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Insights Into Early Earth Ocean Biogeochemistry from Intensive Monitoring of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes

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Insights Into Early Earth Ocean Biogeochemistry from Intensive Monitoring of Two Ferruginous Meromictic Lakes Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 Insights into early Earth ocean biogeochemistry from intensive monitoring of two ferruginous meromictic lakes Nicholas Lambrecht Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons, Geochemistry Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Lambrecht, Nicholas, "Insights into early Earth ocean biogeochemistry from intensive monitoring of two ferruginous meromictic lakes" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17493. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17493 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Insights into early Earth ocean biogeochemistry from intensive monitoring of two ferruginous meromictic lakes by Nicholas Lambrecht A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Microbiology Program of Study Committee: Elizabeth Swanner, Major Professor Heather Allen Steven Hall Adina Howe Alan Wanamaker The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © Nicholas Lambrecht, 2019. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. vii NOMENCLATURE .............................................................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Precambrian ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Dissertation organization ........................................................................................ 5 1.3 References ............................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2. GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO FERRUGINOUS MEROMICTIC LAKES IN THE UPPER MIDWEST, U.S.A .............................................. 12 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Methods................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Brownie and Canyon Lakes .......................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Sample Collection ......................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Sensors ........................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Preservation and Chemical Analysis ............................................................. 18 2.3.5 Major dissolved ions ..................................................................................... 18 2.3.6 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Methane, and Water Isotopes............... 19 2.3.7 Mineral Saturation ......................................................................................... 19 2.4 Results ................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Physical and Chemical Indicators of Stratification ....................................... 20 2.4.2 Depth Profiles of Redox-Sensitive Elements (Oxygen, Iron, Manganese, Sulfate, Sulfide) ...................................................................................................... 23 2.4.2.1 Brownie Lake .........................................................................................23 2.4.2.2 Canyon Lake ..........................................................................................24 2.4.3 Depth Profiles of Nutrients (Total Phosphorus, Nitrate, Ammonium) ......... 26 2.4.3.1 Brownie Lake .........................................................................................26 2.4.3.2 Canyon Lake ..........................................................................................27 2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 28 2.5.1 Brownie Lake ................................................................................................ 28 2.5.1.1 Modern and Historical Stratification ......................................................28 2.5.1.2 Redox Profiles ........................................................................................31 iii 2.5.1.3 Nutrient Profiles .....................................................................................33 2.5.1.4 Mineralogy .............................................................................................35 2.5.2 Canyon Lake .................................................................................................. 36 2.5.2.1 Modern and Historical Stratification ......................................................36 2.5.2.2 Water Isotope Profiles ............................................................................37 2.5.2.3 Redox Profiles ........................................................................................39 2.5.2.4 Nutrient Profiles .....................................................................................40 2.5.2.5 Mineralogy .............................................................................................40 2.5.3 Implications for Archean Ocean Biogeochemistry ....................................... 41 2.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 46 2.7 Acknowledgments................................................................................................. 47 2.8 References ............................................................................................................. 47 2.9 Supporting Information ......................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. BIOGECHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONTROLS ON METHANE FLUXES FROM TWO FERRUGINOUS MEROMICTIC LAKES...................................... 68 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 68 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 69 3.3 Methods................................................................................................................. 72 3.3.1 Site Description and Sample Collection ........................................................ 72 3.3.2 Water Column Profiles .................................................................................. 73 3.3.3 Aqueous Geochemistry ................................................................................. 75 3.3.4 Methane and DIC Concentration, Isotopes, and Flux ................................... 75 3.3.5 Flux Modeling at Brownie Lake ................................................................... 76 3.3.6 Microbiology ................................................................................................. 77 3.3.6.1 Sample Collection, Filtering, and Preservation .....................................77 3.3.6.2 DNA Extraction .....................................................................................78 3.4 Results ................................................................................................................... 78 3.4.1 Geochemical Conditions ............................................................................... 78 3.4.1.1 Brownie Lake .........................................................................................78 3.4.1.2 Canyon Lake ..........................................................................................79 3.4.2 Methane and DIC .......................................................................................... 81 3.4.2.1 Brownie Lake .........................................................................................81 3.4.2.2 Canyon Lake ..........................................................................................81 3.4.3 Methane Flux ................................................................................................. 83 3.4.4 Microbial Composition of Methane
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