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The Internet and Drug Markets
INSIGHTS EN ISSN THE INTERNET AND DRUG MARKETS 2314-9264 The internet and drug markets 21 The internet and drug markets EMCDDA project group Jane Mounteney, Alessandra Bo and Alberto Oteo 21 Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN: 978-92-9168-841-8 doi:10.2810/324608 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This publication should be referenced as: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016), The internet and drug markets, EMCDDA Insights 21, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. References to chapters in this publication should include, where relevant, references to the authors of each chapter, together with a reference to the wider publication. For example: Mounteney, J., Oteo, A. and Griffiths, P. -
An Evolving Threat the Deep Web
8 An Evolving Threat The Deep Web Learning Objectives distribute 1. Explain the differences between the deep web and darknets.or 2. Understand how the darknets are accessed. 3. Discuss the hidden wiki and how it is useful to criminals. 4. Understand the anonymity offered by the deep web. 5. Discuss the legal issues associated withpost, use of the deep web and the darknets. The action aimed to stop the sale, distribution and promotion of illegal and harmful items, including weapons and drugs, which were being sold on online ‘dark’ marketplaces. Operation Onymous, coordinated by Europol’s Europeancopy, Cybercrime Centre (EC3), the FBI, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) and Eurojust, resulted in 17 arrests of vendors andnot administrators running these online marketplaces and more than 410 hidden services being taken down. In addition, bitcoins worth approximately USD 1 million, EUR 180,000 Do in cash, drugs, gold and silver were seized. —Europol, 20141 143 Copyright ©2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 144 Cyberspace, Cybersecurity, and Cybercrime THINK ABOUT IT 8.1 Surface Web and Deep Web Google, Facebook, and any website you can What Would You Do? find via traditional search engines (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, etc.) are all located 1. The deep web offers users an anonym- on the surface web. It is likely that when you ity that the surface web cannot provide. use the Internet for research and/or social What would you do if you knew that purposes you are using the surface web. -
USA -V- Julian Assange Judgment
JUDICIARY OF ENGLAND AND WALES District Judge (Magistrates’ Court) Vanessa Baraitser In the Westminster Magistrates’ Court Between: THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Requesting State -v- JULIAN PAUL ASSANGE Requested Person INDEX Page A. Introduction 2 a. The Request 2 b. Procedural History (US) 3 c. Procedural History (UK) 4 B. The Conduct 5 a. Second Superseding Indictment 5 b. Alleged Conduct 9 c. The Evidence 15 C. Issues Raised 15 D. The US-UK Treaty 16 E. Initial Stages of the Extradition Hearing 25 a. Section 78(2) 25 b. Section 78(4) 26 I. Section 78(4)(a) 26 II. Section 78(4)(b) 26 i. Section 137(3)(a): The Conduct 27 ii. Section 137(3)(b): Dual Criminality 27 1 The first strand (count 2) 33 The second strand (counts 3-14,1,18) and Article 10 34 The third strand (counts 15-17, 1) and Article 10 43 The right to truth/ Necessity 50 iii. Section 137(3)(c): maximum sentence requirement 53 F. Bars to Extradition 53 a. Section 81 (Extraneous Considerations) 53 I. Section 81(a) 55 II. Section 81(b) 69 b. Section 82 (Passage of Time) 71 G. Human Rights 76 a. Article 6 84 b. Article 7 82 c. Article 10 88 H. Health – Section 91 92 a. Prison Conditions 93 I. Pre-Trial 93 II. Post-Trial 98 b. Psychiatric Evidence 101 I. The defence medical evidence 101 II. The US medical evidence 105 III. Findings on the medical evidence 108 c. The Turner Criteria 111 I. -
Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows
Open Secrecy 1 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soz140/5805358 by National University of Singapore user on 17 March 2020 March 17 on user Singapore of University National by https://academic.oup.com/sf/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/sf/soz140/5805358 from Downloaded Open Secrecy Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows Isak Ladegaard, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Monash University an organized illegal activities grow stronger and more advanced in response to legal pressure? In October 2013, the FBI shut down Silk Road, a thriving C e-commerce market for illegal drugs. After the shock, market actors adopted a new identity verification method that enabled mass-migration to other markets, and created websites for information distribution that reduced post-shock uncertainties. The outcome was a decentralized market in which actors could operate in “open secrecy” across multiple websites. With verifiable pseudonyms and securely obfus- cated real-world identities, actors could publicly discuss, plan, and participate in illegal activities. Threats from police and opportunistic criminals persisted but were no longer crippling concerns as buyers and sellers could reasonably expect that their exchange partners would be available for future business; the illegal market could operate more like a legal one. