The “All-American” Eclipse a Guide for Public Libraries and Their Communities
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Illuminating Eclipses: Astronomy and Chronology in King Lear
Brief Chronicles Vol. II (2010) 32 Illuminating Eclipses: Astronomy and Chronology in King Lear Hanno Wember ohann Gottfried Herder wrote his famous essay Shakespeare in 1772. He was (as Wieland, Lessing and, of course, Goethe and Schiller) one of the 18th century German writers “who first embraced Shakespeare and welcomed his Jgenius as a dramatist.”1 In his 1980 introduction to Herder’s essay, Konrad Nussbächer wrote: “Shakespeare is not, as it appeared in the 18th century, a natural genius growing up in the wild, but a highly cultured, artful Renaissance poet and practitioner of the stage.” Astronomy was one of the liberal arts and sciences a “highly cultured” man of Renaissance England was expected to know. This essay will review a few illuminating examples of Shakespeare’s profound knowledge of astronomy, and will examine a new astronomical reference that could shed significant new light on Shakespearean chronology. Shakespeare’s Astronomy In many regards Shakespeare had a better knowledge of the relationship between the moon and the tides2 than his distinguished contemporary Galileo (1564 - 1642), who tried to explain the tides by the two motions of the earth, correlating to the day and the year.3 This was an erroneous explanation for ebb and flow. But while Galileo refused to acknowledge any tidal influence of the moon, Bernardo knew better, referring to the moon as the Brief Chronicles Vol. II (2010) 33 moist star Upon whose influence Neptune’s empire stands (Hamlet, I.1.135)4 To Prince Henry, likewise, the moon commands the tides: The fortune of us that are moon’s men doth ebb and flow like the sea, being governed as the sea is by the moon…..Now in as low an ebb as the foot of the ladder, and by and by in as high a flow as the ridge of the gallows. -
Variation of Secondary Cosmic Gamma Ray Flux During Lunar Eclipse
Variation of secondary cosmic gamma ray flux during lunar eclipse S. Roy* , S. Chatterjee , S. Chakraborty** , S. Biswas , S. Das , S. K. Ghosh , S. Raha Department of Physics (CAPSS), Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Astronomical events such as Solar eclipses and Lunar eclipses provide the opportunity for studying the disturbance produced in the atmosphere and its effect on cosmic ray intensity. There are earlier reports on decrease in secondary cosmic gamma ray (SCGR) flux during solar eclipse and enhancement of the same during lunar eclipse [1-4]. We have measured the variation of SCGR flux during two lunar eclipses that took place in India in the year 2018, one on 31st of January and the other on 27th of July. Both the measurements have been carried out in the Detector laboratory of Bose Institute, Kolkata, India, using NaI (Tl) scintillator detector. We observed slight increment of SCGR during the lunar eclipse of January. We did not observe any significant changes in SCGR during lunar eclipse of July. Experimental Setup ❖ NaI(Tl) scintillator detector is used. Size of the crystal: 5.1cm × 5.1cm ❖ Gamma ray sources used for detector calibration: 137Cs (662 keV), ❖ PMT bias: +600V. Signals are amplified and shaped before sending 60Co (1173 keV and 1332 keV) and 22Na (551 keV) them to MCA for energy spectrum accumulation ORTEC-556 ORTEC-671 Schematic of the signal processing electronics Picture of the experimental setup Gamma ray spectra with different configurations of lead shielding ADC -
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction. -
Next Meeting on August14th MAS Picnic Solar Eclipse
July, 2017 Next Meeting on August14th The Milwaukee Astronomical Society will hold its next meeting on Monday, August 14h, from 7 PM at the Observatory. This is going to be a combined Board / Membership Meeting, where mostly organizational and Observatory related issues will be discussed. As always, the Observatory is open on Saturday nights, and also when it is posted Inside this on the Google Group. July meeting 1 MAS Picnic 1 MAS Picnic Solar Eclipse 1 Don’t forget about our annual picnic, which will th Meeting Minutes 2 be held on Saturday, August 5 at 4:00 PM at the Observatory. Come and join us, together with your Membership 2 family and friends. Treasurer Report 2 Please bring your favorite dish to pass. Beverages