regarding to their experience system by their self initiation. In the other in flooded situation. They agree to manage hand, problem identification also mangrove ecosystems as part of their objectively discussed in the internal responsibility as coastal residents. In meeting

Figure 8. Mangrove planting which organized by local community sponsored by local government

Participative Strength in Disaster Risk intermediate explanation about coastal Reduction flood historical experiences. High The participatory is powerful in enthusiasm will be great entrance to build building community supports. Elaborative conducive situation and bring scientific discussion dealing with the progress of ideas in simple communicative language. situation including flood period when it Mangrove planting as community happen in the past years will commits all action in disaster risk reduction affirms the community to reduce the potential damage capacity of community into real activity that might be happen in the future. This due to the hazard occurrence in living activity communicates historical places. Government and NGO join in experience of local inhabitants of coastal mutual position related the issues and flood hazards within subjectivity ideas. In submit the community recommendation the other way, the mapping activity relates into real decision and action. This basic local indigenous information with the cooperation will collaborate into several spatial information. This is meant to be programs that will optimize the simple participatory GIS which collected government existence in the coastal by consultative process during the problem community as vulnerable place inhabitants. identification (Figure 8). Question and The directive interaction of three elements statement during the process have been in society will create benefits to the future organized in order to give the basic or even works (Figure 9).

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Figure 9. Collaborative process in the community cooperation

V. DISCUSSION Table 2: Problem inventory based on Mangrove community establishment villager information in Lawangrejo Mngrove community in Lawangrejo No Problem was established based on the coastal flood 1. Waste contamination on coastal situation. Bottom-up initiation has provoke 2. Erosion of Plawangan river the head of the village to make program 3. Mangrove destruction related with the coastal flood reducement. 4. Fish production decrement At the beginning of the activities are 5. Financial capital problem for fisherman done either to the Government 6. Unavailability access to the beach socialization Pemalang and target groups. 7. Water deficient in Siguwu

At first, socialization was held on June 28 8. Low awareness in mangrove conservancy 9. The absence of drainage system in the and July 7, 2006 at home Mr. Hirsom, village head of the Rimba Bahari as farmer group 10. Abrasion in Lawangrejo. During the meeting 11. Low quality of road Lawangrejo villagers welcomed the event 12. Members of organization are not to be conducted because they feel there maximally functioned needs to be action to address coastal 13. Areal of mangrove still small damage which has occurred in the area 15 Many dead mangrove seedlings during this time. In addition to the enthusiasm was so great because during Based on the problem inventory, greening coastal conducted so far only community reasonably formulate idea to physical activity without any public rehabilitate the mangrove forest as solution assistance. to reduce the hazard sequence related to Initiative meeting constructs coastal flood. The purpose of this activity cooperative discussion to address coastal is to strengthen coastal area from the wave damage that has occurred in the area that may increase and followed by the during this time. Furthermore, the coastal flood. Around 50 thousand mangrove plantation is welcomed by mangrove seedlings in the coastal village community as well as plantation activity of Lawangrejo rod. This idea is followed which organized together between by the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries community, government and NGO. During Affairs of to deliver seeds as the session, many participants in part of the rehabilitation program that Lawangrejo confirm several issues related already launched that year. Guide and with environmental and non environmental assistance for people to find a suitable and problems in their village. (see table 2) safe planting location. In the meeting also agreed several step of seedlings preparation and planting plans.

