DOCSLIB.ORG

Planning and the Survival Processing Effect: an Examination of the Proximate Mechanisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Planning and the Survival Processing Effect: an Examination of the Proximate Mechanisms PLANNING AND THE SURVIVAL PROCESSING EFFECT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE PROXIMATE MECHANISMS Leisha A. Colyn A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2014 Committee: Richard Anderson, Advisor Cynthia Bertelsen Graduate Faculty Representative Howard Casey Cromwell Harold Rosenberg © 2014 Leisha Colyn All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Richard Anderson, Advisor In two experiments on incidental learning in memory, survival processing of highly related information (i.e., DRM lists) was compared to two contextually rich encoding scenarios that were equated on several important characteristics and to a pleasantness processing task. Free recall and recognition memory were measured. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that the survival processing effect on true recall existed but was driven by congruity effects. However, a planning effect on false recall existed. That is, the three planning processing tasks produced greater false recall than the pleasantness processing task. The recall results of experiment 2 failed to replicate the recall results from Experiment 1. Regarding the recognition tasks, no survival processing effect in hit rate existed independent of congruity effect, but Experiment 2 demonstrated that hit rate was also affected by the relatedness of the information in the recognition environment. Experiment 2 replicated the planning effect on false alarm rate above the effect of congruity effect that was demonstrated in Experiment 1. The survival processing task did not produce a greater false alarm rate than other processing tasks in Experiment , but did in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 also demonstrated that false alarm rate was affected by the relatedness of the information in the recognition environment. A small survival processing effect on proportion of recognition items correctly categorized was found in Experiment 1, but failed to replicate in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 replicated the finding that when controlling for congruity effects, participants in all groups found it similarly difficult to discriminate between target and lure words on the recognition task. Further, iv Experiment 2 demonstrated that all groups found it more difficult to discriminate when lures were highly related versus moderately and unrelated. This was qualified by the congruity effect, as well. Both experiments demonstrated that all processing tasks produced similar criterion values. However, Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants in all groups used a more liberal criterion when information in the recognition environment was highly related to the target information than when information in the recognition environment was moderately-related or unrelated. Notably, the measures of the decision characteristics in recognition memory did not indicate any differences between encoding processing tasks. Keywords: adaptive memory; false memory; recall; recognition; survival processing; evolutionary theory v Dedicated to WF, PJ, JM, and JY. Thank you for your unconditional friendship and support. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Richard Anderson for nudging me to explore cognitive psychology. I am grateful for the knowledge and experience gained in this area. I am grateful for his thoughtful advice and support throughout the years. I also appreciate the insight and expertise of my committee members Cynthia Bertelsen, Casey Cromwell, and Harold Rosenberg. Finally, I am grateful for the variety of research-related support from Alex Earl, Wendy Fogo, Peter Jaworski, Amanda Kelley, Jennifer McInroe, Jacob Sparks, Zach Walworth, and Jennifer Yugo. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Memory Processes ..................................................................................................... 6 Taxonomy of Memory .............................................................................................. 13 Long-term memory. ...................................................................................... 14 Influences on long-term memory performance. ................................ 15 Competing models of storage. ............................................... 15 Organization of long-term memory. ..................................... 16 Levels of processing. ............................................................. 18 Additional related encoding and retrieval effects on long- term memory. ........................................................................ 21 Survival-processing effect. .................................................... 22 The evolution of cognitive biases: Error management theory. 31 Summary and Overview of Present Research ........................................................... 32 CHAPTER II: EXPERIMENT 1 ........................................................................................... 37 Method ....................................................................................................................... 38 Participants. ................................................................................................... 38 Materials and design. .................................................................................... 40 Stimuli. .............................................................................................. 41 Rating task. ....................................................................................... 41 Grasslands photo. ................................................................. 42 Grasslands survival. ............................................................. 42 Dinner party. ......................................................................... 42 viii Distraction task. ................................................................................ 43 Recall task. ........................................................................................ 43 Attention check. ................................................................................. 43 Recognition task. ............................................................................... 43 Ease of visualization and narrative descriptions. ............................. 