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the author argues that advances in information technology have expanded the opportunity structure for cooperation and creative problem-solving in the underworld, and therefore that shocks did not hinder but rather stimulate development in digital drug markets. -
Julian Assange Judgment
JUDICIARY OF ENGLAND AND WALES District Judge (Magistrates’ Court) Vanessa Baraitser In the Westminster Magistrates’ Court Between: THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Requesting State -v- JULIAN PAUL ASSANGE Requested Person INDEX Page A. Introduction 2 a. The Request 2 b. Procedural History (US) 3 c. Procedural History (UK) 4 B. The Conduct 5 a. Second Superseding Indictment 5 b. Alleged Conduct 9 c. The Evidence 15 C. Issues Raised 15 D. The US-UK Treaty 16 E. Initial Stages of the Extradition Hearing 25 a. Section 78(2) 25 b. Section 78(4) 26 I. Section 78(4)(a) 26 II. Section 78(4)(b) 26 i. Section 137(3)(a): The Conduct 27 ii. Section 137(3)(b): Dual Criminality 27 1 The first strand (count 2) 33 The second strand (counts 3-14,1,18) and Article 10 34 The third strand (counts 15-17, 1) and Article 10 43 The right to truth/ Necessity 50 iii. Section 137(3)(c): maximum sentence requirement 53 F. Bars to Extradition 53 a. Section 81 (Extraneous Considerations) 53 I. Section 81(a) 55 II. Section 81(b) 69 b. Section 82 (Passage of Time) 71 G. Human Rights 76 a. Article 6 84 b. Article 7 82 c. Article 10 88 H. Health – Section 91 92 a. Prison Conditions 93 I. Pre-Trial 93 II. Post-Trial 98 b. Psychiatric Evidence 101 I. The defence medical evidence 101 II. The US medical evidence 105 III. Findings on the medical evidence 108 c. The Turner Criteria 111 I. -
Says a Friend of Benthall's
54 I At 3:15 P.M. on October 1, 2013, Ross Ulbricht’s career as a drug kingpin came to an end in the science- fiction section of San Francisco’s Glen Park Library. The 29-year- old had walked up the steps just inside the modern stone building, passed the librarian working at the circula- tion desk and taken a seat at a far corner table near a window. It was a sunny day, but the small community library was filled with people. Ulbricht, with his easy smile and thick mop of brown hair, was dressed in blue jeans web of lies_ AN UNDERGROUND, ANONYMOUS INTERNET— THE DEEP WEB—IS THE LAST LAWLESS FRONTIER ON EARTH. BUT NOTHING COULD SAVE ITS KINGPINS FROM THE PAINFUL CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN ERROR BY JOSHUA HUNT and a T-shirt. The hand- ful of people reading and wandering among rows of novels nearby weren’t dressed much differently, but beneath their shirts and jackets they wore vests that identified them as FBI agents. Until the moment they rushed Ulbricht, pushing him up against a window to handcuff him as other agents seized his laptop before he could lock it down, nobody suspected anything out of place. The cuffs went on and a small crowd gathered, but Ulbricht just looked out at the afternoon sun. Ulbricht was an educated person, with a master’s degree in 55 materials science and engi- neering from Penn State. He was a good son from a good Texas family, an un- likely addition to the list of men who had changed the shape and scale of drug distribution in Amer- ica. -
Deep Web for Journalists: Comms, Counter-Surveillance, Search
Deep Web for Journalists: Comms, Counter-surveillance, Search Special Complimentary Edition for Delegates attending the 28th World Congress of the International Federation of Journalists * By Alan Pearce Edited by Sarah Horner * © Alan Pearce June 2013 www.deepwebguides.com Table of Contents Introduction by the International Federation of Journalists A Dangerous Digital World What is the Deep Web and why is it useful to Journalists? How Intelligence Gathering Works How this affects Journalists 1 SECURITY ALERT . Setting up Defenses 2 Accessing Hidden Networks . Using Tor . Entry Points 3 Secure Communications . Email . Scramble Calls . Secret Messaging . Private Messaging . Deep Chat . Deep Social Networks 4 Concealed Carry 5 Hiding Things . Transferring Secret Data . Hosting, Storing and Sharing . Encryption . Steganography – hiding things inside things 6 Smartphones . Counter-Intrusion . 