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Contribution in Disaster risk reduction program Problem Alternative Time Person Community assistance in preparing solution in the work plan (RKM) were improved by charge Technical of Participation (TOP). This Financial  Financing Sustain- d approach encourages the active capital proposal able problem of participation of the target group to examine  Bank fishermen approaching the issues that arise in the village program Lawangrejo whether related to the Unavailability Road proposal in 2006 a management of green belt or other aspects access to the community including socio-economic. From the results beach mangrove forest of the study these issues further efforts to (HBR) Water Building 2008 a, b formulate solutions to optimize and utilize deficient in structure to all its potential. Capacity building of the Siguwu connect community also held by the local Plawangan and government The workshop management of Siguwu river community-based the green belt was held Low  Routine Sustain- b awareness in monitoring able at Development and Planning Board mangrove  Law (Bappeda) office of Pemalang. This conservancy enforcement meeting results several program that The absence Drainage October a, b indicates disaster risk based on the of drainage proposal for 2008 preliminary meeting in the community system in the government level. ( see tTable 3) village Abrasion  Coordination October- a, b with Decem- Table 3. Action plan of mangrove government ber 2006 community (Rimba Bahari) in Lawangrejo  Mangrove village including disaster risk reduction planting program  Dikes construction to Problem Alternative Time Person reduce waves Low quality Road 2007 a solution in of road improvement charge program with Waste Socialization of Sustain- a, b concrete contaminati coastal able Members of Meeting and Every b on on destruction organization training month coastal area impact and law are not enforcement maximally Erosion of  Building dikes Sustain- a, b functioned Plawangan  River dredging able Areal of 50,000 seeds of mid July. b river  Mangrove mangrove mangrove of 2006 replant still small planting Mangrove  maintanance Sustain- a, b, c Second stage of mid. b destruction  law able mangrove August enforcement planting near 2006 and society Plawangan river enlighment Many dead Maintenance Sustain- d, e, f about mangrove mangrove able benefits seedling  mangrove Source: Analysis (2012) monitoring a) Head of village Fish Fish feeding Sustain- a, b b) Head of Rimba Bahari production training able c) Police and military decrement d) Ministry of ocean and fisheries affair

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e) Forestry department addresses the community. The outlooks, f) Environmental department abilities and practices that are presented Regarding from the initial meeting, here are distinctive from those elements utilization of mangrove by society and understanding conventionally related organized in spirit of to protecting and to emergency or disaster management. preserve. Meanwhile, the local government These bodies of practice have been known, as policy maker should be firm in variously, as civil defense, emergency upholding the rule of law relating to the assistance, disaster response and relief, management of coastal areas. Management humanitarian assistance, emergency of mangrove Lawangrejo based on the management, civil protection, disaster agreement work plan and contains mitigation and prevention, and total mangrove maintenance, repair and disaster risk management. development of new areas. Rimba Bahari Mangrove forest management should as initiated groups consist of villagers who be integrated by the community, have agreed to maintain the mangrove, as government and other stakeholders part of their living hood. Elaborative professionally and competent. Coastal communication between the group and community in Lawangrejo village, local government positively agreed in Pemalang regency has built cooperative terms of supporting the community in system to coastal flood avoidance in their mangrove forest management. Local area. Participative collaboration within instrument propose higher authorities with community, local government and NGO guidance to sponsors local forest creates real action plan including problem management which constructed in the local identification, survey and mapping, until agreement in Lawangrejo community and mangrove plantation as alternative administrators of the Rimba Bahari. solutions for coastal disaster risk reduction. Contain of the rules are described as The disaster risk management is already follows: modified into basic need of ecosystem 1. Each group member has a responsibility rehabilitation with high concerning of and obligation to maintain, preserve and community participation. conserve mangroves in Lawangrejo. 2. Every decision, benefit in the area of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Lawangrejo mangroves must be This paper is submitted for approved by Rimba Bahari. Proceeding of Ecosystem Based Disaster 3. Captured fish, shrimp, crabs and other Risk Reduction of Faculty Geography mangrove planting sites should pay conducted by the group of students in Joint attention to and preserve the mangrove Student Project (JSP) of CNRD (Center of planting. Natural Resources and Development) in 4. Warning board manufacturing appeals, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The author warnings, and solicitation in damaging expresses his gratitude to Dr. Udo Nehren the mangrove forest. for his helpful reviews. 5. Mangrove forest maintenance gathered by the group during 3 months after REFERENCES planting. 6. Any destruction of mangrove forests Abarquez I and Murshed (2004) will be penalized in the form of a Community-based disaster risk complaint to the authorities. management Field Practitioners’ Handbook. ADPC, Thailand Asian VI. CONCLUSION Disaster Preparedness Center It is important to establish a common (ADPC). understanding of the basic tenets of BPS (2009) Pemalang in figures. Jakarta: disaster risk reduction as this review BPS

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