45 Procedure. ...................................................................................................... 45 Results ....................................................................................................................... 47 Ease of visualization. .................................................................................... 47 Ratings. ......................................................................................................... 47 Recall. ........................................................................................................... 48 Correct recall. ................................................................................... 49 Intrusions. ......................................................................................... 51 Recognition. .................................................................................................. 53 Hit rate. ............................................................................................. 54 False alarm rate. ............................................................................... 54 Proportion correct. ........................................................................... 54 d'. ....................................................................................................... 55 Criterion. ........................................................................................... 56 Summary and Discussion .......................................................................................... 56 Overview of Experiment 2 ........................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER III: EXPERIMENT 2 .......................................................................................... 61 Method ....................................................................................................................... 62 Participants. ................................................................................................... 62 ix Materials and design. ..................................................................................... 64 Stimuli. .............................................................................................. 64 Control questions. ............................................................................. 64 Procedure. ..................................................................................................... 64 Results ....................................................................................................................... 65 Ease of rating. ............................................................................................... 65 Ease of visualization. .................................................................................... 65 Ratings. ......................................................................................................... 65 Recall. ........................................................................................................... 66 Correct recall. ................................................................................... 67 Intrusions. ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
    Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • X-Men Blue Vol. 4: Cry Havok PDF Book
    X-MEN BLUE VOL. 4: CRY HAVOK PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Cullen Bunn | 136 pages | 07 Aug 2018 | Marvel Comics | 9781302909796 | English | New York, United States X-men Blue Vol. 4: Cry Havok PDF Book VC by Otto Schmidt. The fight continues and unexpectedly they tried to take out Lorna first. I have to post a very adorable and cute art by David Baldeon. The Road to Calvary: not a walk in the park 2. Subject to credit approval. Zee keeps in touch with all her friends with texts, IMs, and emails—and now, Bluetopia, the coolest social networking site ever! After Polaris blast their way through the Orchis troops, Magneto ripped the vibranium massive vault door. How intriguing : VC by David Baldeon. Overview After the X-Men's cross time capers and harrowing exploits in Mojo Worldwide, the team needs to regroup because what's in store for them is bigger and more daunting than ever! Tweet Clean. Average Rating:. Anyway, these mutants are the future. It is all a bit of a mess. And look! X-Factor 4 is a good sign for things to come. Silva, Marcus To, and the rest of the art team did well on the other half of the issues as well. Saturnyne destroyed the external gate in order to avoid trespassing into Otherworld. Cover Price. View 1 comment. Apocalypse barely made it but only thanks to Polaris, Magneto, Hope, and Healer since he was in a really bad shape. But what does the terrifying new landscape of the Marvel Universe mean for mutantkind? She believes she can be successful in breaking herself free.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Psychology
    COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH 126 Acknowledgements College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office In providing content for this textbook, the following professionals were invaluable: Mehgan Andrade, who was the major contributor and compiler of this work and Neil Walker, without whose help the book could not have been completed. Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics. The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Table of Contents Psychology .................................................................................................................................................... 1 126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin's Meteorological Observations Aboard the H.M.S. Beagle