and charcoal grill will be provided. Observatory 2 Director‘s Report While enjoying the fellowship, you can take the opportunity to check out the modernized Quonset if Yerkes Star Party 3 you have not done so yet. Sun observation will also MAS Campout 4 be possible. See you there, in rain or shine! In the news 5 Adopt a Scope 6 Officers/Staff 6 Keyholders 6 Solar Eclipse The upcoming total solar eclipse on August 21st is easily the most anticipated astronomical event of the year. For many who get to view one of these, it becomes a life changing event. Some even go on to chase these eclipses throughout the world. Although our Club hosts certain astronomical events such as Mercury and Venus transits, lunar eclipses, we will not be holding an open house at the observatory on August 21st for the solar eclipse. -
Viewing an Eclipse Safely
ECLIPSES SOLAR an eclipse safely How to observe SOLAR ECLIPSE, OCTOBER 2014, BY LEMAN NORTHWAY Solar eclipses are quite rare and are often a major event. The SOLAR ECLIPSES Moon passes right in front of the Sun, blotting out its disc. Every time a solar eclipse occurs there are various things to look for. However, it is extremely dangerous to just go out and look up. The Sun is so bright that just looking at it can blind you, so you’ll need to prepare beforehand. There are various ways to observe eclipses safely, using both everyday materials and telescopes or binoculars. So read this leaflet Introduction to find out what happens during an eclipse and how you can see all the stages of the event safely. This booklet was written by the Royal Astronomical Society with The Society for Popular Astronomy and is endorsed by the British Astronomical Association The Royal Astronomical The Society for Popular Formed in 1890, the Society, founded in Astronomy is for British Astronomical 1820, encourages and beginners of all ages. Our Association has an promotes the study of aim is to make astronomy international reputation astronomy, solar-system fun, and our magazine, for the quality of science, geophysics and Popular Astronomy, is full its observational closely related branches of information to help and scientific work. of science. you get to know the Membership is open to www.ras.org.uk sky and get involved. We even have a special Young all persons interested in HIGGS-BOSON.COM JOHNSON: PAUL BY D Stargazers section, run by TV’s Lucie Green. -
1986Aj 92.120Id the Astronomical Journal Volume 92, Number 5 November 1986 Modeling Pluto-Charon Mutual Eclipse Events. I. First
THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 92, NUMBER 5 NOVEMBER 1986 92.120ID MODELING PLUTO-CHARON MUTUAL ECLIPSE EVENTS. I. FIRST-ORDER MODELS R. Scott Dunbar and Edward F. Tedesco Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 1986AJ Received 29 May 1986; revised 7August 1986 ABSTRACT We present numerical and analytical models describing the light curves resulting from mutual events between close planetary binaries, with particular application to the Pluto-Charon system. These models are referred to as “first-order” models because they incorporate the effects of shadowing in such sys- tems, in contrast to “zeroth-order” models, which do not include shadowing. The shadows cast between close binaries of similar size (as in the case of Pluto and Charon) can be treated as extensions of the eclipsing bodies themselves at small solar phase angles. Shadowing plays a major role in the morphology of mutual event light curves. The numerical approach is a straightforward, but computationally inten- sive, discrete-element integration. The analytical approach uses a conceptually simple model of three circular disks, representing the planet, satellite, and shadow, and computes the complex geometric relationship among these three disks to obtain the eclipse magnitude at each time step. The results of the two models agree to well within the expected light-curve measurement error. A preliminary model fit to the depths of five mutual eclipse events observed in 1985 and 1986 gives eclipse light-curve-derived estimates of the orbit radius C = 16.5 + 0.5 Pluto radii, the radius ratio B0 = 0.65 + 0.03, and the Charon:Pluto albedo ratio K — 0.55 + 0.15. -
Solar and Lunar Eclipses Reading