007 Apps 7 IP Cameras 8 Keeping out the Spies . Recommended Free Programs . Cleaning Up . Erasing History . Alternative Software Share the Knowledge About the Authors Foreword by the International Federation of Journalists Navigating the Dangerous Cyber Jungle Online media safety is of the highest importance to the International Federation of Journalists. After all, the victims are often our members. The IFJ is the world’s largest organization of journalists and our focus is on ways and means to stop physical attacks, harassment and the killing of journalists and media staff. In an age where journalism – like everything else in modern life – is dominated by the Internet, online safety is emerging as a new front. In this new war, repressive regimes now keep a prying eye on what journalists say, write and film. They want to monitor contacts and they want to suppress information. -
Troll Hunting
For my father, Brian, who taught me to love wor ds. Hell is empty, and all the devils are here. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2 THIS IS A work of nonfiction, researched and documented to the best of my ability. There were significant security risks in writing this book. I sought expert advice and wrote according to it. Therefore, some of the trolling syndicates mentioned within these pages have been given pseudonyms or go unnamed. Likewise, some of the trolls themselves are discussed only with a pseudonym. A few of the trolls who spoke to me behind the scenes are not named at all and others are composites or have been segmented. Some readers may be critical of the decision to provide anonymity for people who are hurting others so much. However, sometimes access to information comes at a cost – and, all things being equal, the trolls gave me great access. By the same token, some predator-troll victims are in physical danger. This is especially true where domestic violence is involved. In those cases, names and other identifying details may have been altered but the facts of the stories are unchanged. I have worked hard to quote all interviewees verbatim, but for the sake of readability have corrected some spelling errors and syntax. When I’m messaging with trolls in the United States, I use Australian spelling and they use American spelling. For authenticity, I’ve left this as is. This is a book about the internet and how it bleeds into real life. When quoting links and screenshots, I’ve aimed for accuracy. -
The Dark Web and Anonymity Who’S Speaking?
The Dark Web and Anonymity Who’s Speaking? Brian Pichman Justin Denton • President & Chief Education Officer, LibChalk • President & Chief Innovation Officer, Libchalk • • Director of Strategic Innovation, Evolve Project Director of the Personal Support Center, Collegis Education • Manager of the Personal Support Center, Collegis Education Justin Denton is a driven new technology adopter that utilizes Brian is a presenter, a collaborator, an innovator, and a his vast experience within the technology industry to implement technology expert/trend spotter. Brian is able to provide and manage solutions based environments. Driven by the technology audits, make library design recommendations, and passion to learn Justin also co-focuses on developmental provide solutions to problems all with an effective cost strategy. learning activities through his efforts as Faculty Member and Leader. The Dark Web and Privacy • The term the dark web is often used - but what does it mean? While its often associated with the under-belly of the Internet. It goes beyond the under-belly and can provide resources to protect your users privacy. • In this session, we will explore: • The origins of the Dark Web • Anonymous Browsing tools like the Tor Project • Navigating the Dark Web - Including the pitfalls • Explore tools hackers use to exploit companies and us • Whether you plan to implement new tools at your library or educate your users - this workshop will help you become knowledgeable on the Dark Web. Disclaimer • Technology is inherently neutral. • It can be used by bad people to bad things • It can be used by good people to do good things. • This presentation is provided for informational and technical training purposes only. -
Battle Against Anonymous Browsing