    Charles Darwin's Meteorological Observations aboard the H.M.S. Beagle BY RANDALL S. CERVENY On his milestone voyage, the founder of modern evolution theory often wrote perceptively about weather and climate, including the first discussion of the global teleconnective nature of El Nino/Southern Oscillation. amed naturalist Charles Darwin's epic journey The principal objects are 1st, collecting, observing to South America on board the H.M.S. Beagle & reading in all branches of Natural History that I Fis best known for his observations leading to his possibly can manage. Observations in Meteorology, theory of evolution. However, as a naturalist, Darwin French & Spanish, Mathematics, & a little Classics, was interested in, and hired for, his expertise in all perhaps not more than Greek Testament on Sundays. areas of natural science. This is particularly true of (Darwin 1933, p. 14) meteorology given that the captain of the Beagle, and Darwin's employer, was Robert FitzRoy, who later Yet Darwin's insightful meteorological obser- became the head of the Meteorological Department vations have been relegated to brief mentions in of the British Board of Trade and developer of the older textbooks (e.g., Hartwig 1887; Talman 1931; first weather-warning service in 1859 (Botley 1938; Tomlinson 1860). This article relates Darwin's notes Humphreys 1947; Talman 1931). Indeed, Darwin on important meteorological and climatological noted in his diary prior to his voyage topics such as lightning, drought, floods, wind transport, and the implications of his observations in I am often afraid I shall be quite overwhelmed with relation to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) the number of subjects which I ought to take into phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Physical Distinctiveness and Word Commonness on Brain Waves and Subsequent Memory: an ERP Study
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-14-2010 The Effects of Physical Distinctiveness and Word Commonness on Brain Waves and Subsequent Memory: An ERP Study Siri-Maria Kamp University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kamp, Siri-Maria, "The Effects of Physical Distinctiveness and Word Commonness on Brain Waves and Subsequent Memory: An ERP Study" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1675 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Physical Distinctiveness and Word Commonness on Brain Waves and Subsequent Memory: An ERP Study by Siri-Maria Kamp A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Emanuel Donchin, Ph.D. Geoffrey F. Potts, Ph.D. Kenneth J. Malmberg, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 14, 2010 Keywords: Word Frequency, Event-Related Potential, P300, Frontal Slow Wave, Recall Memory c Copyright 2010, Siri-Maria Kamp Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Emanuel Donchin for all of his support throughout this study. Michelle-Chin Quee deserves acknowledgement for helping with data collection and entry. Fur- thermore, I would like to thank the other members of the Cognitive Psychophysiology laboratory, especially Ty Brumback, Geoffrey Potts and Yael Arbel, as well as Kenneth Malmberg and his lab, for their helpful comments and suggestions in lab meeting discussions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ilidigital Master Anton 2.Indd
    services are developed to be used by humans. Thus, understanding humans understanding Thus, humans. by used be to developed are services obvious than others but certainly not less complex. Most products bioengineering, and as shown in this magazine. Psychology mightbusiness world. beBe it more the comparison to relationships, game elements, or There are many non-business flieds which can betransfered to the COGNTIVE COGNTIVE is key to a succesfully develop a product orservice. is keytoasuccesfullydevelopproduct BIASES by ANTON KOGER The Power of Power The //PsychologistatILI.DIGITAL WE EDIT AND REINFORCE SOME WE DISCARD SPECIFICS TO WE REDUCE EVENTS AND LISTS WE STORE MEMORY DIFFERENTLY BASED WE NOTICE THINGS ALREADY PRIMED BIZARRE, FUNNY, OR VISUALLY WE NOTICE WHEN WE ARE DRAWN TO DETAILS THAT WE NOTICE FLAWS IN OTHERS WE FAVOR SIMPLE-LOOKING OPTIONS MEMORIES AFTER THE FACT FORM GENERALITIES TO THEIR KEY ELEMENTS ON HOW THEY WERE EXPERIENCED IN MEMORY OR REPEATED OFTEN STRIKING THINGS STICK OUT MORE SOMETHING HAS CHANGED CONFIRM OUR OWN EXISTING BELIEFS MORE EASILY THAN IN OURSELVES AND COMPLETE INFORMATION way we see situations but also the way we situationsbutalsotheway wesee way the biasesnotonlychange Furthermore, overload. cognitive avoid attention, ore situations, guide help todesign massively can This in. take people information of kind explainhowandwhat ofperception egory First,biasesinthecat andappraisal. ory, self,mem perception, into fourcategories: roughly bedivided Cognitive biasescan within thesesituations. forusers interaction andeasy in anatural situationswhichresults sible toimprove itpos and adaptingtothesebiasesmakes ingiven situations.Reacting ways certain act sively helpstounderstandwhypeople mas into consideration biases ing cognitive Tak humanbehavior. topredict likely less or andmore relevant illusionsare cognitive In each situation different every havior day.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Superheroine: a Rhetorical Analysis of the X-Men Comic Books
    CREATING A SUPERHEROINE: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE X-MEN COMIC BOOKS by Tonya R. Powers A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Major Subject: Communication West Texas A&M University Canyon, Texas August, 2016 Approved: __________________________________________________________ [Chair, Thesis Committee] [Date] __________________________________________________________ [Member, Thesis Committee] [Date] __________________________________________________________ [Member, Thesis Committee] [Date] ____________________________________________________ [Head, Major Department] [Date] ____________________________________________________ [Dean, Fine Arts and Humanities] [Date] ____________________________________________________ [Dean, Graduate School] [Date] ii ABSTRACT This thesis is a rhetorical analysis of a two-year X-Men comic book publication that features an entirely female cast. This research was conducted using Kenneth Burke’s theory of terministic screens to evaluate how the authors and artists created the comic books. Sonja Foss’s description of cluster criticism is used to determine key terms in the series and how they were contributed to the creation of characters. I also used visual rhetoric to understand how comic book structure and conventions impacted the visual creation of superheroines. The results indicate that while these superheroines are multi- dimensional characters, they are still created within a male standard of what constitutes a hero. The female characters in the series point to an awareness of diversity in the comic book universe. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my thesis committee chair, Dr. Hanson, for being supportive of me within the last year. Your guidance and pushes in the right direction has made the completion of this thesis possible. You make me understand the kind of educator I wish to be. You would always reply to my late-night emails as soon as you could in the morning.