Eclipses What would you think if you were walking home from school on a sunny afternoon and the sun began to disappear? Would you be frightened? On rare occasions, the moon completely blocks the sun. The sky grows as dark as night even in the middle of a clear day. The air gets cool and the sky becomes an eerie color. If you don’t know what is happening, you can become very frightened. The moon doesn’t usually go directly between Earth and the sun or directly behind Earth. As the diagram below shows, the moon’s orbit around Earth is slightly tilted with respect to Earth’s orbit around the sun. As a result, in most months the moon revolves completely around Earth without the moon moving into Earth’s shadow or the moon’s shadow hitting Earth. When the moon’s shadow hits Earth or Earth’s shadow hits the moon, an eclipse occurs. An eclipse (ih klips) occurs when an object in space comes between the sun and a third object, and casts a shadow on that object. There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses and lunar eclipses. (The words solar and lunar come from the Latin words for “sun” and “moon.”) The Tilt of the Moon’s Orbit The moon’s orbit is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbit. So the moon rarely goes directly between Earth and the sun. Solar Eclipses During a new moon, the moon is almost exactly between Earth and the sun. But most months, as you have seen, the moon travels a little above or below the sun in the sky. -
The Art of Performance a Critical Anthology
THE ART OF PERFORMANCE A CRITICAL ANTHOLOGY edited by GREGORY BATTCOCK AND ROBERT NICKAS /ubu editions 2010 The Art of Performance A Critical Anthology 1984 Edited By: Gregory Battcock and Robert Nickas /ubueditions ubu.com/ubu This UbuWeb Edition edited by Lucia della Paolera 2010 2 The original edition was published by E.P. DUTTON, INC. NEW YORK For G. B. Copyright @ 1984 by the Estate of Gregory Battcock and Robert Nickas All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper or broadcast. Published in the United States by E. P. Dutton, Inc., 2 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-53323 ISBN: 0-525-48039-0 Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Toronto 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Vito Acconci: "Notebook: On Activity and Performance." Reprinted from Art and Artists 6, no. 2 (May l97l), pp. 68-69, by permission of Art and Artists and the author. Russell Baker: "Observer: Seated One Day At the Cello." Reprinted from The New York Times, May 14, 1967, p. lOE, by permission of The New York Times. Copyright @ 1967 by The New York Times Company. -
The Moon and Eclipses
Lecture 10 The Moon and Eclipses Jiong Qiu, MSU Physics Department Guiding Questions 1. Why does the Moon keep the same face to us? 2. Is the Moon completely covered with craters? What is the difference between highlands and maria? 3. Does the Moon’s interior have a similar structure to the interior of the Earth? 4. Why does the Moon go through phases? At a given phase, when does the Moon rise or set with respect to the Sun? 5. What is the difference between a lunar eclipse and a solar eclipse? During what phases do they occur? 6. How often do lunar eclipses happen? When one is taking place, where do you have to be to see it? 7. How often do solar eclipses happen? Why are they visible only from certain special locations on Earth? 10.1 Introduction The moon looks 14% bigger at perigee than at apogee. The Moon wobbles. 59% of its surface can be seen from the Earth. The Moon can not hold the atmosphere The Moon does NOT have an atmosphere and the Moon does NOT have liquid water. Q: what factors determine the presence of an atmosphere? The Moon probably formed from debris cast into space when a huge planetesimal struck the proto-Earth. 10.2 Exploration of the Moon Unmanned exploration: 1950, Lunas 1-3 -- 1960s, Ranger -- 1966-67, Lunar Orbiters -- 1966-68, Surveyors (first soft landing) -- 1966-76, Lunas 9-24 (soft landing) -- 1989-93, Galileo -- 1994, Clementine -- 1998, Lunar Prospector Achievement: high-resolution lunar surface images; surface composition; evidence of ice patches around the south pole. -
022520 Solar Eclipse Lesson Plan Sae,Rdh