The Battle Against Anonymous Browsing: The Security Challenges Presented by Tor Brief Introduction • David A. Vargas – Work • President, VATG, Inc. – Teaching • Professor of Networking and Network Security – Education • BA, The George Washington University • MS, The Johns Hopkins University – Training: • Navy Cryptography • Army Counterintelligence • Security Audit, Malware Analysis, Digital Forensics, etc. – Primary certs: • CISSP, CISM, and CEHv7 Presentation Outline • Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • What is Tor? • Detecting Tor • Chinks in the Armor - The Exit Node Problem • Tor Attacks and Takedowns • Does Tor Have a Future? Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • Surface Web: – The visible web that we are most familiar with Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • What you find when you look deeper: Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness • Dark Web: – Consists of sites that are private or at least accessible only by those who know what they are looking for – Because of its anonymity, frequently used by deviant subcultures (criminals, pedophiles, etc.) Aside: A comment on the terms Introduction to the Dark Web - Hiding in Darkness Surface Web (where most of you surf) Dark Web (where only some of you surf – in some cases the FBI would like to meet with you) Estimates have suggested that the deep web is 4,000 to 5,000 times larger than the surface web. Searching the Dark • Although the dark web exists on the very same Grams Darknet -
From Dealer to Doorstep – How Drugs Are Sold on the Dark Net Alois Afilipoaie and Patrick Shortis
GDPO Situation Analysis June 2015 From Dealer to Doorstep – How Drugs Are Sold On the Dark Net Alois Afilipoaie and Patrick Shortis Subject The growing trade in narcotics being sold over the Tor Dark Net is causing academics, law enforcement and policy makers to reassess the impact of ICT technology on real-world crime. Despite growing media attention there are many misconceptions about the difficulty involved and technical knowledge required to participate in these markets and successfully make a sale or purchase. This Situation Analysis aims to explain some of the common practices that vendors and customers alike undertake in order to conduct a secure purchase or sale. The Common Starting Point: Computer Security Regardless of buying or selling, both parties must first ensure their computer system is properly secure before engaging in illicit activity. An average internet user leaves data trails that law enforcement can follow and therefore understanding how to obfuscate or remove these trails altogether is a constant concern of Dark Net market participants. Tor1, Bitcoin2 and PGP (Pretty Good Encryption) 3 encryption are three key technologies that allow successful participation in Dark Net markets. • Tor - Makes tracking a user via their IP address very difficult by bouncing encrypted data through relays prior to their intended destination. • Bitcoin - Allows members to use a currency that is difficult to trace to a real-world identity and easy to launder online. • PGP - Allows messages that might be intercepted by third parties to remain unreadable by anyone who is not the intended recipient of the message, rendering attempts to intercept and read messages between users extremely difficult. -
Classifying Illegal Activities on Tor Network Based on Web Textual Contents Mhd Wesam Al Nabki1,2, Eduardo Fidalgo1,2, Enrique Alegre1,2, and Ivan De Paz1,2
Classifying Illegal Activities on Tor Network Based on Web Textual Contents Mhd Wesam Al Nabki1,2, Eduardo Fidalgo1,2, Enrique Alegre1,2, and Ivan de Paz1,2 1Department of Electrical, Systems and Automation, University of Leon,´ Spain 2 Researcher at INCIBE (Spanish National Cybersecurity Institute), Leon,´ Spain mnab, eduardo.fidalgo, ealeg, ivan.paz.centeno @unileon.es { } Abstract indexed by the standard search engines, such as Google or Bing. However, despite their existence, The freedom of the Deep Web offers a there is still an enormous part of the web remained safe place where people can express them- without indexing due to its vast size and the lack selves anonymously but they also can of hyperlinks, i.e. not referenced by the other web conduct illegal activities. In this pa- pages. This part, that can not be found using a per, we present and make publicly avail- search engine, is known as Deep Web (Noor et 1 able a new dataset for Darknet active do- al., 2011; Boswell, 2016). Additionally, the con- mains, which we call it ”Darknet Usage tent might be locked and requires human interac- Text Addresses” (DUTA). We built DUTA tion to access e.g. to solve a CAPTCHA or to en- by sampling the Tor network during two ter a log-in credential to access. This type of web months and manually labeled each ad- pages is referred to as ”database-driven” websites. dress into 26 classes. Using DUTA, Moreover, the traditional search engines do not ex- we conducted a comparison between two amine the underneath layers of the web, and con- well-known text representation techniques sequently, do not reach the Deep Web.