    [Show full text]
  • John Collins, President, Forensic Foundations Group
    On Bias in Forensic Science National Commission on Forensic Science – May 12, 2014 56-year-old Vatsala Thakkar was a doctor in India but took a job as a convenience store cashier to help pay family expenses. She was stabbed to death outside her store trying to thwart a theft in November 2008. Bloody Footwear Impression Bloody Tire Impression What was the threat? 1. We failed to ask ourselves if this was a footwear impression. 2. The appearance of the impression combined with the investigator’s interpretation created prejudice. The accuracy of our analysis became threatened by our prejudice. Types of Cognitive Bias Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases | Accessed on April 14, 2014 Anchoring or focalism Hindsight bias Pseudocertainty effect Illusory superiority Levels-of-processing effect Attentional bias Hostile media effect Reactance Ingroup bias List-length effect Availability heuristic Hot-hand fallacy Reactive devaluation Just-world phenomenon Misinformation effect Availability cascade Hyperbolic discounting Recency illusion Moral luck Modality effect Backfire effect Identifiable victim effect Restraint bias Naive cynicism Mood-congruent memory bias Bandwagon effect Illusion of control Rhyme as reason effect Naïve realism Next-in-line effect Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect Illusion of validity Risk compensation / Peltzman effect Outgroup homogeneity bias Part-list cueing effect Belief bias Illusory correlation Selective perception Projection bias Peak-end rule Bias blind spot Impact bias Semmelweis
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    INDEX “abnormality,” 8–12 race and, 187 Abrams, M. H., 45–46 Arendt, Hannah, 39–40 Action Comics #1, 108 Ariel. See Pryde, Kitty (Kate, adamantium, 105, 165 Shadowcat) African Americans, 64 Aristotle, 71, 74–78, 109 African characters, 2 Asian characters, 2 Age of Apocalypse, 167 Astonishing X-Men #25, 186 Ahab, 89 Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 79–80 “Allegory of the Cave” (Plato), autonomy, 33, 103, 104–105 109–110 Avengers, 68, 90, 91 “alterity,” 210 Avengers Annual #10, 94 Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Avengers Disassembled, 91 Clay, The (Chabon), 41–42 America, Captain, 22, 42 Bacon, Sir Francis, 70–74, 78, 79 Angel, 1 “bad faith,” 41, 93 cure and, 175–178 Banshee, 187 existentialism and, 44 Batman (character), 108 normality and, 8, 11 Batman (Kane, Finger), 41 phenomenology and, 202 Baudrillard, Jean, 91 Animalibus, De (Aristotle), 74 Beak Animal Man (Morrison), 120 personal identity and, 20 Anti-Semite and Jew (Sartre), 39 telepathy and, 155–156 anti-Semitism, 39–44 Beast (Hank McCoy), 1, 54, 71 Apocalypse COPYRIGHTEDcure MATERIAL and, 44, 178–179 cure and, 44 disability and, 181 genetics and, 53, 58, 60, 65 existentialism and, 96 personal identity and, 22 normality theme and, 8, 11, 13 phenomenology and, 204, 206 personal identity and, 20 race and, 187 race and, 186, 189 telepathy and, 161 telepathy and, 149, 168 Arclight Becker, Ernest, 205 cure and, 180 benefi cience, 177–178 241 bbindex.inddindex.indd 224141 11/31/09/31/09 44:25:24:25:24 PPMM 242 INDEX Bentham, Jeremy, 129, 144 Celestials, 186, 187 Big Bertha, 115–116 Cerebro,
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Decision-Making Architecture
    The behavioral decision-making architecture Markus Domeier* & Pierre Sachse* * Institute of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck ABSTRACT Decision-makers in real life often have to deal with different situational influences while making a decision. They don’t know the odds of the outcome of different options and thus make their decisions under uncertainty. Moreover, most real- life situations are fast changing and dynamic, and the decision-maker doesn’t always know the exact cause of a given cir- cumstance. This intransparency and interdependency of the decision’s different elements can lead to a high complexity of the situation (Schroda, 2000) and thus to a difficult decision. Potential consequences are, besides errors, cognitive biases in the decision-making process, which can lead to erroneous decisions. But why do these systematic unconscious effects occur so frequently and what makes them so robust? This paper investigates the mechanisms and processes which lead to