Lesson Plan: Solar & Lunar Eclipses Background The Earth is a planet that, together with seven other planets, forms our solar system in which all of the planets revolve around the Sun. The time that it takes for the Earth to revolve around the Sun is 365 days, or one year. The Earth also rotates around its own axis, making a complete rotation every 24 hours, or one day. The Earth has one Moon, which revolves around the Earth once every month, or approximately every 30 days. The revolution of the Moon around the Earth is not perfectly circular, but it follows an elliptical (or oval-shaped) path. When their revolutions cause the Sun, Earth and Moon to be aligned, special events called “eclipses” occur. A solar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Sun is blocked out by the Moon as viewed from the Earth (Figure 1). This occurs on average 1-2 times per year (see Note 1 for solar eclipses in 2020-2021). A total solar eclipse occurs when the entire Sun is blocked by the Moon due to the alignment of the Sun, Earth and Moon, and a partial solar eclipse occurs when only part of the Sun is blocked by the Moon when it crosses the path of the light of the Sun onto Earth. Your location on Earth at the time of the eclipse determines whether you see a total or partial eclipse. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is at its farthest point in its elliptical path of orbit around the Earth, so it is only capable of blocking out part of the Sun, leaving the periphery of the Sun still visible. -
Eclipse Safety Information Found on the Inside of Each Pair of Solar Eclipse Glasses
Dear Parent/Guardian: Due to the fact that Beaufort County is in the path of the Solar Eclipse, students will not have school on August 21, 2017. We encourage you and your family to take advantage of this rare scientific event, but please do so safely. Beaufort County School District has ordered custom solar eclipse glasses manufactured by American Paper Optics for every student who attends a Beaufort County Public School. Please read the Solar Eclipse safety information found on the inside of each pair of Solar Eclipse glasses. There is also additional safety information found on the next page. Each school will distribute the glasses to their students. The students have been actively engaged in lessons that will help them better understand the solar eclipse, so please do not hesitate to ask them what they have learned in class. Here are some basic facts about the Solar Eclipse to help start the conversation: 1. This will be the first total solar eclipse in the continental U.S. in 38 years. The last one occurred February 26, 1979. Unfortunately, not many people saw it because it clipped just five states in the Northwest and the weather for the most part was bleak. Before that one, you have to go back to March 7, 1970. 2. A solar eclipse is a lineup of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth. The Moon, directly between the Sun and Earth, casts a shadow on our planet. If you’re in the dark part of that shadow (the umbra), you’ll see a total eclipse. -
Today's Downtown Gallery
Today's Downtown Gallery: Public artwork created by the 1% for Public Art program codified in the Planning Code San Francisco's 1% For Art Program The groundbreaking "Downtown Plan” adopted in 1985, was developed under the fundamental assumption that significant employment and office development growth would occur. New commercial development would provide new revenue sources to cover a portion of the costs of necessary urban service improvements. Specific programs were created to satisfy needs for additional housing, transit, childcare, open space, and art. The public art requirement created by this plan is commonly known as the “1% for Art” program. This requirement, governed by Section 429 of the Planning Code, provides that construction of a new building or addition of 25,000 square feet or more within the downtown C‐3 district, triggers a requirement that provide public art that equals at least 1% of the total construction cost be provided. 1 TODAY’S DOWNTOWN GALLERY Today's Downtown Gallery: More than 25 years since the adoption of the Downtown Plan, has seen the growth of an extensive outdoor gallery downtown that enriches the environment for workers and tourists alike. The spirit of the 1% for Art requirement is to ensure that the public has access to high‐quality and variety in art. To help catalog the Downtown public art gallery and to increase public access to this art, the Planning Department has created a map displaying the locations and images of public art in the downtown district. This maps shows that 31 private development projects have resulted in 39 pieces of art in public open spaces or publically accessible locations.