biased decisions. Therefore, a Behavioral Decision-Making Architecture model is presented. It takes a closer look onto the interaction between the characteristics of complex situations (Schroda, 2000), the computational architecture of psycho- logical processes (PSI theory, Dörner & Güss, 2013), and the occurrence of cognitive biases (Carter, Kaufmann & Michel, 2007) as well as their behavioral consequences in the decision-making process. The model depicts these processes and provides an approach to explain the unconscious upside (positive influence on motivational needs) of cognitive biases. Keywords Behavioral Decision-Making Architecture – PSI theory – Cognitive Biases – Erroneous Decisions – Real-life Decisions 1 Introduction and quickly became an entrepreneurial success story. With the introduction of the „Kodak Brownie“ in 1900, In everyday life, we come across a lot of decisions, every photographer could afford a camera for the price many small ones and some bigger ones.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Embrace Your Cognitive Bias
    1 Embrace Your Cognitive Bias http://blog.beaufortes.com/2007/06/embrace-your-co.html Cognitive Biases are distortions in the way humans see things in comparison to the purely logical way that mathematics, economics, and yes even project management would have us look at things. The problem is not that we have them… most of them are wired deep into our brains following millions of years of evolution. The problem is that we don’t know about them, and consequently don’t take them into account when we have to make important decisions. (This area is so important that Daniel Kahneman won a Nobel Prize in 2002 for work tying non-rational decision making, and cognitive bias, to mainstream economics) People don’t behave rationally, they have emotions, they can be inspired, they have cognitive bias! Tying that into how we run projects (project leadership as a compliment to project management) can produce results you wouldn’t believe. You have to know about them to guard against them, or use them (but that’s another article)... So let’s get more specific. After the jump, let me show you a great list of cognitive biases. I’ll bet that there are at least a few that you haven’t heard of before! Decision making and behavioral biases Bandwagon effect — the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink, herd behaviour, and manias. Bias blind spot — the tendency not to compensate for one’s own cognitive biases. Choice-supportive bias — the tendency to remember one’s choices as better than they actually were.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rusted Shield: Government’S Failure to Enforce—Or Obey—Our System of Environmental Law Threatens the Recovery of Puget Sound’S Wild Salmon
    The Rusted Shield: government’s failure to enforce—or obey—our system of environmental law threatens the recovery of Puget Sound’s wild salmon Daniel Jack Chasan March 2000 Commissioned by the Bullitt Foundation Our government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or ill, it teaches the whole people by its example. If government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy. Justice Louis Brandeis1 [M]y primary emotion when recalling the past 20 years of environmental law is one of profound disappointment. This disappointment is due to the continuing failure of federal agencies and officials to do a better job of implementing and enforcing our environmental laws.…[G] overnment is all too often the environment’s worst enemy. Agencies and officials charged with implementing and enforcing our environmental laws frequently fail to do so. They miss statutory deadlines, water down strict legal requirements, or simply refuse to use their enforcement powers, even when faced with blatant violations of the law.… [T]he current situation, where laws are implemented, if at all, only half-heartedly . fosters cynicism and serves to undermine faith in our system of law. Rick Sutherland2 Before we spend a fortune and disrupt people’s lives to restore wild salmon runs in Puget Sound, we should take a long look in the mirror. The same government agencies that have started tapping the cornucopia of federal salmon restoration money have ignored, selectively enforced, or actively violated the laws that are already supposed to protect salmon and salmon habitat.
    [Show full text]